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+Project Gutenberg's The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1
+       The Whole Extant Correspodence in Chronological Order
+
+Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+Translator: Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
+
+Release Date: April 22, 2007 [EBook #21200]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LETTERS OF CICERO, VOLUME 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LETTERS OF
+
+CICERO
+
+THE WHOLE EXTANT CORRESPONDENCE
+IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
+
+
+TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
+
+BY
+
+EVELYN S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A.
+
+LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
+AUTHOR OF A TRANSLATION OF POLYBIUS, A HISTORY OF ROME, ETC
+
+
+IN FOUR VOLUMES
+
+VOL. I. B.C. 68-52
+
+
+LONDON
+GEORGE BELL AND SONS
+1899
+
+
+CHISWICK PRESS:--CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
+TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The object of this book is to give the English-speaking public, in a
+convenient form, as faithful and readable a copy as the translator was
+capable of making of a document unique in the literature of antiquity.
+Whether we regard the correspondence of Cicero from the point of view of
+the biographer and observer of character, the historian, or the lover of
+_belles lettres_, it is equally worthy of study. It seems needless to
+dwell on the immense historical importance of letters written by
+prominent actors in one of the decisive periods of the world's history,
+when the great Republic, that had spread its victorious arms, and its
+law and discipline, over the greater part of the known world, was in the
+throes of its change from the old order to the new. If we would
+understand--as who would not?--the motives and aims of the men who acted
+in that great drama, there is nowhere that we can go with better hope of
+doing so than to these letters. To the student of character also the
+personality of Cicero must always have a great fascination. Statesman,
+orator, man of letters, father, husband, brother, and friend--in all
+these capacities he comes before us with singular vividness. In every
+one of them he will doubtless rouse different feelings in different
+minds. But though he will still, as he did in his lifetime, excite
+vehement disapproval as well as strong admiration, he will never, I
+think, appear to anyone dull or uninteresting. In the greater part of
+his letters he is not posing or assuming a character; he lets us only
+too frankly into his weaknesses and his vanities, as well as his
+generous admirations and warm affections. Whether he is weeping, or
+angry, or exulting, or eager for compliments, or vain of his abilities
+and achievements, he is not a phantasm or a farceur, but a human being
+with fiercely-beating pulse and hot blood.
+
+The difficulty of the task which I have been bold enough to undertake
+is well known to scholars, and may explain, though perhaps not excuse,
+the defects of my work. One who undertakes to express the thoughts of
+antiquity in modern idiom goes to his task with his eyes open, and has
+no right at every stumbling-block or pitfall to bemoan his unhappy fate.
+So also with the particular difficulties presented by the great founder
+of Latin style--his constant use of superlatives, his doubling and
+trebling of nearly synonymous terms, the endless shades of meaning in
+such common words as _officium_, _fides_, _studium_, _humanitas_,
+_dignitas_, and the like--all these the translator has to take in the
+day's work. Finally, there are the hard nuts to crack--often very
+hard--presented by corruption of the text. Such problems, though,
+relatively with other ancient works, not perhaps excessively numerous,
+are yet sufficiently numerous and sufficiently difficult. But besides
+these, which are the natural incidents of such work, there is the
+special difficulty that the letters are frequently answers to others
+which we do not possess, and which alone can fully explain the meaning
+of sentences which must remain enigmatical to us; or they refer to
+matters by a word or phrase of almost telegraphic abruptness, with which
+the recipient was well acquainted, but as to which we are reduced to
+guessing. When, however, all such insoluble difficulties are allowed
+for, which after all in absolute bulk are very small, there should (if
+the present version is at all worthy) be enough that is perfectly plain
+to everyone, and generally of the highest interest.
+
+I had no intention of writing a commentary on the language of Cicero or
+his correspondents, and my translation must, as a rule, be taken for the
+only expression of my judgment formed after reading and weighing the
+arguments of commentators. I meant only to add notes on persons and
+things enabling the reader to use the letters for biographical, social,
+and historical study. I should have liked to dedicate it by the words
+_Boswellianus Boswellianis_. But I found that the difficulties of the
+text compelled me to add a word here and there as to the solution of
+them which I preferred, or had myself to suggest. Such notes are very
+rare, and rather meant as danger signals than critical discussions. I
+have followed in the main the chronological arrangement of the letters
+adopted by Messrs. Tyrrell and Purser, to whose great work my
+obligations are extremely numerous. If, as is the case, I have not
+always been able to accept their conclusions, it is none the less true
+that their brilliant labours have infinitely lightened my task, and
+perhaps made it even possible.
+
+I ought to mention that I have adopted the English mode of dating,
+writing, for instance, July and August, though Cicero repudiated the
+former and, of course, never heard of the latter. I have also refrained
+generally from attempting to represent his Greek by French, partly
+because I fear I should have done it ill, and partly because it is not
+in him as in an English writer who lards his sentences with French. It
+is almost confined to the letters to Atticus, to whom Greek was a second
+mother-tongue, and often, I think, is a quotation from him. It does not
+really represent Cicero's ordinary style.
+
+One excuse for my boldness in venturing upon the work is the fact that
+no complete translation exists in English. Mr. Jeans has published a
+brilliant translation of a selection of some of the best of the letters.
+But still it is not the whole. The last century versions of Melmoth and
+Herbenden have many excellences; but they are not complete either (the
+letters to Brutus, for instance, having been discovered since), and
+need, at any rate, a somewhat searching revision. Besides, with many
+graces of style, they may perhaps prove less attractive now than they
+did a century ago. At any rate it is done, and I must bear with what
+equanimity nature has given me the strictures of critics, who doubtless
+will find, if so minded, many blemishes to set off against, and perhaps
+outweigh, any merit my translation may have. I must bear that as well as
+I may. But no critic can take from me the days and nights spent in close
+communion with Rome's greatest intellect, or the endless pleasure of
+solving the perpetually recurring problem of how best to transfer a
+great writer's thoughts and feelings from one language to another:
+
+    "Cæsar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil."
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS IN VOLUME I
+
+
+                      Number
+                      in this
+                      Translation
+
+Fam. I.            1      94
+  "                2      95
+  "                3      96
+  "                4      97
+  "                5      98
+  "                5b    102
+  "                6     103
+  "                7     113
+  "                8     118
+  "                9     152
+  "               10     161
+Fam. II.           1     165
+  "                2     167
+  "                3     168
+  "                4     174
+  "                5     175
+  "                6     176
+Fam. III.          1     180
+Fam. V.            1      13
+  "                2      14
+  "                3     112
+  "                4      88
+  "                5      17
+  "                6      15
+  "                7      12
+  "                8     130
+  "               12     108
+  "               17     178
+  "               18     179
+Fam. VII.          1     126
+  "                2     181
+  "                5     133
+  "                6     135
+  "                7     136
+  "                8     139
+  "                9     144
+  "               10     160
+  "               11     166
+  "               12     169
+  "               13     170
+  "               14     171
+  "               15     173
+  "               16     156
+  "               17     145
+  "               18     172
+  "               23     125
+  "               26      93
+Fam. XIII.         6a    114
+  "                6b    115
+  "               40     128
+  "               41      54
+  "               42      53
+  "               49     162
+  "               60     163
+  "               73     164
+  "               74     127
+  "               75     177
+Fam. XIV.          1      81
+  "                2      78
+  "                3      83
+  "                4      61
+Fam. XVI.         10  p. 386
+  "               13  p. 384
+  "               14  p. 385
+  "               16  p. 387
+Q. Fr. I.          1      29
+  "                2      52
+  "                3      65
+  "                4      71
+Q. Fr. II.         1      92
+  "                2      99
+  "                3     101
+  "                4     104
+  "                5     105
+  "                6     116
+  "                7     119
+  "                8     122
+  "                9     131
+  "               10     132
+  "               11     134
+  "               12     138
+  "               13     140
+  "               14     141
+  "               15     146
+Q. Fr III.         1     147
+  "                2     149
+  "                3     150
+  "                4     151
+  "                5}    154
+  "                6}
+  "                7     155
+  "                8     158
+  "                9     159
+Petit. Cons.          p. 367
+Att. I.            1      10
+  "                2      11
+  "                3       8
+  "                4       9
+  "                5       1
+  "                6       2
+  "                7       3
+  "                8       5
+  "                9       4
+  "               10       6
+  "               11       7
+  "               12      16
+  "               13      18
+  "               14      19
+  "               15      20
+  "               16      21
+  "               17      22
+  "               18      23
+  "               19      24
+  "               20      25
+Att. II.           1      26
+  "                2      27
+  "                3      28
+  "                4      30
+  "                5      31
+  "                6      32
+  "                7      33
+  "                8      34
+  "                9      35
+  "               10      37
+  "               11      38
+  "               12      36
+  "               13      39
+  "               14      40
+  "               15      41
+  "               16      42
+  "               17      43
+  "               18      44
+  "               19      45
+  "               20      46
+  "               21      47
+  "               22      48
+  "               23      49
+  "               24      50
+  "               25      51
+Att. III.          1      58
+  "                2      56
+  "                3      55
+  "                4      57
+  "                5      59
+  "                6      60
+  "                7      62
+  "                8      63
+  "                9      64
+  "               10      66
+  "               11      67
+  "               12      68
+  "               13      70
+  "               14      69
+  "               15      72
+  "               16      73
+  "               17      74
+  "               18      75
+  "               19      76
+  "               20      77
+  "               21      79
+  "               22      80
+  "               23      82
+  "               24      84
+  "               25      85
+  "               26      86
+  "               27      87
+Att. IV.           1      89
+  "                2      90
+  "                3      91
+  "                4a    100
+  "                4b    106
+  "                5     107
+  "                6     109
+  "                7     110
+  "                8a    111
+  "                8b    117
+  "                9     121
+  "               10     120
+  "               11     123
+  "               12     124
+  "               13     129
+  "               14     137
+  "               15     143
+  "               16}    142, 148, 157
+  "               17}
+  "               18     153
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Sidenote: Ground covered by the Correspondence.]
+
+The correspondence of Cicero, as preserved for us by his freedman Tiro,
+does not open till the thirty-ninth year of the orator's life, and is so
+strictly contemporary, dealing so exclusively with the affairs of the
+moment, that little light is thrown by it on his previous life. It does
+not become continuous till the year after his consulship (B.C. 62).
+There are no letters in the year of the consulship itself or the year of
+his canvass for the consulship (B.C. 64 and 63). It begins in B.C. 68,
+and between that date and B.C. 65 there are only eleven letters. We
+have, therefore, nothing exactly contemporaneous to help us to form a
+judgment on the great event which coloured so much of his after life,
+the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy and the execution of the
+conspirators, in the last month of his consulship. But setting aside the
+first eleven letters, we have from that time forward a correspondence
+illustrating, as no other document in antiquity does, the hopes and
+fears, the doubts and difficulties, of a keen politician living through
+the most momentous period of Roman history, the period of the fall of
+the Republic, beginning with Pompey's return from the East in B.C. 62,
+and ending with the appearance of the young Octavian on the scene and
+the formation of the Triumvirate in B.C. 43, of whose victims Cicero was
+one of the first and most illustrious. It is by his conduct and speeches
+during this period that Cicero's claim to be a statesman and a patriot
+must be judged, and by his writings in the same period that his place in
+literature must chiefly be assigned. Before B.C. 63 his biography, if we
+had it, would be that of the advocate and the official, no doubt with
+certain general views on political questions as they occurred, but not
+yet committed definitely to a party, or inclined to regard politics as
+the absorbing interest of his life. In his early youth his hero had
+been his fellow townsman Marius, in whose honour he composed a poem
+about the time of taking the _toga virilis_. But it was as the
+successful general, and before the days of the civil war. And though he
+served in the army of Sulla in the Marsic war (B.C. 90-88), he always
+regarded his cruelties with horror, however much he may have afterwards
+approved of certain points of his legislation. It was not till the
+consulship that he became definitely a party man[1] and an Optimate, and
+even then his feelings were much distracted by a strong
+belief--strangely ill-founded--that Pompey would be as successful as a
+statesman as he had been fortunate as a general. For him he had also a
+warm personal attachment, which never seems to have wholly died out, in
+spite of much petulance of language. This partly accounts for the
+surrender of B.C. 56, and his acquiescence in the policy of the
+triumvirs, an acquiescence never hearty indeed, as far as Cæsar and
+Crassus were concerned, but in which he consoled himself with the belief
+that nothing very unconstitutional could be done while Pompey was
+practically directing affairs at Rome.
+
+[Sidenote: The various nature of the Correspondence.]
+
+It is through this period of political change and excitement that the
+correspondence will take us, with some important gaps indeed, but on the
+whole fullest when it is most wanted to shew the feelings and motives
+guiding the active politicians of the day, or at any rate the effect
+which events had upon one eager and acute intellect and sensitive heart.
+One charm of the correspondence is variety. There is almost every sort
+of letter. Those to Atticus are unstudied, spontaneous, and reflect the
+varying moods of the writer. At times of special excitement they follow
+each other day by day, and sometimes more than once in the same day; and
+the writer seems to conceal nothing, however much it might expose him to
+ridicule, and to the charge of fickleness, weakness, or even cowardice.
+Those addressed to other friends are sometimes familiar and playful,
+sometimes angry and indignant. Some of them are careful and elaborate
+state papers, others mere formal introductions and recommendations.
+Business, literature, and philosophy all have their share in them; and,
+what is so rare in ancient literature, the family relations of the
+writer, his dealings with wife, son, and daughter, brother and nephew,
+and sons-in-law, are all depicted for us, often with the utmost
+frankness. After reading them we seem to know Cicero the man, as well as
+Cicero the statesman and orator. The eleven letters which precede the
+consulship are happily, from this point of view, addressed to Atticus.
+For it was to Atticus that he wrote with the least concealment, and with
+the confidence that any detail, however small, which concerned himself
+would be interesting to his correspondent. It is well, therefore, that,
+though we thus come into his life when it was more than half over, we
+should at once hear his genuine sentiments on whatever subjects he may
+be speaking. Besides his own, we have about ninety letters to Cicero
+from some of the chief men of the day--Pompey, Cæsar, Cato, Brutus,
+Antony, and many others. They are of very various excellence. The best
+of them are by much less known men. Neither Pompey nor Cæsar were good
+letter-writers, or, if the latter was so, he was too busy to use his
+powers.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's position previous to the beginning of the
+Correspondence in B.C. 68.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quæstor, B.C. 75.]
+
+The letters begin, then, in B.C. 68, when Cicero was in his
+thirty-seventh year. He was already a man of established reputation both
+as a pleader and a writer. Rhetorical treatises (B.C. 86), translations
+from Xenophon and Plato (B.C. 84), and from the poems of Aratus (B.C.
+81), had given evidence of a varied literary interest and a promise of
+future eminence, while his success as an advocate had led to the first
+step in the official _cursus honorum_ by his becoming a quæstor in B.C.
+75. The lot assigned Lilybæum as his sphere of work, and though the
+duties of a quæstor in Sicily were not such as to bring a man's name
+much before the Roman public, Cicero plumes himself, as was not unusual
+with him, on the integrity and energy which he displayed in his
+administration. He has indeed the honesty to tell against himself the
+story of the acquaintance who, meeting him at Puteoli on his return
+journey, asked him what day he had left Rome and what was the news
+there. When he answered rather crossly that he had just come from
+Sicily, another acquaintance put in with "Why, of course. Didn't you
+know he has just been quæstor _at Syracuse_!" At any rate he had done
+sufficiently well in Lilybæum to give him his next step, the ædileship
+to which he was elected B.C. 70, and to induce the Sicilians to apply to
+him, when in that year they desired the prosecution of the extortionate
+Verres. His energy and success in this business raised him, without
+question, to the first rank of advocates, and pledged him to a righteous
+policy in regard to the government of the provinces.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's Boyhood and Education.]
+
+Still Cicero was a _novus homo_, and the jealous exclusiveness of the
+great families at Rome might yet prevent his attainment of the highest
+office of all. When the correspondence opens he is a candidate for the
+prætorship, which he obtained without difficulty, at the head of the
+poll. But his birth might still be a bar to the consulship. His father,
+M. Tullius, lived at Arpinum, an ancient city of the Volscians and
+afterwards of the Samnites, which had long enjoyed a partial, and from
+B.C. 188 a complete, Roman franchise, and was included in the Cornelian
+tribe. Cicero's mother's name was Helvia, of whom we know nothing but
+the one anecdote told by Quintus (_Fam._ xvi. 26), who says that she
+used to seal the wine jars when they were emptied, so that none might be
+drained without her knowing it--a testimony to her economy and careful
+housewifery. His father had weak health and resided almost entirely in
+his villa at Arpinum, which he had considerably enlarged, much devoted
+to study and literature (_de Leg._ ii. 1). But though he apparently
+possessed considerable property, giving him equestrian rank, and though
+Cicero says that his family was very ancient, yet neither he nor any of
+his ancestors had held Roman magistracies. Marcus and his brother
+Quintus were the first of their family to do so, and both had to depend
+on character and ability to secure their elections. But though the
+father did nothing for his sons by holding curule office himself, he did
+the best for their education that was possible. Cicero calls him
+_optimus et prudentissimus_, and speaks with gratitude of what he had
+done for his sons in this respect. They were sent early to Rome to the
+house of C. Aculeo, a learned jurisconsult, married to a sister of
+Helvia; and attended--with their cousins, the sons of Aculeo--the best
+schools in the city.[2] The young Marcus shewed extraordinary ability
+from the first, and that avidity for reading and study which never
+forsook him. As a young man he diligently attended the chambers of
+renowned jurisconsults, especially those of the elder and younger
+Scævola, Crassus, and Antonius, and soon found that his calling in life
+was oratory. It was not till he was twenty-eight years old,
+however--when he had already written much and pleaded many cases--that
+he went on a visit of between two and three years to Greece, Asia, and
+Rhodes, to study in the various schools of rhetoric and philosophy, and
+to view their famous cities (B.C. 79-77). It was after his return from
+this tour that his age (he was now thirty-one) made the seeking of
+office at Rome possible. From that time his election to the several
+offices--quæstorship, ædileship, prætorship, consulship--followed
+without any repulse, each in the first year of his age at which he was
+legally capable of being elected.
+
+He had doubtless made the acquaintance of Titus Pomponius, afterwards
+called Atticus, early in life. But it seems that it was their intimacy
+at Athens (B.C. 79), where Atticus, who was three years his senior, had
+been residing for several years, that began the very close and warm
+friendship which lasted with nothing but the slightest and most passing
+of clouds till his death. His brother Quintus was married to Pomponia, a
+sister of Atticus; but the marriage turned out unfortunately, and was a
+strain upon the friendship of Cicero and Atticus rather than an
+additional bond. This source of uneasiness meets us in the very first
+letter of the correspondence, and crops up again and again till the
+final rupture of the ill-assorted union by divorce in B.C. 44. Nothing,
+however, had apparently interrupted the correspondence of the two
+friends, which had been going on for a long time before the first letter
+which has been preserved.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero the successful Advocate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Cicero's Father.]
+
+The eleven letters, then, which date before the consulship, shew us
+Cicero in full career of success as an advocate and rising official,
+not as yet apparently much interested in party politics, but with his
+mind, in the intervals of forensic business, engaged on the adornment of
+the new villa at Tusculum, the first of the numerous country residences
+which his growing wealth or his heightened ideas of the dignity of his
+position prompted him to purchase. Atticus is commissioned to search in
+Athens and elsewhere for objects of art suitable for the residence of a
+wealthy Roman, who at the same time was a scholar and man of letters. He
+is beginning to feel the charm of at any rate a temporary retreat from
+the constant bustle and occupations of the city. Though Cicero loved
+Rome, and could hardly conceive of life unconnected with its business
+and excitements,[3] and eagerly looked for news of the city in his
+absence, yet there was another side to his character. His interest in
+literature and philosophy was quite as genuine as his interest in the
+forum and senate-house. When the season came for temporarily withdrawing
+from the latter, he returned to the former with eager passion. But
+Tusculum was too near Rome to secure him the quiet and solitude
+necessary for study and composition. Thus, though he says (vol. i., p.
+4), "I am so delighted with my Tusculan villa that I never feel really
+happy till I get there," he often found it necessary, when engaged in
+any serious literary work, to seek the more complete retirement of
+Formiæ, Cumæ, or Pompeii, near all of which he acquired properties,
+besides an inheritance at Arpinum.[4] But the important achievements in
+literature were still in the future. The few letters of B.C. 68-67 are
+full of directions to Atticus for the collection of books or works of
+art suitable to his house, and of matters of private interest. They are
+also short and sometimes abrupt. The famous allusion to his father's
+death in the second letter of this collection, contained in a single
+line--_pater nobis decessit a.d. 111 Kal. Decembris_--followed by
+directions to Atticus as to articles of _vertu_ for his villa, has much
+exercised the minds of admirers, who do not like to think Cicero capable
+of such a cold-hearted sentence. It is certainly very unlike his usual
+manner.[5] He is more apt to exaggerate than understate his emotions;
+and in the first letter extant he speaks with real feeling of the death
+of a cousin. Elsewhere--as we have seen--he refers to his father with
+respect and gratitude. How then are we to account for such a cold
+announcement? Several expedients have been hit upon. First, to change
+_decessit_ to _discessit_, and to refer the sentence to the father's
+quitting Rome, and not life; in which case it is not easy to see why the
+information is given at all. Second, to suppose it to be a mere answer
+to a request for the information on the part of Atticus; in which case
+the date must refer to some previous year, or the letter must be placed
+considerably later, to allow of time for Atticus to hear of the death
+and to write his question. In favour of the first is the fact that
+Asconius (§ 82) says that Cicero lost his father when he was a candidate
+for the consulship (B.C. 64). Some doubt has been thrown upon the
+genuineness of the passage in Asconius; and, if that is not trustworthy,
+we have nothing else to help us. On the whole I think we must leave the
+announcement as it stands in all its baldness. Cicero's father had long
+been an invalid, and Atticus may have been well aware that the end was
+expected. He would also be acquainted with the son's feelings towards
+his father, and Cicero may have held it unnecessary to enlarge upon
+them. It is possible, too, that he had already written to tell Atticus
+of the death and of his own feelings, but had omitted the date, which he
+here supplies. Whatever may be the true explanation--impossible now to
+recover--everything we know of Cicero forbids us to reckon insensibility
+among his faults, or reserve in expressing his feelings among his
+characteristics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Prætorship, B.C. 66.]
+
+In the next year (B.C. 67) we find Cicero elected to the prætorship,
+after at least two interruptions to the _comitia_, which, though not
+aimed at himself, gave him a foretaste of the political troubles to come
+a few years later. He is, however, at present simply annoyed at the
+inconvenience, not yet apprehensive of any harm to the constitution. The
+double postponement, indeed, had the effect of gratifying his vanity:
+for his own name was returned three times first of the list of eight.
+His prætorship (B.C. 66) passed without any startling event. The two
+somewhat meagre letters which remain belonging to this year tell us
+hardly anything. Still he began more or less to define his political
+position by advocating the _lex Manilia_, for putting the Mithridatic
+war into the hands of Pompey; and one of his most elaborate forensic
+speeches--that for Cluentius--was delivered in the course of the year:
+in which also his brother Quintus was elected to the ædileship.
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65-64. Preparations for the Consulship.]
+
+So far Cicero had risen steadily and without serious difficulty up the
+official ladder. But the stress was now to come. The old families seem
+not to have been so ready to oppose the rise of the _novus homo_ to the
+prætorship. It was the consulship on which they tried to keep a tight
+hand. Accordingly, immediately after the year of his prætorship, we find
+him anxiously looking out for support and inquiring who are likely to be
+his competitors. The interesting point in regard to this is his
+connexion with Catiline. In his speech in the senate delivered in the
+following year (_in toga candida_, B.C. 64) he denounced Catiline in the
+most violent language, accusing him of every conceivable crime; yet in
+B.C. 65 he not only contemplated being elected with him without any
+expression of disgust, but even considered whether he should not
+undertake his defence on some charge that was being brought against
+him--perhaps for his conduct during the Sullan proscriptions. To
+whitewash Catiline is a hopeless task; and it throws a lurid light upon
+the political and moral sentiments of the time to find Cicero even
+contemplating such a conjunction.
+
+After this, for two years, there is a break in the correspondence.
+Atticus had probably returned to Rome, and if there were letters to
+others (as no doubt there were) they have been lost. A certain light is
+thrown on the proceedings of the year of candidature (B.C. 64) by the
+essay "On the duties of a candidate," ascribed to his brother Quintus,
+who was himself to be a candidate for the prætorship in the next year
+(B.C. 63). We may see from this essay that Pompey was still regarded as
+the greatest and most influential man at Rome; that Catiline's character
+was so atrocious in the eyes of most, that his opposition was not to be
+feared; that Cicero's "newness" was a really formidable bar to his
+election, and that his chief support was to be looked for from the
+individuals and companies for whom he had acted as counsel, and who
+hoped to secure his services in the future. The support of the nobles
+was not a certainty. There had been a taint of _popularity_ in some of
+Cicero's utterances, and the writer urges him to convince the consulars
+that he was at one with the Optimates, while at the same time aiming at
+the conciliation of the equestrian order. This was, in fact, to be
+Cicero's political position in the future. The party of the
+Optimates--in spite of his disgust at the indifference and frivolity of
+many of them--was to be his party: his favourite constitutional object
+was to be to keep the equites and the senate on good terms: and his
+greatest embarrassment was how to reconcile this position with his
+personal loyalty to Pompey, and his views as to the reforms necessary in
+the government of the provinces.
+
+[Sidenote: The Consulship, B.C. 63.]
+
+For the momentous year of the consulship we have no letters. His brother
+Quintus was in Rome as candidate and then prætor-designate; Atticus was
+also in Rome; and the business, as well as the dignity of a consul, were
+against anything like ordinary correspondence. Of the earlier part of
+the consulship we have little record. The speeches against Rullus were
+delivered at the beginning of the year, and commit Cicero pretty
+definitely to a policy as to the _ager publicus_--which was, to his
+disgust, entirely reversed by the triumvirs in B.C. 59--but they do not
+shew any sense of coming trouble. Cicero, however, throughout his
+consulship took a very definite line against the _populares_. Not only
+did he defend Rabirius Postumus, when accused by Cæsar of the
+assassination of Saturninus, and address the people against offering
+violence to L. Roscius on account of the unpopular _lex theatralis_,[6]
+but he even resisted the restoration to their civil rights of the sons
+of the men proscribed by Sulla, avowedly on the ground of the necessity
+of maintaining the established order, though he knew and confessed the
+justice of the proposal.[6]
+
+[Sidenote: The Conspiracy of Catiline.]
+
+Any movement, therefore, on the side of the popular party had now his
+opposition with which to reckon. He professes to have known very early
+in his year of office that some more than usually dangerous movement was
+in contemplation. We cannot well decide from the violent denunciation of
+Catiline contained--to judge from extant fragments--in the speech _in
+toga candida_, how far Cicero was really acquainted with any definite
+designs of his. Roman orators indulged in a violence of language so
+alien from modern ideas and habits, that it is difficult to draw
+definite conclusions. But it appears from Sallust that Catiline had in a
+secret meeting before the elections of B.C. 64, professed an intention
+of going all lengths in a revolutionary programme and, if that was the
+case, Cicero would be sure to have had some secret information on the
+subject. But his hands were partly tied by the fact that the _comitia_
+had given him a colleague--C. Antonius--deeply implicated in Catiline's
+policy, whatever it was. Pompey, whom he regarded as the champion of law
+and order, was in the East: and Catiline's candidature--and it was
+supposed his policy also--had had the almost open support of the richest
+man in Rome, M. Licinius Crassus, and of the most influential man of the
+_populares_, C. Iulius Cæsar. In the house of one or the other of them,
+indeed, the meeting at which Catiline first unfolded his purposes was
+believed to have been held. Still Catiline had not been guilty of any
+overt act which enabled Cicero to attack him. He had, indeed, been
+informed, on very questionable authority, that Catiline had made a plot
+to assassinate him while holding the elections, and he made a
+considerable parade of taking precautions for his safety--letting it be
+seen that he wore a cuirass under his toga, and causing his house to be
+guarded by the younger members of his party. The elections, according
+to Plutarch, had at least been once postponed from the ordinary time in
+July, though this has been denied.[7] At any rate it was not till they
+had taken place and Catiline had been once more rejected, that any
+definite step is alleged to have been taken by him, such as Cicero could
+lay hold of to attack him. On the 20th of October, in the senate, Cicero
+made a speech warning the Fathers of the impending danger, and on the
+21st called upon Catiline for an explanation in their presence. But,
+after all, even the famous meeting of the 5th of November, in the house
+of M. Porcius Læca, betrayed to Cicero by Fulvia, the mistress of Q.
+Curius, would not have sufficed as grounds for the denunciation of the
+first extant speech against Catiline (7th of November), if it had not
+been for something else. For some months past there had been rumours of
+risings in various parts of Italy; but by the beginning of November it
+was known that C. Manlius (or Mallius) had collected a band of
+desperadoes near Fæsulæ, and, having established there a camp on the
+27th of October, meant to advance on Rome. Manlius had been a centurion
+in Sulla's army, and had received an allotment of confiscated land in
+Etruria; but, like others, had failed to prosper. The movement was one
+born of discontent with embarrassments which were mostly brought about
+by extravagance or incompetence. But the rapidity with which Manlius was
+able to gather a formidable force round him seems to shew that there
+were genuine grievances also affecting the agricultural classes in
+Etruria generally. At any rate there was now no doubt that a formidable
+disturbance was brewing; the senate voted that there was a _tumultus_,
+authorized the raising of troops, and named commanders in the several
+districts affected. It was complicity in this rising that Cicero now
+sought to establish against Catiline and his partisans in Rome. The
+report of the meeting in the house of Læca gave him the pretext for his
+first step--a fiery denunciation of Catiline in the senate on the 7th of
+November. Catiline left Rome, joined the camp of Manlius, and assumed
+the ensigns of _imperium_. That he was allowed thus to leave the city
+is a proof that Cicero had as yet no information enabling him to act at
+once. It was the right of every citizen to avoid standing a trial by
+going into exile. Catiline was now under notice of prosecution for
+_vis_, and when leaving Rome he professed to be going to Marseilles,
+which had the _ius exilii_. But when it was known that he had stopped
+short at Fæsulæ, the senate at once declared both him and Manlius
+_hostes_, and authorized the consuls to proceed against them. The
+expedition was intrusted to Antonius, in spite of his known sympathy
+with Catiline, while Cicero was retained with special powers to protect
+the city. The result is too well known to be more than glanced at here.
+Catiline's partisans were detected by letters confided to certain envoys
+of the Allobroges, which were held to convict them of the guilt of
+treason, as instigating Catiline to march on Rome, and the senate of the
+Allobroges to assist the invasion by sending cavalry to Fæsulæ.
+
+[Sidenote: Execution of the conspirators, December, B.C. 63. Its legal
+grounds and consequences.]
+
+The decree of the senate, _videant consules, etc._, had come to be
+considered as reviving the full _imperium_ of the consul, and investing
+him with the power of life and death over all citizens. Cicero acted on
+this (questionable) constitutional doctrine. He endeavoured, indeed, to
+shelter himself under the authority of a senatorial vote. But the senate
+never had the power to try or condemn a citizen. It could only record
+its advice to the consul. The whole legal responsibility for the
+condemnation and death of the conspirators, arrested in consequence of
+these letters, rested on the consul. To our moral judgment as to
+Cicero's conduct it is of primary importance to determine whether or not
+these men were guilty: to his legal and constitutional position it
+matters not at all. Nor was that point ever raised against him. The
+whole question turns on whether the doctrine was true that the _senatus
+consultum ultimum_ gave the consul the right of inflicting death upon
+citizens without trial, _i.e._, without appeal to the people, on the
+analogy of the dictator _seditionis sedandæ causa_, thus practically
+defeating that most ancient and cherished safeguard of Roman liberty,
+the _ius provocationis_. The precedents were few, and scarcely such as
+would appeal to popular approval. The murder of Tiberius Gracchus had
+been _ex post facto_ approved by the senate in B.C. 133-2. In the case
+of Gaius Gracchus, in B.C. 121, the senate had voted _uti consul Opimius
+rempublicam defenderet_, and in virtue of that the consul had authorized
+the killing of Gaius and his friends: thus for the first time exercising
+_imperium sine provocatione_. Opimius had been impeached after his year
+of office, but acquitted, which the senate might claim as a confirmation
+of the right, in spite of the _lex_ of Gaius Gracchus, which confirmed
+the right of _provocatio_ in all cases. In B.C. 100 the tribune
+Saturninus and the prætor Glaucia were arrested in consequence of a
+similar decree, which this time joined the other magistrates to the
+consuls as authorized to protect the Republic: their death, however, was
+an act of violence on the part of a mob. Its legality had been impugned
+by Cæsar's condemnation of Rabirius, as _duovir capitalis_, but to a
+certain extent confirmed by the failure to secure his conviction on the
+trial of his appeal to the people. In B.C. 88 and 83 this decree of the
+senate was again passed, in the first case in favour of Sulla against
+the tribune Sulpicius, who was in consequence put to death; and in the
+second case in favour of the consuls (partisans of Marius) against the
+followers of Sulla. Again in B.C. 77 the decree was passed in
+consequence of the insurrection of the proconsul Lepidus, who, however,
+escaped to Sardinia and died there.
+
+In every case but one this decree had been passed against the popular
+party. The only legal sanction given to the exercise of the _imperium
+sine provocatione_ was the acquittal of the consul Opimius in B.C. 120.
+But the jury which tried that case probably consisted entirely of
+senators, who would not stultify their own proceedings by condemning
+him. To rely upon such precedents required either great boldness (never
+a characteristic of Cicero), or the most profound conviction of the
+essential righteousness of the measure, and the clearest assurance that
+the safety of the state--the supreme law--justified the breach of every
+constitutional principle. Cicero was not left long in doubt as to
+whether there would be any to question his proceeding. On the last day
+of the year, when about to address the people, as was customary, on
+laying down his consulship, the tribune Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos
+forbade him to speak, on the express ground that he "had put citizens to
+death uncondemned"--_quod cives indemnatos necavisset_. Cicero consoled
+himself with taking the required oath as to having observed the laws,
+with an additional declaration that he had "saved the state."
+Nevertheless, he must have felt deeply annoyed and alarmed at the action
+of Metellus, for he had been a _legatus_ of Pompey, and was supposed to
+represent his views, and it was upon the approbation and support of
+Pompey, now on the eve of his return from the East, that Cicero
+particularly reckoned.
+
+[Sidenote: Letters after B.C. 63.]
+
+The letters in our collection now recommence. The first of the year
+(B.C. 62) is one addressed to Pompey, expressing some discontent at the
+qualified manner in which he had written on recent events, and affirming
+his own conviction that he had acted in the best interests of the state
+and with universal approval. But indeed the whole correspondence to the
+end of Cicero's exile is permeated with this subject directly or
+indirectly. His quarrel with Metellus Nepos brought upon him a
+remonstrance from the latter's brother (or cousin), Metellus Celer
+(Letters XIII, XIV), and when the correspondence for B.C. 61 opens, we
+find him already on the eve of the quarrel with Publius Clodius which
+was to bring upon him the exile of B.C. 58.
+
+[Sidenote: Publius Clodius Pulcher.]
+
+P. CLODIUS PULCHER was an extreme instance of a character not uncommon
+among the nobility in the last age of the Republic. Of high birth, and
+possessed of no small amount of ability and energy, he belonged by
+origin and connexion to the Optimates; but he regarded politics as a
+game to be played for his personal aggrandizement, and public office as
+a means of replenishing a purse drained by boundless extravagance and
+self-indulgence. His record had been bad. He had accompanied his
+brother-in-law Lucullus, or had joined his staff, in the war with
+Mithridates, and had helped to excite a mutiny in his army in revenge
+for some fancied slight. He had then gone to Cilicia, where another
+brother-in-law, Q. Marcus Rex, was proprætor, and while commanding a
+fleet under him had fallen into the hands of pirates, and when freed
+from them had gone--apparently in a private capacity--to Antioch, where
+he again excited a mutiny of Syrian troops engaged in a war against the
+Arabians (B.C. 70-65). On his return to Rome he attempted to make
+himself conspicuous by prosecuting Catiline, but accepted a bribe to
+withdraw. In B.C. 64, on the staff of the governor of Gallia
+Narbonensis, he is accused of having enriched himself with plunder. For
+a time after that he was still acting as a member of the party of the
+Optimates; seems to have supported Cicero during the Catiline
+conspiracy; and in B.C. 62 stood for the quæstorship and was elected.
+His violation of the mysteries was alleged to have been committed in
+December of that year, and before he could go to the province allotted
+to him as quæstor in Sicily he had to stand a trial for sacrilege. Such
+an offence--penetrating in disguise into the house of the Pontifex
+Maximus, when his wife was engaged in the secret rites of the Bona
+Dea--would place him under a curse, and not only prevent his entering
+upon his quæstorship, but would disfranchise and politically ruin him.
+Clodius would seem not to have been a person of sufficient character or
+importance to make this trial a political event. But not only had he
+powerful backers, but his opponents also, by proposing an innovation in
+the manner of selecting the jurors for trying him, had managed to give a
+spurious political importance to the case. One of the most brilliant of
+the early letters (XV, p. 37) gives us a graphic picture of the trial.
+Clodius was acquitted and went to his province, but returned in B.C. 60,
+apparently prepared for a change of parties. Cicero and he had
+quarrelled over the trial. He had said sarcastic things about the sacred
+consulship, and Cicero had retaliated by bitter speeches in the senate,
+and by giving evidence at the trial of having seen Clodius in Rome three
+hours before he professed to have been at Interamna, on the day of the
+alleged sacrilege. It is perhaps possible that his alibi may have been
+true in substance, for he may have been well out of Rome on his way to
+Interamna after seeing Cicero. But, however that may be, he nourished a
+grudge against Cicero, which he presently had an opportunity of
+satisfying. The year of his return to Rome from Sicily (B.C. 60) was the
+same as that of Cæsar's return from Spain. Pompey--who had returned the
+year before--was at enmity with the senate on account of the
+difficulties raised to the confirmation of his _acta_ and the allotments
+for his veterans. Cæsar had a grievance because of the difficulties put
+in the way of his triumph. The two coalesced, taking in the millionaire
+Crassus, to form a triumvirate or coalition of three, with a view to
+getting measures they desired passed, and offices for themselves or
+their partisans. This was a great blow to Cicero, who clung feverously
+to Pompey as a political leader, but could not follow him in a coalition
+with Cæsar: for he knew that the object of it was a series of measures
+of which he heartily disapproved. His hope of seeing Pompey coming to
+act as acknowledged leader of the Optimates was dashed to the ground. He
+could not make up his mind wholly to abandon him, or, on the other hand,
+to cut himself adrift from the party of Optimates, to whose policy he
+had so deeply committed himself. Clodius was troubled by no such
+scruples. Perhaps Cæsar had given him substantial reasons for his change
+of policy. At any rate, from this time forward he acts as an extreme
+_popularis_--much too extreme, as it turned out, for Pompey's taste. As
+a patrician his next step in the official ladder would naturally have
+been the ædileship. But that peaceful office did not suit his present
+purpose. The tribuneship would give him the right to bring forward
+measures in the _comitia tributa_, such as he desired to pass, and would
+in particular give him the opportunity of attacking Cicero. The
+difficulty was that to become tribune he must cease to be a patrician.
+He could only do that by being adopted into a plebeian gens. He had a
+plebeian ready to do it in B.C. 59. But for a man who was _sui iuris_ to
+be adopted required a formal meeting of the old _comitia curiata_, and
+such a meeting required the presence of an augur, as well as some kind
+of sanction of the pontifices. Cæsar was Pontifex Maximus, and Pompey
+was a member of the college of augurs. Their influence would be
+sufficient to secure or prevent this being done. Their consent was, it
+appears, for a time withheld. But Cæsar was going to Gaul at the end of
+his consulship, and desired to have as few powerful enemies at Rome
+during his absence as possible. Still he had a personal feeling for
+Cicero, and when it was known that one of Clodius's objects in seeking
+to become a plebeian and a tribune was to attack him, Cæsar offered him
+two chances of honourable retreat--first as one of the commissioners to
+administer his land law, and again as one of his _legati_ in Gaul. But
+Cicero would not accept the first, because he was vehemently opposed to
+the law itself: nor the second, because he had no taste for provincial
+business, even supposing the proconsul to be to his liking; and because
+he could not believe that P. Clodius would venture to attack him, or
+would succeed if he did. Cæsar's consulship of B.C. 59 roused his worst
+fears for the Republic; and, though he thought little of the
+statesmanship or good sense of Cæsar's hostile colleague Bibulus, he was
+thoroughly disgusted with the policy of the triumvirs, with the
+contemptuous treatment of the senate, with the high-handed disregard of
+the auspices--by means of which Bibulus tried to invalidate the laws and
+other _acta_ of Cæsar--and with the armed forces which Pompey brought
+into the _campus_, nominally to keep order, but really to overawe the
+_comitia_, and secure the passing of Cæsar's laws. Nor was it in his
+nature to conceal his feelings. Speaking early in the year in defence of
+his former colleague, C. Antonius, accused of _maiestas_ for his conduct
+in Macedonia, he expressed in no doubtful terms his view of the
+political situation. Within a few hours the words were reported to the
+triumvirs, and all formalities were promptly gone through for the
+adoption of Clodius. Cæsar himself presided at the _comitia curiata_,
+Pompey attended as augur, and the thing was done in a few minutes. Even
+then Cicero does not appear to have been alarmed, or to have been fully
+aware of what the object of Publius was. While on his usual spring visit
+to his seaside villas in April (B.C. 59), he expressed surprise at
+hearing from the young Curio that Clodius was a candidate for the
+tribuneship (vol. i., p. 99). His surprise no doubt was more or less
+assumed: he must have understood that Clodius's object in the adoption
+was the tribunate, and must have had many uneasy reflexions as to the
+use which he would make of the office when he got it. Indeed there was
+not very much doubt about it, for Publius openly avowed his intentions.
+We have accordingly numerous references, in the letters to Atticus, to
+Cicero's doubts about the course he ought to adopt. Should he accept
+Cæsar's offer of a legation in Gaul, or a free and votive legation?
+Should he stay in Rome and fight it out? The latter course was the one
+on which he was still resolved in July, when Clodius had been, or was on
+the point of being, elected tribune (p. 110). He afterwards wavered (p.
+113), but was encouraged by the belief that all the "orders" were
+favourable to him, and were becoming alienated from the triumvirs (pp.
+117, 119), especially after the affair of Vettius (pp. 122-124), and by
+the friendly disposition of many of the colleagues of Clodius in the
+tribuneship. With such feelings of confidence and courage the letters of
+B.C. 59 come to an end.
+
+[Sidenote: The Exile, April, B.C. 58--August, B.C. 57.]
+
+The correspondence only opens again in April of B.C. 58, when the worst
+has happened. Clodius entered upon his tribuneship on the 10th of
+December, B.C. 59, and lost little time in proposing a law to the
+_comitia_ for the trial of any magistrate guilty of putting citizens to
+death without trial (_qui cives indemnatos necavisset_). The wording of
+the law thus left it open to plead that it applied only to such act as
+occurred after its enactment, for the pluperfect _necavisset_ in the
+dependent clause answers to the future perfect in a direct one. And this
+was the interpretation that Cæsar, while approving the law itself,
+desired to put upon it.[8] He again offered Cicero a legation in Gaul,
+but would do nothing for him if he stayed in Rome; while Pompey, who had
+been profuse in promises of protection, either avoided seeing Cicero, or
+treated his abject entreaties with cold disdain.[9] Every citizen, by a
+humane custom at Rome, had the right of avoiding a prosecution by
+quitting the city and residing in some town which had the _ius exilii_.
+It is this course that we find Cicero already entered upon when the
+correspondence of the year begins. In the letters of this year of exile
+he continually reproaches himself with not having stayed and even
+supported the law, in full confidence that it could not be applied to
+himself. He attributes his having taken the less courageous course to
+the advice of his friends, who were actuated by jealousy and a desire
+to get rid of him. Even Atticus he thinks was timid, at the best, in
+advising his retirement. It is the only occasion in all the
+correspondence in which the least cloud seems to have rested on the
+perfect friendship of the two men. Atticus does not appear to have shewn
+any annoyance at the querulous remarks of his friend. He steadily
+continued to write, giving information and advice, and made no
+difficulty in supplying his friend with money. During Cicero's absence
+Atticus became still more wealthy than before by inheriting the estates
+of his cross-grained uncle Cæcilius. But he was always careful as to the
+investment of his money and he would not, perhaps, have been so ready to
+trust Cicero, had he not felt confidence in the ultimate recovery of his
+civil status. Still his confidence was peculiarly welcome at a time
+which would have been otherwise one of great pressure. For Clodius had
+followed up Cicero's retirement with the usual _lex_ in regard to
+persons leaving Rome to avoid a trial--a prohibition "of fire and water"
+within a fixed distance from Italy, which involved the confiscation of
+all his property in Italy. His villas were dismantled, his town house
+pulled down, and a vote of the people obtained by Clodius for the
+consecration of its site as a _templum_ dedicated to Liberty, and a
+scheme was formed and the work actually commenced for occupying part of
+it by an extension of an existing porticus or colonnade (the _porticus
+Catuli_) to contain a statue of Liberty. That this consecration was
+regular is shewn by the pleas by which it was afterwards sought to
+reverse it.[10] When Cicero was recalled the question came before the
+pontifices, who decided that the consecration was not valid unless it
+had been done by the "order of the people." It could not be denied on
+the face of it that there had been such an order. Cicero was obliged to
+resort to the plea that Clodius's adoption had been irregular and
+invalid, that therefore he was not legally a tribune, and could not take
+an order of the people. Finally, the senate seems to have decided that
+its restoration to Cicero was part of the general _restitutio in
+integrum_ voted by the _comitia centuriata_; and a sum of money was
+assigned to him for the rebuilding of the house. Clodius refused to
+recognize the validity of this decree of the senate, and attempted by
+violence to interrupt the workmen engaged on the house. We have a lively
+picture of this in Letter XCI (vol. i., pp. 194-196).
+
+[Sidenote: Letters of the Exile (Letters LV-LXXXVIII).]
+
+The letters from Cicero as an exile are painful reading for those who
+entertain a regard for his character. It was not unnatural, indeed, that
+he should feel it grievously. He had so completely convinced himself of
+the extraordinary value of his services to the state, of the importance
+of his position in Roman politics, and of the view that the Optimates
+would take of the necessity of retaining him, that to see himself
+treated like a fraudulent or unsuccessful provincial governor, of no
+importance to anyone but himself, was a bitter blow to his self-esteem.
+The actual loss was immense. His only means were now the amount of money
+he had been able to take with him, or was able to borrow. All was gone
+except such property as his wife retained in her own right. He was a
+dependent upon her, instead of being her support and the master of his
+own household. The services of freedmen--readily rendered when he was
+prosperous--would now be a matter of favour and personal attachment,
+which was not always sufficient to retain them. The "life and light" of
+the city, in which no man ever took a more eager interest and delight,
+were closed to him. He was cut off from his family, and from familiar
+intercourse with friends, on both of which he was much dependent for
+personal happiness. Lastly, wherever he lived, he lived, as it were, on
+sufferance, no longer an object of respect as a statesman, or the source
+of help to others by his eloquence. But, disagreeable as all this was to
+a man of Cicero's sensitive vanity, there was something still worse.
+Even in towns which were the legal distance from Italy he could not
+safely stay, if they were within the jurisdiction of one of his personal
+enemies, or contained other exiles, who owed him an ill turn. He was
+protected by no law, and more than one instance of such a man's falling
+a victim to an enemy's dagger is recorded. Cicero's first idea was to go
+to Malta: but Malta was for some purposes in the jurisdiction of the
+governor of Sicily, and the governor of Sicily (C. Vergilius[11])
+objected to his passing through Sicily or staying at Malta. We have no
+reason for supposing Vergilius personally hostile to Cicero, but he may
+have thought that Cicero's services to the Sicilians in the case of
+Verres would have called out some expression of feeling on their part in
+his favour, which would have been awkward for a Roman governor. Cicero
+therefore crossed to Epirus, and travelled down the Egnatian road to
+Thessalonica. This was the official capital of the province of
+Macedonia, and the quæstor in Macedonia, Gnæus Plancius, met Cicero at
+Dyrrachium, invited him to fix his residence there with him, and
+accompanied him on his journey. Here he stayed till November in a state
+of anxiety and distress, faithfully reflected in his letters, waiting to
+hear how far the elections for B.C. 57 would result in putting his
+friends in office, and watching for any political changes that would
+favour his recall: but prepared to go still farther to Cyzicus, if the
+incoming governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who, as consul in B.C. 58 with
+Gabinius, had shewn decided animus against him, should still retain that
+feeling in Macedonia. Events, however, in Rome during the summer and
+autumn of B.C. 58 gave him better hopes. Clodius, by his violent
+proceedings, as well as by his legislation, had alienated Pompey, and
+caused him to favour Cicero's recall. Of the new consuls Lentulus was
+his friend, and Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos (who as tribune in B.C. 63-62
+had prevented his speech when laying down his consulship) consented to
+waive all opposition. A majority of the new tribunes were also
+favourable to him, especially P. Sestius and T. Annius Milo; and in
+spite of constant ups and downs in his feelings of confidence, he had on
+the whole concluded that his recall was certain to take place. Towards
+the end of November he therefore travelled back to Dyrrachium, a _libera
+civitas_ in which he had many friends, and where he thought he might be
+safe, and from which he could cross to Italy as soon as he heard of the
+law for his recall having been passed. Here, however, he was kept
+waiting through many months of anxiety. Clodius had managed to make his
+recall as difficult as possible. He had, while tribune, obtained an
+order from the people forbidding the consuls to bring the subject before
+the senate, and Piso and Gabinius had during their year of office
+pleaded that law as a bar to introducing the question.
+
+[Sidenote: The Recall, August, B.C. 57.]
+
+The new consuls were not, or did not consider themselves, so bound, and
+Lentulus having brought the subject forward, the senate early passed a
+resolution that Cicero's recall was to take precedence of all other
+business. In accordance with the resolution of the senate, a law was
+proposed by the consul Lentulus in the _comitia centuriata_, and
+probably one by Milo to the _tributa_. But Clodius, though no longer
+armed with the tribuneship, was not yet beaten. He obtained the aid of
+some gladiators belonging to his brother Appius, and more than once
+interrupted and dispersed an assembly of the _comitia_. In the riots
+thus occasioned blood was shed on both sides, and Cicero's brother
+Quintus on one occasion nearly lost his life. This was the beginning of
+the series of violent contests between Clodius and Milo, only ended by
+the murder of the former on the Appian road in B.C. 52. But Clodius was
+a candidate for the ædileship in this year (B.C. 57), and could be
+barred from that office legally by a prosecution for _vis_, of which
+Milo gave notice against him. It was, perhaps, a desire to avoid this,
+as much as fear of Milo's counter exhibition of violence, that at length
+caused him to relax in his opposition, or at any rate to abstain from
+violently interrupting the _comitia_. Accordingly, on the 4th of August,
+the law proposed by both consuls, and supported by Pompey, was passed
+unanimously by the centuries. Cicero, we must presume, had received
+trustworthy information that this was to be the case (shewing that some
+understanding had been come to with Clodius, or there would have been no
+certainty of his not violently dispersing the _comitia_ again), for on
+that same day he set sail from Dyrrachium and landed at Brundisium on
+the 5th. His triumphant return to Rome is described in the eighty-ninth
+letter of this collection. For Pompey's share in securing it he
+expressed, and seems really to have felt, an exaggerated gratitude,
+which still influenced him in the unhappy months of B.C. 49, when he was
+hesitating as to joining him beyond seas in the civil war.
+
+But though Clodius had somehow been prevented from hindering his recall,
+he by no means relaxed his hostility. He not only tried to excite the
+populace against him by arguing that the scarcity and consequent high
+price of corn, from which the people were at that time suffering, was in
+some way attributable to Cicero's policy, but he also opposed the
+restoration of his house; and when a decree of the senate was passed in
+Cicero's favour on that point, brought his armed ruffians to prevent the
+workmen from going on with the rebuilding, as well as to molest Cicero
+himself (vol. i., p. 195). This was followed by a determined opposition
+by Milo to the holding of the elections for B.C. 56, until his
+prosecution of Clodius _de vi_ should have been tried. Clodius, however,
+was acquitted,[12] and, being elected ædile, immediately commenced a
+counter accusation against Milo for _vis_. He impeached him before the
+_comitia_ in February (B.C. 56), on which occasion Pompey spoke in
+Milo's defence in the midst of a storm of interruptions got up by the
+friends of Clodius (vol. i., pp. 214, 217). Milo was also acquitted, and
+the rest of Clodius's ædileship seems to have passed without farther
+acts of open violence.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero and the Triumvirs.]
+
+But Cicero had now other causes of anxiety. He had spoken in favour of
+the commission offered to Pompey in B.C. 57 for superintending the
+corn-supply of Rome (_cura annonæ_). Pompey was to have fifteen legates,
+a good supply of ships and men, and considerable powers in all
+corn-growing countries in the Mediterranean. Cicero supported this,
+partly from gratitude to Pompey, but partly also from a wish to promote
+his power and influence against the ever-increasing influence and fame
+of Cæsar. He secretly hoped that a jealousy might grow up between them;
+that Pompey would be drawn closer to the Optimates; and that the union
+of the triumvirate might be gradually weakened and finally disappear.
+Pompey was thoroughly offended and alarmed by the insults offered him by
+the Clodian mob, and by Clodius's own denunciations of him; and if he
+could be convinced that these were suggested or approved by Cæsar or
+Crassus, it would go far to withdraw him from friendship with either of
+them. With Crassus, indeed, he had never been on cordial terms: it was
+only Cæsar's influence that had caused him to form any union with him.
+Cæsar, on the other hand, was likely to be uneasy at the great powers
+which the _cura annonæ_ put into Pompey's hands; and at the possible
+suggestion of offering him the dictatorship, if the Clodian riots became
+quite intolerable. On the whole, Cicero thought that he saw the element
+of a very pretty quarrel, from which he hoped that the result might be
+"liberty"--the orderly working of the constitution, that is, without the
+irregular supremacy of anyone, at any rate of anyone of the popular
+party. He had, however, a delicate part to play. He did not wish or dare
+to break openly with Cæsar, or to speak too openly to Pompey; and he was
+conscious that the intemperance, folly, or indifference of many of the
+Optimates made it difficult to reckon on their support, and made that
+support a very questionable benefit if accorded. But though his letters
+of this period are full of expressions indicating doubt of Pompey and
+irritation with him, yet he seems still to have spoken of him with
+warmth on public occasions, while he avoided mentioning Cæsar, or spoke
+of him only in cold terms.
+
+[Sidenote: Renewal of the Triumvirate at Luca, April, B.C. 56, and
+Cicero's change of policy.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quintus Cicero in Gaul.]
+
+The hope, however, of detaching Pompey from Cæsar was dashed by the
+meeting at Luca in April, B.C. 56, at which a fresh arrangement was made
+for the mutual advantage of the triumvirs. Cæsar got the promise of the
+introduction of a law giving him an additional five years of command in
+Gaul, with special privileges as to his candidature for the consulship
+of B.C. 48; while Pompey and Crassus bargained for a second consulship
+in B.C. 55, and the reversion of the Spains (to be held as a single
+province) and Syria respectively, each for five years. The care taken
+that none of the three should have _imperium_ overlapping that of the
+others was indeed a sign of mutual distrust and jealousy. But the
+bargain was made with sufficient approval of the members of the party
+crowding Luca to secure its being carried out by the _comitia_. The
+union seemed stronger than ever; and Cicero at length resolved on a
+great change of attitude. Opposition to the triumvirs had been
+abandoned, he saw, by the very party for whom he had been incurring the
+enmity of Pompey and Cæsar. Why should he hold out any longer? "Since
+those who have no power," he writes to Atticus in April, "refuse me
+their affection, let me take care to secure the affection of those who
+have power. You will say, 'I could have wished that you had done so
+before.' I know you did wish it, and that I have made a real ass of
+myself."[13] This is the first indication in the letters of the change.
+But it was soon to be publicly avowed. The opposition to the consulship
+of Pompey and Crassus was so violent that no election took place during
+B.C. 56, and they were only elected under the presidency of _interreges_
+at the beginning of February, B.C. 55. But by the _lex Sempronia_ the
+senate was bound to name the consular provinces--_i.e._, the provinces
+to be governed by the incoming consuls after their year of
+office--before the elections, and in his speech on the subject (_de
+Provinciis Consularibus_), delivered apparently in July, B.C. 56,
+Cicero, while urging that Piso and Gabinius should have successors
+appointed to them in Macedonia and Syria, took occasion to announce and
+defend his own reconciliation with Cæsar, and to support his continuance
+in the governorship of Gaul. Shortly afterwards, when defending the
+citizenship of L. Cornelius Balbus, he delivered a glowing panegyric on
+Pompey's character and services to the state. This was followed by a
+complete abstention from any farther opposition to the carrying out of
+Cæsar's law for the allotment of the Campanian land--a subject which he
+had himself brought before the senate only a short time before, and on
+which he really continued to feel strongly.[14] Cicero's most elaborate
+defence of his change of front is contained in a long letter to P.
+Lentulus Spinther, written two years afterwards.[15] The gist of it is
+much the same as the remark to Atticus already quoted. "Pompey and
+Cæsar were all-powerful, and could not be resisted without civil
+violence, if not downright civil war. The Optimates were feeble and
+shifty, had shewn ingratitude to Cicero himself, and had openly favoured
+his enemy Clodius. Public peace and safety must be the statesman's chief
+object, and almost any concession was to be preferred to endangering
+these." Nevertheless, we cannot think that Cicero was ever heartily
+reconciled to the policy, or the unconstitutional preponderance of the
+triumvirs. He patched up some sort of reconciliation with Crassus, and
+his personal affection for Pompey made it comparatively easy for him to
+give him a kind of support. Cæsar was away, and a correspondence filled
+on both sides with courteous expressions could be maintained without
+seriously compromising his convictions. But Cicero was never easy under
+the yoke. From B.C. 55 to B.C. 52 he sought several opportunities for a
+prolonged stay in the country, devoting himself--in default of
+politics--to literature. The fruits of this were the _de Oratore_ and
+the _de Republica_, besides poems on his own times and on his
+consulship. Still he was obliged from time to time to appear in the
+forum and senate-house, and in various ways to gratify Pompey and Cæsar.
+It must have been a great strain upon his loyalty to this new political
+friendship when, in B.C. 54, Pompey called upon him to undertake the
+defence of P. Vatinius, whom he had not long before attacked so fiercely
+while defending Sestius. Vatinius had been a tribune in B.C. 59, acting
+entirely in Cæsar's interests, and Cicero believed him to have been his
+enemy both in the matter of his exile and in the opposition to his
+recall. He had denounced him in terms that would have made it almost
+impossible, one would think, to have spoken in his defence in any cause
+whatever. At best he represented all that Cicero most disliked in
+politics; and on this very election, to the prætorship, for which he was
+charged with bribery (_de sodalitiis_), Cicero had already spoken in
+strongly hostile terms in the senate. For now undertaking his defence he
+has, in fact, no explanation to give to Lentulus (vol. i., p. 319), and
+he was long sore at having been forced to do it. Through B.C. 54 and 53
+he was busied with his _de Republica_, and was kept more in touch with
+Cæsar by the fact that his brother Quintus was serving as _legatus_ to
+the latter in Britain and Gaul, and that his friend Trebatius
+(introduced by himself) was seeking for promotion and profit in Cæsar's
+camp. But even his brother's service with Cæsar did not eventually
+contribute to the formation of cordial feeling on his part towards
+Cæsar, whom he could not help admiring, but never really liked. For
+Quintus, though he distinguished himself by his defence of his camp in
+the autumn of B.C. 54, lost credit and subjected himself to grave rebuke
+by the disaster incurred in B.C. 53, near Aduatuca (_Tongres_), brought
+about by disregarding an express order of Cæsar's. There is no allusion
+to this in the extant correspondence, but a fragment of letter from
+Cæsar to Cicero (_neque pro cauto ac diligente se castris
+continuit_[16]), seems to shew that Cæsar had written sharply to Cicero
+on his brother's _faux pas_, and after this time, though Cicero met
+Cæsar at Ravenna in B.C. 52, and consented to support the bill allowing
+him to stand for the consulship in his absence,[17] there is apparent in
+his references to him a return to the cold or critical tone of former
+times. But of course there were other reasons.
+
+[Sidenote: Pompey's third Consulship and the trial of Milo, B.C. 52.]
+
+Pompey's six months' sole consulship of B.C. 52 ("that divine third
+consulship"), the rumour of his dictatorship, and the growing
+determination of the Optimates to play off Pompey against Cæsar (Crassus
+having disappeared) and to insist on Cæsar resigning his province and
+army before the end of his ten years' tenure, and before standing for a
+second consulship, caused Cicero's hope of a final dissolution of the
+unconstitutional compact to revive again; and made him draw more and
+more closely to Pompey as the chief hope of the _boni_. In the beginning
+of the year he had found himself in opposition, or quasi-opposition, to
+Pompey in regard to the prosecution of Milo for the murder of Clodius.
+But though in the previous year he had declared that the election of
+Milo to the consulship was of the utmost importance to his own position
+and the safety of the state,[18] now that it was rendered impossible by
+Milo's condemnation, he seems to have placed all his hopes on Pompey.
+Unfortunately, there is here a break in the correspondence. There is no
+letter of the last six months of B.C. 53, and only four (perhaps only
+three) of B.C. 52.[19] So that the riots which prevented Milo's
+election, the death of Clodius and the riots following it, and the
+consequent sole consulship of Pompey, with the latter's new legislation
+and the trial of Milo--all have to be sought for elsewhere. The last
+letter of this volume and of this year, addressed to M. Marius in
+December, B.C. 52, alludes to the condemnation of Milo, and to the
+numerous prosecutions following it. "Here, in Rome, I am so distracted
+by the number of trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,
+that I daily offer prayers that there may be no intercalation."[20]
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero appointed Proconsul of Cilicia, B.C. 51-50.]
+
+When the correspondence opens again in the spring of B.C. 51 an event
+has happened, of no particular importance in itself, but of supreme
+interest to Cicero, and very fortunate for the readers of the
+correspondence. One of Pompey's new laws ordained that no one was to
+take a province till the fifth year after laying down his consulship or
+prætorship. Pompey broke his own law by keeping his province, the
+Spains--his position in regard to them was altogether exceptional--but,
+in order to carry out the law in other cases, the senate arranged that
+ex-consuls and ex-prætors who had not been to provinces should in turn
+draw lots for vacant governorships. Cicero and Bibulus appear to have
+been the senior _consulares_ in that position, and with much reluctance
+Cicero allowed his name to be cast into the urn. He drew Cilicia and
+Bibulus Syria. He says that his motive was a desire to obey the wishes
+of the senate. Another motive may have been a desire to be away from
+Rome while the controversy as to Cæsar's retirement from his province
+was settled, and to retrieve a position of some political importance,
+which he had certainly not increased during the last few years. When it
+came to the actual start, however, he felt all the _gêne_ of the
+business--the formation and control of his staff, the separation from
+friends, and the residence far from the "light and life" of Rome, among
+officials who were certainly commonplace and probably corrupt, and
+amidst a population, perhaps acute and accomplished, but certainly
+servile and ill content, and in some parts predatory and barbarous. At
+the best, they would be emphatically provincial, in a dreary sense of
+the word. He felt unequal to the worry and bore of the whole business,
+and reproached himself with the folly of the undertaking. Of course,
+this regret is mingled with his usual self-congratulation on the purity
+with which he means to manage his province. But even that feeling is not
+strong enough to prevent his longing earnestly to have the period of
+banishment as short as possible, or to prevent the alarm with which he
+hears of a probable invasion by the Parthians. One effect of his almost
+two years' absence from Rome was, I think, to deprive him of the power
+of judging clearly of the course of events. He had constant intelligence
+and excellent correspondents--especially Cælius--still he could not
+really grasp what was going on under the surface: and when he returned
+to find the civil war on the point of breaking out, he was, after all,
+taken by surprise, and had no plan of action ready. This, as well as his
+government of the province, will be fully illustrated in the next volume
+of the correspondence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's Correspondents.]
+
+The persons to whom the chief letters are addressed in this volume,
+besides Atticus, are Cicero's brother Quintus and P. Lentulus Spinther.
+There are two excellent letters to M. Marius, and one very interesting,
+though rather surprising, epistle to L. Lucceius. Others of more than
+average interest are to Terentia, M. Fadius Gallus, C. Scribonius Curio,
+and Tiro.
+
+[Sidenote: Titus Pomponius Atticus.]
+
+ATTICUS (B.C. 109-32) is a man of whom we should be glad to know more
+than we do. He was the friend of all the leading men of the day--Pompey,
+Cæsar, Cicero, Antony, Brutus--father-in-law of Agrippa, and survived to
+be a constant correspondent of Augustus, between B.C. 43 and his death
+in B.C. 32. He was spared and respected by both sides in the civil
+wars, from Sulla to the Second Triumvirate. The secret of his success
+seems to have been that he was no man's rival. He resolutely declined
+all official employment, even on the staff of his brother-in-law Quintus
+Cicero. He committed himself to no side in politics, and, not being in
+the senate, had no occasion by vote or speech to wound the feelings of
+anyone. So, too, though he cared for literature, it was rather as a
+friendly critic of others than as an author. He did, it is true, compile
+some books on Roman history, on historical portraits, and certain family
+biographies; but they were not such as made him a rival of any of his
+contemporaries. They were rather the productions of a rich amateur, who
+had leisure to indulge a quasi-literary taste, without any thought of
+joining the ranks of professed writers. Thirdly, he had great wealth,
+partly inherited, partly acquired by prudent speculation in the purchase
+of town properties, or in loans to states or public bodies on fair
+terms: and this wealth was at the service of his friends, but not in the
+lavish or reckless manner, which often earns only ingratitude without
+being of any permanent service to the recipients. He lent money, but
+expected to be repaid even by his brother-in-law. And this prudence
+helped to retain the confidence, while his sympathetic temperament
+secured the liking, of most. Again, he had the valuable knack of
+constantly replenishing the number of his friends among men junior to
+himself. His character attracted the liking of Sulla, who was
+twenty-seven years his senior, and he remained the close friend of his
+contemporaries Hortensius and Cicero (the former five years his senior,
+the latter three years his junior) till the day of their death. But we
+also find him on intimate terms with Brutus, twenty-four, and Octavian,
+forty-six years junior to himself. Lastly, he was not too much at Rome.
+More than twenty years of his earlier manhood (B.C. 87-65) were spent in
+Greece, principally at Athens, partly in study and partly in business.
+And Athens at this time, long deprived of political importance, had
+still the charm not only of its illustrious past, but also of its
+surviving character as the home of culture and refinement. When he at
+length returned to Rome in B.C. 65, he had already purchased a property
+in Epirus, near Buthrotum (see p. 3), where he built a villa, in which
+he continued to spend a considerable part of his remaining years. This
+was sufficiently remote, not only from Rome, but from the summer
+residences of the Roman nobles, to secure his isolation from the
+intrigues and enmities of Roman society. He did not indeed--as who
+does?--always escape giving offence. At the very beginning of the
+correspondence we hear of his vain attempts to mollify the anger of L.
+Lucceius--how incurred we do not know; and Quintus Cicero, of whose
+sharp temper we hear so much, was on more than one occasion on the point
+of a rupture with him. But his family life was generally as pleasing as
+his connexion with his friends. With his mother, who lived to a great
+age, he boasted that he had never been reconciled, because he had never
+quarrelled. He was the only one who could get on with the crusty uncle
+Cæcilius. In the delicate matter of his sister Pomponia's differences
+with her husband Quintus Cicero, he seems to have acted with kindness as
+well as prudence; and though he married late in life (B.C. 56, when he
+was in his fifty-third year), he appears to have made an excellent
+husband to Pilia and a very affectionate father to his daughter. His
+unwearied sympathy with the varied moods of Cicero--whether of
+exultation, irritation, or despair--and the entire confidence which
+Cicero feels that he will have that sympathy in every case, are
+creditable to both. It is only between sincere souls that one can speak
+to the other as to a second self, as Cicero often alleges that he does
+to Atticus.
+
+[Sidenote: Quintus Tullius Cicero.]
+
+Of QUINTUS CICERO, the next most important correspondent in this volume,
+we get a fairly clear picture. Four years younger than his famous
+brother (b. B.C. 102), he followed him at the due distance up the ladder
+of official promotion to the prætorship, to which he was elected in the
+year of his elder's consulship. There, however, Quintus stopped. He
+never seems to have stood for the consulship. He had no oratorical
+genius to give him reputation in the forum, nor were his literary
+productions of any value, either for style or originality. His abilities
+for administration, as shewn in his three years' government of Asia,
+appear to have been respectable, but were marred by faults of temper,
+which too often betrayed him into extreme violence of language. In
+military command he shewed courage and energy in defending his camp in
+the rising of the Gauls in the winter of B.C. 54-53; but he spoilt the
+reputation thus gained by the mistake committed in the autumn of B.C.
+53, which cost the loss of a considerable number of troops, and all but
+allowed the roving Germans to storm his camp. He remained another year
+in Gaul, but did nothing to retrieve this mistake. In military affairs
+fortune rarely forgives. In politics he seems to have contented himself
+generally with saying ditto to his brother. And this continued to be the
+case up to Pharsalia. After that, finding himself on the losing side, he
+turned somewhat fiercely upon the brother, whom he regarded as having
+misled him; and for a time there was a miserable breach between them,
+which, however, did not last very long. When the end came it found the
+brothers united in heart as in misfortune. His private happiness was
+marred by an uncongenial marriage. Pomponia--sister of Atticus--seems to
+have been as high-tempered as her husband, and less placable. The
+constant quarrels between them exercised the patience both of Cicero and
+Atticus, and crops up all through the correspondence. One effect of them
+was the loss of all control over their son, who, being called upon to
+smooth over the differences between father and mother, naturally took up
+at an early age a line of his own, and shewed a disposition to act
+independently of his elders.
+
+[Sidenote: Terentia.]
+
+The letters to TERENTIA do not fill much space in the correspondence,
+and are rarely interesting. Married about B.C. 80, Cicero seems to have
+lived in harmony with her at least till the time of his return from
+exile, during which unhappy period he acknowledges the activity of her
+exertions in support of his recall, and the drain which his ruin was
+making upon her resources. Terentia had a large private fortune, and
+apparently used it liberally in his service. Nevertheless, immediately
+on his return from exile, there seems to have been some cause of
+coldness between the husband and wife. He darkly alludes to certain
+domestic troubles in the first letter to Atticus written from Rome (vol
+i., p. 189), and repeats the hint in the next (p. 193). When he landed
+at Brundisium it was Tullia, not Terentia, who came to meet him (p.
+187), and for some time after she appears to be presiding in his house
+rather than Terentia (see pp. 224, 257). Whatever the cause of this
+coldness was, however, it appears to have been removed for a time. He
+kept up a correspondence with her while he was in Cilicia (B.C. 51-50),
+and though he does not seem pleased at her having arranged the marriage
+of Tullia with Dolabella, he addresses her warmly when about to return,
+and was met by her on landing. During the five or six months that
+followed, before Cicero left Italy to join Pompey, there is no
+indication of any alienation: but the short notes from Pompey's camp,
+and in the first half of B.C. 47, are cold and conventional, and on his
+return to Brundisium after Pharsalia, and during his lengthened stay
+there, he appears to have declined to allow her to come and see him.
+Soon after his return to Rome, in September, B.C. 47, matters came to a
+climax. Perhaps some of the mischief was caused by the mismanagement or
+dishonesty of Terentia's steward, Philotimus, of whom we hear a good
+deal in the letters from Cilicia: but whatever was the origin of the
+quarrel, Cicero asserts that on his return he found his affairs in a
+state of utter disorder. It may well have been that, like other
+adherents to the losing cause, he had to suffer from loss of any
+property that could be easily laid hands on in Rome, and that Terentia
+had had no power to save it. But Cicero, rightly or wrongly, attributed
+the embarrassment which he found awaiting him to his wife. He says in a
+letter to Gnæus Plancius:[21] "I should not have taken any new step at a
+time of such general disaster had I not on my return found my private
+affairs in as sorry a position as the public. The fact is, that when I
+saw that, owing to the criminal conduct of those to whom my life and
+fortunes ought, in return for my never-to-be-forgotten services, to have
+been their dearest object, there was nothing safe within the walls of my
+house, nothing that was not the subject of some intrigue, I made up my
+mind that I must arm myself by the faithful support of new marriage
+connexions against the perfidy of the old." This is a lame excuse for a
+man of sixty separating from the companion of his whole manhood, and in
+the eyes of Roman Society it was rendered still more questionable by a
+prompt marriage with a young girl, rich, and his own ward: from whom,
+however, he soon again divorced himself, angered, it is said, by her
+want of feeling at the death of Tullia. Terentia long survived her
+husband, living, we are told, to be over a hundred years old. Divorce
+was, of course, not regarded in these days of the Republic as it had
+once been, or as it is now among ourselves; still we should have been
+glad, both for his fame and his happiness, if the few years remaining to
+him had not had this additional cloud. A man of sixty embarking on such
+matrimonial enterprise is not a dignified spectacle, or one pleasing to
+gods and men.
+
+The other correspondents may be dismissed in few words.
+
+[Sidenote: P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther.]
+
+P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTHER, to whom some of the longest letters are
+addressed, represents the high aristocracy, to which Cicero wished to
+commend himself, though seeing keenly the weakness which underlay their
+magnificence. The part played by Lentulus in politics had been showy,
+but never founded on steadfast principle. He owed his earlier promotions
+to Cæsar's influence, but in his consulship of B.C. 57 had taken the
+side of the aristocracy in promoting the recall of Cicero, though he had
+gone against their sentiment by supporting Pompey's appointment to the
+_cura annonæ_. But as he was going to Cilicia in B.C. 56, Lentulus
+wished to have the lucrative task of restoring Ptolemy Auletes to the
+throne of Egypt, from which he had been righteously driven by his
+subjects. Therefore it was all to the good that Pompey should have
+business at home preventing him from taking this in hand. How Lentulus
+was baulked in this desire will appear in the letters. He no doubt had
+his full share of the _Lentulitas_ distinguishing his family. But all
+was forgiven by Cicero to a man who had promoted his recall, and he
+takes great pains to justify to Lentulus his own change of policy in
+regard to the triumvirs after B.C. 56. When the civil war began Lentulus
+joined Domitius at Corfinium, and with him fell into Cæsar's hands, and
+was dismissed unharmed. He afterwards joined Pompey in Epirus, intent on
+succeeding Cæsar as Pontifex Maximus, as soon as the latter had been
+satisfactorily disposed of. After Pharsalia he sought refuge at Rhodes,
+but was refused sanctuary by the islanders, and was eventually put to
+death, though we do not know by whom (_Att._ xi. 13; _Fam._ ix. 18).
+
+[Sidenote: M. Fadius Gallus, M. Marius, L. Lucceius, C. Scribonius
+Curio, C. Trebatius Testa.]
+
+M. FADIUS GALLUS, the Epicurean, and M. MARIUS, the valetudinarian and
+wit, were among friends valued for their personal and agreeable
+qualities rather than for any public or political importance attaching
+to them. The same may be said of L. LUCCEIUS, of whose Roman history
+Cicero thought so well, that he wrote a remarkable letter begging for an
+honourable place in it for his consulship, as Pliny did to Tacitus.[22]
+C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO, son of a great friend of Cicero, after a _jeunesse
+orageuse_, returned to Rome from his quæstorship in Asia, in B.C. 53, to
+take up the inheritance of his father, which he quickly dissipated.
+Cicero seems to have had a high idea of his abilities, and to have
+believed him capable of taking the lead of the Optimates. But in his
+tribuneship of B.C. 51-50 he disappointed all such hopes by openly
+joining Cæsar's party, and resisting all attempts to recall him. He
+joined Cæsar at Ravenna as soon as his tribuneship was out, and urged
+him to march on Rome. In B.C. 49 he was sent to secure Sicily and
+Africa. The first he did, but in the second he perished in battle
+against the senatorial governor and king Iuba. Cicero's relation to C.
+TREBATIUS TESTA, a learned jurisconsult, was apparently that of a patron
+or tutor, who, thinking that he has found a young man of ability,
+endeavours to push him. He sent him with a letter of introduction to
+Cæsar, who was good-natured, though rather sarcastic as to the scope for
+legal abilities to be found in Gaul. He gave him, however, a military
+tribuneship, without exacting military duties, and apparently kept on
+good terms with him, for he employed him in B.C. 49 to communicate his
+wish to Cicero as to his remaining at Rome. Cicero's letters to him,
+though numerous, are not among the most interesting. They are full of
+banter of a rather forced and dull kind; and Cicero was evidently
+annoyed to find that his scheme for advancing Trebatius in Cæsar's
+province had not been very successful. The friendship, however, survived
+the civil war, and we find Cicero in B.C. 44 dedicating his _Topica_ to
+Trebatius.
+
+[Footnote 1: That Cicero up to the time of his consulship had been
+connected rather with the _populares_ is illustrated by Quintus (_de
+Petit._ i.) urging him to make it clear that he had never been a
+demagogue, but that if he had ever spoken "in the spirit of the popular
+party, he had done so with the view of attracting Pompey."]
+
+[Footnote 2: _De Orat._ ii. §§ 1, 2.]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The city, the city, my dear Rufus--stick to that, and live
+in its full light. Residence elsewhere--as I made up my mind early in
+life--is mere eclipse and obscurity to those whose energy is capable of
+shining at Rome."--_Fam._ ii. 12 (vol. ii., p. 166).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Even at these he found troublesome people to interrupt him.
+See vol. i., pp. 102, 104.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Yet the announcement of the birth of his son (p. 16) and of
+the dangerous confinement of Tullia (vol. ii., p. 403) are almost
+equally brief.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See _Att._ ii. 1, vol. 1., p. 62; Plut. _Cic._ 13; Cic. _in
+Pis._ § 4.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Die Entstchungsgeschichte der catilinarischen
+Verschwörung_, by Dr. Constantin John, 1876. I am still of opinion that
+Plutarch's statement can be strongly supported.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Cæsar said, οὺ μὴν καὶ π�οσήκειν �πὶ το�ς πα�εληλυθόσι
+τοιοῠτόν τινα νόμον συγγ�άφεσθαι (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 9: "The man who did not so much as raise me up, when I threw
+myself at his feet."--_Att._ x. 4 (vol. ii., p. 362). Similar allusions
+to Pompey's conduct to him on the occasion often occur.]
+
+[Footnote 10: See vol. i., p. 190.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See vol. i., pp. 129, 138; cp. _pro Planc._ §§ 95-96.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Fam._ i. 9, 15 (vol. i., p. 316).]
+
+[Footnote 13: Letter CVII, vol. i., pp. 219, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Ever since its capture in the second Punic War, Capua had
+ceased to have any corporate existence, and its territory had been _ager
+publicus_, let out to tenants (_aratores_). Cæsar had restored its
+corporate existence by making it a _colonia_, and much of the land had
+been allotted to veterans of his own and Pompey's armies. The state thus
+lost the rent of the land, one of the few sources of revenue from Italy
+now drawn by the exchequer of Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Letter CLII, vol. i., pp. 310-324.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Quoted by Flavius Charisius, _Ars Gramm._ i., p. 126 (ed.
+Kiel).]
+
+[Footnote 17: Vol. ii., p. 204.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Vol. i., p. 357.]
+
+[Footnote 19: CLXXVIII-CLXXXI. The date of the letter to P. Sittius
+(CLXXVIII) is not certain.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Vol. i., p. 366.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Letter DXXXIII (_Fam._ iv. 14), about October, B.C. 46.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Vol. i., p. 226; Pliny, _Ep._, vii. 33.]
+
+
+
+
+    "TULLIUS, of all the sons of royal Rome
+    That are, or have been, or are yet to come,
+    Most skilled to plead, most learned in debate,--
+    Catullus hails thee, small as thou art great.
+    Take thou from him his thanks, his fond regards,
+    The first of patrons from the least of bards."
+
+CATULLUS, xlix. (J. E. S.)
+
+
+
+
+CICERO'S LETTERS
+
+ERRATA IN VOL. I.
+
+
+Page 107, note 3, last line, _dele_ note of interrogation after "expenses."
+ "   193, note 4, last line, _for_ B.C. 45 _lege_ B.C. 46.
+ "   253, Letter CXXII, _for_ A IV, 1, _lege_ A IV, 2.
+
+
+
+
+CICERO'S LETTERS
+
+
+
+
+I (A I, 5)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68. Coss., L. Cæcilius Metellus, Q. Marcius Rex.]
+
+     This opening of the correspondence finds Cicero, now in his
+     thirty-ninth year, in the midst of his official career. He had
+     already been quæstor (B.C. 75) and ædile (B.C. 69), and was looking
+     forward to his election to the prætorship in the next year (B.C.
+     67). He had already risen almost to the highest place in his
+     profession as advocate, and had partly delivered, partly published
+     his great indictment of Verres only a year ago. He is married to
+     Terentia (B.C. 80), and has one daughter, Tullia or Tulliola, born
+     on August 5, probably the next year (B.C. 79). His intimacy with T.
+     Pomponius Atticus (three years his senior), perhaps begun at
+     school, had lasted at least eleven years, from the time when he met
+     him at Athens (B.C. 79), and with him had been initiated in the
+     Eleusinian mysteries (_de Leg._ 2, § 36). There too they had both
+     seen much of the writer's cousin Lucius, whose death he deplores in
+     this letter (_de Fin._ 5, § 1). Atticus had lived abroad in Athens
+     and Epirus, with occasional visits home from B.C. 88 to B.C. 65, in
+     which latter year he seems to have returned for a more lengthened
+     stay (Nep. _Att._ 4). The two friends have already corresponded
+     frequently, but this is the first letter preserved.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, ÆT. 38]
+
+We are such intimate friends that more than almost anyone else you can
+appreciate the grief as well as the actual public and private loss that
+the death of my cousin Lucius is to me. There is absolutely no
+gratification which any human being can receive from the kindly
+character of another that I have not been accustomed to receive from
+him. I am sure, therefore, that you will share my grief. For, in the
+first place, whatever affects me affects you; and in the second place,
+you have yourself lost in him a friend and connexion of the highest
+character and most obliging disposition, who was attached to you from
+personal inclination, as well as from my conversation.
+
+As to what you say in your letter about your sister,[23] she will
+herself bear me witness what pains I have taken that my brother Quintus
+should show her proper affection. Thinking him somewhat inclined to be
+angry with her, I wrote to him in such a way as I thought would not hurt
+his feelings as a brother, while giving him some good advice as my
+junior, and remonstrating with him as being in the wrong. The result is
+that, from frequent letters since received from him, I feel confident
+that everything is as it ought and as we should wish it to be.
+
+As to the frequency of my letters you have no ground for your complaint.
+The fact is our good sister Pomponia never informed me of there being a
+courier ready to take a letter. Farthermore, I never chanced to know of
+anyone going to Epirus,[24] and I was not till recently informed of your
+being at Athens.
+
+Again, as to the business of Acutilius which you had left in my hands. I
+had settled it on my first visit to Rome after your departure. But it
+turned out that, in the first place, there was no urgency in the matter,
+and, in the second place, as I felt confidence in your judgment, I
+preferred that Peducæus[25] rather than myself should advise you by
+letter on the subject. For having submitted my ears to Acutilius for
+several days (and I think you know his style), I should scarcely have
+regarded it as a hardship to write you a letter describing his
+grumblings after patiently enduring the bore (and it _was_ rather a
+bore, I can tell you) of hearing them. Moreover, though you find fault
+with me, allow me to observe that I have had only one letter from you,
+though you had greater leisure for writing, and more opportunity of
+sending letters.
+
+As to what you say in your letter, "Even if anyone is inclined to be
+offended with you, I ought to bring him to a better mind"--I understand
+to what you allude, and I have not neglected the matter. But the truth
+is that the extent of his displeasure is something surprising. However,
+I have not omitted to say anything there was to say in your behalf: but
+on what points I am to hold out your wishes, I consider, ought to be my
+guide. If you will write me word distinctly what they are, you will find
+that I have had no desire to be more exacting, and in the future shall
+be no more yielding, than you wish.[26]
+
+As to the business of Tadius. He tells me that you have written him word
+that there was no need of farther trouble, since the property is secured
+by prescription. I am surprised that you do not know that in the case of
+a statutory wardship of an unmarried girl prescription cannot be
+pleaded.[27]
+
+I am glad you like your purchase in Epirus. What I commissioned you to
+get for me, and anything you see suitable to my Tusculan villa, I should
+be glad if you will, as you say in your letter, procure for me, only
+don't put yourself to any inconvenience. The truth is, there is no other
+place that gives me complete rest after all my worries and hard work.
+
+I am expecting my brother Quintus every day. Terentia has a severe
+attack of rheumatism. She is devoted to you, to your sister, and your
+mother, and adds her kindest regards in a postscript. So does my pet
+Tulliola. Love me, and be assured that I love you as a brother.
+
+[Footnote 23: Pomponia, married to Cicero's younger brother Quintus. We
+shall frequently hear of this unfortunate marriage. Quintus was four
+years younger than his brother, who had apparently arranged the match,
+and felt therefore perhaps somewhat responsible for the result (Nep.
+_Att._ 5).]
+
+[Footnote 24: Atticus had estates and a villa near Buthrotum in
+Epirus,--_Butrinto_ in Albania, opposite Corfu.]
+
+[Footnote 25: This is probably Sext. Peducæus the younger, an intimate
+friend of Atticus (Nep. _Att._ 21); his father had been prætor in Sicily
+when Cicero was quæstor (B.C. 76-75), the son was afterwards a partisan
+of Cæsar in the Civil War, governor of Sardinia, B.C. 48, and proprætor
+in Spain, B.C. 39.]
+
+[Footnote 26: The person alluded to is L. Lucceius, of whom we shall
+hear again. See Letters V, VII, VIII, CVIII. What his quarrel with
+Atticus was about, we do not know.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Prescriptive right to property was acquired by possession
+(_usus_) of two years. But no such right could be acquired to the
+property of a girl under guardianship (_pro Flacco_, § 84).]
+
+
+
+
+II (A I, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, ÆT. 38]
+
+I won't give you any excuse hereafter for accusing me of neglecting to
+write. It is you that must take care that with all your leisure you keep
+up with me.
+
+Rabirius's house at Naples,[28]for the improvement of which you have
+designs drawn out and completed in imagination, has been bought by M.
+Fonteius[29] for 130,000 sesterces (about £1,040). I wished you to know
+this in case you were still hankering after it.
+
+We may be quite satisfied, I think, with my brother's feelings towards
+Pomponia. He is with her at present in his villa at Arpinum, and has
+Decimus Turanius with him, who is great in _belles lettres_.
+
+The date of my father's death was the 28th of November.
+
+That is about all my news. If you light on any articles of _vertu_
+suitable for a gymnasium, which would look well in the place you wot
+of,[30] please don't let them slip. I am so delighted with my Tusculan
+villa that I never feel really happy till I get there. Let me know
+exactly what you are doing and intending to do about everything.
+
+[Footnote 28: C. Rabirius, whom Cicero defended in B.C. 63, when
+prosecuted by Cæsar for his share in the murder of Saturninus (B.C.
+100). He lived, we know, in Campania, for his neighbours came to give
+evidence in his favour at the trial.]
+
+[Footnote 29: M. Fonteius made a fortune in the province of Gaul beyond
+the Alps, of which he was proprætor, B.C. 77-74. In B.C. 69 he had been
+accused of malversation, and defended by Cicero. After his acquittal he
+seems to be buying a seaside residence in Campania, as so many of the
+men of fashion did.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Cicero's "gymnasium" was some arrangement of buildings and
+plantations more or less on the model of the Greek gymnasia, at his
+Tusculan villa.]
+
+
+
+
+III (A I, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, ÆT. 38]
+
+All's well at your mother's,[31] and I keep an eye on her. I have
+undertaken to pay L. Cincius 20,400 sesterces[32] to your credit on the
+Ides of February. Pray see that I receive at the earliest possible
+opportunity what you say in your letters that you have bought and
+secured for me. I should also be very much obliged if you would, as you
+promised, think over the means of securing the library for me. My hope
+of getting the one enjoyment which I care for, when I come to retire,
+depends entirely on your kindness.
+
+[Footnote 31: The mother of Atticus lived to be ninety, dying in B.C.
+33, not long before Atticus himself, who at her funeral declared that
+"he had never been reconciled to her, for he had never had a word of
+dispute with her" (Nep. _Att._ 17).]
+
+[Footnote 32: This sum (about £163) is for the works of art purchased
+for the writer by Atticus.]
+
+
+
+
+IV (A I, 9)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67. Coss., C. Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio.]
+
+     The year of Cicero's election to the prætorship. It is the year
+     also of Pompey's great commission by the _lex Gabinia_ against the
+     Pirates. But Cicero does not seem as yet much concerned with
+     "foreign politics."
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+I get letters from you far too seldom considering that you can much more
+easily find people starting for Rome than I to Athens: considering, too,
+that you are more certain of my being at Rome than I of your being at
+Athens. For instance, it is owing to this uncertainty on my part that
+this very letter is somewhat short, because not being sure as to where
+you are, I don't choose my confidential talk to fall into strange hands.
+The Megaric statues and the Hermæ, which you mentioned in your letters,
+I am waiting for impatiently. Anything you have of the same kind which
+may strike you as worthy of my "Academia," do not hesitate to send, and
+have complete confidence in my money-chest. My present delight is to
+pick up anything particularly suitable to a "gymnasium." Lentulus
+promises the use of his ships. I beg you to be zealous in these matters.
+Thyillus begs you (and I also at his request) to get him some writings
+of the Eumolpidæ.[33]
+
+
+
+
+V (A I, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+All well at your house. Your mother and sister are regarded with
+affection by me and my brother Quintus. I have spoken to Acutilius. He
+says that he has not heard from his agent, and professes surprise that
+you should make any difficulty of his having refused to guarantee you
+against farther demands. As to the business of Tadius, the announcement
+in your letter that you have settled the matter out of court I saw
+gratified and pleased him very much. That friend of mine[34]--a most
+excellent man, upon my honour, and most warmly attached to me--is very
+angry with you. If I could but know how much you care about it, I should
+be able to decide how much trouble I am to take in the matter. I have
+paid L. Cincius the 20,400 sesterces for the Megaric statues in
+accordance with your letter to me. As to your Hermæ of Pentelic marble
+with bronze heads, about which you wrote to me--I have fallen in love
+with them on the spot. So pray send both them and the statues, and
+anything else that may appear to you to suit the place you wot of, my
+passion, and your taste--as large a supply and as early as possible.
+Above all, anything you think appropriate to a gymnasium and terrace. I
+have such a passion for things of this sort that while I expect
+assistance from you, I must expect something like rebuke from others. If
+Lentulus has no vessel there, put them on board anyone you please. My
+pet Tulliola claims your present and duns me as your security. I am
+resolved, however, to disown the obligation rather than pay up for you.
+
+[Footnote 33: Thyillus (sometimes written Chilius), a Greek poet living
+at Rome. See Letters XVI and XXI. The Eumolpidæ were a family of priests
+at Athens who had charge of the temple of Demeter at Eleusis. The πάτ�ια
+Ε�μολπιδῶν (the phrase used by Cicero here) may be either books of
+ritual or records such as priests usually kept: πάτ�ια is an appropriate
+word for such rituals or records handed down by priests of one race or
+family.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Lucceius, as in the first letter and the next.]
+
+
+
+
+VI (A I, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+TUSCULUM
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+"Being in my Tusculan villa" (that's for your "being in the
+Ceramicus")--however, I being there, a courier sent by your sister
+arrived from Rome and delivered me a letter from you, announcing at the
+same time that the courier who was going to you started that very
+afternoon. The result is that, though I do send _an_ answer, I am forced
+by the shortness of the time to write only these few words. First, as to
+softening my friend's feeling towards you, or even reconciling him
+outright, I pledge you my word to do so. Though I have been attempting
+it already on my own account, I will now urge the point more earnestly
+and press him closer, as I think I gather from your letter that you are
+so set upon it. This much I should like you to realize, that he is very
+deeply offended; but since I cannot see any serious ground for it, I
+feel confident that he will do as I wish and yield to my influence. As
+for my statues and Hermeracles, pray put them on board, as you say in
+your letter, at your very earliest convenience, and anything else you
+light upon that may seem to you appropriate to the place you wot of,
+especially anything you think suitable to a palæstra and gymnasium. I
+say this because I am sitting there as I write, so that the very place
+itself reminds me. Besides these, I commission you to get me some
+medallions to let into the walls of my little entrance-court, and two
+engraved stone-curbs. Mind you don't engage your library to anyone,
+however keen a lover you may find; for I am hoarding up my little
+savings expressly to secure that resource for my old age. As to my
+brother, I trust that all is as I have ever wished and tried to make it.
+There are many signs of that result--not least that your sister is
+_enceinte_. As for my election, I don't forget that I left the question
+entirely to you, and I have all along been telling our common friends
+that I have not only not asked you to come, but have positively
+forbidden you to do so, because I understood that it was much more
+important to you to carry through the business you have now in hand,
+than it is to me to have you at my election. I wish you therefore to
+feel as though you had been sent to where you are in my interests. Nay,
+you will find me feeling towards you, and hear of it from others,
+exactly as though my success were obtained not only in your presence,
+but by your direct agency.
+
+Tulliola gives notice of action against you. She is dunning me as your
+surety.
+
+
+
+
+VII (A I, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+I was doing so before spontaneously, and have been since greatly stirred
+by your two letters, with their earnest expressions to the same effect.
+Besides, Sallustius has been always at my side to prompt me to spare no
+pains to induce Lucceius to be reconciled to you. But after doing
+everything that could be done, not only did I fail to renew his old
+feelings towards you, but I could not even succeed in eliciting the
+reason of his alienation. On his part, however, he keeps harping on that
+arbitration case of his, and the other matters which I knew very well
+before you left Rome were causing him offence. Still, he has certainly
+got something else fixed deeper in his mind; and this no letters _from_
+you, and no commissioning of me will obliterate as easily as you will do
+in a personal interview, I don't mean merely by your words, but by the
+old familiar expression of your face--if only you think it worth while,
+as you will if you will listen to me, and be willing to act with your
+habitual kindness. Finally, you need not wonder why it is that, whereas
+I intimated in my letters that I felt hopeful of his yielding to my
+influence, I now appear to have no such confidence; for you can scarcely
+believe how much more stubborn his sentiment appears to me than I
+expected, and how much more obstinate he is in this anger. However, all
+this will either be cured when you come, or will only be painful to the
+party in fault.
+
+As to the sentence in your letter, "you suppose by this time I am
+prætor-elect," let me tell you that there is no class of people at Rome
+so harassed by every kind of unreasonable difficulty as candidates for
+office; and that no one knows when the elections will be.[35] However,
+you will hear all this from Philadelphus. Pray despatch at the earliest
+opportunity what you have bought for my "Academia." I am surprisingly
+delighted with the mere thought of that place, to say nothing of its
+actual occupation. Mind also not to let anyone else have your books.
+Reserve them, as you say in your letter, for me. I am possessed with the
+utmost longing for them, as I am with a loathing for affairs of every
+other kind, which you will find in an incredibly worse position than
+when you left them.[36]
+
+[Footnote 35: The _comitia_ were twice postponed this year. Apparently
+the voting for Cicero had in each case been completed, so that he is
+able to say that he was "thrice returned at the head of the poll by an
+unanimous vote" (_de Imp. Pomp._ § 2). The postponement of the elections
+was probably connected with the struggles of the senate to hinder the
+legislation (as to bribery) of the Tribune, Gaius Cornelius (Dio, 36,
+38-39).]
+
+[Footnote 36: The first allusion in these letters to the disturbed
+position of public affairs. See the passage of Dio quoted in the
+previous note. There were so many riots in the interval between the
+proclamation and the holding of the elections, not without bloodshed,
+that the senate voted the consuls a guard.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII (A I, 3)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 66. Coss., M. Æmilius Lepidus, L. Volcatius Tullus.]
+
+     In this year Cicero was prætor, and delivered his first extant
+     public speech (_apud populum_) in support of the _lex Manilia_,
+     which gave Pompey the command in the Mithridatic War with the
+     provinces of Asia and Bithynia. The strict Optimates opposed it.
+     Cicero supported it on the grounds of the importance of the war and
+     the proofs Pompey had already given of military ability, courage,
+     personal prestige, and good fortune. He takes occasion to point out
+     the mischief done to the Roman name by oppressive or fraudulent
+     governors and imperators. In this same year he delivered one of his
+     ablest speeches in court in defending A. Cluentius Habitus on a
+     charge of poisoning. At the consular elections this year the two
+     first elected were disabled for bribery.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 66, ÆT. 40]
+
+I have to inform you of the death of your grandmother from pining at
+your long absence, and at the same time because she was afraid that the
+Latin towns would revolt and fail to bring the victims up the Alban
+Mount. I presume that L. Saufeius will send you a letter of condolence
+on the subject.[37] I am expecting you here in the course of January--is
+it a mere rumour or does it come from letters of yours to others? For to
+me you have not mentioned the subject. The statues which you got for me
+have been landed at Caieta. I haven't seen them, for I have been unable
+to leave Rome. I have sent a man to clear the freightage. I am
+exceedingly obliged to you for having taken so much trouble to get them,
+and so reasonably. As to your frequent remarks in your letters about
+pacifying my friend, I have done everything I could and tried every
+expedient; but he is inveterate against you to a surprising degree, on
+what suspicions, though I think you have been told, you shall yet learn
+from me when you come. I failed to restore Sallustius[38] to his old
+place in his affections, and yet he was on the spot. I tell you this
+because the latter used to find fault with me in regard to you. Well, he
+has found by personal experience that _he_ is not so easy to pacify, and
+that on my part no zeal has been lacking either on his or your behalf. I
+have betrothed Tulliola to C. Piso Frugi, son of Lucius.[39]
+
+[Footnote 37: The point of this frigid joke is not clear. Was the
+grandmother really dead? What was she to do with the Latin _feriæ_? Mr.
+Strachan Davidson's explanation is perhaps the best, that Cicero means
+that the old lady was thinking of the Social War in B.C. 89, when the
+loyalty of the Latin towns must have been a subject of anxiety. She is
+in her dotage and only remembers old scares. This is understanding
+_civitates_ with _Latinæ_. Others understand _feriæ_ or _mulieres_.
+Saufeius, a Roman eques, was an Epicurean, who would hold death to be no
+evil. He was a close friend of Atticus, who afterwards saved his
+property from confiscation by the Triumvirs (Nep. _Att._ 12).]
+
+[Footnote 38: Cneius Sallustius, a learned friend of Cicero's, of whom
+we shall often hear again.]
+
+[Footnote 39: C. Calpurnius Piso, quæstor B.C. 58, died in B.C. 57. The
+marriage took place in B.C. 63.]
+
+
+
+
+IX (A I, 4)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, ÆT. 41]
+
+You keep on making me expect you again and again. Only the other day,
+when I thought you on the point of arriving, I was suddenly put off by
+you till Quintilis (July). Now, however, I _do_ think that you should
+come at the time you mention if you possibly can. You will thereby be in
+time for my brother Quintus's election, will pay me a long-deferred
+visit, and will settle the dispute with Acutilius. This latter Peducæus
+also suggested my mentioning to you, for I think it is full time that
+you settled that affair. My good offices are at your service and always
+have been so. Here at Rome I have conducted the case of Gaius Macer with
+a popular approval surpassing belief and unparalleled. Though I had been
+inclined to take a lenient view of his case, yet I gained much more
+substantial advantage from the popular approval on his condemnation
+than I should have got from his gratitude if he had been acquitted.[40]
+I am very glad to hear what you say about the Hermathena. It is an
+ornament appropriate to my "Academia" for two reasons: Hermes is a sign
+common to all gymnasia, Minerva specially of this particular one. So I
+would have you, as you say, adorn the place with the other objects also,
+and the more the better. The statues which you sent me before I have not
+yet seen. They are in my villa at Formiæ, whither I am at this moment
+thinking of going. I shall get them all transferred to my Tusculan
+villa. If I find myself with more than I want there I shall begin
+adorning Caieta. Please reserve your books, and don't despair of my
+being able to make them mine. If I succeed in that, I am superior to
+Crassus in wealth and look down on everybody's manors and pastures.[41]
+
+[Footnote 40: The annalist C. Licinius Macer was impeached _de
+repetundis_ (he was prætor about B.C. 70 or 69, and afterwards had a
+province), and finding that he was going to be condemned, committed
+suicide. He was never therefore condemned regularly (Val. Max. ix. 127;
+Plut. _Cic._ 9). Cicero presided at the court as prætor.]
+
+[Footnote 41: The books must have been a very valuable collection, or
+Cicero would hardly have made so much of being able to buy them,
+considering his lavish orders for statues or antiques.]
+
+
+
+
+X (A I, 1)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65. Coss., L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Manlius Torquatus.]
+
+     The election to the consulship is not till the next year (B.C. 64),
+     but Cicero is already making preparation for it, and looking out
+     for support. In July his only son was born. He does not refer to
+     the so-called "first Catilinarian conspiracy," but mentions
+     Catiline as a possible competitor, and even contemplates defending
+     him on some charge brought against him to prevent his standing for
+     the consulship.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JULY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, ÆT. 41]
+
+The state of things in regard to my candidature, in which I know that
+you are supremely interested, is this, as far as can be as yet
+conjectured. The only person actually canvassing is P. Sulpicius
+Galba.[42] He meets with a good old-fashioned refusal without reserve or
+disguise. In the general opinion this premature canvass of his is not
+unfavourable to my interests; for the voters generally give as a reason
+for their refusal that they are under obligations to me. So I hope my
+prospects are to a certain degree improved by the report getting about
+that my friends are found to be numerous. My intention was to begin my
+own canvass just at the very time that Cincius[43] tells me that your
+servant starts with this letter, namely, in the _campus_ at the time of
+the tribunician elections on the 17th of July. My fellow candidates, to
+mention only those who seem certain, are Galba and Antonius and Q.
+Cornificius.[44] At this I imagine you smiling or sighing. Well, to make
+you positively smite your forehead, there _are_ people who actually
+think that Cæsonius[45] will stand. I don't think Aquilius will, for he
+openly disclaims it and has alleged as an excuse his health and his
+leading position at the bar. Catiline will certainly be a candidate, if
+you can imagine a jury finding that the sun does not shine at noon. As
+for Aufidius and Palicanus,[46] I don't think you will expect to hear
+from me about them. Of the candidates for this year's election Cæsar is
+considered certain. Thermus is looked upon as the rival of Silanus.[47]
+These latter are so weak both in friends and reputation that it seems
+_pas impossible_ to bring in Curius over their heads. But no one else
+thinks so. What seems most to my interests is that Thermus should get
+in with Cæsar. For there is none of those at present canvassing who, if
+left over to my year, seems likely to be a stronger candidate, from the
+fact that he is commissioner of the _via Flaminia_, and when that has
+been finished, I shall be greatly relieved to have seen him elected
+consul this election.[48] Such in outline is the position of affairs in
+regard to candidates up to date. For myself I shall take the greatest
+pains to carry out all the duties of a candidate, and perhaps, as Gaul
+seems to have a considerable voting power, as soon as business at Rome
+has come to a standstill I shall obtain a _libera legatio_ and make an
+excursion in the course of September to visit Piso,[49] but so as not to
+be back later than January. When I have ascertained the feelings of the
+nobility I will write you word. Everything else I hope will go smoothly,
+at any rate while my competitors are such as are now in town. You must
+undertake to secure for me the _entourage_ of our friend Pompey, since
+you are nearer than I. Tell him I shall not be annoyed if he doesn't
+come to my election.[50] So much for that business. But there is a
+matter for which I am very anxious that you should forgive me. Your
+uncle Cæcilius having been defrauded of a large sum of money by P.
+Varius, began an action against his cousin A. Caninius Satyrus for the
+property which (as he alleged) the latter had received from Varius by a
+collusive sale. He was joined in this action by the other creditors,
+among whom were Lucullus and P. Scipio, and the man whom they thought
+would be official receiver if the property was put up for sale, Lucius
+Pontius; though it is ridiculous to be talking about a receiver at this
+stage in the proceedings. Cæcilius asked me to appear for him against
+Satyrus. Now, scarcely a day passes that Satyrus does not call at my
+house. The chief object of his attentions is L. Domitius,[51] but I am
+next in his regard. He has been of great service both to myself and to
+my brother Quintus in our elections. I was very much embarrassed by my
+intimacy with Satyrus as well as that with Domitius, on whom the success
+of my election depends more than on anyone else. I pointed out these
+facts to Cæcilius; at the same time I assured him that if the case had
+been one exclusively between himself and Satyrus, I would have done what
+he wished. As the matter actually stood, all the creditors being
+concerned--and that too men of the highest rank, who, without the aid of
+anyone specially retained by Cæcilius, would have no difficulty in
+maintaining their common cause--it was only fair that he should have
+consideration both for my private friendship and my present situation.
+He seemed to take this somewhat less courteously than I could have
+wished, or than is usual among gentlemen; and from that time forth he
+has entirely withdrawn from the intimacy with me, which was only of a
+few day's standing.[52] Pray forgive me, and believe that I was
+prevented by nothing but natural kindness from assailing the reputation
+of a friend in so vital a point at a time of such very great distress,
+considering that he had shewn me every sort of kindness and attention.
+But if you incline to the harsher view of my conduct, take it that the
+interests of my canvass prevented me. Yet, even granting that to be so,
+I think you should pardon me, "since not for sacred beast or oxhide
+shield."[53] You see in fact the position I am in, and how necessary I
+regard it, not only to retain but even to acquire all possible sources
+of popularity. I hope I have justified myself in your eyes, I am at any
+rate anxious to have done so. The Hermathena you sent I am delighted
+with: it has been placed with such charming effect that the whole
+gymnasium seems arranged specially for it.[54] I am exceedingly obliged
+to you.
+
+[Footnote 42: One of the judices rejected by Verres on his trial, a
+pontifex and augur.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Agent of Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 44: C. Antonius (uncle of M. Antonius) was elected with
+Cicero. Q. Cornificius had been tr. pl. in B.C. 69. See Letter XVIII.]
+
+[Footnote 45: M. Cæsonius, Cicero's colleague in the ædileship. He had
+lost credit as one of the _Iunianum concilium_ in the trial of
+Oppianicus.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Aufidius Lurco, tr. pl. B.C. 61. M. Lollius Palicanus, tr.
+pl. some years previously.]
+
+[Footnote 47: L. Iulius Cæsar, actually consul in B.C. 64,
+brother-in-law of Lentulus the Catilinarian conspirator, was afterwards
+_legatus_ to his distant kinsman, Iulius Cæsar, in Gaul. A. Minucius
+Thermus, defended by Cicero in B.C. 59, but the identification is not
+certain. D. Iunius Silanus got the consulship in the year after Cicero
+(B.C. 62), and as consul-designate spoke in favour of executing the
+Catilinarian conspirators.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The text is corrupt in all MSS. I have assumed a reading,
+something of this sort, _quæ cum erit absoluta, sane facile ac libenter
+eum nunc fieri consulem viderim_. This at any rate gives nearly the
+required sense, which is that Cicero regards the influence which Thermus
+will gain by managing the repair of the _Flaminia_ as likely to make him
+a formidable candidate, and therefore he would be glad to see him
+elected in the present year 65 (_nunc_) rather than wait for the next,
+his own year.]
+
+[Footnote 49: C. Calpurnis Piso, consul in B.C. 67, then proconsul of
+Gallia Transalpina (Narbonensis). He was charged with embezzlement in
+his province and defended by Cicero in B.C. 63. There were no votes in
+Transalpine Gaul, but Cicero means in going and coming to canvass the
+Cispadane cities.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Pompey was this year on his way to take over the
+Mithridatic War. But Cicero may have thought it likely that he or some
+of his staff would pass through Athens and meet Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 51: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, prætor in B.C. 58, and consul
+B.C. 54, fell at Pharsalia, fighting against Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Q. Cæcilius, a rich uncle of Atticus, so cross-grained
+that no one but Atticus could get on with him, to whom he accordingly
+left his large fortune (Nep. _Att._ 5).]
+
+[Footnote 53: Hom. _Il._ xxii. 159, Achilles pursuing Hector:
+
+    "Since not for sacred beast or oxhide shield
+    They strove,--man's guerdon for the fleet of foot:
+    Their stake was Hector's soul, the swift steed's lord."
+]
+
+[Footnote 54: Reading _eius_ ἀνάθημα, and taking the latter word in the
+common sense of "ornament": the Hermathena is so placed that the whole
+gymnasium is as it were an ornament to it, designed to set it off,
+instead of its being a mere ornament to the gymnasium. Professor
+Tyrrell, however, will not admit that the words can have this or any
+meaning, and reads, ἡλίου ἄναμμα, "sun light"--"the whole gymnasium
+seems as bright as the sun"--a curious effect, after all, for one statue
+to have.]
+
+
+
+
+XI (A I, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, ÆT. 41]
+
+I have to inform you that on the day of the election of L. Iulius Cæsar
+and C. Marcius Figulus to the consulship, I had an addition to my family
+in the shape of a baby boy. Terentia doing well.
+
+Why such a time without a letter from you? I have already written to you
+fully about my circumstances. At this present time I am considering
+whether to undertake the defence of my fellow candidate, Catiline.[55]
+We have a jury to our minds with full consent of the prosecutor. I hope
+that if he is acquitted he will be more closely united with me in the
+conduct of our canvass; but if the result be otherwise I shall bear it
+with resignation. Your early return is of great importance to me, for
+there is a very strong idea prevailing that some intimate friends of
+yours, persons of high rank, will be opposed to my election. To win me
+their favour I see that I shall want you very much. Wherefore be sure to
+be in Rome in January, as you have agreed to be.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. Coss., D. Iunius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena.]
+
+     We have no letters to or from Cicero in the years B.C. 64 and
+     63,[56] partly, no doubt, because Atticus was in Rome a great deal
+     during these years. We take up the correspondence, therefore, after
+     an interval of two years, which in many respects were the most
+     important in Cicero's life. In B.C. 64 he attained his chief
+     ambition by being elected to the consulship, but we have little
+     trace of his public actions that year, only the fragments of one
+     speech remaining, in defence of Q. Gallius on a charge of
+     _ambitus_. The animus of the popular party, however, is shewn by
+     the prosecution of some surviving partisans of Sulla on charges of
+     homicide, among them Catiline, who by some means escaped conviction
+     (Dio, xxxvii. 10). In the year of the consulship (B.C. 63) some of
+     Cicero's most important speeches were delivered. The three on the
+     agrarian proposals of Rullus present him to us for the first time
+     as discussing an important question of home politics, the disposal
+     of the _ager publicus_, a question which had become again prominent
+     owing to the great additions made to it by the confiscations of
+     Sulla. He also defended C. Rabirius, prosecuted by Iulius Cæsar for
+     the murder of Saturninus as long ago as B.C. 100, and later in the
+     year defended Murena on a charge of _ambitus_. Finally, the three
+     Catilinarian speeches illustrate the event which coloured the whole
+     of Cicero's life. In B.C. 62 his brother Quintus was prætor and
+     Cicero defended in his court P. Sulla, accused of complicity with
+     Catiline. On the 29th of December (B.C. 63) the tribune Q. Cæcilius
+     Metellus Nepos prevented Cicero from making a speech when laying
+     down his consulship, and went on to propose summoning Pompey to
+     Rome, "to protect the lives of the citizens." This led to scenes of
+     violence, and Metellus fled to Pompey, who reached Italy late in
+     the year B.C. 62 from the East.
+
+[Footnote 55: Asconius assigns this to the accusation of embezzlement in
+Africa. But that seems to have been tried in the previous year, or
+earlier in this year. The new impeachment threatened seems to have been
+connected with his crimes in the proscriptions of Sulla (Dio, xxxvii,
+10). Cicero may have thought of defending him on a charge relating to so
+distant a period, just as he did Rabirius on the charge of murdering
+Saturninus (B.C. 100), though he had regarded his guilt in the case of
+extortion in Africa as glaring.]
+
+[Footnote 56: The essay on the duties of a candidate attributed to
+Quintus is hardly a letter, and there is some doubt as to its
+authenticity. I have therefore relegated it to an appendix.]
+
+
+
+
+XII (F V, 7)
+
+TO CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS
+
+ROME
+
+_M. Tullius Cicero, son of Marcus, greets Cn. Pompeius, son of Cneius,
+Imperator._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. ÆT. 44]
+
+If you and the army are well I shall be glad. From your official
+despatch I have, in common with everyone else, received the liveliest
+satisfaction; for you have given us that strong hope of peace, of which,
+in sole reliance on you, I was assuring everyone. But I must inform you
+that your old enemies--now posing as your friends--have received a
+stunning blow by this despatch, and, being disappointed in the high
+hopes they were entertaining, are thoroughly depressed. Though your
+private letter to me contained a somewhat slight expression of your
+affection, yet I can assure you it gave me pleasure: for there is
+nothing in which I habitually find greater satisfaction than in the
+consciousness of serving my friends; and if on any occasion I do not
+meet with an adequate return, I am not at all sorry to have the balance
+of kindness in my favour. Of this I feel no doubt--even if my
+extraordinary zeal in your behalf has failed to unite you to me--that
+the interests of the state will certainly effect a mutual attachment and
+coalition between us. To let you know, however, what I missed in your
+letter I will write with the candour which my own disposition and our
+common friendship demand. I did expect _some_ congratulation in your
+letter on my achievements, for the sake at once of the ties between us
+and of the Republic. This I presume to have been omitted by you from a
+fear of hurting anyone's feelings. But let me tell you that what I did
+for the salvation of the country is approved by the judgment and
+testimony of the whole world. You are a much greater man than Africanus,
+but I am not much inferior to Lælius either; and when you come home you
+will recognize that I have acted with such prudence and spirit, that
+you will not be ashamed of being coupled with me in politics as well as
+in private friendship.
+
+
+
+
+XIII (F V, I)
+
+Q. METELLUS CELER TO CICERO
+
+CISALPINE GAUL
+
+_Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus, proconsul, greets M. Tullius
+Cicero._[57]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. ÆT. 44]
+
+If you are well I am glad. I had thought, considering our mutual regard
+and the reconciliation effected between us, that I was not likely to be
+held up to ridicule in my absence, nor my brother attacked by you in his
+civil existence and property for the sake of a mere word. If his own
+high character was not a sufficient protection to him, yet either the
+position of our family, or my own loyal conduct to you and the Republic,
+ought to have been sufficient to support him. As it is, I see that he
+has been ruined and I abandoned by the last people in the world who
+ought to have done so. I am accordingly in sorrow and wearing mourning
+dress, while actually in command of a province and army and conducting a
+war. And seeing that your conduct in this affair has neither been
+reasonable nor in accordance with the milder methods of old times, you
+must not be surprised if you live to repent it. I did not expect to find
+you so fickle towards me and mine. For myself, meanwhile, neither family
+sorrow nor ill-treatment by any individual shall withdraw me from the
+service of the state.
+
+[Footnote 57: Q. Metellus Celer had been prætor in B.C. 63 and was now
+(B.C. 62), as proconsul in Gallia Cisalpina, engaged against the remains
+of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Meanwhile his brother (or cousin) Q.
+Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, a tribune, after trying in vain to bring Cicero
+to trial for the execution of the conspirators, at last proposed to
+summon Pompey to Rome to prevent danger to the lives of citizens. This
+attempt led to riots and contests with Cato, and Nepos finally fled from
+Rome to Pompey. By leaving Rome he broke the law as to the tribunes, and
+the senate declared his office vacant, and this letter would even seem
+to shew that the senate declared him a public enemy. This letter of
+remonstrance is peremptory, if not insolent, in tone, and the reader
+will observe that the formal sentences, dropped in more familiar
+letters, are carefully used.]
+
+
+
+
+XIV (F V, 2)
+
+TO Q. METELLUS (IN CISALPINE GAUL)
+
+ROME
+
+_M. Tullius, son of Marcus, to Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus,
+proconsul, wishes health._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62, ÆT. 44]
+
+If you and the army are well I shall be glad. You say in your letter
+that you "thought, considering our mutual regard and the reconciliation
+effected between us, that you were not likely to be held up to ridicule
+by me." To what you refer I do not clearly understand, but I suspect
+that you have been informed that, while arguing in the senate that there
+were many who were annoyed at my having saved the state, I said that
+your relations, whose wishes you had been unable to withstand, had
+induced you to pass over in silence what you had made up your mind you
+ought to say in the senate in my praise. But while saying so I also
+added this--that the duty of supporting the Republic had been so divided
+between us that I was defending the city from internal treachery and the
+crime of its own citizens, you Italy from armed enemies and covert
+conspiracy;[58] yet that this association in a task so noble and so
+glorious had been imperilled by your relations, who, while you had been
+complimented by me in the fullest and most laudatory terms, had been
+afraid of any display of mutual regard on your part being put to my
+credit. As this sentence betrayed how much I had looked forward to your
+speech, and how mistaken I had been in that expectation, my speech
+caused some amusement, and was received with a moderate amount of
+laughter; but the laugh was not against you, it was rather at my
+mistake, and at the open and _naïve_ confession of my eagerness to be
+commended by you. Surely it cannot but be a compliment to you that in
+the hour of my greatest triumph and glory I yet wished for some
+testimony of approval from your lips. As to your expression,
+"considering our mutual regard"--I don't know your idea of what is
+"mutual" in friendship; mine is an equal interchange of good feeling.
+Now if I were to mention that I passed over a province for your sake,
+you might think me somewhat insincere; for, in point of fact, it suited
+my convenience, and I feel more and more every day of my life the
+advantage and pleasure which I have received from that decision. But
+this I do say--the moment I had announced in public meeting my refusal
+of a province, I began at once thinking how I might hand it on to you. I
+say nothing as to the circumstances of your allotment: I only wish you
+to suspect that nothing was done in that matter by my colleague without
+my cognizance. Recall the other circumstances: how promptly I summoned
+the senate on that day after the lots had been drawn, at what a length I
+spoke about you. You yourself said at the time that my speech was not
+merely complimentary to you, but absolutely a reflexion on your
+colleagues. Farther, the decree of the senate passed on that day has
+such a preamble that, so long as it is extant, there can never be any
+doubt of my services to you. Subsequently, when you had gone out of
+town, I would have you recall my motions in the senate, my speeches in
+public meetings, my letters to yourself. And having reviewed all these
+together, I would like you to judge yourself whether you think that your
+approach to Rome the last time you came quite shewed an adequate return
+for all these services.[59] Again, as to your expression, "the
+reconciliation effected between us"--I do not understand why you speak
+of "reconciliation" in the case of a friendship that had never been
+broken. As to what you say, that your brother Metellus ought not "to
+have been attacked by me for a mere word," in the first place I would
+like to assure you that your feeling and fraternal partiality--so full
+of human kindness and natural affection--meet with my warmest
+approbation; in the next place I must claim your indulgence if I have in
+any matter opposed your brother in the interests of the Republic, for my
+devotion to the Republic is paramount. If, however, it is my personal
+safety that I have defended against a most ruthless assault of his, I
+think you should be content that I make no complaint even to you of your
+brother's injurious conduct. Now, when I had become aware that he was
+deliberately making every preparation to use his tribunician office to
+my ruin, I appealed to your wife Claudia[60] and your sister Mucia[61]
+(of whose kindness to me for the sake of my friendship with Pompey I had
+satisfied myself by many instances) to deter him from that injurious
+conduct. And yet, as I am sure you have heard, on the last day of
+December he inflicted upon me--a consul and the preserver of my
+country--an indignity such as was never inflicted upon the most disloyal
+citizen in the humblest office: that is to say, he deprived me when
+laying down my office of the privilege of addressing the people--an
+indignity, however, which after all redounded to my honour. For, upon
+his forbidding me to do anything but take the oath, I pronounced an oath
+at once the most absolutely true and the most glorious in a loud
+voice--an oath which the people swore also in a loud voice to be
+absolutely true. Though I had actually suffered this signal indignity, I
+yet on that same day sent common friends to Metellus to persuade him to
+alter his resolution; to whom he answered that he was no longer free to
+do so. And, in fact, a short time previously he _had_ said in a public
+meeting that a man who had punished others without trial ought not
+himself to be allowed the privilege of speech. What a model of
+consistency! What an admirable citizen! So he deemed the man who had
+saved the senate from massacre, the city from the incendiary, Italy from
+war, deserving of the same penalty as that inflicted by the senate, with
+the unanimous approval of all loyal citizens, upon those who had
+intended to set fire to the city, butcher magistrates and senate, and
+stir up a formidable war! Accordingly, I did withstand your brother
+Metellus to his face: for on the 1st of January, in the senate, I
+maintained a debate with him on the state of the Republic, such as
+taught him that he had to contend with a man of courage and firmness. On
+the 3rd of January,[62] on again opening the debate, he kept harping on
+me and threatening me at every third word of his speech; nor could any
+intention be more deliberate than his was to overthrow me by any means
+in his power, not by calm and judicial argument, but by violence and
+mere browbeating. If I had not shewn some boldness and spirit in
+opposing his intemperate attack, would not everyone have concluded that
+the courage I had displayed in my consulship was the result of accident
+rather than design? If you did not know that Metellus was contemplating
+these measures in regard to me, you must consider that you have been
+kept in the dark by your brother on matters of the utmost importance:
+if, on the other hand, he did intrust any part of his designs to you,
+then surely I ought to be regarded by you as a man of placable and
+reasonable temper for not addressing a word of reproach to you even on
+such occurrences as these. Understanding then that it was by no "mere
+word" (as you express it) of Metellus that I was roused, but by his
+deliberate policy and extraordinary animosity towards me, next observe
+my forbearance--if "forbearance" is the name to be given to irresolution
+and laxity under a most galling indignity. I never once delivered a vote
+in a speech against your brother: every time a motion was before the
+house I assented without rising to those whose proposal appeared to me
+to be the mildest. I will also add that, though in the circumstances
+there was no obligation upon me to do so, yet so far from raising
+objections I actually did my best to secure that my enemy, because he
+was your brother, should be relieved from penalties by a decree of the
+senate.[63] Wherefore I have not "attacked" your brother, but only
+defended myself from your brother's attack; nor have I been "fickle" (to
+quote your word), but, on the contrary, so constant, that I remained
+faithful to my friendship to you, though left without any sign of
+kindness from you. For instance, at this moment, though your letter
+amounts almost to a threat, I am writing back an answer such as you see.
+I not only pardon your vexation, I even applaud it in the highest
+degree; for my own heart tells me how strong is the influence of
+fraternal affection. I ask you in your turn to put a liberal
+construction upon my vexation, and to conclude that when attacked by
+your relatives with bitterness, with brutality, and without cause, I not
+only ought not to retract anything, but, in a case of that kind, should
+even be able to rely upon the aid of yourself and your army. I have
+always wished to have you as a friend: I have taken pains to make you
+understand that I am a warm friend to you. I abide by that sentiment,
+and shall abide by it as long as _you_ will let me; and I shall more
+readily cease to be angry with your brother for love of you, than I
+shall from anger with him abate in the smallest degree my kindness for
+you.
+
+[Footnote 58: Metellus had been employed with Antonius against the camp
+at Fæsulæ, but was now engaged against some Alpine tribes.]
+
+[Footnote 59: When Metellus was commanding against Catiline, it is
+suggested that he marched towards Rome to support his brother, but this
+is conjecture.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Sister of P. Clodius. Of this famous woman we shall hear
+often again. She is believed to be the Lesbia of Catullus, and she is
+the "Palatine Medea" of the speech _pro Cælio_. Yet, in spite of
+Cicero's denunciations of her, he seems at one time to have been so fond
+of her society as to rouse Terentia's jealousy.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Wife of Pompey--divorced by him on his return from the
+East.]
+
+[Footnote 62: On the next meeting of the senate. The second was a _dies
+comitialis_ on which the senate usually did not meet (Cæs. _B. Civ._ i.
+I).]
+
+[Footnote 63: For the riots caused by his contests with Cato (on which
+the senate seems to have passed the _senatus consultum ultimum_), and
+for his having left Rome while tribune.]
+
+
+
+
+XV (F V, 6)
+
+TO P. SESTIUS[64] (IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62, ÆT. 44]
+
+Decius the copyist has been to see me, and begged me to try and secure
+that no successor should be appointed to you this turn. Though I
+regarded him as a man of good character and attached to you, yet,
+remembering the tenor of your previous letter to me, I could not feel
+certain that the wishes of a cautious man of the world like yourself had
+undergone so complete a change. But after your wife Cornelia had called
+on Terentia, and I had had a conversation with Q. Cornelius, I took care
+to be present at every meeting of the senate, and found that the
+greatest trouble was to make Fufius the tribune, and the others to whom
+you had written, believe me rather than your own letters. The whole
+business has, after all, been postponed till January, but there is no
+difficulty about it. Roused by your congratulations--for in a letter
+sometime ago you wished me good luck on the completion of my purchase of
+a house from Crassus--I have bought that very house for 3,500 sestertia
+(about £28,000), a good while subsequent to your congratulation.
+Accordingly, you may now look upon me as being so deeply in debt as to
+be eager to join a conspiracy if anyone would admit me! But, partly from
+personal dislike they shut their doors in my face and openly denounce me
+as the punisher of conspiracy, partly are incredulous and afraid that I
+am setting a trap for them! Nor do they suppose that a man can be short
+of money who has relieved the money-lenders from a state of siege. In
+point of fact, money is plentiful at six per cent., and the success of
+my measures has caused me to be regarded as a good security. Your own
+house, and all the details of its construction, I have examined and
+strongly approve. As for Antonius,[65] though everyone notices his want
+of attention to my interests, I have nevertheless defended him in the
+senate with the utmost earnestness and persistence, and have made a
+strong impression on the senate by my language as well as by my personal
+prestige. Pray write to me more frequently.
+
+[Footnote 64: P. Sestius was serving as proquæstor in Macedonia under
+Gaius Antonius. As tribune in B.C. 57 he worked for Cicero's recall, but
+was afterwards prosecuted _de vi_, and defended by Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Gaius Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship. He
+had the province of Macedonia after the consulship, Cicero having
+voluntarily withdrawn in his favour to secure his support against
+Catiline. Scandal said that he had bargained to pay Cicero large sums
+from the profits of the province. He governed so corruptly and
+unsuccessfully that he was on his return condemned of _maiestas_.]
+
+
+
+
+XVI (A I, 12)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61. Coss., M. Papius Piso, M. Valerius Messalla.]
+
+     The letters of this year are much concerned with the sacrilege of
+     P. Clodius, who, it was alleged, had been detected in disguise in
+     the house of the Pontifex Maximus Iulius Cæsar, when his wife was
+     celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, from which males were
+     excluded. His trial was made the occasion of bitter party
+     struggles, and by giving evidence in contradiction of Clodius's
+     alibi Cicero incurred his enmity, and eventually, therefore, his
+     own exile. Quintus is proprætor in Asia, Cæsar in Spain. Pompey
+     reached Rome early this year. The _ordo equester_ is much irritated
+     with the senate on the question of the contracts for the collection
+     of the Asiatic taxes.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 1 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+The Teucris[66] business hangs fire, and Cornelius has not called on
+Terentia since. I suppose I must have recourse to Considius, Axius, and
+Selicius:[67] for his nearest relations can't get a penny out of
+Cæcilius[68] under twelve per cent. But to return to my first remark: I
+never saw anything more shameless, artful, and dilatory. "I am on the
+point of sending my freedman," "I have commissioned Titus"--excuses and
+delays at every turn! But perhaps it is a case of _l'homme propose_,[69]
+for Pompey's advance couriers tell me that he means to move in the
+senate that a successor to Antonius ought to be named, and the prætor
+intends to bring the proposal before the people at the same time. The
+facts are such that I cannot defend him in view of the opinion either
+of the aristocrats or the people, and, what is more than anything else,
+that I have no wish to do so. For a thing has happened into the truth of
+which I charge you to look thoroughly. I have a freedman, who is a
+worthless fellow enough; I mean Hilarus, an accountant and a client of
+your own. The interpreter Valerius gives me this information about him,
+and Thyillus writes me word that he has been told the same story: that
+the fellow is with Antonius, and that Antonius, in exacting money
+payments, frequently remarks that a part is being collected for me, and
+that I have sent a freedman to look after our common interests. I felt
+exceedingly disturbed, and yet could not believe it; but at any rate
+there has been some gossip of the sort. Pray look into the whole matter,
+learn the truth, find out the author, and get the empty-headed idiot out
+of the country, if you possibly can. Valerius mentions Cn. Plancius as
+the origin of this gossip. I trust you thoroughly to investigate and
+find out what is at the bottom of it. I have good reason to believe that
+Pompey is most kindly disposed to me. His divorce of Mucia is strongly
+approved.[70] I suppose you have heard that P. Clodius, son of Appius,
+was caught in woman's clothes at Gaius Cæsar's house, while the state
+function was going on, and that he was saved and got out by means of a
+maid-servant; and that the affair is causing immense scandal. I feel
+sure you will be sorry for it.[71] I have nothing else to tell you. And,
+indeed, at the moment of writing, I am in considerable distress: for a
+delightful youth, my reader Sosthenes, has just died, and his death has
+affected me more than that of a slave should, I think, do. Pray write
+often. If you have no news, write just what comes uppermost.
+
+1 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.
+
+[Footnote 66: From expressions in the following letters it seems certain
+that this refers to money expected from Gaius Antonius; but we have no
+means of deciding whether or no Teucris is a pseudonym for some agent.
+Cicero had undertaken to be the advocate and supporter of Antonius, and
+though as an actual _patronus_ in court he could not take money, he may
+have felt justified in receiving supplies from him. Still, he knew the
+character of Antonius, and how such wealth was likely to be got, and it
+is not a pleasant affair.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Money-lenders.]
+
+[Footnote 68: The rich and cross-grained uncle of Atticus. See Letter
+X.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Cicero quotes half a Greek verse of Menander's, τα�τόματον
+ἡμῶν, leaving Atticus to fill up the other two words, καλλίω βουλεύεται,
+"Chance designs better than we ourselves."]
+
+[Footnote 70: Mucia was suspected of intriguing with Iulius Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 71: The chief festival of the Bona Dea (Tellus) was in May.
+The celebration referred to here took place on the night between the 3rd
+and 4th of December. It was a state function (_pro populo_), and was
+celebrated in the presence of the Vestals and the wife of the consul or
+prætor urbanus, _in ea domo quæ est in imperio_. As Cæsar was Pontifex
+Maximus, as well as prætor urbanus, it took place in the _Regia_, the
+Pontiff's official house (Plutarch, _Cic._ 19; Dio, xxxvii. 35).]
+
+
+
+
+XVII (F V, 5)
+
+TO C. ANTONIUS (IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+_M. Cicero wishes health to Gaius Antonius, son of Marcus, Imperator._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+Though I had resolved to write you nothing but formal letters of
+introduction (not because I felt that they had much weight with you, but
+to avoid giving those who asked me for them an idea that there had been
+any diminution in our friendship), yet since Titus Pomponius is starting
+for your province, who knows better than anyone else all that I feel and
+have done for you, who desires your friendship and is most devotedly
+attached to me, I thought I must write something, especially as I had no
+other way of satisfying Pomponius himself. Were I to ask from you
+services of the greatest moment, it ought not to seem surprising to
+anyone: for you have not wanted from me any that concerned your
+interests, honour, or position. That no return has been made by you for
+these you are the best witness: that something even of a contrary nature
+has proceeded from you I have been told by many. I say "told," for I do
+not venture to say "discovered,"[72] lest I should chance to use the
+word which people tell me is often falsely attributed to me by you. But
+the story which has reached my ears I would prefer your learning from
+Pomponius (who was equally hurt by it) rather than from my letter. How
+singularly loyal my feelings have been to you the senate and Roman
+people are both witnesses. How far you have been grateful to me you may
+yourself estimate: how much you owe me the rest of the world estimates.
+I was induced to do what I did for you at first by affection, and
+afterwards by consistency. Your future, believe me, stands in need of
+much greater zeal on my part, greater firmness and greater labour.[73]
+These labours, unless it shall appear that I am throwing away and
+wasting my pains, I shall support with all the strength I have; but if I
+see that they are not appreciated, I shall not allow you--the very
+person benefited[74]--to think me a fool for my pains. What the meaning
+of all this is you will be able to learn from Pomponius. In commending
+Pomponius to you, although I am sure you will do anything in your power
+for his own sake, yet I do beg that if you have any affection for me
+left, you will display it all in Pomponius's business. You can do me no
+greater favour than that.
+
+[Footnote 72: The word (_comperisse_) used by Cicero in regard to the
+Catilinarian conspiracy; it had apparently become a subject of rather
+malignant chaff.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Cicero is hinting at the danger of prosecution hanging
+over the head of Antonius.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Reading _tibi ipsi_ (not _ipse_), with Tyrrell.]
+
+
+
+
+XVIII (A 1, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 27 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+I have now received three letters from you--one by the hands of M.
+Cornelius, which you gave him, I think, at Three Taverns; a second which
+your host at Canusium delivered to me; a third dated, according to you,
+from on board your pinnace, when the cable was already slipped.[75] They
+were all three, to use a phrase from the schools of rhetoric flavoured
+with the salt of learning, and illumined with the marks of affection. In
+these letters, indeed, I am urgently pressed by you to send answers, but
+what renders me rather dilatory in this respect is the difficulty of
+finding a trustworthy carrier. How few of these gentry are able to
+convey a letter rather weightier than usual without lightening it by
+skimming its contents! Besides, I do not always care to send[76]
+whenever anyone is starting for Epirus: for I suppose that, having
+offered victims before your Amaltheia,[77] you at once started for the
+siege of Sicyon. And yet I am not even certain when you start to visit
+Antonius or how much time you are devoting to Epirus. Accordingly, I
+don't venture to trust either Achæans or Epirotes with a letter somewhat
+more outspoken than usual. Now some events _have_ occurred since you
+left me worth my writing to you, but they must not be trusted to the
+risk of a letter being lost, opened, or intercepted.
+
+Well, then, to begin with: I was not called upon to speak first, and the
+pacifier of the Allobroges[78] was preferred to me, and though this met
+with some murmurs of disapprobation from the senate, I was not sorry it
+was done. For I am thereby freed from any obligation to shew respect to
+an ill-conditioned man, and am at liberty to support my position in the
+Republic in spite of him. Besides, the second place has a dignity almost
+equal to that of _princeps senatus_, and does not put one under too much
+of an obligation to the consul. The third called on was Catulus; the
+fourth, if you want to go still farther, Hortensius. The consul
+himself[79] is a man of a small and ill-regulated mind, a mere buffoon
+of that splenetic kind which raises a laugh even in the absence of wit:
+it is his face rather than his facetiousness[80] that causes merriment:
+he takes practically no part in public business, and is quite alienated
+from the Optimates. You need expect no service to the state from him,
+for he has not the will to do any, nor fear any damage, for he hasn't
+the courage to inflict it. His colleague, however, treats me with great
+distinction, and is also a zealous supporter of the loyalist party. For
+the present their disagreement has not come to much; but I fear that
+this taint may spread farther. For I suppose you have heard that when
+the state function was being performed in Cæsar's house a man in woman's
+dress got in,[81] and that the Vestals having performed the rite again,
+mention was made of the matter in the senate by Q. Cornificius--he was
+the first, so don't think that it was one of us consulars--and that on
+the matter being referred by a decree of the senate to the [Virgins and]
+pontifices, they decided that a sacrilege had been committed: that then,
+on a farther decree of the senate, the consuls published a bill: and
+that Cæsar divorced his wife. On this question Piso, from friendship for
+P. Clodius, is doing his best to get the bill promulgated by himself
+(though in accordance with a decree of the senate and on a point of
+religion) rejected. Messalla as yet is strongly for severe measures. The
+loyalists hold aloof owing to the entreaties of Clodius: bands of
+ruffians are being got together: I myself, at first a stern Lycurgus, am
+becoming daily less and less keen about it: Cato is hot and eager. In
+short, I fear that between the indifference of the loyalists and the
+support of the disloyal it may be the cause of great evils to the
+Republic. However, your great friend[82]--do you know whom I mean?--of
+whom you said in your letter that, "not venturing to blame me, he was
+beginning to be complimentary," is now to all appearance exceedingly
+fond of me, embraces me, loves and praises me in public, while in secret
+(though unable to disguise it) he is jealous of me. No good-breeding, no
+straightforwardness, no political morality, no distinction, no courage,
+no liberality! But on these points I will write to you more minutely at
+another time; for in the first place I am not yet quite sure about them,
+and in the next place I dare not intrust a letter on such weighty
+matters to such a casual nobody's son as this messenger.
+
+The prætors have not yet drawn their lots for the provinces. The matter
+remains just where you left it. The description of the scenery of
+Misenum and Puteoli which you ask for I will include in my speech.[83] I
+had already noticed the mistake in the date, 3rd of December. The points
+in my speeches which you praise, believe me, I liked very much myself,
+but did not venture to say so before. Now, however, as they have
+received your approval, I think them much more "Attic" than ever. To the
+speech in answer to Metellus[84] I have made some additions. The book
+shall be sent you, since affection for me gives you a taste for
+rhetoric. What news have I for you? Let me see. Oh, yes! The consul
+Messalla has bought Antonius's house for 3,400 sestertia (about
+£27,200). What is that to me? you will say. Why, thus much. The price
+has convinced people that I made no bad bargain, and they begin to
+understand that in making a purchase a man may properly use his friends'
+means to get what suits his position. The Teucris affair drags on, yet I
+have hopes. Pray settle the business you have in hand. You shall have a
+more outspoken letter soon.
+
+27 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.
+
+[Footnote 75: _Ora soluta._ Or, if _ancora sublata_ be read, "when the
+anchor was already weighed." In either case it means "just as you were
+starting." Atticus wrote on board, and gave the letter to a carrier to
+take on shore.]
+
+[Footnote 76: A word lost in the text.]
+
+[Footnote 77: See end of Letter XXI. Cicero playfully supposes that
+Atticus only stayed in his villa in Epirus to offer sacrifices to the
+nymph in his gymnasium, and then hurried off to Sicyon, where people
+owed him money which he wanted to get. He goes to Antonius first to get
+his authority for putting pressure on Sicyon, and perhaps even some
+military force.]
+
+[Footnote 78: C. Calpurnius Piso (consul B.C. 67), brother of the consul
+of the year, had been governor of Gallia Narbonensis (B.C. 66-65), and
+had suppressed a rising of the Allobroges, the most troublesome tribe in
+the province, who were, in fact, again in rebellion.]
+
+[Footnote 79: M. Pupius Piso.]
+
+[Footnote 80: "By the expression of his face rather than the force of
+his expressions" (Tyrrell).]
+
+[Footnote 81: See p. 27, note 2.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Or, "inclose with my speech"; in both cases the dative
+_orationi meæ_ is peculiar. No speech exists containing such a
+description, but we have only two of the previous year extant (_pro
+Flacco_ and _pro Archia Poeta_). Cicero was probably sending it,
+whichever it was, to Atticus to be copied by his _librarii_, and
+published. Atticus had apparently some other works of Cicero's in hand,
+for which he had sent him some "queries."]
+
+[Footnote 84: Apparently the speech in the senate referred to in Letter
+XIV, p. 23, spoken on 1st January, B.C. 62. Metellus had prevented his
+_contio_ the day before.]
+
+
+
+
+XIX (A I, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 13 FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+I fear it may seem affectation to tell you how occupied I have been; but
+I am so distracted with business that I have only just found time for
+this short letter, and that has been stolen from the most urgent
+engagements. I have already described to you Pompey's first public
+speech--it did not please the poor, nor satisfy the disloyal, nor find
+favour with the wealthy, nor appear sound to the loyalists; accordingly,
+he is down in the world.[85] Presently, on the instigation of the consul
+Piso, that most insignificant of tribunes, Fufius, brought Pompey on to
+the platform. The meeting was in the _circus Flaminius_, and there was
+in the same place that day a crowd of market people--a kind of _tiers
+état_.[86] He asked him to say whether he approved of the jurymen being
+selected by the prætor, to form a panel for the prætor himself to
+employ. That was the regulation made by the senate in the matter of
+Clodius's sacrilege. Thereupon Pompey made a highly "aristocratic"
+speech, and replied (and at great length) that in all matters the
+authority of the senate was of the greatest weight in his eyes and had
+always been so. Later on the consul Messalla in the senate asked Pompey
+his opinion as to the sacrilege and the bill that had been published.
+His speech in the senate amounted to a general commendation of all
+decrees of the house, and when he sat down he said to me, "I think my
+answer covers your case also."[87] When Crassus observed that Pompey had
+got a cheer from the idea in men's minds that he approved my consulship,
+he rose also to his feet and delivered a speech in the most
+complimentary terms on my consulship, going so far as to say that he
+owed it to me that he was still a senator, a citizen, nay, a free man;
+and that he never beheld wife, home, or country without beholding the
+fruits of my conduct. In short: that whole topic, which I am wont to
+paint in various colours in my speeches (of which you are the
+Aristarchus), the fire, the sword--you know my paint-pots--he elaborated
+to the highest pitch. I was sitting next to Pompey. I noticed that he
+was agitated, either at Crassus earning the gratitude which he had
+himself neglected, or to think that my achievements were, after all, of
+such magnitude that the senate was so glad to hear them praised,
+especially by a man who was the less under an obligation to praise me,
+because in everything I ever wrote[88] my praise of Pompey was
+practically a reflexion on him. This day has brought me very close to
+Crassus, and yet in spite of all I accepted with pleasure any
+compliment--open or covert--from Pompey. But as for my own speech, good
+heavens! how I did "put it on" for the benefit of my new auditor Pompey!
+If I ever did bring every art into play, I did then--period, transition,
+enthymeme, deduction--everything. In short, I was cheered to the echo.
+For the subject of my speech was the dignity of the senate, its harmony
+with the equites, the unanimity of Italy, the dying embers of the
+conspiracy, the fall in prices, the establishment of peace. You know my
+thunder when these are my themes. It was so loud, in fact, that I may
+cut short my description, as I think you must have heard it even in
+Epirus. The state of things at Rome is this: the senate is a perfect
+Areopagus. You cannot conceive anything firmer, more grave, or more
+high-spirited. For when the day came for proposing the bill in
+accordance with the vote of the senate, a crowd of our dandies with
+their chin-tufts assembled, all the Catiline set, with Curio's girlish
+son at their head, and implored the people to reject it. Moreover, Piso
+the consul, who formally introduced the bill, spoke against it.
+Clodius's hired ruffians had filled up the entrances to the voting
+boxes. The voting tickets were so manipulated that no "ayes" were
+distributed. Hereupon imagine Cato hurrying to the rostra, delivering an
+admirable invective against the consul, if we can call that an
+"invective" which was really a speech of the utmost weight and
+authority, and in fact containing the most salutary advice. He is
+followed to the same effect by your friend Hortensius, and many
+loyalists besides, among whom, however, the contribution of Favonius was
+conspicuous. By this rally of the Optimates the _comitia_ is dissolved,
+the senate summoned. On the question being put in a full house--in spite
+of the opposition of Piso, and in spite of Clodius throwing himself at
+the feet of the senators one after the other--that the consuls should
+exhort the people to pass the bill, about fifteen voted with Curio, who
+was against any decree being passed; on the other side there were fully
+four hundred. So the vote passed. The tribune Fufius then gave in.[89]
+Clodius delivered some wretched speeches to the people, in which he
+bestowed some injurious epithets on Lucullus, Hortensius, C. Piso, and
+the consul Messalla; me he only charged with having "discovered"
+everything.[90] In regard to the assignation of provinces to the
+prætors, the hearing legations, and other business, the senate voted
+that nothing should be brought before it till the bill had been brought
+before the people. There's the state of things at Rome for you. Yet pray
+listen to this one thing more which has surpassed my hopes. Messalla is
+a superlatively good consul, courageous, firm, painstaking; he praises,
+shows attachment to, and imitates me. That other one (Piso) is the less
+mischievous because of one vice--he is lazy, sleepy, unbusiness-like, an
+utter _fainéant_, but in intention he is so disaffected that he has
+begun to loathe Pompey since he made the speech in which some praise was
+bestowed on the senate. Accordingly, he has alienated all the loyalists
+to a remarkable degree. And his action is not dictated by love for
+Clodius more than by a taste for a profligate policy and a profligate
+party. But he has nobody among the magistrates like himself, with the
+single exception of the tribune Fufius. The tribunes are excellent, and
+in Cornutus we have a quasi-Cato. Can I say more?
+
+Now to return to private matters. "Teucris" has fulfilled her
+promise.[91] Pray execute the commission you undertook. My brother
+Quintus, who purchased the remaining three-fourths of the house in the
+Argiletum for 725 sestertia (about £5,800), is now trying to sell his
+Tusculan property, in order to purchase, if he can, the town house of
+Pacilius. Make it up with Lucceius! I see that he is all agog to stand
+for the consulship. I will do my best. Be careful to let me know exactly
+how you are, where you are, and how your business goes on.
+
+13 February.
+
+[Footnote 85: The letter giving this description is lost. I think
+_frigebat_ is epistolary imperfect--"_he_ is in the cold shade," not,
+"_it_ fell flat."]
+
+[Footnote 86: πανήγυ�ις. Cicero uses the word (an honourable one in
+Greek) contemptuously of the rabble brought together at a market.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Pompey's general commendation of the decrees of the senate
+would include those regarding the Catiline conspirators, and he
+therefore claimed to have satisfied Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 88: _Meis omnibus litteris_, the MS. reading. Prof. Tyrrell's
+emendation, _orationibus meis, omnibus litteris_, "in my speeches, every
+letter of them," seems to me even harsher than the MS., a gross
+exaggeration, and doubtful Latin. _Meis litteris_ is well supported by
+_literæ forenses et senatoriæ_ of _de Off._ 2, § 3, and though it is an
+unusual mode of referring to speeches, we must remember that they were
+now published and were "literature." The particular reference is to the
+speech _pro Imperio Pompeii_, in which, among other things, the whole
+credit of the reduction of Spartacus's gladiators is given to Pompey,
+whereas the brunt of the war had been borne by Crassus.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Fufius, though Cicero does not say so, must have vetoed
+the decree, but in the face of such a majority withdrew his veto. The
+practice seems to have been, in case of tribunician veto, to take the
+vote, which remained as an _auctoritas senatus_, but was not a _senatus
+consultum_ unless the tribune was induced to withdraw.]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Comperisse_. See Letter XVII, note 1, p. 28.]
+
+[Footnote 91: See Letters XVI and XVIII, pp. 26, 32.]
+
+
+
+
+XX (A I, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 15 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+You have heard that my dearest brother Quintus has got Asia; for I do
+not doubt that rumour has conveyed the news to you quicker than a letter
+from any of us. Now then, considering how desirous of a good reputation
+he and I have ever been, and how unusually Philhellenic we are and have
+the reputation of being, and considering how many there are whose enmity
+we have incurred for the sake of the Republic, "call to mind all your
+valour,"[92] to secure us the praise and affection of all concerned. I
+will write at greater length to you on these points in the letter which
+I shall give to Quintus himself.[93] Please let me know what you have
+done about the business I confided to you, and also in your own affair;
+for I have had no letter from you since you left Brundisium. I am very
+anxious to hear how you are.
+
+15 March.
+
+[Footnote 92: παντοίης ἀ�έτης μιμνήσκεο (Hom. _Il._ xxii. 8)]
+
+[Footnote 93: The allotment of provinces had been put off (see last
+letter) till the affair of Clodius's trial was settled; consequently
+Quintus would not have much time for preparation, and would soon set
+out. He would cross to Dyrrachium, and proceed along the _via Egnatia_
+to Thessalonica. He might meet Atticus at Dyrrachium, or go out of his
+way to call on him at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXI (A I, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+You ask me what has happened about the trial, the result of which was so
+contrary to the general expectation, and at the same time you want to
+know how I came to make a worse fight of it than usual. I will answer
+the last first, after the manner of Homer.[94] The fact is that, so long
+as I had to defend the authority of the senate,[95] I battled with such
+gallantry and vigour that there were shouts of applause and crowds round
+me in the house ringing with my praise. Nay, if you ever thought that I
+shewed courage in political business, you certainly would have admired
+my conduct in that cause. For when the culprit had betaken himself to
+public meetings, and had made an invidious use of my name, immortal
+gods! What battles! What havoc! What sallies I made upon Piso, Curio, on
+the whole of that set! How I fell upon the old men for their
+instability, on the young for their profligacy! Again and again, so help
+me heaven! I regretted your absence not only as the supporter of my
+policy, but as the spectator also of my admirable fighting. However,
+when Hortensius hit on the idea of a law as to the sacrilege being
+proposed by the tribune Fufius, in which there was no difference from
+the bill of the consul except as to the kind of jurymen--on that point,
+however, the whole question turned--and got it carried by sheer
+fighting, because he had persuaded himself and others that _he_ could
+not get an acquittal no matter who were the jurymen, I drew in my sails,
+seeing the neediness of the jurors, and gave no evidence beyond what was
+so notorious and well attested that I could not omit it.[96] Therefore,
+if you ask the reason of the acquittal--to return at length to the
+former of the two questions--it was entirely the poverty and low
+character of the jury. But that this was possible was entirely the
+result of Hortensius's policy. In his alarm lest Fufius should veto the
+law which was to be proposed in virtue of a senatorial decree, he failed
+to see that it was better that the culprit should be left under a cloud
+of disgrace and dishonour than that he should be trusted to the
+discretion of a weak jury. But in his passionate resentment he hastened
+to bring the case into court, saying that a leaden sword was good enough
+to cut _his_ throat. But if you want to know the history of the trial,
+with its incredible verdict, it was such that Hortensius's policy is now
+blamed by other people after the event, though I disapproved of it from
+the first. When the rejection of jurors had taken place, amidst loud
+cheers and counter-cheers--the accuser like a strict censor rejecting
+the most worthless, the defendant like a kind-hearted trainer of
+gladiators all the best--as soon as the jury had taken their seats, the
+loyalists at once began to feel distrust. There never was a seedier lot
+round a table in a gambling hell. Senators under a cloud, equites out at
+elbows, tribunes who were not so much made of money as "collectors" of
+it, according to their official title.[97] However, there were a few
+honest men in the panel, whom he had been unable to drive off it by
+rejection, and they took their seats among their uncongenial comrades
+with gloomy looks and signs of emotion, and were keenly disgusted at
+having to rub elbows with such rascals. Hereupon, as question after
+question was referred to the panel in the preliminary proceedings, the
+severity of the decisions passes belief: there was no disagreement in
+voting, the defendant carried none of his points, while the accuser got
+even more than he asked. He was triumphant. Need I say more? Hortensius
+would have it that he was the only one of us who had seen the truth.
+There was not a man who did not think it impossible for him to stand his
+trial without being condemned a thousand times over. Farther, when I was
+produced as a witness, I suppose you have been told how the shouts of
+Clodius's supporters were answered by the jury rising to their feet to
+gather round me, and openly to offer their throats to P. Clodius in my
+defence. This seemed to me a greater compliment than the well-known
+occasion when your fellow citizens[98] stopped Xenocrates from taking an
+oath in the witness-box, or when, upon the accounts of Metellus
+Numidicus[99] being as usual handed round, a Roman jury refused to look
+at them. The compliment paid me, I repeat, was much greater.
+Accordingly, as the jurymen were protecting me as the mainstay of the
+country, it was by their voices that the defendant was overwhelmed, and
+with him all his advocates suffered a crushing blow. Next day my house
+was visited by as great a throng as that which escorted me home when I
+laid down the consulship. Our eminent Areopagites then exclaimed that
+they would not come into court unless a guard was assigned them. The
+question was put to the whole panel: there was only one vote against the
+need of a guard. The question is brought before the senate: the decree
+is passed in the most solemn and laudatory terms: the jurymen are
+complimented: the magistrates are commissioned to carry it out: no one
+thought that the fellow would venture on a defence. "Tell me, ye Muses,
+now how first the fire befell!"[100] You know Bald-head, the Nanneian
+millionaire,[101] that panegyrist of mine, whose complimentary oration
+I have already mentioned to you in a letter. In two days' time, by the
+agency of a single slave, and one, too, from a school of gladiators, he
+settled the whole business--he summoned them to an interview, made a
+promise, offered security, paid money down. Still farther, good heavens,
+what a scandal! even favours from certain ladies, and introductions to
+young men of rank, were thrown in as a kind of _pourboire_ to some of
+the jurors. Accordingly, with the loyalists holding completely aloof,
+with the forum full of slaves, twenty-five jurors were yet found so
+courageous that, though at the risk of their lives, they preferred even
+death to producing universal ruin. There were thirty-one who were more
+influenced by famine than fame. On seeing one of these latter Catulus
+said to him, "Why did you ask us for a guard? Did you fear being robbed
+of the money?" There you have, as briefly as I could put it, the nature
+of the trial and the cause of the acquittal.
+
+Next you want to know the present state of public affairs and of my own.
+That settlement of the Republic--firmly established by my wisdom, as you
+thought, as I thought by God's--which seemed fixed on a sure foundation
+by the unanimity of all loyalists and the influence of my
+consulship--that I assure you, unless some God take compassion on us,
+has by this one verdict escaped from our grasp: if "verdict" it is to be
+called, when thirty of the most worthless and dissolute fellows in Rome
+for a paltry sum of money obliterate every principle of law and justice,
+and when that which every man--I had almost said every animal--knows to
+have taken place, a Thalna, a Plautus, and a Spongia, and other scum of
+that sort decide not to have taken place. However, to console you as to
+the state of the Republic, rascaldom is not as cheerful and exultant in
+its victory as the disloyal hoped after the infliction of such a wound
+upon the Republic. For they fully expected that when religion, morality,
+the honour of juries, and the prestige of the senate had sustained such
+a crushing fall, victorious profligacy and lawless lust would openly
+exact vengeance from all the best men for the mortification which the
+strictness of my consulship had branded in upon all the worst. And it is
+once more I--for I do not feel as if I were boasting vaingloriously when
+speaking of myself to you, especially in a letter not intended to be
+read by others--it was I once more, I say, who revived the fainting
+spirits of the loyalists, cheering and encouraging each personally.
+Moreover, by my denunciations and invectives against those corrupt
+jurors I left none of the favourers and supporters of that victory a
+word to say for themselves. I gave the consul Piso no rest anywhere, I
+got him deprived of Syria, which had been already plighted to him, I
+revived the fainting spirit of the senate and recalled it to its former
+severity. I overwhelmed Clodius in the senate to his face, both in a set
+speech, very weighty and serious, and also in an interchange of
+repartees, of which I append a specimen for your delectation. The rest
+lose all point and grace without the excitement of the contest, or, as
+you Greeks call it, the ἀγών. Well, at the meeting of the senate on the
+15th of May, being called on for my opinion, I spoke at considerable
+length on the high interests of the Republic, and brought in the
+following passage by a happy inspiration: "Do not, Fathers, regard
+yourselves as fallen utterly, do not faint, because you have received
+one blow. The wound is one which I cannot disguise, but which I yet feel
+sure should not be regarded with extreme fear: to fear would shew us to
+be the greatest of cowards, to ignore it the greatest of fools. Lentulus
+was twice acquitted, so was Catiline, a third such criminal has now been
+let loose by jurors upon the Republic. You are mistaken, Clodius: it is
+not for the city but for the prison that the jurors have reserved you,
+and their intention was not to retain you in the state, but to deprive
+you of the privilege of exile. Wherefore, Fathers, rouse up all your
+courage, hold fast to your high calling. There still remains in the
+Republic the old unanimity of the loyalists: their feelings have been
+outraged, their resolution has not been weakened: no fresh mischief has
+been done, only what was actually existing has been discovered. In the
+trial of one profligate many like him have been detected."--But what am
+I about? I have copied almost a speech into a letter. I return to the
+duel of words. Up gets our dandified young gentleman, and throws in my
+teeth my having been at Baiæ. It wasn't true, but what did that matter
+to him? "It is as though you were to say," replied I, "that I had been
+in disguise!" "What business," quoth he, "has an Arpinate with hot
+baths?" "Say that to your patron," said I, "who coveted the
+watering-place of an Arpinate."[102] For you know about the marine
+villa. "How long," said he, "are we to put up with this king?" "Do you
+mention a king," quoth I, "when Rex[103] made no mention of you?" He,
+you know, had swallowed the inheritance of Rex in anticipation. "You
+have bought a house," says he. "You would think that he said," quoth I,
+"you have bought a jury." "They didn't trust you on your oath," said he.
+"Yes," said I, "twenty-five jurors did trust me, thirty-one didn't trust
+you, for they took care to get their money beforehand." Here he was
+overpowered by a burst of applause and broke down without a word to say.
+
+My own position is this: with the loyalists I hold the same place as
+when you left town, with the tagrag and bobtail of the city I hold a
+much better one than at your departure. For it does me no harm that my
+evidence appears not to have availed. Envy has been let blood without
+causing pain, and even more so from the fact that all the supporters of
+that flagitious proceeding confess that a perfectly notorious fact has
+been hushed up by bribing the jury. Besides, the wretched starveling
+mob, the blood-sucker of the treasury, imagines me to be high in the
+favour of Magnus--and indeed we have been mutually united by frequent
+pleasant intercourse to such an extent, that our friends the boon
+companions of the conspiracy, the young chin-tufts, speak of him in
+ordinary conversation as Gnæus Cicero. Accordingly, both in the circus
+and at the gladiatorial games, I received a remarkable ovation without a
+single cat-call. There is at present a lively anticipation of the
+elections, in which, contrary to everybody's wishes, our friend Magnus
+is pushing the claims of Aulus's son;[104] and in that matter his
+weapons are neither his prestige nor his popularity, but those by which
+Philip said that any fortress could be taken--if only an ass laden with
+gold could make its way up into it. Farthermore, that precious consul,
+playing as it were second fiddle to Pompey,[105] is said to have
+undertaken the business and to have bribery agents at his house, which I
+don't believe. But two decrees have already passed the house of an
+unpopular character, because they are thought to be directed against the
+consul on the demand of Cato and Domitius[106]--one that search should
+be allowed in magistrates' houses, and a second, that all who had
+bribery agents in their houses were guilty of treason. The tribune Lurco
+also, having entered on his office irregularly in view of the Ælian law,
+has been relieved from the provisions both of the Ælian and Fufian laws,
+in order to enable him to propose his law on bribery, which he
+promulgated with correct auspices though a cripple.[107] Accordingly,
+the _comitia_ have been postponed to the 27th of July. There is this
+novelty in his bill, that a man who has promised money among the tribes,
+but not paid it, is not liable, but, if he has paid, he is liable for
+life to pay 3,000 sesterces to each tribe. I remarked that P. Clodius
+had obeyed this law by anticipation, for he was accustomed to promise,
+and not pay. But observe! Don't you see that the consulship of which we
+thought so much, which Curio used of old to call an apotheosis, if this
+Afranius is elected, will become a mere farce and mockery? Therefore I
+think one should play the philosopher, as you in fact do, and not care a
+straw for your consulships!
+
+You say in your letter that you have decided not to go to Asia. For my
+part I should have preferred your going, and I fear that there may be
+some offence[108] given in that matter. Nevertheless, I am not the man
+to blame you, especially considering that I have not gone to a province
+myself. I shall be quite content with the inscriptions you have placed
+in your Amaltheium,[109] especially as Thyillus has deserted me and
+Archias written nothing about me. The latter, I am afraid, having
+composed a Greek poem on the Luculli, is now turning his attention to
+the Cæcilian drama.[110] I have thanked Antonius on your account, and I
+have intrusted the letter to Mallius. I have heretofore written to you
+more rarely because I had no one to whom I could trust a letter, and was
+not sure of your address. I have puffed you well. If Cincius should
+refer any business of yours to me, I will undertake it. But at present
+he is more intent on his own business, in which I am rendering him some
+assistance. If you mean to stay any length of time in one place you may
+expect frequent letters from me: but pray send even more yourself. I
+wish you would describe your Amaltheium to me, its decoration and its
+plan; and send me any poems or stories you may have about
+Amaltheia.[111] I should like to make a copy of it at Arpinum. I will
+forward you something of what I have written. At present there is
+nothing finished.
+
+[Footnote 94: ὕστε�ον π�ότε�ον Ὁμη�ικῶς.]
+
+[Footnote 95: That is, the resolution of the senate, that the consuls
+should endeavour to get the bill passed.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Cicero deposed to having seen Clodius in Rome three hours
+after he swore that he was at Interamna (ninety miles off), thus
+spoiling his alibi.]
+
+[Footnote 97: The difficulty of this sentence is well known. The juries
+were now made up of three _decuriæ_--senators, equites, and _tribuni
+ærarii_. But the exact meaning of _tribuni ærarii_ is not known, beyond
+the fact that they formed an _ordo_, coming immediately below the
+equites. Possibly they were old tribal officers who had the duty of
+distributing pay or collecting taxes (to which the translation supposes
+a punning reference), and as such were required to be of a _census_
+immediately below that of the equites. I do not profess to be satisfied,
+but I cannot think that Professor Tyrrell's proposal makes matters much
+easier--_tribuni non tam ærarii, ut appellantur, quam ærati_; for his
+translation of _ærati_ as "bribed" is not better supported, and is a
+less natural deduction than "moneyed."]
+
+[Footnote 98: _I.e._, the Athenians. Xenocrates of Calchedon (B.C.
+396-314), residing at Athens, is said to have been so trusted that his
+word was taken as a witness without an oath (Diog. Laert. IV. ii. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 99: Q. Cæcilius Numidicus, consul B.C. 109, commanded against
+Iugurtha. The event referred to in the text is said to have occurred on
+his trial _de repetundis_, after his return from a province which he had
+held as proprætor (Val. Max. II. x. 1).]
+
+[Footnote 100: Hom. _Il._ xvi. 112:
+
+    ἕσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι, Ὀλύμπια δώματ' ἔχουσαι
+    ὅππως δὴ π�ῶτον πῦ� ἔμπεσε νηυσὶν Ἀχαίων.
+]
+
+[Footnote 101: The reference is to Crassus. But the rest is very dark.
+The old commentators say that he is here called _ex Nanneianis_ because
+he made a large sum of money by the property of one Nanneius, who was
+among those proscribed by Sulla. His calling Crassus his "panegyrist" is
+explained by Letter XIX, pp. 33-34.]
+
+[Footnote 102: C. Curio, the elder, defended Clodius. He had bought the
+villa of Marius (a native of Arpinum) at Baiæ.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Q. Marcius Rex married a sister of Clodius, and dying,
+left him no legacy.]
+
+[Footnote 104: L. Afranius.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Reading _deterioris histrionis similis_, "like an
+inferior actor."]
+
+[Footnote 106: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, married to Cato's sister.
+Consul B.C. 54. A strong aristocrat and vehement opponent of Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 107: Aufidius Lurco had apparently proposed his law on bribery
+between the time of the notice of the elections (_indictio_) and the
+elections themselves, which was against a provision of the _leges Ælia
+et Fufia_. What his breach of the law was in entering on his office
+originally we do not know: perhaps some neglect of auspices, or his
+personal deformity.]
+
+[Footnote 108: _I.e._ to Quintus Cicero, now proprætor in Asia, who
+apparently wished his brother-in-law to come to Asia in some official
+capacity.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Some epigrams or inscriptions under a portrait bust of
+Cicero in the gymnasium of Atticus's villa at Buthrotum. Atticus had a
+taste for such compositions. See Nepos, _Att._ 18; Pliny, _N. H._ 35, §
+11.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Cicero had defended Archias, and Thyillus seems also to
+have been intimate with him: but he says Archias, after complimenting
+the Luculli by a poem, is now doing the same to the Cæcilii Metelli. The
+"Cæcilian drama" is a reference to the old dramatist, Cæcilius Statius
+(_ob._ B.C. 168).]
+
+[Footnote 111: Of Amaltheia, nurse of Zeus in Crete, there were plenty
+of legends. Atticus is making in his house something like what Cicero
+had made in his, and called his academia or gymnasium. That of Atticus
+was probably also a summer house or study, with garden, fountains, etc.,
+and a shrine or statue of Amaltheia.]
+
+
+
+
+XXII (A I, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 5 DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+Your letter, in which you inclose copies of his letters, has made me
+realize that my brother Quintus's feelings have undergone many
+alternations, and that his opinions and judgments have varied widely
+from time to time.[112] This has not only caused me all the pain which
+my extreme affection for both of you was bound to bring, but it has also
+made me wonder what can have happened to cause my brother Quintus such
+deep offence, or such an extraordinary change of feeling. And yet I was
+already aware, as I saw that you also, when you took leave of me, were
+beginning to suspect, that there was some lurking dissatisfaction, that
+his feelings were wounded, and that certain unfriendly suspicions had
+sunk deep into his heart. On trying on several previous occasions, but
+more eagerly than ever after the allotment of his province, to assuage
+these feelings, I failed to discover on the one hand that the extent of
+his offence was so great as your letter indicates; but on the other I
+did not make as much progress in allaying it as I wished. However, I
+consoled myself with thinking that there would be no doubt of his seeing
+you at Dyrrachium, or somewhere in your part of the country: and, if
+that happened, I felt sure and fully persuaded that everything would be
+made smooth between you, not only by conversation and mutual
+explanation, but by the very sight of each other in such an interview.
+For I need not say in writing to you, who know it quite well, how kind
+and sweet-tempered my brother is, as ready to forgive as he is sensitive
+in taking offence. But it most unfortunately happened that you did not
+see him anywhere. For the impression he had received from the artifices
+of others had more weight with him than duty or relationship, or the
+old affection so long existing between you, which ought to have been the
+strongest influence of all. And yet, as to where the blame for this
+misunderstanding resides, I can more easily conceive than write: since I
+am afraid that, while defending my own relations, I should not spare
+yours. For I perceive that, though no actual wound was inflicted by
+members of the family, they yet could at least have cured it. But the
+root of the mischief in this case, which perhaps extends farther than
+appears, I shall more conveniently explain to you when we meet. As to
+the letter he sent to you from Thessalonica,[113] and about the language
+which you suppose him to have used both at Rome among your friends and
+on his journey, I don't know how far the matter went, but my whole hope
+of removing this unpleasantness rests on your kindness. For if you will
+only make up your mind to believe that the best men are often those
+whose feelings are most easily irritated and appeased, and that this
+quickness, so to speak, and sensitiveness of disposition are generally
+signs of a good heart; and lastly--and this is the main thing--that we
+must mutually put up with each other's gaucheries (shall I call them?),
+or faults, or injurious acts, then these misunderstandings will, I hope,
+be easily smoothed away. I beg you to take this view, for it is the
+dearest wish of my heart (which is yours as no one else's can be) that
+there should not be one of my family or friends who does not love you
+and is not loved by you.
+
+That part of your letter was entirely superfluous, in which you mention
+what opportunities of doing good business in the provinces or the city
+you let pass at other times as well as in the year of my consulship: for
+I am thoroughly persuaded of your unselfishness and magnanimity, nor did
+I ever think that there was any difference between you and me except in
+our choice of a career. Ambition led me to seek official advancement,
+while another and perfectly laudable resolution led you to seek an
+honourable privacy. In the true glory, which is founded on honesty,
+industry, and piety, I place neither myself nor anyone else above you.
+In affection towards myself, next to my brother and immediate family, I
+put you first. For indeed, indeed I have seen and thoroughly appreciated
+how your anxiety and joy have corresponded with the variations of my
+fortunes. Often has your congratulation added a charm to praise, and
+your consolation a welcome antidote to alarm. Nay, at this moment of
+your absence, it is not only your advice--in which you excel--but the
+interchange of speech--in which no one gives me so much delight as you
+do--that I miss most, shall I say in politics, in which circumspection
+is always incumbent on me, or in my forensic labour, which I formerly
+sustained with a view to official promotion, and nowadays to maintain my
+position by securing popularity, or in the mere business of my family?
+In all these I missed you and our conversations before my brother left
+Rome, and still more do I miss them since. Finally, neither my work nor
+rest, neither my business nor leisure, neither my affairs in the forum
+or at home, public or private, can any longer do without your most
+consolatory and affectionate counsel and conversation. The modest
+reserve which characterizes both of us has often prevented my mentioning
+these facts; but on this occasion it was rendered necessary by that part
+of your letter in which you expressed a wish to have yourself and your
+character "put straight" and "cleared" in my eyes. Yet, in the midst of
+all this unfortunate alienation and anger, there is one fortunate
+circumstance--that your determination of not going to a province was
+known to me and your other friends, and had been at various times before
+distinctly expressed by yourself; so that your not being his guest may
+be attributed to your personal tastes and judgments, not to the quarrel
+and rupture between you. And so those ties which have been broken will
+be restored, and ours which have been so religiously preserved will
+retain all their old inviolability.
+
+At Rome I find politics in a shaky condition; everything is
+unsatisfactory and foreboding change. For I have no doubt you have been
+told that our friends, the equites, are all but alienated from the
+senate. Their first grievance was the promulgation of a bill on the
+authority of the senate for the trial of such as had taken bribes for
+giving a verdict. I happened not to be in the house when that decree was
+passed, but when I found that the equestrian order was indignant at it,
+and yet refrained from openly saying so, I remonstrated with the
+senate, as I thought, in very impressive language, and was very weighty
+and eloquent considering the unsatisfactory nature of my cause. But here
+is another piece of almost intolerable coolness on the part of the
+equites, which I have not only submitted to, but have even put in as
+good a light as possible! The companies which had contracted with the
+censors for Asia complained that in the heat of the competition they had
+taken the contract at an excessive price; they demanded that the
+contract should be annulled. I led in their support, or rather, I was
+second, for it was Crassus who induced them to venture on this demand.
+The case is scandalous, the demand a disgraceful one, and a confession
+of rash speculation. Yet there was a very great risk that, if they got
+no concession, they would be completely alienated from the senate. Here
+again I came to the rescue more than anyone else, and secured them a
+full and very friendly house, in which I, on the 1st and 2nd of
+December, delivered long speeches on the dignity and harmony of the two
+orders. The business is not yet settled, but the favourable feeling of
+the senate has been made manifest: for no one had spoken against it
+except the consul-designate, Metellus; while our hero Cato had still to
+speak, the shortness of the day having prevented his turn being reached.
+Thus I, in the maintenance of my steady policy, preserve to the best of
+my ability that harmony of the orders which was originally my joiner's
+work; but since it all now seems in such a crazy condition, I am
+constructing what I may call a road towards the maintenance of our
+power, a safe one I hope, which I cannot fully describe to you in a
+letter, but of which I will nevertheless give you a hint. _I cultivate
+close intimacy with Pompey_. I foresee what you will say. I will use all
+necessary precautions, and I will write another time at greater length
+about my schemes for managing the Republic. You must know that Lucceius
+has it in his mind to stand for the consulship at once; for there are
+said to be only two candidates in prospect. Cæsar is thinking of coming
+to terms with him by the agency of Arrius, and Bibulus also thinks he
+may effect a coalition with him by means of C. Piso.[114] You smile?
+This is no laughing matter, believe me. What else shall I write to you?
+What? I have plenty to say, but must put it off to another time. If you
+mean to wait till you hear, let me know. For the moment I am satisfied
+with a modest request, though it is what I desire above everything--that
+you should come to Rome as soon as possible.
+
+5 December.
+
+[Footnote 112: Cicero is evidently very anxious as to the
+misunderstanding between Quintus and his brother-in-law Atticus, caused,
+as he hints, or at any rate not allayed, by Pomponia. The letter is very
+carefully written, without the familiar tone and mixture of jest and
+earnest common to most of the letters to Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 113: At the end of the _via Egnatia_, which started from
+Dyrrachium.]
+
+[Footnote 114: The election in question is that to be held in B.C. 60
+for the consulship of B.C. 59. Cæsar and Bibulus were elected, and
+apparently were the only two candidates declared as yet. They were, of
+course, extremists, and Lucceius seems to reckon on getting in by
+forming a coalition with either one or the other, and so getting the
+support of one of the extreme parties, with the moderates, for himself.
+The bargain eventually made was between Lucceius and Cæsar, the former
+finding the money. But the Optimates found more, and carried Bibulus.
+Arrius is Q. Arrius the orator (see Index). C. Piso is the consul of
+B.C. 67.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIII (A I, 18)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60. Coss., Q. Cæcilius Metellus Celer, L. Afranius.]
+
+     This was the year in which Cæsar, returning from his proprætorship
+     in Spain, found Pompey in difficulties with the senate (1) as to
+     the confirmation _en bloc_ of his _acta_ in the East, (2) as to the
+     assignation of lands to his veterans; and being met with opposition
+     himself as to the triumph that he claimed, and his candidatureship
+     for the consulship, he formed with Pompey and Crassus the agreement
+     known as the first triumvirate. Cicero saw his favourite political
+     object, the _concordia ordinum_, threatened by any opposition to
+     the triumvirate, which he yet distrusted as dangerous to the
+     constitution. We shall find him, therefore, vacillating between
+     giving his support to its policy or standing by the extreme
+     Optimates. P. Clodius is taking measures to be adopted into a
+     plebeian gens, in order to stand for the tribuneship. Quintus is
+     still in Asia. Pompey's triumph had taken place in the previous
+     September.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 20 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+Believe me there is nothing at this moment of which I stand so much in
+need as a man with whom to share all that causes me anxiety: a man to
+love me; a man of sense to whom I can speak without affectation,
+reserve, or concealment. For my brother is away--that most open-hearted
+and affectionate of men. Metellus is not a human being, but
+
+    "Mere sound and air, a howling wilderness."
+
+While you, who have so often lightened my anxiety and my anguish of soul
+by your conversation and advice, who are ever my ally in public affairs,
+my confidant in all private business, the sharer in all my conversations
+and projects--where are you? So entirely am I abandoned by all, that the
+only moments of repose left me are those which are spent with my wife,
+pet daughter, and sweet little Cicero. For as to those friendships with
+the great, and their artificial attractions, they have indeed a certain
+glitter in the outside world, but they bring no private satisfaction.
+And so, after a crowded morning _levée_, as I go down to the forum
+surrounded by troops of friends, I can find no one out of all that crowd
+with whom to jest freely, or into whose ear I can breathe a familiar
+sigh. Therefore I wait for you, I long for you, I even urge on you to
+come; for I have many anxieties, many pressing cares, of which I think,
+if I once had your ears to listen to me, I could unburden myself in the
+conversation of a single walk. And of my private anxieties, indeed, I
+shall conceal all the stings and vexations, and not trust them to this
+letter and an unknown letter-carrier. These, however--for I don't want
+you to be made too anxious--are not very painful: yet they are
+persistent and worrying, and are not put to rest by the advice or
+conversation of any friend. But in regard to the Republic I have still
+the same courage and purpose, though it has again and again of its own
+act eluded treatment.[115] For should I put briefly what has occurred
+since you left, you would certainly exclaim that the Roman empire cannot
+be maintained much longer. Well, after your departure our first scene,
+I think, was the appearance of the Clodian scandal, in which having, as
+I thought, got an opportunity of pruning licentiousness and keeping our
+young men within bounds, I exerted myself to the utmost, and lavished
+all the resources of my intellect and genius, not from dislike to an
+individual, but from the hope of not merely correcting, but of
+completely curing the state. The Republic received a crushing blow when
+this jury was won over by money and the opportunity of debauchery. See
+what has followed! We have had a consul inflicted upon us, whom none
+except us philosophers can look at without a sigh. What a blow that is!
+Though a decree of the senate has been passed about bribery and the
+corruption of juries, no law has been carried; the senate has been
+harassed to death, the Roman knights alienated. So that one year has
+undermined two buttresses of the Republic, which owed their existence to
+me, and me alone; for it has at once destroyed the prestige of the
+senate and broken up the harmony of the orders. And now enter this
+precious year! It was inaugurated by the suspension of the annual rites
+of Iuventas;[116] for Memmius initiated M. Lucullus's wife in some rites
+of his own! Our Menelaus, being annoyed at that, divorced his wife. Yet
+the old Idæan shepherd had only injured Menelaus; our Roman Paris
+thought Agamemnon as proper an object of injury as Menelaus.[117] Next
+there is a certain tribune named C. Herennius, whom you, perhaps, do not
+even know--and yet you may know him, for he is of your tribe, and his
+father Sextus used to distribute money to your tribesmen--this person is
+trying to transfer P. Clodius to the plebs, and is actually proposing a
+law to authorize the whole people to vote in Clodius's affair in the
+_campus_.[118] I have given him a characteristic reception in the
+senate, but he is the thickest-skinned fellow in the world. Metellus is
+an excellent consul, and much attached to me, but he has lowered his
+influence by promulgating (though only for form's sake) an identical
+bill about Clodius. But the son of Aulus,[119] God in heaven! What a
+cowardly and spiritless fellow for a soldier! How well he deserves to be
+exposed, as he is, day after day to the abuse of Palicanus![120]
+Farther, an agrarian law has been promulgated by Flavius, a poor
+production enough, almost identical with that of Plotius. But meanwhile
+a genuine statesman is not to be found, even "in a dream." The man who
+could be one, my friend Pompey--for such he is, as I would have you
+know--defends his twopenny embroidered toga[121] by saying nothing.
+Crassus never risks his popularity by a word. The others you know
+without my telling you. They are such fools that they seem to expect
+that, though the Republic is lost, their fish-ponds will be safe. There
+is one man who does take some trouble, but rather, as it seems to me,
+with consistency and honesty, than with either prudence or
+ability--Cato. He has been for the last three months worrying those
+unhappy _publicani_, who were formerly devoted to him, and refuses to
+allow of an answer being given them by the senate. And so we are forced
+to suspend all decrees on other subjects until the _publicani_ have got
+their answer. For the same reason I suppose even the business of the
+foreign embassies will be postponed. You now understand in what stormy
+water we are: and as from what I have written to you in such strong
+terms you have a view also of what I have not written, come back to me,
+for it is time you did. And though the state of affairs to which I
+invite you is one to be avoided, yet let your value for me so far
+prevail, as to induce you to come there even in these vexatious
+circumstances. For the rest I will take care that due warning is given,
+and a notice put up in all places, to prevent you being entered on the
+census as absent; and to get put on the census just before the
+lustration is the mark of your true man of business.[122] So let me see
+you at the earliest possible moment. Farewell.
+
+20 January in the Consulship of Q. Metellus and L. Afranius.
+
+[Footnote 115: Reading (mainly with Schutz) _animus præsens et voluntas,
+tamen etiam atque etiam ipsa medicinam refugit_. The verb _refugit_ is
+very doubtful, but it gives nearly the sense required. Cicero is ready
+to be as brave and active as before, but the state will not do its part.
+It has, for instance, blundered in the matter of the law against
+judicial corruption. The senate offended the equites by proposing it,
+and yet did not carry the law. I think _animus_ and _voluntas_ must
+refer to Cicero, not the state, to which in his present humour he would
+not attribute them.]
+
+[Footnote 116: The temple of Iuventas was vowed by M. Livius after the
+battle of the Metaurus (B.C. 207), and dedicated in B.C. 191 by C.
+Licinius Lucullus, games being established on the anniversary of its
+dedication (Livy, xxi. 62; xxxvi. 36). It is suggested, therefore, that
+some of the Luculli usually presided at these games, but on this
+occasion refused, because of the injury done by C. Memmius, who was
+curule ædile.]
+
+[Footnote 117: By Agamemnon and Menelaus Cicero means Lucius and Marcus
+Lucullus; the former Memmius had, as tribune in B.C. 66-65, opposed in
+his demand for a triumph, the latter he has now injured in the person of
+his wife.]
+
+[Footnote 118: A man who was _sui iuris_ was properly adopted before the
+_commitia curiata_, now represented by thirty lictors. What Herennius
+proposed was that it should take place by a regular _lex_, passed by the
+_comitia tributa_. The object apparently was to avoid the necessity of
+the presence of a pontifex and augur, which was required at the _comitia
+curiata_. The concurrent law by the consul would come before the
+_comitia centuriata_. The adopter was P. Fonteius, a very young man.]
+
+[Footnote 119: L. Afranius, the other consul.]
+
+[Footnote 120: M. Lollius Palicanus, "a mere mob orator" (_Brutus_,
+§223).]
+
+[Footnote 121: The _toga picta_ of a triumphator, which Pompey, by
+special law, was authorized to wear at the games. Cicero uses the
+contemptuous diminutive, _togula_.]
+
+[Footnote 122: To be absent from the census without excuse rendered a
+man liable to penalties. Cicero will therefore put up notices in
+Atticus's various places of business or residence of his intention to
+appear in due course. To appear just at the end of the period was, it
+seems, in the case of a man of business, advisable, that he might be
+rated at the actual amount of his property, no more or less.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIV (A I, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 15 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+It is not only if I had as much leisure as you, but also if I chose to
+send letters as short as yours usually are, should I easily beat you and
+be much the more regular in writing. But, in fact, it is only one more
+item in an immense and inconceivable amount of business, that I allow no
+letter to reach you from me without its containing some definite sketch
+of events and the reflexions arising from it. And in writing to you, as
+a lover of your country, my first subject will naturally be the state of
+the Republic; next, as I am the nearest object of your affection, I will
+also write about myself, and tell you what I think you will not be
+indisposed to know. Well then, in public affairs for the moment the
+chief subject of interest is the disturbance in Gaul. For the Ædui--"our
+brethren"[123]--have recently fought a losing battle, and the Helvetii
+are undoubtedly in arms and making raids upon our province.[124] The
+senate has decreed that the two consuls should draw lots for the Gauls,
+that a levy should be held, all exemptions from service be suspended,
+and legates with full powers be sent to visit the states in Gaul, and
+see that they do not join the Helvetii. The legates are Quintus Metellus
+Creticus,[125] L. Flaccus,[126] and lastly--a case of "rich unguent on
+lentils"--Lentulus, son of Clodianus.[127] And while on this subject I
+cannot omit mentioning that when among the consulars my name was the
+first to come up in the ballot, a full meeting of the senate declared
+with one voice that I must be kept in the city. The same occurred to
+Pompey after me; so that we two appeared to be kept at home as pledges
+of the safety of the Republic. Why should I look for the "bravos" of
+others when I get these compliments at home? Well, the state of affairs
+in the city is as follows. The agrarian law is being vehemently pushed
+by the tribune Flavius, with the support of Pompey, but it has nothing
+popular about it except its supporter. From this law I, with the full
+assent of a public meeting, proposed to omit all clauses which adversely
+affected private rights. I proposed to except from its operation such
+public land as had been so in the consulship of P. Mucius and L.
+Calpurnius.[128] I proposed to confirm the titles of holders of those to
+whom Sulla had actually assigned lands. I proposed to retain the men of
+Volaterræ and Arretium--whose lands Sulla had declared forfeited but
+had not allotted--in their holdings. There was only one section in the
+bill that I did not propose to omit, namely, that land should be
+purchased with this money from abroad, the proceeds of the new revenues
+for the next five years.[129] But to this whole agrarian scheme the
+senate was opposed, suspecting that some novel power for Pompey was
+aimed at. Pompey, indeed, had set his heart on getting the law passed.
+I, however, with the full approval of the applicants for land,
+maintained the holdings of all private owners--for, as you know, the
+landed gentry form the bulk of our party's forces--while I nevertheless
+satisfied the people and Pompey (for I wanted to do that also) by the
+purchase clause; for, if that was put on a sound footing, I thought that
+two advantages would accrue--the dregs might be drawn from the city, and
+the deserted portions of Italy be repeopled. But this whole business was
+interrupted by the war, and has cooled off. Metellus is an exceedingly
+good consul, and much attached to me. That other one is such a ninny
+that he clearly doesn't know what to do with his purchase.[130] This is
+all my public news, unless you regard as touching on public affairs the
+fact that a certain Herennius, a tribune, and a fellow tribesman of
+yours--a fellow as unprincipled as he is needy--has now begun making
+frequent proposals for transferring P. Clodius to the plebs; he is
+vetoed by many of his colleagues. That is really, I think, all the
+public news.
+
+For my part, ever since I won what I may call the splendid and immortal
+glory of the famous fifth of December[131] (though it was accompanied by
+the jealousy and hostility of many), I have never ceased to play my part
+in the Republic in the same lofty spirit, and to maintain the position I
+then inaugurated and took upon myself. But when, first, by the acquittal
+of Clodius I clearly perceived the insecurity and rotten state of the
+law courts; and, secondly, when I saw that it took so little to alienate
+my friends the _publicani_ from the senate--though with me personally
+they had no quarrel; and, thirdly, that the rich (I mean your friends
+the fish-breeders) did not disguise their jealousy of me, I thought I
+must look out for some greater security and stronger support. So, to
+begin with, I have brought the man who had been too long silent on my
+achievements, Pompey himself, to such a frame of mind as not once only
+in the senate, but many times and in many words, to ascribe to me the
+preservation of this empire and of the world. And this was not so
+important to me--for those transactions are neither so obscure as to
+need testimony, nor so dubious as to need commendation--as to the
+Republic; for there were certain persons base enough to think that some
+misunderstanding would arise between me and Pompey from a difference of
+opinion on these measures. With him I have united myself in such close
+intimacy that both of us can by this union be better fortified in his
+own views, and more secure in his political position. However, the
+dislike of the licentious dandies, which had been roused against me, has
+been so far softened by a conciliatory manner on my part, that they all
+combine to show me marked attention. In fine, while avoiding
+churlishness to anyone, I do not curry favour with the populace or relax
+any principle; but my whole course of conduct is so carefully regulated,
+that, while exhibiting an example of firmness to the Republic, in my own
+private concerns--in view of the instability of the loyalists, the
+hostility of the disaffected, and the hatred of the disloyal towards
+me--I employ a certain caution and circumspection, and do not allow
+myself, after all, to be involved in these new friendships so far but
+that the famous refrain of the cunning Sicilian frequently sounds in my
+ears:[132]
+
+    "Keep sober and distrust: these wisdom's sinews!"
+
+Of my course and way of life, therefore, you see, I think, what may be
+called a sketch or outline. Of your own business, however, you
+frequently write to me, but I cannot at the moment supply the remedy you
+require. For that decree of the senate was passed with the greatest
+unanimity on the part of the rank and file,[133] though without the
+support of any of us consulars. For as to your seeing my name at the
+foot of the decree, you can ascertain from the decree itself that the
+subject put to the vote at the time was a different one, and that this
+clause about "free peoples" was added without good reason. It was done
+by P. Servilius the younger,[134] who delivered his vote among the last,
+but it cannot be altered after such an interval of time. Accordingly,
+the meetings, which at first were crowded, have long ceased to be held.
+If you have been able, notwithstanding, by your insinuating address to
+get a trifle of money out of the Sicyonians, I wish you would let me
+know.[135] I have sent you an account of my consulship written in Greek.
+If there is anything in it which to a genuine Attic like yourself seems
+to be un-Greek or unscholarly, I shall not say as Lucullus said to you
+(at Panhormus, was it not?) about his own history, that he had
+interspersed certain barbarisms and solecisms for the express purpose of
+proving that it was the work of a Roman. No, if there is anything of
+that sort in my book, it will be without my knowledge and against my
+will. When I have finished the Latin version I will send it to you; and
+thirdly, you may expect a poem on the subject, for I would not have any
+method of celebrating my praise omitted by myself. In this regard pray
+do not quote "Who will praise his sire?"[136] For if there is anything
+in the world to be preferred to this, let it receive its due meed of
+praise, and I mine of blame for not selecting another theme for my
+praise. However, what I write is not panegyric but history. My brother
+Quintus clears himself to me in a letter, and asserts that he has never
+said a disparaging word of you to anyone. But this we must discuss face
+to face with the greatest care and earnestness: only _do_ come to see me
+again at last! This Cossinius, to whom I intrust my letter, seems to me
+a very good fellow, steady, devoted to you, and exactly the sort of man
+which your letter to me had described.
+
+15 March.
+
+[Footnote 123: A special title given to the Ædui on their application
+for alliance. Cæsar, _B. G._ i. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 124: The migration of the Helvetii did not actually begin till
+B.C. 58. Cæsar tells us in the first book of his _Commentaries_ how he
+stopped it.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Consul B.C. 69, superseded in Crete by Pompey B.C. 65.
+Triumphed B.C. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Prætor B.C. 63, defended by Cicero in an extant oration.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul in B.C. 72.
+Cicero puns on the name Lentulus from _lens_ (pulse, φακή), and quotes a
+Greek proverb for things incongruous. See Athenæus, 160 (from the
+_Necuia_ of Sopater):
+
+    Ἴθακος Ὀδυσσεὺς, τὸ �κὶ τῇ φακῇ μύ�ον
+    πά�εστι· θά�σει, θυμέ.
+]
+
+[Footnote 128: B.C. 133, the year before the agrarian law of Tiberius
+Gracchus. The law of Gracchus had not touched the public land in
+Campania (the old territory of Capua). The object of this clause (which
+appears repeatedly in those of B.C. 120 and 111, see Bruns, _Fontes
+Iuris_, p. 72) is to confine the allotment of _ager publicus_ to such
+land as had become so subsequently, _i.e._, to land made "public"
+principally by the confiscations of Sulla.]
+
+[Footnote 129: That is, he proposed to hypothecate the _vectigalia_ from
+the new provinces formed by Pompey in the East for five years.]
+
+[Footnote 130: The consulship. The bribery at Afranius's election is
+asserted in Letter XXI.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The day of the execution of the Catilinarian
+conspirators.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Epicharmus, twice quoted by Polybius, xviii. 40; xxxi.
+21. νᾶφε καὶ μέμνας' ἀπιστεῖν, ἄ�θ�α ταῦτα τῶν φ�ενῶν.]
+
+[Footnote 133: _Pedarii_ were probably those senators who had not held
+curule office. They were not different from the other senators in point
+of legal rights, but as ex-magistrates were asked for their _sententia_
+first, they seldom had time to do anything but signify by word their
+assent to one or other motion, or to cross over to the person whom they
+intended to support.]
+
+[Footnote 134: P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, son of the conqueror of the
+Isaurians. As he had not yet been a prætor, he would be called on after
+the _consulares_ and _prætorii_. He then moved a new clause to the
+decree, and carried it.]
+
+[Footnote 135: The decree apparently prevented the recovery of debts
+from a _libera civitas_ in the Roman courts. Atticus would therefore
+have to trust to the regard of the Sicyonians for their credit.]
+
+[Footnote 136: A son must be hard up for something to say for himself if
+he is always harping on his father's reputation; and so must I, if I
+have nothing but my consulship. That seems the only point in the
+quotation. I do not feel that there is any reference to praise of his
+father in Cicero's own poem. There are two versions of the proverb:
+
+    τίς πατέ�' αἰνήσει εἰ μὴ κακοδαίμονες υἱοί
+
+and
+
+    τίς πατέ�' αἰνήσει εἰ μὴ ε�δαίμονες υἱοί.
+]
+
+
+
+
+XXV (A I, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 13 MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+On my return to Rome from my villa at Pompeii on the 12th of May, our
+friend Cincius handed me your letter dated 13th February. It is this
+letter of yours which I will now proceed to answer. And first let me say
+how glad I am that you have fully understood my appreciation of
+you;[137] and next how excessively rejoiced I am that you have been so
+extremely reasonable in regard to those particulars in which you
+thought[138] that I and mine had behaved unkindly, or with insufficient
+consideration for your feelings: and this I regard as a proof of no
+common affection, and of the most excellent judgment and wisdom.
+Wherefore, since you have written to me in a tone so delightful,
+considerate, friendly and kind, that I not only have no call to press
+you any farther, but can never even hope to meet from you or any other
+man with so much gentleness and good nature, I think the very best
+course I can pursue is not to say another word on the subject in my
+letters. When we meet, if the occasion should arise, we will discuss it
+together.
+
+As to what you say about politics, your suggestions indeed are both
+affectionate and wise, and the course you suggest does not differ
+substantially from my own policy--for I must neither budge an inch from
+the position imposed upon me by my rank, nor must I without forces of my
+own enter the lines of another, while that other, whom you mention in
+your letter, has nothing large-minded about him, nothing lofty, nothing
+which is not abject and time-serving. However, the course I took was,
+after all, perhaps not ill-calculated for securing the tranquillity of
+my own life; but, by heaven, I did greater service to the Republic than,
+by suppressing the attacks of the disloyal, I did to myself, when I
+brought conviction home to the wavering mind of a man of the most
+splendid fortune, influence and popularity, and induced him to
+disappoint the disloyal and praise my acts. Now if I had been forced to
+sacrifice consistency in this transaction, I should not have thought
+anything worth that price; but the fact is that I have so worked the
+whole business, that I did not seem to be less consistent from my
+complacency to him, but that he appeared to gain in character by his
+approbation of me. In everything else I am so acting, and shall continue
+so to act, as to prevent my seeming to have done what I did do by mere
+chance. My friends the loyalists, the men at whom you hint, and that
+"Sparta" which you say has fallen to my lot,[139] I will not only never
+desert, but even if I am deserted by her, I shall still stand by my
+ancient creed. However, please consider this, that since the death of
+Catulus I am holding this road for the loyalists without any garrison or
+company. For as Rhinton, I think, says:
+
+    "Some are stark naught, and some care not at all."[140]
+
+However, how our friends the fish-breeders[141] envy me I will write you
+word another time, or will reserve it till we meet. But from the
+senate-house nothing shall ever tear me: either because that course is
+the right one, or because it is most to my interests, or because I am
+far from being dissatisfied with the estimation in which I am held by
+the senate.
+
+As to the Sicyonians, as I wrote to you before,[142] there is not much
+to be hoped for in the senate. For there is no one now to lay a
+complaint before it. Therefore, if you are waiting for that, you will
+find it a tedious business. Fight some other way if you can. At the time
+the decree was passed no one noticed who would be affected by it, and
+besides the rank and file of the senators voted in a great hurry for
+that clause. For cancelling the senatorial decree the time is not yet
+ripe, because there are none to complain of it, and because also many
+are glad to have it so, some from spite, some from a notion of its
+equity. Your friend Metellus is an admirable consul: I have only one
+fault to find with him--he doesn't receive the news from Gaul of the
+restoration of peace with much pleasure. He wants a triumph, I suppose.
+I could have wished a little less of that sort of thing: in other
+respects he is splendid. But the son of Aulus behaves in such a way,
+that his consulship is not a consulship but a stigma on our friend
+Magnus. Of my writings I send you my consulship in Greek completed. I
+have handed that book to L. Cossinius. My Latin works I think you like,
+but as a Greek you envy this Greek book. If others write treatises on
+the subject I will send them to you, but I assure you that, as soon as
+they have read mine, some how or other they become slack. To return to
+my own affairs, L. Papirius Pætus, an excellent man and an admirer of
+mine, has presented me with the books left him by Servius Claudius. As
+your friend Cincius told me that I could take them without breaking the
+_lex Cincia_[143], I told him that I should have great pleasure in
+accepting them, if he brought them to Italy. Wherefore, as you love me,
+as you know that I love you, do try by means of friends, clients,
+guests, or even your freedmen or slaves, to prevent the loss of a single
+leaf. For I am in urgent need of the Greek books which I suspect, and of
+the Latin books which I know, that he left: and more and more every day
+I find repose in such studies every moment left to me from my labours in
+the forum. You will, I say, do me a very great favour, if you will be as
+zealous in this matter as you ever are in matters in which you suppose
+me to feel strongly; and Pætus's own affairs I recommend to your
+kindness for which he thanks you extremely. A prompt visit from yourself
+is a thing which I do not merely ask for, I advise it.
+
+[Footnote 137: Contained in Letter XXII, pp. 46-47.]
+
+[Footnote 138: Reading _tibi_ for _mihi_, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests.]
+
+[Footnote 139: Σπά�την ἔλαχες κείνην κοσμεῖ. "Sparta is your lot, do it
+credit," a line of Euripides which had become proverbial.]
+
+[Footnote 140: οἱ μὲν πα�' ο�δέν εἰσι, τοῖς δ' ο�δεν μέλει. Rhinton, a
+dramatist, _circa_ B.C. 320-280 (of Tarentum or Syracuse).]
+
+[Footnote 141: See pp. 52, 56, 65.]
+
+[Footnote 142: See p. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 143: The _lex Cincia_ (B.C. 204) forbade the taking of
+presents for acting as advocate in law courts.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVI (A II, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN GREECE)
+
+ROME, JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+On the 1st of June, as I was on my way to Antium, and eagerly getting
+out of the way of M. Metellus's gladiators, your boy met me, and
+delivered to me a letter from you and a history of my consulship written
+in Greek.[144] This made me glad that I had some time before delivered
+to L. Cossinius a book, also written in Greek, on the same subject, to
+take to you. For if I had read yours first you might have said that I
+had pilfered from you. Although your essay (which I have read with
+pleasure) seemed to me just a trifle rough and bald, yet its very
+neglect of ornament is an ornament in itself, as women were once thought
+to have the best perfume who used none. My book, on the other hand, has
+exhausted the whole of Isocrates's unguent case, and all the paint-boxes
+of his pupils, and even Aristotle's colours. This, as you tell me in
+another letter, you glanced over at Corcyra, and afterwards I suppose
+received it from Cossinius.[145] I should not have ventured to send it
+to you until I had slowly and fastidiously revised it. However,
+Posidonius, in his letter of acknowledgment from Rhodes, says that as he
+read my memoir, which I had sent him with a view to his writing on the
+same subject with more elaboration, he was not only not incited to
+write, but absolutely made afraid to do so. In a word, I have routed the
+Greeks. Accordingly, as a general rule, those who were pressing me for
+material to work up, have now ceased to bother me. Pray, if you like the
+book, see to there being copies at Athens and other Greek towns;[146]
+for it may possibly throw some lustre on my actions. As for my poor
+speeches, I will send you both those you ask for and some more also,
+since what I write to satisfy the studious youth finds favour, it seems,
+with you also. [For it suited my purpose[147]--both because it was in
+his Philippics that your fellow citizen Demosthenes gained his
+reputation, and because it was by withdrawing from the mere
+controversial and forensic style of oratory that he acquired the
+character of a serious politician--to see that I too should have
+speeches that may properly be called _consular_. Of these are, first,
+one delivered on the 1st of January in the senate, a second to the
+people on the agrarian law, a third on Otho, a fourth for Rabirius, a
+fifth on the Sons of the Proscribed, a sixth when I declined a province
+in public meeting, a seventh when I allowed Catiline to escape, which I
+delivered the day after Catiline fled, a ninth in public meeting on the
+day that the Allobroges made their revelation, a tenth in the senate on
+the 5th of December. There are also two short ones, which may be called
+fragments, on the agrarian law. This whole cycle I will see that you
+have. And since you like my writings as well as my actions, from these
+same rolls you will learn both what I have done and what I have said--or
+you should not have asked for them, for I did not make you an offer of
+them.]
+
+You ask me why I urge you to come home, and at the same time you
+intimate that you are hampered by business affairs, and yet say that you
+will nevertheless hasten back, not only if it is needful, but even if I
+desire it. Well, there is certainly no absolute necessity, yet I do
+think you might plan the periods of your tour somewhat more
+conveniently. Your absence is too prolonged, especially as you are in a
+neighbouring country, while yet I cannot enjoy your society, nor you
+mine. For the present there is peace, but if my young friend
+Pulcher's[148] madness found means to advance a little farther, I should
+certainly summon you from your present sojourn. But Metellus is offering
+him a splendid opposition and will continue to do so. Need I say more?
+He is a truly patriotic consul and, as I have ever thought, naturally an
+honest man. That person, however, makes no disguise, but avowedly
+desires to be elected tribune. But when the matter was mooted in the
+senate, I cut the fellow to pieces, and taunted him with his
+changeableness in seeking the tribuneship at Rome after having given out
+at Hera, in Sicily,[149] that he was a candidate for the ædileship; and
+went on to say that we needn't much trouble ourselves, for that he would
+not be permitted to ruin the Republic any more as a plebeian, than
+patricians like him had been allowed to do so in my consulship.
+Presently, on his saying that he had completed the journey from the
+straits in seven days, and that it was impossible for anyone to have
+gone out to meet him, and that he had entered the city by night,[150]
+and making a great parade of this in a public meeting, I remarked that
+that was nothing new for him: seven days from Sicily to Rome, three
+hours from Rome to Interamna![151] Entered by night, did he? so he did
+before! No one went to meet him? neither did anyone on the other
+occasion, exactly when it should have been done! In short, I bring our
+young upstart to his bearings, not only by a set and serious speech, but
+also by repartees of this sort. Accordingly, I have come now to rally
+him and jest with him in quite a familiar manner. For instance, when we
+were escorting a candidate, he asked me "whether I had been accustomed
+to secure Sicilians places at the gladiatorial shows?" "No," said I.
+"Well, I intend to start the practice," said he, "as their new patron;
+but my sister,[152] who has the control of such a large part of the
+consul's space, wont give me more than a single foot." "Don't grumble,"
+said I, "about one of your sister's feet; you may lift the other also."
+A jest, you will say, unbecoming to a consular. I confess it, but I
+detest that woman--so unworthy of a consul. For
+
+    "A shrew she is and with her husband jars,"
+
+and not only with Metellus, but also with Fabius,[153] because she is
+annoyed at their interference in this business.[154] You ask about the
+agrarian law: it has completely lost all interest, I think. You rather
+chide me, though gently, about my intimacy with Pompey. I would not have
+you think that I have made friends with him for my own protection; but
+things had come to such a pass that, if by any chance we had quarrelled,
+there would inevitably have been violent dissensions in the state. And
+in taking precautions and making provision against that, I by no means
+swerved from my well-known loyalist policy, but my object was to make
+him more of a loyalist and induce him to drop somewhat of his
+time-serving vacillation: and he, let me assure you, now speaks in much
+higher terms of my achievements (against which many had tried to incite
+him) than of his own. He testifies that while he served the state well,
+I preserved it. What if I even make a better citizen of Cæsar,[155] who
+has now the wind full in his sails--am I doing so poor a service to the
+Republic? Farthermore, if there was no one to envy me, if all, as they
+ought to be, were my supporters, nevertheless a preference should still
+be given to a treatment that would cure the diseased parts of the state,
+rather than to the use of the knife. As it is, however, since the
+knighthood, which I once stationed on the slope of the Capitoline,[156]
+with you as their standard-bearer and leader, has deserted the senate,
+and since our leading men think themselves in a seventh heaven, if there
+are bearded mullets in their fish-ponds that will come to hand for food,
+and neglect everything else, do not you think that I am doing no mean
+service if I secure that those who have the power, should not have the
+will, to do any harm? As for our friend Cato, you do not love him more
+than I do: but after all, with the very best intentions and the most
+absolute honesty, he sometimes does harm to the Republic. He speaks and
+votes as though he were in the Republic of Plato, not in the scum of
+Romulus. What could be fairer than that a man should be brought to trial
+who has taken a bribe for his verdict? Cato voted for this: the senate
+agreed with him. The equites declared war on the senate, not on me, for
+I voted against it. What could be a greater piece of impudence than the
+equites renouncing the obligations of their contract? Yet for the sake
+of keeping the friendship of the order it was necessary to submit to the
+loss. Cato resisted and carried his point. Accordingly, though we have
+now had the spectacle of a consul thrown into prison,[157] of riots
+again and again stirred up, not one of those moved a finger to help,
+with whose support I and the consuls that immediately followed me were
+accustomed to defend the Republic. "Well, but," say you, "are we to pay
+them for their support?" What are we to do if we can't get it on any
+other terms? Are we to be slaves to freedmen or even slaves? But, as you
+say, _assez de sérieux!_ Favonius[158] carried my tribe with better
+credit than his own; he lost that of Lucceius. His accusation of
+Nasica[159] was not creditable, but was conducted with moderation: he
+spoke so badly that he appeared when in Rhodes to have ground at the
+mills more than at the lessons of Molon.[160] He was somewhat angry
+with me because I appeared for the defence: however, he is now making up
+to me again on public grounds. I will write you word how Lucceius is
+getting on when I have seen Cæsar, who will be here in a couple of days.
+The injury done you by the Sicyonians you attribute to Cato and his
+imitator Servilius.[161] Why? did not that blow reach many excellent
+citizens? But since the senate has so determined, let us commend it, and
+not be in a minority of one.[162] My "Amaltheia"[163] is waiting and
+longing for you. My Tusculan and Pompeian properties please me
+immensely, except that they have overwhelmed me--me, the scourge of
+debt!--not exactly in Corinthian bronze, but in the bronze which is
+current in the market.[164] In Gaul I hope peace is restored. My
+"Prognostics,"[165] along with my poor speeches, expect shortly. Yet
+write and tell me what your ideas are as to returning. For Pomponia sent
+a message to me that you would be at Rome some time in July. That does
+not agree with your letter which you wrote to me about your name being
+put on the census roll. Pætus, as I have already told you, has presented
+me with all books left by his brother. This gift of his depends upon
+your seeing to it with care. Pray, if you love me, take measures for
+their preservation and transmission to me. You could do me no greater
+favour, and I want the Latin books preserved with as much care as the
+Greek. I shall look upon them as virtually a present from yourself. I
+have written to Octavius:[166] I had not said anything to him about you
+by word of mouth; for I did not suppose that you carried on your
+business in that province, or look upon you in the light of general
+money-lender: but I have written, as in duty bound, with all
+seriousness.
+
+[Footnote 144: Nep. _Att._ c. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Atticus seems to have seen a copy belonging to some one
+else at Corfu. Cicero explains that he had kept back Atticus's copy for
+revision.]
+
+[Footnote 146: Cicero evidently intends Atticus to act as a publisher.
+His _librarii_ will make copies. See p. 32, note 1.]
+
+[Footnote 147: The passage in brackets is believed by some, not on very
+good grounds, to be spurious. Otho is L. Roscius Otho, the author of the
+law as to the seats in the theatre of the equites. The "proscribed" are
+those proscribed by Sulla, their sons being forbidden to hold office, a
+disability which Cicero maintained for fear of civil disturbances. See
+_in Pis._ §§ 4-5.]
+
+[Footnote 148: Pulchellus, _i.e._, P. Clodius Pulcher, the diminutive of
+contempt.]
+
+[Footnote 149: Where he had been as quæstor. Hera is said to be another
+name for Hybla. Some read _heri_, "only yesterday."]
+
+[Footnote 150: Clodius is shewing off his modesty. It was usual for
+persons returning from a province to send messengers in front, and to
+travel deliberately, that their friends might pay them the compliment of
+going out to meet them. Entering the city after nightfall was another
+method of avoiding a public reception. See Suet. _Aug._ 53.]
+
+[Footnote 151: See p. 37, note 3.]
+
+[Footnote 152: Clodia, wife of the consul Metellus. See p. 22, note.]
+
+[Footnote 153: We don't know who this is; probably a _cavaliere
+servente_ of Clodia's.]
+
+[Footnote 154: _I.e._, in the business of her brother Clodius's attempt
+to get the tribuneship.]
+
+[Footnote 155: Though Cæsar has been mentioned before in regard to his
+candidature for the consulship, and in connexion with the Clodius case,
+this is the first reference to him as a statesman. He is on the eve of
+his return from Spain, and already is giving indication of his coalition
+with Pompey. His military success in Spain first clearly demonstrated
+his importance.]
+
+[Footnote 156: During the meeting of the senate at the time of the
+Catilinarian conspiracy (2 _Phil._ § 16).]
+
+[Footnote 157: The consul Cæcilius Metellus was imprisoned by the
+tribune Flavius for resisting his land law (Dio, xxxvii. 50).]
+
+[Footnote 158: M. Favonius, an extreme Optimate. _Ille Catonis æmulus_
+(Suet. _Aug._ 13). He had a bitter tongue, but a faithful heart (Plut.
+_Pomp._ 60, 73; Vell. ii 73). He did not get the prætorship (which he
+was now seeking) till B.C. 49. He was executed after Philippi (Dio. 47,
+49).]
+
+[Footnote 159: P. Scipio Nasica Metellus Pius, the future father-in-law
+of Pompey, who got the prætorship, was indicted for _ambitus_ by
+Favonius.]
+
+[Footnote 160: Ἀπολλόνιος Μόλων of Alabanda taught rhetoric at Rhodes.
+Cicero had himself attended his lectures. He puns on the name Molon and
+_molæ_, "mill at which slaves worked."]
+
+[Footnote 161: See pp. 57, 60.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Reading _discessionibus_, "divisions in the senate," with
+Manutius and Tyrrell, not _dissentionibus_; and _deinde ne_, but not
+_st_ for _si_.]
+
+[Footnote 163: His study, which he playfully calls by this name, in
+imitation of that of Atticus. See p. 30.]
+
+[Footnote 164: See Letter XV, p. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 165: His translation of the _Prognostics_ of Aratus.]
+
+[Footnote 166: Gaius Octavius, father of Augustus, governor of
+Macedonia.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVII (A II, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+Take care of my dear nephew Cicero, I beg of you. I seem to share his
+illness. I am engaged on the "Constitution of Pellene," and, by heaven,
+have piled up a huge heap of Dicæarchus at my feet.[167] What a great
+man! You may learn much more from him than from Procilius. His
+"Constitution of Corinth" and "Constitution of Athens" I have, I think,
+at Rome. Upon my word, you will say, if you read these, "What a
+remarkable man!" Herodes, if he had any sense, would have read him
+rather than write a single letter himself.[168] He has attacked me by
+letter; with you I see he has come to close quarters. I would have
+joined a conspiracy rather than resisted one, if I had thought that I
+should have to listen to him as my reward. As to Lollius, you must be
+mad. As to the wine, I think you are right.[169] But look here! Don't
+you see that the Kalends are approaching, and no Antonius?[170] That the
+jury is being empanelled? For so they send me word. That Nigidius[171]
+threatens in public meeting that he will personally cite any juror who
+does not appear? However, I should be glad if you would write me word
+whether you have heard anything about the return of Antonius; and since
+you don't mean to come here, dine with me in any case on the 29th. Mind
+you do this, and take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 167: The roll being unwound as he read and piled on the
+ground. Dicæarchus of Messene, a contemporary of Aristotle, wrote on
+"Constitutions" among other things. Procilius seems also to have written
+on polities.]
+
+[Footnote 168: Herodes, a teacher at Athens, afterwards tutor to young
+Cicero. He seems to have written on Cicero's consulship.]
+
+[Footnote 169: These remarks refer to something in Atticus's letter.]
+
+[Footnote 170: Gaius Antonius, about to be prosecuted for _maiestas_ on
+his return from Macedonia.]
+
+[Footnote 171: P. Nigidius Figulus, a tribune (which dates the letter
+after the 10th of December). The tribunes had no right of summons
+(_vocatio_), they must personally enforce their commands.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII (A II, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+First, I have good news for you, as I think. Valerius has been
+acquitted. Hortensius was his counsel. The verdict is thought to have
+been a favour to Aulus's son; and "Epicrates,"[172] I suspect, has been
+up to some mischief. I didn't like his boots and his white
+leggings.[173] What it is I shall know when you arrive. When you find
+fault with the narrow windows, let me tell you that you are criticising
+the Cyropædeia.[174] For when I made the same remark, Cyrus used to
+answer that the views of the gardens through broad lights were not so
+pleasant. For let α be the eye, βγ the object seen, δ and ε the rays ...
+you see the rest.[175] For if sight resulted from the impact of
+images,[176] the images would be in great difficulties with a narrow
+entrance: but, as it is, that "effusion" of rays gets on quite nicely.
+If you have any other fault to find you won't get off without an answer,
+unless it is something that can be put right without expense.
+
+I now come to January and my "political attitude," in which, after the
+manner of the Socratics, I shall put the two sides; at the end, however,
+as they were wont to do, the one which I approve. It is, indeed, a
+matter for profound reflexion. For I must either firmly oppose the
+agrarian law--which will involve a certain struggle, but a struggle full
+of glory--or I must remain altogether passive, which is about equivalent
+to retiring to Solonium[177] or Antium; or, lastly, I must actually
+assist the bill, which I am told Cæsar fully expects from me without any
+doubt. For Cornelius has been with me (I mean Cornelius Balbus,[178]
+Cæsar's intimate), and solemnly assured me that he meant to avail
+himself of my advice and Pompey's in everything, and intended to
+endeavour to reconcile Crassus with Pompey.[179] In this last course
+there are the following advantages: a very close union with Pompey, and,
+if I choose, with Cæsar also; a reconciliation with my political
+enemies, peace with the common herd, ease for my old age. But the
+conclusion of the third book of my own poem has a strong hold on me:
+
+    "Meanwhile the tenor of thy youth's first spring,
+    Which still as consul thou with all thy soul
+    And all thy manhood heldest, see thou keep,
+    And swell the chorus of all good men's praise."[180]
+
+These verses Calliope herself dictated to me in that book, which
+contains much written in an "aristocratic" spirit, and I cannot,
+therefore, doubt that I shall always hold that
+
+    "The best of omens is our country's cause."[181]
+
+But let us reserve all this for our walks during the Compitalia[182].
+Remember the day before the Compitalia. I will order the bath to be
+heated, and Terentia is going to invite Pomponia. We will add your
+mother to the party. Please bring me Theophrastus _de Ambitione_ from my
+brother's library.
+
+[Footnote 172: "The Conqueror," _i.e._, Pompey. Aulus's son is L.
+Afranius.]
+
+[Footnote 173: _I.e._, his military get-up.]
+
+[Footnote 174: Cyrus was Cicero's architect; his argument or theory he
+calls Cyropædeia, after Xenophon's book.]
+
+[Footnote 175: He supposes himself to be making a mathematical figure in
+optics:
+
+[Illustration]]
+
+[Footnote 176: The theory of sight held by Democritus, denounced as
+unphilosophical by Plutarch (_Timoleon_, Introd.).]
+
+[Footnote 177: Apparently a villa in the _Solonius ager_, near
+Lanuvium.]
+
+[Footnote 178: The Cornelius Balbus of Gades, whose citizenship Cicero
+defended B.C. 56 (consul B.C. 40). He was Cæsar's close friend and
+agent.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Cicero was apparently not behind the scenes. The
+coalition with Pompey certainly, and with Crassus probably, had been
+already made and the terms agreed upon soon after the elections. If
+Cicero afterwards discovered this it must have shewn him how little he
+could trust Pompey's show of friendship and Cæsar's candour. Cæsar
+desired Cicero's private friendship and public acquiescence, but was
+prepared to do without them.]
+
+[Footnote 180: From Cicero's Latin poem on his consulship.]
+
+[Footnote 181: εἶς οἰωνός ἄ�ιστος ἀμύνεσθαι πε�ὶ πάτ�ης (Hom. _Il._ xii.
+243).]
+
+
+
+
+XXIX (Q FR I, 1)
+
+
+     Quintus Cicero was prætor in B.C. 62. In B.C. 61 (March) he went
+     out to "Asia" as proprætor; his first year of office would be up in
+     March, B.C. 60, but his governorship was, as was very common,
+     extended till March, B.C. 59. Towards the end of B.C. 60 the senate
+     seems to have arranged not to appoint his successor, that is, he
+     would be left in office till about March, B.C. 58. It is in view of
+     this third year of office that Cicero writes this essay-letter to
+     him on the duties of a provincial governor. Apparently Quintus had
+     faults of temper which had caused some scandals to reach Rome. We
+     have seen how he was one of the few who managed to quarrel with
+     Atticus; and in B.C. 48 we shall find how fiercely he resented the
+     exercise of his brother's influence which had led him to take the
+     losing side, which from his attachment to Cæsar he may have been
+     half inclined to think the wrong side. His constant squabbles with
+     his wife (though the fault was evidently in great part hers) also
+     go towards forming our conclusion about him that, with some ability
+     and honesty, he was _un peu difficile_.
+
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+I. Though I have no doubt that many messengers, and even common rumour,
+with its usual speed, will anticipate this letter, and that you will
+already have heard from others that a third year has been added to my
+loss and your labour, yet I thought you ought to receive from me also
+the news of this tiresome circumstance. For not in one, but in several
+of my previous letters, in spite of others having given up the idea in
+despair, I gave you hope of being able at an early date to quit your
+province, not only that I might as long as possible cheer you with a
+pleasurable belief, but also because I and the prætors took such pains
+in the matter, that I felt no misgiving as to the possibility of its
+being arranged. As it is, since matters have so turned out that neither
+the prætors by the weight of their influence, nor I by my earnest
+efforts, have been able to prevail, it is certainly difficult not to be
+annoyed, yet our minds, practised as they are in conducting and
+supporting business of the utmost gravity, ought not to be crushed or
+weakened by vexation. And since men ought to feel most vexed at what has
+been brought upon them by their own fault, it is I who ought in this
+matter to be more vexed than you. For it is the result of a fault on my
+part, against which you had protested both in conversation at the moment
+of your departure, and in letters since, that your successor was not
+named last year. In this, while consulting for the interests of our
+allies, and resisting the shameless conduct of some merchants, and while
+seeking the increase of our reputation by your virtues, I acted
+unwisely, especially as I made it possible for that second year to
+entail a third. And as I confess the mistake to have been mine, it lies
+with your wisdom and kindness to remedy it, and to see that my
+imprudence is turned to advantage by your careful performance of your
+duties. And truly, if you exert yourself in every direction to earn
+men's good word, not with a view to rival others, but henceforth to
+surpass yourself, if you rouse your whole mind and your every thought
+and care to the ambition of gaining a superior reputation in all
+respects, believe me, one year added to your labour will bring us, nay,
+our posterity also, a joy of many years' duration. Wherefore I begin by
+entreating you not to let your soul shrink and be cast down, nor to
+allow yourself to be overpowered by the magnitude of the business as
+though by a wave; but, on the contrary, to stand upright and keep your
+footing, or even advance to meet the flood of affairs. For you are not
+administering a department of the state, in which fortune reigns
+supreme, but one in which a well-considered policy and an attention to
+business are the most important things. But if I had seen you receiving
+the prolongation of a command in a great and dangerous war, I should
+have trembled in spirit, because I should have known that the dominion
+of fortune over us had been at the same time prolonged. As it is,
+however, a department of the state has been intrusted to you in which
+fortune occupies no part, or, at any rate, an insignificant one, and
+which appears to me to depend entirely on your virtue and self-control.
+We have no reason to fear, as far as I know, any designs of our enemies,
+any actual fighting in the field, any revolts of allies, any default in
+the tribute or in the supply of corn, any mutiny in the army: things
+which have very often befallen the wisest of men in such a way, that
+they have been no more able to get the better of the assault of fortune,
+than the best of pilots a violent tempest. You have been granted
+profound peace, a dead calm: yet if the pilot falls asleep, it may even
+so overwhelm him, though if he keeps awake it may give him positive
+pleasure. For your province consists, in the first place, of allies of a
+race which, of all the world, is the most civilized; and, in the second
+place, of citizens, who, either as being _publicani_, are very closely
+connected with me, or, as being traders who have made money, think that
+they owe the security of their property to my consulship.
+
+II. But it may be said that among even such men as these there occur
+serious disputes, many wrongful acts are committed, and hotly contested
+litigation is the result. As though I ever thought that you had no
+trouble to contend with! I know that the trouble is exceedingly great,
+and such as demands the very greatest prudence; but remember that it is
+prudence much more than fortune on which, in my opinion, the result of
+your trouble depends. For what trouble is it to govern those over whom
+you are set, if you do but govern yourself? That may be a great and
+difficult task to others, and indeed it is most difficult: to you it has
+always been the easiest thing in the world, and indeed ought to be so,
+for your natural disposition is such that, even without discipline, it
+appears capable of self-control; whereas a discipline has, in fact, been
+applied that might educate the most faulty of characters. But while you
+resist, as you do, money, pleasure, and every kind of desire yourself,
+there will, I am to be told, be a risk of your not being able to
+suppress some fraudulent banker or some rather over-extortionate
+tax-collector! For as to the Greeks, they will think, as they behold the
+innocence of your life, that one of the heroes of their history, or a
+demigod from heaven, has come down into the province. And this I say,
+not to induce you to act thus, but to make you glad that you are acting
+or have acted so. It is a splendid thing to have been three years in
+supreme power in Asia without allowing statue, picture, plate, napery,
+slave, anyone's good looks, or any offer of money--all of which are
+plentiful in your province--to cause you to swerve from the most
+absolute honesty and purity of life. What can be imagined so striking or
+so desirable as that a virtue, a command over the passions, a
+self-control such as yours, are not remaining in darkness and obscurity,
+but have been set in the broad daylight of Asia, before the eyes of a
+famous province, and in the hearing of all nations and peoples? That the
+inhabitants are not being ruined by your progresses, drained by your
+charges, agitated by your approach? That there is the liveliest joy,
+public and private, wheresoever you come, the city regarding you as a
+protector and not a tyrant, the private house as a guest and not a
+plunderer?
+
+III. But in these matters I am sure that mere experience has by this
+time taught you that it is by no means sufficient to have these virtues
+yourself, but that you must keep your eyes open and vigilant, in order
+that in the guardianship of your province you may be considered to vouch
+to the allies, the citizens, and the state, not for yourself alone, but
+for all the subordinates of your government. However, you have in the
+persons of your _legati_ men likely to have a regard for their own
+reputation. Of these in rank, position, and age Tubero is first; who, I
+think, particularly as he is a writer of history, could select from his
+own Annals many whom he would like and would be able to imitate.
+Allienus, again, is ours, as well in heart and affection, as in his
+conformity to our principles. I need not speak of Gratidius: I am sure
+that, while taking pains to preserve his own reputation, his fraternal
+affection for us makes him take pains for ours also.[183] Your quæstor
+is not of your own selection, but the one assigned you by lot. He is
+bound both to act with propriety of his own accord, and to conform to
+the policy and principles which you lay down. But should any one of
+these adopt a lower standard of conduct, you should tolerate such
+behaviour, if it goes no farther than a breach, in his private capacity,
+of the rules by which he was bound, but not if it goes to the extent of
+employing for gain the authority which you granted him as a promotion.
+For I am far from thinking, especially since the moral sentiments of the
+day are so much inclined to excessive laxity and self-seeking, that you
+should investigate every case of petty misconduct, and thoroughly
+examine every one of these persons; but that you should regulate your
+confidence by the trustworthiness of its recipient. And among such
+persons you will have to vouch for those whom the Republic has itself
+given you as companions and assistants in public affairs, at least
+within the limits which I have before laid down.
+
+IV. In the case, however, of those of your personal staff or official
+attendants whom you have yourself selected to be about you--who are
+usually spoken of as a kind of prætor's cohort--we must vouch, not only
+for their acts, but even for their words. But those you have with you
+are the sort of men of whom you may easily be fond when they are acting
+rightly, and whom you may very easily check when they shew insufficient
+regard for your reputation. By these, when you were raw to the work,
+your frank disposition might possibly have been deceived--for the better
+a man is the less easily does he suspect others of being bad--now,
+however, let this third year witness an integrity as perfect as the two
+former, but still more wary and vigilant. Listen to that only which you
+are supposed to listen to; don't let your ears be open to whispered
+falsehoods and interested suggestions. Don't let your signet ring be a
+mere implement, but, as it were, your second self: not the minister of
+another's will, but a witness of your own. Let your marshal hold the
+rank which our ancestors wished him to hold, who, looking upon this
+place as not one of profit, but of labour and duty, scarcely ever
+conferred it upon any but their freedmen, whom they indeed controlled
+almost as absolutely as their slaves. Let the lictor be the dispenser of
+your clemency, not his own; and let the fasces and axes which they carry
+before you constitute ensigns rather of rank than of power. Let it, in
+fact, be known to the whole province that the life, children, fame, and
+fortunes of all over whom you preside are exceedingly dear to you.
+Finally, let it be believed that you will, if you detect it, be hostile
+not only to those who have accepted a bribe, but to those also who have
+given it. And, indeed, no one will give anything, if it is made quite
+clear that nothing is usually obtained from you through those who
+pretend to be very influential with you. Not, however, that the object
+of this discourse is to make you over-harsh or suspicious towards your
+staff. For if any of them in the course of the last two years has never
+fallen under suspicion of rapacity, as I am told about Cæsius and
+Chærippus and Labeo--and think it true, because I know them--there is no
+authority, I think, which may not be intrusted to them, and no
+confidence which may not be placed in them with the utmost propriety,
+and in anyone else like them. But if there is anyone of whom you have
+already had reason to doubt, or concerning whom you have made some
+discovery, in such a man place no confidence, intrust him with no
+particle of your reputation.
+
+V. If, however, you have found in the province itself anyone, hitherto
+unknown to us, who has made his way into intimacy with you, take care
+how much confidence you repose in him; not that there may not be many
+good provincials, but, though we may hope so, it is risky to be
+positive. For everyone's real character is covered by many wrappings of
+pretence and is concealed by a kind of veil: face, eyes, expression very
+often lie, speech most often of all. Wherefore, how can you expect to
+find in that class[184] any who, while foregoing for the sake of money
+all from which we can scarcely tear ourselves away,[185] will yet love
+you sincerely and not merely pretend to do so from interested motives? I
+think, indeed, it is a hard task to find such men, especially if we
+notice that the same persons care nothing for almost any man out of
+office, yet always with one consent shew affection for the prætors. But
+of this class, if by chance you have discovered any one to be fonder of
+you--for it may so happen--than of your office, such a man indeed gladly
+admit upon your list of friends: but if you fail to perceive that,
+there is no class of people you must be more on your guard against
+admitting to intimacy, just because they are acquainted with all the
+ways of making money, do everything for the sake of it, and have no
+consideration for the reputation of a man with whom they are not
+destined to pass their lives. And even among the Greeks themselves you
+must be on your guard against admitting close intimacies, except in the
+case of the very few, if such are to be found, who are worthy of ancient
+Greece. As things now stand, indeed, too many of them are untrustworthy,
+false, and schooled by long servitude in the arts of extravagant
+adulation. My advice is that these men should all be entertained with
+courtesy, but that close ties of hospitality or friendship should only
+be formed with the best of them: excessive intimacies with them are not
+very trustworthy--for they do not venture to oppose our wishes--and they
+are not only jealous of our countrymen, but of their own as well.
+
+VI. And now, considering the caution and care that I would shew in
+matters of this kind--in which I fear I may be somewhat
+over-severe--what do you suppose my sentiments are in regard to slaves?
+Upon these we ought to keep a hold in all places, but especially in the
+provinces. On this head many rules may be laid down, but this is at once
+the shortest and most easily maintained--that they should behave during
+your progresses in Asia as though you were travelling on the Appian way,
+and not suppose that it makes any difference whether they have arrived
+at Tralles or Formiæ. But if, again, any one of your slaves is
+conspicuously trustworthy, employ him in your domestic and private
+affairs; but in affairs pertaining to your office as governor, or in any
+department of the state, do not let him lay a finger. For many things
+which may, with perfect propriety, be intrusted to slaves, must yet not
+be so intrusted, for the sake of avoiding talk and hostile remark. But
+my discourse, I know not how, has slipped into the didactic vein, though
+that is not what I proposed to myself originally. For what right have I
+to be laying down rules for one who, I am fully aware, in this subject
+especially, is not my inferior in wisdom, while in experience he is even
+my superior? Yet, after all, if your actions had the additional weight
+of my approval, I thought that they would seem more satisfactory to
+yourself. Wherefore, let these be the foundations on which your public
+character rests: first and foremost your own honesty and self-control,
+then the scrupulous conduct of all your staff, the exceedingly cautious
+and careful selection in regard to intimacies with provincials and
+Greeks, the strict and unbending government of your slaves. These are
+creditable even in the conduct of our private and everyday business: in
+such an important government, where morals are so debased and the
+province has such a corrupting influence, they must needs seem divine.
+Such principles and conduct on your part are sufficient to justify the
+strictness which you have displayed in some acts of administration,
+owing to which I have encountered certain personal disputes with great
+satisfaction, unless, indeed, you suppose me to be annoyed by the
+complaints of a fellow like Paconius--who is not even a Greek, but in
+reality a Mysian or Phrygian--or by the words of Tuscenius, a madman and
+a knave, from whose abominable jaws you snatched the fruits of a most
+infamous piece of extortion with the most complete justice.
+
+VII. These and similar instances of your strict administration in your
+province we shall find difficulty in justifying, unless they are
+accompanied by the most perfect integrity: wherefore let there be the
+greatest strictness in your administration of justice, provided only
+that it is never varied from favour, but is kept up with impartiality.
+But it is of little avail that justice is administered by yourself with
+impartiality and care, unless the same is done by those to whom you have
+intrusted any portion of this duty. And, indeed, in my view there is no
+very great variety of business in the government of Asia: the entire
+province mainly depends on the administration of justice. In it we have
+the whole theory of government, especially of provincial government,
+clearly displayed: all that a governor has to do is to shew consistency
+and firmness enough, not only to resist favouritism, but even the
+suspicion of it. To this also must be added courtesy in listening to
+pleaders, consideration in pronouncing a decision, and painstaking
+efforts to convince suitors of its justice, and to answer their
+arguments. It is by such habits that C. Octavius has recently made
+himself very popular;[186] in whose court, for the first time,[187] the
+lictor did not interfere, and the marshal kept silence, while every
+suitor spoke as often and as long as he chose. In which conduct he would
+perhaps have been thought over-lax, had it not been that this laxity
+enabled him to maintain the following instance of severity. The
+partisans of Sulla were forced to restore what they had taken by
+violence and terrorism. Those who had made inequitable decrees, while in
+office, were now as private citizens forced to submit to the principles
+they had established. This strictness on his part would have been
+thought harsh, had it not been rendered palatable by many sweetening
+influences of courtesy. But if this gentleness was sufficient to make
+him popular at Rome, where there is such haughtiness of spirit, such
+unrestrained liberty, such unlimited licence of individuals, and, in
+fine, so many magistrates, so many means of obtaining protection, such
+vast power in the hands of the popular assembly, and such influence
+exercised by the senate, how welcome must a prætor's courtesy be in
+Asia, in which there is such a numerous body of citizens and allies, so
+many cities, so many communities, all hanging on one man's nod, and in
+which there are no means of protection, no one to whom to make a
+complaint, no senate, no popular assembly! Wherefore it requires an
+exalted character, a man who is not only equitable from natural impulse,
+but who has also been trained by study and the refinements of a liberal
+education, so to conduct himself while in the possession of such immense
+power, that those over whom he rules should not feel the want of any
+other power.
+
+VIII. Take the case of the famous Cyrus, portrayed by Xenophon, not as
+an historical character, but as a model of righteous government, the
+serious dignity of whose character is represented by that philosopher as
+combined with a peculiar courtesy. And, indeed, it is not without reason
+that our hero Africanus used perpetually to have those books in his
+hands, for there is no duty pertaining to a careful and equitable
+governor which is not to be found in them. Well, if _he_ cultivated
+those qualities, though never destined to be in a private station, how
+carefully ought those to maintain them to whom power is given with the
+understanding that it must be surrendered, and given by laws under whose
+authority they must once more come? In my opinion all who govern others
+are bound to regard as the object of all their actions the greatest
+happiness of the governed. That this is your highest object, and has
+been so since you first landed in Asia, has been published abroad by
+consistent rumour and the conversation of all. It is, let me add, not
+only the duty of one who governs allies and citizens, but even of one
+who governs slaves and dumb animals, to serve the interests and
+advantage of those under him. In this point I notice that everyone
+agrees that you take the greatest pains: no new debt is being contracted
+by the states, while many have been relieved by you from a heavy and
+long-standing one. Several cities that had become dilapidated and almost
+deserted--of which one was the most famous state in Ionia, the other in
+Caria, Samus and Halicarnassus--have been given a new life by you: there
+is no party fighting, no civil strife in the towns: you take care that
+the government of the states is administered by the best class of
+citizens: brigandage is abolished in Mysia; murder suppressed in many
+districts; peace is established throughout the province; and not only
+the robberies usual on highways and in country places, but those more
+numerous and more serious ones in towns and temples, have been
+completely stopped: the fame, fortunes, and repose of the rich have been
+relieved of that most oppressive instrument of prætorial
+rapacity--vexatious prosecution; the expenses and tribute of the states
+are made to fall with equal weight on all who live in the territories of
+those states: access to you is as easy as possible: your ears are open
+to the complaints of all: no man's want of means or want of friends
+excludes him, I don't say from access to you in public and on the
+tribunal, but even from your house and chamber: in a word, throughout
+your government there is no harshness or cruelty--everywhere clemency,
+mildness, and kindness reign supreme.
+
+IX. What an immense benefit, again, have you done in having liberated
+Asia from the tribute exacted by the ædiles a measure which cost me some
+violent controversies! For if one of our nobles complains openly that
+by your edict, "No moneys shall be voted for the games," you have robbed
+him of 200 sestertia, what a vast sum of money would have been paid, had
+a grant been made to the credit of every magistrate who held games, as
+had become the regular custom! However, I stopped these complaints by
+taking up this position--what they think of it in Asia I don't know, in
+Rome it meets with no little approval and praise--I refused to accept a
+sum of money which the states had decreed for a temple and monument in
+our honour, though they had done so with the greatest enthusiasm in view
+both of my services and of your most valuable benefactions; and though
+the law contained a special and distinct exception in these words, "that
+it was lawful to receive for temple or monument"; and though again the
+money was not going to be thrown away, but would be employed on
+decorating a temple, and would thus appear to have been given to the
+Roman people and the immortal Gods rather than to myself--yet, in spite
+of its having desert, law, and the wishes of those who offered the gift
+in its favour, I determined that I must not accept it, for this reason
+among others, namely, to prevent those, to whom such an honour was
+neither due nor legal, from being jealous. Wherefore adhere with all
+your heart and soul to the policy which you have hitherto adopted--that
+of being devoted to those whom the senate and people of Rome have
+committed and intrusted to your honour and authority, of doing your best
+to protect them, and of desiring their greatest happiness. Even if the
+lot had made you governor of Africans, or Spaniards, or
+Gauls--uncivilized and barbarous nations--it would still have been your
+duty as a man of feeling to consult for their interests and advantage,
+and to have contributed to their safety. But when we rule over a race of
+men in which civilization not only exists, but from which it is believed
+to have spread to others, we are bound to repay them, above all things,
+what we received from them. For I shall not be ashamed to go so
+far--especially as my life and achievements have been such as to exclude
+any suspicion of sloth or frivolity--as to confess that, whatever I have
+accomplished, I have accomplished by means of those studies and
+principles which have been transmitted to us in Greek literature and
+schools of thought. Wherefore, over and above the general good faith
+which is due to all men, I think we are in a special sense under an
+obligation to that nation, to put in practice what it has taught us
+among the very men by whose maxims we have been brought out of
+barbarism.
+
+X. And indeed Plato, the fountain-head of genius and learning, thought
+that states would only be happy when scholars and philosophers began
+being their rulers, or when those who were their rulers had devoted all
+their attention to learning and philosophy. It was plainly this union of
+power and philosophy that in his opinion might prove the salvation of
+states. And this perhaps has at length fallen to the fortune of the
+whole empire: certainly it has in the present instance to your province,
+to have a man in supreme power in it, who has from boyhood spent the
+chief part of his zeal and time in imbibing the principles of
+philosophy, virtue, and humanity. Wherefore be careful that this third
+year, which has been added to your labour, may be thought a prolongation
+of prosperity to Asia. And since Asia was more fortunate in retaining
+you than I was in my endeavour to bring you back, see that my regret is
+softened by the exultation of the province. For if you have displayed
+the very greatest activity in earning honours such as, I think, have
+never been paid to anyone else, much greater ought your activity to be
+in preserving these honours. What I for my part think of honours of that
+kind I have told you in previous letters. I have always regarded them,
+if given indiscriminately, as of little value, if paid from interested
+motives, as worthless: if, however, as in this case, they are tributes
+to solid services on your part, I hold you bound to take much pains in
+preserving them. Since, then, you are exercising supreme power and
+official authority in cities, in which you have before your eyes the
+consecration and apotheosis of your virtues, in all decisions, decrees,
+and official acts consider what you owe to those warm opinions
+entertained of you, to those verdicts on your character, to those
+honours which have been rendered you. And what you owe will be to
+consult for the interests of all, to remedy men's misfortunes, to
+provide for their safety, to resolve that you will be both called and
+believed to be the "father of Asia."
+
+XI. However, to such a resolution and deliberate policy on your part the
+great obstacle are the _publicani_: for, if we oppose them, we shall
+alienate from ourselves and from the Republic an order which has done us
+most excellent service, and which has been brought into sympathy with
+the Republic by our means; if, on the other hand, we comply with them in
+every case, we shall allow the complete ruin of those whose interests,
+to say nothing of their preservation, we are bound to consult. This is
+the one difficulty, if we look the thing fairly in the face, in your
+whole government. For disinterested conduct on one's own part, the
+suppression of all inordinate desires, the keeping a check upon one's
+staff, courtesy in hearing causes, in listening to and admitting
+suitors--all this is rather a question of credit than of difficulty: for
+it does not depend on any special exertion, but rather on a mental
+resolve and inclination. But how much bitterness of feeling is caused to
+allies by that question of the _publicani_ we have had reason to know in
+the case of citizens who, when recently urging the removal of the
+port-dues in Italy, did not complain so much of the dues themselves, as
+of certain extortionate conduct on the part of the collectors.
+Wherefore, after hearing the grievances of citizens in Italy, I can
+comprehend what happens to allies in distant lands. To conduct oneself
+in this matter in such a way as to satisfy the _publicani_, especially
+when contracts have been undertaken at a loss, and yet to preserve the
+allies from ruin, seems to demand a virtue with something divine in it,
+I mean a virtue like yours. To begin with, that they are subject to tax
+at all, which is their greatest grievance, ought not to be thought so by
+the Greeks, because they were so subject by their own laws without the
+Roman government. Again, they cannot despise the word _publicanus_, for
+they have been unable to pay the assessment according to Sulla's
+poll-tax without the aid of the publican. But that Greek _publicani_ are
+not more considerate in exacting the payment of taxes than our own may
+be gathered from the fact that the Caunii, and all the islands assigned
+to the Rhodians by Sulla, recently appealed to the protection of the
+senate, and petitioned to be allowed to pay their tax to us rather than
+to the Rhodians. Wherefore neither ought those to revolt at the name of
+a _publicanus_ who have always been subject to tax, nor those to despise
+it who have been unable to make up the tribute by themselves, nor those
+to refuse his services who have asked for them. At the same time let
+Asia reflect on this, that if she were not under our government, there
+is no calamity of foreign war or internal strife from which she would be
+free. And since that government cannot possibly be maintained without
+taxes, she should be content to purchase perpetual peace and
+tranquillity at the price of a certain proportion of her products.
+
+XII. But if they will fairly reconcile themselves to the existence and
+name of publican, all the rest may be made to appear to them in a less
+offensive light by your skill and prudence. They may, in making their
+bargains with the _publicani_, not have regard so much to the exact
+conditions laid down by the censors as to the convenience of settling
+the business and freeing themselves from farther trouble. You also may
+do, what you have done splendidly and are still doing, namely, dwell on
+the high position of the _publicani_, and on your obligations to that
+order, in such a way as--putting out of the question all considerations
+of your _imperium_ and the power of your official authority and
+dignity--to reconcile the Greeks with the _publicani_, and to beg of
+those, whom you have served eminently well, and who owe you everything,
+to suffer you by their compliance to maintain and preserve the bonds
+which unite us with the _publicani_. But why do I address these
+exhortations to you, who are not only capable of carrying them out of
+your own accord without anyone's instruction, but have already to a
+great extent thoroughly done so? For the most respectable and important
+companies do not cease offering me thanks daily, and this is all the
+more gratifying to me because the Greeks do the same. Now it is an
+achievement of great difficulty to unite in feeling things which are
+opposite in interests, aims, and, I had almost said, in their very
+nature. But I have not written all this to instruct you--for your wisdom
+requires no man's instruction--but it has been a pleasure to me while
+writing to set down your virtues, though I have run to greater length in
+this letter than I could have wished, or than I thought I should.
+
+XIII. There is one thing on which I shall not cease from giving you
+advice, nor will I, as far as in me lies, allow your praise to be spoken
+of with a reservation. For all who come from your province do make one
+reservation in the extremely high praise which they bestow on your
+virtue, integrity, and kindness--it is that of sharpness of temper. That
+is a fault which, even in our private and everyday life, seems to
+indicate want of solidity and strength of mind; but nothing, surely, can
+be more improper than to combine harshness of temper with the exercise
+of supreme power. Wherefore I will not undertake to lay before you now
+what the greatest philosophers say about anger, for I should not wish to
+be tedious, and you can easily ascertain it yourself from the writings
+of many of them: but I don't think I ought to pass over what is the
+essence of a letter, namely, that the recipient should be informed of
+what he does not know. Well, what nearly everybody reports to me is
+this: they usually say that, as long as you are not out of temper,
+nothing can be pleasanter than you are, but that when some instance of
+dishonesty or wrong-headedness has stirred you, your temper rises to
+such a height that no one can discover any trace of your usual kindness.
+Wherefore, since no mere desire for glory, but circumstances and fortune
+have brought us upon a path of life which makes it inevitable that men
+will always talk about us, let us be on our guard, to the utmost of our
+means and ability, that no glaring fault may be alleged to have existed
+in us. And I am not now urging, what is perhaps difficult in human
+nature generally, and at our time of life especially, that you should
+change your disposition and suddenly pluck out a deeply-rooted habit,
+but I give you this hint: if you cannot completely avoid this failing,
+because your mind is surprised by anger before cool calculation has been
+able to prevent it, deliberately prepare yourself beforehand, and daily
+reflect on the duty of resisting anger, and that, when it moves your
+heart most violently, it is just the time for being most careful to
+restrain your tongue. And that sometimes seems to me to be a greater
+virtue than not being angry at all. For the latter is not always a mark
+of superiority to weakness, it is sometimes the result of dullness; but
+to govern temper and speech, however angry you may be, or even to hold
+your tongue and keep your indignant feelings and resentment under
+control, although it may not be a proof of perfect wisdom, yet requires
+no ordinary force of character. And, indeed, in this respect they tell
+me that you are now much more gentle and less irritable. No violent
+outbursts of indignation on your part, no abusive words, no insulting
+language are reported to me: which, while quite alien to culture and
+refinement, are specially unsuited to high power and place. For if your
+anger is implacable, it amounts to extreme harshness; if easily
+appeased, to extreme weakness. The latter, however, as a choice of
+evils, is, after all, preferable to harshness.
+
+XIV. But since your first year gave rise to most talk in regard to this
+particular complaint--I believe because the wrong-doing, the
+covetousness, and the arrogance of men came upon you as a surprise, and
+seemed to you unbearable --while your second year was much milder,
+because habit and reflexion, and, as I think, my letters also, rendered
+you more tolerant and gentle, the third ought to be so completely
+reformed, as not to give even the smallest ground for anyone to find
+fault. And here I go on to urge upon you, not by way of exhortation or
+admonition, but by brotherly entreaties, that you would set your whole
+heart, care, and thought on the gaining of praise from everybody and
+from every quarter. If, indeed, our achievements were only the subject
+of a moderate amount of talk and commendation, nothing eminent, nothing
+beyond the practice of others, would have been demanded of you. As it
+is, however, owing to the brilliancy and magnitude of the affairs in
+which we have been engaged, if we do not obtain the very highest
+reputation from your province, it seems scarcely possible for us to
+avoid the most violent abuse. Our position is such that all loyalists
+support us, but demand also and expect from us every kind of activity
+and virtue, while all the disloyal, seeing that we have entered upon a
+lasting war with them, appear contented with the very smallest excuse
+for attacking us. Wherefore, since fortune has allotted to you such a
+theatre as Asia, completely packed with an audience, of immense size, of
+the most refined judgment, and, moreover, naturally so capable of
+conveying sound, that its expressions of opinion and its remarks reach
+Rome, put out all your power, I beseech you, exert all your energies to
+appear not only to have been worthy of the part we played here, but to
+have surpassed everything done there by your high qualities.
+
+XV. And since chance has assigned to me among the magistracies the
+conduct of public business in the city, to you that in a province, if my
+share is inferior to no one's, take care that yours surpasses others. At
+the same time think of this: we are not now working for a future and
+prospective glory, but are fighting in defence of what has been already
+gained; which indeed it was not so much an object to gain as it is now
+our duty to defend. And if anything in me could be apart from you, I
+should desire nothing more than the position which I have already
+gained. The actual fact, however, is that unless all your acts and deeds
+in your province correspond to my achievements, I shall think that I
+have gained nothing by those great labours and dangers, in all of which
+you have shared. But if it was you who, above all others, assisted me to
+gain a most splendid reputation, you will certainly also labour more
+than others to enable me to retain it. You must not be guided by the
+opinions and judgments of the present generation only, but of those to
+come also: and yet the latter will be a more candid judgment, for it
+will not be influenced by detraction and malice. Finally, you should
+think of this--that you are not seeking glory for yourself alone (and
+even if that were the case, you still ought not to be careless of it,
+especially as you had determined to consecrate the memory of your name
+by the most splendid monuments), but you have to share it with me, and
+to hand it down to our children. In regard to which you must be on your
+guard lest by any excess of carelessness you should seem not only to
+have neglected your own interests, but to have begrudged those of your
+family also.
+
+XVI. And these observations are not made with the idea of any speech of
+mine appearing to have roused you from your sleep, but to have rather
+"added speed to the runner." For you will continue to compel all in the
+future, as you have compelled them in the past, to praise your equity,
+self-control, strictness, and honesty. But from my extreme affection I
+am possessed with a certain insatiable greed for glory for you. However,
+I am convinced that, as Asia should now be as well-known to you as each
+man's own house is to himself, and since to your supreme good sense such
+great experience has now been added, there is nothing that affects
+reputation which you do not know as well as possible yourself, and
+which does not daily occur to your mind without anybody's exhortation.
+But I, who when I read your writing seem to hear your voice, and when I
+write to you seem to be talking to you, am therefore always best pleased
+with your longest letter, and in writing am often somewhat prolix
+myself. My last prayer and advice to you is that, as good poets and
+painstaking actors always do, so you should be most attentive in the
+last scenes and conclusion of your function and business, so that this
+third year of your government, like a third act in a play, may appear to
+have been the most elaborated and most highly finished. You will do that
+with more ease if you will think that I, whom you always wished to
+please more than all the world besides, am always at your side, and am
+taking part in everything you say and do. It remains only to beg you to
+take the greatest care of your health, if you wish me and all your
+friends to be well also.
+
+Farewell.
+
+[Footnote 182: A country festival and general holiday. It was a _feriæ
+conceptivæ_, and therefore the exact day varied. But it was about the
+end of the year or beginning of the new year (_in Pis._ § 4; Aul. Gell.
+x. 24; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 4; _ad Att._ vii. 5; vii. 7, § 2).]
+
+[Footnote 183: Of the persons mentioned, L. Ælius Tubero is elsewhere
+praised as a man of learning (_pro Lig._ § 10); A. Allienus (prætor B.C.
+49) was a friend and correspondent; M. Gratidius is mentioned in _pro
+Flacco_, § 49, as acting in a judicial capacity, and was perhaps a
+cousin of Cicero's.]
+
+[Footnote 184: The class of Romans who have practically become
+provincials.]
+
+[Footnote 185: Rome and its society and interests.]
+
+[Footnote 186: Father of Augustus, governor of Macedonia, B.C. 60-59.
+But he seems to refer to his prætorship (B.C. 61) at Rome; at any rate,
+as well as to his conduct in Macedonia.]
+
+[Footnote 187: Reading _primum_; others _primus_, "his head lictor."]
+
+
+
+
+XXX (A II, 4)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59. Coss., C. Iulius Cæsar, M. Calpurnius Bibulus.]
+
+     This year was a crucial one in the history of the Republic, and
+     also of Cicero particularly. It witnessed the working of the
+     agreement entered into in the previous year between Pompey, Cæsar,
+     and Crassus, to secure their several objects, commonly called the
+     First Triumvirate. The determined enmity of the consuls to each
+     other, the high-handed conduct of Cæsar in regard to the senate,
+     his ultimate appointment to the unusual period of five years'
+     government of the Gauls and Illyricum, were so many blows at the
+     old constitution; and scarcely less offensive to the Catonian
+     Optimates were the agrarian laws passed in favour of Pompey's
+     veterans, the forcing of his _acta_ through the senate, and the
+     arrangement whereby he too was eventually to have the consulship
+     again, and an extended period of provincial government. Cicero was
+     distracted by hesitation. He had pinned his faith on Pompey's
+     ultimate opposition to Cæsar, and yet did not wholly trust him, and
+     was fully aware of the unpracticable nature of Cato and the
+     weakness of the Optimates. The triumvirs had an instrument for
+     rendering him helpless in Clodius, but Cicero could not believe
+     that they would use it, or that his services to the state could be
+     so far forgotten as to make danger possible. We shall find him,
+     then, wholly absorbed in the question as to how far he is to give
+     into or oppose the triumvirs. It is not till the end of the year
+     that he begins to see the real danger ahead. We have one extant
+     oration of this year--_pro Flacco_--which was not much to his
+     credit, for Flaccus had evidently been guilty of extortion in Asia.
+     He also defended the equally guilty C. Antonius in a speech which
+     brought upon him the vengeance of the triumvirs, but it is happily
+     lost.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM (APRIL)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I am exceedingly obliged to you for sending me Serapio's book, of which
+indeed, between you and me, I scarcely understood a thousandth part. I
+have ordered the money for it to be paid you at once, that you may not
+put it down to the cost of presentation copies. But as I have mentioned
+the subject of money, I will beg you to try to come to a settlement with
+Titinius in any way you can. If he doesn't stand by his own proposal,
+what I should like best is that what he bought at too dear a rate should
+be returned, if that can be done with Pomponia's consent: if that too is
+impossible, let the money be paid rather than have any difficulty. I
+should be very glad if you would settle this before you leave Rome, with
+your usual kindness and exactness.
+
+So Clodius, you say, is for Tigranes? I only wish he would go--on the
+same terms as the Skepsian![188] But I don't grudge him the job; for a
+more convenient time for my taking a "free legation" is when my brother
+Quintus shall have settled down again, as I hope, into private life, and
+I shall have made certain how that "priest of the Bona Dea"[189] intends
+to behave. Meanwhile I shall find my pleasure in the Muses with a mind
+undisturbed, or rather glad and cheerful; for it will never occur to me
+to envy Crassus or to regret that I have not been false to myself. As to
+geography, I will try to satisfy you, but I promise nothing for
+certain.[190] It is a difficult business, but nevertheless, as you bid
+me, I will take care that this country excursion produces something for
+you. Mind you let me know any news you have ferreted out, and especially
+who you think will be the next consuls. However, I am not very curious;
+for I have determined not to think about politics. I have examined
+Terentia's woodlands. What need I say? If there was only a Dodonean oak
+in them, I should imagine myself to be in possession of Epirus. About
+the 1st of the month I shall be either at Formiæ or Pompeii.[191] If I
+am not at Formiæ, pray, an you love me, come to Pompeii. It will be a
+great pleasure to me and not much out of the way for you. About the
+wall, I have given Philotimus orders not to put any difficulty in the
+way of your doing whatever you please. I think, however, you had better
+call in Vettius.[192] In these bad times, when the life of all the best
+men hangs on a thread, I value one summer's enjoyment of my Palatine
+_palæstra_ rather highly; but, of course, the last thing I should wish
+would be that Pomponia and her boy should live in fear of a falling
+wall.
+
+[Footnote 188: That is, if it ends in his death, for Meliodorus of
+Skepsis was sent by Mithridates to Tigranes to urge him to go to war
+with Rome, but privately advised him not to do so, and, in consequence,
+was put to death by Mithridates (Plut. _Luc._ 22). The word _Scepsii_
+(Σκηψίου) was introduced by Gronovius for the unintelligible word
+_Syrpie_ found in the MSS., which so often blunder in Greek names.]
+
+[Footnote 189: Clodius, alluding to his intrusion into the mysteries.]
+
+[Footnote 190: Atticus has asked Cicero for a Latin treatise on
+geography--probably as a publisher, Cicero being the prince of
+book-makers--and to that end has sent him the Greek geography of
+Serapio.]
+
+[Footnote 191: In his Formianum or Pompeianum, his villas at Formiæ and
+Pompeii.]
+
+[Footnote 192: An architect, a freedman of Cyrus, of whom we have heard
+before.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXI (A II, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I wish very much, and have long wished, to visit Alexandria, and at the
+same time to get away from here, where people are tired of me, and
+return when they have begun to feel my loss--but at such a time and at
+the bidding of such statesmen![193]
+
+    "I fear to face the men of Troy
+    And Trojan matrons with their trailing robes."[194]
+
+For what would my friends the Optimates say--if there are such persons
+left? That I had accepted a bribe to change my views?
+
+    "Polydamas the first would lay the charge."
+
+I mean my friend Cato, who is as good as a hundred thousand in my eyes.
+What, too, will history say of me six hundred years hence? I am much
+more afraid of that than of the petty gossip of the men of to-day. But,
+I think, I had better lie low and wait. For if it is really offered to
+me, I shall be to a certain extent in a position of advantage, and then
+will be the time to weigh the matter. There is, upon my word, a certain
+credit even in refusing. Wherefore, if Theophanes[195] by chance has
+consulted you on the matter, do not absolutely decline. What I am
+expecting to hear from you is, what Arrius says, and how he endures
+being left in the lurch,[196] and who are intended to be consuls--is it
+Pompey and Crassus, or, as I am told in a letter, Servius Sulpicius with
+Gabinius?--and whether there are any new laws or anything new at all;
+and, since Nepos[197] is leaving Rome, who is to have the augurship--the
+one bait by which those personages could catch me! You see what a high
+price I put on myself! Why do I talk about such things, which I am eager
+to throw aside, and to devote myself heart and soul to philosophy. That,
+I tell you, is my intention. I could wish I had done so from the first.
+Now, however, that I have found by experience the hollowness of what I
+thought so splendid, I am thinking of doing business exclusively with
+the Muses. In spite of that, please give me in your next some more
+definite information about Curtius and who is intended to fill his
+place, and what is doing about P. Clodius, and, in fact, take your time
+and tell me everything as you promise; and pray write me word what day
+you think of leaving Rome, in order that I may tell you where I am
+likely to be: and send me a letter at once on the subjects of which I
+have written to you. I look forward much to hearing from you.
+
+[Footnote 193: The triumvirs. The mission to Egypt was in the affairs of
+Ptolemy Auletes (father of Cleopatra), who was this year declared a
+"friend and ally." He soon got expelled by his subjects.]
+
+[Footnote 194: _Il._ vi. 442; xxii. 100. Cicero's frequent expression
+for popular opinion, or the opinion of those he respects--his Mrs.
+Grundy.]
+
+[Footnote 195: Theophanes, a philosopher of Mitylene, a close friend of
+Pompey's, in whose house he frequently resided. He took charge of
+Pompey's wife and children in B.C. 48-47.]
+
+[Footnote 196: Q. Arrius, an orator and friend of Cæsar's, by whose help
+he had hoped for the consulship. See p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 197: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos (consul B.C. 57). His brother,
+the consul of B.C. 60, had just died and made a vacancy in the college
+of augurs.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXII (A II, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+As to my promise to you in a former letter that there should be some
+product of this country excursion, I cannot confirm it to any great
+extent: for I have become so attached to idleness that I cannot be torn
+from its arms. Accordingly, I either enjoy myself with books, of which I
+have a delightful stock at Antium, or I just count the waves--for the
+rough weather prevents my shrimping! From writing my mind positively
+recoils. For the geographical treatise, upon which I had settled, is a
+serious undertaking: so severely is Eratosthenes, whom I had proposed as
+my model, criticised by Serapio and Hipparchus: what think you will be
+the case if Tyrannio[198] is added to the critics? And, by Hercules, the
+subject is difficult of explanation and monotonous, and does not seem to
+admit of as much embellishment as I thought, and, in short--which is the
+chief point--any excuse for being idle seems to me a good one: for I am
+even hesitating as to settling at Antium and spending the rest of my
+life there, where, indeed, I would rather have been a duovir[199] than
+at Rome. You, indeed, have done more wisely in having made yourself a
+home at Buthrotum. But, believe me, next to that free town of yours
+comes the borough of the Antiates. Could you have believed that there
+could be a town so near Rome, where there are many who have never seen
+Vatinius? Where there is no one besides myself who cares whether one of
+the twenty commissioners[200] is alive and well? Where no one intrudes
+upon me, and yet all are fond of me? This, this is the place to play the
+statesman in! For yonder, not only am I not allowed to do so, but I am
+sick of it besides. Accordingly, I will compose a book of secret memoirs
+for your ear alone in the style of Theopompus, or a more acrid one
+still.[201] Nor have I now any politics except to hate the disloyal, and
+even that without any bitterness, but rather with a certain enjoyment in
+writing. But to return to business: I have written to the city quæstors
+about my brother's affair. See what they say to it, whether there is any
+hope of the cash in _denarii_, or whether we are to be palmed off with
+Pompeian _cistophori_.[202] Farthermore, settle what is to be done about
+the wall. Is there anything else? Yes! Let me know when you are thinking
+of starting.
+
+[Footnote 198: A captive brought by Lucullus, who became a friend of
+Cicero and tutor to his son and nephew.]
+
+[Footnote 199: One of the two yearly officers of a colony--they answer
+to the consuls at Rome. Therefore Cicero means, "I wish I had been a
+consul in a small colony rather than a consul at Rome."]
+
+[Footnote 200: For distribution of land under Cæsar's law. P. Vatinius
+was a tribune this year, and worked in Cæsar's interests.]
+
+[Footnote 201: Theopompus of Chios, the historian (_Att._ vi. 1, § 12).
+Born about B.C. 378. His bitterness censured by Polybius, viii. 11-13.]
+
+[Footnote 202: The money due from the treasury to Q. Cicero in Asia. He
+wants it to be paid in Roman currency (_denarii_), not in Asiatic coins
+(_cistophori_), a vast amount of which Pompey had brought home and
+deposited in the treasury. So an Indian official might like sovereigns
+instead of rupees if he could get them.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII (A II, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+About the geography I will think again and again. But you ask for two of
+my speeches, one of which I did not care to write out because I had
+ended it abruptly, the other because I did not want to praise the man I
+did not like. But that, too, I will see about. At all events, something
+shall be forthcoming to prevent your thinking that I have been
+absolutely idle. I am quite delighted to hear what you tell me about
+Publius; pray ferret out the whole story, and bring it to me when you
+come, and meanwhile write anything you may make out or suspect, and
+especially as to what he is going to do about the legation. For my part,
+before reading your letter, I was anxious that the fellow should go,
+not, by heaven, in order to avoid his impeachment--for I am wonderfully
+keen to try issues with him--but it seemed to me that, if he had secured
+any popularity by becoming a plebeian, he would thereby lose it. "Well,
+why did you transfer yourself to the Plebs? Was it to make a call on
+Tigranes? Tell me: do the kings of Armenia refuse to receive
+patricians?" In a word, I had polished up my weapons to tear this
+embassy of his to pieces. But if he rejects it, and thus moves the anger
+of those proposers and augurs of the _lex curiata_,[203] it will be a
+fine sight! By Hercules, to speak the truth, our friend Publius is being
+treated a little contemptuously! In the first place, though he was once
+the only man at Cæsar's house, he is not now allowed to be one in
+twenty:[204] in the next place, one legation had been promised him and
+another has been given. The former fine fat one[205] for the levying of
+money is reserved, I presume, for Drusus of Pisaurum or for the gourmand
+Vatinius: this latter miserable business, which might be very well done
+by a courier, is given to him, and his tribuneship deferred till it
+suits them. Irritate the fellow, I beg you, as much as you can. The one
+hope of safety is their mutual disagreement, the beginning of which I
+have got scent of from Curio. Moreover, Arrius is fuming at being
+cheated out of the consulship. Megabocchus and our blood-thirsty young
+men are most violently hostile. May there be added to this, I pray, may
+there be added, this quarrel about the augurate! I hope I shall often
+have some fine letters to send you on these subjects. But I want to know
+the meaning of your dark hint that some even of the _quinqueviri_[206]
+are speaking out. What can it be? If there is anything in it, there is
+more hope than I had thought. And I would not have you believe that I
+ask you these questions "with any view to action,"[207] because my heart
+is yearning to take part in practical politics. I was long ago getting
+tired of being at the helm, even when it was in my power. And now that I
+am forced to quit the ship, and have not cast aside the tiller, but have
+had it wrenched out of my hands, my only wish is to watch their
+shipwreck from the shore: I desire, in the words of your favourite
+Sophocles,
+
+              "And safe beneath the roof
+    To hear with drowsy ear the plash of rain."
+
+As to the wall, see to what is necessary. I will correct the mistake of
+Castricius, and yet Quintus had made it in his letter to me 15,000,
+while now to your sister he makes it 30,000.[208] Terentia sends you her
+regards: my boy Cicero commissions you to give Aristodemus the same
+answer for him as you gave for his cousin, your sister's son.[209] I
+will not neglect your reminder about your Amaltheia.[210] Take care of
+your health.
+
+[Footnote 203: As he was a man _sui iuris_, Clodius's adoption into a
+new gens (_adrogatio_) would have to take place before the _comitia
+curiata_ (now represented by thirty lictors), which still retained this
+formal business. The ceremony required the presence of an augur and a
+pontifex to hold it. Cicero supposes Pompey and Cæsar as intending to
+act in that capacity. Pompey, it seems, did eventually attend.]
+
+[Footnote 204: One of the twenty commissioners under Cæsar's agrarian
+law. Cicero was offered and declined a place among them. The "only man,"
+of course, refers to the intrusion on the mysteries.]
+
+[Footnote 205: To Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 206: This seems also to refer to the twenty agrarian
+commissioners, who, according to Mommsen, were divided into committees
+of five, and were, therefore, spoken of indifferently as _quinqueviri_
+and _vigintiviri_. But it is somewhat uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote 207: κατὰ τὸ π�ακτικόν.]
+
+[Footnote 208: Castricius seems to have been a _negotiator_ or banker in
+Asia. We don't know what mistake is referred to; probably as to some
+money transmitted to Pomponia.]
+
+[Footnote 209: It is suggested that Aristodemus is some teacher of the
+two young Ciceros, to whom the young Marcus wishes to apologize for his
+absence or to promise some study.]
+
+[Footnote 210: Perhaps some inscription or other ornament for Atticus's
+gymnasium in his villa at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV (A II, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+When I had been eagerly expecting a letter from you as usual till
+evening, lo and behold a message that slaves have come from Rome. I
+summon them: I ask if they have any letters. "No," say they. "What do
+you say," said I, "nothing from Pomponius?" Frightened to death by my
+voice and look, they confessed that they had received one, and that it
+had been lost on the journey. Need I say more? I was intensely annoyed.
+For no letter has come from you for the last few days without something
+in it important and entertaining. In these circumstances, if there was
+anything in the letter, dated 15th April, worth telling, pray write at
+once, that I may not be left in ignorance; but if there was nothing but
+banter, repeat even that for my benefit. And let me inform you that
+young Curio has been to call on me. What he said about Publius agreed
+exactly with your letter. He himself, moreover, wonderfully "holds our
+proud kings in hate."[211] He told me that the young men generally were
+equally incensed, and could not put up with the present state of things.
+If there is hope in them, we are in a good way. My opinion is that we
+should leave things to take their course. I am devoting myself to my
+memoir. However, though you may think me a Saufeius,[212] I am really
+the laziest fellow in the world. But get into your head my several
+journeys, that you may settle where you intend to come and see me. I
+intend to arrive at my Formian house on the Parilia (21st April). Next,
+since you think that at this time I ought to leave out luxurious
+Crater,[213] on the 1st of May I leave Formiæ, intending to reach Antium
+on the 3rd of May. For there are games at Antium from the 4th to the 6th
+of May, and Tullia wants to see them. Thence I think of going to
+Tusculum, thence to Arpinum, and be at Rome on the 1st of June. Be sure
+that we see you at Formiæ or Antium, or at Tusculum. Rewrite your
+previous letter for me, and add something new.
+
+[Footnote 211: A verse from Lucilius. "Young Curio" is the future
+tribune of B.C. 50, who was bribed by Cæsar, joined him at Ravenna at
+the end of that year, was sent by him in B.C. 49 to Sicily and Africa,
+and fell in battle with the Pompeians and King Iuba.]
+
+[Footnote 212: L. Saufeius, the Epicurean friend of Atticus (see Letter
+II). He seems to mean, "as indefatigable as Saufeius." But Prof. Tyrrell
+points out that it might mean, "at the risk of your thinking me as
+Epicurean and self-indulgent as Saufeius, I say," etc.]
+
+[Footnote 213: The bay of Misenum, near which was Cicero's Pompeianum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXV (A II, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Cæcilius[214] the quæstor having suddenly informed me that he was
+sending a slave to Rome, I write these hurried lines in order to get out
+of you the wonderful conversations with Publius, both those of which you
+write, and that one which you keep dark, and assert that it would be too
+long to write your answer to him; and, still farther, the one that has
+not yet been held, which that Iuno of a woman[215] is to report to you
+when she gets back from Solonium. I wish you to believe that there can
+be nothing I should like more. If, however, the compact made about me is
+not kept, I am in a seventh heaven to think that our friend the
+Jerusalemitish plebeian-maker[216] will learn what a fine return he has
+made to my brilliant speeches, of which you may expect a splendid
+recantation. For, as well as I can guess, if that profligate is in
+favour with our tyrants, he will be able to crow not only over the
+"cynic consular,"[217] but over your Tritons of the fish-ponds
+also.[218] For I shall not possibly be an object of anybody's jealousy
+when robbed of power and of my influence in the senate. If, on the other
+hand, he should quarrel with them, it will not suit his purpose to
+attack me. However, let him attack. Charmingly, believe me, and with
+less noise than I had thought, has the wheel of the Republic revolved:
+more rapidly, anyhow, than it should have done owing to Cato's error,
+but still more owing to the unconstitutional conduct of those who have
+neglected the auspices, the Ælian law, the Iunian, the Licinian, the
+Cæcilian and Didian,[219] who have squandered all the safeguards of the
+constitution, who have handed over kingdoms as though they were private
+estates to tetrachs,[220] and immense sums of money to a small coterie.
+I see plainly now the direction popular jealousy is taking, and where it
+will finally settle. Believe that I have learnt nothing from experience,
+nothing from Theophrastus,[221] if you don't shortly see the time of our
+government an object of regret. For if the power of the senate was
+disliked, what do you think will be the case when it has passed, not to
+the people, but to three unscrupulous men? So let them then make whom
+they choose consuls, tribunes, and even finally clothe Vatinius's wen
+with the double-dyed purple[222] of the priesthood, you will see before
+long that the great men will be not only those who have made no false
+step,[223] but even he who did make a mistake, Cato. For, as to myself,
+if your comrade Publius will let me, I think of playing the sophist: if
+he forces me, I shall at least defend myself, and, as is the trick of my
+trade, I publicly promise to
+
+    "Strike back at him who first is wroth with me."[224]
+
+May the country only be on my side: it has had from me, if not more than
+its due, at least more than it ever demanded. I would rather have a bad
+passage with another pilot than be a successful pilot to such ungrateful
+passengers. But this will do better when we meet. For the present take
+an answer to your questions. I think of returning to Antium from Formiæ
+on the 3rd of May. From Antium I intend to start for Tusculum on the 7th
+of May. But as soon as I have returned from Formiæ (I intend to be there
+till the 29th of April) I will at once inform you. Terentia sends
+compliments, and "Cicero the little greets Titus the Athenian."[225]
+
+[Footnote 214: Q. Cæcilius Bassus, probably quæstor at Ostia. Antium
+would be in his district.]
+
+[Footnote 215: βοῶπις, _sc._ Clodia. She is to talk to her brother about
+Cicero. She is "Iuno" perhaps as an enemy--as Bacon called the Duchess
+of Burgundy Henry VII.'s Iuno--or perhaps for a less decent reason, as
+_coniux sororque_ of Publius.]
+
+[Footnote 216: Pompey, who was proud of having taken Jerusalem.
+_Traductor ad plebem_, said of the magistrate presiding at the _comitia_
+for adoption.]
+
+[Footnote 217: Cicero himself. Clodius may have called him this from his
+biting repartees. Prof. Tyrrell, "Tear 'em."]
+
+[Footnote 218: The nobility, whom Cicero has before attacked as idle and
+caring for nothing but their fish-ponds (_piscinarii_, cp. p. 59).]
+
+[Footnote 219: The _lex Ælia_ (about B.C. 150) was a law regulating the
+powers of magistrates to dissolve _comitia_ on religious grounds, such
+as bad omens, _servata de cœlo, etc._ Cicero (who could have had very
+little belief in the augural science) regards them as safeguards of the
+state, because as the Optimates generally secured the places in the
+augural college, it gave them a hold on elections and legislation.
+Bibulus tried in vain to use these powers to thwart Cæsar this year. The
+_lex Cæcilia Didia_ (.B.C. 98) enforced the _trinundinatio_, or three
+weeks' notice of elections and laws, and forbade the proposal of a _lex
+satura_, _i.e._, a law containing a number of miscellaneous enactments.
+Perhaps its violation refers to the _acta_ of Pompey in the East, which
+he wanted to have confirmed _en bloc_. The senate had made difficulties:
+but one of the fruits of the triumvirate was a measure for doing it. The
+_lex Iunia et Licinia_ (B.C. 62) confirmed the _Cæcilia Didia_, and
+secured that the people knew what the proposed laws were.]
+
+[Footnote 220: As Pompey did in Asia, _e.g._, to Deiotarus of Galatia,
+and about ten others. It is curious that Cicero speaks of the _pauci_
+just as his opponent Cæsar and Augustus after him. Each side looks on
+the other as a coterie (Cæsar, _B. C._ i. 22; Monum. Ancyr. i. § 1)]
+
+[Footnote 221: Theophrastus, successor of Aristotle at the Lyceum,
+Athens (p. 70).]
+
+[Footnote 222: The purple-bordered toga of the augur. Vatinius did not
+get the augurship. He had some disfiguring swelling or wen.]
+
+[Footnote 223: Himself.]
+
+[Footnote 224: ἄνδ�' ἀπαμύνεσθαι, ὅτε τις π�ότε�ος χαλεπήνῃ (Hom. _Il._
+xxiv. 369).]
+
+[Footnote 225: Written in Greek, perhaps by the boy himself.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI (A II, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TRES TABERNÆ, 12 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Are they going to deny that Publius has been made a plebeian? This is
+indeed playing the king, and is utterly intolerable. Let Publius send
+some men to witness and seal my affidavit: I will take an oath that my
+friend Gnæus, the colleague of Balbus, told me at Antium that he had
+been present as augur to take the auspices. Two delightful letters from
+you delivered at the same time! For which I do not know what I am to pay
+you by way of reward for good news. That I owe you for them I candidly
+confess. But observe the coincidence. I had just made my way from Antium
+on to the _via Appia_ at Three Taverns,[226] on the very day of the
+Cerealia (18th April), when my friend Curio meets me on his way from
+Rome. At the same place and the same moment comes a slave from you with
+letters. The former asked me whether I hadn't heard the news? I said,
+"No." "Publius," says he, "is a candidate for the tribuneship." "You
+don't mean it?" "Yes, I do," says he, "and at daggers drawn with Cæsar.
+His object is to rescind his acts." "What says Cæsar?" said I. "He
+denies having proposed any _lex_ for his adoption." Then he poured forth
+about his own hatred, and that of Memmius and Metellus Nepos. I embraced
+the youth and said good-bye to him, hastening to your letters. A fig for
+those who talk about a "living voice"! What a much clearer view I got of
+what was going on from your letters than from his talk! About the
+current rumours of the day, about the designs of Publius, about "Iuno's"
+trumpet calls, about Athenio who leads his roughs, about his letter to
+Gnæus, about the conversation of Theophanes and Memmius. Besides, how
+eager you have made me to hear about the "fast" dinner party which you
+mention! I am greedy in curiosity, yet I do not feel at all hurt at your
+not writing me a description of the symposium: I would rather hear it by
+word of mouth. As to your urging me to write something, my material
+indeed is growing, as you say, but the whole is still in a state of
+fermentation--"new wine in the autumn." When the liquor has settled down
+and become clarified, I shall know better what to write. And even if you
+cannot get it from me at once, you shall be the first to have it: only
+for some time you must keep it to yourself. You are quite right to like
+Dicæarchus; he is an excellent writer, and a much better citizen than
+these rulers of ours who reverse his name.[227] I write this letter at
+four o'clock in the afternoon of the Cerealia (12th April), immediately
+after reading yours, but I shall despatch it, I think, to-morrow, by
+anyone I may chance to meet on the road. Terentia is delighted with your
+letter, _et Cicéron le philosophe salue Titus l'homme d'état_.
+
+[Footnote 226: Where the road from Antium joins the Appia. Cicero seems
+to be on his way to Formiæ, where he had intended to arrive on the 21st.
+He must be going very leisurely.]
+
+[Footnote 227: Δικαία�χος and ἀδικαία�χοι, a pun on a name not
+reproducible in English: "just-rulers" and "unjust-rulers."]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII (A II, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+APPII FORUM,[228] APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Please admire my consistency. I am determined not to be at the games at
+Antium: for it is somewhat of a solecism to wish to avoid all suspicion
+of frivolity, and yet suddenly to be shewn up as travelling for mere
+amusement, and that of a foolish kind. Wherefore I shall wait for you
+till the 7th of May at Formiæ. So now let me know what day we shall see
+you. From Appii Forum, ten o'clock. I sent another a short time ago from
+Three Taverns.
+
+[Footnote 228: On the _via Appia_. Cicero halts at Appii Forum and at
+once despatches a short note, probably by some one he finds there going
+to Rome, to announce a change of plan. He had meant to get back to
+Antium on 6th May, because Tullia wanted to see the games. See Letter
+XXXIV, p. 96.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII (A II, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I tell you what it is: I feel myself a downright exile since arriving at
+Formiæ. For at Antium there was never a day that I didn't know what was
+going on at Rome better than those who were there. For your letters
+used to shew me not only what was doing at Rome, but the actual
+political situation also--and not only that, but also what was likely to
+happen. Now, unless I snatch a bit of news from some passing traveller,
+I can learn nothing at all. Wherefore, though I am expecting you in
+person, yet pray give this boy, whom I have ordered to hurry back to me
+at once, a bulky letter, crammed not only with all occurrences, but with
+what you think about them; and be careful to let me know the day you are
+going to leave Rome. I intend staying at Formiæ till the 6th of May. If
+you don't come there by that day, I shall perhaps see you at Rome. For
+why should I invite you to Arpinum?
+
+    "A rugged soil, yet nurse of hardy sons:
+    No dearer land can e'er my eyes behold."[229]
+
+So much for this. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 229: Homer, _Odyss._ ix. 27.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX (A II, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+What an abominable thing! No one gave you my letter written on the spot
+at Three Taverns in answer to your delightful letters! But the fact is
+that the packet into which I had put it arrived at my town house on the
+same day as I wrote it, and has been brought back to me to Formiæ.
+Accordingly, I have directed the letter meant for you to be taken back
+again, to shew you how pleased I was with yours. So you say that the
+talk has died out at Rome! I thought so: but, by Hercules, it hasn't
+died out in the country, and it has come to this, that the very country
+can't stand the despotism you have got at Rome. When you come to
+"Læstrygonia of the distant gates"[230]--I mean Formiæ--what loud
+murmurs! what angry souls! what unpopularity for our friend Magnus! His
+surname is getting as much out of fashion as the "Dives" of Crassus.
+Believe me, I have met no one here to take the present state of things
+as quietly as I do. Wherefore, credit me, let us stick to philosophy. I
+am ready to take my oath that there is nothing to beat it. If you have a
+despatch to send to the Sicyonians,[231] make haste to Formiæ, whence I
+think of going on the 6th of May.
+
+[Footnote 230: τηλέπυλον Λαιστ�υγονίην, whose king Lamus (_Odyss._ x.
+81) was supposed to have founded Formiæ (Horace, _Od._ iii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 231: A despatch from senate or consuls. See Letter XXIV, p.
+60.]
+
+
+
+
+XL (A II, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47.]
+
+How you rouse my curiosity as to what Bibulus says, as to your
+conversation with "Iuno," and even as to your "fast" dinner party!
+Therefore make haste to come, for my ears are thirsty for news. However,
+there is nothing which I think is now more to be dreaded by me than that
+our dear Sampsiceramus, finding himself belaboured by the tongues of
+all, and seeing these proceedings easy to upset, should begin striking
+out. For myself, I have so completely lost all nerve, that I prefer a
+despotism, with the existing peace, to a state of war with the best
+hopes in the world. As to literary composition, to which you frequently
+urge me, it is impossible! My house is a basilica rather than a villa,
+owing to the crowds of visitors from Formiæ. But (you'll say) do I
+really compare the Æmilian tribe to the crowd in a basilica?[232] Well,
+I say nothing about the common ruck--the rest of them don't bother me
+after ten o'clock: but C. Arrius is my next door neighbour, or rather,
+he almost lives in my house, and even declares that the reason for his
+not going to Rome is that he may spend whole days with me here
+philosophizing! And then, lo and behold, on my other side is Sebosus,
+that friend of Catulus! Which way am I to turn? By heaven, I would start
+at once for Arpinum, only that I see that the most convenient place to
+await your visit is Formiæ: but only up to the 6th of May! For you see
+with what bores my ears are pestered. What a splendid opportunity, with
+such fellows in the house, if anyone wanted to buy my Formian
+property![233] And in spite of all this am I to make good my words, "Let
+us attempt something great, and requiring much thought and leisure"?
+However, I _will_ do something for you, and not spare my labour.
+
+[Footnote 232: _At comparem_ for _at quam partem_. _At_ has its usual
+force of introducing a supposed objection. I can't, say you, compare the
+Æmilian tribe, the Formiani, to a crowd in a court-house! They are not
+so bad as that, not so wasteful of time! I take _basilica_ to mean the
+saunterers in a basilica, as we might say "the park" for the company in
+it, "the exchange" for the brokers in it. I feel certain that Prof.
+Tyrrell is wrong in ascribing the words _sed--sunt_ to a quotation from
+Atticus's letter. What is wanted is to remove the full stop after
+_sunt_. The contrast Cicero is drawing is between the interruption to
+literary work of a crowd of visitors and of one or two individuals
+always turning up. The second is the worse--and here I think all workers
+will agree with him: the crowd of visitors (_vulgus_) go at the regular
+hour, but individuals come in at all hours.]
+
+[Footnote 233: Because he would be inclined to sell it cheap in his
+disgust.]
+
+
+
+
+XLI (A II, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+As you say, things are as shifting (I see) in public affairs as in your
+letter; still, that very variety of talk and opinion has a charm for me.
+For I seem to be at Rome when I am reading your letter, and, as is the
+regular thing in questions of such importance, to hear something first
+on one side and then on the other. But what I can't make out is
+this--what he can possibly hit upon to settle the land question without
+encountering opposition. Again, as to Bibulus's firmness in putting off
+the _comitia_, it only conveys the expression of his own views, without
+really offering any remedy for the state of the Republic. Upon my word,
+my only hope is in Publius! Let him become, let him become a tribune by
+all means, if for no other reason, yet that you may be brought back from
+Epirus! For I don't see how you can possibly afford to miss him,
+especially if he shall elect to have a wrangle with me! But, seriously,
+if anything of the sort occurs, you would, I am certain, hurry back. But
+even supposing this not to be the case, yet whether he runs amuck or
+helps to raise the state, I promise myself a fine spectacle, if only I
+may enjoy it with you sitting by my side.[234] Just as I was writing
+these words, enter Sebosus! I had scarcely got out a sigh when "Good
+day," says Arrius. This is what you call going out of town! I shall
+really be off to
+
+    "My native mountains and my childhood's haunts."[235]
+
+In fine, if I can't be alone I would rather be with downright
+countryfolk than with such ultra-cockneys. However, I shall, since you
+don't say anything for certain, wait for you up to the 5th of May.
+Terentia is much pleased with the attention and care you have bestowed
+on her controversy with Mulvius. She is not aware that you are
+supporting the common cause of all holders of public land. Yet, after
+all, _you_ do pay something to the _publicani_; she declines to pay even
+that,[236] and, accordingly, she and Cicero--most conservative of
+boys--send their kind regards.
+
+[Footnote 234: The spectacle Cicero hopes for is Clodius's contests with
+the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 235: To Arpinum (see last letter). The verse is not known, and
+may be a quotation from his own poem on Marius. He often quotes
+himself.]
+
+[Footnote 236: This is not mentioned elsewhere. The explanation seems to
+be that for the _ager publicus_ allotted under the Sempronian laws a
+small rent had been exacted, which was abolished by a law of B.C. 111
+(the name of the law being uncertain). But some _ager publicus_ still
+paid rent, and the _publicanus_ Mulvius seems to have claimed it from
+some land held by Terentia, perhaps on the ground that it was land (such
+as the _ager Campanus_) not affected by the law of Gracchus, and
+therefore not by the subsequent law abolishing rent.]
+
+
+
+
+
+XLII (A II, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+On the day before the Kalends of May, when I had dined and was just
+going to sleep, the letter was delivered to me containing your news
+about the Campanian land. You needn't ask: at first it gave me such a
+shock that there was no more sleep for me, though that was the result of
+thought rather than pain. On reflexion, however, the following ideas
+occurred to me. In the first place, from what you had said in your
+previous letter--"that you had heard from a friend of his[237] that a
+proposal was going to be made which would satisfy everybody"--I had
+feared some very sweeping measure, but I don't think this is anything of
+the sort. In the next place, by way of consolation, I persuaded myself
+that the hope of a distribution of land is now all centred on the
+Campanian territory.[238] That land cannot support more than 5,000, so
+as to give ten _iugera_ apiece:[239] the rest of the crowd of expectants
+must necessarily be alienated from them. Besides, if there is anything
+that more than another could inflame the feeling of the aristocrats, who
+are, I notice, already irritated, it is this; and all the more that with
+port-dues in Italy abolished,[240] and the Campanian land divided, what
+home revenue is there except the five per cent. on manumissions? And
+even that, I think, it will only take a single trumpery harangue,
+cheered by our lackeys, to throw away also. What our friend Gnæus can
+be thinking of I can't imagine--
+
+    "For still he blows, and with no slender pipe,
+    But furious blasts by no mouth-band restrained"--
+
+to be induced to countenance such a measure as that. For hitherto he has
+fenced with these questions: "he approved Cæsar's laws, but Cæsar must
+be responsible for his proceedings in carrying them"; "he himself was
+satisfied with the agrarian law"; "whether it could be vetoed by a
+tribune or no was nothing to do with him"; "he thought the time had come
+for the business of the Alexandrine king to be settled"; "it was no
+business of his to inquire whether Bibulus had been watching the sky on
+that occasion or no"; "as to the _publicani_, he had been willing to
+oblige that order"; "what was going to happen if Bibulus came down to
+the forum at that time he could not have guessed."[241] But now, my
+Sampsiceramus, what will you say to this? That you have secured us a
+revenue from the Antilibanus and removed that from the Campanian land?
+Well, how do you mean to vindicate that? "I shall coerce you," says he,
+"by means of Cæsar's army." You won't coerce me, by Hercules, by your
+army so much as by the ingratitude of the so-called _boni_, who have
+never made me any return, even in words, to say nothing of substantial
+rewards. But if I had put out my strength against that coterie, I should
+certainly have found some way of holding my own against them. As things
+are, in view of the controversy between your friend Dicæarchus and my
+friend Theophrastus--the former recommending the life of action, the
+latter the life of contemplation--I think I have already obeyed both.
+For as to Dicæarchus, I think I have satisfied his requirements; at
+present my eyes are fixed on the school which not only allows of my
+abstaining from business, but blames me for not having always done so.
+Wherefore let me throw myself, my dear Titus, into those noble studies,
+and let me at length return to what I ought never to have left.
+
+As to what you say about Quintus's letter, when he wrote to me he was
+also "in front a lion and behind a ----."[242] I don't know what to say
+about it; for in the first lines of his letter he makes such a
+lamentation over his continuance in his province, that no one could help
+being affected: presently he calms down sufficiently to ask me to
+correct and edit his Annals. However, I would wish you to have an eye to
+what you mention, I mean the duty on goods transferred from port to
+port. He says that by the advice of his council he has referred the
+question to the senate. He evidently had not read my letter, in which
+after having considered and investigated the matter, I had sent him a
+written opinion that they were not payable.[243] If any Greeks have
+already arrived at Rome from Asia on that business, please look into it
+and, if you think it right, explain to them my opinion on the subject.
+If, to save the good cause in the senate, I can retract, I will gratify
+the _publicani_: but if not, to be plain with you, I prefer in this
+matter the interests of all Asia and the merchants; for it affects the
+latter also very seriously. I think it is a matter of great importance
+to us. But you will settle it. Are the quæstors, pray, still hesitating
+on the _cistophorus_ question?[244] If nothing better is to be had,
+after trying everything in our power, I should be for not refusing even
+the lowest offer. I shall see you at Arpinum and offer you country
+entertainment, since you have despised this at the seaside.
+
+[Footnote 237: Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 238: The old territory of Capua and the Stellatian Plain had
+been specially reserved from distribution under the laws of the Gracchi,
+and this reservation had not been repealed in subsequent laws: _ad
+subsidia reipublicæ vectigalem relictum_ (Suet. _Cæs._ 20; cp. Cic. 2
+_Phil._ § 101).]
+
+[Footnote 239: According to Suetonius 20,000 citizens had allotments on
+the _ager publicus_ in Campania. But Dio says (xxxviii. 1) that the
+Campanian land was exempted by the _lex Iulia_ also. Its settlement was
+probably later, by colonies of Cæsar's veterans. A _iugerum_ is
+five-eighths of an acre.]
+
+[Footnote 240: See Letter XXIX, p. 82. They were abolished B.C. 60.]
+
+[Footnote 241: This and the mention of Cæsar's "army" (a bodyguard) is
+explained by Suet. _Cæs._ 20: "Having promulgated his agrarian law,
+Cæsar expelled his colleague, Bibulus, by force of arms from the Forum
+when trying to stop proceedings by announcing bad omens ... and finally
+reduced him to such despair that for the rest of his year of office he
+confined himself to his house and only announced his bad omens by means
+of edicts." Bibulus appears to have been hustled by the mob also.]
+
+[Footnote 242: π�όσθε λέων ὄπιθεν δὲ ----. Cicero leaves Atticus, as he
+often does, to fill up the rest of the line, δ�άκων, μέσση δὲ χίμαι�α
+(Hom. _Il._ vi. 181). He means, of course, that Quintus is
+inconsistent.]
+
+[Footnote 243: The question seems to be as to goods brought to a port
+and paying duty, and then, not finding a sale, being transferred to
+another port in the same province. The _publicani_ at the second port
+demanded the payment of a duty again, which Cicero decides against
+them.]
+
+[Footnote 244: Schutz takes this to mean, "Are the quæstors now doubting
+as to paying _even cistophori_?" _i.e._, are they, so far from paying in
+Roman _denarii_, even hesitating to pay in Asiatic? But if so, what is
+the _extremum_ which Cicero advises Quintus to accept? Prof. Tyrrell,
+besides, points out that the quæstors could hardly refuse to pay
+anything for provincial expenses. It is a question between _cistophori_
+and _denarii_. See p. 92.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIII (A II, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I quite agree with your letter. Sampsiceramus is getting up a
+disturbance. We have everything to fear. He is preparing a despotism and
+no mistake about it. For what else is the meaning of that sudden
+marriage union,[245] the Campanian land affair, the lavish expenditure
+of money? If these measures were final, even then the mischief had been
+very great; but the nature of the case makes finality impossible. For
+how could these measures possibly give them any pleasure in themselves?
+They would never have gone so far as this unless they had been paving
+the way for other fatal steps. Immortal Gods!--But, as you say, at
+Arpinum about the 10th of May we will not weep over these questions,
+lest the hard work and midnight oil I have spent over my studies shall
+turn out to have been wasted, but discuss them together calmly. For I am
+not so much consoled by a sanguine disposition as by philosophic
+"indifference,"[246] which I call to my aid in nothing so much as in our
+civil and political business. Nay, more, whatever vanity or sneaking
+love of reputation there is lurking in me--for it is well to know one's
+faults--is tickled by a certain pleasurable feeling. For it used to
+sting me to the heart to think that centuries hence the services of
+Sampsiceramus to the state would loom larger than my own. That anxiety,
+at least, is now put to rest. For he is so utterly fallen that, in
+comparison with him, Curius might seem to be standing erect after his
+fall.[247] But all this when we meet. Yet, as far as I can see, you will
+be at Rome when I come. I shall not be at all sorry for that, if you
+can conveniently manage it. But if you come to see me, as you say in
+your letter, I wish you would fish out of Theophanes how
+"Arabarches"[248] is disposed to me. You will, of course, inquire with
+your usual zeal, and bring me the result to serve as a kind of
+suggestion for the line of conduct I am to adopt. From his conversation
+we shall be able to get an inkling of the whole situation.
+
+[Footnote 245: The marriage of Pompey with Cæsar's daughter Iulia.]
+
+[Footnote 246: ἀδιαφο�ία, a word taken from the Stoies, _huic_
+[_Zenoni_] _summum bonum est in his rebus neutram in partem moveri, quæ
+ἀδιαφο�ία ab ipso dicitur_ (_Acad._ ii. § 130).]
+
+[Footnote 247: C. Curius, one of the Catiline set, who had been
+ignominiously expelled from the senate.]
+
+[Footnote 248: Another nickname of Pompey, from the title of the head of
+the Thebais in Egypt. Like Sampsiceramus and the others, it is meant as
+a scornful allusion to Pompey's achievements in the East, and perhaps
+his known wish to have the direction of affairs in Egypt.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIV (A II, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO EPIRUS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I have received several letters from you, which shewed me with what
+eagerness and anxiety you desired to know the news. We are bound hard
+and fast on every side, and are no longer making any difficulty as to
+being slaves, but fearing death and exile as though greater evils,
+though they are in fact much smaller ones. Well, this is the
+position--one unanimously groaned over, but not relieved by a word from
+anyone. The object, I surmise, of the men in power is to leave nothing
+for anyone to lavish. The only man who opens his mouth and openly
+disapproves is the young Curio. He is loudly cheered, and greeted in the
+forum in the most complimentary manner, and many other tokens of
+goodwill are bestowed on him by the loyalists; while Fufius[249] is
+pursued with shouts, jeers, and hisses. From such circumstances it is
+not hope but indignation that is increased, for you see the citizens
+allowed to express their sentiments, but debarred from carrying them out
+with any vigour. And to omit details, the upshot is that there is now no
+hope, I don't say of private persons, but even of the magistrates being
+ever free again. Nevertheless, in spite of this policy of repression,
+conversation, at least in society and at dinner tables, is freer than it
+was. Indignation is beginning to get the better of fear, though that
+does not prevent a universal feeling of despair. For this Campanian
+law[250] contains a clause imposing an oath to be taken by candidates in
+public meeting, that they will not suggest any tenure of public land
+other than that provided in the Julian laws. All the others take the
+oath without hesitation: Laterensis[251] is considered to have shewn
+extraordinary virtue in retiring from his canvass for the tribuneship to
+avoid the oath. But I don't care to write any more about politics. I am
+dissatisfied with myself, and cannot write without the greatest pain. I
+hold my own position with some dignity, considering the general
+repression, but considering my achievements in the past, with less
+courage than I should like. I am invited by Cæsar in a very gentlemanly
+manner to accept a legation, to act as _legatus_ to himself, and even an
+"open votive legation" is offered me. But the latter does not give
+sufficient security, since it depends too much on the scrupulousness of
+Pulchellus[252] and removes me just when my brother is returning;[253]
+the former offers better security and does not prevent my returning when
+I please. I am retaining the latter, but do not think I shall use it.
+However, nobody knows about it. I don't like running away; I am itching
+to fight. There is great warmth of feeling for me. But I don't say
+anything positive: you will please not to mention it. I am, in fact,
+very anxious about the manumission of Statius[254] and some other
+things, but I have become hardened by this time. I could wish, or rather
+ardently desire, that you were here: then I should not want advice or
+consolation. But anyhow, be ready to fly hither directly I call for you.
+
+[Footnote 249: See Letter XIX, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 250: _I.e._, Cæsar's _agrarian law_, by which some of the
+Campanian _ager publicus_ was to be divided.]
+
+[Footnote 251: M. Iuventius Laterensis. See Letter L, p. 123.]
+
+[Footnote 252: Pulchellus, _i.e._, P. Clodius Pulcher. The diminutive is
+used to express contempt. Cicero, since his return to Rome, is beginning
+to realize his danger.]
+
+[Footnote 253: A _libera legatio_ was really a colourable method of a
+senator travelling with the right of exacting certain payments for his
+expenses from the Italian or provincial towns. Sometimes it was simply a
+_legatio libera_, a sinecure without any pretence of purpose, sometimes
+it was _voti causa_, enabling a man to fulfil some vow he was supposed
+to have made. It was naturally open to much abuse, and Cicero as consul
+had passed a law for limiting it in time. Clodius would become tribune
+on 10 December, and this _libera legatio_ would protect Cicero as long
+as it lasted, but it would not, he thinks, last long enough to outstay
+the tribuneship: if he went as _legatus_ to Cæsar in Gaul, he would be
+safe, and might choose his own time for resigning and returning to
+Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 254: Statius, a slave of Quintus, was unpopular in the
+province. See p. 125.]
+
+
+
+
+XLV (A II, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I have many causes for anxiety, both from the disturbed state of
+politics and from the personal dangers with which I am threatened. They
+are very numerous; but nothing gives me more annoyance than the
+manumission of Statius: "To think that he should have no reverence for
+my authority! But of authority I say nothing--that he should have no
+fear of a quarrel with me, to put it mildly!"[255] But what I am to do I
+don't know, nor indeed is there so much in the affair as you would think
+from the talk about it. For myself, I am positively incapable of being
+angry with those I love deeply. I only feel vexed, and that to a
+surprising degree. Other vexations are on really important matters. The
+threats of Clodius and the conflicts before me touch me only slightly.
+For I think I can either confront them with perfect dignity or decline
+them without any embarrassment. You will say, perhaps, "Enough of
+dignity, like the proverb, 'Enough of the oak':[256] an you love me,
+take thought for safety!" Ah, dear me, dear me, why are you not here?
+Nothing, certainly, could have escaped you. I, perhaps, am somewhat
+blinded, and too much affected by my high ideal. I assure you there
+never was anything so scandalous, so shameful, so offensive to all
+sorts, conditions and ages of men alike, as the present state of
+affairs. It is more so, by Hercules, than I could have wished, but not
+more than I had expected. Your _populares_ have now taught even usually
+quiet men to hiss. Bibulus is praised to the skies: I don't know why,
+but he has the same sort of applause as his
+
+    "Who by delays restored alone our State."[257]
+
+Pompey--the man I loved--has, to my infinite sorrow, ruined his own
+reputation. They hold no one by affection, and I fear they will be
+forced to use terror. I, however, refrain from hostility to their cause
+owing to my friendship for him, and yet I cannot approve, lest I should
+stultify my own past. The feeling of the people was shewn as clearly as
+possible in the theatre and at the shows. For at the gladiators both
+master and supporters were overwhelmed with hisses. At the games of
+Apollo the actor Diphilus made a pert allusion to Pompey, in the words:
+
+    "By our misfortunes thou art--Great."
+
+He was encored countless times. When he delivered the line,
+
+    "The time will come when thou wilt deeply mourn
+    That self-same valour,"
+
+the whole theatre broke out into applause, and so on with the rest. For
+the verses do seem exactly as though they were written by some enemy of
+Pompey's to hit the time. "If neither laws nor customs can control,"
+etc., caused great sensation and loud shouts. Cæsar having entered as
+the applause died away, he was followed by the younger Curio. The latter
+received an ovation such as used to be given to Pompey when the
+constitution was still intact. Cæsar was much annoyed. A despatch is
+said to have been sent flying off to Pompey at Capua.[258] _They_ are
+offended with the equites, who rose to their feet and cheered Curio, and
+are at war with everybody. They are threatening the Roscian law,[259]
+and even the corn law.[260] There has been a great hubbub altogether.
+For my part, I should have preferred their doings being silently
+ignored; but that, I fear, won't be allowed. Men are indignant at what
+nevertheless must, it seems, be put up with. The whole people have
+indeed now one voice, but its strength depends rather on exasperation
+than anything to back it up. Farthermore, our Publius is threatening me:
+he is hostile, and a storm is hanging over my head which should bring
+you post haste to town. I believe that I am still firmly supported by
+the same phalanx of all loyal or even tolerably loyal men which
+supported me when consul. Pompey displays no common affection for me. He
+also asserts that Clodius is not going to say a word about me. In which
+he is not deceiving me, but is himself deceived. Cosconius having died,
+I am invited to fill his place.[261] That would indeed be a case of
+"invited to a dead man's place." I should have been beneath contempt in
+the eyes of the world, and nothing could be conceived less likely to
+secure that very "personal safety" of which you speak. For those
+commissioners are disliked by the loyalists, and so I should have
+retained my own unpopularity with the disloyal, with the addition of
+that attaching to others. Cæsar wishes me to accept a legateship under
+him. This is a more honourable method of avoiding the danger. But I
+don't wish to avoid it. What do I want, then? Why, I prefer fighting.
+However, I have not made up my mind. Again I say, Oh that you were here!
+However, if it is absolutely necessary I will summon you. What else is
+there to say? What else? This, I think: I am certain that all is lost.
+For why mince matters any longer? But I write this in haste, and, by
+Hercules, in rather a nervous state. On some future occasion I will
+either write to you at full length, if I find a very trustworthy person
+to whom to give a letter, or if I write darkly you will understand all
+the same. In these letters I will be Lælius, you Furius; the rest shall
+be in riddles. Here I cultivate Cæcilius,[262] and pay him assiduous
+attention. I hear Bibulus's edicts have been sent to you. Our friend
+Pompey is hot with indignation and wrath at them.[263]
+
+[Footnote 255: Terence, _Phorm._ 232.]
+
+[Footnote 256: ἅλις δ�υός, _i.e._, feeding on acorns is a thing of the
+past, it is out of date, like the golden age when they fed on wild fruit
+_et quæ deciderant patula Iovis arbore glandes_ (Ovid, _Met._ i. 106);
+and so is dignity, it is a question of _safety_ now.]
+
+[Footnote 257: Ennius on Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator.]
+
+[Footnote 258: Pompey was in Campania acting as one of the twenty land
+commissioners.]
+
+[Footnote 259: The _lex Roscia theatralis_ (B.C. 67), which gave
+fourteen rows of seats to the equites.]
+
+[Footnote 260: That is, the law for distribution of corn among poorer
+citizens. There were many such. Perhaps the most recent was the _lex
+Cassia Terentia_ (B.C. 73). Cæsar, who, when in later years he became
+supreme, restricted this privilege, may have threatened to do so now.]
+
+[Footnote 261: _I.e._, as one of the twenty land commissioners. The next
+clause seems to refer to some proverbial expression, "to be invited to a
+place at Pluto's table," or some such sentence. Cicero means that his
+acceptance would be equivalent to political extinction, either from the
+obscurity of Cosconius or the inconsistency of the proceeding.]
+
+[Footnote 262: The uncle of Atticus. See p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 263: After the scene of violence in which Bibulus, on
+attempting to prevent the agrarian law being passed, was driven from the
+rostra, with his lictors' fasces broken, he shut himself up in his house
+and published edicts declaring Cæsar's acts invalid, and denouncing the
+conduct of Pompey (Suet. _Cæs._ 20; Dio, xxxviii. 6).]
+
+
+
+
+XLVI (A II, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I have done everything I could for Anicatus, as I understood was your
+wish. Numestius, in accordance with your earnestly expressed letter, I
+have adopted as a friend. Cæcilius I look after diligently in all ways
+possible. Varro[264] does all I could expect for me. Pompey loves me and
+regards me as a dear friend. "Do you believe that?" you will say. I do:
+he quite convinces me. But seeing that men of the world in all
+histories, precepts, and even verses, are for ever bidding one be on
+one's guard and forbidding belief, I carry out the former--"to be on my
+guard"--the latter--"to disbelieve"[265]--I cannot carry out. Clodius is
+still threatening me with danger. Pompey asserts that there is no
+danger. He swears it. He even adds that he will himself be murdered by
+him sooner than I injured. The negotiation is going on. As soon as
+anything is settled I will write you word. If I have to fight, I will
+summon you to share in the work. If I am let alone, I won't rout you out
+of your "Amaltheia." About politics I will write briefly: for I am now
+afraid lest the very paper should betray me. Accordingly, in future, if
+I have anything more to write to you, I shall clothe it in covert
+language. For the present the state is dying of a novel disorder; for
+although everybody disapproves of what has been done, complains, and is
+indignant about it, and though there is absolutely no difference of
+opinion on the subject, and people now speak openly and groan aloud, yet
+no remedy is applied: for we do not think resistance possible without a
+general slaughter, nor see what the end of concession is to be except
+ruin. Bibulus is exalted to the skies as far as admiration and affection
+go. His edicts and speeches are copied out and read. He has reached the
+summit of glory in a novel way. There is now nothing so popular as the
+dislike of the popular party. I have my fears as to how this will end.
+But if I ever see my way clearly in anything, I will write to you more
+explicitly. For yourself, if you love me as much as I am sure you do,
+take care to be ready to come in all haste as soon as I call for you.
+But I do my best, and shall do so, to make it unnecessary. I said I
+would call you Furius in my letters, but it is not necessary to change
+your name. I'll call myself Lælius and you Atticus, but I will use
+neither my own handwriting nor seal, if the letter happens to be such as
+I should not wish to fall into the hands of a stranger. Diodotus is
+dead; he has left me perhaps 1,000 sestertia. Bibulus has postponed the
+elections to the 18th of October, in an edict expressed in the vein of
+Archilochus.[266] I have received the books from Vibius: he is a
+miserable poet,[267] but yet he is not without some knowledge nor wholly
+useless. I am going to copy the book out and send it back.
+
+[Footnote 264: M. Terentius Varro, "the most learned of the Romans," and
+author of very large numbers of books. He was afterwards one of Pompey's
+_legati_ in Spain. He survived most of the men of the revolutionary
+era.]
+
+[Footnote 265: See Letter XXIV, p. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 266: _I.e._, in biting language. _Archilochum proprio rabies
+armavit iambo_ (Hor. _A. P._ 79).]
+
+[Footnote 267: The _Cosmographia_ of Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter
+XLVIII, p. 120.]
+
+
+
+
+XLVII (A II, 21)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Why should I write to you on the Republic in detail? It is utterly
+ruined; and is, so far, in a worse state than when you left it, that
+then a despotism seemed to be oppressing it which was popular with the
+multitude, and though offensive to the loyalists, yet short of actual
+mischief; but now all on a sudden they have become so universally hated,
+that I tremble to think what will be the end of it. For we have had
+experience of those men's resentment and violence, who have ruined
+everything in their anger against Cato; yet they were employing such
+slow poisons, that it seemed as though our end might be painless. Now,
+however, I fear they have been exasperated by the hisses of the crowd,
+the talk of the respectable classes, and the murmurs of Italy. For my
+part, I was in hopes, as I often used actually to say to you, that the
+wheel of the state chariot had made its revolution with scarcely any
+noise and leaving scarcely any visible rut; and it would have been so,
+if people could only have waited till the storm had blown over. But
+after sighing in secret for a long time they all began, first to groan,
+and at last to talk and shout. Accordingly, that friend of ours,
+unaccustomed to being unpopular, always used to an atmosphere of praise,
+and revelling in glory, now disfigured in body and broken in spirit,
+does not know which way to turn; sees that to go on is dangerous, to
+return a betrayal of vacillation; has the loyalists his enemies, the
+disloyal themselves not his friends. Yet see how soft-hearted I am. I
+could not refrain from tears when, on the 25th of July, I saw him making
+a speech on the edicts of Bibulus. The man who in old times had been
+used to bear himself in that place with the utmost confidence and
+dignity, surrounded by the warmest affection of the people, amidst
+universal favour--how humble, how cast down he was then! How ill-content
+with himself, to say nothing of how unpleasing to his audience! Oh,
+what a spectacle! No one could have liked it but Crassus--no one else in
+the world! Not I, for considering his headlong descent from the stars,
+he seemed to me to have lost his footing rather than to have been
+deliberately following a path; and, as Apelles, if he had seen his
+Venus, or Protogenes his Ialysus daubed with mud, would, I presume, have
+felt great sorrow, so neither could I behold without great sorrow a man,
+portrayed and embellished with all the colours of my art, suddenly
+disfigured. Although no one thought, in view of the Clodius business,
+that I was bound to be his friend, yet so great was my affection for
+him, that no amount of injury was capable of making it run dry. The
+result is that those Archilochian edicts of Bibulus against him are so
+popular, that one can't get past the place where they are put up for the
+crowd of readers, and so deeply annoying to himself that he is pining
+with vexation. To me, by Hercules, they are distressing, both because
+they give excessive pain to a man whom I have always loved, and because
+I fear lest one so impulsive and so quick to strike, and so unaccustomed
+to personal abuse, may, in his passionate resentment, obey the dictates
+of indignation and anger. I don't know what is to be the end of Bibulus.
+As things stand at present he is enjoying a wonderful reputation. For on
+his having postponed the _comitia_ to October, as that is a measure
+which is always against the popular feeling, Cæsar had imagined that the
+assembly could be induced by a speech of his to go to Bibulus's house;
+but after a long harangue full of seditious suggestions, he failed to
+extract a word from anyone. In short, they feel that they do not possess
+the cordial goodwill of any section: all the more must we fear some act
+of violence. Clodius is hostile to us. Pompey persists in asserting that
+he will do nothing against me. It is risky for me to believe that, and I
+am preparing myself to meet his attack. I hope to have the warmest
+feelings of all orders on my side. I have personally a longing for you,
+and circumstances also demand your presence at that time. I shall feel
+it a very great addition to my policy, to my courage, and, in a word, to
+my safety, if I see you in time. Varro does all I can expect. Pompey
+talks like an angel. I have hopes that I shall come off with flying
+colours, or at any rate without being molested. Be sure and tell me how
+you are, how you are amusing yourself, and what settlement you have come
+to with the Sicyonians.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII (A II, 22)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+How I wished you had stayed at Rome! I am sure you would have stayed if
+you had foreseen what was going to happen. For then we should have had
+no difficulty in keeping "Pulchellus" in order, or at least should have
+known what he was going to do. As things are, he darts about, talks like
+a madman, never sticks to anything: threatens now this one and now that:
+seems likely, in reality, to do whatever turns up. When he sees how
+unpopular the present state of things is, he seems to intend an attack
+upon the authors of it; but when he again recalls their power and
+armies, he transfers his hostility to the loyalists. Me personally he
+threatens at one time with violence, at another with impeachment. With
+him Pompey has remonstrated, and, as he tells me himself--for I have no
+other evidence--has urgently remonstrated, pointing out that he would
+himself lie under the extreme imputation of perfidy and unprincipled
+conduct, if any danger to me were created by the man whom he had himself
+armed by acquiescing in his becoming a plebeian: that both he and
+Appius[268] had pledged themselves in regard to me: if Clodius did not
+respect that, he should shew such annoyance that everyone would
+understand that he valued my friendship above everything. Having said
+this and much else to the same effect, he told me that the fellow at
+first argued against it at great length and for a long time, but
+eventually gave way and declared that he would do nothing against his
+wishes. Nevertheless, he has not ceased since then speaking of me with
+the greatest bitterness. But even if he had not done so, I should have
+felt no confidence in him, but should have been making every
+preparation, as in fact I am doing. As it is, I am so conducting myself
+that every day the affections of people towards me and the strength of
+my position are enhanced. I don't touch politics in any shape or way; I
+employ myself with the greatest assiduity in pleading causes and in my
+regular forensic business.[269] And this I feel is extremely gratifying,
+not only to those who enjoy my services, but also to the people
+generally. My house is crowded; I am met by processions; the memory of
+my consulship is renewed; men's feelings are clearly shewn: my hopes are
+so raised, that the struggle hanging over me seems at times one from
+which I need not shrink. Now is the time that I need your advice, your
+love and fidelity. Wherefore come post haste! Everything will be easy
+for me if I have you. I can carry on many negotiations through our
+friend Varro, which will be on firmer ground with you to back them up; a
+great deal can be elicited from Publius himself, and be brought to my
+knowledge, which cannot possibly be kept concealed from you; a great
+deal also--but it is absurd to enumerate particulars, when I want you
+for everything. I would like you to be convinced of this above all, that
+everything will be simplified for me if I see you: but it all turns on
+this coming to pass _before_ he enters on his office. I think that if
+you are here while Crassus is egging on Pompey--as you can get out of
+Clodius himself, by the agency of "Iuno,"[270] how far they are acting
+in good faith--we shall escape molestation, or at any rate not be left
+under a delusion. You don't stand in need of entreaties or urgency from
+me. You understand what my wish is, and what the hour and the importance
+of the business demand. As to politics, I can tell you nothing except
+that everybody entertains the greatest detestation for those who are
+masters of everything. There is, however, no hope of a change. But, as
+you easily understand, Pompey himself is discontented and extremely
+dissatisfied with himself. I don't see clearly what issue to expect: but
+certainly such a state of affairs seems likely to lead to an outbreak of
+some sort. Alexander's books[271]--a careless writer and a poor poet,
+and yet not without some useful information--I have sent back to you. I
+have had pleasure in admitting Numerius Numestius to my friendship, and
+I find him a man of character and good sense, worthy of your
+recommendation.
+
+[Footnote 268: Appius Claudius Pulcher, elder brother of P. Clodius.]
+
+[Footnote 269: The speeches known to us of this year are those for his
+colleague, C. Antonius, A. Thermus, and L. Flaccus. The two former are
+lost, but we know from his own account that he had not avoided touching
+on politics in the speech for Antonius, but had so offended Pompey and
+Cæsar that they at once carried out the adoption of Clodius (_de Domo_,
+§ 41).]
+
+[Footnote 270: Βοῶπις, _i.e._, Clodia. See Letters XXXV, XL. _Crasso
+urgente_ is difficult. Cicero must mean that while Crassus (whom he
+always regards as hostile to himself) is influencing Pompey, he cannot
+trust what Pompey says, and must look for real information elsewhere.]
+
+[Footnote 271: Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter XLVI, p. 115.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIX (A II, 23)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I don't think you have ever before read a letter of mine not written by
+my own hand. You will be able to gather from that how I am distracted
+with business. For as I had not a moment to spare and was obliged to
+take a walk in order to refresh my poor voice, I have dictated this
+while walking. The first thing, then, which I wish you to know is that
+our friend "Sampsiceramus" is exceedingly dissatisfied with his
+position, and desires to be restored to the place from which he has
+fallen; that he confides his annoyance to me, and is without disguise
+seeking for a remedy--which I don't think can be found. The second thing
+is that all on that side, whether promoters or mere hangers-on, are
+falling out of fashion, though no one opposes them: there never was a
+greater unanimity of feeling or talk everywhere. For myself (for I am
+sure you wish to know it) I take part in no political deliberations, and
+have devoted myself entirely to my forensic business and work. Thereby,
+as may easily be understood, I have frequent occasion to refer to my
+past achievements and to express my regret. But the brother of our
+"Iuno" is giving utterance to all kinds of alarming threats, and, while
+disclaiming them to "Sampsiceramus," makes an open avowal and parade of
+them to others. Wherefore, loving me as much as I know you do, if you
+are asleep, wake up; if you are standing, start walking; if you are
+walking, set off running; if you are running, take wings and fly. You
+can scarcely believe how much I confide in your advice and wisdom, and
+above all in your affection and fidelity. The importance of the
+interests involved perhaps demands a long disquisition, but the close
+union of our hearts is contented with brevity. It is of very great
+importance to me that, if you can't be at Rome at the elections, you
+should at least be here after his election is declared.[272] Take care
+of your health.
+
+[Footnote 272: _I.e._, between the time of his election and of his
+entering on his office. The tribunes entered on their office on the 10th
+of December; the elections usually took place in July, but were
+postponed till October this year by Bibulus. See Letter XLVI, p. 115.]
+
+
+
+
+L (A II, 24)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+In the letter which I delivered to Numestius I begged you to come back,
+in the most urgent and vehement terms it was possible to use. To the
+speed which I then enjoined even add something if you possibly can. And
+yet do not be agitated, for I know you well, and am not ignorant of "how
+love is all compact of thought and fear." But the matter, I hope, is
+going to be less formidable in the end than it was at its beginning.
+That fellow Vettius, our old informer, promised Cæsar, as far as I can
+make out, that he would secure young Curio being brought under some
+suspicion of guilt. Accordingly, he wormed his way into intimacy with
+the young man, and having, as is proved, often met him, at last went the
+length of telling him that he had resolved by the help of his slaves to
+make an attack upon Pompey and assassinate him. Curio reported this to
+his father, the latter to Pompey. The matter was reported to the senate.
+Vettius, on being brought in, at first denied that he had ever had any
+appointment with Curio. However, he did not long stick to that, but
+immediately claimed the protection of the state as giving information.
+There was a shout of "no" to this;[273] but he went on to state that
+there had been a confederacy of young men under the leadership of Curio,
+to which Paullus had at first belonged, and Q. Cæpio (I mean
+Brutus[274]) and Lentulus, son of the flamen, with the privity of his
+father: that afterwards C. Septimius, secretary to Bibulus, had brought
+him a dagger from Bibulus. That made the whole thing ridiculous, as
+though Vettius would have been at a loss for a dagger unless the consul
+had given him one; and it was all the more scouted because on the 5th of
+May Bibulus had told Pompey to be on his guard against plots; on which
+occasion Pompey had thanked him. Young Curio, being brought into the
+senate, spoke in answer to the allegations of Vettius; and on this
+particular occasion the strongest thing against Vettius was his having
+said that the plan of the young men was to attack Pompey in the forum,
+with the help of Gabinius's gladiators,[275] and that in this the
+ring-leader was Paullus, who was ascertained to have been in Macedonia
+at that time. A decree of the senate is passed that "Vettius, having
+confessed to having 'worn a dagger,'[276] should be cast into prison;
+that anyone releasing him would be guilty of treason to the state." The
+opinion generally held is that the whole affair had been arranged.
+Vettius was to be caught in the forum with a dagger, and his slaves also
+with weapons, and he was then to offer to lay an information; and this
+would have been carried out, had not the Curios given Pompey previous
+information. Presently the decree of the senate was read in public
+assembly. Next day, however, Cæsar--the man who formerly as prætor had
+bidden Q. Catulus[277] speak on the ground below--now brought Vettius on
+to the rostra, and placed him on an elevation to which Bibulus, though
+consul, was prevented from aspiring. Here that fellow said exactly what
+he chose about public affairs, and, having come there primed and
+instructed, first struck Cæpio's name out of his speech, though he had
+named him most emphatically in the senate, so that it was easy to see
+that a night and a nocturnal intercession[278] had intervened: next he
+named certain men on whom he had not cast even the slightest suspicion
+in the senate: L. Lucullus, by whom he said that C. Fannius was usually
+sent to him--the man who on a former occasion had backed a prosecution
+of Clodius; L. Domitius, whose house had been agreed on as the
+headquarters of the conspirators. Me he did not _name_, but he said that
+"an eloquent consular, who lived near the consul, had said to him that
+there was need of some Servilius Ahala or Brutus being found."[279] He
+added at the very end, on being recalled by Vatinius after the assembly
+had been dismissed, that he had been told by Curio that my son-in-law
+Piso was privy to these proceedings, as M. Laterensis also. At present
+Vettius is on trial for "violence" before Crassus Dives,[280] and when
+condemned he intends to claim the impunity of an informer; and if he
+obtains that, there seem likely to be some prosecutions. I don't despise
+the danger, for I never despise any danger, but neither do I much fear
+it. People indeed shew very great affection for me, but I am quite tired
+of life: such a scene of misery is it all. It was only the other day
+that we were fearing a massacre, which the speech of that gallant old
+man Q. Considius prevented:[281] now this one, which we might have
+feared any day, has suddenly turned up. In short, nothing can be more
+unfortunate than I, or more fortunate than Catulus, both in the
+splendour of his life and in the time of his death. However, in the
+midst of these miseries I keep my spirit erect and undismayed, and
+maintain my position in a most dignified manner and with great caution.
+Pompey bids me have no anxiety about Clodius, and shews the most cordial
+goodwill to me in everything he says. I desire to have you to suggest my
+policy, to be the partner in my anxieties, and to share my every
+thought. Therefore I have commissioned Numestius to urge you, and I now
+entreat you with the same or, if possible, greater earnestness, to
+literally fly to us. I shall breathe again when I once see you.
+
+[Footnote 273: _Reclamatum est._ The MSS. have _haud reclamatum est_,
+"it was not refused."]
+
+[Footnote 274: Marcus Iunius Brutus, the future assassin of Cæsar,
+adopted by his uncle, Q. Servilius Cæpio. The father of Lentulus was
+_flamen Martialis_ (L. Lentulus), _in Vat._ § 25. Paullus is L. Æmilius
+Paullus, consul B.C. 50.]
+
+[Footnote 275: _Cum gladiatoribus._ Others omit _cum_, in which case the
+meaning will be "at the gladiatorial shows of Gabinius." As some _date_
+is wanted, this is probably right.]
+
+[Footnote 276: Under the _lex de sicariis_ of Sulla carrying a weapon
+with felonious intent was a capital crime, for which a man was tried
+_inter sicarios_. See 2 _Phil._ §§ 8, 74.]
+
+[Footnote 277: Q. Lutatius Catulus, who died in the previous year, B.C.
+60, had been a keen opponent of Cæsar, who tried to deprive him of the
+honour of dedicating the restored Capitoline temple, and beat him in the
+election of Pontifex Maximus.]
+
+[Footnote 278: Servilia, mother of Brutus, was reported to be Cæsar's
+mistress. As Cicero is insinuating that the whole affair was got up by
+Cæsar to irritate Pompey with the _boni_, this allusion will be
+understood.]
+
+[Footnote 279: If Vettius did say this, he at any rate successfully
+imitated Cicero's manner. These names are always in his mouth. See 2
+_Phil._ §§ 26, 87; _pro Mil._. §§ 8, 82, etc. For a farther discussion
+of Vettius, see Appendix B.]
+
+[Footnote 280: Probably a prætor, not the triumvir.]
+
+[Footnote 281: Q. Considius Gallus, who, according to Plutarch (_Cæs._
+13), said in the senate that the attendance of senators was small
+because they feared a massacre. "What made you come, then?" said Cæsar.
+"My age," he replied; "I have little left to lose."]
+
+
+
+
+LI (A II, 25)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+When I have praised any one of your friends to you I should like you
+tell him that I have done so. For instance, you know I lately wrote to
+you about Varro's kindness to me, and that you wrote me back word that
+the circumstance gave you the greatest delight. But I should have
+preferred your writing to him and saying that he was doing all I could
+expect--not because he was, but in order that he might do so. For he is
+a man of astonishing whims, as you know, "tortuous and no
+wise----."[282] But I stick to the rule "Follies of those in power,"
+etc.[283] But, by Hercules, that other friend of yours, Hortalus--with
+what a liberal hand, with what candour, and in what ornate language has
+he praised me to the skies, when speaking of the prætorship of Flaccus
+and that incident of the Allobroges.[284] I assure you nothing could
+have been more affectionate, complimentary, or more lavishly expressed.
+I very much wish that you would write and tell him that I sent you word
+of it. Yet why write? I think you are on your way and are all but here.
+For I have urged you so strongly to come in my previous letters. I am
+expecting you with great impatience, longing for you very much; nor do I
+call for you more than circumstances themselves and the state of the
+times. Nothing can be more desperate than the position of politics,
+nothing more unpopular than the authors of it, I--as I think, hope, and
+imagine--am safe behind a rampart of goodwill of the strongest kind.
+Wherefore fly to me: you will either relieve me from all annoyance or
+will share it. My letter is all the shorter because, as I hope, I shall
+be able in a very short time to talk over what I want to say face to
+face. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 282:
+
+    ἑλικτὰ κο�δὲν ὑγιὲς ἀλλὰ πᾶν πέ�ιξ φ�ονοῦντες.
+
+Eur. _Androm._ 448.
+
+    "With tortuous thoughts, naught honest, winding all."
+]
+
+[Footnote 283:
+
+    τὰς τῶν κ�ατούντων ἀμαθίας φέ�ειν χ�εών.
+
+Eur. _Phœn._ 393.
+
+    "Follies of those in power we needs must bear."
+]
+
+[Footnote 284: L. Valerius Flaccus, as prætor in B.C. 63, had assisted
+Cicero in the Catiline conspiracy. He was now being tried for
+embezzlement in Asia, and was defended by the famous Q. Hortensius
+(Hortalus) and Cicero--the only extant speech of this year.]
+
+
+
+
+LII (Q FR I, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME, 26 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Statius arrived at my house on the 25th October. His arrival gave me
+uneasiness, because you said in your letter that you would be plundered
+by your household in his absence. However, I thought it a very happy
+circumstance that he anticipated the expectation of his arrival, and the
+company that would have assembled to meet him, if he had left the
+province with you, and had not appeared before. For people have
+exhausted their remarks, and many observations have been made and done
+with of the "Nay, but I looked for a mighty man"[285] kind, which I am
+glad to have all over before you come. But as for the motive for your
+sending him--that he might clear himself with me--that was not at all
+necessary. For, to begin with, I had never suspected him, nor in what I
+wrote to you about him was I expressing my own judgment; but since the
+interest and safety of all of us who take part in public business
+depends, not on truth alone, but on report also, I wrote you word of
+what people were saying, not what I thought myself. How prevalent and
+how formidable that talk was Statius ascertained himself on his arrival.
+For he was present when certain persons at my house gave vent to some
+complaints on that very subject, and had the opportunity of perceiving
+that the observations of the malevolent were being directed at himself
+especially. But it used to annoy me most when I was told that he had
+greater influence with you, than your sober time of life and the wisdom
+of a governor required. How many people, do you suppose, have solicited
+me to give them a letter of introduction to Statius? How often, do you
+suppose, has he himself, while talking without reserve to me, made such
+observations as, "I never approved of that," "I told him so," "I tried
+to persuade him," "I warned him not to"? And even if these things shew
+the highest fidelity, as I believe they do, since that is your judgment,
+yet the mere appearance of a freedman or slave enjoying such influence
+cannot but lower your dignity: and the long and short of it is--for I am
+in duty bound not to say anything without good grounds, nor to keep back
+anything from motives of policy--that Statius has supplied all the
+material for the gossip of those who wished to decry you; that formerly
+all that could be made out was that certain persons were angry at your
+strictness; but that after his manumission the angry had something to
+talk about.
+
+Now I will answer the letters delivered to me by L. Cæsius, whom, as I
+see you wish it, I will serve in every way I can. One of them is about
+Zeuxis of Blaundus, whom you say was warmly recommended to you by me
+though a most notorious matricide. In this matter, and on this subject
+generally, please listen to a short statement, lest you should by chance
+be surprised at my having become so conciliatory towards Greeks. Seeing,
+as I did, that the complaints of Greeks, because they have a genius for
+deceit, were allowed an excessive weight, whenever I was told of any of
+them making complaint of you, I appeased them by every means in my
+power. First, I pacified the Dionysopolitans, who were very bitter:
+whose chief man, Hermippus, I secured not only by my conversation, but
+by treating him as a friend. I did the same to Hephæstus of Apameia; the
+same to that most untrustworthy fellow, Megaristus of Antandrus; the
+same to Nicias of Smyrna; I also embraced with all the courtesy I
+possessed the most trumpery of men, even Nymphôn of Colophôn. And all
+this I did from no liking for these particular people, or the nation as
+a whole: I was heartily sick of their fickleness and obsequiousness, of
+feelings that are not affected by our kindness, but by our position.
+
+But to return to Zeuxis. When he was telling me the same story as you
+mention in your letter about what M. Cascellius had said to him in
+conversation, I stopped him from farther talk, and admitted him to my
+society. I cannot, however, understand your virulence when you say that,
+having sewn up in the parricide's-sack two Mysians at Smyrna, you
+desired to display a similar example of your severity in the upper part
+of your province, and that, therefore, you had wished to inveigle Zeuxis
+into your hands by every possible means. For if he had been brought into
+court, he ought perhaps not to have been allowed to escape: but there
+was no necessity for his being hunted out and inveigled by soft words to
+stand a trial, as you say in your letter--especially as he is one whom I
+learn daily, both from his fellow citizens and from many others, to be a
+man of higher character than you would expect from such an obscure town
+as his.[286] But, you will say, it is only Greeks to whom I am
+indulgent. What! did not I do everything to appease L. Cæcilius? What a
+man! how irritable! how violent! In fact, who is there except
+Tuscenius,[287] whose case admitted of no cure, have I not softened? See
+again, I have now on my hands a shifty, mean fellow, though of
+equestrian rank, called Catienus: even he is going to be smoothed down.
+I don't blame you for having been somewhat harsh to his father, for I am
+quite sure you have acted with good reason: but what need was there of a
+letter of the sort which you sent to the man himself? "That the man was
+rearing the cross for himself from which you had already pulled him off
+once; that you would take care to have him smoked to death, and would be
+applauded by the whole province for it." Again, to a man named C.
+Fabius--for that letter also T. Catienus is handing round--"that you
+were told that the kidnapper Licinius, with his young kite of a son, was
+collecting taxes." And then you go on to ask Fabius to burn both father
+and son alive if he can; if not, to send them to you, that they may be
+burnt to death by legal sentence. That letter sent by you in jest to C.
+Fabius, if it really is from you, exhibits to ordinary readers a
+violence of language very injurious to you. Now, if you will refer to
+the exhortations in all my letters, you will perceive that I have never
+found fault with you for anything except harshness and sharpness of
+temper, and occasionally, though rarely, for want of caution in the
+letters you write. In which particulars, indeed, if my influence had had
+greater weight with you than a somewhat excessive quickness of
+disposition, or a certain enjoyment in indulging temper, or a faculty
+for epigram and a sense of humour, we should certainly have had no cause
+for dissatisfaction. And don't you suppose that I feel no common
+vexation when I am told how Vergilius is esteemed, and your neighbour
+C. Octavius?[288] For if you only excel your neighbours farther up
+country, in Cilicia and Syria, that is a pretty thing to boast of! And
+that is just the sting of the matter, that though the men I have named
+are not more blameless than yourself, they yet outdo you in the art of
+winning favour, though they know nothing of Xenophon's Cyrus or
+Agesilaus; from which kings, in the exercise of their great office, no
+one ever heard an irritable word. But in giving you this advice, as I
+have from the first, I am well aware how much good I have done.[289]
+
+Now, however, as you are about to quit your province, pray do leave
+behind you--as I think you are now doing--as pleasant a memory as
+possible. You have a successor of very mild manners; in other respects,
+on his arrival, you will be much missed. In sending letters of
+requisition, as I have often told you, you have allowed yourself to be
+too easily persuaded. Destroy, if you can, all such as are inequitable,
+or contrary to usage, or contradictory to others. Statius told me that
+they were usually put before you ready written, read by himself, and
+that, if they were inequitable, he informed you of the fact: but that
+before he entered your service there had been no sifting of letters;
+that the result was that there were volumes containing a selection of
+letters, which were usually adversely criticised.[290] On this subject I
+am not going to give you any advice at this time of day, for it is too
+late; and you cannot but be aware that I have often warned you in
+various ways and with precision. But I have, on a hint from Theopompus,
+intrusted him with this message to you: do see by means of persons
+attached to you, which you will find no difficulty in doing, that the
+following classes of letters are destroyed--first, those that are
+inequitable; next, those that are contradictory; then those expressed in
+an eccentric or unusual manner; and lastly, those that contain
+reflexions on anyone. I don't believe all I hear about these matters,
+and if, in the multiplicity of your engagements, you have let certain
+things escape you, now is the time to look into them and weed them out.
+I have read a letter said to have been written by your nomenclator Sulla
+himself, which I cannot approve: I have read some written in an angry
+spirit. But the subject of letters comes in pat: for while this sheet of
+paper was actually in my hands, L. Flavius, prætor-designate and a very
+intimate friend, came to see me. He told me that you had sent a letter
+to his agents, which seemed to me most inequitable, prohibiting them
+from taking anything from the estate of the late L. Octavius Naso, whose
+heir L. Flavius is, until they had paid a sum of money to C. Fundanius;
+and that you had sent a similar letter to the Apollonidenses, not to
+allow any payment on account of the estate of the late Octavius till the
+debt to Fundanius had been discharged. It seems to me hardly likely that
+you have done this; for it is quite unlike your usual good sense. The
+heir not to take anything? What if he disowns the debt? What if he
+doesn't owe it at all? Moreover, is the prætor wont to decide whether a
+debt is due?[291] Don't I, again, wish well to Fundanius? Am I not his
+friend? Am I not touched with compassion? No one more so: but in certain
+matters the course of law is so clear as to leave no place for personal
+feeling. And Flavius told me that expressions were used in the letter,
+which he said was yours, to the effect that you would "either thank them
+as friends, or make yourself disagreeable to them as enemies." In short,
+he was much annoyed, complained of it to me in strong terms, and begged
+me to write to you as seriously as I could. This I am doing, and I do
+strongly urge you again and again to withdraw your injunction to
+Flavius's agents about taking money from the estate, and not to lay any
+farther injunction on the Apollonidenses contrary to the rights of
+Flavius. Pray do everything you can for the sake of Flavius and, indeed,
+of Pompey also. I would not, upon my honour, have you think me liberal
+to him at the expense of any inequitable decision on your part: but I do
+entreat you to leave behind you some authority, and some memorandum of a
+decree or of a letter under your hand, so framed as to support the
+interests and cause of Flavius. For the man, who is at once very
+attentive to me, and tenacious of his own rights and dignity, is feeling
+extremely hurt that he has not prevailed with you either on the grounds
+of personal friendship or of legal right; and, to the best of my belief,
+both Pompey and Cæsar have, at one time or another, commended the
+interests of Flavius to you, and Flavius has written to you personally,
+and certainly I have. Wherefore, if there is anything which you think
+you ought to do at my request, let it be this. If you love me, take
+every care, take every trouble, and insure Flavius's cordial thanks both
+to yourself and myself. I cannot use greater earnestness in making any
+request than I use in this.
+
+As to what you say about Hermias, it has been in truth a cause of much
+vexation to me. I wrote you a letter in a rather unbrotherly spirit,
+which I dashed off in a fit of anger and now wish to recall, having been
+irritated by what Lucullus's freedman told me, immediately after hearing
+of the bargain. For this letter, which was not expressed in a brotherly
+way, you ought to have brotherly feeling enough to make allowance. As to
+Censorinus, Antonius, the Cassii, Scævola--I am delighted to hear from
+you that you possess their friendship. The other contents of that same
+letter of yours were expressed more strongly than I could have wished,
+such as your "with my ship at least well trimmed"[292] and your "die
+once for all."[293] You will find those expressions to be unnecessarily
+strong. My scoldings have always been very full of affection. They
+mention certain things for complaint,[294] but these are not important,
+or rather, are quite insignificant. For my part, I should never have
+thought you deserving of the least blame in any respect, considering the
+extreme purity of your conduct, had it not been that our enemies are
+numerous. Whatever I have written to you in a tone of remonstrance or
+reproach I have written from a vigilant caution, which I maintain, and
+shall maintain; and I shall not cease imploring you to do the same.
+Attalus of Hypæpa has begged me to intercede with you that you should
+not prevent his getting the money paid which has been decreed for a
+statue of Q. Publicius. In which matter I both ask as a favour and urge
+as a duty, that you should not consent to allow the honour of a man of
+his character, and so close a friend of mine, to be lowered or hindered
+by your means. Farthermore, Licinius, who is known to you, a slave of my
+friend Æsopus, has run away. He has been at Athens, living in the house
+of Patron the Epicurean as a free man. Thence he has made his way to
+Asia. Afterwards a certain Plato of Sardis, who is often at Athens, and
+happened to be at Athens at the time that Licinius arrived there, having
+subsequently learnt by a letter from Æsopus that he was an escaped
+slave, arrested the fellow, and put him into confinement at Ephesus; but
+whether into the public prison, or into a slave mill, we could not
+clearly make out from his letter. But since he is at Ephesus, I should
+be obliged if you would trace him in any manner open to you, and with
+all care either [send him] or bring him home with you. Don't take into
+consideration the fellow's value: such a good-for-nothing is worth very
+little; but Æsopus is so much vexed at his slave's bad conduct and
+audacity, that you can do him no greater favour than by being the means
+of his recovering him.
+
+Now for the news that you chiefly desire. We have so completely lost the
+constitution that Cato,[295] a young man of no sense, but yet a Roman
+citizen and a Cato, scarcely got off with his life because, having
+determined to prosecute Gabinius for bribery, when the prætors could not
+be approached for several days, and refused to admit anyone to their
+presence, he mounted the rostra in public meeting and called Pompey an
+"unofficial dictator." No one ever had a narrower escape of being
+killed. From this you may see the state of the whole Republic. People,
+however, shew no inclination to desert my cause. They make wonderful
+professions, offers of service, and promises: and, indeed, I have the
+highest hopes and even greater spirit--so that I hope to get the better
+in the struggle, and feel confident in my mind that, in the present
+state of the Republic, I need not fear even an accident. However, the
+matter stands thus: if Clodius gives notice of an action against me, the
+whole of Italy will rush to my support, so that I shall come off with
+many times greater glory than before; but if he attempts the use of
+violence, I hope, by the zeal not only of friends but also of opponents,
+to be able to meet force with force. All promise me the aid of
+themselves, their friends, clients, freedmen, slaves, and, finally, of
+their money. Our old regiment of loyalists is warm in its zeal and
+attachment to me. If there were any who had formerly been comparatively
+hostile or lukewarm, they are now uniting themselves with the loyalists
+from hatred to these despots. Pompey makes every sort of promise, and so
+does Cæsar: but my confidence in them is not enough to induce me to drop
+any of my preparations. The tribunes-designate are friendly to us. The
+consuls-designate make excellent professions. Some of the new prætors
+are very friendly and very brave citizens--Domitius, Nigidius, Memmius,
+Lentulus[296]--the others are loyalists also, but these are eminently
+so. Wherefore keep a good heart and high hopes. However, I will keep you
+constantly informed on particular events as they occur from day to day.
+
+[Footnote 285: ἀλλ' αἰεί τινα φῶτα μέγαν καὶ καλὸν �δέγμην, "but I ever
+expected some big and handsome man" (Hom. _Odyss._ ix. 513). Statius had
+been manumitted by Quintus Cicero, and there had been much talk about
+it, as we have already heard. See XLIV, p. 109, and XLV, p. 111.]
+
+[Footnote 286: Reading _quam pro civitate sua_ for _prope quam civitatem
+suam_. I think _prope_ and _pro_ (_pr_) might easily have been mistaken
+for each other, and if the order of _quam_ and _pro_ (mistaken for
+_prope_) were once changed, the case of _civitate_ would follow. Prof.
+Tyrrell, who writes the town _Blandus_, would read _molliorem_ for
+_nobiliorem_, and imagines a pun on the meaning of _Blandus_. But the
+name of the town seems certainly _Blaundus_, Βλαῦνδος, or Μλαῦνδος
+(Stephanus, Βλαῦδος); see Head, _Hist. Num._ p. 559: and Cicero, though
+generally punning on names, would hardly do so here, where he is making
+a grave excuse.]
+
+[Footnote 287: Whom he called (Letter XXIX) "a madman and a knave."]
+
+[Footnote 288: C. Vergilius Balbus, proprætor in Sicily (_pro Planc._ §
+95; Letter XXIX). C. Octavius (father of Augustus), in Macedonia (see p.
+78). L. Marcius Philippus was proprætor of Syria B.C. 61-59. The
+governor of Cilicia in the same period is not known; probably some one
+left in charge by Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 289: I have endeavoured to leave the English as ambiguous as
+the Latin. Cicero may mean that he has done some good, for at the end of
+Letter XXIX he says that Quintus has improved in these points, and had
+been better in his second than in his first year. On the other hand, the
+context here seems rather to point to the meaning "how _little_ good I
+have done!"--impatiently dismissing the subject of temper.]
+
+[Footnote 290: These "requisitionary letters" were granted by a
+provincial governor to certain persons requiring supplies, payment of
+debts, or legal decisions in their favour in the provinces, or other
+privileges, and, if carelessly granted, were open to much abuse. Cicero,
+in his own government of Cilicia, boasted that he had signed none such
+in six months. The ill-wishers of Quintus had apparently got hold of a
+number of these letters signed by him (having been first written out by
+the suitors themselves and scarcely glanced at by him), and a selection
+of them published to prove his injustice or carelessness.]
+
+[Footnote 291: The governor of a province would stand in such a matter
+in the place of the prætor in Rome, _i.e._, he would decide on questions
+of law, not of fact, as, whether a debt was due or not. However, Quintus
+perhaps only erred in the form of his injunction. He might forbid the
+deceased's estate being touched till the question of Fundanius's debt
+was decided; but in his letter he assumed (as he had no right to do)
+that the claim was good. Substantially it seems to me that Quintus was
+right, and certainly in his appeal to him Cicero does not follow his own
+injunction to disregard personal feelings.]
+
+[Footnote 292: ὀ�θὰν τὰν ναῦν. Quintus had written, it seems, defiantly
+about the slanders afloat against him, and had quoted two Greek
+proverbial sayings. The first is found in Stobæus, 108 (extract from
+Teles): "It was a fine saying of the pilot, 'At least, Poseidon, a ship
+well trimmed,'" _i.e._, if you sink my ship, she shall at least go down
+with honour. Quintus means, "Whatever my enemies may do afterwards, I
+will keep my province in a sound state as long as I am here."]
+
+[Footnote 293: ἅπαξ θανεῖν, perhaps "Better to die once for all than
+give in to every unjust demand." The editors quote Æschylus, _Pr. V._
+769:
+
+            κ�εῖσσον γὰ� εἰσάπαξ θανεῖν
+    ἢ θὰς �πάσας ἡμέ�ας πάσχειν κακῶς.
+
+But I don't feel sure that this is the passage alluded to.]
+
+[Footnote 294: Reading _queruntur_ for _quæ sunt_.]
+
+[Footnote 295: Gaius Cato, tribune B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 296: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who as prætor threatened Cæsar
+with impeachment, and as consul (B.C. 54) tried to get him recalled. He
+was, in 50-49, appointed Cæsar's successor in Gaul, defended Marseilles
+against him, and eventually fell in the battle of Pharsalia. P. Nigidius
+Figulus supported Cicero during the Catiline conspiracy. Gaius Memmius,
+ædile B.C. 60 (see p. 51). Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. L.
+Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul B.C. 49, accused Clodius in B.C. 61,
+murdered in Africa after Pompey, B.C. 48.]
+
+
+
+
+LIII (F XIII, 42)
+
+TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)
+
+ROME[297]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+My friend L. Lucceius,[298] the most delightful fellow in the world, has
+expressed in my presence amazingly warm thanks to you, saying that you
+have given most complete and liberal promises to his agents. Since your
+words have roused such gratitude in him, you may imagine how grateful he
+will be for the thing itself, when, as I hope, you will have performed
+your promise. In any case the people of Bullis have shewn that they
+intend to do Lucceius right according to the award of Pompey. But we
+have very great need of the additional support of your wishes,
+influence, and prætorian authority. That you should give us these I beg
+you again and again. And this will be particularly gratifying to me,
+because Lucceius's agents know, and Lucceius himself gathered from your
+letter to him, that no one's influence has greater weight with you than
+mine. I ask you once more, and reiterate my request, that he may find
+that to be the case by practical experience.
+
+[Footnote 297: There is no direct means of dating these letters, as we
+have no other information as to the proconsulship of Culleolus.
+Illyricum was not always a separate government, but was sometimes under
+the governor of Macedonia, sometimes under the governor of Gaul. The
+indications of date are (1) Pompey is at home and often seen by Cicero,
+therefore it is not between the spring of B.C. 67 and the end of 62; (2)
+it is not later than March, B.C. 58, because from that time for ten
+years Cæsar was governor of Illyricum, and before he ceased to be so
+Pompey had left Italy, never to return. Even if Culleolus was not
+governor of Illyricum, but of Macedonia, the same argument holds good,
+for C. Antonius was in Macedonia B.C. 63-60, and Octavius from B.C. 60
+to March, B.C. 59. That is, Culleolus could not have been in Macedonia
+while Pompey was in Italy till after March, B.C. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 298: L. Lucceius, whom we have heard of before as a candidate
+for the consulship with Cæsar, and whom we shall hear of again as the
+author of a history of the social and civil wars (Sulla and Marius), and
+as being asked to write on Cicero's consulship. He was a close friend of
+Pompey, and took his side in B.C. 49 (Cæs. _B. C._ iii. 18). The people
+of Bullis owed Lucceius money, and Cicero asks for "mandatory letters"
+from Culleolus to get it.]
+
+
+
+
+LIV (F XIII, 41)
+
+TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+In what you have done for the sake of L. Lucceius, I wish you to be
+fully aware that you have obliged a man who will be exceedingly
+grateful; and that, while this is very much the case with Lucceius
+himself, so also Pompey as often as he sees me--and he sees me very
+often--thanks you in no common terms. I add also, what I know will be
+exceedingly gratifying to you, that I am myself immensely delighted with
+your kindness to Lucceius. For the rest, though I have no doubt that as
+you acted before for my sake, so now, for the sake of your own
+consistency, you will abide by your liberal intentions, yet I reiterate
+my request to you with all earnestness, that what you first gave us
+reason to hope, and then actually carried out, you would be so good as
+to see extended and brought to a final completion by your means. I
+assure you, and I pledge my credit to it, that such a course will be
+exceedingly gratifying to both Lucceius and Pompey, and that you will be
+making a most excellent investment with them. About politics, and about
+the business going on here, and what we are all thinking about, I wrote
+to you in full detail a few days ago, and delivered the letter to your
+servants. Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS IN EXILE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58. Coss., L. Piso, A. Gabinius.]
+
+     We have no record in Cicero's correspondence of the final measures
+     taken by Clodius against him. We find him when the correspondence
+     for this year opens on his way to exile: all his boasts of staying
+     and fighting have been thrown to the winds. Clodius, indeed, had
+     not simply done what Cicero expected at the worst--impeached him.
+     He had gone more systematically to work. Among other measures
+     calculated to win popularity, he proposed a modification of the
+     _lex Ælia Fufia_, declaring it illegal for a magistrate to stop
+     legislative _comitia_ by "watching the sky." Thus freed from one
+     hindrance, he next proposed and carried a law for the prosecution
+     of any magistrate who had put a citizen to death without trial
+     (_qui indemnatos cives necavisset_). Cicero at once recognized his
+     danger: if the people voted this law, a jury could scarcely fail to
+     condemn. The triumvirs would do nothing. Pompey, after all his
+     promises, avoided seeing Cicero as much as possible: Cæsar offered
+     him a _legatio_ again; and though he spoke against giving the law a
+     retrospective effect, he could not consistently object to the law
+     itself, and shewed no sign of desiring to shelter Cicero, except on
+     his consenting to leave Rome. Cicero then adopted the course which
+     was open to all citizens threatened with a prosecution--that of
+     going away from Rome--and started apparently with the view of going
+     to Malta. Whether it was wise or not, Cicero afterwards lamented
+     having taken this course, and thought that he had better have
+     braved the danger and stood his trial. It at any rate facilitated
+     the next move of Clodius, who proposed and carried a bill
+     forbidding Cicero "fire and water" within 500 (afterwards reduced
+     to 400) miles of Italy, and confiscating his property. Accordingly,
+     Cicero had to go much farther than he had intended. He crossed from
+     Brundisium to Dyrrachium, and proceeded along the _via Egnatia_ to
+     its terminus at Thessalonica, where he spent the autumn, B.C. 58.
+     In November, B.C. 58, he returned to Dyrrachium, ready for the
+     recall which he heard was imminent. Meanwhile his town house was
+     destroyed, its site made a _templum_, and a statue of Liberty set
+     up in it, and his villas at Tusculum and Antium dismantled. The
+     dangers of his position are not exaggerated in his letters, and may
+     account for much of their melancholy tone. He had lost the
+     protection of the laws, and any one of his many enemies meeting him
+     might have killed him with practical impunity. He seems to have
+     left Rome in April.
+
+
+
+
+LV (A III, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+VIBO, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I hope I may see the day when I shall thank you for having compelled me
+to remain alive! At present I thoroughly repent it. But I beg you to
+come and see me at Vibo at once, to which town I have for several
+reasons directed my journey.[299] But if you will only come there, I
+shall be able to consult you about my entire journey and exile. If you
+don't do so, I shall be surprised, but I feel sure you will.
+
+[Footnote 299: Mod. _Monte Leone_, on the road to Rhegium, from which at
+this time Cicero meant to cross to Sicily, and thence to Malta.]
+
+
+
+
+LVI (A III, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+NARES LUCANÆ,[300] APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+The reason for having come this journey is that there was no place where
+I could be independent except on Sica's estate,[301] especially till the
+bill is emended,[302] and at the same time because I find that from this
+spot I can reach Brundisium, if you were only with me, but without you I
+cannot stay in those parts owing to Autronius.[303] At present, as I
+said in my previous letter, if you will come to me, we shall be able to
+form a plan for the whole business. I know the journey is troublesome,
+but the whole calamity is full of troubles. I cannot write more, I am so
+heart-broken and dejected. Take care of your health.
+
+From Nares Lucanæ, 8 April.
+
+[Footnote 300: Nares Lucanæ (_Monte Nero_), near the River Silarus, and
+on the _via Popilia_ (south-western branch of the _Appia_). Cicero has
+therefore come north again from Vibo, having given up the idea of
+Rhegium and Sicily, and making for Beneventum, and so by the _via Appia_
+for Brundisium.]
+
+[Footnote 301: A friend of Cicero's, of whose death at Brundisium we
+afterwards hear (_Fam._ xiv. 4, § 6).]
+
+[Footnote 302: The bill originally named 500 miles as the distance from
+Italy. Before passing it had to be put up in public three weeks
+(_trinundinæ_), and meanwhile might be amended, and was amended to 400.]
+
+[Footnote 303: P. Autronius Pætus, one of Catiline's confederates, who
+would injure Cicero if he could. Cicero would not be able to reach
+Epirus without coming within his reach; for he had been condemned for
+_ambitus_, and was in exile there or in Achaia. _Illas partes_=Epirus.]
+
+
+
+
+LVII (A III, 4)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+NEAR VIBO, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I hope you will attribute my sudden departure from Vibo, whither I had
+asked you come, to my unhappiness rather than to fickleness. A copy of
+the bill for my ruin was brought to me, in which the correction of which
+I had been told was to the effect that I might legally remain anywhere
+beyond 400 miles. Since I was not allowed to go yonder,[304] I set out
+towards Brundisium before the day for carrying the bill had come, both
+to prevent Sica, in whose house I was staying, from being ruined,[305]
+and because I was prevented from residing at Malta. So now make haste to
+catch me up, if only I shall find any welcome there.[306] At present I
+receive kind invitations. But about the rest of my journey I am nervous.
+Truly, my dear Pomponius, I am very sorry I consented to live: in which
+matter you exercised the chief influence with me. But of these things
+when we meet. Only be sure and come.
+
+[Footnote 304: To Malta. The proprætor of Sicily, C. Vergilius, opposed
+his going to Malta, which was in the province of Sicily, though it had a
+_primus_ of its own (_Planc._ 40; Plut. _Cic._ 32).]
+
+[Footnote 305: Because of entertaining the condemned man, a special
+proviso in this law (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 306: In Epirus, believing that Atticus will understand that
+his going to Brundisium means that he will go to Epirus: and as Atticus
+lives there, he naturally asks him to come to meet him. Epirus was, for
+certain purposes at least, in the province of Macedonia, and it depended
+on the governor, L. Appuleius Saturninus, what reception he would meet.
+His friend Plancius was quæstor.]
+
+
+
+
+LVIII (A III, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FROM THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THURIUM, ON THE WAY TO BRUNDISIUM, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I always thought that it was of great importance to me that you should
+be with me: but when I read the bill, then, indeed, I understood that
+there could be nothing more desirable for me than that you should
+overtake me as soon as possible, in order that, if after quitting Italy
+I should have to travel through Epirus, I might avail myself of your
+protection and that of your friends; or, if I had to adopt any other
+plan, I might come to some definite resolution in accordance with your
+opinion. Wherefore I beg you to do your best to overtake me promptly,
+which will be easier for you to do since the law about the province of
+Macedonia has now been passed.[307] I would urge you at greater length
+were it not that with you facts speak for me.
+
+[Footnote 307: One of Clodius's concessions to the consuls, to keep them
+quiet, was to get Macedonia assigned by a _lex_ to L. Calpurnius Piso.
+As Atticus lived in what was practically part of the province, and had
+much business there, it was important to him to be on the spot, and try
+to influence the choice of a governor. That being over, he would not
+have so much to detain him in Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LIX (A III, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THURIUM, 10 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Terentia thanks you frequently and very warmly. That is a great comfort
+to me. I am the most miserable man alive, and am being worn out with the
+most poignant sorrow. I don't know what to write to you. For if you are
+at Rome, it is now too late for you to reach me; but if you are on the
+road, we shall discuss together all that needs to be discussed when you
+have overtaken me. All I ask you is to retain the same affection for me,
+since it was always myself you loved. For I am the same man: my enemies
+have taken what was mine, they have not taken myself. Take care of your
+health.
+
+From Thurium, 10 April.
+
+
+
+
+LX (A III, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ON THE WAY TO TARENTUM, 18 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I had felt certain of seeing you at Tarentum or Brundisium, and that was
+of importance to me in many respects: among others, as to my being able
+to stay in Epirus and consult you about the future. My disappointment in
+this is only another item in the long list of my misfortunes.[308] I
+mean to go to Asia, to Cyzicus for choice. I commend my family to you. I
+am very wretched and can scarcely support my life.
+
+From near Tarentum, 17 April.
+
+[Footnote 308: We suppose that Cicero has heard from Atticus that he is
+not going to be at Tarentum or Brundisium, for he writes before arriving
+at either.]
+
+
+
+
+LXI (F XIV, 4)
+
+TO TERENTIA, TULLIOLA, AND YOUNG CICERO (AT ROME)
+
+BRUNDISIUM, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Yes, I do write to you less often than I might, because, though I am
+always wretched, yet when I write to you or read a letter from you, I am
+in such floods of tears that I cannot endure it. Oh, that I had clung
+less to life! I should at least never have known real sorrow, or not
+much of it, in my life. Yet if fortune has reserved for me _any_ hope of
+recovering at any time any position again, I was not utterly wrong to do
+so: if these miseries are to be permanent, I only wish, my dear, to see
+you as soon as possible and to die in your arms, since neither gods,
+whom you have worshipped with such pure devotion, nor men, whom I have
+ever served, have made us any return. I have been thirteen days at
+Brundisium in the house of M. Lænius Flaccus, a very excellent man, who
+has despised the risk to his fortunes and civil existence in comparison
+to keeping me safe, nor has been induced by the penalty of a most
+iniquitous law to refuse me the rights and good offices of hospitality
+and friendship. May I some time have the opportunity of repaying him!
+Feel gratitude I always shall. I set out from Brundisium on the 29th of
+April,[309] and intend going through Macedonia to Cyzicus. What a fall!
+What a disaster! What can I say? Should I ask you to come--a woman of
+weak health and broken spirit? Should I refrain from asking you? Am I to
+be without you, then? I think the best course is this: if there is any
+hope of my restoration, stay to promote it and push the thing on: but
+if, as I fear, it proves hopeless, pray come to me by any means in your
+power. Be sure of this, that if I have you I shall not think myself
+wholly lost. But what is to become of my darling Tullia? You must see to
+that now: I can think of nothing. But certainly, however things turn
+out, we must do everything to promote that poor little girl's married
+happiness and reputation. Again, what is my boy Cicero to do? Let him,
+at any rate, be ever in my bosom and in my arms.[310] I can't write
+more. A fit of weeping hinders me. I don't know how you have got on;
+whether you are left in possession of anything, or have been, as I fear,
+entirely plundered. Piso, as you say, I hope will always be our friend.
+As to the manumission of the slaves you need not be uneasy. To begin
+with, the promise made to yours was that you would treat them according
+as each severally deserved. So far Orpheus has behaved well, besides him
+no one very markedly so. With the rest of the slaves the arrangement is
+that, if my property is forfeited, they should become my freedmen,
+supposing them to be able to maintain at law that status.[311] But if my
+property remained in my ownership, they were to continue slaves, with
+the exception of a very few. But these are trifles. To return to your
+advice, that I should keep up my courage and not give up hope of
+recovering my position, I only wish that there were any good grounds for
+entertaining such a hope. As it is, when, alas! shall I get a letter
+from you? Who will bring it me? I would have waited for it at
+Brundisium, but the sailors would not allow it, being unwilling to lose
+a favourable wind. For the rest, put as dignified a face on the matter
+as you can, my dear Terentia. Our life is over: we have had our day: it
+is not any fault of ours that has ruined us, but our virtue. I have made
+no false step, except in not losing my life when I lost my honours. But
+since our children preferred my living, let us bear everything else,
+however intolerable. And yet I, who encourage you, cannot encourage
+myself. I have sent that faithful fellow Clodius Philhetærus home,
+because he was hampered with weakness of the eyes. Sallustius seems
+likely to outdo everybody in his attentions. Pescennius is exceedingly
+kind to me; and I have hopes that he will always be attentive to you.
+Sica had said that he would accompany me; but he has left Brundisium.
+Take the greatest possible care of your health, and believe me that I am
+more affected by your distress than my own. My dear Terentia, most
+faithful and best of wives, and my darling little daughter, and that
+last hope of my race, Cicero, good-bye!
+
+29 April, from Brundisium.
+
+[Footnote 309: Reading _prid. Kal._ instead of _a. d. II. Kal._, which
+Tyrrell calls _audacius_ in Schutz. But absolute nonsense is not to be
+kept even for a MS.
+
+(1) Cicero says that he has been thirteen days at Brundisium. In the
+next letter he tells Atticus he arrived on the 17th. That, in the Roman
+way of counting, brings it to _prid._ (29th).
+
+(2) Either the date at the end of the letter is wrong, or _prid._ must
+be used here
+
+(3) There is no such date properly as _a. d. II. Kal._ The day before
+_prid._ is _a. d. III_.
+
+In regard to dates we must remember that Cicero is using the præ-Julian
+calendar, in which all months, except February, March, May, July, and
+October, had twenty-nine days. These last four had thirty-one and
+February twenty-eight.]
+
+[Footnote 310: Cicero does not mean that young Marcus is to come to him
+at once, but that, when Tullia's marriage portion is settled, Terentia
+is to bring him with her if she comes. Really he didn't mean any of them
+to come, at any rate for a long while. Piso is Tullia's husband.]
+
+[Footnote 311: If Cicero's property was confiscated, it might be held
+that the slaves went with it, and would be sold with it, and that his
+manumission of them was an evasion, which could not hold good at law. If
+his property was not confiscated, they were to remain in their status as
+slaves. See Letter CXCII.]
+
+
+
+
+LXII (A III, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+BRUNDISIUM, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I arrived at Brundisium on the 17th of April. On that day your slaves
+delivered me your letter, and some other slaves, on the next day but
+one, brought me another. As to your invitation and advice to stay at
+your house in Epirus, your kindness is most gratifying, and far from
+being a novelty. It is a plan that would have exactly suited my wishes,
+if I might have spent all my time there: for I loathe a crowd of
+visitors, I can scarcely bear the light, and that solitude, especially
+in a spot so familiar, would have been the reverse of disagreeable. But
+to put up there as a mere stage in my journey! In the first place it is
+far out of my way, and in the next it is only four days from Autronius
+and the rest, and in the third place you are not there. Had I been going
+to reside permanently, a fortified castle would have been an advantage,
+but to one only passing through it is unnecessary. Why, if I had not
+been afraid, I should have made for Athens[312]--there were
+circumstances that made me much wish to go--but as it is, I have enemies
+in the neighbourhood, you are not there, and I fear they[313] might hold
+even that town not to be the legal distance from Italy, nor do you
+mention by what day I am to expect you. As to your urging me to remain
+alive, you carry one point--that I should not lay violent hands upon
+myself: the other you cannot bring to pass--that I should not regret my
+policy and my continuance in life. For what is there to attach me to it,
+especially if the hope which accompanied me on my departure is
+non-existent? I will not attempt to enumerate all the miseries into
+which I have fallen through the extreme injustice and unprincipled
+conduct, not so much of my enemies, as of those who were jealous of me,
+because I do not wish to stir up a fresh burst of grief in myself, or
+invite you to share the same sorrow. I say this deliberately--that no
+one was ever afflicted with so heavy a calamity, that no one had ever
+greater cause to wish for death; while I have let slip the time when I
+might have sought it most creditably. Henceforth death can never heal,
+it can only end my sorrow.[314] In politics I perceive that you collect
+all circumstances that you think may inspire me with a hope of a change:
+and though they are insignificant, yet, since you will have it so, let
+us have patience. In spite of what you say, you will catch us up if you
+make haste. For I will either come into Epirus to be near you, or I will
+travel slowly through Candavia.[315] My hesitation about Epirus is not
+caused by vacillation on my part, but by the fact that I do not know
+where I am likely to see my brother. As to him, I neither know how I am
+to see him, nor how I shall let him go. That is the greatest and most
+distressing of all my distresses. I would indeed have written to you
+oftener, and at greater length, had it not been that sorrow, while it
+has affected all parts of my intellect, has above all entirely destroyed
+my faculty for this kind of writing. I long to see you. Take care of
+your health.
+
+Brundisium, 29 April.
+
+[Footnote 312: He means that had it not been for enemies in Greece and
+Epirus, he should not only have gone as far south as Epirus, but
+farther--to Athens. There is a good deal to be said for Schutz's
+reading, _Achaiam_ for _Athenas_, but as the MS. reading can be
+explained, it is safer to keep it.]
+
+[Footnote 313: The Clodian party at Rome. "That town" is Athens.]
+
+[Footnote 314: "I have lost my chance of dying with honour; henceforth
+death may end my grief, but cannot heal my damaged reputation." _Reliqua
+tempora_, _i.e._, other opportunities of suicide.]
+
+[Footnote 315: A mountain range in Illyria, over which the _via Egnatia_
+passes (mod. _Elbassán_).]
+
+
+
+
+LXIII (A III, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 29 MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I wrote to you at Brundisium, when on the point of starting, the reasons
+for my not going to Epirus: namely, the proximity of Achaia, which was
+full of enemies of the most unscrupulous character, and secondly, the
+difficulty of leaving it when I wished to resume my journey. Added to
+this, while I was at Dyrrachium two messages reached me: the first, that
+my brother was coming from Ephesus to Athens by ship; the second, that
+he was coming through Macedonia by land. Accordingly, I sent a message
+to meet him at Athens, telling him to come thence to Thessalonica. I
+myself continued my journey, and arrived at Thessalonica on the 23rd of
+May, but have no certain intelligence about his journey except that he
+had left Ephesus some time ago. At present I am feeling very nervous as
+to what steps are being taken at Rome. Although you say in one of your
+letters, dated the 15th of May, that you hear that he will be vigorously
+prosecuted, in another you say that things are calming down. But then
+the latter is dated a day before the former; which makes me all the more
+anxious. So while my own personal sorrow is every day tearing my heart
+and wearing out my strength, this additional anxiety indeed scarcely
+leaves me any life at all. However, the voyage itself was very
+difficult, and he perhaps, being uncertain where I was, has taken some
+other course. For my freedman Phaetho saw nothing of him. Phaetho was
+driven by the wind from Ilium[316] to Macedonia, and met me at Pella.
+How formidable other circumstances are I am fully aware, and I don't
+know what to say to you. I fear everything, nor is there any misery
+which would not seem possible in my present unfortunate position.
+Miserable as I still am in the midst of my heavy trials and sorrows, now
+that this anxiety is added to them, I remain at Thessalonica in a state
+of suspense without venturing upon any step whatever.
+
+Now to answer you. I have not seen Cæcilius Trypho. I comprehend from
+your letter what you and Pompey have been saying. That any movement in
+politics is impending I cannot see as clearly as you either see, or
+perhaps only suggest for my consolation. For, as the case of Tigranes
+was passed over, all hope of a rupture is at an end.[317] You bid me
+thank Varro: I will do so; also Hypsæus.[318] As to your advice not to
+go farther off till the _acta_[319] of the month of May reach me, I
+think I shall do as you suggest. But where to stay? I have not yet come
+to any decision. And indeed my mind is so uneasy about Quintus, that I
+can determine on nothing. However, I will let you know immediately. From
+the incoherent nature of my letters I think you will understand the
+agitation of my mind, caused not so much by my misery, though I have
+been overwhelmed by an incredible and unparalleled calamity, as by the
+recollection of my blunder. For by whose unprincipled advice I was egged
+on and betrayed you certainly now perceive,[320] and oh that you had
+perceived it before, and had not given your whole mind to lamentation
+along with me! Wherefore, when you are told that I am prostrate and
+unmanned with grief, consider that I am more distressed at my own folly
+than at the result of it, in having believed a man whom I did not think
+to be treacherous. My writing is impeded both by the recollection of my
+own disasters, and by my alarm about my brother. Yes, pray look after
+and direct all the affairs you mention. Terentia expresses the warmest
+gratitude to you. I have sent you a copy of the letter which I have
+written to Pompey.
+
+Thessalonica, 29 May.
+
+[Footnote 316: Reading _ab Ilio_ with Madvig for _ab illo_.]
+
+[Footnote 317: Tigranes, a son of the king of Armenia, was brought to
+Rome by Pompey to adorn his triumph, and put under the care of Lucius
+Flavius. This prince was, for a bribe, released by Clodius by a trick,
+and the attempt to get him away led to a scuffle in which lives were
+lost. Pompey regarded this as a slight upon himself, and his partisan,
+the consul Gabinius, attempted to prevent it. But both were hustled in
+the forum and treated with insults. The hope of a breach in the
+triumvirate arose from the supposition that Clodius had the support of
+Cæsar in his high-handed proceeding (Dio, xxxviii. 30; Plut. _Pomp._ 48;
+Ascon. 47).]
+
+[Footnote 318: P. Plautius Hypsæus, who had been Pompey's quæstor and on
+intimate terms with him. He had been, it seems, interesting himself on
+Cicero's behalf.]
+
+[Footnote 319: The gazette of public transactions and measures passed in
+the senate, which was sent round to the provinces. We shall hear of it
+again.]
+
+[Footnote 320: The next letter shews that he means Hortensius. The
+blunder which he complains of having committed, by the advice of
+Hortensius, is that of having left Rome, rather than stay and brave the
+impeachment.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIV (A III, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 13 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+My brother Quintus having quitted Asia before the 1st of May, and
+arrived at Athens on the 15th, he would have to make great haste to
+prevent proceedings being commenced against him in his absence,
+supposing there to be some one who was not content with the misfortunes
+we have already sustained. Accordingly, I preferred that he should hurry
+on to Rome rather than come to me; and at the same time--for I will tell
+you the truth, and it will give you a notion of the extent of my
+wretchedness--I could not make up my mind to see him, devotedly attached
+to me as he is, and a man of most tender feelings, or to obtrude upon
+him my miseries and ruin in all their wretchedness, or to endure their
+being seen by him. And I was besides afraid of what certainly would have
+happened--that he would not have had the resolution to leave me. I had
+ever before my eyes the time when he would either have to dismiss his
+lictors,[321] or be violently torn from my arms. The prospect of this
+bitter pain I have avoided by the other bitter pain of not seeing my
+brother. It is all you, who advised me to continue living, that have
+forced me into this distressful position. Accordingly, I am paying the
+penalty of my error. However, I am sustained by your letter, from which
+I easily perceive how high your own hopes are. This did give me some
+consolation, but only, after all, till you passed from the mention of
+Pompey to the passage beginning "Now try and win over Hortensius and
+men of that sort." In heaven's name, my dear Pomponius, don't you yet
+perceive by whose means, by whose treachery, by whose dishonest advice,
+I have been ruined? But all this I will discuss with you when we meet. I
+will only say this much, which I think you know: it is not my enemies,
+but my jealous rivals, that have ruined me. Now, however, if things are
+really as you hope, I will keep up my spirits, and will rely upon the
+hope on which you bid me rely. But if, as I myself think, this proves
+illusory, what I was not allowed to do at the best time shall be done at
+a worse.[322] Terentia often expresses her gratitude to you. For myself
+one of my miseries also consists in fear--the business of my unhappy
+brother. If I could only know how it stands, I should know what I ought
+to do. Personally, the hope of the advantages and of the letters you
+mention keeps me still, as you advise, at Thessalonica. If I get any
+news, I shall know what I ought to do about the rest. Yes, if, as you
+say in your letter, you left Rome on the 1st of June, you will soon see
+us. I have sent you a letter which I wrote to Pompey.
+
+Thessalonica, 15 June.
+
+[Footnote 321: Because, though a provincial governor retained his
+lictors till he reached Rome, he was bound to go straight home or
+dismiss them.]
+
+[Footnote 322: _I.e._, suicide.]
+
+
+
+
+LXV (Q FR I, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 15 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Brother! Brother! Brother! did you really fear that I had been induced
+by some angry feeling to send slaves to you without a letter? Or even
+that I did not wish to see you? I to be angry with you! Is it possible
+for me to be angry with you? Why, one would think that it was you that
+brought me low! Your enemies, your unpopularity, that miserably ruined
+me, and not I that unhappily ruined you! The fact is, the much-praised
+consulate of mine has deprived me of you, of children, country, fortune;
+from you I should hope it will have taken nothing but myself. Certainly
+on your side I have experienced nothing but what was honourable and
+gratifying: on mine you have grief for my fall and fear for your own,
+regret, mourning, desertion. _I_ not wish to see you? The truth is
+rather that I was unwilling to be seen by you. For you would not have
+seen your brother--not the brother you had left, not the brother you
+knew, not him to whom you had with mutual tears bidden farewell as he
+followed you on your departure for your province: not a trace even or
+faint image of him, but rather what I may call the likeness of a living
+corpse. And oh that you had sooner seen me or heard of me as a corpse!
+Oh that I could have left you to survive, not my life merely, but my
+undiminished rank! But I call all the gods to witness that the one
+argument which recalled me from death was, that all declared that to
+some extent your life depended upon mine. In which matter I made an
+error and acted culpably. For if I had died, that death itself would
+have given clear evidence of my fidelity and love to you. As it is, I
+have allowed you to be deprived of my aid, though I am alive, and with
+me still living to need the help of others; and my voice, of all others,
+to fail when dangers threatened my family, which had so often been
+successfully used in the defence of the merest strangers. For as to the
+slaves coming to you without a letter, the real reason (for you see that
+it was not anger) was a deadness of my faculties, and a seemingly
+endless deluge of tears and sorrows. How many tears do you suppose these
+very words have cost me? As many as I know they will cost you to read
+them! Can I ever refrain from thinking of you or ever think of you
+without tears? For when I miss you, is it only a brother that I miss?
+Rather it is a brother of almost my own age in the charm of his
+companionship, a son in his consideration for my wishes, a father in the
+wisdom of his advice! What pleasure did I ever have without you, or you
+without me? And what must my case be when at the same time I miss a
+daughter: How affectionate! how modest! how clever! The express image of
+my face, of my speech, of my very soul! Or again a son, the prettiest
+boy, the very joy of my heart? Cruel inhuman monster that I am, I
+dismissed him from my arms better schooled in the world than I could
+have wished: for the poor child began to understand what was going on.
+So, too, your own son, your own image, whom my little Cicero loved as a
+brother, and was now beginning to respect as an elder brother! Need I
+mention also how I refused to allow my unhappy wife--the truest of
+helpmates--to accompany me, that there might be some one to protect the
+wrecks of the calamity which had fallen on us both, and guard our common
+children? Nevertheless, to the best of my ability, I did write a letter
+to you, and gave it to your freedman Philogonus, which, I believe, was
+delivered to you later on; and in this I repeated the advice and
+entreaty, which had been already transmitted to you as a message from me
+by my slaves, that you should go on with your journey and hasten to
+Rome. For, in the first place, I desired your protection, in case there
+were any of my enemies whose cruelty was not yet satisfied by my fall.
+In the next place, I dreaded the renewed lamentation which our meeting
+would cause: while I could not have borne your departure, and was afraid
+of the very thing you mention in your letter--that you would be unable
+to tear yourself away. For these reasons the supreme pain of not seeing
+you--and nothing more painful or more wretched could, I think, have
+happened to the most affectionate and united of brothers--was a less
+misery than would have been such a meeting followed by such a parting.
+Now, if you can, though I, whom you always regarded as a brave man,
+cannot do so, rouse yourself and collect your energies in view of any
+contest you may have to confront. I hope, if my hope has anything to go
+upon, that your own spotless character and the love of your fellow
+citizens, and even remorse for my treatment, may prove a certain
+protection to you. But if it turns out that you are free from personal
+danger, you will doubtless do whatever you think can be done for me. In
+that matter, indeed, many write to me at great length and declare that
+they have hopes; but I personally cannot see what hope there is, since
+my enemies have the greatest influence, while my friends have in some
+cases deserted, in others even betrayed me, fearing perhaps in my
+restoration a censure on their own treacherous conduct. But how matters
+stand with you I would have you ascertain and report to me. In any case
+I shall continue to live as long as you shall need me, in view of any
+danger you may have to undergo: longer than that I cannot go on in this
+kind of life. For there is neither wisdom nor philosophy with sufficient
+strength to sustain such a weight of grief. I know that there has been a
+time for dying, more honourable and more advantageous; and this is not
+the only one of my many omissions, which, if I should choose to bewail,
+I should merely be increasing your sorrow and emphasizing my own
+stupidity. But one thing I am not bound to do, and it is in fact
+impossible--remain in a life so wretched and so dishonoured any longer
+than your necessities, or some well-grounded hope, shall demand. For I,
+who was lately supremely blessed in brother, children, wife, wealth, and
+in the very nature of that wealth, while in position, influence,
+reputation, and popularity, I was inferior to none, however
+distinguished--I cannot, I repeat, go on longer lamenting over myself
+and those dear to me in a life of such humiliation as this, and in a
+state of such utter ruin. Wherefore, what do you mean by writing to me
+about negotiating a bill of exchange? As though I were not now wholly
+dependent on your means! And that is just the very thing in which I see
+and feel, to my misery, of what a culpable act I have been guilty in
+squandering to no purpose the money which I received from the treasury
+in your name,[323] while you have to satisfy your creditors out of the
+very vitals of yourself and your son. However, the sum mentioned in your
+letter has been paid to M. Antonius, and the same amount to Cæpio. For
+me the sum at present in my hands is sufficient for what I contemplate
+doing. For in either case--whether I am restored or given up in
+despair--I shall not want any more money. For yourself, if you are
+molested, I think you should apply to Crassus and Calidius. I don't know
+how far Hortensius is to be trusted. Myself, with the most elaborate
+pretence of affection and the closest daily intimacy, he treated with
+the most utter want of principle and the most consummate treachery, and
+Q. Arrius helped him in it: acting under whose advice, promises, and
+injunctions, I was left helpless to fall into this disaster. But this
+you will keep dark for fear they might injure you. Take care also--and
+it is on this account that I think you should cultivate Hortensius
+himself by means of Pomponius--that the epigram on the _lex
+Aurelia_[324] attributed to you when candidate for the ædileship is not
+proved by false testimony to be yours. For there is nothing that I am so
+afraid of as that, when people understand how much pity for me your
+prayers and your acquittal will rouse, they may attack you with all the
+greater violence. Messalla I reckon as really attached to you: Pompey I
+regard as still pretending only. But may you never have to put these
+things to the test! And that prayer I would have offered to the gods had
+they not ceased to listen to prayers of mine. However, I do pray that
+they may be content with these endless miseries of ours; among which,
+after all, there is no discredit for any wrong thing done--sorrow is the
+beginning and end, sorrow that punishment is most severe when our
+conduct has been most unexceptionable. As to my daughter and yours and
+my young Cicero, why should I recommend them to you, my dear brother?
+Rather I grieve that their orphan state will cause you no less sorrow
+than it does me. Yet as long as you are uncondemned they will not be
+fatherless. The rest, by my hopes of restoration and the privilege of
+dying in my fatherland, my tears will not allow me to write! Terentia
+also I would ask you to protect, and to write me word on every subject.
+Be as brave as the nature of the case admits.
+
+Thessalonica, 13 June.
+
+[Footnote 323: See pp. 92, 107.]
+
+[Footnote 324: Quintus was a candidate in B.C. 66 for the ædileship of
+the following year. The _lex Aurelia_, which divided the juries between
+the senators, equites, and _tribuni ærarii_, was passed in Pompey's
+first consulship, B.C. 70. As this was the compromise in the matter of
+the _iudicia_ favoured by Pompey, Hortensius, and the like, an attack on
+it would be likely to give offence.]
+
+
+
+
+LXVI (A III, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+The public transactions up to the 25th of May I have learnt from your
+letter. I am waiting for the rest, as you advised, at Thessalonica; and
+when they arrive I shall be better able to decide where to be. For if
+there is any reason, if any action is being taken, if I shall see any
+hopes, I shall either wait in the same place or go to your house; but
+if, as you say, these hopes have vanished into air, I shall look out for
+something else. At present you do not give me any indication except the
+disagreement of those friends of yours, which, however, arises between
+them on every kind of subject rather than myself. Therefore I don't see
+what good it is to me. However, as long as you all will have me hope, I
+shall obey you. For as to your scoldings so frequent and so severe, and
+your saying that I am faint-hearted, I would ask you what misery is
+there so heavy as not to be included in my disfranchisement? Did anyone
+ever fall from such a high position, in so good a cause, with such
+endowments of genius, wisdom and popularity, with such powerful supports
+from all loyalists? Can I forget what I was, and not feel what I am? Of
+what honour, of what glory, of what children, of what means, of what a
+brother I am deprived? This last, indeed, to draw your attention to a
+new kind of disaster--though I valued him, and always had done so, more
+than myself--I have avoided seeing, lest I should behold his grief and
+mourning, or lest I--whom he had left in the highest prosperity--should
+obtrude myself upon him in a state of ruin and humiliation. I pass over
+the other particulars that are past bearing: for I am prevented by my
+tears. And here, let me ask, am I to be blamed for my grief, or for the
+unfortunate mistake of not retaining these advantages (and I could
+easily have done so, had not a plot for my destruction been hatched
+within my own walls), or at least of not losing them without losing my
+life at the same time? My purpose in writing these words is that you
+should rather console me, as you do, than think me deserving of
+correction or chiding; and the reason of the comparative brevity of my
+letters is, in the first place, that I am hindered by outbursts of
+sorrow, and, in the second place, that I have news to expect from Rome
+rather than any to communicate myself. But when that news arrives I will
+let you know my plans. Pray, as you have done hitherto, write to me on
+as many subjects as possible, that I may not be ignorant of any possible
+thing there is to know.
+
+Thessalonica, 17 June.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII (A III, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 27 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I have been kept at Thessalonica up to this time as well by your letter
+and some good news (which, however, did not rest on the best authority),
+and the expectation of hearing from you all at Rome, as by the fact that
+you advised my doing so. When I receive the letters which I expect, if
+there turns out to be the hope which rumour brings me, I shall go to
+your house;[325] if otherwise, I will inform you of what I have done.
+Pray go on, as you are doing, and help me by your exertions, advice, and
+influence. Cease now consoling me, but yet don't chide me; for when you
+do that, I fail to recognize your affection and regret! Yet I believe
+you to be so distressed yourself at my wretchedness, that it is not
+within anyone's power to console you. Give your support to Quintus, my
+best and kindest of brothers. Pray write to me fully on everything.
+
+27 June.
+
+[Footnote 325: _I.e._, to the house of Atticus at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII (A III, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Well, you argue earnestly as to what hope is to be entertained, and
+especially through the action of the senate, and yet you mention that
+the clause of the bill is being posted up, in virtue of which the
+subject is forbidden to be mentioned in the senate. Accordingly, not a
+word is said about it. In these circumstances you find fault with me for
+distressing myself, when the fact is I am already more distressed than
+anybody ever was, as you know very well. You hold out hope as a
+consequence of the elections. What hope can there be with the same man
+tribune, and a consul-designate who is my enemy?[326] But you have dealt
+me a blow in what you say about my speech having got abroad.[327] Pray
+do your best to heal that wound, as you express it. I did indeed write
+one some time ago, in a fit of anger at what he had first composed
+against me; but I had taken such pains to suppress it, that I thought it
+would never get into circulation. How it has leaked out I cannot think.
+But since the occasion never arose for my having a word of dispute with
+him, and since it appears to me to be more carelessly written than my
+other speeches, I think it might be maintained not to be by me. Pray
+look after this if you think I can do anything to remedy the mischief;
+but if my ruin is inevitable, I don't so much care about it. I am still
+lying idle in the same place, without conversation, without being able
+to think. Though, as you say, I have "intimated" to you my desire that
+you should come to me, yet it is now clear to me[328] that you are doing
+me useful service where you are, but could not give me even a word of
+relief here. I cannot write any more, nor have I anything to say: I am
+rather waiting to hear from you all.
+
+Thessalonica, 17 July.
+
+[Footnote 326: Clodius was not re-elected, and Q. Cæcilius Metellus
+Nepos, who had as tribune (B.C. 63-62) been hostile to Cicero, now as
+consul supported Pompey in befriending Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 327: The speech in the senate _in Curionem et Clodium_,
+_i.e._, against the elder C. Curio, who had been Clodius's advocate in
+B.C. 61 on the charge _de incesto_. Fragments only of it are preserved.
+They are sufficiently violent. Cicero suggests repudiating the
+authorship, because the speech had never been delivered, and therefore
+was not necessarily intended for publication. There is no special reason
+for abusing Cicero's character on this account. If some enemy had got
+hold of the MS. and published it without his consent, it was not really
+the expression of his deliberate sentiments.]
+
+[Footnote 328: Reading _nunc tamen intellego_ for _si donatam ut
+intellego_, which is meaningless. There may be latent in _si donatam_
+some proper name, as _Dodonam_ or _Macedoniam_, but it is not possible
+to extract it now. _Istic_, as usual, means "where you are," _i.e._, at
+Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIX (A III, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 21 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+From your letter I am full of anxiety to hear what Pompey's view is of
+my case, or what he professes to be his view. The elections, I presume,
+are over; and when they were over you say that he was of opinion that my
+case should be mooted. If I seem foolish to you for entertaining hopes,
+it is at your bidding that I do so: yet I know that you have in your
+letters been usually inclined rather to check me and my hopes. Now pray
+write distinctly what your view is. I know that I have fallen into this
+distress from numerous errors of my own. If certain accidents have in
+any degree corrected those errors, I shall be less sorry that I
+preserved my life then and am still living. Owing to the constant
+traffic along the road[329] and the daily expectation of political
+change, I have as yet not removed from Thessalonica. But now I am being
+forced away, not by Plancius--for he, indeed, wishes to keep me
+here--but by the nature of the place, which is not at all calculated for
+the residence of a disfranchised man in such a state of sorrow. I have
+not gone to Epirus, as I had said I would, because all of a sudden the
+messages and letters that arrived have all indicated it to be
+unnecessary for me to be in the immediate neighbourhood of Italy. From
+this place, as soon as I have heard something about the elections, I
+shall set my face towards Asia, but to what particular part I am not yet
+certain: however, you shall know.
+
+Thessalonica, 21 July.
+
+[Footnote 329: The _via Egnatia_, the road across Macedonia, which was
+one of the great channels of communication between Rome and the East,
+and which terminated at Thessalonica.]
+
+
+
+
+LXX (A III, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 5 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+As to my having written you word that I meant to go to Epirus, I changed
+my plan when I saw that my hope was vanishing and fading away, and did
+not remove from Thessalonica. I resolved to remain there until I heard
+from you on the subject mentioned in your last letter, namely, that
+there was going to be some motion made in the senate on my case
+immediately after the elections, and that Pompey had told you so.
+Wherefore, as the elections are over and I have no letter from you, I
+shall consider it as though you had written to say that nothing has come
+of it, and I shall not feel annoyed at having been buoyed up by a hope
+which did not keep me long in suspense. But the movement, which you said
+in your letter that you foresaw as likely to be to my advantage, people
+arriving here tell me will not occur.[330] My sole remaining hope is in
+the tribunes-designate: and if I wait to see how that turns out, you
+will have no reason to think of me as having been wanting to my own
+cause or the wishes of my friends. As to your constantly finding fault
+with me for being so overwhelmed by my misfortune, you ought to pardon
+me when you see that I have sustained a more crushing blow than anyone
+you have ever seen or heard of. As to your saying that you are told that
+my intellect in even affected by grief, that is not so; my intellect is
+quite sound. Oh that it had been as much so in the hour of danger! when
+I found those, to whom I thought my safety was the dearest object of
+their life, most bitterly and unfeelingly hostile: who, when they saw
+that I had somewhat lost my balance from fear, left nothing undone which
+malice and treachery could suggest in giving me the final push, to my
+utter ruin. Now, as I must go to Cyzicus, where I shall get letters
+more rarely, I beg you to write me word all the more carefully of
+everything you may think I ought to know. Be sure you are affectionate
+to my brother Quintus: if in all my misery I still leave him with rights
+undiminished, I shall not consider myself utterly ruined.
+
+5 August.
+
+[Footnote 330: The probable split among the triumvirs, alluded to in
+Letter LXIII.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXI (Q FR I, 4)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I beg you, my dear brother, if you and all my family have been ruined by
+my single misfortune, not to attribute it to dishonesty and bad conduct
+on my part, rather than to short-sightedness and the wretched state I
+was in. I have committed no fault except in trusting those whom I
+believed to be bound by the most sacred obligation not to deceive me, or
+whom I thought to be even interested in not doing so. All my most
+intimate, nearest and dearest friends were either alarmed for themselves
+or jealous of me: the result was that all I lacked was good faith on the
+part of my friends and caution on my own.[331] But if your own blameless
+character and the compassion of the world prove sufficient to preserve
+you at this juncture from molestation, you can, of course, observe
+whether any hope of restoration is left for me. For Pomponius, Sestius,
+and my son-in-law Piso have caused me as yet to stay at Thessalonica,
+forbidding me, on account of certain impending movements, to increase my
+distance. But in truth I am awaiting the result more on account of their
+letters than from any firm hope of my own. For what can I hope with an
+enemy possessed of the most formidable power, with my detractors masters
+of the state, with friends unfaithful, with numbers of people jealous?
+However, of the new tribunes there is one, it is true, most warmly
+attached to me--Sestius--and I hope Curius, Milo, Fadius, Fabricius;
+but still there is Clodius in violent opposition, who even when out of
+office will be able to stir up the passions of the mob by the help of
+that same gang, and then there will be found some one also to veto the
+bill.
+
+Such a state of things was not put before me when I was leaving Rome,
+but I often used to be told that I was certain to return in three days
+with the greatest _éclat_. "What made you go, then?" you will say. What,
+indeed! Many circumstances concurred to throw me off my balance--the
+defection of Pompey, the hostility of the consuls, and of the prætors
+also, the timidity of the _publicani_, the armed bands. The tears of my
+friends prevented me seeking refuge in death, which would certainly have
+been the best thing for my honour, the best escape from unbearable
+sorrows. But I have written to you on this subject in the letter I gave
+to Phaetho. Now that you have been plunged into griefs and troubles,
+such as no one ever was before, if the compassion of the world can
+lighten our common misfortune, you will, it seems, score a success
+beyond belief! But if we are both utterly ruined--ah me!--I shall have
+been the absolute destruction of my whole family, to whom I used to be
+at least no discredit! But pray, as I said in a previous letter to you,
+look into the business, test it thoroughly, and write to me with the
+candour which our situation demands, and not as your affection for me
+would dictate. I shall retain my life as long as I shall think that it
+is in your interest for me to do so, or that it ought to be preserved
+with a view to future hope. You will find Sestius most friendly to us,
+and I believe that Lentulus, the coming consul, will also be so for your
+sake. However, deeds are not so easy as words. You will see what is
+wanted and what the truth is. On the whole, supposing that no one takes
+advantage of your unprotected position and our common calamity, it is by
+your means, or not at all, that something may be effected. But even if
+your enemies have begun to annoy you, don't flinch: for _you_ will be
+attacked by legal process, not by swords. However, I hope that this may
+not occur. I beg you to write me back word on all subjects, and to
+believe that though I have less spirit and resource than in old times, I
+have quite as much affection and loyalty.
+
+[Footnote 331: Reading _defuit_ for _fuit_.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXII (A III, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+On the 13th of August I received four letters from you: one in which you
+urge me in a tone of reproof to be less weak; a second, in which you say
+that Crassus's freedman has told you about my anxiety and leanness; a
+third, in which you describe the proceedings in the senate; a fourth on
+the subject of Varro's assurances to you as to the friendly feelings of
+Pompey.
+
+To the first my answer is this: though I do grieve, yet I keep all my
+mental faculties, and it is precisely that which vexes me--I have no
+opportunity and no one with whom to employ so sound an intellect. For if
+you cannot find yourself separated from one individual like myself
+without sorrow, what do you think must be my case, who am deprived both
+of you and of everyone else? And if you, while still in possession of
+all your rights, miss me, to what an extent do you think those rights
+are missed by me? I will not enumerate the things of which I have been
+despoiled, not only because you are not ignorant of them, but also lest
+I should reopen my own sorrow. I only assert this, that never did anyone
+in an unofficial position possess such great advantages, or fall into
+such great miseries. Moreover, lapse of time not only does not soften
+this grief, it even enhances it. For other sorrows are softened by age,
+this one cannot but be daily increased both by my sense of present
+misery and the recollection of my past life. For it is not only property
+or friends that I miss, but myself. For what am I? But I will not allow
+myself either to wring your soul with my complaints, or to place my
+hands too often on my wounds. For as to your defence of those whom I
+said had been jealous of me, and among them Cato, I indeed think that he
+was so far removed from that crime, that I am above all things sorry
+that the pretended zeal of others had more influence with me than his
+honesty. As for your excuses for the others, they ought to be excused
+in my eyes if they are so in yours. But all this is an old story now.
+Crassus's freedman, I think, spoke without any real sincerity. In the
+senate you say that the debate was satisfactory. But what about Curio?
+Hasn't he read that speech? I can't make out how it got into
+circulation! But Axius, in describing the proceedings of the same day,
+does not speak so highly of Curio.[332] But he may be omitting
+something; I know you have certainly not written anything except what
+actually occurred. Varro's talk gives me some hope of Cæsar, and would
+that Varro himself would throw himself into the cause! Which he
+certainly will do, both of his own accord and under pressure from you.
+For myself, if fortune ever grants me the enjoyment of you all and of my
+country, I will at least take care that you shall, above all the rest of
+my friends, have cause to be glad: and I will so discharge all the
+duties of affection and friendship, which (to confess the truth) have
+not heretofore been conspicuous, that you shall regard me as restored to
+yourself as much as to my brother and my children. If I have in any way
+sinned in my conduct to you, or rather since I have done so, pardon me.
+For I have sinned more grievously against myself. And I do not write
+this to you because I know you not to feel deeply for my misfortune: but
+certainly if it had been a matter of _obligation_ with you, and had
+always been so, to love me as much as you do and have done, you would
+never have allowed me to lack that judgment with which you are so well
+supplied,[333] nor would you have allowed me to be persuaded that the
+passing of the bill for the "colleges" was to our advantage.[334] But
+you did nothing but weep over my sorrow, as though you were my second
+self. This was indeed a sign of your affection: but what might have been
+done, if I had earned it at your hands--the spending by you of days and
+nights in thinking out the course I ought to have pursued--that was
+omitted, owing to my own culpable imprudence, not yours. Now if, I don't
+say you only, but if there had been anyone to urge me, when alarmed at
+Pompey's ungenerous answer,[335] not to adopt that most degrading
+course--and you are the person that, above all others, could have done
+it--I should either have died honourably, or we should have been living
+to-day triumphant. In this you must forgive me. For I find much greater
+fault with myself, and only call you in question afterwards, as at once
+my second self and the sharer in my error; and, besides, if I am ever
+restored, our mistake will seem still less in my eyes, and to you at
+least I shall be endeared by your own kindness, since there is none on
+my side.[336] There is something in the suggestion you mentioned as
+having been made in your conversation with Culleo as to a
+_privilegium_,[337] but by far the better course is to have the law
+repealed. For if no one vetoes it, what course can be safer? But if
+anyone is found to prohibit its passing, he will be equally able to veto
+a decree of the senate. Nor is there need for the repeal of anything
+else. For the previous law did not touch me: and if, on its publication,
+I had chosen to speak in its favour, or to ignore it, as it ought to
+have been ignored, it could not have done me any harm at all.[338] It
+was at this point first that my judgment failed to assist me, nay, even
+did me harm. Blind, blind, I say, was I in laying aside my senator's
+toga, and in entreating the people; it was a fatal step to take before
+some attack had been begun upon me by name.[339] But I am harping on the
+past: it is, however, for the purpose of advising you, if any action is
+to be taken, not to touch that law, in which there are many provisions
+in the interests of the people. But it is foolish for me to be laying
+down rules as to what you are to do and how. I only wish that something
+may be done! And it is on that point that your letter displays much
+reserve: I presume, to prevent my being too much agitated by despair.
+For what action do you see possible to be taken, or in what way? Through
+the senate? But you yourself told me that Clodius had fixed upon the
+doorpost of the senate-house a certain clause in the law, "that it might
+neither be put to the house nor mentioned."[340] How could
+Domitius,[341] therefore, say that he would bring it before the house?
+How came it about also that Clodius held his tongue, when those you
+mention in your letter both spoke on the subject and demanded that a
+motion should be brought in? But if you go to the people--can it be
+carried except with the unanimous approval of the tribunes? What about
+my property? What about my house? Will it be possible to have it
+restored? Or, if that cannot, how can I be? Unless you see these
+difficulties on the way to be solved, what is the hope to which you
+invite me? But if, again, there is no hope, what sort of life is there
+for me? So I await at Thessalonica the gazette of the proceedings of the
+1st of August, in accordance with which I shall decide whether to take
+refuge on your estate, in order at once to avoid seeing people I don't
+want to see, to see you, according to your letter, and to be nearer at
+hand in case of any motion being made (and this I understand is in
+accordance with your view and that of my brother Quintus), or to depart
+for Cyzicus. Now, my dear Pomponius, since you imparted to me none of
+your wisdom in time to save me, either because you had made up your mind
+that I had judgment enough of my own, or that you owed me nothing beyond
+being by my side; and since, betrayed, beguiled, and hurried into a
+snare as I was, I neglected all my defences, abandoned and left Italy,
+which was everywhere on the _qui vive_ to defend me, and surrendered
+myself and mine into the hands of enemies while you looked on and said
+nothing, though, even if you were not my superior in mental power, you
+were at least in less of a fright: now, if you can, raise the fallen,
+and in that way assist me! But if every avenue is barred, take care that
+I know that also, and cease at length either to scold me or to offer
+your kindly-meant consolations. If I had meant to impeach your good
+faith, I should not have chosen your roof, of all others, to which to
+trust myself: it is my own folly that I blame for having thought that
+your love for me was exactly what I could have wished it to be:[342] for
+if that had been so, you would have displayed the same good faith, but
+greater circumspection; at least, you would have held me back when
+plunging headlong into ruin, and would not have had to encounter the
+labours which you are now enduring in saving the wrecks of my fortunes.
+Wherefore do be careful to look into, examine thoroughly, and write
+fully everything that occurs, and resolve (as I am sure you do) that I
+shall be _some one_, since I cannot now be the man I was and the man I
+might have been; and lastly, believe that in this letter it is not you,
+but myself that I have accused. If there are any people to whom you
+think that letters ought to be delivered in my name, pray compose them
+and see them delivered.
+
+17 August.
+
+[Footnote 332: Or, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests, "does not quote Curio to
+that effect." I think, however, that Cicero does not use _laudo_ in this
+sense except in connexion with _auctorem_, _auctores_, and even then
+generally with a subsense, at least, of commendation. The speech was
+composed to be delivered against the elder Curio and Clodius (see p.
+155), but was never delivered. Its personal tone made it dangerous now.]
+
+[Footnote 333: Cicero means that Atticus acted with the emotion
+spontaneously arising from his affection, but not with the caution which
+he would have shewn in doing a thing which he was under some obligation
+to do.]
+
+[Footnote 334: The ancient "colleges" or "clubs" had been gradually
+increasing, and a decree of the senate in B.C. 64 had declared certain
+of them unlawful. But Clodius had overridden this decree by a _lex_
+early in B.C. 58, and many new ones were formed, which he used for his
+political purposes (_pro Sest._ § 55; Dio, xxxviii. 13).]
+
+[Footnote 335: That he could do nothing against the wishes of Cæsar
+(_Att._ x. 4, § 3; cp. _in Pis._ § 77). According to Plutarch, Pompey
+avoided a personal interview (_Cic._ 31).]
+
+[Footnote 336: The kindness has been all on the side of Atticus, who
+will therefore be attached to the object of it--for the benefactor loves
+more than the benefited.]
+
+[Footnote 337: A _privilegium_ was a law referring to a particular
+person, which was forbidden by the twelve tables, and if it was shewn to
+be unconstitutional a decree of the senate could declare it void. But
+Cicero seems to think that such a proceeding of the senate would give a
+possibility of raising the question afresh.]
+
+[Footnote 338: The first bill named no one, but enacted that "anyone who
+had put a citizen to death uncondemned should be forbidden fire and
+water." The second, "that M. Tullius be forbidden fire and water."
+Cicero says that the former did not touch him, I suppose, because it
+could not be retrospective. This is in accordance with the view of
+Cæsar, who approved of the law, but said that old sores ought not to be
+ripped up--ο� μὴν καὶ π�οσήκειν �πὶ πα�εληλυθόσι τοιοῦτόν τινα νόμον
+συγγ�άφεσθει (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 339: Because it shewed that he considered himself as coming
+under the new law.]
+
+[Footnote 340: Letter LXVIII, p. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 341: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was a prætor this year.]
+
+[Footnote 342: Though Cicero uses _tantum ... quantum_ here, he does not
+mean that Atticus failed to love him enough--that would have been too
+unreasonable. In a certain way he means that he loved him too much. He
+allowed his spontaneous feelings full vent, without acting with the cool
+wisdom which he would have shewn in fulfilling a duty or moral
+obligation. It is more fully expressed above. Still, it was a difficult
+thing to say, and he doesn't succeed in making it very clear.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIII (A III, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 19 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+My whole journey is in suspense till I receive letters from you all of
+the 1st of August. For if there turns out to be any hope, I am for
+Epirus: if not, I shall make for Cyzicus or some other place. Your
+letter is cheerful[343] indeed, but at the same time, the oftener I read
+it, the more it weakens the suggested ground for hope, so that it is
+easy to see that you are trying to minister at once to consolation and
+to truth. Accordingly, I beg you to write to me exactly what you know
+and exactly what you think.
+
+19 August.
+
+[Footnote 343: Reading _lætæ_ for _lectæ_.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIV (A III, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 4 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+News of my brother Quintus of an invariably gloomy nature reached me
+from the 3rd of June up to the 29th of August. On that day, however,
+Livineius, a freedman of Lucius Regulus, came to me by the direction of
+Regulus himself.[344] He announced that absolutely no notice whatever
+had been given of a prosecution, but that there had, nevertheless, been
+some talk about the son of C. Clodius.[345] He also brought me a letter
+from my brother Quintus. But next day came the slaves of Sestius, who
+brought me a letter from you not so positive in regard to this alarm as
+the conversation of Livineius had been. I am rendered very anxious in
+the midst of my own endless distress, and the more so as Appius[346] has
+the trial of the case. As to other circumstances mentioned in the same
+letter by you in connexion with my hopes, I understand that things are
+going less well than other people represent them. I, however, since we
+are now not far from the time at which the matter will be decided, will
+either go to your house or will still remain somewhere in this
+neighbourhood. My brother writes me word that his interests are being
+supported by you more than by anyone else. Why should I urge you to do
+what you are already doing? or offer you thanks which you do not expect?
+I only pray that fortune may give us the opportunity of enjoying our
+mutual affection in security. I am always very anxious to get your
+letters, in which I beg you not to be afraid of your minuteness boring
+me, or your plain speaking giving me pain.
+
+4 September.
+
+[Footnote 344: L. Livineius Regulus, whom Cicero (_F._ xiii. 60) calls a
+very intimate friend, and says that his freedman Trypho stood his friend
+in the hour of need. He seems to have been condemned (in B.C. 56?) for
+something, but he afterwards served under Iulius Cæsar (_B. Afr._ § 9).
+The freedman's full name was L. Livineius Trypho.]
+
+[Footnote 345: About Appius acting as prosecutor of Quintus. He was a
+nephew of P. Clodius. See Letter CCXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 346: Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was
+prætor-designate for B.C. 57, and had allotted to him the _quæstio de
+rebus repetundis_ (_pro Sest._ § 78). He was consul B.C. 54.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXV (A III, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+You raised no little flutter in my mind when you said in your letter
+that Varro had assured you as a friend that Pompey would certainly take
+up my case, and that as soon as he had received a letter from Cæsar,
+which he was expecting, he would even name some one to formally carry
+out the business. Was that all mere talk, or was the letter from Cæsar
+hostile? Is there some ground for hope? You mentioned, too, that Pompey
+had also used the expression "after the elections." Pray, as you can
+conceive the severity of the troubles by which I am prostrated, and as
+you must think it natural to your kindness to do so, inform me fully as
+to the whole state of my case. For my brother Quintus, dear good fellow,
+who is so much attached to me, fills his letters with hopeful
+expressions, fearing, I suppose, my entirely losing heart. Whereas your
+letters vary in tone; for you won't have me either despair or cherish
+rash hopes. I beseech you to let me know everything as far as you can
+detect the truth.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVI (A III, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 15 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+As long as my letters from you all continued to be of such a nature as
+to keep expectation alive, I was bound to Thessalonica by hope and eager
+longing: afterwards, when all political measures for this year appeared
+to me to be over, I yet determined not to go to Asia, both because a
+crowd of people is disagreeable to me, and because, in case any movement
+was set on foot by the new magistrates, I was unwilling to be far off.
+Accordingly, I resolved to go to your house in Epirus, not because the
+natural features of the country mattered to me, shunning as I do the
+light of day altogether, but because it will be most grateful to my
+feelings to set out from a harbour of yours to my restoration; and, if
+that restoration is denied me, there is no place where I shall with
+greater ease either support this most wretched existence or (which is
+much better) rid myself of it. I shall be in a small society: I shall
+shake off the crowd. Your letters have never raised me to such a pitch
+of hope as those of others; and yet my hopes have always been less warm
+than your letters. Nevertheless, since a beginning has been made in the
+case, of whatever sort and from whatever motive, I will not disappoint
+the sad and touching entreaties of my best and only brother, nor the
+promises of Sestius and others, nor the hopes of my most afflicted wife,
+nor the entreaties of my most unhappy Tulliola, as well as your own
+loyal letter. Epirus will furnish me with a road to restoration or to
+that other alternative mentioned above. I beg and entreat of you, Titus
+Pomponius, as you see that I have been despoiled by the treachery of men
+of all that most adds splendour to life, of all that can most gratify
+and delight the soul, as you see that I have been betrayed and cast away
+by my own advisers, as you understand that I have been forced to ruin
+myself and my family--help me by your compassion, and support my brother
+Quintus, who is still capable of being saved; protect Terentia and my
+children. For myself, if you think it possible that you may see me at
+Rome, wait for me; if not, come to see me if you can, and make over to
+me just so much of your land as may be covered by my corpse. Finally,
+send slaves to me with letters as soon and as often as possible.
+
+15 September.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVII (A III, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 4 OCTOBER
+
+_Cicero greets Q. Cæcilius Pomponianus Atticus, son of Quintus._[347]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+That this is now the case, and that your uncle has done what he ought to
+have done, I approve in the strongest manner possible: I will say I am
+"glad," when circumstances shall admit of my using such a word. Ah me!
+how well everything would have been going if my own spirit, my own
+judgment, and the good faith of those on whom I relied had not failed
+me! But I won't review these circumstances lest I increase my sorrow.
+Yet I feel sure that it occurs to your mind what a life ours was, how
+delightful, how dignified. To recover this, in the name of fortune,
+bestow all your energies, as I know you do, and take care that I keep
+the birthday of my return in your delightful house with you and my
+family. For this hope and expectation, though now put before me as being
+very strong, I yet wished to wait in your home in Epirus; but my letters
+are such as to make me think it better not to be in the same
+neighbourhood. What you say in your letter about my town house and about
+Curio's speech is exactly true. Under the general act of restoration, if
+only that is accorded me, everything will be included, of which I care
+for nothing more than for my house. But I don't give you any precise
+injunction, I trust myself wholly to your affection and honour. I am
+very glad to hear that you have extricated yourself from every
+embarrassment in view of so large an inheritance. As to your promise to
+employ your means in securing my restoration, though I am in all points
+assisted by you above all others, yet I quite see what a support that
+is, and I fully understand that you are undertaking and can carry on
+many departments of my cause, and do not need to be asked to do so. You
+tell me not to suspect that your feelings have been at all affected by
+acts of commission or omission on my part towards you--well, I will obey
+you and will get rid of that anxiety; yet I shall owe you all the more
+from the fact that your kind consideration for me has been on a higher
+level than mine for you. Please tell me in your letters whatever you
+see, whatever you make out, whatever is being done in my case, and
+exhort all your friends to help in promoting my recall. The bill of
+Sestius[348] does not shew sufficient regard for my dignity or
+sufficient caution. For the proposed law ought to mention me by name,
+and to contain a carefully expressed clause about my property. Pray see
+to it.
+
+Thessalonica, 4 October.
+
+[Footnote 347: Cicero gives Atticus his full name, rather playfully, as
+it was a new acquisition. His uncle, Q. Cæcilius, dying this year, left
+him heir to a large fortune, and adopted him in his will (Nep. _Att._
+5). He therefore, according to custom, took his uncle's _prænomen_ and
+_nomen_, Q. Cæcilius, retaining his own _nomen_ in an adjectival form
+(Pomponianus) as a _cognomen_, just as C. Octavius became, by his
+uncle's will, _C. Iulius Cæsar Octavianus_. His additional name of
+Atticus remained as before, and in ordinary life was his usual
+designation. See p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 348: Sestius, tribune-elect for B.C. 57, would come into
+office 10th December, B.C. 58. He means to bring a bill before the
+people for Cicero's recall, and a draft of it has been sent to Cicero,
+who criticises it as not entering sufficiently into details, though he
+had before said that a general _restitutio in integrum_ covered
+everything; but perhaps this bill only repealed the Clodian law as a
+_privilegium_, without mentioning anything else.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXVIII (F XIV, 2)
+
+TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 5 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Greetings to Terentia, and Tulliola, and Cicero. Don't suppose that I
+write longer letters to anyone else, unless some one has written at
+unusual length to me, whom I think myself bound to answer. For I have
+nothing to write about, and there is nothing at such a time as this that
+I find it more difficult to do. Moreover, to you and my dear Tulliola I
+cannot write without many tears. For I see you reduced to the greatest
+misery--the very people whom I desired to be ever enjoying the most
+complete happiness, a happiness which it was my bounden duty to secure,
+and which I should have secured if I had not been such a coward. Our
+dear Piso I love exceedingly for his noble conduct. I have to the best
+of my ability encouraged him by letter to proceed, and thanked him, as I
+was bound to do. I gather that you entertain hopes in the new tribunes.
+We shall have reason to depend on that, if we may depend on Pompey's
+goodwill, but yet I am nervous about Crassus. I gather that you have
+behaved in every respect with the greatest courage and most loyal
+affection, nor am I surprised at it; but I grieve that the position
+should be such that my miseries are relieved by such heavy ones on your
+part. For a kind friend of ours, Publius Valerius, has told me in a
+letter which I could not read without violent weeping, how you had been
+dragged from the temple of Vesta to the Valerian bank.[349] To think of
+it, my dear, my love! You from whom everybody used to look for
+help![350] That you, my Terentia, should now be thus harassed, thus
+prostrate in tears and humiliating distress! And that this should be
+brought about by my fault, who have preserved the rest of the citizens
+only to perish myself! As to what you say about our town house, or
+rather its site, I shall not consider myself fully restored, until it
+has also been restored for me. However, these things are not yet within
+our grasp. I am only sorry that you, impoverished and plundered as you
+are, should be called upon to bear any part of the present expenses. Of
+course, if the business is successfully accomplished we shall get
+everything back: but if the same evil fortune keeps us down, will you be
+so foolish as to throw away even the poor remains of your fortune?[351]
+I beseech you, my life, as far as expense goes, allow others to bear it,
+who are well able if they are only willing to do so; and do not, as you
+love me, try your delicate constitution. For I have you day and night
+before my eyes: I see you eagerly undertaking labours of every kind: I
+fear you cannot endure them. Yet I see that everything depends on you!
+Wherefore, to enable us to attain what you hope and are striving for,
+attend carefully to your health. _I_ don't know to whom to write except
+to those who write to me, or to those about whom you say something in
+your letters. I will not go farther off, since that is your wish, but
+pray send me a letter as often as possible, especially if there is
+anything on which we may safely build our hope. Good-bye, my loves,
+good-bye!
+
+Thessalonica, 5 October.
+
+[Footnote 349: Terentia, whose half-sister was a Vestal, seems to have
+taken sanctuary with the Vestals, as did the mother and sister of
+Augustus in B.C. 43. The special indignity of which Cicero complains is
+that she had been forced to leave the sanctuary and appear at the bank
+of Valerius, but for what purpose we cannot now tell. It is suggested
+that it was to make some solemn declaration as to her husband's
+property, some of which she may be supposed to have tried to conceal.
+The term _ducta esses_ is that applied to prisoners led through the
+streets, but we may regard it as used _ad invidiam_.]
+
+[Footnote 350: In securing her husband's advocacy.]
+
+[Footnote 351: Mention is made of Terentia's separate estate in Letters
+XXX and LXXXI.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIX (A III, 21)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 28 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+It is exactly thirty days to the writing of this letter since I have
+heard from you. Well, my present intention is, as I have told you, to go
+into Epirus and there by preference to await whatever may turn up. I beg
+you to write to me with the utmost openness whatever you perceive to be
+the state of the case, and whether it is for good or evil, and also to
+send a letter, as you say, in my name to whomsoever you think it
+necessary.
+
+28 October.
+
+
+
+
+LXXX (A III, 22)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA AND DYRRACHIUM, 27 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Though my brother Quintus and Piso have given me a careful account of
+what has been done, yet I could have wished that your engagements had
+not hindered you from writing fully to me, as has been your custom, what
+was on foot and what you understood to be the facts. Up to the present,
+Plancius[352] keeps me here by his generous treatment, though I have
+several times already made an effort to go to Epirus. He has conceived a
+hope, which I do not share, that we may possibly quit the province
+together: he hopes that that may redound greatly to his credit. But as
+soon as news shall come that soldiers are on their way hither,[353] I
+shall have to insist on quitting him. And as soon as I do that I will
+at once send you word, that you may know where I am. Lentulus,[354] in
+his own peculiar zeal for my cause, which he manifests by action and
+promises and writings, gives me some hope of Pompey's friendly feelings.
+For you have often told me in your letters that the latter was wholly
+devoted to him. As to Metellus,[355] my brother has written me word that
+by your agency as much has been accomplished as he had hoped. My dear
+Pomponius, fight hard that I may be allowed to live with you and my own
+family, and write me everything that occurs. I am heavy with sorrow and
+regret for all my dear ones, who have always been dearer to me than
+myself. Take care of your health.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dyrrachium, 27 November. As, if I went through Thessaly into Epirus, I
+should have been likely to be a very long time without any intelligence,
+and as I have warm friends in the people of Dyrrachium, I have come to
+them, after writing the former part of this letter at Thessalonica. When
+I turn my face from this town towards your house I will let you know,
+and for your part I would have you write me everything with the utmost
+particularity, whatever its nature. I am now expecting some definite
+step or the abandonment of all hope.
+
+[Footnote 352: Cn. Plancius, quæstor in Macedonia, whose kindness Cicero
+lauds highly when defending him in B.C. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 353: The forces of the new governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who
+was to have Macedonia after his consulship, and would be sending his
+troops on before him.]
+
+[Footnote 354: P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul-designate for B.C. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 355: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, consul-designate for B.C. 57.
+See pp. 22-23.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXI (F XIV, 1)
+
+TO TERENTIA
+
+PARTLY WRITTEN AT THESSALONICA, PARTLY AT DYRRACHIUM, 28 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I learn, both from the
+letters of many and the conversation of all whom I meet, that you are
+shewing a virtue and courage surpassing belief; and that you give no
+sign of fatigue in mind or body from your labours. Ah me! To think that
+a woman of your virtue, fidelity, uprightness, and kindness should have
+fallen into such troubles on my account! And that my little Tullia
+should reap such a harvest of sorrow from the father, from whom she used
+to receive such abundant joys! For why mention my boy Cicero, who from
+the first moment of conscious feeling has been made aware of the
+bitterest sorrows and miseries? And if, as you say, I had thought these
+things the work of destiny, I could have borne them somewhat more
+easily, but they were really all brought about by my own fault, in
+thinking myself beloved by those who were really jealous of me, and in
+not joining those who really wanted me.[356] But if I had followed my
+own judgment, and had not allowed the observations of friends, who were
+either foolish or treacherous, to have such great influence with me, we
+should have been living at the height of bliss. As it is, since friends
+bid us hope, I will do my best to prevent my weakness of health from
+failing to second your efforts. I fully understand the magnitude of the
+difficulty, and how much easier it will turn out to have been to stay at
+home than to get back. However, if we have all the tribunes on our side,
+if we find Lentulus as zealous as he appears to be, if, finally, we have
+Pompey and Cæsar, there is no reason to despair. About our slaves,[357]
+we will do what you say is the opinion of our friends. As to this place,
+by this time the epidemic has taken its departure; but while it lasted,
+it did not touch me. Plancius, the kindest of men, desires me to stay
+with him and still keeps me from departing. I wanted to be in a less
+frequented district in Epirus, to which neither Hispo[358] nor soldiers
+would come, but as yet Plancius keeps me from going; he hopes that he
+may possibly quit his province for Italy in my company. And if ever I
+see that day, and come once more into your arms, and if I ever recover
+you all and myself, I shall consider that I have reaped a sufficient
+harvest both of your piety and my own. Piso's[359] kindness, virtue, and
+affection toward us all are so great that nothing can surpass them. I
+hope his conduct may be a source of pleasure to him, a source of glory I
+see clearly that it will be. I did not mean to find fault with you about
+my brother Quintus, but I wished that you all, especially considering
+how few there are of you, should be as closely united as possible. Those
+whom you wished me to thank I have thanked, and told them that my
+information came from you. As to what you say in your letter, my dear
+Terentia, about your intention of selling the village, alas! in heaven's
+name, what will become of you? And if the same ill-fortune continues to
+pursue us, what will become of our poor boy? I cannot write the rest--so
+violent is my outburst of weeping, and I will not reduce you to the same
+tearful condition. I only add this: if my friends remain loyal to me,
+there will be no lack of money; if not, you will not be able to effect
+our object out of your own purse. In the name of our unhappy fortunes,
+beware how we put the finishing stroke to the boy's ruin. If he has
+something to keep him from absolute want, he will need only moderate
+character and moderate luck to attain the rest. See to your health, and
+mind you send me letter-carriers, that I may know what is going on and
+what you are all doing. I have in any case only a short time to wait.
+Give my love to Tulliola and Cicero. Good-bye.
+
+Dyrrachium,[360] 27 November.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+P.S.--I have come to Dyrrachium both because it is a free state, very
+kindly disposed to me, and the nearest point to Italy.[361] But if the
+crowded condition of the place offends me, I shall take myself elsewhere
+and I will write you word.
+
+[Footnote 356: The party of the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 357: See Letter LXI, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 358: A centurion or other officer in the army of Piso crossing
+to Macedonia. But the name is otherwise unknown, and some have thought
+that it is an intentional disguise for the name of _Piso_ himself.]
+
+[Footnote 359: Cicero's son-in-law.]
+
+[Footnote 360: The greater part of this letter was evidently written at
+Thessalonica. Cicero appears to have put the date and place of departure
+to it after arriving at Dyrrachium, and then added a postscript to
+explain why he had come there.]
+
+[Footnote 361: As a _libera civitas_ Dyrrachium had the _ius exilii_,
+and would not be filled with Roman officials. The crowded state of the
+town--by which Cicero means crowded with Romans--would arise from its
+being the usual place of disembarkation from Rome across the north of
+the Greek peninsula to the East. There was doubtless always a large
+traffic between it and Brundisium, but at this time of year, when
+sailing would be, if possible, avoided, he might hope to find it
+somewhat less crowded.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXII (A III, 23)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 29 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+On the 26th of November I received three letters from you, one dated
+25th of October, in which you exhort me to await the month of January
+with a good heart, and write at length on such topics as you think tend
+to encourage my hopes--as to the zeal of Lentulus, the goodwill of
+Metellus, and the general policy of Pompey. In the second letter,
+contrary to your usual custom, you append no date, but give sufficient
+indication of the time of its writing. For the law having been published
+by the eight tribunes, you mention that you wrote this letter on the
+very same day, that is, the 29th of October,[362] and you say what good
+you think that publication has done. In regard to which, if my
+restoration is to be despaired of along with this law, I would have you
+think in your affection for me that my fruitless exertions are pitiable
+rather than foolish: but if there is any ground for hope, try and secure
+that my cause may be hereafter supported with greater attention to
+details by the new magistrates. For this bill of the old tribunes[363]
+had three clauses, of which the one relating to my return was carelessly
+drafted. For nothing is restored to me except my citizenship and
+senatorial rank: which, in the circumstances of my position, suffices
+me, but it does not escape your observation what special provisions will
+have to be made, and in what manner. The second clause is the usual
+one--"If anything be done in virtue of this law against other
+laws."[364] But observe, my dear Pomponius, what the object of the third
+clause is, and by whom it has been put in. For you know that Clodius
+provided that it should be scarcely possible, or rather altogether
+impossible, for his law to be deprived of validity either by senate or
+people. But you must see that the penal provisions of such laws as are
+repealed have never been observed. For in that case hardly any law could
+be repealed at all--for there is no law which does not hedge itself in
+by trying to make repeal difficult--but when a law is repealed, so is
+the clause meant to prevent its repeal. Now, though this is in truth the
+case, since it has been the universal doctrine and practice, our eight
+tribunes introduced the following clause: _If any provision is contained
+in this bill which, in view of existing laws or plebiscites_ (_i.e._,
+Clodius's law), _it is not lawful without incurring penalty, now or
+heretofore, whether to publish, repeal, amend, or supersede, or whereby
+he who has so published or amended would be liable to penalty or
+fine--such provision is not enacted by this law_. And observe that this
+contingency did not touch the case of those eight tribunes, for they
+were not bound by a law emanating from their own body.[365] Which makes
+one the more suspicious of some evil intention, since they have added a
+clause which did not affect themselves, but was against my interests: so
+that the new tribunes, if they happened to be somewhat timid, would
+think it still more necessary to employ the clause.[366] And Clodius did
+not fail to notice this. For he said in the public meeting of November
+the third, that by this clause a limit to their legal powers was laid
+down for the tribunes-designate; and yet it cannot escape your notice
+that in no law is there a clause of the sort: whereas, if it had been
+necessary, everybody would have employed it in repealing a law. How this
+point came to escape Ninnius[367] and the rest, pray find out, and who
+introduced the clause, and how it was that the eight tribunes did not
+hesitate to bring my case before the senate--which implies that they did
+not think that clause of the law binding--and were yet so cautious in
+their proposal for its repeal, as to be afraid (though not personally
+liable) of what need not be taken into consideration, even by those who
+are bound by the law. This clause I would not have the new tribunes
+propose; however, let them only carry something, no matter what: I shall
+be content with the single clause recalling me, so long only as the
+business is done. I have for some time been feeling ashamed of writing
+at such length; for I fear by the time you read this it will be all up
+with any hopes, so that this minute criticism of mine may seem pitiable
+to you and ridiculous to others. But if there is any ground for hope,
+pray look at the law which Visellius[368] drafted for T. Fadius. I like
+it very much: for that of our friend Sestius, which you say has your
+approbation, I don't like.
+
+The third letter is dated 12th of November, in which you explain with
+wisdom and care what the circumstances are which seem to cause a
+postponement of my affair, and about Crassus, Pompey, and the rest.
+Accordingly, I beg you, if there is any hope that the matter can be
+settled by the zeal of the loyalists, by the exertion of influence, and
+by getting numbers on our side, to endeavour to break through all
+difficulties at a rush, to throw your whole weight into the attempt, and
+incite others to do the same. But if, as I perceive from your
+conjectures as well as my own, there is no hope left, I beg and implore
+you to cherish my brother Quintus, whom I to our mutual misery have
+ruined, and not allow him to do anything to himself which would be to
+the detriment of your sister's son. My little Cicero, to whom, poor boy!
+I leave nothing but prejudice and the blot upon my name, pray protect to
+the best of your power. Terentia, that most afflicted of women, sustain
+by your kindness. I shall start for Epirus as soon as I have received
+news of the first days of the new tribunate.[369] Pray describe fully to
+me in your next letter what sort of a beginning is made.
+
+29 November.
+
+[Footnote 362: This bill for Cicero's recall would, of course, be vetoed
+by Clodius, and could not therefore be passed, but it would probably
+influence the action of the new tribunes for B.C. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 363: _I.e._, the tribunes of B.C. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 364: _I.e._, securing indemnity to the proposers if there is a
+technical breach of existing laws, something like the common
+clause--"all statutes to the contrary notwithstanding."]
+
+[Footnote 365: The Clodian law.]
+
+[Footnote 366: Because they would not be protected as the previous
+tribunes were by the fact of the Clodian law (which alone was
+contravened) having emanated from their own _collegium_.]
+
+[Footnote 367: L. Quadratus Ninnius, tribune-elect. On the 1st of June
+next he brought forward the question of Cicero's restoration in the
+senate.]
+
+[Footnote 368: Cicero's cousin, C. Visellius Varro, a learned
+jurisconsult (_Brut._ § 264; 1 _Verr._ § 71).]
+
+[Footnote 369: The tribunes came into office on the 10th of December,
+nearly three weeks before the consuls, prætors, etc., who entered office
+on the 1st of January.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIII (F XIV, 3)
+
+TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 29 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I have received three
+letters from the hands of Aristocritus, which I almost obliterated with
+tears. For I am thoroughly weakened with sorrow, my dear Terentia, and
+it is not my own miseries that torture me more than yours--and yours, my
+children! Moreover, I am more miserable than you in this, that whereas
+the disaster is shared by us both, yet the fault is all my own. It was
+my duty to have avoided the danger by accepting a legation,[370] or to
+resist it by careful management and the resources at my command, or to
+fall like a brave man. Nothing was more pitiful, more base, or more
+unworthy of myself than the line I actually took. Accordingly, it is
+with shame as well as grief that I am overpowered. For I am ashamed of
+not having exhibited courage and care to a most excellent wife and most
+darling children. I have, day and night, before my eyes the mourning
+dresses, the tears of you all, and the weakness of your own health,
+while the hope of recall presented to me is slender indeed. Many are
+hostile, nearly all jealous. To expel me had been difficult, to keep me
+out is easy. However, as long as you entertain any hope, I will not give
+way, lest all should seem lost by my fault. As to your anxiety for my
+personal safety, that is now the easiest thing in the world for me, for
+even my enemies desire me to go on living in this utter wretchedness. I
+will, however, do as you bid me. I have thanked the friends you desired
+me to thank, and I have delivered the letters to Dexippus, and have
+mentioned that you had informed me of their kindness. That our Piso has
+shewn surprising zeal and kindness to us I can see for myself, but
+everybody also tells me of it. God grant that I may be allowed, along
+with you and our children, to enjoy the actual society of such a
+son-in-law! For the present our one remaining hope is in the new
+tribunes, and that, too, in the first days of their office; if the
+matter is allowed to get stale, it is all over with us. It is for that
+reason that I have sent Aristocritus back to you at once, in order that
+you may be able to write to me on the spot as to the first official
+steps taken, and the progress of the whole business; although I have
+also given Dexippus orders to hurry back here at once, and I have sent a
+message to my brother to despatch letter-carriers frequently. For the
+professed object of my being at Dyrrachium at the present juncture is
+that I may hear as speedily as possible what is being done; and I am in
+no personal danger, for this town has always been defended by me. When I
+am told that enemies are on their way here I shall retire into Epirus.
+As to your coming to me, as you say you will if I wish it--for my part,
+knowing that a large part of this burden is supported by you, I should
+like you to remain where you are. If you succeed in your attempt I must
+come to you: but if, on the other hand--but I needn't write the rest.
+From your first, or at most, your second letter, I shall be able to
+decide what I must do. Only be sure you tell me everything with the
+greatest minuteness, although I ought now to be looking out for some
+practical step rather than a letter. Take care of your health, and
+assure yourself that nothing is or has ever been dearer to me than you
+are. Good-bye, my dear Terentia, whom I seem to see before my eyes, and
+so am dissolved in tears. Good-bye!
+
+29 November.
+
+[Footnote 370: Either the _libera legatio_ or the acting _legatio_ in
+Gaul, both of which Cæsar offered him.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIV (A III, 24)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 10 DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+When, some time ago, I received letters from you all stating that with
+your consent the vote for the expenses of the consular provinces had
+been taken, though I was nervous as to the result of the measure, I yet
+hoped that you saw some good reason for it beyond what I could see: but
+when I was informed by word of mouth and by letters that this policy of
+yours was strongly censured, I was much disturbed, because the hope
+which I had cherished, faint as it was, seemed completely destroyed. For
+if the tribunes are angry with us, what hope can there be? And, indeed,
+they seem to have reason to be angry, since they, who had undertaken my
+cause, have not been consulted on the measure; while by your assenting
+to it they have been deprived of all the legitimate influence of their
+office: and that though they profess that it was for my sake that they
+wished to have the vote for the outfit of the consuls under their
+control, not in order to curtail their freedom of action, but in order
+to attach them to my cause:[371] that as things stand now, supposing
+the consuls to choose to take part against me, they can do so without
+let or hindrance, but if they wish to do anything in my favour they are
+powerless if the tribunes object. For as to what you say in your letter,
+that, if your party had not consented, they would have obtained their
+object by a popular vote--that would have been impossible against the
+will of the tribunes.[372] So I fear, on the one hand, that I have lost
+the favour of the tribunes; and on the other, even supposing that favour
+to remain, that the tie has been lost by which the consuls were to be
+attached. Added to this is another disadvantage, the abandonment of the
+weighty resolution--as, indeed, it was reported to me--that the senate
+should pass no decree until my case had been decided, and that, too, in
+the case of a measure which was not only not urgent, but even contrary
+to custom and unprecedented. For I think there is no precedent for
+voting the provincial outfit of magistrates when still only designate:
+so that, since in a matter like this the firm line[373] on which my
+cause had been taken up has been infringed, there is now no reason why
+any decree should not be passed. It is not surprising that those friends
+to whom the question was referred assented, for it was difficult to find
+anyone to express an opinion openly against proposals so advantageous to
+two consuls. It would in any case have been difficult not to be
+complaisant to such a warm friend as Lentulus, or to Metellus after the
+exceedingly kind way in which he put aside his quarrel with me. But I
+fear that, while failing to keep a hold on them, we have lost the
+tribunes. How this matter has occurred, and in what position the whole
+business stands, I would have you write to me, and in the same spirit as
+before: for your outspoken candour, even if not altogether pleasant, is
+yet what I prefer.
+
+10 December.
+
+[Footnote 371: The phrase _ornare provincias, ornare consules_, etc.,
+means the vote in the senate deciding the number of troops, amount of
+money, and other outfit that the magistrates going to their provinces
+were to have. The provinces to be taken by outgoing consuls were decided
+before the elections--in this case they were Cilicia and Spain. But the
+_ornatio_ usually took place after the consuls had entered on their
+office, _i.e._, after the 1st of January. For this year, however--we
+don't know why--it had taken place before the 1st of December, B.C. 58.
+The result of this would be that the new tribunes for B.C. 57--entering
+on their office 10th December, B.C. 58--would have no voice in the
+matter, and would thus lose a great hold on the consuls. Most of these
+tribunes were supporters of Cicero, while he was doubtful as to one of
+the consuls--Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. He thinks, therefore, that his
+cause has lost by this measure, for the tribunes will have less power of
+putting force on the consuls to do anything for him, and yet the same
+power of stopping them should they wish to do anything of their own
+accord. Besides, the new tribunes may be alienated by what they may
+think a measure derogatory to their position. These fears came to
+nothing; the tribunes were loyal to Cicero, and the consul Piso
+forwarded his recall.]
+
+[Footnote 372: Because the tribunes could have vetoed any measure
+brought before the people, and so could have forced the consuls to come
+to terms.]
+
+[Footnote 373: _I.e._, that the senate would pass no decree prior to one
+recalling Cicero.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXV (A III, 25)
+
+TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS[374])
+
+DYRRACHIUM (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT 48]
+
+After you left me I received a letter from Rome, from which I see
+clearly that I must rot away in this state of disfranchisement: for I
+can't believe (don't be offended at my saying so) that you would have
+left town at this juncture, if there had been the least hope left of my
+restoration. But I pass over this, that I may not seem to be ungrateful
+and to wish everything to share my own ruin. All I ask of you is what
+you have faithfully promised, that you will appear before the 1st of
+January wherever I may be.
+
+[Footnote 374: There is no indication in the letter as to where Atticus
+is. He left Rome late in B.C. 58, and apparently did not return till
+after Cicero's recall. The most natural explanation is that he was in
+Epirus, or somewhere in Greece, and that he had visited Cicero at
+Dyrrachium on his way. I do not quite see how this should be thought
+impossible in view of the last sentence of LXXXV or the next letter.
+Cicero asks Atticus to join him, but he might do so whether Atticus were
+at Buthrotum, or Rome, or anywhere else.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVI (A III, 26)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57. Coss., P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Q. Cæcilius
+Metellus Nepos.
+
+     The new year found Cicero still at Dyrrachium, waiting for the law
+     to pass for his recall, which (owing chiefly to the riotous
+     opposition of Clodius) did not pass till the 5th of August. We have
+     no letters in the interval between January and August, but a few
+     lively ones recounting the nature of his return (4th of September),
+     and four speeches dealing with his position and that of his
+     property. He seems at once to have attached himself to Pompey, and
+     to have promoted his appointment as _præfectus annonæ_.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS[374])
+
+DYRRACHIUM, JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+I have received a letter from my brother Quintus inclosing the decree of
+the senate passed concerning me. My intention is to await the time for
+legislation, and, if the law is defeated, I shall avail myself of the
+resolution of the senate,[375] and prefer to be deprived of my life
+rather than of my country. Make haste, I beg, to come to me.
+
+[Footnote 375: On 1st January, B.C. 57, P. Lentulus brought the case of
+Cicero before the senate. The prevailing opinion was that his
+_interdictio_ having been illegal, the senate could quash it. But
+Pompey, for the sake of security, recommended a _lex_. One of the
+tribunes, without actually vetoing the _senatus consultum_, demanded a
+night for consideration. The question was again debated in succeeding
+meetings of the senate, but on the 25th was not decided. Technically an
+_auctoritas_ was a decree that had been vetoed by a tribune, and Cicero
+(_pro Sest._ § 74) implies that such a veto had been put in, and at any
+rate the _noctis postulatio_ was equivalent to a veto.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVII (A III, 27)
+
+TO ATTICUS (? AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM (AFTER 25 JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+From your letter and from the bare facts I see that I am utterly
+ruined.[376] I implore you, in view of my deplorable position, to stand
+by my family in whatever respect they shall need your help. I shall, as
+you say, see you soon.
+
+[Footnote 376: Perhaps he has just heard that the sitting of the senate
+on the 25th of January had been interrupted by Clodius's roughs. But
+other similar events happened, and there is no certain means of dating
+this note. The difficulty, as it stands, is that it implies Atticus's
+temporary return to Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVIII (F V, 4)
+
+TO Q. METELLUS THE CONSUL (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM (JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+A letter from my brother Quintus, and one from my friend Titus
+Pomponius, had given me so much hope, that I depended on your assistance
+no less than on that of your colleague. Accordingly, I at once sent you
+a letter in which, as my present position required, I offered you thanks
+and asked for the continuance of your assistance. Later on, not so much
+the letters of my friends, as the conversation of travellers by this
+route, indicated that your feelings had undergone a change; and that
+circumstance prevented my venturing to trouble you with letters. Now,
+however, my brother Quintus has sent me a copy which he had made of your
+exceedingly kind speech delivered in the senate. Induced by this I have
+attempted to write to you, and I do ask and beg of you, as far as I may
+without giving you offence, to preserve your own friends along with me,
+rather than attack me to satisfy the unreasonable vindictiveness of your
+connexions. You have, indeed, conquered yourself so far as to lay aside
+your own enmity for the sake of the Republic: will you be induced to
+support that of others _against_ the interests of the Republic? But if
+you will in your clemency now give me assistance, I promise you that I
+will be at your service henceforth: but if neither magistrates, nor
+senate, nor people are permitted to aid me, owing to the violence which
+has proved too strong for me, and for the state as well, take care
+lest--though you may wish the opportunity back again for retaining all
+and sundry in their rights--you find yourself unable to do so, because
+there will be nobody to be retained.[377]
+
+[Footnote 377: This intentionally enigmatical sentence is meant to
+contain a menace against Clodius, who is hinted at in the word _omnium_,
+just as he is earlier in the letter in the word _tuorum_. Clodius was a
+connexion by marriage of Metellus (through his late brother, the husband
+of Clodia), and Cicero assumes that Metellus is restrained from helping
+him by regard for Clodius. He knows, however, by this time, that one of
+the new tribunes, Milo, is prepared to repel force by force, and he
+hints to Metellus that if he countenances Clodius's violence he may some
+day find that there is no Clodius to save--if that's his object. In
+Letter LXXXIX he shews how early he had contemplated Clodius being
+killed by Milo (_occisum iri ab ipso Milone video_).]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIX (A IV, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+Directly I arrived at Rome, and there was anyone to whom I could safely
+intrust a letter for you, I thought the very first thing I ought to do
+was to congratulate you in your absence on my return. For I knew, to
+speak candidly, that though in giving me advice you had not been more
+courageous or far-seeing than myself, nor--considering my devotion to
+you in the past--too careful in protecting me from disaster, yet that
+you--though sharing in the first instance in my mistake, or rather
+madness, and in my groundless terror--had nevertheless been deeply
+grieved at our separation, and had bestowed immense pains, zeal, care,
+and labour in securing my return. Accordingly, I can truly assure you of
+this, that in the midst of supreme joy and the most gratifying
+congratulations, the one thing wanting to fill my cup of happiness to
+the brim is the sight of you, or rather your embrace; and if I ever
+forfeit that again, when I have once got possession of it, and if, too,
+I do not exact the full delights of your charming society that have
+fallen into arrear in the past, I shall certainly consider myself
+unworthy of this renewal of my good fortune.
+
+In regard to my political position, I have resumed what I thought there
+would be the utmost difficulty in recovering--my brilliant standing at
+the bar, my influence in the senate, and a popularity with the loyalists
+even greater than I desired. In regard, however, to my private
+property--as to which you are well aware to what an extent it has been
+crippled, scattered, and plundered--I am in great difficulties, and
+stand in need, not so much of your means (which I look upon as my own),
+as of your advice for collecting and restoring to a sound state the
+fragments that remain. For the present, though I believe everything
+finds its way to you in the letters of your friends, or even by
+messengers and rumour, yet I will write briefly what I think you would
+like to learn from my letters above all others. On the 4th of August I
+started from Dyrrachium, the very day on which the law about me was
+carried. I arrived at Brundisium on the 5th of August. There my dear
+Tulliola met me on what was her own birthday, which happened also to be
+the name-day of the colony of Brundisium and of the temple of Safety,
+near your house. This coincidence was noticed and celebrated with warm
+congratulations by the citizens of Brundisium. On the 8th of August,
+while still at Brundisium, I learnt by a letter from Quintus that the
+law had been passed at the _comitia centuriata_ with a surprising
+enthusiasm on the part of all ages and ranks, and with an incredible
+influx of voters from Italy. I then commenced my journey, amidst the
+compliments of the men of highest consideration at Brundisium, and was
+met at every point by legates bearing congratulations. My arrival in the
+neighbourhood of the city was the signal for every soul of every order
+known to my nomenclator coming out to meet me, except those enemies who
+could not either dissemble or deny the fact of their being such. On my
+arrival at the Porta Capena, the steps of the temples were already
+thronged from top to bottom[378] by the populace; and while their
+congratulations were displayed by the loudest possible applause, a
+similar throng and similar applause accompanied me right up to the
+Capitol, and in the forum and on the Capitol itself there was again a
+wonderful crowd. Next day, in the senate, that is, the 5th of September,
+I spoke my thanks to the senators. Two days after that--there having
+been a very heavy rise in the price of corn, and great crowds having
+flocked first to the theatre and then to the senate-house, shouting out,
+at the instigation of Clodius, that the scarcity of corn was my
+doing--meetings of the senate being held on those days to discuss the
+corn question, and Pompey being called upon to undertake the management
+of its supply in the common talk not only of the plebs, but of the
+aristocrats also, and being himself desirous of the commission, when the
+people at large called upon me by name to support a decree to that
+effect, I did so, and gave my vote in a carefully-worded speech. The
+other consulars, except Messalla and Afranius, having absented
+themselves on the ground that they could not vote with safety to
+themselves, a decree of the senate was passed in the sense of my motion,
+namely, that Pompey should be appealed to to undertake the business, and
+that a law should be proposed to that effect. This decree of the senate
+having been publicly read, and the people having, after the senseless
+and new-fangled custom that now prevails, applauded the mention of my
+name,[379] I delivered a speech. All the magistrates present, except one
+prætor and two tribunes, called on me to speak.[380] Next day a full
+senate, including all the consulars, granted everything that Pompey
+asked for. Having demanded fifteen legates, he named me first in the
+list, and said that he should regard me in all things as a second self.
+The consuls drew up a law by which complete control over the corn-supply
+for five years throughout the whole world was given to Pompey. A second
+law is drawn up by Messius,[381] granting him power over all money, and
+adding a fleet and army, and an _imperium_ in the provinces superior to
+that of their governors. After that our consular law seems moderate
+indeed: that of Messius is quite intolerable. Pompey professes to prefer
+the former; his friends the latter. The consulars led by Favonius
+murmur: I hold my tongue, the more so that the pontifices have as yet
+given no answer in regard to my house.[382] If they annul the
+consecration I shall have a splendid site. The consuls, in accordance
+with a decree of the senate, will value the cost of the building that
+stood upon it; but if the pontifices decide otherwise, they will pull
+down the Clodian building, give out a contract in their own name (for a
+temple), and value to me the cost of a site and house. So our affairs
+are
+
+    "For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."[383]
+
+In regard to money matters I am, as you know, much embarrassed. Besides,
+there are certain domestic troubles, which I do not intrust to writing.
+My brother Quintus I love as he deserves for his eminent qualities of
+loyalty, virtue, and good faith. I am longing to see you, and beg you to
+hasten your return, resolved not to allow me to be without the benefit
+of your advice. I am on the threshold, as it were, of a second life.
+Already certain persons who defended me in my absence begin to nurse a
+secret grudge at me now that I am here, and to make no secret of their
+jealousy. I want you very much.
+
+[Footnote 378: Reading _ab infimo_.]
+
+[Footnote 379: As backing the decree. The phrase was _aderat scribendo
+M. Tullius Cicero_, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 380: _Dederunt_, _i.e._, _contionem_; lit. gave me a meeting,
+_i.e._, the right of addressing the meeting, which only magistrates or
+those introduced by magistrates could do.]
+
+[Footnote 381: C. Messius, a tribune of the year.]
+
+[Footnote 382: Clodius had consecrated the site of Cicero's house for a
+temple of Liberty. The pontifices had to decide whether that
+consecration held good, or whether the site might be restored to Cicero.
+Hence his speech _de Domo sua ad Pontifices_.]
+
+[Footnote 383: The origin of the Latin line is not known. The English is
+Milton's, _P. L._ ii. 224.]
+
+
+
+
+XC (A IV, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+If by any chance you get letters less frequently from me than from
+others, I beg you not to put it down to my negligence, or even to my
+engagements; for though they are very heavy, there can be none
+sufficient to stop the course of our mutual affection and of the
+attention I owe to you. The fact is that, since my return to Rome, this
+is only the second time that I have been told of anyone to whom I could
+deliver a letter, and accordingly this is my second letter to you. In my
+former I described the reception I had on my return, what my political
+position was, and how my affairs were.
+
+    "For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."
+
+The despatch of that letter was followed by a great controversy about my
+house. I delivered a speech before the pontifices on the 29th of
+September. I pleaded my cause with care, and if I ever was worth
+anything as a speaker, or even if I never was on any other occasion, on
+this one at any rate my indignation at the business, and the importance
+of it, did add a certain vigour to my style.[384] Accordingly, the
+rising generation must not be left without the benefit of this speech,
+which I shall send you all the same, even if you don't want it.[385] The
+decree of the pontifices was as follows: "If neither by order of the
+people nor vote of the plebs the party alleging that he had dedicated
+had been appointed by name to that function, nor by order of the people
+or vote of the plebs had been commanded to do so, we are of opinion that
+the part of the site in question may be restored to M. Tullius without
+violence to religion." Upon this I was at once congratulated--for no one
+doubted that my house was thereby adjudged to me--when all on a sudden
+that fellow mounts the platform to address a meeting, invited to speak
+by Appius,[386] and announces at once to the people that the pontifices
+had decided in his favour,[387] but that I was endeavouring to take
+forcible possession; he exhorts them to follow himself and Appius to
+defend their own shrine of Liberty.[388] Hereupon, when even those
+credulous hearers partly wondered and partly laughed at the fellow's mad
+folly, I resolved not to go near the place until such time as the
+consuls by decree of the senate had given out the contract for restoring
+the colonnade of Catulus.[389] On the 1st of October there was a full
+meeting of the senate. All the pontifices who were senators were invited
+to attend, and Marcellinus,[390] who is a great admirer of mine, being
+called on to speak first, asked them what was the purport of their
+decree. Then M. Lucullus, speaking for all his colleagues, answered that
+the pontifices were judges of a question of religion, the senate of the
+validity of a law: that he and his colleagues had given a decision on a
+point of religion; in the senate they would with the other senators
+decide on the law. Accordingly, each of them, when asked in their proper
+order for their opinion, delivered long arguments in my favour. When it
+came to Clodius's turn, he wished to talk out the day, and he went on
+endlessly; however, after he had spoken for nearly three hours, he was
+forced by the loud expression of the senate's disgust to finish his
+speech at last. On the decree in accordance with the proposal of
+Marcellinus passing the senate against a minority of one, Serranus
+interposed his veto.[391] At once both consuls referred the question of
+Serranus's veto to the senate. After some very resolute speeches had
+been delivered--"that it was the decision of the senate that the house
+should be restored to me": "that a contract should be given out for the
+colonnade of Catulus": "that the resolution of the house should be
+supported by all the magistrates": "that if any violence occurred, the
+senate would consider it to be the fault of the magistrate who vetoed
+the decree of the senate"--Serranus became thoroughly frightened, and
+Cornicinus repeated his old farce: throwing off his toga, he flung
+himself at his son-in-law's feet.[392] The former demanded a night for
+consideration. They would not grant it: for they remembered the 1st of
+January. It was, however, at last granted with difficulty on my
+interposition. Next day the decree of the senate was passed which I send
+you. Thereupon the consuls gave out a contract for the restoration of
+the colonnade of Catulus: the contractors immediately cleared that
+portico of his away to the satisfaction of all.[393] The buildings of my
+house the consuls, by the advice of their assessors, valued at 2,000,000
+sesterces (about £16,000).[394] The rest was valued very stingily. My
+Tusculan villa at 500,000 sesterces (about £4,000): my villa at Formiæ
+at 250,000 sesterces (about £2,000)--an estimate loudly exclaimed
+against not only by all the best men, but even by the common people. You
+will say, "What was the reason?" They for their part say it was my
+modesty--because I would neither say no, nor make any violent
+expostulation. But that is not the real cause: for that indeed in itself
+would have been in my favour.[395] But, my dear Pomponius, those very
+same men, I tell you, of whom you are no more ignorant than myself,
+having clipped my wings, are unwilling that they should grow again to
+their old size. But, as I hope, they are already growing again. Only
+come to me! But this, I fear, may be retarded by the visit of your and
+my friend Varro. Having now heard the actual course of public business,
+let me inform you of what I have in my thoughts besides. I have allowed
+myself to be made _legatus_ to Pompey, but only on condition that
+nothing should stand in the way of my being entirely free either to
+stand, if I choose, for the censorship--if the next consuls hold a
+censorial election--or to assume a "votive commission" in connexion
+with nearly any fanes or sacred groves.[396] For this is what falls in
+best with our general policy and my particular occasions. But I wished
+the power to remain in my hands of _either_ standing for election, _or_
+at the beginning of the summer of going out of town: and meanwhile I
+thought it not disadvantageous to keep myself before the eyes of the
+citizens who had treated me generously. Well, such are my plans in
+regard to public affairs; my domestic affairs are very intricate and
+difficult. My town house is being built: you know how much expense and
+annoyance the repair of my Formian villa occasions me, which I can
+neither bear to relinquish nor to look at. I have advertised my Tusculan
+property for sale; I don't much care for a suburban residence.[397] The
+liberality of friends has been exhausted in a business which brought me
+nothing but dishonour: and this you perceived though absent, as did
+others on the spot, by whose zeal and wealth I could easily have
+obtained all I wanted, had only my supporters allowed it.[398] In this
+respect I am now in serious difficulty. Other causes of anxiety are
+somewhat more of the _tacenda_ kind.[399] My brother and daughter treat
+me with affection. I am looking forward to seeing you.
+
+[Footnote 384: The speech _de Domo sua ad Pontifices_. The genuineness
+of the existing speech has been doubted. But it may very well be said
+that no one but Cicero could have written it. It is not certainly one of
+his happiest efforts, in spite of what he says here; but he is not
+unaccustomed to estimate his speeches somewhat highly, and to mistake
+violence for vigour.]
+
+[Footnote 385: He will send it to Atticus to get copied by his
+_librarii_, and published.]
+
+[Footnote 386: Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was a
+prætor this year.]
+
+[Footnote 387: It is not clear that Clodius was wrong; the pontifices
+decided that for a valid consecration an order of the people was
+requisite, and, of course, Clodius could allege such an order. Cicero
+devoted the greater part of his speech, therefore, to shewing (1) that
+Clodius's adoption was invalid, and that he was therefore no tribune,
+and incapable of taking an order of the people; (2) that the law was a
+_privilegium_, and therefore invalid. The pontifices did not consider
+either of these points, which were not properly before them, or within
+their competence; they merely decided the religious question--that
+unless there had been a _iussus populi_ or _plebis scitus_ there was no
+valid consecration.]
+
+[Footnote 388: Or perhaps only "statue of Liberty," as the temple was
+not yet completed.]
+
+[Footnote 389: A portico or colonnade, built by Q. Catulus, the
+conqueror of the Cimbri, on the site of the house of M. Flaccus, who was
+killed with Saturninus in B.C. 100. It was close to Cicero's house, and
+what Clodius appears to have done was to pull down the portico, and
+build another, extending over part of Cicero's site, on which was to be
+a temple for his statue of Liberty.]
+
+[Footnote 390: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus was called on first as
+consul designate for B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 391: Sext. Attilius Serranus, a tribune. He had been a quæstor
+in Cicero's consulship, but had opposed his recall.]
+
+[Footnote 392: Cn. Oppius Cornicinus, the father-in-law of Serranus, is
+said in _p. red. at Quir._ § 13 to have done the same in the senate on
+the 1st of January, when Serranus also went through the same form of
+"demanding a night" for consideration.]
+
+[Footnote 393: Prof. Tyrrell brackets _porticum_. But I do not
+understand his difficulty, especially as he saw none in the last letter.
+Cicero (_de Domo_, § 102) certainly implies that Clodius had, at any
+rate, partly pulled down the _porticus Catuli_, in order to build
+something on a larger scale, which was to take in some of Cicero's site.
+This was now to come down, and so leave Cicero his _area_, and, I
+presume, the old _porticus Catuli_ was to be restored.]
+
+[Footnote 394: Cicero had given Crassus 3,500,000 for it (about
+£28,000). See Letter XVI.]
+
+[Footnote 395: _I.e._, my modest reserve. There does not seem any reason
+for Tyrrell's emendation of _num_ for _nam_.]
+
+[Footnote 396: I have translated Klotz's text. That given by Prof.
+Tyrrell is, to me at any rate, quite unintelligible. Cicero's _legatio_
+under Pompey appears to have been, in fact, honorary, or _libera_, for
+he doesn't seem to have done anything. He wishes to reserve the right of
+resigning it to stand for the censorship (censors were elected in the
+following year), or of turning it into a _votiva legatio_, to visit
+certain sacred places on the plea of performing a vow, thus getting the
+opportunity, if he desired it, of retiring temporarily from Rome in a
+dignified manner. The force of _prope_ seems to be "almost any, I care
+not what." It was not likely that a man with his stormy past would do
+for the delicate duties of the censorship, and he would save appearances
+by going on a _votiva legatio_. See Letter XLIV.]
+
+[Footnote 397: _Facile careo_, others read _non facile_, "I don't like
+being without a suburban residence."]
+
+[Footnote 398: The thing which brought him "nothing but dishonour" was
+his quitting Rome, and the consequent expenses connected with winning
+over friends, or paying for Milo's bravoes to face those of Clodius. In
+the last part of the sentence he seems to mean that, had his supporters
+backed him properly, he would have got everything necessary to make good
+his losses from the liberality of the senate. Others explain that
+_defensores_ really means Pompey only.]
+
+[Footnote 399: This and the omission of his wife in the next clause, as
+the similar hint at the end of the last letter, seem to point to some
+misunderstanding with Terentia, with whom, however, a final rupture was
+postponed for nearly twelve years (B.C. 46.)]
+
+
+
+
+XCI (A IV, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 24 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+I am very well aware that you long to know what is going on here, and
+also to know it from me, not because things done before the eyes of the
+whole world are better realized when narrated by my hand than when
+reported to you by the pens or lips of others, but because it is from my
+letters that you get what you want--a knowledge of _my_ feelings in
+regard to the occurrences, and what at such a juncture is the state of
+my mind, or, in a word, the conditions in which I am living. On the 3rd
+of November the workmen were driven from the site of my house by armed
+ruffians: the _porticus Catuli_,[400] which was being rebuilt on a
+contract given out by the consuls, in accordance with a decree of the
+senate, and had nearly reached the roof, was battered down: the house of
+my brother Quintus[401] was first smashed with volleys of stones thrown
+from my site, and then set on fire by order of Clodius, firebrands
+having been thrown into it in the sight of the whole town, amidst loud
+exclamations of indignation and sorrow, I will not say of the
+loyalists--for I rather think there _are_ none--but of simply every
+human being. That madman runs riot: thinks after this mad prank of
+nothing short of murdering his opponents: canvasses the city street by
+street: makes open offers of freedom to slaves. For the fact is that up
+to this time, while trying to avoid prosecution,[402] he had a case,
+difficult indeed to support, and obviously bad, but still a case: he
+might have denied the facts, he might have shifted the blame on others,
+he might even have pleaded that some part of his proceedings had been
+legal. But after such wrecking of buildings, incendiaries, and wholesale
+robberies as these, being abandoned by his supporters, he hardly retains
+on his side Decimus the marshal,[403] or Gellius; takes slaves into his
+confidence; sees that, even if he openly assassinates everyone he wishes
+to, he will not have a worse case before a court of law than he has at
+present. Accordingly, on the 11th of November, as I was going down the
+Sacred Way, he followed me with his gang. There were shouts,
+stone-throwing, brandishing of clubs and swords, and all this without a
+moment's warning. I and my party stepped aside into Tettius Damio's
+vestibule: those accompanying me easily prevented his roughs from
+getting in. He might have been killed himself.[404] But I am now on a
+system of cure by regimen: I am tired of surgery. The fellow, seeing
+that what everybody called for was not his prosecution but his instant
+execution, has since made all your Catilines seem models of
+respectability.[405] For on the 12th of November he tried to storm and
+set fire to Milo's house, I mean the one on Germalus:[406] and so openly
+was this done, that at eleven o'clock in the morning he brought men
+there armed with shields and with their swords drawn, and others with
+lighted torches. He had himself occupied the house of P. Sulla[407] as
+his headquarters from which to conduct the assault upon Milo's.
+Thereupon Q. Flaccus led out some gallant fellows from Milo's other
+house (the _Anniana_): killed the most notorious bravoes of all
+Clodius's gang: wanted to kill Clodius himself; but my gentleman took
+refuge in the inner part of Sulla's house. The next thing was a meeting
+of the senate on the 14th. Clodius stayed at home: Marcellinus[408] was
+splendid: all were keen. Metellus[409] talked the business out by an
+obstructive speech, aided by Appius, and also, by Hercules! by your
+friend on whose firmness you wrote me such a wonderfully true letter!
+Sestius[410] was fuming. Afterwards the fellow vows vengeance on the
+city if his election is stopped. Marcellinus's resolution having been
+exposed for public perusal (he had read it from a written copy, and it
+embraced our entire case--the prosecution was to include his violent
+proceedings on the site of my house, his arson, his assault on me
+personally, and was to take place before the elections), he put up a
+notice that he intended to watch the sky during all comitial days.[411]
+Public speeches of Metellus disorderly, of Appius hot-headed, of
+Publius stark mad. The upshot, however, was that, had not Milo served
+his notice of bad omens in the _campus_, the elections would have been
+held. On the 19th of November Milo arrived on the _campus_ before
+midnight with a large company. Clodius, though he had picked gangs of
+runaway slaves, did not venture into the _campus_. Milo stopped there
+till midday,[412] to everybody's great delight and his own infinite
+credit: the movement of the three brethren[413] ended in their own
+disgrace; their violence was crushed, their madness made ridiculous.
+However, Metellus demands that the obstructive notice should be served
+on him next day in the forum: "there was no need to come to the _campus_
+before daybreak: he would be in the _comitium_ at the first hour of the
+day."[414] Accordingly, on the 20th Milo came to the forum before
+sunrise. Metellus at the first sign of dawn was stealthily hurrying to
+the _campus_, I had almost said by by-lanes: Milo catches our friend up
+"between the groves"[415] and serves his notice. The latter returned
+greeted with loud and insulting remarks by Q. Flaccus. The 21st was a
+market day.[416] For two days no public meeting. I am writing this
+letter on the 23rd at three o'clock in the morning. Milo is already in
+possession of the _campus_. The candidate Marcellus[417] is snoring so
+loud that I can hear him next door. I am told that Clodius's vestibule
+is completely deserted: there are a few ragged fellows there and a
+canvas lantern.[418] His party complains that I am the adviser of the
+whole business: they little know the courage and wisdom of that hero!
+His gallantry is astonishing. Some recent instances of his superhuman
+excellence I pass over; but the upshot is this: I don't think the
+election will take place. I think Publius will be brought to trial by
+Milo--unless he is killed first. If he once puts himself in his way in a
+riot, I can see that he will be killed by Milo himself. The latter has
+no scruple about doing it; he avows his intention; he isn't at all
+afraid of what happened to me, for _he_ will never listen to the advice
+of a jealous and faithless friend, nor trust a feeble aristocrat. In
+spirit, at any rate, I am as vigorous as in my zenith, or even more so;
+in regard to money I am crippled. However, the liberality of my brother
+I have, in spite of his protests, repaid (as the state of my finances
+compelled) by the aid of my friends, that I might not be drained quite
+dry myself. What line of policy to adopt in regard to my position as a
+whole, I cannot decide in your absence: wherefore make haste to town.
+
+[Footnote 400: See last letter. The _porticus Catuli_ had been, at any
+rate, partly demolished by Clodius to make way for his larger scheme of
+building, which was to take in part of Cicero's "site." See _pro Cæl._
+§79.]
+
+[Footnote 401: Next door to Cicero's own house.]
+
+[Footnote 402: He would avoid prosecution _de vi_ by getting elected to
+the ædileship for B.C. 56, for actual magistrates were rarely
+prosecuted; but he, in this case, actually avoided it by getting a
+consul and tribune to forbid it by edict (_pro Sest._ § 89).]
+
+[Footnote 403: _Designatorem._ This may mean (1) an official who shewed
+people to their places in the theatre; (2) an undertaker's man, who
+marshalled funerals. To the latter office a certain _infamia_ was
+attached. We know nothing more of Decimus (see _pro Domo_, § 50).
+Gellius was an eques and a stepson of L. Marcius Philippus. He
+afterwards gave evidence against Sestius for _vis_ (see _pro Sest._ §
+110). Cicero calls him the mover of all seditions (_in Vatin._ § 4), and
+one of Clodius's gang (_de Har. Resp._ § 59). See next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 404: Perhaps by M. Antonius. See 2 _Phil._ § 21; _pro Mil._ §
+40.]
+
+[Footnote 405: Lit. "made all Catilines _Acidini_." Acidinus was the
+cognomen of several distinguished men. In _Leg. Agr._ ii. § 64, Cicero
+classes the _Acidini_ among men "respectable not only for the public
+offices they had held, and for their services to the state, but also for
+the noble way in which they had endured poverty." There does not,
+however, seem any very good reason known for their becoming proverbial
+as the antithesis to revolutionaries.]
+
+[Footnote 406: A slope of the Palatine. Milo's other house (p. 196).]
+
+[Footnote 407: P. Cornelius Sulla, nephew of the dictator. Cicero
+defended him in B.C. 62, but he had taken the part of Clodius in the
+time of Cicero's exile.]
+
+[Footnote 408: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, the consul-designate
+for the next year. In that capacity he would be called on for his
+_sententia_ first.]
+
+[Footnote 409: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, the consul. Though he had not
+opposed Cicero's recall, he stood by his cousin, P. Clodius, in regard
+to the threatened prosecution. Appius is Appius Claudius, brother of P.
+Clodius.]
+
+[Footnote 410: P. Sestius, the tribune favourable to Cicero, afterwards
+defended by him.]
+
+[Footnote 411: Mr. Purser's reading of _nisi anteferret_ before
+_proscripsit_ seems to me to darken the passage. What happened was this.
+Marcellinus's _sententia_ was never put to the vote, because Metellus,
+Appius, and Hortensius (Cicero seems to mean him) talked out the
+sitting. Accordingly, Marcellinus published it, _i.e._, put it up
+outside the Curia to be read: and under it he (or some other magistrate
+whose name has dropped out of the text) put a notice that he was going
+to "watch the sky" all the _dies comitiales_, so as to prevent the
+election being held. But this had been rendered inoperative by Clodius's
+amendment of the _lex Ælia Fufia_ (see 2 _Phil._ § 81)--or at any rate
+of doubtful validity--and, accordingly, the only thing left was the
+_obnuntiatio_ by a magistrate, which Milo proceeded to make. The rule,
+however was that such _obnuntiatio_ must be made before the _comitia_
+were begun (2 _Phil. ib._), which again could not begin till sunrise.
+Hence Milo's early visit to the _campus_. For the meaning of _proposita_
+see Letter XLVII.]
+
+[Footnote 412: After which the _comitia_ could not be begun.]
+
+[Footnote 413: P. Clodius, his brother Appius, and his _cousin_ Metellus
+Nepos.]
+
+[Footnote 414: Metellus means that he shall take the necessary auspices
+for the _comitia_ in the _comitium_, before going to the _campus_ to
+take the votes.]
+
+[Footnote 415: Generally called _inter duos lucos_, the road down the
+Capitolium towards the Campus Martius, originally so called as being
+between the two heads of the mountain. It was the spot traditionally
+assigned to the "asylum" of Romulus.]
+
+[Footnote 416: On the _nundinæ_ and the next day no _comitia_ and no
+meeting of the senate could be held.]
+
+[Footnote 417: Candidate for the ædileship, of whom we know nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 418: Apparently a poor lantern, whose sides were made of
+canvas instead of horn.]
+
+
+
+
+XCII (Q FR II, 1)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA[419])
+
+ROME (10 DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+The letter which you have already read I had sent off in the morning.
+But Licinius was polite enough to call on me in the evening after the
+senate had risen, that, in case of any business having been done there,
+I might, if I thought good, write an account of it to you. The senate
+was fuller than I had thought possible in the month of December just
+before the holidays. Of us consulars there were P. Servilius, M.
+Lucullus, Lepidus, Volcatius, Glabrio: the two consuls-designate; the
+prætors. We were a really full house: two hundred in all.[420] Lupus had
+excited some interest.[421] He raised the question of the Campanian land
+in considerable detail. He was listened to in profound silence. You are
+not unaware what material that subject affords. He omitted none of the
+points which I had made in this business.[422] There were some sharp
+thrusts at Cæsar, some denunciations of Gellius, some appeals to the
+absent Pompey. After concluding his speech at a late hour, he said that
+he would not ask for our votes lest he might burden us with a personal
+controversy; he quite understood the sentiments of the senate from the
+denunciations of past times and the silence on the present occasion.
+Milo spoke. Lupus begins the formula of dismissal,[423] when Marcellinus
+says: "Don't infer from our silence, Lupus, what we approve or
+disapprove of at this particular time. As far as I am concerned, and I
+think it is the same with the rest, I am only silent because I do not
+think it suitable that the case of the Campanian land should be debated
+in Pompey's absence." Then Lupus said that he would not detain the
+senate.[423] Racilius rose and began bringing before the house the case
+of the proposed prosecutions. He calls upon Marcellinus, of course,
+first;[424] who, after complaining in serious tones of the Clodian
+incendiaries, massacres, and stonings, proposed a resolution that
+"Clodius himself should, under the superintendence of the prætor
+urbanus, have his jury allotted to him; that the elections should be
+held only when the allotment of jurors[425] had been completed; that
+whoever stopped the trials would be acting against the interests of the
+state."[426] The proposal having been received with warm approval, Gaius
+Cato[427]--as did also Cassius--spoke against it, with very emphatic
+murmurs of disapprobation on the part of the senate, when he proposed to
+hold the elections before the trials. Philippus supported Lentulus.[428]
+After that Racilius called on me first of the unofficial senators for my
+opinion.[429] I made a long speech upon the whole story of P. Clodius's
+mad proceedings and murderous violence: I impeached him as though he
+were on his trial, amidst frequent murmurs of approbation from the whole
+senate. My speech was praised at considerable length, and, by Hercules!
+with no little oratorical skill by Antistius Vetus, who also supported
+the priority of the legal proceedings, and declared that he should
+consider it of the first importance. The senators were crossing the
+floor in support of this view,[430] when Clodius, being called on, began
+trying to talk out the sitting. He spoke in furious terms of having been
+attacked by Racilius in an unreasonable and discourteous manner. Then
+his roughs on the Græcostasis[431] and the steps of the house suddenly
+raised a pretty loud shout, in wrath, I suppose, against Q. Sextilius
+and the other friends of Milo. At this sudden alarm we broke up with
+loud expressions of indignation on all sides. Here are the transactions
+of one day for you: the rest, I think, will be put off to January. Of
+all the tribunes I think Racilius is by far the best: Antistius also
+seems likely to be friendly to me: Plancius, of course, is wholly ours.
+Pray, if you love me, be careful and cautious about sailing in December.
+
+[Footnote 419: Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia as Pompey's _legatus_ as
+superintendent of the corn-supply, to which office he had been appointed
+in August. The letter is written not earlier than the 10th of December,
+for the new tribunes for B.C. 56 have come into office, and not later
+than the 16th, because on the 17th the Saturnalia began. Perhaps as the
+senate is summoned and presided over by Lupus, it is on the 10th, the
+day of his entrance upon office.]
+
+[Footnote 420: "Full," that is, for the time of year. A "full house" is
+elsewhere mentioned as between three and four hundred.]
+
+[Footnote 421: P. Rutilius Lupus, one of the new tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 422: This refers to Cicero's attempts to exempt the _ager
+publicus_ in Campania from being divided (see Letter XXIV, p. 55); and
+not only to his speeches against Rullus. It was because Cæsar
+disregarded the ancient exception of this land from such distribution
+that Cicero opposed his bill, and refused to serve on the commission.]
+
+[Footnote 423: _Nihil vos moramur_ were the words used by the presiding
+magistrate, indicating that he had no more business to bring before the
+senate. If no one said anything, the senate was dismissed; but any
+magistrate, or magistrate-designate, could speak, and so continue the
+sitting up to nightfall, when the house stood adjourned.]
+
+[Footnote 424: Because consul-designate. L. Racilius, one of the new
+tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 425: The _sortitio iudicum_ was performed by the prætor
+drawing out the required number of names from the urn, which contained
+the names of all liable to serve. The accused could, however, challenge
+a certain number, and the prætor had then to draw others.]
+
+[Footnote 426: The formula whereby the senate declared its opinion that
+so and so was guilty of treason. It had no legal force, but the
+magistrates might, and sometimes did, act on it.]
+
+[Footnote 427: C. Porcius Cato, distant relation of Cato Uticensis, one
+of the new tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 428: _I.e._, Marcellinus (Cn. Cornelius Lentulus).]
+
+[Footnote 429: The senators not in office only spoke when called on
+(_rogati_). The consuls-designate (if there were any) were always called
+first, and then the consulars in order. To be called _first_ was a
+subject of ambition, and an opportunity for the presiding magistrate to
+pay a compliment or the reverse.]
+
+[Footnote 430: They went and sat or stood near the speaker they wished
+to support. It was not, however, a formal division till the speeches
+ended, and the presiding magistrate counted. Still, it made the division
+easier.]
+
+[Footnote 431: A platform outside the senate-house, where
+representatives originally of Greek and then of other states were
+placed. It was apparently possible to hear, or partly hear, the debates
+from it. It was a _locus substructus_ (Varro, _L. L._ v. 155). There is
+no evidence that it was a building to lodge ambassadors in, as Prof.
+Tyrrell says.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIII (F VII, 26)
+
+TO M. FADIUS GALLUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM[432] (? DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+Having been suffering for nine days past from a severe disorder of the
+bowels, and being unable to convince those who desired my services that
+I was ill because I had no fever, I fled to my Tusculan villa, after
+having, in fact, observed for two days so strict a fast as not even to
+drink a drop of water. Accordingly, being thoroughly reduced by weakness
+and hunger, I was more in want of your services than I thought mine
+could be required by you. For myself, while shrinking from all
+illnesses, I especially shrink from that in regard to which the Stoics
+attack your friend Epicurus for saying that "he suffered from strangury
+and pains in the bowels"--the latter of which complaints they attribute
+to gluttony, the former to a still graver indulgence. I had been really
+much afraid of dysentery. But either the change of residence, or the
+mere relaxation of anxiety, or perhaps the natural abatement of the
+complaint from lapse of time, seems to me to have done me good. However,
+to prevent your wondering how this came about, or in what manner I let
+myself in for it, I must tell you that the sumptuary law, supposed to
+have introduced plain living, was the origin of my misfortune. For
+whilst your epicures wish to bring into fashion the products of the
+earth, which are not forbidden by the law, they flavour mushrooms,
+_petits choux_, and every kind of pot-herb so as to make them the most
+tempting dishes possible.[433] Having fallen a victim to these in the
+augural banquet at the house of Lentulus, I was seized with a violent
+diarrhœa, which, I think, has been checked to-day for the first time.
+And so I, who abstain from oysters and lampreys without any difficulty,
+have been beguiled by beet and mallows. Henceforth, therefore, I shall
+be more cautious. Yet, having heard of it from Anicius[434]--for he saw
+me turning sick--you had every reason not only for sending to inquire,
+but even for coming to see me. I am thinking of remaining here till I am
+thoroughly restored, for I have lost both strength and flesh. However,
+if I can once get completely rid of my complaint, I shall, I hope,
+easily recover these.
+
+[Footnote 432: The year of this letter has been inferred from the
+mention of Lentulus's augural banquet. For P. Cornelius Lentulus
+Spinther, son of the consul of B.C. 57, was in this year elected into
+the college of augurs. Yet as we know that Cicero's Tusculan villa was
+dismantled by Clodius, and was advertised for sale (though not sold), it
+seems rather extraordinary that Cicero should have gone there for his
+health. The _Fadii Galli_ were a family of Cicero's native place,
+Arpinum.]
+
+[Footnote 433: There were several sumptuary laws. Those which may
+possibly be referred to here are (1) the _lex Licinia_ (? B.C. 103),
+which defined certain foods as illegal at banquets, but excepted _quod
+ex terra vite arbore ve sit natum_ (Macrobius, _Sat._ iii. 17, 9; Gell.
+ii. 24, 7); (2) the _lex Æmilia_ (B.C. 68), which also defined both the
+quantity and quality of food allowable at banquets (Gell. ii. 24, 12).]
+
+[Footnote 434: C. Anicius, a senator and intimate friend of Cicero's.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIV (F I, I)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56. Coss., Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, L.
+Marcius Philippus.]
+
+     In the year B.C. 56 the growing differences between the triumvirs
+     were temporarily composed at the meeting at Luca, and Cicero made
+     up his mind that the only course for him to pursue was to attach
+     himself to them, as the party of the _boni_ had not, as he hoped,
+     taken advantage of those differences to attach Pompey to themselves
+     as a leader against Cæsar. His recantation is indicated in the
+     speeches _de Provinciis Consularibus_ and _pro Balbo_, in which he
+     practically supports part, at least, of the arrangements of Luca.
+
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER[435] (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, 13 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Whatever attention or affection I may shew you, though it may seem
+sufficient in the eyes of others, can never seem sufficient in my own.
+For such has been the magnitude of your services to me that, inasmuch as
+you never rested till my affair was brought to a conclusion, while I
+cannot effect the same in your cause,[436] I regard my life as a burden.
+The difficulties are these. The king's agent, Hammonius, is openly
+attacking us by bribery. The business is being carried out by means of
+the same money-lenders as it was when you were in town. Such people as
+wish it done for the king's sake--and they are few--are all for
+intrusting the business to Pompey. The senate supports the trumped-up
+religious scruple, not from any respect to religion, but from
+ill-feeling towards him, and disgust at the king's outrageous bribery. I
+never cease advising and instigating Pompey--even frankly finding fault
+with and admonishing him--to avoid what would be a most discreditable
+imputation.[437] But he really leaves no room for either entreaties or
+admonitions from me. For, whether in everyday conversation or in the
+senate, no one could support your cause with greater eloquence,
+seriousness, zeal, and energy than he has done, testifying in the
+highest terms to your services to himself and his affection for you.
+Marcellinus, you know, is incensed with his flute-playing majesty.[438]
+In everything, saving and excepting this case of the king, he professes
+the intention of being your champion. We take what he gives: nothing can
+move him from his motion as to the religious difficulty, which he made
+up his mind to bring, and has, in fact, brought several times before the
+senate. The debate up to the Ides (for I am writing early in the morning
+of the Ides[439]) has been as follows: Hortensius and I and Lucullus
+voted for yielding to the religious scruple as far as concerned the
+army,[440] for otherwise there was no possibility of getting the matter
+through, but, in accordance with the decree already passed on your own
+motion, were for directing you to restore the king, "so far as you may
+do so without detriment to the state": so that while the religious
+difficulty prohibits the employment of an army, the senate might still
+retain you as the person authorized. Crassus votes for sending three
+legates, not excluding Pompey: for he would allow them to be selected
+even from such as are at present in possession of _imperium_.[441]
+Bibulus is for three legates selected from men without _imperium_. The
+other consulars agree with the latter, except Servilius, who says that
+he ought not to be restored at all: and Volcatius, who on the motion of
+Lupus votes for giving the business to Pompey: and Afranius, who agrees
+with Volcatius. This last fact increases the suspicion as to Pompey's
+wishes: for it was noticed that Pompey's intimates agreed with
+Volcatius. We are in a very great difficulty: the day seems going
+against us. The notorious colloguing and eagerness of Libo and Hypsæus,
+and the earnestness displayed by Pompey's intimates, have produced an
+impression that Pompey desires it; and those who don't want him to have
+it are at the same time annoyed with your having put power into his
+hands.[442] I have the less influence in the case because I am under an
+obligation to you. Moreover, whatever influence I might have had is
+extinguished by the idea people entertain as to Pompey's wishes, for
+they think they are gratifying him. We are in much the same position as
+we were long before your departure: now, as then, the sore has been
+fomented secretly by the king himself and by the friends and intimates
+of Pompey, and then openly irritated by the consulars, till the popular
+prejudice has been excited to the highest pitch. All the world shall
+recognize my loyalty, and your friends on the spot shall see my
+affection for you though you are absent. If there were any good faith in
+those most bound to shew it, we should be in no difficulty at all.
+
+[Footnote 435: Consul of B.C. 57, who had gone at the end of his
+consulship to be governor of Cilicia.]
+
+[Footnote 436: When Ptolemy Auletes first appealed to the senate (B.C.
+57) to restore him to the throne of Egypt, it appears that a resolution
+was passed authorizing the proconsul of Cilicia to do so; but as Pompey
+wished to have the business, the senate found itself in a difficulty,
+not wishing to put him in military command, or daring to offend him by
+an open refusal (Dio, xxxix. 12). The tribune C. Cato found up a
+Sibylline oracle forbidding the employment of an army for the purpose,
+which served the senate as a decent excuse. The commission to Lentulus
+was eventually withdrawn by an _auctoritas senatus_, and Lentulus did
+not venture to do it. Ptolemy, finding that he could not succeed in
+getting Pompey commissioned, retired to Ephesus, and afterwards
+succeeded by an enormous bribe in inducing Gabinius, the proconsul of
+Syria, to do it (B.C. 55).]
+
+[Footnote 437: Of having been induced by greed or ambition to undertake
+the restoration of Ptolemy.]
+
+[Footnote 438: Reading _tibicini_ for the unmeaning _tibi_. It is not
+certain, but it makes good sense. Ptolemy was called _Auletes_
+(flute-player), of which the Latin _tibicen_ is a translation, meant, no
+doubt, somewhat jocosely.]
+
+[Footnote 439: _I.e._, before going to the senate on the Ides of January
+(13th). See next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 440: The Sibylline oracle forbade restoring the king "with a
+multitude."]
+
+[Footnote 441: Pompey had at this time _imperium_ as _curator annonæ_.]
+
+[Footnote 442: Because it was on Lentulus's motion that Pompey had been
+made _curator annonæ_, and so in possession of _imperium_ with naval and
+military forces.]
+
+
+
+
+XCV (F I, 2)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, 15 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Nothing was done on the 13th of January in the senate, because the day
+was to a great extent spent in an altercation between the consul
+Lentulus and the tribune Caninius. On that day I also spoke at
+considerable length, and thought that I made a very great impression on
+the senate by dwelling on your affection for the house. Accordingly,
+next day we resolved that we would deliver our opinions briefly: for it
+appeared to us that the feelings of the senate had been softened towards
+us--the result not only of my speech, but of my personal appeal and
+application to individual senators. Accordingly, the first proposition,
+that of Bibulus, having been delivered, that three legates should
+restore the king: the second, that of Hortensius, that you should
+restore him without an army: the third, that of Volcatius, that Pompey
+should do it, a demand was made that the proposal of Bibulus should be
+taken in two parts.[443] As far as he dealt with the religious
+difficulty--a point which was now past being opposed--his motion was
+carried; his proposition as to three legates was defeated by a large
+majority. The next was the proposition of Hortensius. Thereupon the
+tribune Lupus, on the ground that he had himself made a proposal about
+Pompey, starts the contention that he ought to divide the house before
+the consuls. His speech was received on all sides by loud cries of "No":
+for it was both unfair and unprecedented. The consuls would not give in,
+and yet did not oppose with any vigour. Their object was to waste the
+day, and in that they succeeded:[444] for they saw very well that many
+times the number would vote for the proposal of Hortensius, although
+they openly professed their agreement with Volcatius. Large numbers were
+called upon for their opinion, and that, too, with the assent of the
+consuls: for they wanted the proposal of Bibulus carried. This dispute
+was protracted till nightfall, and the senate was dismissed. I happened
+to be dining with Pompey on that day, and I seized the opportunity--the
+best I have ever had, for since your departure I have never occupied a
+more honourable position in the senate than I had on that day--of
+talking to him in such a way, that I think I induced him to give up
+every other idea and resolve to support your claims. And, indeed, when I
+actually hear him talk, I acquit him entirely of all suspicion of
+personal ambition: but when I regard his intimates of every rank, I
+perceive, what is no secret to anybody, that this whole business has
+been long ago corruptly manipulated by a certain coterie, not without
+the king's own consent and that of his advisers.
+
+I write this on the 15th of January, before daybreak. To-day there is to
+be a meeting of the senate. We shall maintain, as I hope, our position
+in the senate as far as it is possible to do so in such an age of
+perfidy and unfair dealing. As to an appeal to the people on the
+subject, we have, I think, secured that no proposition can be brought
+before them without neglect of the auspices or breach of the laws, or,
+in fine, without downright violence.[445] The day before my writing
+these words a resolution of the senate on these matters of the most
+serious character was passed, and though Cato and Caninius vetoed it, it
+was nevertheless written out.[446] I suppose it has been sent to you. On
+all other matters I will write and tell you what has been done, whatever
+it is, and I will see that everything is carried out with the most
+scrupulous fairness as far as my caution, labour, attention to details,
+and influence can secure it.
+
+[Footnote 443: The proposal of Bibulus to send "three legates" implied a
+concession to the Sibylline verse, in not sending "an army." It was
+therefore to be voted on as two questions--(1) Shall the Sibylline verse
+be obeyed, and an army not sent? (2) Shall three legates be sent?]
+
+[Footnote 444: That is, the debate went off on the side issue as to who
+had the prior right of dividing the house. Lupus said _he_ had, because
+the proposal of Volcatius was really made before the others, _i.e._, in
+the previous day's debate (see last letter). The consuls were only too
+glad thus to avoid having the main question brought to a vote, and let
+this technical point be spun out in a languid debate.]
+
+[Footnote 445: Because they had magistrates ready to stop the _comitia_
+by declaring bad omens, and tribunes ready to veto any proposal.]
+
+[Footnote 446: A _senatus consultum_ vetoed by a tribune was written
+out, with the names of its proposers and backers, and a statement at the
+end as to the tribunes vetoing it. It was thus on record as an
+_auctoritas senatus_, "resolution of the senate," not a _senatus
+consultum_. A perfect specimen is given in Letter CCXXIII. This
+_auctoritas_ was to the effect that no one was to undertake the
+restoration. See Letter CXIII.]
+
+
+
+
+XCVI (F I, 3)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (? JANUARY)
+
+_M. Cicero presents his compliments to P. Lentulus, proconsul._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Aulus Trebonius, who has important business in your province, both of
+wide extent and sound, is an intimate friend of mine of many years'
+standing. As before this he has always, both from his brilliant position
+and the recommendations of myself and his other friends, enjoyed the
+highest popularity in the province, so at the present time, trusting to
+your affection for me and our close ties, he feels sure that this letter
+of mine will give him a high place in your esteem. That he may not be
+disappointed in that hope I earnestly beg of you, and I commend to you
+all his business concerns, his freedmen, agents, and servants; and
+specially that you will confirm the decrees made by T. Ampius in his
+regard, and treat him in all respects so as to convince him that my
+recommendation is no mere ordinary one.[447]
+
+[Footnote 447: This is a specimen of the short letter of introduction to
+a provincial governor which were given almost as a matter of course by
+men of position at Rome. We shall have many of them in the course of the
+correspondence: and Cicero elsewhere warns the recipient of such letters
+not to pay attention to them unless he expressly indicates his wish by
+some less formal sentence (see Letter CXIV). T. Ampius was the
+predecessor of Lentulus in Cilicia.]
+
+
+
+
+XCVII (F I, 4)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Though in the senate of the 15th of January we made a most glorious
+stand, seeing that on the previous day we had defeated the proposal of
+Bibulus about the three legates, and the only contest left was with the
+proposal of Volcatius, yet the business was spun out by our opponents by
+various obstructive tactics. For we were carrying our view in a full
+senate, in spite of the multifarious devices and inveterate jealousy of
+those who were for transferring the cause of the king from you to some
+one else. That day we found Curio very bitterly opposed, Bibulus much
+more fair, almost friendly even. Caninius and Cato declared that they
+would not propose any law before the elections. By the _lex Pupia_, as
+you know, no senate could be held before the 1st of February, nor in
+fact during the whole of February,[448] unless the business of the
+legations were finished or adjourned. However, the Roman people are
+generally of opinion that the pretext of a trumped-up religious scruple
+has been introduced by your jealous detractors, not so much to hinder
+you, as to prevent anyone from wishing to go to Alexandria with a view
+of getting the command of an army. However, everyone thinks that the
+senate has had a regard for your position. For there is no one that is
+ignorant of the fact that it was all the doing of your opponents that no
+division took place: and if they, under the pretext of a regard for the
+people, but really from the most unprincipled villainy, attempt to carry
+anything, I have taken very good care that they shall not be able to do
+so without violating the auspices or the laws, or, in fact, without
+absolute violence. I don't think I need write a word either about my own
+zeal or the injurious proceedings of certain persons. For why should I
+make any display myself--since, if I were even to shed my blood in
+defence of your position, I should think that I had not covered a tithe
+of your services to me? Or why complain of the injurious conduct of
+others, which I cannot do without the deepest pain? I cannot at all
+pledge myself to you as to the effect of open violence, especially with
+such feeble magistrates; but, open violence out of the question, I can
+assure you that you will retain your high position, if the warmest
+affections both of the senate and the Roman people can secure it to you.
+
+[Footnote 448: _I.e._, no meeting of the senate for ordinary business.
+During the month of February the senate usually devoted all its time to
+hearing and answering deputations from the provinces or foreign states.
+The _lex Pupia_ forbade the meeting of the senate on _dies comitiales_,
+and after the 14th the days in January were all _comitiales_: but
+another law (_lex Vatinia_) ordered it to meet every day in February for
+the business of the legations. If this business was concluded or
+deferred it remained a moot point whether a magistrate was not still
+bound or, at least, allowed to summon it for other business (_ad Q. Fr._
+ii. 13).]
+
+
+
+
+XCVII (F I, 5)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Though the first wish of my heart is that my warmest gratitude to you
+should be recognized first of all by yourself and then by everybody
+else, yet I am deeply grieved that such a state of things has followed
+your departure as to give you occasion, in your absence, to test the
+loyalty and good disposition towards you both of myself and others. That
+you see and feel that men are shewing the same loyalty in maintaining
+your position as I experienced in the matter of my restoration, I have
+understood from your letter. Just when I was depending most securely on
+my policy, zeal, activity and influence in the matter of the king, there
+was suddenly sprung on us the abominable bill of Cato's,[449] to hamper
+all our zeal and withdraw our thoughts from a lesser anxiety to a most
+serious alarm. However, in a political upset of that kind, though there
+is nothing that is not a source of terror yet the thing to be chiefly
+feared is treachery: and Cato, at any rate, whatever happens, we have no
+hesitation in opposing. As to the business of Alexandria and the cause
+of the king, I can only promise you thus much, that I will to the utmost
+of my power satisfy both you, who are absent, and your friends who are
+here. But I fear the king's cause may either be snatched from our hands
+or abandoned altogether, and I cannot easily make up my mind which of
+the two alternatives I would least wish. But if the worst comes to the
+worst, there is a third alternative, which is not wholly displeasing
+either to Selicius[450] or myself--namely, that we should not let the
+matter drop, and yet should not allow the appointment, in spite of our
+protests, to be transferred to the man to whom it is now regarded as
+practically transferred.[451] We will take the utmost care not to omit
+struggling for any point that it seems possible to maintain, and not to
+present the appearance of defeat if we have in any case failed to
+maintain it. You must shew your wisdom and greatness of mind by
+regarding your fame and high position as resting on your virtue, your
+public services, and the dignity of your character, and by believing
+that, if the perfidy of certain individuals has deprived you of any of
+those honours which fortune has lavished on you, it will be more
+injurious to them than to you. I never let any opportunity slip either
+of acting or thinking for your interests. I avail myself of the aid of
+Q. Selicius in everything: nor do I think that there is any one of all
+your friends either shrewder, or more faithful, or more attached to you.
+
+[Footnote 449: That of the tribune C. Cato for the recall of Lentulus.]
+
+[Footnote 450: A money-lender, and friend of Lentulus Spinther.]
+
+[Footnote 451: Pompey.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIX (Q FR II, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 18 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+It was not from the multiplicity of business, though I am very much
+engaged, but from a slight inflammation of the eyes that I was induced
+to dictate this letter, and not, as is my usual habit, write it with my
+own hand. And, to begin with, I wish to excuse myself to you on the very
+point on which I accuse you. For no one up to now has asked me "whether
+I have any commands for Sardinia"--I think you often have people who
+say, "Have you any commands for Rome?" As to what you have said in your
+letters to me about the debt of Lentulus and Sestius, I have spoken with
+Cincius.[452] However the matter stands, it is not the easiest in the
+world. But surely Sardinia must have some special property for recalling
+one's memory of the past. For just as the famous Gracchus--as
+augur--after arriving in that province remembered something that had
+happened to him, when holding the elections in the Campus Martius, in
+violation of the auspices, so you appear to me to have recalled at your
+ease in Sardinia the design of Numisius and the debts due to Pomponius.
+As yet I have made no purchase. Culleo's auction has taken place: there
+was no purchaser for his Tusculan property. If very favourable terms
+were to be offered, I should perhaps not let it slip. About your
+building I do not fail to press Cyrus.[453] I hope he will do his duty.
+But everything goes on somewhat slowly, owing to the prospect of that
+madman's ædileship.[454] For it seems that the legislative assembly will
+take place without delay: it has been fixed for the 20th of January.
+However, I would not have you uneasy. Every precaution shall be taken by
+me. In regard to the Alexandrine king, a decree of the senate was passed
+declaring it dangerous to the Republic that he should be restored "with
+a host." The point remaining to be decided in the senate being whether
+Lentulus or Pompey should restore him, Lentulus seemed on the point of
+carrying the day. In that matter I did justice to my obligations to
+Lentulus marvellously well, while at the same time splendidly gratifying
+Pompey's wishes: but the detractors of Lentulus contrived to talk the
+matter out by obstructive speeches. Then followed the comitial days, on
+which a meeting of the senate was impossible. What the villainy of the
+tribunes is going to accomplish I cannot guess; I suspect, however, that
+Caninius will carry his bill by violence.[455] In this business I cannot
+make out what Pompey really wishes. What his _entourage_ desire
+everybody sees. Those who are financing the king are openly advancing
+sums of money against Lentulus. There seems no doubt that the commission
+has been taken out of Lentulus's hands, to my very great regret,
+although he has done many things for which I might, if it were not for
+superior considerations, be justly angry with him. I hope, if it is
+consistent with your interests, that you will embark as soon as
+possible, when the weather is fair and settled, and come to me. For
+there are countless things, in regard to which I miss you daily in every
+possible way. Your family and my own are well.
+
+18 January.
+
+[Footnote 452: Agent or steward of Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 453: The architect. See Letter XXVIII, p. 68.]
+
+[Footnote 454: Clodius, who was ædile this year.]
+
+[Footnote 455: For commissioning Pompey with two lictors to restore
+Ptolemy.]
+
+
+
+
+C (A IV, 4 a)
+
+TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 28 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I was charmed to see Cincius when he called on me on the 28th of January
+before daybreak. For he told me that you were in Italy and that he was
+sending slaves to you. I did not like them to go without a letter from
+me; not that I had anything to say to you, especially as you are all but
+here, but that I might express merely this one thing--that your arrival
+is most delightful and most ardently wished for by me. Wherefore fly to
+us with the full assurance that your affection for me is fully
+reciprocated. The rest shall be reserved for our meeting. I write in
+great haste. The day you arrive, mind, you and your party are to dine
+with me.
+
+
+
+
+CI (Q FR II, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 12 FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have already told you the earlier proceedings; now let me describe
+what was done afterwards. The legations were postponed from the 1st of
+February to the 13th. On the former day our business was not brought to
+a settlement. On the 2nd of February Milo appeared for trial. Pompey
+came to support him. Marcellus spoke on being called upon by me.[456] We
+came off with flying colours. The case was adjourned to the 7th.
+Meanwhile (in the senate), the legations having been postponed to the
+13th, the business of allotting the quæstors and furnishing the outfit
+of the prætors was brought before the house. But nothing was done,
+because many speeches were interposed denouncing the state of the
+Republic. Gaius Cato published his bill for the recall of Lentulus,
+whose son thereupon put on mourning. On the 7th Milo appeared. Pompey
+spoke, or rather wished to speak. For as soon as he got up Clodius's
+ruffians raised a shout, and throughout his whole speech he was
+interrupted, not only by hostile cries, but by personal abuse and
+insulting remarks. However, when he had finished his speech--for he
+shewed great courage in these circumstances, he was not cowed, he said
+all he had to say, and at times had by his commanding presence even
+secured silence for his words--well, when he had finished, up got
+Clodius. Our party received him with such a shout--for they had
+determined to pay him out--that he lost all presence of mind, power of
+speech, or control over his countenance. This went on up to two
+o'clock--Pompey having finished his speech at noon--and every kind of
+abuse, and finally epigrams of the most outspoken indecency were uttered
+against Clodius and Clodia. Mad and livid with rage Clodius, in the very
+midst of the shouting, kept putting the questions to his claque: "Who
+was it who was starving the commons to death?" His ruffians answered,
+"Pompey." "Who wanted to be sent to Alexandria?" They answered,
+"Pompey." "Who did they wish to go?" They answered, "Crassus." The
+latter was present at the time with no friendly feelings to Milo. About
+three o'clock, as though at a given signal, the Clodians began spitting
+at our men. There was an outburst of rage. They began a movement for
+forcing us from our ground. Our men charged: his ruffians turned tail.
+Clodius was pushed off the rostra: and then we too made our escape for
+fear of mischief in the riot. The senate was summoned into the Curia:
+Pompey went home. However, I did not myself enter the senate-house, lest
+I should be obliged either to refrain from speaking on matters of such
+gravity, or in defending Pompey (for he was being attacked by Bibulus,
+Curio, Favonius, and Servilius the younger) should give offence to the
+loyalists. The business was adjourned to the next day. Clodius fixed the
+Quirinalia (17 of February) for his prosecution. On the 8th the senate
+met in the temple of Apollo, that Pompey might attend. Pompey made an
+impressive speech. That day nothing was concluded. On the 9th in the
+temple of Apollo a decree passed the senate "that what had taken place
+on the 7th of February was treasonable." On this day Cato warmly
+inveighed against Pompey, and throughout his speech arraigned him as
+though he were at the bar. He said a great deal about me, to my disgust,
+though it was in very laudatory terms. When he attacked Pompey's perfidy
+to me, he was listened to in profound silence on the part of my enemies.
+Pompey answered him boldly with a palpable allusion to Crassus, and said
+outright that "he would take better precautions to protect his life
+than Africanus had done, whom C. Carbo had assassinated."[457]
+Accordingly, important events appear to me to be in the wind. For Pompey
+understands what is going on, and imparts to me that plots are being
+formed against his life, that Gaius Cato is being supported by Crassus,
+that money is being supplied to Clodius, that both are backed by Crassus
+and Curio, as well as by Bibulus and his other detractors: that he must
+take extraordinary precautions to prevent being overpowered by that
+demagogue--with a people all but wholly alienated, a nobility hostile, a
+senate ill-affected, and the younger men corrupt. So he is making his
+preparations and summoning men from the country. On his part, Clodius is
+rallying his gangs: a body of men is being got together for the
+Quirinalia. For that occasion we are considerably in a majority, owing
+to the forces brought up by Pompey himself: and a large contingent is
+expected from Picenum and Gallia, to enable us to throw out Cato's bills
+also about Milo and Lentulus.
+
+On the 10th of February an indictment was lodged against Sestius for
+bribery by the informer Cn. Nerius, of the Pupinian tribe, and on the
+same day by a certain M. Tullius for riot.[458] He was ill. I went at
+once, as I was bound to do, to his house, and put myself wholly at his
+service: and that was more than people expected, who thought that I had
+good cause for being angry with him. The result is that my extreme
+kindness and grateful disposition are made manifest both to Sestius
+himself and to all the world, and I shall be as good as my word. But
+this same informer Nerius also named Cn. Lentulus Vatia and C. Cornelius
+to the commissioners.[459] On the same day a decree passed the senate
+"that political clubs and associations should be broken up, and that a
+law in regard to them should be brought in, enacting that those who did
+not break off from them should be liable to the same penalty as those
+convicted of riot."
+
+On the 11th of February I spoke in defence of Bestia[460] on a charge of
+bribery before the prætor Cn. Domitius,[461] in the middle of the forum
+and in a very crowded court; and in the course of my speech I came to
+the incident of Sestius, after receiving many wounds in the temple of
+Castor, having been preserved by the aid of Bestia. Here I took occasion
+to pave the way beforehand for a refutation of the charges which are
+being got up against Sestius, and I passed a well-deserved encomium upon
+him with the cordial approval of everybody. He was himself very much
+delighted with it. I tell you this because you have often advised me in
+your letters to retain the friendship of Sestius. I am writing this on
+the 12th of February before daybreak: the day on which I am to dine with
+Pomponius on the occasion of his wedding.
+
+Our position in other respects is such as you used to cheer my
+despondency by telling me it would be--one of great dignity and
+popularity: this is a return to old times for you and me effected, my
+brother, by your patience, high character, loyalty, and, I may also add,
+your conciliatory manners. The house of Licinius, near the grove of
+Piso,[462] has been taken for you. But, as I hope, in a few months'
+time, after the 1st of July, you will move into your own. Some excellent
+tenants, the Lamiæ, have taken your house in Carinæ.[463] I have
+received no letter from you since the one dated Olbia. I am anxious to
+hear how you are and what you find to amuse you, but above all to see
+you yourself as soon as possible. Take care of your health, my dear
+brother, and though it is winter time, yet reflect that after all it is
+Sardinia that you are in.[464]
+
+15 February.
+
+[Footnote 456: Milo impeached by Clodius before the _comitia tributa_
+for his employment of gladiators. Dio (xxxix. 18) says that Clodius thus
+impeached Milo, not with any hope of securing his conviction against the
+powerful support of Cicero and Pompey, but to get the chance of
+insulting these latter. Marcellus was one of the candidates for the
+ædileship with Clodius. See Letter XCI.]
+
+[Footnote 457: In B.C. 129, after making a speech in favour of the
+claims of the Italians for exemption from the agrarian law of Gracchus,
+Scipio Æmilianus, the younger Africanus, was found dead in his bed. The
+common report was that he had been assassinated by Carbo, or with his
+privity, but it was never proved (see _de Orat._ ii. § 170). Cicero does
+not here assume the truth of the story, he merely repeats Pompey's
+words.]
+
+[Footnote 458: M. Tullius Albinovanus. It was on this charge _de vi_
+that Cicero defended Sestius in the extant speech. The charge of bribery
+does not appear to have been proceeded with.]
+
+[Footnote 459: _Adlegatos_, probably commissioners named to receive and
+report on a deposition of an informer before the senate acted.]
+
+[Footnote 460: L. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, a candidate in the last
+election of ædiles.]
+
+[Footnote 461: Cn. Domitius Calvinus, consul B.C. 53. In the Civil War
+he sided with Pompey, and perished at sea after Thapsus (B.C. 46).]
+
+[Footnote 462: _Ad lucum Pisonis_. The place is not known, but there is
+not sufficient reason for the change to _ad lacum Pisonis_, a place
+equally unknown.]
+
+[Footnote 463: A part of Rome on the slope of the Mons Oppius.]
+
+[Footnote 464: _I.e._, get out of it as soon as you can.]
+
+
+
+
+CII (F I, 5 b)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+What is being done and has been done here I imagine you know from
+letters of numerous correspondents and from messengers: but what are
+still matters for conjecture, and seem likely to take place, I think I
+ought to write and tell you. After Pompey had been roughly treated with
+shouts and insulting remarks, while speaking before the people on the
+7th of February in defence of Milo, and had been accused in the senate
+by Cato in exceedingly harsh and bitter terms amidst profound silence,
+he appeared to me to be very much upset in his mind. Accordingly, he
+seems to me to have quite given up any idea of the Alexandrine
+business--which, as far as we are concerned, remains exactly where it
+was, for the senate has taken nothing from you except what, owing to the
+same religious difficulty, cannot be granted to anyone else. My hope and
+my earnest endeavour now is that the king, when he understands that he
+cannot obtain what he had in his mind--restoration by Pompey--and that,
+unless restored by you, he will be abandoned, and neglected, should pay
+you a visit.[465] This he will do without any hesitation, if Pompey
+gives the least hint of his approval. But you know that man's deliberate
+ways and obstinate reserve. However, I will omit nothing that may
+contribute to that result. The other injurious proceedings instituted by
+Cato I shall, I hope, have no difficulty in resisting. I perceive that
+none of the consulars are friendly to you except Hortensius and
+Lucullus; the rest are either hostile, without openly shewing it, or
+undisguisedly incensed. Keep a brave and high spirit, and feel confident
+that the result will be to utterly repulse the attack of a most
+contemptible fellow, and to retain your high position and fame.
+
+[Footnote 465: Ptolemy was at Ephesus.]
+
+
+
+
+CIII (F I, 6)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+What is going on you will learn from Pollio,[466] who not only was
+engaged in all the transactions, but was the leader in them. In my own
+deep distress, occasioned by the course your business has taken,[467] I
+am chiefly consoled by the hope which makes me strongly suspect that the
+dishonest practices of men will be defeated both by the measures of your
+friends and by mere lapse of time, which must have a tendency to weaken
+the plans of your enemies and of traitors. In the second place, I derive
+a ready consolation from the memory of my own dangers, of which I see a
+reflexion in your fortunes. For though your position is attacked in a
+less important particular than that which brought mine to the ground,
+yet the analogy is so strong, that I trust you will pardon me if I am
+not frightened at what you did not yourself consider ought to cause
+alarm. But shew yourself the man I have known you to be, to use a Greek
+expression, "since your nails were soft."[468] The injurious conduct of
+men will, believe me, only make your greatness more conspicuous. Expect
+from me the greatest zeal and devotion in everything: I will not falsify
+your expectation.
+
+[Footnote 466: The famous C. Asinius Pollio.]
+
+[Footnote 467: The postponement of the Egyptian commission.]
+
+[Footnote 468: �ξ ἀπαλῶν ὀνύχων, _i.e._, "from your earliest youth."
+Others explain it to mean "from the bottom of your heart," or
+"thoroughly," from the idea that the nerves ended in the nails. ἔξ α�τῶν
+τῶν ὀνύχων, "thoroughly," occurs in late Greek, and similar usages in
+the Anthology.]
+
+
+
+
+CIV (Q FR II, 4 AND PART OF 6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Our friend Sestius was acquitted on the 11th of March, and, what was of
+great importance to the Republic--that there should be no appearance of
+difference of opinion in a case of that sort--was acquitted unanimously.
+As to what I had often gathered from your letters, that you were anxious
+about--that I should not leave any loophole for abuse to an unfriendly
+critic on the score of my being ungrateful, if I did not treat with the
+utmost indulgence his occasional wrong-headedness--let me tell you that
+in this trial I established my character for being the most grateful of
+men. For in conducting the defence I satisfied in the fullest manner
+possible a man of difficult temper, and, what he above all things
+desired, I cut up Vatinius (by whom he was being openly attacked) just
+as I pleased, with the applause of gods and men. And, farther, when our
+friend Paullus[469] was brought forward as a witness against Sestius, he
+affirmed that he would lay an information against Vatinius[470] if
+Licinius Macer hesitated to do so, and Macer, rising from Sestius's
+benches, declared that he would not fail. Need I say more? That impudent
+swaggering fellow Vatinius was overwhelmed with confusion and thoroughly
+discredited.
+
+That most excellent boy, your son Quintus, is getting on splendidly with
+his education. I notice this the more because Tyrannio[471] gives his
+lessons in my house. The building of both your house and mine is being
+pushed on energetically. I have caused half the money to be paid to
+your contractor. I hope before winter we may be under the same roof. As
+to our Tullia, who, by Hercules, is very warmly attached to you, I hope
+I have settled her engagement with Crassipes.[472] There are two days
+after the Latin festival which are barred by religion.[473] Otherwise
+the festival of Iuppiter Latiaris has come to an end.
+
+The affluence which you often mention I feel the want of to a certain
+extent; but while I welcome it if it comes to me, I am not exactly
+beating the covert for it.[474] I am building in three places, and am
+patching up my other houses. I live somewhat more lavishly than I used
+to do. I am obliged to do so. If I had you with me I should give the
+builders full swing for a while.[475] But this too (as I hope) we shall
+shortly talk over together.
+
+The state of affairs at Rome is this: Lentulus Marcellinus is splendid
+as consul, and his colleague does not put any difficulty in his way: he
+is so good, I repeat, that I have never seen a better. He deprived them
+of all the comitial days; for even the Latin festival is being
+repeated,[476] nor were thanksgiving days wanting.[477] In this way the
+passing of most mischievous laws is prevented, especially that of
+Cato,[478] on whom, however, our friend Milo played a very pretty trick.
+For that defender of the employment of gladiators and beast-fighters had
+bought some beast-fighters from Cosconius and Pomponius, and had never
+appeared in public without them in their full armour. He could not
+afford to maintain them, and accordingly had great difficulty in
+keeping them together. Milo found this out. He commissioned an
+individual, with whom he was not intimate, to buy this troop from Cato
+without exciting his suspicion. As soon as it had been removed,
+Racilius--at this time quite the only real tribune--revealed the truth,
+acknowledged that the men had been purchased for himself--for this is
+what they had agreed--and put up a notice that he intended to sell
+"Cato's troop." This notice caused much laughter. Accordingly, Lentulus
+has prevented Cato from going on with his laws, and also those who
+published bills of a monstrous description about Cæsar, with no tribune
+to veto them. Caninius's proposal, indeed, about Pompey has died a
+natural death. For it is not approved of in itself, and our friend
+Pompey is also spoken of with great severity for the breach of his
+friendship with Publius Lentulus. He is not the man he was. The fact is
+that to the lowest dregs of the populace his support of Milo gives some
+offence, while the aristocrats are dissatisfied with much that he omits
+to do, and find fault with much that he does. This is the only point,
+however, in which I am not pleased with Marcellinus--that he handles him
+too roughly. Yet in this he is not going counter to the wishes of the
+senate: consequently I am the more glad to withdraw from the
+senate-house and from politics altogether. In the courts I have the same
+position as I ever had: never was my house more crowded. One untoward
+circumstance has occurred owing to Milo's rashness--the acquittal of
+Sext. Clodius[479]--whose prosecution at this particular time, and by a
+weak set of accusers, was against my advice. In a most corrupt panel his
+conviction failed by only three votes. Consequently the people clamour
+for a fresh trial, and he must surely be brought back into court. For
+people will not put up with it, and seeing that, though pleading before
+a panel of his own kidney, he was all but condemned, they look upon him
+as practically condemned. Even in this matter the unpopularity of Pompey
+was an obstacle in our path. For the votes of the senators were largely
+in his favour, those of the knights were equally divided, while the
+_tribuni ærarii_ voted for his condemnation. But for this _contretemps_
+I am consoled by the daily condemnations of my enemies, among whom, to
+my great delight, Servius[480] got upon the rocks: the rest are utterly
+done for. Gaius Cato declared in public meeting that he would not allow
+the elections to be held, if he were deprived of the days for doing
+business with the people. Appius has not yet returned from his visit to
+Cæsar. I am looking forward with extraordinary eagerness to a letter
+from you. Although I know the sea is still closed, yet they tell me that
+certain persons have, nevertheless, arrived from Olbia full of your
+praises, and declaring you to be very highly thought of in the province.
+They said also that these persons reported that you intended to cross as
+soon as navigation became possible. That is what I desire: but although
+it is yourself, of course, that I most look forward to, yet meanwhile I
+long for a letter. Farewell, my dear brother.
+
+[Footnote 469: L. Æmilius Paullus, prætor B.C. 53, consul B.C. 50, a
+strong Optimate and friend of Cicero's.]
+
+[Footnote 470: P. Vatinius, the tribune of B.C. 59, who had supported
+Cæsar and proposed the law for his five years' command in Gaul. Cicero
+spoke against him for perjury; but afterwards we shall find them
+ostensibly reconciled.]
+
+[Footnote 471: A Greek grammarian and geographer, of whom we have heard
+before, and shall hear of again in connexion with Cicero's library.]
+
+[Footnote 472: P. Furius Crassipes. Tullia's first husband, C.
+Calpurnius Piso Frugi, died, it seems, before Cicero returned from exile
+in B.C. 57. This second marriage (or, perhaps, only betrothal) was
+shortly ended by a divorce.]
+
+[Footnote 473: _I.e._, on which the _sponsalia_ could not take place.]
+
+[Footnote 474: Not going the right way to work to get it.]
+
+[Footnote 475: At the end of the next letter he says that, pending
+Quintus's arrival, he has stopped some of his building.]
+
+[Footnote 476: On some alleged informality the _feriæ Latinæ_ were held
+a second time (_instauratæ_), really, Cicero implies, in order to bar
+some additional days for public business, and prevent legislation, as
+later on the election of Pompey and Crassus was prevented (Dio, xxxix.
+30).]
+
+[Footnote 477: At the end of B.C. 57, or the beginning of 56, fifteen
+days of _supplicatio_ were decreed in consequence of Cæsar's success in
+Gaul (Cæs. _B. G._ ii. 35).]
+
+[Footnote 478: Gaius Cato the tribune, who proposed to recall Lentulus.]
+
+[Footnote 479: A _scriba_ or public clerk, and a client of the patrician
+Clodii.]
+
+[Footnote 480: Unknown. Cicero's words seem to imply that he nearly got
+convicted, but not quite.]
+
+
+
+
+CV (Q FR II, 5 AND PARTS OF 6 AND 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 8 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have already sent you a letter containing the information of my
+daughter Tullia having been betrothed to Crassipes on the 4th of April,
+and other intelligence public and private. The following are the events
+since then. On the 5th of April, by a decree of the senate, a sum of
+money amounting to 40,000 sestertia (about £320,000) was voted to Pompey
+for the business of the corn-supply. But on the same day there was a
+vehement debate on the Campanian land, the senators making almost as
+much noise as a public meeting. The shortness of money and the high
+price of corn increased the exasperation. Nor will I omit the following:
+the members of the colleges of the Capitolini and the Mercuriales[481]
+expelled from their society a Roman knight named M. Furius Flaccus, a
+man of bad character: the expulsion took place when he was at the
+meeting, and though he threw himself at the feet of each member.
+
+On the 6th of April, the eve of my departure from town, I gave a
+betrothal party to Crassipes. That excellent boy, your and my Quintus,
+was not at the banquet owing to a very slight indisposition. On the 7th
+of April I visited Quintus and found him quite restored. He talked a
+good deal and with great feeling about the quarrels between our wives.
+What need I say more? Nothing could have been pleasanter. Pomponia,
+however, had some complaints to make of you also: but of this when we
+meet. After leaving your boy I went to the site of your house: the
+building was going on with a large number of workmen. I urged the
+contractor Longilius to push on. He assured me that he had every wish to
+satisfy us. The house will be splendid, for it can be better seen now
+than we could judge from the plan: my own house is also being built with
+despatch. On this day I dined with Crassipes. After dinner I went in my
+sedan to visit Pompey at his suburban villa. I had not been able to call
+on him in the daytime as he was away from home. However, I wished to see
+him, because I am leaving Rome to-morrow, and he is on the point of
+starting for Sardinia. I found him at home and begged him to restore you
+to us as soon as possible. "Immediately," he said. He is going to start,
+according to what he said, on the 11th of April, with the intention of
+embarking at Livorno or Pisa.[482] Mind, my dear brother, that, as soon
+as he arrives, you seize the first opportunity of setting sail, provided
+only that the weather is favourable. I write this on the 8th of April
+before daybreak, and am on the point of starting on my journey, with the
+intention of stopping to-day with Titus Titius at Anagnia. To-morrow I
+think of being at Laterium,[483] thence, after five days in Arpinum,
+going to my Pompeian house, just looking in upon my villa at Cumæ on my
+return journey, with the view--since Milo's trial has been fixed for the
+7th of May--of being at Rome on the 6th, and of seeing you on that day,
+I hope, dearest and pleasantest of brothers. I thought it best that the
+building at Arcanum[484] should be suspended till your return. Take good
+care, my dear brother, of your health, and come as soon as possible.
+
+[Footnote 481: In B.C. 357 a "college" was established for celebrating
+the _ludi Capitolini_, in celebration of the failure of the Gauls to
+take it. It consisted of men living on the Capitoline (Livy, v. 50). The
+_Mercuriales_ were a "college" or company of merchants who celebrated
+the _fête_ of the consecration of the temple of Mercury (B.C., 495) on
+the Ides of May (Livy, ii. 27; Ov. _F._ v. 669; C. _I. L._ i. p. 206).]
+
+[Footnote 482: It was on this journey that Pompey visited Luca tomeet
+Cæsar and Crassus.]
+
+[Footnote 483: The name of a property of Quintus at Arpinum.]
+
+[Footnote 484: Another property of Quintus near Mintumæ.]
+
+
+
+
+CVI (A IV, 4 b)
+
+TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+It will be delightful if you come to see us here. You will find that
+Tyrannio has made a wonderfully good arrangement of my books, the
+remains of which are better than I had expected. Still, I wish you would
+send me a couple of your library slaves for Tyrannio to employ as
+gluers, and in other subordinate work, and tell them to get some fine
+parchment to make title-pieces, which you Greeks, I think, call
+"sillybi." But all this is only if not inconvenient to you. In any case,
+be sure you come yourself, if you can halt for a while in such a place,
+and can persuade Pilia[485] to accompany you. For that is only fair, and
+Tullia is anxious that she should come. My word! You have purchased a
+fine troop! Your gladiators, I am told, fight superbly. If you had
+chosen to let them out you would have cleared your expenses by the last
+two spectacles. But we will talk about this later on. Be sure to come,
+and, as you love me, see about the library slaves.
+
+[Footnote 485: The recently married wife of Atticus. See p. 216.]
+
+
+
+
+CVII (A IV, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Do you really mean it? Do you think that there is anyone by whom I
+prefer to have what I write read and approved of before yourself? "Why,
+then, did I send it to anyone before you?" I was pressed by the man to
+whom I sent it, and had no copy. And--well! I am nibbling at what I
+must, after all, swallow--my "recantation"[486] did seem to me a trifle
+discreditable! But good-bye to straightforward, honest, and high-minded
+policy! One could scarcely believe the amount of treachery there is in
+those leaders of the state, as they wish to be, and might be, if they
+had any principle of honour in them. I had felt it, known it--taken in,
+abandoned, and cast aside by them, as I had been! and yet my purpose
+still was to stick by them in politics. They were the same men as they
+ever had been. At last, on your advice, my eyes have been opened. You
+will say that your advice only extended to action, not to writing also.
+The truth is that I wanted to bind myself to this new combination, that
+I might have no excuse for slipping back to those who, even at a time
+when I could claim their compassion, never cease being jealous of me.
+However, I kept within due limits in my subject, when I did put pen to
+paper. I shall launch out more copiously if _he_ shews that he is glad
+to receive it, and those make wry faces who are angry at my possessing
+the villa which once belonged to Catulus, without reflecting that I
+bought it from Vettius: who say that I ought not to have built a town
+house, and declare that I ought to have sold. But what is all this to
+the fact that, when I have delivered senatorial speeches in agreement
+with their own views, their chief pleasure has yet been that I spoke
+contrary to Pompey's wishes? Let us have an end of it. Since those who
+have no power refuse me their affection, let us take care to secure the
+affection of those who have power. You will say, "I could have wished
+that you had done so before." I know you did wish it, and that I have
+made a real ass of myself. But now the time has come to shew a little
+affection for myself, since I can get none from them on any terms.
+
+I am much obliged to you for frequently going to see my house.
+Crassipes[487] swallows up my money for travelling. Tullia will go
+straight to your suburban villa.[488] That seems the more convenient
+plan. Consequently she will be at your town house the next day: for what
+can it matter to you? But we shall see. Your men have beautified my
+library by making up the books and appending title-slips. Please thank
+them.
+
+[Footnote 486: παλινφδία--something he had apparently written and sent
+to Pompey or Cæsar, giving in his adhesion to the policy of the
+triumvirs. It can hardly have been the speech _de Provinciis
+Consularibus_ or the _oratio pro Balbo_, which had probably not yet been
+delivered, for the arrangement recommended in the former speech was not
+that of the conference of Luca, while in the latter, though he speaks
+respectfully of Cæsar, there is nothing in the shape of a palinode in
+general politics.]
+
+
+
+
+CVIII (F V, 12)
+
+TO L. LUCCEIUS[489]
+
+ARPINUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have often tried to say to you personally what I am about to write,
+but was prevented by a kind of almost clownish bashfulness. Now that I am
+not in your presence I shall speak out more boldly: a letter does not
+blush. I am inflamed with an inconceivably ardent desire, and one, as I
+think, of which I have no reason to be ashamed, that in a history
+written by _you_ my name should be conspicuous and frequently mentioned
+with praise. And though you have often shewn me that you meant to do so,
+yet I hope you will pardon my impatience. For the style of your
+composition, though I had always entertained the highest expectations of
+it, has yet surpassed my hopes, and has taken such a hold upon me, or
+rather has so fired my imagination, that I was eager to have my
+achievements as quickly as possible put on record in your history. For
+it is not only the thought of being spoken of by future ages that makes
+me snatch at what seems a hope of immortality, but it is also the desire
+of fully enjoying in my lifetime an authoritative expression of your
+judgment, or a token of your kindness for me, or the charm of your
+genius. Not, however, that while thus writing I am unaware under what
+heavy burdens you are labouring in the portion of history you have
+undertaken, and by this time have begun to write. But because I saw that
+your history of the Italian and Civil Wars was now all but finished, and
+because also you told me that you were already embarking upon the
+remaining portions of your work, I determined not to lose my chance for
+the want of suggesting to you to consider whether you preferred to weave
+your account of me into the main context of your history, or whether, as
+many Greek writers have done--Callisthenes, the Phocian War; Timæus, the
+war of Pyrrhus; Polybius, that of Numantia; all of whom separated the
+wars I have named from their main narratives--you would, like them,
+separate the civil conspiracy from public and external wars. For my
+part, I do not see that it matters much to my reputation, but it does
+somewhat concern my impatience, that you should not wait till you come
+to the proper place, but should at once anticipate the discussion of
+that question as a whole and the history of that epoch. And at the same
+time, if your whole thoughts are engaged on one incident and one person,
+I can see in imagination how much fuller your material will be, and how
+much more elaborately worked out. I am quite aware, however, what little
+modesty I display, first, in imposing on you so heavy a burden (for your
+engagements may well prevent your compliance with my request), and in
+the second place, in asking you to shew me off to advantage. What if
+those transactions are not in your judgment so very deserving of
+commendation? Yet, after all, a man who has once passed the border-line
+of modesty had better put a bold face on it and be frankly impudent. And
+so I again and again ask you outright, both to praise those actions of
+mine in warmer terms than you perhaps feel, and in that respect to
+neglect the laws of history. I ask you, too, in regard to the personal
+predilection, on which you wrote in a certain introductory chapter in
+the most gratifying and explicit terms--and by which you shew that you
+were as incapable of being diverted as Xenophon's Hercules by
+Pleasure--not to go against it, but to yield to your affection for me a
+little more than truth shall justify. But if I can induce you to
+undertake this, you will have, I am persuaded, matter worthy of your
+genius and your wealth of language. For from the beginning of the
+conspiracy to my return from exile it appears to me that a
+moderate-sized monograph might be composed, in which you will, on the
+one hand, be able to utilize your special knowledge of civil
+disturbances, either in unravelling the causes of the revolution or in
+proposing remedies for evils, blaming meanwhile what you think deserves
+denunciation, and establishing the righteousness of what you approve by
+explaining the principles on which they rest: and on the other hand, if
+you think it right to be more outspoken (as you generally do), you will
+bring out the perfidy, intrigues, and treachery of many people towards
+me. For my vicissitudes will supply you in your composition with much
+variety, which has in itself a kind of charm, capable of taking a strong
+hold on the imagination of readers, when you are the writer. For nothing
+is better fitted to interest a reader than variety of circumstance and
+vicissitudes of fortune, which, though the reverse of welcome to us in
+actual experience, will make very pleasant reading: for the untroubled
+recollection of a past sorrow has a charm of its own. To the rest of the
+world, indeed, who have had no trouble themselves, and who look upon the
+misfortunes of others without any suffering of their own, the feeling of
+pity is itself a source of pleasure. For what man of us is not
+delighted, though feeling a certain compassion too, with the death-scene
+of Epaminondas at Mantinea? He, you know, did not allow the dart to be
+drawn from his body until he had been told, in answer to his question,
+that his shield was safe, so that in spite of the agony of his wound he
+died calmly and with glory. Whose interest is not roused and sustained
+by the banishment and return of Themistocles?[490] Truly the mere
+chronological record of the annals has very little charm for us--little
+more than the entries in the _fasti_: but the doubtful and varied
+fortunes of a man, frequently of eminent character, involve feelings of
+wonder, suspense, joy, sorrow, hope, fear: if these fortunes are crowned
+with a glorious death, the imagination is satisfied with the most
+fascinating delight which reading can give. Therefore it will be more in
+accordance with my wishes if you come to the resolution to separate from
+the main body of your narrative, in which you embrace a continuous
+history of events, what I may call the drama of my actions and fortunes:
+for it includes varied acts, and shifting scenes both of policy and
+circumstance. Nor am I afraid of appearing to lay snares for your favour
+by flattering suggestions, when I declare that I desire to be
+complimented and mentioned with praise by you above all other writers.
+For you are not the man to be ignorant of your own powers, or not to be
+sure that those who withhold their admiration of you are more to be
+accounted jealous, than those who praise you flatterers. Nor, again, am
+I so senseless as to wish to be consecrated to an eternity of fame by
+one who, in so consecrating me, does not also gain for himself the glory
+which rightfully belongs to genius. For the famous Alexander himself did
+not wish to be painted by Apelles, and to have his statue made by
+Lysippus above all others, merely from personal favour to them, but
+because he thought that their art would be a glory at once to them and
+to himself. And, indeed, those artists used to make images of the person
+known to strangers: but if such had never existed, illustrious men would
+yet be no less illustrious. The Spartan Agesilaus, who would not allow a
+portrait of himself to be painted or a statue made, deserves to be
+quoted as an example quite as much as those who have taken trouble
+about such representations: for a single pamphlet of Xenophon's in
+praise of that king has proved much more effective than all the
+portraits and statues of them all. And, moreover, it will more redound
+to my present exultation and the honour of my memory to have found my
+way into your history, than if I had done so into that of others, in
+this, that I shall profit not only by the genius of the writer--as
+Timoleon did by that of Timæus, Themistocles by that of Herodotus--but
+also by the authority of a man of a most illustrious and
+well-established character, and one well known and of the first repute
+for his conduct in the most important and weighty matters of state; so
+that I shall seem to have gained not only the fame which Alexander on
+his visit to Sigeum said had been bestowed on Achilles by Homer, but
+also the weighty testimony of a great and illustrious man. For I like
+that saying of Hector in Nævius, who not only rejoices that he is
+"praised," but adds, "and by one who has himself been praised." But if I
+fail to obtain my request from you, which is equivalent to saying, if
+you are by some means prevented--for I hold it to be out of the question
+that you would _refuse_ a request of mine--I shall perhaps be forced to
+do what certain persons have often found fault with, write my own
+panegyric, a thing, after all, which has a precedent of many illustrious
+men. But it will not escape your notice that there are the following
+drawbacks in a composition of that sort: men are bound, when writing of
+themselves, both to speak with greater reserve of what is praiseworthy,
+and to omit what calls for blame. Added to which such writing carries
+less conviction, less weight; many people, in fine, carp at it, and say
+that the heralds at the public games are more modest, for after having
+placed garlands on the other recipients and proclaimed their names in a
+loud voice, when their own turn comes to be presented with a garland
+before the games break up, they call in the services of another herald,
+that they may not declare themselves victors with their own voice. I
+wish to avoid all this, and, if you undertake my cause, I shall avoid
+it: and, accordingly, I ask you this favour. But why, you may well ask,
+when you have already often assured me that you intended to record in
+your book with the utmost minuteness the policy and events of my
+consulship, do I now make this request to you with such earnestness and
+in so many words? The reason is to be found in that burning desire, of
+which I spoke at the beginning of my letter, for something _prompt_:
+because I am in a flutter of impatience, both that men should learn what
+I am from your books, while I am still alive, and that I may myself in
+my lifetime have the full enjoyment of my little bit of glory. What you
+intend doing on this subject I should like you to write me word, if not
+troublesome to you. For if you do undertake the subject, I will put
+together some notes of all occurrences: but if you put me off to some
+future time, I will talk the matter over with you. Meanwhile, do not
+relax your efforts, and thoroughly polish what you have already on the
+stocks, and--continue to love me.
+
+[Footnote 487: That is, the dowry and expenses of Tullia's betrothal to
+Crassipes.]
+
+[Footnote 488: _Tullia de via recta in hortos_, for _tu_, etc., and _ad
+te postridie_. This may not be right, but no other suggestions as to the
+meaning of these abrupt clauses have been made which are in the least
+convincing. We must suppose that Atticus has asked Tullia to stay with
+him and his wife Pilia, and Cicero is describing her journey from
+Antium.]
+
+[Footnote 489: L. Lucceius, of whom we have heard before, as having some
+quarrel with Atticus. His work has not survived. No letter of the
+correspondence has brought more adimadversion on Cicero, and yet
+log-rolling and the appealing to friends on the press to review one's
+book are not wholly unknown even in our time.]
+
+[Footnote 490: Cicero appears by a slip to have written Themistocles
+instead of Aristeides. The dramatic return of the latter just before the
+battle of Salamis is narrated in Herodotus: whereas the former never
+returned, though his dead body was said to have been brought to Athens.]
+
+
+
+
+CIX (A IV, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FROM THE COUNTRY (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Of course I am as sorry about Lentulus as I am bound to be: we have lost
+a good patriot and a great man, one who to great strength of character
+united a culture equally profound. My consolation is a miserable one,
+but still it is a consolation--that I do not grieve on his account: I
+don't mean in the sense of Saufeius and your Epicurean friends, but, by
+Hercules, because he loved his country so deeply, that he seems to me to
+have been snatched away by a special favour of providence from its
+conflagration. For what could be more humiliating than the life we are
+living, especially mine? For as to yourself, though by nature a
+politician, you have yet avoided having any servitude peculiar to
+yourself: you merely come under an appellation common to us all.[491]
+But _I_, who, if I say what I ought about the Republic, am looked on as
+mad, if what expediency dictates, as a slave, and if I say nothing, as
+utterly crushed and helpless--what must I be suffering? Suffer, indeed,
+I do, and all the more keenly that I cannot even shew my pain without
+appearing ungrateful. Again: what if I should choose a life of
+inactivity and take refuge in the harbour of retired leisure?
+Impossible! Rather war and the camp! Am I to serve in the ranks after
+refusing to be a general? I suppose I must. For I perceive you, too,
+think so, you whom I wish that I had always obeyed. All that is left to
+me now is, "You have drawn Sparta: make the best of it!" But, by
+heavens, I can't: and I feel for Philoxenus,[492] who preferred a return
+to gaol. However, in my present retirement I am thinking over how to
+express my rejection of the old policy, and when we meet you will
+strengthen me in it.
+
+I notice that you have written to me at frequent intervals, but I
+received all the letters at once. This circumstance increased my grief.
+For I had read three to begin with, in which the report of Lentulus was
+that he was a little better. Then came the thunderbolt of the fourth.
+But it is not he, as I said, who is to be pitied, but we who are so
+callous as to live on.[493] You remind me to write that essay on
+Hortensius: I have digressed into other subjects, but have not forgotten
+your charge. But, by heaven, at the first line I shrank from the task,
+lest I, who seem to have acted foolishly in resenting his intemperate
+conduct as a friend, should once more be foolishly rendering his
+injurious treatment of me conspicuous, if I wrote anything; and at the
+same time lest my high _morale_, manifested in my actions, should be
+somewhat obscured in my writing, and this mode of taking satisfaction
+should seem to imply a certain instability. But we shall see. Only be
+sure to write me something as often as possible. I sent a letter to
+Lucceius asking him to write the history of my consulship: be sure you
+get it from him, for it is a very pretty bit of writing, and urge him to
+use despatch, and thank him for having written me an answer saying that
+he would do so. Go and see my house as often as you can. Say something
+to Vestorius:[494] for he is acting very liberally in regard to me.
+
+[Footnote 491: Reading _communi fueris nomine_. After all, the meaning
+is very doubtful.]
+
+[Footnote 492: Philoxenus, who, having been sent to the quarries by
+Dionysius of Syracuse, for criticising the tyrant's poetry, was given
+another chance. After reading a few lines he turned away silently.
+"Where are you going?" said Dionysius. "Back to the quarries," said
+Philoxenus. For Σπα�ταν ἔλαχες, ταύτην κοσμεῖ, see p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 493: _Ferrei_. The true meaning of the word here seems to me
+to be shewn by _de Am._ § 87, _quis tam esset ferreus, qui eam vitam
+ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum omnium solitudo_?
+There is an intentional play on the words _ferreus_ and _ferre_. Others
+have altered it to _servi_, and others have explained it as an allusion
+to the iron age, in both cases spoiling the antithesis--he died, we
+remain--and in the latter using the word in a sense not elsewhere found.
+Lentulus is L. Cornelius Lentulus. See Letter L.]
+
+[Footnote 494: A money-lender.]
+
+
+
+
+CX (A IV, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ARPINUM (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Nothing could be better timed than your letter, which much relieved the
+anxiety I was feeling about that excellent boy, our Quintus. Two hours
+earlier Chærippus had arrived: his news was simply awful. As to what you
+say about Apollonius, why, heaven confound him! a Greek and turn
+bankrupt! Thinks he may do what Roman knights do! For, of course,
+Terentius is within his rights! As to Metellus--_de mortuis_,
+etc.[495]--yet there has been no citizen die these many years past who
+----. Well, I am willing to warrant your getting the money: for what
+have you to fear, whomsoever he made his heir, unless it were Publius?
+But he has, in fact, made a respectable man his heir, though he was
+himself ----! Wherefore in this business you will not have to open your
+money-chest: another time you will be more cautious. Please see to my
+instructions about my house: hire some guards: give Milo a hint.[496]
+The Arpinates grumble amazingly about Laterium.[497] Well, what can I
+say? I was much annoyed myself, but "to words of mine he gave no
+heed."[498] For the rest, take care of young Cicero and love him as
+always.
+
+[Footnote 495: ο�χ �σίη φθιμένοισιν, leaving Atticus, as often, to fill
+in the words �π' ἀνδ�άσιν ε�χετάασθαι (Hom. _Od._ xxii. 412, where the
+word is κταμένοισιν). Terentius is some eques who has stopped payment.]
+
+[Footnote 496: Because Clodius was attempting to pull down Cicero's
+new-built house on the ground that the site was still consecrated. He
+was prevented by Milo (Dio, xxxix. 20).]
+
+[Footnote 497: Something that Quintus had done, perhaps about water, on
+his estate which annoyed his fellow townsmen.]
+
+[Footnote 498: � δ' ο�κ �μπάζετο μύθων (Hom. _Od._ i. 271).]
+
+
+
+
+CXI (A IV, 8 a)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+There were many things in your letter which pleased me, but nothing more
+than your "dish of cheese and salt fish"![499] For as to what you say
+about the sale,
+
+    "Boast not yourself before you see the end"[500]
+
+I can find nothing in the way of a building for you in the
+neighbourhood. In the town there is something of the sort, though it is
+doubtful whether it is for sale, and, in fact, close to my own house.
+Let me tell you that Antium is the Buthrotum of Rome, just what your
+Buthrotum is to Corcyra. Nothing can be quieter, cooler, or
+prettier--"be this mine own dear home."[501] Moreover, since Tyrannio
+has arranged my books for me, my house seems to have had a soul added to
+it; in which matter your Dionysius and Menophilus were of wonderful
+service. Nothing can be more charming than those bookcases of yours,
+since the title-slips have shewn off the books. Good-bye. I should like
+you to write me word about the gladiators, but only if they fight well,
+I don't want to know about them if they were failures.
+
+[Footnote 499: We must suppose Atticus to have mentioned some money loss
+(see last letter), and to have added that, though a ruinous one, his
+tastes were simple, and he could live on simple fare. Cicero laughs at
+the affectation of the rich Atticus. _Raudusculum_, "a piece of bronze,"
+was the ancient term for the piece of bronze money used in sales, _per
+æs et libram_ (Varro, _L. L._ v. 163).]
+
+[Footnote 500: μήπω μέγ' εἴπης π�ὶν τελευτήσαντ' ἴδῃς, "Do not boast
+till you see a man dead"--a well-known line from a lost play of
+Sophocles, containing a sentiment elsewhere often repeated, especially
+in Herodotus's account of the interview of Solon and Crœsus.]
+
+[Footnote 501: εἴη μοὶ οὖτος φίλος οἶκος, according to a probable
+restoration of the Greek words (instead of εἴη μισητὸς φίλος οἶκος, "I
+might even hate my town house in comparison"); cp. Hor. _Od._ ii. 6, 7.]
+
+
+
+
+CXII (F V, 3)
+
+FROM Q. METELLUS NEPOS (IN SPAIN)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+The insults of a most outrageous person, with which he loads me in
+frequent public speeches, are alleviated by your kind services to me;
+and as they are of little weight as coming from a man of that character,
+they are regarded by me with contempt, and I am quite pleased by an
+interchange of persons to regard you in the light of a cousin.[502] Him
+I don't wish even to remember, though I have twice saved his life in his
+own despite. Not to be too troublesome to you about my affairs, I have
+written to Lollius as to what I want done about my provincial accounts,
+with a view to his informing and reminding you. If you can, I hope you
+will preserve your old goodwill to me.
+
+[Footnote 502: _Fratris_. The mother of Clodius, Cæcilia, was a daughter
+of Q. Cæcilius Metellus Balearicus (consul B.C. 123), father of the
+writer of this letter.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIII (F I, 7)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have read your letter in which you say that you are obliged for the
+frequent information I give you about all current events, and for the
+clear proof you have of my kindness to yourself. The latter--the
+regarding you with warm affection--it is my duty to do, if I wish to
+maintain the character which you desired for me; the former it is a
+pleasure to do, namely, separated as we are by length of space and time,
+to converse with you as frequently as possible by means of letters. But
+if this shall occur less frequently than you expect, the reason will be
+that my letters are of such a kind that I dare not trust them to
+everybody promiscuously. As often as I get hold of trustworthy persons
+to whom I may safely deliver them, I will not omit to do so. As to your
+question about each particular person's loyalty and friendly feelings
+towards you, it is difficult to speak in regard to individuals. I can
+venture on this one assertion, which I often hinted to you before, and
+now write from close observation and knowledge--that certain persons,
+and those, above all others, who were most bound and most able to help
+you, have been exceedingly jealous of your claims: and that, though the
+point in question is different, your present position is exceedingly
+like what mine was some time ago in this, that those whom you had
+attacked on public grounds now openly assail you, while those whose
+authority, rank, and policy you had defended, are not so much mindful of
+your kindness as enemies to your reputation. In these circumstances, as
+I wrote you word before, I perceive that Hortensius is very warmly your
+friend, Lucullus anxious to serve you: while of the magistrates L.
+Racilius shews special loyalty and affection. For my taking up the
+cudgels for you, and advocating your claims, would seem in the eyes of
+most people to be the measure of my obligation to you rather than of my
+deliberate opinion. Besides these I am, in fact, not able to bear
+witness to any one of the consulars shewing zeal or kindness or friendly
+feeling towards you. For you are aware that Pompey, who is very
+frequently accustomed, not on my instigation but of his own accord, to
+confide in me about you, did not often attend the senate during these
+discussions. It is true your last letter, as I could easily conceive,
+was very gratifying to him. To me, indeed, your reasonableness, or
+rather your extreme wisdom, seemed not only charming, but simply
+admirable. For by that letter you retained your hold on a man of lofty
+character, who was bound to you by the signal generosity of your conduct
+towards him, but who was entertaining some suspicions that, owing to
+the impression prevailing among certain persons as to his own ambitious
+desires, you were alienated from him. I always thought that he wished to
+support your reputation, even in that very dubious episode of Caninius's
+proposal;[503] but when he had read your letter, I could plainly see
+that he was thinking with his whole soul of you, your honours, and your
+interests. Wherefore look upon what I am going to write as written after
+frequent discussions with him, in accordance with his opinion, and with
+the weight of his authority. It is this: "That, since no senatorial
+decree exists taking the restoration of the Alexandrine king out of your
+hands, and since the resolution written out upon that restoration
+(which, as you are aware, was vetoed) to the effect that no one was to
+restore the king at all,[504] has rather the weight of a measure adopted
+by men in anger than of a deliberate decision of the senate--you can
+yourself see, since you are in possession of Cilicia and Cyprus,[505]
+what it is within your power to effect and secure; and that, if
+circumstances seem to make it possible for you to occupy Alexandria and
+Egypt, it is for your own dignity and that of the empire that, after
+having first placed the king at Ptolemais or some neighbouring place,
+you should proceed with fleet and army to Alexandria, in order that,
+when you have secured it by restoring peace and placing a garrison in
+it, Ptolemy may go back to his kingdom: thus it will be brought about
+that he is restored at once by your agency, as the senate originally
+voted, and without a 'host,' as those who are scrupulous about religion
+said was the order of the Sibyl."
+
+But though both he and I agreed in this decision, we yet thought that
+men would judge of your policy by its result: if it turns out as we wish
+and desire, everybody will say that you acted wisely and courageously;
+if any hitch occurs, those same men will say that you acted ambitiously
+and rashly. Wherefore what you really can do it is not so easy for us to
+judge as for you, who have Egypt almost within sight. For us, our view
+is this: if you are certain that you can get possession of that
+kingdom, you should not delay: if it is doubtful, you should not make
+the attempt. I can guarantee you this, that, if you succeed, you will be
+applauded by many while abroad, by all when you return. I see great
+danger in any failure, on account of the senatorial resolution and the
+religious scruple that have been introduced into the question. But for
+me, as I exhort you to snatch at what is certain to bring you credit, so
+I warn you against running any risks, and I return to what I said at the
+beginning of my letter--that men will judge all you do, not so much from
+the policy which prompted it as from its result. But if this method of
+procedure appears to you to be dangerous, our opinion is that, if the
+king fulfils his obligations to those of your friends, who throughout
+your province and sphere of government have lent him money, you should
+assist him both with troops and supplies: such is the nature and
+convenient situation of your province, that you either secure his
+restoration by giving him aid, or hinder it by neglecting to do so. In
+carrying out this policy you will perceive better and more easily than
+anyone else what the actual state of affairs, the nature of the case,
+and the circumstances of the hour admit: what our opinion was I thought
+that I was the person, above all others, to tell you.
+
+As to your congratulations to myself on my present position, on my
+intimacy with Milo, on the frivolity and impotency of Clodius--I am not
+at all surprised that, like a first-rate artist, you take pleasure in
+the brilliant works of your own hands. However, people's
+wrong-headedness--I don't like to use a harsher word--surpasses belief;
+they might have secured me by their sympathy in a cause in which they
+were all equally interested, yet they have alienated me by their
+jealousy: for by their carping and most malicious criticisms I must tell
+you that I have been all but driven from that old political standpoint
+of mine, so long maintained, not, it is true, so far as to forget my
+position, but far enough to admit at length some consideration for my
+personal safety also. Both might have been amply secured if there had
+been any good faith, any solidity in our consulars: but such is the
+frivolity of most of them, that they do not so much take pleasure in my
+political consistency, as offence at my brilliant position. I am the
+more outspoken in writing this to you, because you lent your support,
+not only to my present position, which I obtained through you, but also
+long ago to my reputation and political eminence, when they were, so to
+speak, but just coming into existence; and at the same time because I
+see that it was not, as I used formerly to think, my want of curule
+pedigree that excited prejudice: for I have noticed in your case, one of
+the noblest of the land, a similar exhibition of base jealousy, and
+though they did not object to class you among the _noblesse_, they were
+unwilling that you should take any higher flight. I rejoice that your
+fortune has been unlike mine: for there is a great difference between
+having one's reputation lowered and one's personal safety abandoned to
+the enemy. In my case it was your noble conduct that prevented me from
+being too much disgusted with my own; for you secured that men should
+consider more to have been added to my future glory than had been taken
+from my present fortune. As for you--instigated both by your kindness to
+myself and my affection for you, I urge you to use all your care and
+industry to obtain the full glory, for which you have burned with such
+generous ardour from boyhood, and never, under anyone's injurious
+conduct, to bend that high spirit of yours, which I have always admired
+and always loved. Men have a high opinion of you; they loudly praise
+your liberality; they vividly remember your consulship. You must surely
+perceive how much more marked, and how much more prominent these
+sentiments will be, if backed up by some considerable repute from your
+province and your government. However, in every administrative act which
+you have to perform by means of your army and in virtue of your
+_imperium_, I would have you reflect on these objects long before you
+act, prepare yourself with a view to them, turn them over in your mind,
+train yourself to obtain them, and convince yourself that you can with
+the greatest ease maintain the highest and most exalted position in the
+state. This you have always looked for, and I am sure you understand
+that you have attained it. And that you may not think this exhortation
+of mine meaningless or adopted without reason, I should explain that the
+consideration which has moved me to make it was the conviction that you
+required to be warned by the incidents, which our careers have had in
+common, to be careful for the rest of your life as to whom to trust and
+against whom to be on your guard.
+
+As to your question about the state of public affairs--there is the most
+profound difference of opinion, but the energy is all on one side. For
+those who are strong in wealth, arms, and material power, appear to me
+to have scored so great a success from the stupidity and fickleness of
+their opponents, that they are now the stronger in moral weight as well.
+Accordingly, with very few to oppose them, they have got everything
+through the senate, which they never expected to get even by the popular
+vote without a riot: for a grant for military pay and ten legates have
+been given to Cæsar by decree,[506] and no difficulty has been made of
+deferring the nomination of his successor, as required by the Sempronian
+law.[507] I say the less to you on this point, because this position of
+public affairs is no pleasure to me: I mention it, however, in order to
+urge you to learn, while you can do so without suffering for it, the
+lesson which I myself, though devoted from boyhood to every kind of
+reading, yet learnt rather from bitter experience than from study, that
+we must neither consider our personal safety to the exclusion of our
+dignity, nor our dignity to the exclusion of our safety.
+
+In your congratulations as to my daughter and Crassipes I am obliged to
+you for your kindness, and do indeed expect and hope that this connexion
+may be a source of pleasure to us. Our dear Lentulus, a young man who
+gives such splendid promise of the highest qualities, be sure you
+instruct both in those accomplishments which you have yourself ever been
+forward in pursuing, and also, above all, in the imitation of yourself:
+he can study in no better school than that. He holds a very high place
+in my regard and affection, as well because he is yours, as because he
+is worthy of such a father, and because he is devoted to me, and has
+always been so.
+
+[Footnote 503: See Letter XCV.]
+
+[Footnote 504: See Letter CII.]
+
+[Footnote 505: Joined to the province of Cilicia by Cato in B.C. 58-57.
+What Cicero is recommending is a clear evasion. Lentulus is not to
+_take_ Ptolemy back, but to go to Egypt and make it ready for him.]
+
+[Footnote 506: Cicero says elsewhere that he supported this (_pro
+Balbo_, §61; _de Prov. Cons._ §28; cp. Dio, xxxix. 25).]
+
+[Footnote 507: The law of Gaius Gracchus (B.C. 123) enacting that the
+senate should name before the elections the provinces to be held by the
+next consuls.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIV (F XIII, 6 a)
+
+Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+If you are well I shall be glad. I am quite well. I presume that you
+will remember that, when escorting you on the commencement of your
+official journey,[508] I mentioned to you in the presence of Publius
+Cuspius, and also afterwards urged you privately at some length, that
+whomsoever I might recommend to you as connexions of his, you should
+regard as among connexions of my own. You, as was to be expected from
+your extreme regard and uninterrupted attentions to me, undertook to do
+this for me with the utmost liberality and kindness. Cuspius, who is
+most careful in his duties towards all connected with him, takes a
+surprising interest in the well-being of certain persons of your
+province, because he has been twice in Africa when presiding over the
+very large concerns of his revenue-company. Accordingly, this patronage
+of his, which he exercises on their behalf, I am accustomed as far as I
+can to back up by such means and influence as I possess. Wherefore I
+thought it necessary to explain to you in this letter why I give letters
+of introduction to all the friends of Cuspius. In future letters I will
+merely append the mark[509] agreed upon between you and me, and at the
+same time indicate that he is one of Cuspius's friends. But the
+recommendation which I have resolved to subscribe to in this present
+letter, let me tell you, is more serious than any of them. For P.
+Cuspius has pressed me with particular earnestness to recommend Lucius
+Iulius to you as warmly as possible. I appear to be barely able to
+satisfy his eagerness by using the words which I generally use when most
+in earnest. He asks for something out of the common way from me, and
+thinks I have a special knack in that style of writing. I have promised
+him to produce a masterpiece of commendation--a specimen of my choicest
+work. Since I cannot reach that standard, however, I would beg you to
+make him think that some astonishing effect has been produced by the
+style of my letter. You will secure that, if you treat him with all the
+liberality which your kindness can suggest and your official power make
+feasible--I don't mean merely in the way of material assistance, but
+also in words and even in looks: and what influence such things have in
+a province I could have wished that you had already learnt by
+experience, though I have an idea that you soon will do so. This man
+himself, whom I am recommending to you, I believe to be thoroughly
+worthy of your friendship, not only because Cuspius says so (though that
+should be enough), but because I know the keenness of his judgment of
+men and in the selection of his friends. I shall soon be able to judge
+what has been the effect of this letter, and shall, I feel certain, have
+reason to thank you. For myself, I shall with zeal and care see to all
+that I think to be your wish or to concern your interests. Take care of
+your health.
+
+[Footnote 508: _Paludatum_, lit. dressed in the _paludamentum_, the
+military dress in which provincial governors left Rome with _imperium_.]
+
+[Footnote 509: _Notam_, some cipher, which he had agreed upon with
+Valerius to indicate that the _commendatio_ was not to be looked upon as
+a mere matter of course.]
+
+
+
+
+CXV (F XIII, 6 b)
+
+TO Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+P. Cornelius, who delivers you this letter, has been recommended to me
+by P. Cuspius, for whose sake you are thoroughly informed from me how
+much I desire and am bound to do. I earnestly beg you that Cuspius may
+have as great, early, and frequent occasion as possible to thank me for
+this introduction.
+
+
+
+
+CXVI (Q FR II, 6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (RETURNING FROM SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+How delighted I was to get your letter! It had been expected by me at
+first, it is true, only with longing, but recently with alarm also. And,
+in fact, let me tell you that this is the only letter which has reached
+me since the one brought me by your sailor and dated Olbia. But let
+everything else, as you say, be reserved till we can talk it over
+together. One thing, however, I cannot put off: on the 15th of May the
+senate covered itself with glory by refusing Gabinius a _supplicatio_.
+Procilius[510] vows that such a slight was never inflicted on anyone.
+Out of doors there is much applause. To me, gratifying as it is on its
+own account, it is even more so because it was done when I was not in
+the house. For it was an unbiassed[511] judgment of the senate, without
+any attack or exercise of influence on my part. The debate previously
+arranged for the 15th and 16th, namely, the question of the Campanian
+land, did not come on. In this matter I don't quite see way.[512] But I
+have said more than I meant to say: for it is best reserved till we
+meet. Goodbye, best and most longed-for of brothers! Fly to me. Our boys
+both share my prayer: of course, you will dine with me the day of your
+arrival.
+
+[Footnote 510: One of the tribunes. He was convicted of _vis_ in B.C.,
+54. Gabinius was governor of Syria B.C. 57-54. He had been engaged in
+some warlike affairs in Iudæa, for which, or for some successes over the
+Arabs, he claimed the _supplicatio_.]
+
+[Footnote 511: εἰλικ�ινές, "pure," "clear."]
+
+[Footnote 512: _Mihi aqua hæret_, "there's a stoppage in my water
+course."]
+
+
+
+
+CXVII (A IV, 8 b)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55. Coss., Cu. Pompeius Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus.]
+
+     In this year Cicero devoted much of his time and energy to the
+     composition of the _de Oratore_. He was glad to be away from Rome,
+     for though he had resolved to give up his opposition to the
+     triumvirs, he was never really happy in supporting or even
+     witnessing their policy, and the first letter betrays his
+     sentiments as to the way in which the consuls had secured their
+     election. His fear of an autocracy, however, seems now to be
+     directed rather to Pompey than Cæsar; nor was he at all charmed by
+     the splendour of the games given at the opening of Pompey's new
+     theatre. The only extant speech is that against L. Calpurnius Piso
+     (consul B.C. 58) who had been recalled from Macedonia.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM[513] (JANUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Apenas had scarcely left me, when your letter came. Really? Do you
+suppose he won't propose his law?[514] Pray speak a little louder: I
+seem scarcely to have caught what you said. But let me know it at once,
+if it is all the same to you, that is! Well, since an additional day has
+been assigned to the games, I am all the more content to spend that day
+with Dionysius. About Trebonius I cordially agree with you. About
+Domitius,[515]
+
+    "I swear by Ceres that no single fig
+    Was e'er so like another,"
+
+as his case to mine, either in the sameness of persons, the
+unexpectedness of it, or the futility of the loyalists. There is one
+difference--he has brought it upon himself. For as to the misfortune
+itself, I rather think mine is the less grievous. For what could be more
+mortifying than that a man, who has been consul-designate, so to speak,
+ever since he was born, should fail in securing his election? Especially
+when he is the only (plebeian) candidate, or at most had but one
+opponent. If it is also the fact, which I rather think it is, that
+_he_[516] has in the register of his pocket-book some equally long pages
+of future, no less than of past consuls, what more humiliating position
+than our friend's, except that of the Republic? My first information
+about Natta[517] was from your letter: I couldn't bear the man. As to
+your question about my poem: what if it is all agog to escape from my
+hands? Well? Would you permit it? About Fabius Luscus--I was just going
+to speak of him: the man was always very cordial to me, and I never had
+any cause to dislike him; for he is intelligent, very well-behaved, and
+serviceable enough. As I was seeing nothing of him, I supposed him to be
+out of town: but was told by this fellow Gavius of Firmum, that he was
+at Rome, and had never been away. It made a disagreeable impression on
+me. "Such a trifle as that?" you will say. Well, he had told me a good
+deal of which there could be no doubt as to these brothers of Firmum.
+What it is that has made him hold aloof from me, if he has done so, I
+have no idea.
+
+As to your advice to me to act "diplomatically" and keep to the "outside
+course"--I will obey you. But I want still more worldly wisdom, for
+which, as usual, I shall come to you. Pry small things out from
+Fabius,[518] if you can get at him, and pick the brains of your guest,
+and write me word on these points and all others every day. When there
+is nothing for you to write, write and say so. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 513: The letter appears to be from Tusculum, because Cicero
+asks for a letter every day, which he could hardly expect if he were
+farther off. This year Cicero was much away from Rome, and yet his
+correspondence is meagre compared with other years. So far as this is
+not due to accident in the preservation of his letters, it may be
+accounted for by the fact that he was working at his _de Oratore_--so
+hard, that even his brother Quintus had scruples in breaking in upon
+him.]
+
+[Footnote 514: This may refer to the laws of Trebonius, giving Pompey
+and Crassus Spain and Syria respectively, and Cæsar an additional five
+years in Gaul, or to some of Pompey's own legislation.]
+
+[Footnote 515: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a candidate for the consulship
+of B.C. 55, but whose election had never come off. By various
+contrivances the _comitia_ were prevented, so that the new year opened
+with an _interregnum_; and Pompey and Crassus were elected under the
+presidency of an _interrex_ (Dio, xxxix. 31).]
+
+[Footnote 516: Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 517: L. Natta, a brother-in-law of Clodius, a pontifex who had
+presided at the _consecratio_ of Cicero's house. He seems to have just
+died.]
+
+[Footnote 518: A friend of Pompey's. I think "your guest" must be Pompey
+himself, whom Atticus is about to entertain at dinner.]
+
+
+
+
+CXVIII (F I, 8)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+What debates have taken place in the senate, what determination has been
+come to in your business, and what Pompey has undertaken to do, all this
+you will best learn from Marcus Plætorius, who has not only been engaged
+in these matters, but has even taken the lead in them, and left nothing
+undone which the greatest affection for you, the greatest good sense,
+and the greatest care could do. From the same man you will ascertain the
+general position of public affairs, which are of such a nature as is not
+easy to put in writing. They are, it is true, all in the power of our
+friends, and to such an extent that it does not seem probable that the
+present generation will witness a change. For my part, as in duty bound,
+as you advised, and as personal affection and expediency compel, I am
+attaching myself to the fortunes of the man whose alliance you thought
+you must court when my fortunes were in question. But you must feel how
+difficult it is to put away a political conviction, especially when it
+happens to be right and proved up to the hilt. However, I conform myself
+to the wishes of him from whom I cannot dissent with any dignity: and
+this I do not do, as perhaps some may think, from insincerity; for
+deliberate purpose and, by heaven! affection for Pompey are so powerful
+with me, that whatever is to his interest, and whatever he wishes,
+appears to me at once to be altogether right and reasonable. Nor, as I
+think, would even his opponents be wrong if, seeing that they cannot
+possibly be his equals, they were to cease to struggle against him. For
+myself I have another consolation--my character is such that all the
+world thinks me justified beyond all others, whether I support Pompey's
+views, or hold my tongue, or even, what is above everything else to my
+taste, return to my literary pursuits. And this last I certainly shall
+do, if my friendship for this same man permits it. For those objects
+which I had at one time in view, after having held the highest offices
+and endured the greatest fatigues--the power of intervening with dignity
+in the debates of the senate, and a free hand in dealing with public
+affairs--these have been entirely abolished, and not more for me than
+for all. For we all have either to assent to a small clique, to the
+utter loss of our dignity, or to dissent to no purpose. My chief object
+in writing to you thus is that you may consider carefully what line you
+will also take yourself. The whole position of senate, law courts, and
+indeed of the entire constitution has undergone a complete change. The
+most we can hope for is tranquillity: and this the men now in supreme
+power seem likely to give us, if certain persons[519] shew somewhat more
+tolerance of their despotism. The old consular prestige, indeed, of a
+courageous and consistent senator we must no longer think of: that has
+been lost by the fault of those who have alienated from the senate both
+an order once very closely allied to it, and an individual of the most
+illustrious character. But to return to what more immediately affects
+your interests--I have ascertained that Pompey is warmly your friend,
+and with him as consul, to the best of my knowledge and belief, you will
+get whatever you wish. In this he will have me always at his elbow, and
+nothing which affects you shall be passed over by me. Nor, in fact,
+shall I be afraid of boring him, for he will be very glad for his own
+sake to find me grateful to him. I would have you fully persuaded that
+there is nothing, however small, affecting your welfare that is not
+dearer to me than every interest of my own. And entertaining these
+sentiments, I can satisfy myself indeed, as far as assiduity is
+concerned, but in actual achievement I cannot do so, just because I
+cannot reach any proportion of your services to me, I do not say by
+actual return in kind, but by any return even of feeling. There a report
+that you have won a great victory.[520] Your despatch is anxiously
+awaited, and I have already talked to Pompey about it. When it arrives,
+I will shew my zeal by calling on the magistrates and members of the
+senate: and in everything else which may concern you, though I shall
+strive for more than I can achieve, I shall yet do less than I ought.
+
+[Footnote 519: The extreme Optimates, such as Cato.]
+
+[Footnote 520: Against the predatory and piratic inhabitants of
+Cilicia.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIX (Q FR II, 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I thought you would like my book:[521] that you like it as much as you
+say I am greatly delighted. As to your hint about my Urania and your
+advice to remember the speech of Iupiter,[522] which comes at the end of
+that book, I do indeed remember it, and that whole passage was aimed at
+myself rather than at the rest of the world. Nevertheless, the day after
+you started I went long before daybreak with Vibullius to call on
+Pompey; and upon addressing him on the subject of the works and
+inscriptions in your honour,[523] he answered me very kindly, gave me
+great hopes, said he would like to talk to Crassus about it, and advised
+me to do so too. I joined in escorting Crassus to his house on his
+assuming the consulate: he undertook the affair, and said that Clodius
+would at this juncture have something that he wanted to get by means of
+himself and Pompey: he thought that, if I did not baulk Clodius's views,
+I might get what I wanted without any opposition. I left the matter
+entirely in his hands and told him that I would do exactly as he wished.
+Publius Crassus the younger was present at this conversation, who, as
+you know, is very warmly attached to me. What Clodius wants is an
+honorary mission (if not by decree of the senate, then by popular vote)
+to Byzantium or to Brogitarus, or to both.[524] There is a good deal of
+money in it. It is a thing I don't trouble myself about much, even if I
+don't get what I am trying to get. Pompey, however, has spoken to
+Crassus. They seem to have taken the business in hand. If they carry it
+through, well and good: if not, let us return to my "Iupiter."
+
+On the 11th of February a decree passed the senate as to bribery on the
+motion of Afranius, against which I had spoken when you were in the
+house. To the loudly expressed disapprobation of the senate the consuls
+did not go on with the proposals of those who, while agreeing with
+Afranius's motion, added a rider that after their election the prætors
+were to remain private citizens for sixty days.[525] On that day they
+unmistakably threw over Cato. In short, they manage everything their own
+way, and wish all the world to understand it to be so.
+
+[Footnote 521: His poem "On his own Times."]
+
+[Footnote 522: In his poem _de Consulatu suo_, the second book of which
+(Urania) ends with a speech of Iupiter, who recommends his leaving
+politics for literature.]
+
+[Footnote 523: A statue in the temple of Tellus.]
+
+[Footnote 524: Brogitarus was a Galatian and connexion of Deiotarus.
+Clodius, as tribune, had done some services to Byzantium, and had also
+got Brogitarus the office of high priest of Cybele. He wants now to go
+and get his money for these favours.]
+
+[Footnote 525: The prætorian elections, like the consular, had been put
+off till February. Those elected would therefore enter on their office
+at once, and so escape prosecution, to which they would have been liable
+if, as in ordinary years, they had been "prætors-designate" from July to
+January. Afranius's motion seems to have been for suspending the bribery
+laws _pro hac vice_. Cato had been beaten: if there had been an
+opportunity of impeaching his rivals he might have got in.]
+
+
+
+
+CXX (A IV, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ, 20 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+At Puteoli there is a great report that Ptolemy has been restored. If
+you have any more certain news, I should like to know it. I am here
+devouring the library of Faustus.[526] Perhaps you thought I was
+feasting on the beauties of Puteoli and the Lucrine lake. Well, I have
+them too. But I declare to heaven that the more I am debarred from the
+enjoyment of ordinary pleasures, owing to the political situation, the
+more do I find support and refreshment in literature; and I would rather
+be sitting in that charming seat of yours, under your bust of Aristotle,
+than in _their_[527] curule chair, and be taking a stroll with you
+rather than with the great man[528] with whom I see I shall have to
+walk. But as to that walk, let fortune look to it, or god, if there is
+any god who cares for such things. I wish, when possible, you would come
+and see my walk and Spartan bath, and the buildings planned by Cyrus,
+and would urge Philotimus to make haste, that I may have something to
+match with yours in that department.[529] Pompey came to his Cuman
+property on the Parilia (19th April). He at once sent a man to me with
+his compliments. I am going to call on him on the morning of the 20th,
+as soon as I have written this letter.
+
+[Footnote 526: Son of the dictator Sulla, who is known to have brought
+back from Athens a famous Aristotelian library.]
+
+[Footnote 527: Pompey and Crassus, the consuls.]
+
+[Footnote 528: Pompey, as the context shews. In the next clause
+_ambulatio_ has a double meaning of physical walking and of a political
+course of conduct.]
+
+[Footnote 529: Philotimus, a freedman of Terentia's, seems to have been
+engaged at Rome in the reconstruction of Cicero's house. The Spartan
+bath (_Laconicum_) was a hot-air bath, like a Turkish bath.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXI (A IV, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ, 28 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I should much like to know whether the tribunes are hindering the census
+by stopping business with their bad omens[530] (for there is a rumour to
+that effect), and what they are doing and contriving as to the
+censorship altogether. I have had an interview with Pompey here. He
+talked a good deal to me about politics. He is not at all satisfied with
+himself, to judge from what he says--one is obliged to put in that
+proviso in his case. He thinks very little of Syria as a province; talks
+a good deal about Spain--here, too, I must add, "to judge from what he
+says," and, I think, his whole conversation requires that reservation,
+and to be ticketed as Phocylides did his verses--καὶ τόδε
+Φωκυλίδου.[531] He expressed gratitude to you for undertaking to
+arrange the statues:[532] towards myself he was, by Hercules, most
+effusively cordial. He even came to my Cuman house to call on me.
+However, the last thing he seemed to wish was that Messalla should stand
+for the consulship: that is the very point on which I should like to
+hear what you know. I am much obliged by your saying that you will
+recommend my fame to Lucceius, and for your frequent inspection of my
+house. My brother Quintus has written to tell me that, as you have that
+dear boy, his son Quintus, staying with you, he intends coming to your
+house on the 7th of May. I left my Cuman villa on the 26th of April.
+That night I spent at Naples with Pætus. I write this very early on the
+27th, on my road to my Pompeian house.
+
+[Footnote 530: The tribunes had no _veto_ against the censors, they
+could only hinder them by the indirect method of _obnuntiatio_,
+declaring that the omens were bad, and so preventing business.]
+
+[Footnote 531: This also is Phocylides's.]
+
+[Footnote 532: In Pompey's new theatre.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXII (Q FR II, 8)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Afraid that you will interrupt me--you? In the first place, if I were as
+busy as you think, do you know what interruption means? Have you taken a
+lesson from Ateius?[533] So help me heaven, in my eyes you give _me_ a
+lesson in a kind of learning which I never enjoy unless you are with me.
+Why, that you should talk to me, interrupt me, argue against me, or
+converse with me, is just what I should like. Nothing could be more
+delightful! Never, by Hercules, did any crazy poet read with greater
+zest his last composition than I listen to you, no matter what business
+is in hand, public or private, rural or urban. But it was all owing to
+my foolish scrupulousness that I did not carry you off with me when I
+was leaving town. You confronted me the first time with an unanswerable
+excuse--the health of my son: I was silenced. The second time it was
+both boys, yours and mine: I acquiesced.[534] Now comes a delightful
+letter, but with this drop of gall in it--that you seem to have been
+afraid, and still to be afraid, that you might bore me. I would go to
+law with you if it were decent to do so; but, by heaven! if ever I have
+a suspicion of such a feeling on your part, I can only say that I shall
+begin to be afraid of boring _you_ at times, when in your company. [I
+perceive that you have sighed at this. 'Tis the way of the world: "But
+if you lived on earth" ...I will never finish the quotation and say,
+"Away with all care!"[535] Marius,[536] again, I should certainly have
+forced into my sedan--I don't mean that famous one of Ptolemy that
+Anicius got hold of:[537] for I remember when I was conveying him from
+Naples to Baiæ in Anicius's eight-bearer sedan, with a hundred armed
+guards in our train, I had a real good laugh when Marius, knowing
+nothing of his escort, suddenly drew back the curtains of the sedan--he
+was almost dead with fright and I with laughing; well, this same friend,
+I say, I should at least have carried off, to secure, at any rate, the
+delicate charm of that old-fashioned courtesy, and of a conversation
+which is the essence of culture. But I did not like to invite a man of
+weak health to a villa practically without a roof, and which even now it
+would be a compliment to describe as unfinished. It would indeed be a
+special treat to me to have the enjoyment of him here also. For I assure
+you that the neighbourhood of Marius makes the sunshine of that other
+country residence of mine.[538] I will see about getting him put up in
+the house of Anicius. For I myself, though a student, can live with
+workpeople in the house. I get this philosophy, not from Hymettus, but
+from Arpinum.[539] Marius is feebler in health and constitution. As to
+interrupting my book[540]--I shall take from you just so much time for
+writing as you may leave me. I only hope you'll leave me none at all,
+that my want of progress may be set down to your encroachment rather
+than to my idleness! In regards to politics, I am sorry that you worry
+yourself too much, and are a better citizen than Philoctetes, who, on
+being wronged himself, was anxious for the very spectacle[541] that I
+perceive gives you pain. Pray hasten hither: I will console you and wipe
+all sorrow from your eyes: and, as you love me, bring Maruis. But haste,
+haste, both of you! There is a garden at my house.[542]
+
+[Footnote 533: Some bore, unknown to us.]
+
+[Footnote 534: The two boys seem to be receiving their education
+together at this time in the house of Quintus.]
+
+[Footnote 535: It is all but impossible to explain these words. Some
+editors transfer them to the sentence after _de Republica_. But they are
+scarcely more in place there. The Greek quotation is not known.]
+
+[Footnote 536: M. Marius, to whom Letter CXXVI is addressed.]
+
+[Footnote 537: C. Anicius, a senator, seems to have obtained from
+Ptolemy Auletes, by gift or purchase, his state sedan and its
+attendants.]
+
+[Footnote 538: The Pompeianum.]
+
+[Footnote 539: An unintellible word, meant apparently for Greek (perhaps
+_arce_ Ψυ�ίᾳ, see _Att._ xvi. 13), is in the text. The most probable
+conjecture refers it in some way to Arpinum, Cicero's hardy mountain
+birthplace.]
+
+[Footnote 540: The _de Oratore_.]
+
+[Footnote 541: The ruin of his country.]
+
+[Footnote 542: For us to walk and converse in. It hardly refers to a
+supply of vegetables, as some suggest.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXIII (A IV, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I was delighted with your two letters which I received together on the
+26th. Go on with the story. I long to know all the facts of what you
+write about. Also I should like you to find out what this means: you can
+do so from Demetrius. Pompey told me that he was expecting Crassus in
+his Alban villa on the 27th: that as soon as he arrived, they were going
+at once to Rome to settle accounts with the _publicani_. I asked,
+"During the gladiatorial exhibitions?" He answered, "Before they were
+begun." What that means I wish you would send me word either at once, if
+you know, or when he has reached Rome. I am engaged here in devouring
+books with the aid of that wonderful fellow Dionysius,[543] for, by
+Hercules, that is what he seems to me to be. He sends compliments to you
+and all your party.
+
+    "No bliss so great as knowing all that is."
+
+Wherefore indulge my thirst for knowledge by telling what happened on
+the first and on the second day of the shows: what about the
+censors,[544] what about Appius,[545] what about that she-Appuleius of
+the people?[546] Finally, pray write me word what you are doing
+yourself. For, to tell the truth, revolutions don't give me so much
+pleasure as a letter from you. I took no one out of town with me except
+Dionysius: yet I am in no fear of wanting conversation--so delightful do
+I find that youth. Pray give my book to Lucceius.[547] I send you the
+book of Demetrius of Magnesia,[548] that there may be a messenger on the
+spot to bring me back a letter from you.
+
+[Footnote 543: A learned freedman of Atticus's.]
+
+[Footnote 544: See p. 250. Censors were elected this year, but the
+powers of the censorship had been much curtailed by a law of Clodius in
+B.C. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 545: Apius Claudius (brother of Clodius) was a candidate for
+the consulship of B.C. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 546: Clodius, a revolutionary, like Appuleius Saturninus. The
+feminine gender is an insult.]
+
+[Footnote 547: Either his poem "On his own Times," or the notes of
+events which he had promised in Letter CVIII, p. 231.]
+
+[Footnote 548: A treatise on union (πε�ὶ �μονοίας). The rhetorician
+Dionysius of Magnesia had been with Cicero during his tour in Asia.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXIV (A IV, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Egnatius[549] is at Rome. But I spoke strongly to him at Antium about
+Halimetus's business. He assured me that he would speak seriously to
+Aquilius.[550] You will see the man therefore, if you please. I think I
+can scarcely be ready for Macro:[551] for I see that the auction at
+Larinum is on the Ides and the two days following. Pray forgive me for
+that, since you think so much of Macro. But, as you love me, dine with
+me on the 2nd, and bring Pilia. You must absolutely do so. On the 1st I
+think of dining at Crassipes' suburban villa as a kind of inn. I thus
+elude the decree of the senate. Thence to my town house after dinner, so
+as to be ready to be at Milo's in the morning.[552] There, then, I shall
+see you, and shall march you on with me. My whole household sends you
+greeting.
+
+[Footnote 549: L. Egnatius, who owed Q. Cicero money.]
+
+[Footnote 550: C. Aquilius Gallus, Cicero's colleague in the prætorship,
+and a busy advocate. See p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 551: Apparently a money-lender.]
+
+[Footnote 552: Perhaps at his _sponsalia_, as he was married towards the
+end of the year.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXV (F VII, 23)
+
+TO M. FADIUS GALLUS
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I had only just arrived from Arpinum when your letter was delivered to
+me; and from the same bearer I received a letter from Arrianus,[553] in
+which there was this most liberal offer, that when he came to Rome he
+would enter my debt to him on whatever day I chose. Pray put yourself in
+my place: is it consistent with your modesty or mine, first to prefer a
+request as to the day, and then to ask more than a year's credit? But,
+my dear Gallus, everything would have been easy, if you had bought the
+things I wanted, and only up to the price that I wished. However, the
+purchases which, according to your letter, you have made shall not only
+be ratified by me, but with gratitude besides: for I fully understand
+that you have displayed zeal and affection in purchasing (because you
+thought them worthy of me) things which pleased yourself--a man, as I
+have ever thought, of the most fastidious judgment in all matters of
+taste. Still, I should like Damasippus[554] to abide by his decision:
+for there is absolutely none of those purchases that I care to have.
+But you, being unacquainted with my habits, have bought four or five of
+your selection at a price at which I do not value any statues in the
+world. You compare your Bacchæ with Metellus's Muses. Where is the
+likeness? To begin with, I should never have considered the Muses worth
+all that money, and I think all the Muses would have approved my
+judgment: still, it would have been appropriate to a library, and in
+harmony with my pursuits. But Bacchæ! What place is there in my house
+for them? But, you will say, they are pretty. I know them very well and
+have often seen them. I would have commissioned you definitely in the
+case of statues known to me, if I had decided on them. The sort of
+statues that I am accustomed to buy are such as may adorn a place in a
+_palæstra_ after the fashion of gymnasia.[555] What, again, have I, the
+promoter of peace, to do with a statue of Mars? I am glad there was not
+a statue of Saturn also: for I should have thought these two statues had
+brought me debt! I should have preferred some representation of Mercury:
+I might then, I suppose, have made a more favourable bargain with
+Arrianus. You say you meant the table-stand[556] for yourself; well, if
+you like it, keep it. But if you have changed your mind I will, of
+course, have it. For the money you have laid out, indeed, I would rather
+have purchased a place of call at Tarracina,[557] to prevent my being
+always a burden on my host. Altogether I perceive that the fault is with
+my freedman, whom I had distinctly commissioned to purchase certain
+definite things, and also with Iunius, whom I think you know, an
+intimate friend of Arrianus. I have constructed some new sitting-rooms
+in a miniature colonnade on my Tusculan property. I want to ornament
+them with pictures: for if I take pleasure in anything of that sort it
+is in painting. However, if I am to have what you have bought, I should
+like you to inform me where they are, when they are to be fetched, and by
+what kind of conveyance. For if Damasippus doesn't abide by his
+decision, I shall look for some would-be Damasippus,[558] even at a
+loss.
+
+As to what you say about the house, as I was going out of town I
+intrusted the matter to my daughter Tullia:[559] for it was at the very
+hour of my departure that I got your letter. I also discussed the matter
+with your friend Nicias, because he is, as you know, intimate with
+Cassius. On my return, however, before I got your last letter, I asked
+Tullia what she had done. She said that she had approached Licinia[560]
+(though I think Cassius is not very intimate with his sister), and that
+she at once said that she could not venture, in the absence of her
+husband (Dexius is gone to Spain), to change houses without his being
+there and knowing about it. I am much gratified that you should value
+association with me and my domestic life so highly, as, in the first
+place, to take a house which would enable you to live not only near me,
+but absolutely with me, and, in the second place, to be in such a hurry
+to make this change of residence. But, upon my life, I do not yield to
+you in eagerness for that arrangement. So I will try every means in my
+power. For I see the advantage to myself, and, indeed, the advantages to
+us both. If I succeed in doing anything, I will let you know. Mind you
+also write me word back on everything, and let me know, if you please,
+when I am to expect you.
+
+[Footnote 553: C. Arrianus Evander, a dealer in statues, it seems, from
+whom Fadius had bought some for Cicero. He offers to let the debt for
+them (and so the interest) run from any day Cicero pleases.]
+
+[Footnote 554: A well-known connoisseur, mentioned by Horace, _Sat._ ii.
+3, 64, _seq._. He seems to have offered to take the bargain off Cicero's
+hands.]
+
+[Footnote 555: That is, for his _palæstra_ or gymnasium, as he calls it,
+in his Tusculanum. See Letters I, II, VII.]
+
+[Footnote 556: An ornamental leg or stand for table or sideboard
+(_abacus_). See picture in Rich's _Dictionary of Antiquities_.]
+
+[Footnote 557: On the _via Appia_, where the canal across the marshes
+began. Cicero stops there a night between Formiæ and Pomptina Summa
+(_Att._ vii. 5).]
+
+[Footnote 558: One who professes to be an amateur of art like
+Damasippus.]
+
+[Footnote 559: As in Letter CVI, Tullia, not Terentia, seems to be in
+Cicero's confidence and presiding in his house. Terentia must already
+have been on bad terms with him, and perhaps was residing on her own
+property.]
+
+[Footnote 560: Half-sister of Gaius Cassius.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXVI (F VII, I)
+
+TO M. MARIUS (AT CUMÆ)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER?)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+If some bodily pain or weakness of health has prevented your coming to
+the games, I put it down to fortune rather than your own wisdom: but if
+you have made up your mind that these things which the rest of the world
+admires are only worthy of contempt, and, though your health would have
+allowed of it, you yet were unwilling to come, then I rejoice at both
+facts--that you were free from bodily pain, and that you had the sound
+sense to disdain what others causelessly admire. Only I hope that some
+fruit of your leisure may be forthcoming, a leisure, indeed, which you
+had a splendid opportunity of enjoying to the full, seeing that you were
+left almost alone in your lovely country. For I doubt not that in that
+study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian
+waters of the bay, and obtained a view of Misenum, you have spent the
+morning hours of those days in light reading, while those who left you
+there were watching the ordinary farces[561] half asleep. The remaining
+parts of the day, too, you spent in the pleasures which you had yourself
+arranged to suit your own taste, while we had to endure whatever had met
+with the approval of Spurius Mæcius.[562] On the whole, if you care to
+know, the games were most splendid, but not to your taste. I judge from
+my own. For, to begin with, as a special honour to the occasion, those
+actors had come back to the stage who, I thought, had left it for their
+own. Indeed, your favourite, my friend Æsop, was in such a state that no
+one could say a word against his retiring from the profession. On the
+beginning to recite the oath his voice failed him at the words "If I
+knowingly deceive." Why should I go on with the story? You know all
+about the rest of the games, which hadn't even that amount of charm
+which games on a moderate scale generally have: for the spectacle was so
+elaborate as to leave no room for cheerful enjoyment, and I think you
+need feel no regret at having missed it. For what is the pleasure of a
+train of six hundred mules in the "Clytemnestra," or three thousand
+bowls in the "Trojan Horse," or gay-coloured armour of infantry and
+cavalry in some battle? These things roused the admiration of the
+vulgar; to you they would have brought no delight. But if during those
+days you listened to your reader Protogenes, so long at least as he read
+anything rather than my speeches, surely you had far greater pleasure
+than any one of us. For I don't suppose you wanted to see Greek or Oscan
+plays, especially as you can see Oscan farces in your senate-house over
+there, while you are so far from liking Greeks, that you generally won't
+even go along the Greek road to your villa. Why, again, should I suppose
+you to care about missing the athletes, since you disdained the
+gladiators? in which even Pompey himself confesses that he lost his
+trouble and his pains. There remain the two wild-beast hunts, lasting
+five days, magnificent--nobody denies it--and yet, what pleasure can it
+be to a man of refinement, when either a weak man is torn by an
+extremely powerful animal, or a splendid animal is transfixed by a
+hunting spear? Things which, after all, if worth seeing, you have often
+seen before; nor did I, who was present at the games, see anything the
+least new. The last day was that of the elephants, on which there was a
+great deal of astonishment on the part of the vulgar crowd, but no
+pleasure whatever. Nay, there was even a certain feeling of compassion
+aroused by it, and a kind of belief created that that animal has
+something in common with mankind.[563] However, for my part, during this
+day, while the theatrical exhibitions were on, lest by chance you should
+think me too blessed, I almost split my lungs in defending your friend
+Caninius Gallus.[564] But if the people were as indulgent to me as they
+were to Æsop, I would, by heaven, have been glad to abandon my
+profession and live with you and others like us. The fact is I was tired
+of it before, even when both age and ambition stirred me on, and when I
+could also decline any defence that I didn't like; but now, with things
+in the state that they are, there is no life worth having. For, on the
+one hand, I expect no profit of my labour; and, on the other, I am
+sometimes forced to defend men who have been no friends to me, at the
+request of those to whom I am under obligations. Accordingly, I am on
+the look-out for every excuse for at last managing my life according to
+my own taste, and I loudly applaud and vehemently approve both you and
+your retired plan of life: and as to your infrequent appearances among
+us, I am the more resigned to that because, were you in Rome, I should
+be prevented from enjoying the charm of your society, and so would you
+of mine, if I have any, by the overpowering nature of my engagements;
+from which, if I get any relief--for entire release I don't expect--I
+will give even you, who have been studying nothing else for many years,
+some hints as to what it is to live a life of cultivated enjoyment. Only
+be careful to nurse your weak health and to continue your present care
+of it, so that you may be able to visit my country houses and make
+excursions with me in my litter. I have written you a longer letter than
+usual, from superabundance, not of leisure, but of affection, because,
+if you remember, you asked me in one of your letters to write you
+something to prevent you feeling sorry at having missed the games. And
+if I have succeeded in that, I am glad: if not, I yet console myself
+with this reflexion, that in future you will both come to the games and
+come to see me, and will not leave your hope of enjoyment dependent on
+my letters.[565]
+
+[Footnote 561: _Communis_, which is not satisfactory. But neither is the
+emendation proposed, _cominus_. For _communis_, "common," "vulgar," see
+_de Off._ ii. § 45.]
+
+[Footnote 562: Whom Pompey employed to select the plays to be exhibited
+in his new theatre.]
+
+[Footnote 563: Pliny (_N. H._ viii. § 21) says that the people were so
+moved that they loudly cursed Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 564: L. Caninius Gallus (see p. 210). What he was accused of
+does not appear.]
+
+[Footnote 565: I do not like to think this letter a mere rhetorical
+exercise, as has been suggested, rather than a true account of Cicero's
+feelings as to the theatre and amphitheatre. He often expresses his want
+of interest in the latter. The vulgar display in the theatre, unlike the
+severe simplicity of Greek art, was an old evil (see Polyb. xxx. 14).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXVII (F XIII, 74)
+
+TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL IN ASIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Though, considering your attention to me and our close ties, I have no
+doubt of your remembering my recommendation, yet I again and again
+recommend to you the same L. Oppius, my intimate friend who is now in
+Rome, and the business of L. Egnatius, my very intimate friend who is
+now abroad. With the latter my connexion and intimacy are so strong,
+that I could not be more anxious if the business were my own. Wherefore
+I shall be highly gratified if you take the trouble too make him feel
+that I have as high a place in your affections as I think I have. You
+cannot oblige me more than by doing so: and I beg you warmly to do it.
+
+
+
+
+CXXVIII (F XIII, 40)
+
+TO Q. ANCHARIUS (PROCONSUL IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Lucius and Gaius, sons of Lucius Aurelius, with whom, as with their
+excellent father, I am most intimately acquainted, I recommend to you
+with more than usual earnestness, as young men endowed with the best
+qualities, as being very closely allied to myself, and as being in the
+highest degree worthy of your friendship. If any recommendations of mine
+have ever had influence with you, as I know that many have had much, I
+beg you to let this one have it. If you treat them with honour and
+kindness, you will not only have attached to yourself two very grateful
+and excellent young men, but you will also have done me the very
+greatest favour.
+
+
+
+
+CXXIX (A IV, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM, 15 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I see that you know of my arrival at Tusculum on the 14th of November. I
+found Dionysius there. I wish to be at Rome on the 17th. Why do I say
+"wish"? Rather I am forced to be so. Milo's wedding. There is some idea
+of an election. Even supposing that to be confirmed,[566] I am glad to
+have been absent from the wrangling debates which I am told have taken
+place in the senate. For I should either have defended him, which would
+have been against my opinion, or have deserted him whom I was bound to
+defend. But, by Hercules, describe to me to the utmost of your power
+those events, and the present state of politics, and how the consuls
+stand this bother. I am very ravenous for news, and, to tell you the
+truth, I feel no confidence in anything. Our friend Crassus indeed,
+people say, started in his official robes with less dignity than in the
+old times did L. Paullus,[567] at the same time of life as he is, and,
+like him, in his second consulship. What a sorry fellow! About my
+oratorical books, I have been working hard. They have been long in hand
+and much revised: you can get them copied.[568] I again beg of you an
+outline sketch of the present situation, that I may not arrive in Rome
+quite a stranger.
+
+[Footnote 566: _Ego, ut sit rata_, Schutz's reading, which seems the
+best for the unintelligible _ergo et si irata_ of the MSS. It would
+mean, "though I regret not having been back for Domitius's election (if
+it has taken place), I am glad to have been away from the previous
+wrangling in the senate."]
+
+[Footnote 567: Crassus starts for Syria; he compares him to L. Æmilius
+Paullus starting for the war with Perses (B.C. 168). Paullus was, like
+Crassus, sixty years old, and in his second consulship. Paullus set out
+with good omens, Crassus with a curse, denounced by the tribune C.
+Ateius Capito (_de Div._ i. § 29; Plutarch, _Crass._ 16).]
+
+[Footnote 568: By his _librarii_. Atticus was again acting as his
+publisher.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXX (F V, 8)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54. Coss., L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Ap. Claudius
+Pulcher.]
+
+     During this year politics were comparatively uneventful. Crassus
+     was gone to Syria. Pompey should have gone to Spain, but at the
+     request of the senate he stayed near Rome, and in the autumn his
+     wife Iulia died, thus breaking one strong tie between him and
+     Cæsar. Quintus Cicero went as _legatus_ to Cæsar and accompanied
+     him to Britain. Cicero himself kept up a correspondence with Cæsar,
+     and seems to nurse his friendship with him with an almost feverish
+     eagerness, which, however, lacks spontaneity. He was engaged this
+     year in composing his treatise on the Republic.
+
+
+TO M. LICINIUS CRASSUS (ON HIS WAY TO SYRIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I have no doubt all your friends have written to tell you what zeal I
+displayed on the ----[569] in the defence, or you might call it the
+promotion, of your official position. For it was neither half-hearted
+nor inconspicuous, nor of a sort that could be passed over in silence.
+In fact, I maintained a controversy against both the consuls and many
+consulars with a vehemence such as I have never shewn in any cause
+before, and I took upon myself the standing defence of all your honours,
+and paid the duty I owed to our friendship--long in arrear, but
+interrupted by the great complexity of events--to the very utmost. Not,
+believe me, that the will to shew you attention and honour was ever
+wanting to me; but certain pestilent persons--vexed at another's
+fame--did at times alienate you from me, and sometimes changed my
+feelings towards you. But I have got the opportunity, for which I had
+rather wished than hoped, of shewing you in the very height of your
+prosperity that I remember our mutual kindness and am faithful to our
+friendship. For I have secured not only that your whole family, but that
+the entire city should know that you have no warmer friend than myself.
+Accordingly, that most noble of women, your wife, as well as your two
+most affectionate, virtuous, and popular sons, place full confidence in
+my counsel, advice, zeal, and public actions; and the senate and Roman
+people understand that in your absence there is nothing upon which you
+can so absolutely count and depend as upon my exertions, care,
+attention, and influence in all matters which affect your interests.
+What has been done and is being done in the senate I imagine that you
+are informed in the letters from members of your family. For myself, I
+am very anxious that you should think and believe that I did not stumble
+upon the task of supporting your dignity from some sudden whim or by
+chance, but that from the first moment of my entering on public life I
+have always looked out to see how I might be most closely united to you.
+And, indeed, from that hour I never remember either my respect for you,
+or your very great kindness and liberality to me, to have failed. If
+certain interruptions of friendship have occurred, based rather on
+suspicion than fact, let them, as groundless and imaginary, be uprooted
+from our entire memory and life. For such is your character, and such I
+desire mine to be, that, fate having brought us face to face with the
+same condition of public affairs, I would fain hope that our union and
+friendship will turn out to be for the credit of us both. Wherefore how
+much consideration should in your judgment be shewn to me, you will
+yourself decide, and that decision, I hope, will be in accordance with
+my position in the state. I, for my part, promise and guarantee a
+special and unequalled zeal in every service which may tend to your
+honour and reputation. And even if in this I shall have many rivals, I
+shall yet easily surpass them all in the judgment of the rest of the
+world as well as that of your sons, for both of whom I have a particular
+affection; but while equally well-disposed to Marcus, I am more entirely
+devoted to Publius for this reason, that, though he always did so from
+boyhood, he is at this particular time treating me with the respect and
+affection of a second father.
+
+I would have you believe that this letter will have the force of a
+treaty, not of a mere epistle; and that I will most sacredly observe and
+most carefully perform what I hereby promise and undertake. The defence
+of your political position which I have taken up in your absence I will
+abide by, not only for the sake of our friendship, but also for the sake
+of my own character for consistency. Therefore I thought it sufficient
+at this time to tell you this--that if there was anything which I
+understood to be your wish or for your advantage or for your honour, I
+should do it without waiting to be asked; but that if I received a hint
+from yourself or your family on any point, I should take care to
+convince you that no letter of your own or any request from any of your
+family has been in vain. Wherefore I would wish you to write to me on
+all matters, great, small, or indifferent, as to a most cordial friend;
+and to bid your family so to make use of my activity, advice, authority,
+and influence in all business matters--public or private, forensic or
+domestic, whether your own or those of your friends, guests, or
+clients--that, as far as such a thing is possible, the loss of your
+presence may be lessened by my labour.
+
+[Footnote 569: The date has been lost.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXI (Q FR II, 9)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Your note by its strong language has drawn out this letter. For as to
+what actually occurred on the day of your start, it supplied me with
+absolutely no subject for writing. But as when we are together we are
+never at a loss for something to say, so ought our letters at times to
+digress into loose chat. Well then, to begin, the liberty of the
+Tenedians has received short shrift,[570] no one speaking for them
+except myself, Bibulus, Calidius, and Favonius. A complimentary
+reference to you was made by the legates from Magnesia and Sipylum, they
+saying that you were the man who alone had resisted the demand of L.
+Sestius Pansa.[571] On the remaining days of this business in the
+senate, if anything occurs which you ought to know, or even if there is
+nothing, I will write you something every day. On the 12th I will not
+fail you or Pomponius. The poems of Lucretius are as you say--with many
+flashes of genius, yet very technical.[572] But when you return, ... if
+you succeed in reading the _Empedoclea_ of Sallustius, I shall regard
+you as a hero, yet scarcely human.
+
+[Footnote 570: Lit. "has been beheaded with the axe of Tenes," mythical
+founder and legislator of Tenedos, whose laws were of Draconian
+severity. A _legatio_ from Tenedos, heard as usual in February, had
+asked that Tenedos might be made a _libera civitas_.]
+
+[Footnote 571: Some _publicanus_ who had made a charge on the Magnesians
+which they considered excessive.]
+
+[Footnote 572: Lucretius seems to have been now dead, according to
+Donatus 15 October (B.C. 55), though the date is uncertain. I have
+translated the reading _multæ tamen artis_, which has been changed by
+some to _multæ etiam artis_. But the contrast in the criticism seems to
+be between the fine poetical passages in the _de Rerum Natura_ and the
+mass of technical exposition of philosophy which must have repelled the
+"general reader" at all times. It suggests at once to Cicero to mention
+another poem on a similar subject, the _Empedoclea_ of Sallustius, of
+which and its writer we know nothing. It was not the historian.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXII (Q FR II, 10)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I am glad you like my letter: however, I should not even now have had
+anything to write about, if I had not received yours. For on the 12th,
+when Appius had got together a thinly-attended meeting of the senate,
+the cold was so great that he was compelled by the general clamour[573]
+to dismiss us. As to the Commagenian, because I have blown that
+proposition to the winds, Appius makes wonderful advances to me both
+personally and through Pomponius; for he sees that if I adopt a similar
+style of discussion in the other business, February will not bring him
+anything in. And certainly I did chaff him pretty well, and not only
+wrenched from his grasp that petty township of his--situated in the
+territory of Zeugma on the Euphrates[574]--but also raised a loud laugh
+by my satire on the man's purple-edged toga, which he had been granted
+when Cæsar was consul.[575] "His wish," said I, "for a renewal of the
+same honour, to save the yearly re-dying of his purple-edged toga, I do
+not think calls for any decree of the house; but you, my lords, who
+could not endure that the Bostrian[576] should wear the _toga prætexta_,
+will you allow the Commagenian to do so?" You see the style of chaff,
+and the line I took. I spoke at length against the petty princeling,
+with the result that he was utterly laughed out of court. Alarmed by
+this exhibition, as I said, Appius is making up to me. For nothing could
+be easier than to explode the rest of his proposals. But I will not go
+so far as to trip him up, lest he appeal to the god of hospitality, and
+summon all his Greeks--it is they who make us friends again. I will do
+what Theopompus wants. I had forgotten to write to you about Cæsar: for
+I perceive what sort of letter you have been expecting. But the fact is,
+he has written word to Balbus that the little packet of letters, in
+which mine and Balbus's were packed, had been so drenched with rain that
+he was not even aware that there was a letter from me. He had, however,
+made out a few words of Balbus's letter, to which he answered as
+follows: "I perceive that you have written something about Cicero, which
+I have not fully made out: but, as far I could guess, it was of a kind
+that I thought was more to be wished than hoped for." Accordingly, I
+afterwards sent Cæsar a duplicate copy of the letter. Don't be put off
+by that passage about his want of means. In answer to it I wrote back
+saying that he must not stop payment from any reliance on my money
+chest, and descanted playfully on that subject, in familiar terms and
+yet without derogating from my dignity. His good feeling towards us,
+however, according to all accounts, is marked. The letter, indeed, on
+the point of which you expect to hear, will almost coincide with your
+return:[577] the other business of each day I will write on condition of
+your furnishing me with letter-carriers. However, such cold weather is
+threatening,[578] that there is very great danger that Appius may find
+his house frost-bitten and deserted![579]
+
+[Footnote 573: Retaining _populi convicio_, and explaining _populus_ to
+have the general meaning of the crowd, including senators and
+spectators. Cicero uses _populus_ in this vague way elsewhere.]
+
+[Footnote 574: Zeugma I take to mean the "territory of Zeugma," a town
+on the Euphrates, part of the Roman province of Syria, and close to the
+frontier of Commagene. Antiochus had asked that some stronghold should
+be reckoned as his rather than as belonging to the province.]
+
+[Footnote 575: Appius, he insinuates, hoped to make money by granting
+the request of Antiochus, left king of Commagene by Pompey, for some
+special privileges, among which was the right of wearing the _toga
+prætexta_, which symbolized some position with a shadow of Roman
+_imperium_, while at the same time conveying a compliment to the Roman
+suzernainty. See Polyb. lib. xxvi.; xxx. 26; Suet. _Aug._ 60.]
+
+[Footnote 576: Some petty prince of Bostra (_Bozra_), in Arabia, of whom
+we know nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 577: Quintus was expecting, what he got, the offer of serving
+under Cæsar as _legatus_. Cæsar was preparing for his second invasion of
+Britain.]
+
+[Footnote 578: Which will prevent meetings of the senate, and so give me
+no news to send you.]
+
+[Footnote 579: There is a _double entendre_. Cold weather will prevent
+the meetings of the senate actually, but metaphorically politics will be
+also cold and dull, and that dullness will probably be nowhere so
+evident as in the deserted state of the consul Appius's house, which in
+all probability will miss its usual bevy of callers. This
+explanation--put forward by Prof. Tyrrell--is not wholly satisfactory,
+yet it is the best that has been given.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIII (F VII, 5)
+
+TO CÆSAR (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Cicero greets Cæsar, _imperator_. Observe how far I have convinced
+myself that you are my second self, not only in matters which concern me
+personally, but even in those which concern my friends. It had been my
+intention to take Gaius Trebatius with me for whatever destination I
+should be leaving town, in order to bring him home again honoured as
+much as my zeal and favour could make him. But when Pompey remained at
+home longer than I expected, and a certain hesitation on my part (with
+which you are not unacquainted) appeared to hinder, or at any rate to
+retard, my departure,[580] I presumed upon what I will now explain to
+you. I begin to wish that Trebatius should look to you for what he had
+hoped from me, and, in fact, I have been no more sparing of my promises
+of goodwill on your part than I had been wont to be of my own. Moreover,
+an extraordinary coincidence has occurred which seems to support my
+opinion and to guarantee your kindness. For just as I was speaking to
+our friend Balbus[581] about this very Trebatius at my house, with more
+than usual earnestness, a letter from you was handed to me, at the end
+of which you say: "Miscinius Rufus,[582] whom you recommend to me, I
+will make king of Gaul, or, if you choose, put him under the care of
+Lepta. Send me some one else to promote." I and Balbus both lifted our
+hands in surprise: it came so exactly in the nick of time, that it
+appeared to be less the result of mere chance than something
+providential. I therefore send you Trebatius, and on two grounds, first
+that it was my spontaneous idea to send him, and secondly because you
+have invited me to do so. I would beg you, dear Cæsar, to receive him
+with such a display of kindness as to concentrate on his single person
+all that you can be possibly induced to bestow for my sake upon my
+friends. As for him I guarantee--not in the sense of that hackneyed
+expression of mine, at which, when I used it in writing to you about
+Milo, you very properly jested, but in good Roman language such as sober
+men use--that no honester, better, or more modest man exists. Added to
+this, he is at the top of his profession as a jurisconsult, possesses an
+unequalled memory, and the most profound learning. For such a man I ask
+neither a tribuneship, prefecture, nor any definite office, I ask only
+your goodwill and liberality: and yet I do not wish to prevent your
+complimenting him, if it so please you, with even these marks of
+distinction. In fact, I transfer him entirely from my hand, so to speak,
+to yours, which is as sure a pledge of good faith as of victory. Excuse
+my being somewhat importunate, though with a man like you there can
+hardly be any pretext for it--however, I feel that it will be allowed to
+pass. Be careful of your health and continue to love me as ever.
+
+[Footnote 580: Pompey had two functions at this time: he was governor of
+Spain and _præfectus annonæ_. The latter office, as being extraordinary,
+might be, perhaps, held with the other without an actual breach of law,
+but it was certainly against the spirit of the constitution. Cicero
+knows that Pompey's staying in Italy and governing his province by
+_legati_ will not be acceptable to Cæsar, and he alludes to it in
+carefully guarded terms. He had been named his _legatus_ when Pompey
+first undertook the care of the corn-supply, but it does not seem as if
+he ever seriously contemplated going on actual service.]
+
+[Footnote 581: L. Cornelius Balbus, whom Cicero defended, and who acted
+as Cæsar's agent.]
+
+[Footnote 582: The name of the person jocosely referred to by Cæsar is
+uncertain, from corruption of the text. Q. Lepta is Cæsar's _præfectus
+fabrum_.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIV (Q FR II, 11 [13])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (15 FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Your "black snow"[583] made me laugh, and I am very glad that you are in
+a cheerful frame of mind and ready for a joke. As to Pompey, I agree
+with you, or rather you agree with me. For, as you know, I have long
+been singing the praises of your Cæsar. Believe me, he is very close to
+my heart, and I am not going to let him slip from his place. Now for the
+history of the Ides (13th). It was Cælius's tenth day.[584] Domitius had
+not obtained a full panel. I am afraid that foul ruffian, Servius Pola,
+will appear for the prosecution. For our friend Cælius has a dead set
+made at him by the Clodian gens. There is nothing certain as yet, but I
+am afraid. On the same day there was a full house for the case of the
+Tyrians: the _publicani_ of Syria appeared in large numbers against
+them. Gabinius was abused roundly:[585] the _publicani_ were also
+denounced by (the consul) Domitius for having escorted him on his start
+on horseback. Our friend Lucius Lamia was somewhat insolent: for on
+Domitius saying, "It is your fault, equites of Rome, that such things
+have happened: for you give verdicts laxly," he said, "Yes, we give
+verdicts, but you senators give evidence of character."[586] Nothing was
+done that day: the house stood adjourned at nightfall. On the comitial
+days which follow the Quirinalia (17th February), Appius holds the view
+that he is not prevented by the _lex Pupia_ from holding a meeting of
+the senate, and that by the _lex Gabinia_ he is even compelled to have a
+meeting for the legations from the 1st of February to the 1st of
+March.[587] And so the elections are supposed to be put off till March.
+Nevertheless, on these comitial days the tribunes say that they will
+bring forward the case of Gabinius.[588] I collect every item of
+intelligence, that I may have some news to tell you: but, as you see, I
+am short of material. Accordingly, I return to Callisthenes and
+Philistus, in whom I see that you have been wallowing. Callisthenes is a
+commonplace and hackneyed piece of business, like a good many Greeks.
+The Sicilian is a first-rate writer, terse, sagacious, concise, almost a
+minor Thucydides;[589] but which of his two books you have--for these
+are two works--I don't know. That about Dionysius is my favourite. For
+Dionysius himself is a magnificent intriguer, and was familiarly known
+to Philistus. But as to your postscript--are you really going in for
+writing history? You have my blessing on your project: and since you
+furnish me with letter-carriers, you shall hear to-day's transactions on
+the Lupercalia (15th February). Enjoy yourself with our dear boy to your
+heart's content.
+
+[Footnote 583: We cannot tell the allusion, not having the letter of
+Quintus. But he seems to have used the expression for something
+incongruous either in politics, or in regard to his contemplated
+services with Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 584: _I.e._, the day he had to appear for trial, usually fixed
+by the prætor on the tenth day from the notice of prosecution. Cælius
+had been acqiuitted in B.C. 56, when Cicero defended him; this second
+trial appears to have in some way fallen through. The prætor Domitius is
+said to be Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Lucius, but he was much too
+young to have been prætor this year. The former trial of Cælius (B.C.
+56) had been before Cn. Comitius Calvinus, hence a difficulty about this
+passage. For the prætor Domitius of this year is not known. Domitius
+Calvinus was prætor B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 585: The _publicani_ of Syria were enraged with Gabinius for
+neglecting his province while going to Egypt, thus allowing the pirates
+so to plunder that they could not collect enough dues to recoup them for
+their bargain to the state (Dio, xxxix. 59).]
+
+[Footnote 586: L. Ælius Lamia, an eques, appears to have been one of the
+deputation of _publicani_ who attended the senate to accuse Gabinius.]
+
+[Footnote 587: The prætorian elections were again postponed from the
+previous year to the early months of B.C. 54. Appius Claudius found
+means to put them off till March by holding meetings of the senate each
+day--the electoral _comita_ not being able to meet on the same day as
+the senate.]
+
+[Footnote 588: The tribune C. Memmius was prosecuting Gabinius (Letter
+CXLVII). The judicial _comita_ could meet, though not the electoral.]
+
+[Footnote 589: Callisthenes of Olynthus wrote (1) a history of the
+Trojan war; (2) an account of Alexander the Great. Philistus of Syracuse
+(1) a history of Sicily; (2) a life of Dionysius the elder; (3) a life
+of Dionysius the younger. He imitated Thucydides (_de Orat._ § 17).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXV (F VII, 6)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In all my letters to Cæsar or Balbus there is a sort of statutory
+appendix containing a recommendation of you, and not one of the ordinary
+kind, but accompanied by some signal mark of my warm feeling towards
+you. See only that you get rid of that feeble regret of yours for the
+city and city ways, and carry out with persistence and courage what you
+had in your mind when you set out. We, your friends, shall pardon your
+going away for that purpose as much as
+
+    "The wealthy noble dames who held the Corinthian peak"
+
+pardoned Medea, whom, with hands whitened to the utmost with chalk, she
+persuaded not to think ill of her for being absent from her fatherland:
+for
+
+    "Many have served themselves abroad and served the state as well;
+    Many have spent their lives at home to be but counted fools."
+
+In which latter category you would have certainly been, had I not forced
+you abroad. But I will write more another time. You who learnt to look
+out for others, look out, while in Britain, that you are not yourself
+taken in by the charioteers; and, since I have begun quoting the
+_Medea_, remember this line:
+
+    "The sage who cannot serve himself is vainly wise I ween."
+
+Take care of your health.[590]
+
+[Footnote 590: Trebatius is going to join Cæsar, who is about to sail to
+Britain; hence the jest about the _essedarii_, drivers of Gallic and
+British war-chariots. Letter CXXXIII recommended him to Cæsar. The lines
+quoted are from the _Medea_ of Ennius, adapted or translated from
+Euripides. I date these two letters from Cumæ, because he speaks of
+writing to Balbus, who was at Rome (p. 267).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVI (F VII, 7)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (ON HIS WAY TO GAUL)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL OR MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+For my part, I never cease recommending you, but I am eager to know from
+you how far my recommendation is of service. My chief hope is in Balbus,
+to whom I write about you with the greatest earnestness and frequency.
+It often excites my wonder that I don't hear from you as often as
+from my brother Quintus. In Britain I am told there is no gold or
+silver. If that turns out to be the case, I advise you to capture a
+war-chariot and hasten back to us at the earliest opportunity. But
+if--letting Britain alone--we can still obtain what we want, take care
+to get on intimate terms with Cæsar. In that respect my brother will be
+of much use to you, so will Balbus, but most of all, believe me, your
+own modesty and industry. You have an _imperator_ of the most liberal
+character, your age is exactly the best one for employment, and your
+recommendation at any rate is quite unique, so that all you have to fear
+is not doing yourself full justice.
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVII (A IV, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON A JOURNEY)
+
+CUMÆ (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Our friend Vestorius[591] has informed me by letter that you are
+believed to have left Rome on the 10th of May--later than you said that
+you intended--because you had not been very well. If you are now better
+I rejoice indeed. I wish you would write to your town house, ordering
+your books to be at my service just as if you were at home, especially
+those of Varro. For I have occasion to use some passages of those books
+in reference to those which I have in hand, and which, I hope, will meet
+with your strong approval.[592] Pray, if by chance you have any news,
+principally from my brother Quintus, next from Cæsar, and, finally,
+anything about the elections or about politics--for you have an
+excellent nose for such things--write and tell me about them: if you
+have no news, nevertheless write something. For a letter from you never
+yet seemed to me either ill-timed or too long-winded. But above all I
+beg that, when your business and your whole tour has been concluded to
+your mind, you will come back to us as soon as possible. Give my
+compliments to Dionysius. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 591: A banker at Puteoli.]
+
+[Footnote 592: The six books on the Republic.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVIII (Q FR II, 12 [14])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+CUMÆ (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I have up to now received two letters from you, one just as I was
+leaving town, the other dated Ariminum: others which you say in your
+letter that you have sent I have not received. I am having a fairly
+pleasant time (except that you are not here) at Cumæ and Pompeii, and
+intend staying in these parts till the 1st of June. I am writing the
+treatise of which I spoke to you, "On the Republic," a very bulky and
+laborious work. But if it turns out as I wish, it will be labour well
+bestowed, and if not I shall toss it into the very sea which I have
+before my eyes as I write, and set to work on something else; since to
+do nothing is beyond my power. I will carefully observe your instruction
+both as to attaching certain persons to myself and not alienating
+certain others. But my chief care will be to see your son, or rather
+our son, if possible, every day at any rate, and to watch the progress
+of his education as often as possible; and, unless he declines my help,
+I will even offer to be his instructor, a practice to which I have
+become habituated in the leisure of these days while bringing my own
+boy, the younger Cicero, on. Yes, do as you say in your letter, what,
+even if you had not said so, I know you do with the greatest
+care--digest, follow up, and carry out my instructions. For my part,
+when I get to Rome, I will let no letter-carrier of Cæsar go without a
+letter for you. During these days you must excuse me: there has been no
+one to whom I could deliver a letter until the present bearer M. Orfius,
+a Roman knight, a man that is my friend as well from personal
+consideration as because he comes from the _municipium_ of Atella,[593]
+which you know is under my patronage. Accordingly, I recommend him to
+you with more than common warmth, as a man in a brilliant position in
+his own town and looked up to even beyond it. Pray attach him to
+yourself by your liberal treatment of him: he is a military tribune in
+your army. You will find him grateful and attentive. I earnestly beg you
+to be very friendly to Trebatius.
+
+[Footnote 593: A _municipium_ of Campania nine miles from Naples.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIX (F VII, 8)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Cæsar has written me a very courteous letter saying that he has not yet
+seen as much of you as he could wish, owing to his press of business,
+but that he certainly will do so. I have answered his letter and told
+him how much obliged I shall be if he bestows on you as much attention,
+kindness, and liberality as he can. But I gathered from your letters
+that you are in somewhat too great a hurry: and at the same time I
+wondered why you despised the profits of a military tribuneship,
+especially as you are exempted from the labour of military duty. I shall
+express my discontent to Vacerra and Manilius: for I dare not say a word
+to Cornelius,[594] who is responsible for your unwise conduct, since you
+profess to have learnt legal wisdom from him. Rather press on your
+opportunity and the means put into your hands, than which none better
+will ever be found. As to what you say of the jurist Precianus, I never
+cease recommending you to him; for he writes me word that you owe him
+thanks. Be sure to let me know to what that refers. I am waiting for a
+letter from you dated "Britain."[595]
+
+[Footnote 594: Vacerra, Manilius, Cornelius, well-known lawyers or
+jurists of the day.]
+
+[Footnote 595: We shall afterwards see that Trebatius did not go to
+Britain.]
+
+
+
+
+CXL (Q FR II, 13)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (3 JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+On the 2nd of June, the day of my return to Rome, I received your letter
+dated Placentia: then next day another dated Blandeno, along with a
+letter from Cæsar filled full of courteous, earnest, and pleasant
+expressions. These expressions are indeed valuable, or rather _most_
+valuable, as tending very powerfully to secure our reputation and
+exalted position in that state. But believe me--for you know my
+heart--that what I value most in all this I already possess, that is,
+first of all, your active contribution to our common position; and,
+secondly, all that warm affection of Cæsar for me, which I prefer to all
+the honours which he desires me to expect at his hands. His letter too,
+despatched at the same time as your own--which begins by saying what
+pleasure your arrival and the renewed memory of our old affection had
+given him, and goes on to say that he will take care that, in the midst
+of my sorrow and regret at losing you, I shall have reason to be glad
+that you are with him of all people--gave me extraordinary delight.
+Wherefore you, of course, are acting in a truly brotherly spirit when
+you exhort me, though, by heaven, I am now indeed forward enough to do
+so, to concentrate all my attentions upon him alone. Yes, I will do so,
+indeed, with a burning zeal: and perhaps I shall manage to accomplish
+what is frequently the fortune of travellers when they make great haste,
+who, if they have got up later than they intended, have, by increasing
+their speed, arrived at their destination sooner than if they had waked
+up before daylight. Thus I, since I have long overslept myself in
+cultivating that great man, though you, by heaven, often tried to wake
+me up, will make up for my slowness with horses and (as you say he likes
+my poem) a poet's chariots. Only let me have Britain to paint in colours
+supplied by yourself, but with my own brush. But what am I saying? What
+prospect of leisure have I, especially as I remain at Rome in accordance
+with his request? But I will see. For perhaps, as usual, my love for you
+will overcome all difficulties. For my having sent Trebatius to him he
+even thanks me in very witty and polite terms, remarking that there was
+no one in the whole number of his staff who knew how to draw up a
+recognizance. I have asked him for a tribuneship for M. Curtius--since
+Domitius (the consul) would have thought that he was being laughed at,
+if my petition had been addressed to him, for his daily assertion is
+that he hasn't the appointment of so much as a military tribune: he even
+jested in the senate at his colleague Appius as having gone to visit
+Cæsar,[596] that he might get from him at least one tribuneship. But my
+request was for next year, for that was what Curtius wished. Whatever
+line you think I ought to take in politics and in treating my opponents,
+be sure I shall take, and shall be "gentler than any ear-lap." Affairs
+at Rome stand thus; there is some hope of the elections taking place,
+but it is an uncertain one. There is some latent idea of a
+dictatorship,[597] but neither is that confirmed. There is profound calm
+in the forum, but it is rather the calm of decrepitude than content.
+The opinions I express in the senate are of a kind to win the assent of
+others rather than my own:
+
+    "Such the effects of miserable war."[598]
+
+[Footnote 596: At Luca in the year B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 597: _Comitia habendi causa_. No such had been appointed since
+B.C. 202, and the irregular dictatorship of Sulla in B.C. 82 made the
+idea distasteful. Pompey was understood to wish for the appointment, now
+and later on. See pp. 326, 335.]
+
+[Footnote 598: τοιαῦθ' � τλήμων πόλεμος �ξε�γάζεται (Eur. _Supp._ 119).]
+
+
+
+
+CXLI (Q FR II, 14 [15 b])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Well! this time I'll use a good pen, well-mixed ink, and superfine
+paper. For you say you could hardly read my previous letter, for which,
+my dear brother, the reason was none of those which you suppose. For I
+was not busy, nor agitated, nor out of temper with some one: but it is
+always my way to take the first pen that turns up and use it as if it
+were a good one. But now attend, best and dearest of brothers, to my
+answer to what you wrote in this same short letter in such a very
+business-like way. On this subject you beg that I should write back to
+you with brotherly candour, without concealment, or reserve, or
+consideration for your feelings--I mean whether you are to hasten home,
+as we had talked of, or to stay where you are, if there is any excuse
+for doing so, in order to extricate yourself from your embarrassments.
+If, my dear Quintus, it were some small matter on which you were asking
+my opinion, though I should have left it to you to do what you chose, I
+should yet have shewn you what mine was. But on this subject your
+question amounts to this--what sort of year I expect the next to be?
+Either quite undisturbed as far as we are concerned, or at any rate one
+that will find us in the highest state of preparation for defence. This
+is shewn by the daily throng at my house, my reception in the forum, the
+cheers which greet me in the theatre. My friends feel no anxiety,
+because they know the strength of my position in my hold upon the
+favour both of Cæsar and Pompey. These things give me entire
+confidence. But if some furious outbreak of that madman occurs,
+everything is ready for crushing him. This is my feeling, my deliberate
+opinion: I write to you with entire confidence. I bid you have no
+doubts, and I do so with no intention of pleasing you, but with
+brotherly frankness. Therefore, while I should wish you to come at the
+time you arranged, for the sake of the pleasure we should have in each
+other's society, yet I prefer the course you yourself think the better
+one. I, too, think these objects of great importance--ample means for
+yourself and extrication from your load of debt. Make up your mind to
+this, that, free from embarrassments, we should be the happiest people
+alive if we keep well. For men of our habits the deficiency is small,
+and such as can be supplied with the greatest ease, granted only that we
+keep our health.
+
+There is an enormous recrudescence of bribery. Never was there anything
+equal to it. On the 15th of July the rate of interest rose from four to
+eight per cent., owing to the compact made by Memmius with the consul
+Domitius:[599] I wish Scaurus could get the better of it. Messalla is
+very shaky. I am not exaggerating--they arrange to offer as much as
+10,000 sestertia (about £80,000) for the vote of the first century. The
+matter is a burning scandal. The candidates for the tribuneship have
+made a mutual compact--having deposited 500 sesteria (about £4,000)
+apiece with Cato, they agree to conduct their canvass according to his
+direction, with the understanding that anyone offending against it is to
+be condemned by him. If this election then turns out to be pure, Cato
+will have been of more avail than all laws and jurors put together.
+
+[Footnote 599: For the nature of this compact, see p. 300.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLII (A IV, 16 AND PART OF 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS OR ON HIS JOURNEY TO ASIA)
+
+ROME (? 24 JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+The bare fact of my letter being by the hand of an amanuensis will be a
+sign of the amount of my engagements. I have no fault to find with you
+as to the number of your letters, but most of them told me nothing
+except where you were, or at most shewed by the fact that they came from
+you that no harm had happened to you. Of this class of letters there
+were two which gave me very great pleasure, dated by you from Buthrotum
+almost at the same time: for I was anxious to know that you had had a
+favourable crossing. But this constant supply of your letters did not
+give me so much pleasure by the richness of their contents as by their
+frequency. The one which your guest, M. Paccius, delivered to me was
+important and full of matter. I will therefore answer it. And this is
+the first thing I have to say: I have shewn Paccius, both by word and
+deed, what weight a recommendation from you has: accordingly, he is
+among my intimate friends, though unknown to me before. Now for the
+rest. Varro, of whom you write, shall be got in somewhere, if I can but
+find a place for him.[600] But you know the style of my Dialogues: just
+as in those "On the Orator," which you praise to the skies, a mention of
+anyone by the interlocutors was impossible, unless he had been known to
+or heard of by them, so in the "Dialogue on the Republic," which I have
+begun, I have put the discussion in the mouths of Africanus, Philus,
+Lælius, and Manilius. I have added two young men, Q. Tubero and P.
+Rutilius, and the two sons-in-law of Lælius, Scævola and Fannius. So I
+am thinking how (since I employ introductions to each book, as
+Aristotle does in what he calls his "Exoterics") to contrive some
+pretext for naming your friend in a natural way, as I understand is your
+wish. May I only be enabled to carry out my attempt! For, as you cannot
+but observe, I have undertaken a subject wide, difficult, and requiring
+the utmost leisure--the very thing that, above all others, I lack. In
+those books which you commend you complain of the absence of Scævola
+among the speakers. Well, I did not withdraw him without a set purpose,
+but I did exactly what that god of our idolatry, Plato, did in his
+Republic. When Socrates had come to the Piræus on a visit to Cephalus, a
+wealthy and cheerful old man, during all the introductory conversation
+the old man takes part in the discussion; then, after having himself
+made a speech very much to the point, he says that he wants to go away
+to attend on the religious rites, and does not return again. I believe
+Plato hardly thought that it would be quite natural, if he kept a man of
+that age any longer in a conversation so protracted. I thought that I
+was bound to be still more careful in the case of Scævola, who was at
+the age and with the broken health as you remember he then was, and who
+had enjoyed such high offices, that it was scarcely in accordance with
+etiquette for him to be staying several days in the Tusculan villa of
+Crassus. Besides, the conversation in the first book was not unconnected
+with Scævola's special pursuits: the other books, as you know, contain a
+technical discussion. In such I was unwilling that that facetious
+veteran, as you know he was, should take part.
+
+As to Pilia's business, which you mention, I will see to it. For the
+matter is quite clear, as you say, from the information supplied by
+Aurelianus, and in managing it I shall have also an opportunity of
+glorifying myself in my Tullia's eyes. I am supporting Vestorius: for I
+know that it gratifies you, and I am careful that he would understand
+that to be the case. But do you know the sort of man he is? Though he
+has two such good-natured people to deal with, nothing can exceed his
+impracticability. Now as to what you ask about Gaius Cato. You know that
+he was acquitted under the _lex Iunia Licinia_:[601] I have to tell you
+that he will be acquitted under the _lex Fufia_,[602] and not so much to
+the satisfaction of his defenders as of his accusers. However, he has
+become reconciled to myself and Milo. Drusus has had notice of
+prosecution by Lucretius. The 3rd of July is the day fixed for
+challenging his jurors. About Procilius[603] there are sinister
+rumours--but you know what the courts are. Hirrus is on good terms with
+Domitius.[604] The senatorial decree which the present consuls have
+carried about the provinces--"whoever henceforth, etc."--does not seem
+to me likely to have any effect.
+
+As to your question about Messalla, I don't know what to say: I have
+never seen candidates so closely matched. Messalla's means of support
+you know. Scaurus has had notice of prosecution from Triarius. If you
+ask me, no great feeling of sympathy for him has been roused. Still, his
+ædileship is remembered with some gratitude, and he has a certain hold
+on the country voters from the memory of his father. The two remaining
+plebeian candidates have compensating advantages which make them about
+equal: Domitius Calvinus is strong in friends, and is farther supported
+by his very popular exhibition of gladiators; Memmius finds favour with
+Cæsar's veterans and relies on Pompey's client towns in Gaul. If this
+does not avail him, people think that some tribune will be found to push
+off the elections till Cæsar comes back, especially since Cato has been
+acquitted.
+
+I have answered your letter brought by Paccius: now for the rest. From
+my brother's letter I gather surprising indications of Cæsar's affection
+for me, and they have been confirmed by a very cordial letter from Cæsar
+himself. The result of the British war is a source of anxiety. For it is
+ascertained that the approaches to the island are protected by
+astonishing masses of cliff. Moreover, it is now known that there isn't
+a pennyweight of silver in that island, nor any hope of booty except
+from slaves, among whom I don't suppose you can expect any instructed
+in literature or music.
+
+Paullus has almost brought his basilica in the forum to the roof, using
+the same columns as were in the ancient building: the part for which he
+gave out a contract he is building on the most magnificent scale.[605]
+Need I say more? Nothing could be more gratifying or more to his glory
+than such a monument. Accordingly, the friends of Cæsar--I mean myself
+and Oppius, though you burst with anger--have thought nothing of 60,000
+sestertia (about £480,000) for that monument, which you used to speak of
+in such high terms, in order to enlarge the forum and extend it right up
+to the Hall of Liberty. The claims of private owners could not be
+satisfied for less. We will make it a most glorious affair. For in the
+Campus Martius we are about to erect voting places for the _comitia
+tributa_, of marble and covered, and to surround them with a lofty
+colonnade a mile in circumference: at the same time the _Villa Publica_
+will also be connected with these erections.[606] You will say: "What
+good will this monument do me?" But why should I trouble myself about
+that? I have told you all the news at Rome: for I don't suppose you want
+to know about the lustrum, of which there is now no hope,[607] or about
+the trials which are being held under the (Cincian) law.[608]
+
+Now allow yourself to be scolded, if you deserve it. For you say in the
+letter from Buthrotum, delivered to me by C. Decimus, that you think you
+will have to go to Asia. There did not, by Hercules, seem to me to be
+anything that made it matter in the least whether you did the business
+by agents or in person; or anything to make you go so often and so far
+from your friends. But I could have wished that I had urged this on you
+before you had taken any step. For I certainly should have had some
+influence on you. As things are, I will suppress the rest of my
+scolding. May it only have some effect in hastening your return! The
+reason of my not writing oftener to you is the uncertainty I am in as to
+where you are or are going to be. However, I thought I ought to give
+this letter to a chance messenger, because he seemed to be likely to see
+you. Since you think you really will go to Asia, pray tell me by what
+time we may expect you back, and what you have done about Eutychides.
+
+[Footnote 600: That is, as an interlocutor in the dialogue "On the
+Republic," which Cicero was engaged in writing.]
+
+[Footnote 601: A law re-enacting the _lex Didia_, and enacting under
+penalties that no law was to be brought forward without due publication
+beforehand.]
+
+[Footnote 602: A law which enabled the magistrates and tribunes to stop
+legislation by _obnuntiatio_.]
+
+[Footnote 603: Procilius had been condemned _de vi_ (p. 280). The
+rumours, I suppose, were as to the jury having been corrupted.]
+
+[Footnote 604: The consul L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and C. Lucceius
+Hirrus, the latter a warm partisan of Pompey, who was supposed to be
+agitating for a dictatorship.]
+
+[Footnote 605: L. Æmilius Paullus (consul B.C. 50) restored the basilica
+built by his ancestor M. Æmilius Lepidus in B.C. 179, and appears to
+have added largely to it, or even built a new one.]
+
+[Footnote 606: These works seem to have been contemplated by the censors
+and senate, and Cicero speaks of himself and Oppius as doing them
+because they supported the measure. They were partly carried out by
+Cæsar but not completed till the time of Augustus.]
+
+[Footnote 607: Because the tribunes stopped it--the formal act at the
+end of the Censor's office--by _obnuntiationes_.]
+
+[Footnote 608: The name of the law mentioned here is uncertain. The _lex
+Cincia de munuibus_ forbade advocates taking fees for pleading.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIII (A IV, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 27 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I am glad about Eutychides, who, using your old _prænomen_ and your new
+_nomen_, will be called Titus Cæcilius, just as Dionysius, from a
+combination of your names and mine, is Marcus Pomponius. I am, by
+Hercules, exceedingly gratified that Eutychides has had cause to know
+your kindness to me, and that the sympathy he shewed me in the time of
+my sorrow was neither unnoticed at the time nor afterwards forgotten by
+me. I suppose you were obliged to undertake your journey to Asia. For
+you never would have been willing, without the most urgent cause, to be
+so far from so many persons and things which you love so much, and which
+give you so much delight. But the speed of your return will shew your
+kindness and love for your friends. Yet I fear lest the rhetorician
+Clodius, by his charms, and Pituanius, that excellent scholar, as he is
+said to be, and now, indeed, so wholly devoted to Greek letters, may
+detain you. But if you would shew the feelings of a man, come back to us
+at the time you promised. You will, after all, be able to enjoy their
+society at Rome, when they get there safe. You say you desire something
+in the way of a letter from me: I have written, and, indeed, on many
+subjects--everything detailed like a journal--but, as I conjecture from
+your not having, as it seems, remained long in Epirus, I suppose it has
+not reached you. Moreover, my letters to _you_ are generally of such a
+kind, that I don't like to put them in anyone's hands, unless I can feel
+certain that he will deliver them to you.
+
+Now for affairs at Rome. On the 4th of July Sufenas and Cato were
+acquitted, Procilius condemned. From which we have learnt that our
+treble-distilled Areopagites care not a rush for bribery, elections,
+_interregnum, lèse majesté_, or, in fact, for the state generally; but
+that they would rather that a father of a family were not murdered on
+his own hearth-stone--and even that preference not very decided. There
+were twenty-two votes for acquittal, twenty-nine for condemnation![609]
+Publius, no doubt by an eloquent peroration in his speech for the
+prosecution, had quickened the feelings of the jurors! Herbalus[610] was
+in the case, and behaved as usual. I said never a word. For my little
+girl, who is unwell, was afraid of offending Publius's feelings. After
+this was over the people of Reate conducted me to their Temple, to plead
+their cause against the people of Interamna before the consul and ten
+commissioners, because the Veline Lake, which had been drained by Manius
+Curius by cutting away the mountain, flowed into the Nar, by which means
+the famous Rosia has been reclaimed from the swamp, though still fairly
+moist.[611] I lived with Axius, who took me also to visit Seven Waters.
+I returned to Rome on the 9th of July for the sake of Fonteius. I
+entered the theatre. At first I was greeted with loud and general
+applause--but don't take any notice of that, I was a fool to mention
+it--then I turned my attention to Antiphon. He had been manumitted
+before being brought on to the stage. Not to keep you in suspense, he
+bore away the palm. But there never was anything so dwarfish, so
+destitute of voice, so---- But keep this to yourself. However, in the
+_Andromache_ he was just taller than Astyanax: among the rest he had not
+one of his own height. You next ask about Arbuscula: she had a great
+success. The games were splendid and much liked. The wild-beast hunt was
+put off to a future occasion. Next follow me into the _campus_. Bribery
+is raging: "and I a sign to you will tell."[612] The rate of interest
+from being four percent, on the 15th of July has gone up to eight
+percent. You will say, "Well, _I_ don't mind that."[613] What a man!
+What a citizen! Memmius is supported by all Cæsar's influence. The
+consuls have formed a coalition between him and Domitius (Calvinus) on
+terms which I dare not commit to paper. Pompey rages, remonstrates,
+backs Scaurus, but whether only ostensibly or from the heart people
+don't feel sure. No one takes the lead: money reduces all to the same
+level. Messalla's chance is at a low ebb: not because he is wanting in
+spirit or friends, but because this coalition of the consuls, as well as
+Pompey's opposition, stands in his way. I think the result will be a
+postponement of the elections. The tribunician candidates have taken an
+oath to conduct their canvass according to the direction of Cato. They
+have deposited with him 500 sestertia apiece, on condition that whoever
+Cato condemns should forfeit it, and that it should be paid over to his
+competitors. I write this the day before the elections are to take
+place. But on the 28th of July, if they have taken place, and if the
+letter-carrier has not started, I will write you an account of the whole
+_comitia_: and, if they are conducted without corruption, Cato by
+himself will have been more efficacious than all laws and jurors put
+together. I have undertaken to defend Messius, who has been recalled
+from his legation: for Appius had named him _legatus_ to Cæsar.
+Servilius ordered his attendance in an edict. His jurors are to be from
+the tribes Pomptina, Velina, and Mæcia. It is a sharp fight: however, it
+is going fairly well. After that I have to prepare myself for Drusus,
+then for Scaurus. Very high-sounding title-slips are being prepared for
+my speeches! Perhaps even the consuls-designate will be added to the
+list of my clients: and if Scaurus is not one of them, he will find
+himself in serious difficulties in this trial. Judging from my brother
+Quintus's letter, I suspect that by this time he is in Britain. I await
+news of him with anxiety. We have certainly gained one advantage--many
+unmistakable indications enable us to feel sure that we are in the
+highest degree liked and valued by Cæsar. Please give my compliments to
+Dionysius, and beg and exhort him to come as soon as possible, that he
+may continue the instruction of my son and of myself as well.
+
+[Footnote 609: M. Nonius Sufenas and C. Cato were charged with bribery
+and other illegal proceedings during their tribuneship: Procilius for
+riot (_de vi_) when some citizen was killed.]
+
+[Footnote 610: Q. Hortensius, the great orator.]
+
+[Footnote 611: This refers to the famous waterfall of Terni. An
+artificial cutting drained the River Velinus (which otherwise covered
+the high valley as a lake) into the Nar, which is in the valley below.
+What was good for the people of Reate was, of course, dangerous for the
+people of Interamna living below. M. Curius Dentatus was consul B.C.
+290.]
+
+[Footnote 612: σἠμα δ� τοι ��έω (Hom. _Il._ xxiii. 326).]
+
+[Footnote 613: Because Atticus lent money.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIV (F VII, 9)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+It is a long time since I heard how you were getting on: for you don't
+write, nor have I written to you for the last two months. As you were
+not with my brother Quintus I did not know where to send a letter, or to
+whom to give it. I am anxious to know how you are and where you mean to
+winter. For my part, my opinion is that you should do so with Cæsar; but
+I have not ventured to write to him owing to his mourning.[614] I would
+rather you put off your return to us, so long as you come with fuller
+pockets. There is nothing to make you hurry home, especially since
+"Battara"[615] is dead. But you are quite capable of thinking for
+yourself. I desire to know what you have settled. There is a certain Cn.
+Octavius or Cn. Cornelius, a friend of yours,
+
+    "Of highest race begot, a son of Earth."
+
+He has frequently asked me to dinner, because he knows that you are an
+intimate friend of mine. At present he has not succeeded in getting me:
+however, I am much obliged to him.
+
+[Footnote 614: For the death (in September) of his daughter Iulia, wife
+of Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 615: A nickname, it is said, of Vacerra (perhaps because he
+stuttered), who had been a teacher of Trebatius.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLV (F VII, 17)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+From what I gather from your letter I have thanked my brother Quintus,
+and can besides at last heartily commend you, because you at length seem
+to have come to some fixed resolution. For I was much put out by your
+letters in the first months of your absence, because at times you seemed
+to me--pardon the expression--to be light-minded in your longing for the
+city and city life, at others timid in undertaking military work, and
+often even a little inclined to presumption--a thing as unlike your
+usual self as can be. For, as though you had brought a bill of exchange,
+and not a letter of recommendation to your commander-in-chief, you were
+all in a hurry to get your money and return home; and it never occurred
+to you that those who went to Alexandria[616] with real bills of
+exchange have as yet not been able to get a farthing. If I looked only
+to my own interests, I should wish, above all things, to have you with
+me: for I used to find not only pleasure of no ordinary kind in your
+society, but also much advantage from your advice and active assistance.
+But since from your earliest manhood you had devoted yourself to my
+friendship and protection, I thought it my duty not only to see that you
+came to no harm, but to advance your fortunes and secure your promotion.
+Accordingly, as long as I thought I should be going abroad to a
+province, I am sure you remember the voluntary offers I made you. After
+that plan had been changed, perceiving that I was being treated by Cæsar
+with the highest consideration, and was regarded by him with unusual
+affection, and knowing as I did his incredible liberality and
+unsurpassed loyalty to his word, I recommended you to him in the
+weightiest and most earnest words at my command. And he accepted this
+recommendation in a gratifying manner, and repeatedly indicated to me in
+writing, and shewed you by word and deed, that he had been powerfully
+affected by my recommendation. Having got such a man as your patron, if
+you believe me to have any insight, or to be your well-wisher, do not
+let him go; and if by chance something at times has annoyed you, when
+from being busy or in difficulties he has seemed to you somewhat slow to
+serve you, hold on and wait for the end, which I guarantee will be
+gratifying and honourable to you. I need not exhort you at any greater
+length: I only give you this warning, that you will never find a better
+opportunity, if you let this slip, either of securing the friendship of
+a most illustrious and liberal man, or of enjoying a wealthier province
+or a more suitable time of life. "Quintus Cornelius concurred," as you
+say in your law books. I am glad you didn't go to Britain, because you
+have been saved some hard work, and I the necessity of listening to your
+stories about that expedition. Pray write to me at full length as to
+where you are going to winter, and what your hopes and present position
+are.
+
+[Footnote 616: To Ptolemy Auletes, who had agreed to pay large sums to
+certain persons for supporting his interests in the senate.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVI (Q FR II, 15)
+
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+When you receive a letter from me by the hand of an amanuensis, you may
+be sure that I have not even a little leisure; when by my own--a little.
+For let me tell you that in regard to causes and trials in court, I have
+never been closer tied, and that, too, at the most unhealthy season of
+the year, and in the most oppressively hot weather. But these things,
+since you so direct me, I must put up with, and must not seem to have
+come short of the ideas and expectations which you and Cæsar entertain
+of me, especially since, even if it were somewhat difficult not to do
+that, I am yet likely from this labour to reap great popularity and
+prestige. Accordingly, as you wish me to do, I take great pains not to
+hurt anyone's feelings, and to secure being liked even by those very men
+who are vexed at my close friendship with Cæsar, while by those who are
+impartial, or even inclined to this side, I may be warmly courted and
+loved. When some very violent debates took place in the senate on the
+subject of bribery for several days, because the candidates for the
+consulship had gone to such lengths as to be past all bearing, I was not
+in the house. I have made up my mind not to attempt any cure of the
+political situation without powerful protection. The day I write this
+Drusus has been acquitted on a charge of collusion by the _tribuni
+ærarii_, in the grand total by four votes, for the majority of senators
+and equites were for condemnation. On the same day I am to defend
+Vatinius. That is an easy matter. The _comitia_ have been put off to
+September. Scaurus's trial will take place immediately, and I shall not
+fail to appear for him. I don't like your "Sophoclean Banqueters" at
+all, though I see that you played your part with a good grace.[617] I
+come now to a subject which, perhaps, ought to have been my first. How
+glad I was to get your letter from Britain! I was afraid of the ocean,
+afraid of the coast of the island. The other parts of the enterprise I
+do not underrate; but yet they inspire more hope than fear, and it is
+the suspense rather than any positive alarm that renders me uneasy. You,
+however, I can see, have a splendid subject for description, topography,
+natural features of things and places, manners, races, battles, your
+commander himself--what themes for your pen! I will gladly, as you
+request, assist you in the points you mention, and will send you the
+verses you ask for, that is, "An owl to Athens."[618] But, look you! I
+think you are keeping me in the dark. Tell me, my dear brother, what
+Cæsar thinks of my verses. For he wrote before to tell me he had read my
+first book. Of the first part, he said that he had never read anything
+better even in Greek: the rest, up to a particular passage, somewhat
+"careless"[619]--that is his word. Tell me the truth--is it the
+subject-matter or the "style" that he does not like? You needn't be
+afraid: I shall not admire myself one whit the less. On this subject
+speak like a lover of truth, and with your usual brotherly frankness.
+
+[Footnote 617: In the "Banqueters" (σύνδειπνοι) of Sophocles, Achilles
+is excluded from a banquet in Tenedos. Some social mishap seems to have
+occurred to Quintus in camp.]
+
+[Footnote 618: Sending coals to Newcastle.]
+
+[Footnote 619: ῥαθυμότε�α.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVII (Q FR III, 1)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)
+
+ARPINUM AND ROME, 28 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+After extraordinarily hot weather--I never remember greater heat--I have
+refreshed myself at Arpinum, and enjoyed the extreme loveliness of the
+river during the days of the games, having left my tribesmen under the
+charge of Philotimus.[620] I was at Arcanum on the 10th of September.
+There I found Mescidius and Philoxenus, and saw the water, for which
+they were making a course not far from your villa, running quite nicely,
+especially considering the extreme drought, and they said that they were
+going to collect it in much greater abundance. Everything is right with
+Herus. In your Manilian property I came across Diphilus outdoing himself
+in dilatoriness. Still, he had nothing left to construct, except baths,
+and a promenade, and an aviary. I liked that villa very much, because
+its paved colonnade[621] gives it an air of very great dignity. I never
+appreciated this till now that the colonnade itself has been all laid
+open, and the columns have been polished. It all depends--and this I
+will look to--upon the stuccoing being prettily done. The pavements
+seemed to be being well laid. Certain of the ceilings I did not like,
+and ordered them to be changed. As to the place in which they say that
+you write word that a small entrance hall is to be built--namely, in the
+colonnade--I liked it better as it is. For I did not think there was
+space sufficient for an entrance hall; nor is it usual to have one,
+except in those buildings which have a larger court; nor could it have
+bedrooms and apartments of that kind attached to it. As it is, from the
+very beauty of its arched roof, it will serve as an admirable summer
+room. However, if you think differently, write back word as soon as
+possible. In the bath I have moved the hot chamber to the other corner
+of the dressing-room, because it was so placed that its steampipe was
+immediately under the bedrooms. A fair-sized bedroom and a lofty winter
+one I admired very much, for they were both spacious and
+well-situated--on the side of the promenade nearest to the bath.
+Diphilus had placed the columns out of the perpendicular, and not
+opposite each other. These, of course, he shall take down; he will learn
+some day to use the plumb-line and measure. On the whole, I hope
+Diphilus's work will be completed in a few months: for Cæsius, who was
+with me at the time, keeps a very sharp look-out upon him.
+
+Thence I started straight along the _via Vitularia_ to your Fufidianum,
+the estate which we bought for you a few weeks ago at Arpinum for
+100,000 sesterces (about £800). I never saw a shadier spot in
+summer--water springs in many parts of it, and abundant into the
+bargain. In short, Cæsius thought that you would easily irrigate fifty
+_iugera_ of the meadow land. For my part, I can assure you of this,
+which is more in my line, that you will have a villa marvellously
+pleasant, with the addition of a fish-pond, spouting fountains, a
+_palæstra_, and a shrubbery. I am told that you wish to keep this
+Bovillæ estate. You will determine as you think good. Calvus said that,
+even if the control of the water were taken from you, and the right of
+drawing it off were established by the vendor, and thus an easement were
+imposed on that property, we could yet maintain the price in case we
+wished to sell. He said that he had agreed with you to do the work at
+three sesterces a foot, and that he had stepped it, and made it three
+miles. It seemed to me more. But I will guarantee that the money could
+nowhere be better laid out. I had sent for Cillo from Venafrum, but on
+that very day four of his fellow servants and apprentices had been
+crushed by the falling in of a tunnel at Venafrum. On the 13th of
+September I was at Laterium. I examined the road, which appeared to me
+to be so good as to seem almost like a high road, except a hundred and
+fifty paces--for I measured it myself from the little bridge at the
+temple of Furina, in the direction of Satricum. There they had put down
+dust, not gravel (this shall be changed), and that part of the road is a
+very steep incline. But I understood that it could not be taken in any
+other direction, particularly as you did not wish it to go through the
+property of Locusta or Varro. The latter alone had made the road very
+well where it skirted his own property. Locusta hadn't touched it; but I
+will call on him at Rome, and think I shall be able to stir him up, and
+at the same time I shall ask M. Taurus, who is now at Rome, and whom I
+am told promised to allow you to do so, about making a watercourse
+through his property. I much approved of your steward Nicephorius, and I
+asked him what orders you had given about that small building at
+Laterium, about which you spoke to me. He told me in answer that he had
+himself contracted to do the work for sixteen sestertia (about £128),
+but that you had afterwards made many additions to the work, but nothing
+to the price, and that he had therefore given it up. I quite approve, by
+Hercules, of your making the additions you had determined upon; although
+the villa as it stands seems to have the air of a philosopher, meant to
+rebuke the extravagance of other villas. Yet, after all, that addition
+will be pleasing. I praised your landscape gardener: he has so covered
+everything with ivy, both the foundation-wall of the villa and the
+spaces between the columns of the walk, that, upon my word, those Greek
+statues seemed to be engaged in fancy gardening, and to be shewing off
+the ivy. Finally, nothing can be cooler or more mossy than the
+dressing-room of the bath. That is about all I have to say about country
+matters. The gardener, indeed, as well as Philotimus and Cincius are
+pressing on the ornamentation of your town house; but I also often look
+in upon it myself, as I can do without difficulty. Wherefore don't be at
+all anxious about that.
+
+As to your always asking me about your son, of course I "excuse you";
+but I must ask you to "excuse" me also, for I don't allow that you love
+him more than I do. And oh that he had been with me these last few days
+at Arpinum, as he had himself set his heart on being, and as I had no
+less done! As to Pomponia, please write and say that, when I go out of
+town anywhere, she is to come with me and bring the boy. I'll do wonders
+with him, if I get him to myself when I am at leisure: for at Rome there
+is no time to breathe. You know I formerly promised to do so for
+nothing. What do you expect with such a reward as you promise me? I now
+come to your letters which I received in several packets when I was at
+Arpinum. For I received three from you in one day, and, indeed, as it
+seemed, despatched by you at the same time--one of considerable length,
+in which your first point was that my letter to you was dated earlier
+than that to Cæsar. Oppius at times cannot help this: the reason is
+that, having settled to send letter-carriers, and having received a
+letter from me, he is hindered by something turning up, and obliged to
+despatch them later than he had intended; and I don't take the trouble
+to have the day altered on a letter which I have once handed to him. You
+write about Cæsar's extreme affection for us. This affection you must on
+your part keep warm, and I for mine will endeavour to increase it by
+every means in my power. About Pompey, I am carefully acting, and shall
+continue to act, as you advise. That my permission to you to stay longer
+is a welcome one, though I grieve at your absence and miss you
+exceedingly, I am yet partly glad. What you can be thinking of in
+sending for such people as Hippodamus and some others, I do not
+understand. There is not one of those fellows that won't expect a
+present from you equal to a suburban estate. However, there is no reason
+for your classing my friend Trebatius with them. I sent him to Cæsar,
+and Cæsar has done all I expected. If he has not done quite what _he_
+expected himself, I am not bound to make it up to him, and I in like
+manner free and absolve you from all claims on his part. Your remark,
+that you are a greater favourite with Cæsar every day, is a source of
+undying satisfaction to me. As to Balbus, who, as you say, promotes that
+state of things, he is the apple of my eye. I am indeed glad that you
+and my friend Trebonius like each other. As to what you say about the
+military tribuneship, I, indeed, asked for it definitely for Curtius,
+and Cæsar wrote back definitely to say that there was one at Curtius's
+service, and chided me for my modesty in making the request. If I have
+asked one for anyone else--as I told Oppius to write and tell Cæsar--I
+shall not be at all annoyed by a refusal, since those who pester me for
+letters _are_ annoyed at a refusal from me. I like Curtius, as I have
+told him, not only because you asked me to do so, but from the
+character you gave of him; for from your letter I have gathered the zeal
+he shewed for my restoration. As for the British expedition, I conclude
+from your letter that we have no occasion either for fear or exultation.
+As to public affairs, about which you wish Tiro to write to you, I have
+written to you hitherto somewhat more carelessly than usual, because I
+knew that all events, small or great, were reported to Cæsar. I have now
+answered your longest letter.
+
+Now hear what I have to say to your small one. The first point is about
+Clodius's letter to Cæsar. In that matter I approve of Cæsar's policy,
+in not having given way to your request so far as to write a single word
+to that Fury. The next thing is about the speech of Calventius
+"Marius."[622] I am surprised at your saying that you think I ought to
+answer it, particularly as, while no one is likely to read that speech,
+unless I write an answer to it, every schoolboy learns mine against him
+as an exercise. My books, all of which you are expecting, I have begun,
+but I cannot finish them for some days yet. The speeches for Scaurus and
+Plancius which you clamour for I have finished. The poem to Cæsar, which
+I had begun, I have cut short. I will write what you ask me for, since
+your poetic springs are running dry, as soon as I have time.
+
+Now for the third letter. It is very pleasant and welcome news to hear
+from you that Balbus is soon coming to Rome, and so well
+accompanied![623] and will stay with me continuously till the 15th of
+May. As to your exhorting me in the same letter, as in many previous
+ones, to ambition and labour, I shall, of course, do as you say: but
+when am I to enjoy any real life?
+
+Your fourth letter reached me on the 13th of September, dated on the
+10th of August from Britain. In it there was nothing new except about
+your _Erigona_, and if I get that from Oppius I will write and tell you
+what I think of it. I have no doubt I shall like it.[624] Oh yes! I had
+almost forgotten to remark as to the man who, you say in your letter,
+had written to Cæsar about the applause given to Milo--I am not
+unwilling that Cæsar should think that it was as warm as possible. And
+in point of fact it was so, and yet that applause, which is given to
+him, seems in a certain sense to be given to me.[625]
+
+I have also received a very old letter, but which was late in coming
+into my hands, in which you remind me about the temple of Tellus and the
+colonnade of Catulus. Both of these matters are being actively carried
+out. At the temple of Tellus I have even got your statue placed. So,
+again, as to your reminder about a suburban villa and gardens, I was
+never very keen for one, and now my town house has all the charm of such
+a pleasure-ground. On my arrival in Rome on the 18th of September I
+found the roof on your house finished: the part over the sitting-rooms,
+which you did not wish to have many gables, now slopes gracefully
+towards the roof of the lower colonnade. Our boy, in my absence, did not
+cease working with his rhetoric master. You have no reason for being
+anxious about his education, for you know his ability, and I see his
+application. Everything else I take it upon myself to guarantee, with
+full consciousness that I am bound to make it good.
+
+As yet there are three parties prosecuting Gabinius: first, L. Lentulus,
+son of the _flamen_, who has entered a prosecution for _lèse
+majesté_;[626] secondly, Tib. Nero, with good names at the back of his
+indictment; thirdly, C. Memmius the tribune in conjunction with L.
+Capito. He came to the walls of the city on the 19th of September,
+undignified and neglected to the last degree. But in the present state
+of the law courts I do not venture to be confident of anything. As Cato
+is unwell, he has not yet been formally indicted for extortion. Pompey
+is trying hard to persuade me to be reconciled to him, but as yet he has
+not succeeded at all, nor, if I retain a shred of liberty, will he
+succeed. I am very anxious for a letter from you. You say that you have
+been told that I was a party to the coalition of the consular
+candidates--it is a lie. The compacts made in that coalition, afterwards
+made public by Memmius, were of such a nature that no loyal man ought to
+have been a party to them;[627] nor at the same time was it possible for
+me to be a party to a coalition from which Messalla was excluded, who is
+thoroughly satisfied with my conduct in every particular, as also, I
+think, is Memmius. To Domitius himself I have rendered many services,
+which he desired and asked of me. I have put Scaurus under a heavy
+obligation by my defence of him. It is as yet very uncertain both when
+the elections will be and who will be consuls.
+
+Just as I was folding up this epistle letter-carriers arrived from you
+and Cæsar (20th September) after a journey of twenty days. How anxious I
+was! How painfully I was affected by Cæsar's most kind letter![628] But
+the kinder it was, the more sorrow did his loss occasion me. But to turn
+to your letter. To begin with, I reiterate my approval of your staying
+on, especially as, according to your account, you have consulted Cæsar
+on the subject. I wonder that Oppius has anything to do with Publius,
+for I advised against it. Farther on in your letter you say that I am
+going to be made _legatus_ to Pompey on the 13th of September: I have
+heard nothing about it, and I wrote to Cæsar to tell him that neither
+Vibullius nor Oppius had delivered his message to Pompey about my
+remaining at home. Why, I know not. However, it was I who restrained
+Oppius from doing so, because it was Vibullius who should take the
+leading part in that matter: for with him Cæsar had communicated
+personally, with Oppius only by letter. I indeed can have no "second
+thoughts"[629] in matters connected with Cæsar. He comes next after you
+and our children in my regard, and not much after. I think I act in this
+with deliberate judgment, for I have by this time good cause for it,
+yet warm personal feeling no doubt does influence me also.
+
+Just as I had written these last words--which are by my own hand--your
+boy came in to dine with me, as Pomponia was dining out. He gave me your
+letter to read, which he had received shortly before--a truly
+Aristophanic mixture of jest and earnest, with which I was greatly
+charmed.[630] He gave me also your second letter, in which you bid him
+cling to my side as a mentor. How delighted he was with those letters!
+And so was I. Nothing could be more attractive than that boy, nothing
+more affectionate to me!--This, to explain its being in another
+handwriting, I dictated to Tiro while at dinner.
+
+Your letter gratified Annalis very much, as shewing that you took an
+active interest in his concerns, and yet assisted him with exceedingly
+candid advice. Publius Servilius the elder, from a letter which he said
+he had received from Cæsar, declares himself highly obliged to you for
+having spoken with the greatest kindness and earnestness of his devotion
+to Cæsar. After my return to Rome from Arpinum I was told that
+Hippodamus had started to join you. I cannot say that I was surprised at
+his having acted so discourteously as to start to join you without a
+letter from me: I only say this, that I was annoyed. For I had long
+resolved, from an expression in your letter, that if I had anything I
+wished conveyed to you with more than usual care, I should give it to
+him: for, in truth, into a letter like this, which I send you in an
+ordinary way, I usually put nothing that, if it fell into certain hands,
+might be a source of annoyance. I reserve myself for Minucius and
+Salvius and Labeo. Labeo will either be starting late or will stay here
+altogether. Hippodamus did not even ask me whether he could do anything
+for me. T. Penarius sends me a kind letter about you: says that he is
+exceedingly charmed with your literary pursuits, conversation, and above
+all by your dinners. He was always a favourite of mine, and I see a good
+deal of his brother. Wherefore continue, as you have begun, to admit the
+young man to your intimacy.
+
+From the fact of this letter having been in hand during many days, owing
+to the delay of the letter-carriers, I have jotted down in it many
+various things at odd times, as, for instance, the following. Titus
+Anicius has mentioned to me more than once that he would not hesitate to
+buy a suburban property for you, if he found one. In these remarks of
+his I find two things surprising: first, that when you write to him
+about buying a suburban property, you not only don't write to me to that
+effect, but write even in a contrary sense; and, secondly, that in
+writing to him you totally forget his letters which you shewed me at
+Tusculum, and as totally the rule of Epicharmus, "Notice how he has
+treated another":[631] in fact, that you have quite forgotten, as I
+think, the lesson conveyed by the expression of his face, his
+conversation, and his spirit. But this is your concern. As to a suburban
+property, be sure to let me know your wishes, and at the same time take
+care that that fellow doesn't get you into trouble. What else have I to
+say? Anything? Yes, there is this: Gabinius entered the city by night on
+the 27th of September, and to-day, at two o'clock, when he ought to have
+appeared on his trial for _lèse majesté_, in accordance with the edict
+of C. Alfius, he was all but crushed to the earth by a great and
+unanimous demonstration of the popular hatred. Nothing could exceed his
+humiliating position. However, Piso comes next to him. So I think of
+introducing a marvellous episode into my second book[632]--Apollo
+declaring in the council of the gods what sort of return that of the two
+commanders was to be, one of whom had lost, and the other sold his army.
+From Britain I have a letter of Cæsar's dated the 1st of September,
+which reached me on the 27th, satisfactory enough as far as the British
+expedition is concerned, in which, to prevent my wondering at not
+getting one from you, he tells me that you were not with him when he
+reached the coast. To that letter I made no reply, not even a formal
+congratulation, on account of his mourning. Many, many wishes, dear
+brother, for your health.
+
+[Footnote 620: That is, to get them seats at the games. See Letter XXVI,
+p. 63.]
+
+[Footnote 621: The _porticus_ is a kind of cloister round the
+_peristylium_ or _atrium_.]
+
+[Footnote 622: Calventius is said to stand for L. Calpurnius Piso
+Cæsoninus, the consul of B.C. 58, against whom Cicero's speech was
+spoken in B.C. 55 in the senate. He calls him Calventius from his
+maternal grandfather, and Marius because--as he had said, in the speech,
+§ 20--he had himself gone into exile rather than come to open fight with
+him; just as Q. Metellus had done in B.C. 100, when, declining to take
+the oath to the agrarian law of Saturninus, rather than fight Marius,
+who had taken the oath, he went into exile. This seems rather a
+roundabout explanation; but no better has been proposed, and, of course,
+Quintus, who had lately read the speech, would be able better to
+understand the allusion.]
+
+[Footnote 623: _I.e._, with money.]
+
+[Footnote 624: This tragedy of Quintus's never reached Cicero. It was
+lost in transit. Perhaps no great loss.]
+
+[Footnote 625: Milo was ædile and had just given some splendid games.]
+
+[Footnote 626: _Maiestas._ He would be liable to this charge, under a
+law of Sulla's, for having left his province to interfere in Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 627: See p. 300.]
+
+[Footnote 628: Apparently referring to the death of his daughter Iulia.]
+
+[Footnote 629: δευτέ�ας φ�οντίδας from Eurip. _Hipp._ 436, αἱ δευτέ�αι
+πως φ�οντίδες σοφωτέ�αι.]
+
+[Footnote 630: Or, "as kindly and critical at once as Aristophanes (of
+Byzantium)," as though Quintus had written a Caxtonian criticism of his
+son's style.]
+
+[Footnote 631: γυῶθι πῶς ἄλλω κέχ�ηται.]
+
+[Footnote 632: Of his poem "On his own Times." Piso in Macedonia, where
+he had been unsuccessful with border tribes: Gabinius in going to Egypt
+to support Ptolemy. He left many of his soldiers there.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVIII (A IV, 17 AND PARTS OF 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ABROAD)
+
+ROME, 1 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+You think I imagine that I write more rarely to you than I used to do
+from having forgotten my regular habit and purpose, but the fact is
+that, perceiving your locality and journeys to be equally uncertain, I
+have never intrusted a letter to anyone--either for Epirus, or Athens,
+or Asia, or anywhere else--unless he was going expressly to you. For my
+letters are not of the sort to make their non-delivery a matter of
+indifference; they contain so many confidential secrets that I do not as
+a rule trust them even to an amanuensis, for fear of some jest leaking
+out in some direction or another.
+
+The consuls are in a blaze of infamy because Gaius Memmius, one of the
+candidates, read out in the senate a compact which he and his fellow
+candidate, Domitius Calvinus, had made with the consuls--that both were
+to forfeit to the consuls 40 sestertia apiece (in case they were
+themselves elected consuls), if they did not produce three augurs to
+depose that they had been present at the passing of a _lex curiata_,
+which, in fact, had not been passed; and two consulars to depose to
+having helped to draft a decree for furnishing the consular provinces,
+though there had not even been a meeting of the senate at all.[633] As
+this compact was alleged not to have been a mere verbal one, but to
+have been drawn up with the sums to be paid duly entered, formal orders
+for payment, and written attestations of many persons, it was, on the
+suggestion of Pompey, produced by Memmius, but with the names
+obliterated. It has made no difference to Appius--he had no character to
+lose! To the other consul it was a real knock-down blow, and he is, I
+assure you, a ruined man. Memmius, however, having thus dissolved the
+coalition, has lost all chance of election, and is by this time in a
+worse position than ever, because we are now informed that his
+revelation is strongly disapproved of by Cæsar. Our friend Messalla and
+his fellow candidate, Domitius Calvinus, have been very liberal to the
+people. Nothing can exceed their popularity. They are certain to be
+consuls. But the senate has passed a decree that a "trial with closed
+doors" should be held before the elections in respect to each of the
+candidates severally by the panels already allotted to them all. The
+candidates are in a great fright. But certain jurors--among them
+Opimius, Veiento, and Rantius--appealed to the tribunes to prevent their
+being called upon to act as jurors without an order of the people[634].
+The business goes on. The _comitia_ are postponed by a decree of the
+senate till such time as the law for the "trial with closed doors" is
+carried. The day for passing the law arrived. Terentius vetoed it. The
+consuls, having all along conducted this business in a half-hearted kind
+of way, referred the matter back to the senate. Hereupon--Bedlam! my
+voice being heard with the rest. "Aren't you wise enough to keep quiet,
+after all?" you will say. Forgive me: I can hardly restrain myself. But,
+nevertheless, was there ever such a farce? The senate had voted that the
+elections should not be held till the law was passed: that, in case of a
+tribunician veto, the whole question should be referred to them afresh.
+The law is introduced in a perfunctory manner: is vetoed, to the great
+relief of the proposers: the matter is referred to the senate. Upon that
+the senate voted that it was for the interest of the state that the
+elections should be held at the earliest possible time!
+
+Scaurus, who had been acquitted a few days before,[635] after a most
+elaborate speech from me on his behalf--when all the days up to the 29th
+of September (on which I write this) had one after the other been
+rendered impossible for the _comitia_ by notices of ill omens put in by
+Scævola--paid the people what they expected at his own house, tribe by
+tribe. But all the same, though his liberality was more generous, it was
+not so acceptable as that of the two mentioned above, who had got the
+start of him. I could have wished to see your face when you read
+this;[636] for I am certain you entertain some hope that these
+transactions will occupy a great many weeks! But there is to be a
+meeting of the senate to-day, that is, the 1st of October--for day is
+already breaking. There no one will speak his mind except Antius and
+Favonius,[637] for Cato is ill. Don't be afraid about me: nevertheless,
+I make no promises. Is there anything else you want to know? Anything?
+Yes, the trials, I think. Drusus and Scaurus[638] are believed not to
+have been guilty. Three candidates are thought likely to be prosecuted:
+Domitius Calvinus by Memmius, Messalla by Q. Pompeius Rufus,
+Scaurus[639] by Triarius or by L. Cæsar. "What will you be able to say
+for them?" quoth you. May I die if I know! In those books[640]
+certainly, of which you speak so highly, I find no suggestion.
+
+[Footnote 633: The object of the existing consuls in making such a
+bargain was to get to their provinces without difficulty, with
+_imperium_, which had to be bestowed by a formal meeting of the old
+_comitia curiata_. But that formality could be stopped by tribunes or
+other magistrates "watching the sky," or declaring evil omens: and just
+as these means were being resorted to to put off the elections, so they
+were also likely to be used in this matter. If it was thus put off into
+the next year, Domitius and Appius, not being any longer consuls, would
+have still greater difficulty. Corrupt as the arrangement was, it seems
+not to have come under any existing law, and both escaped punishment.
+Appius went as proconsul to Cilicia, in spite of the _lex curiata_ not
+being passed, but Domitius Ahenobarbus seems not to have had a province.
+The object of Domitius Calvinus and Memmius in making the compact was to
+secure their own election, which the existing consuls had many means of
+assisting, but it is not clear what Memmius's object in disclosing it
+was. Perhaps anger on finding his hopes gone, and an idea that anything
+that humiliated Ahenobarbus would be pleasing to Cæsar. He also seems to
+have quarrelled with Calvinus. Gaius Memmius Gemellus is not to be
+confounded with Gaius Memmius the tribune mentioned in the next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 634: There is considerable uncertainty as to the exact nature
+of _iudicium tacitum_, here rendered "a trial with closed doors," on the
+analogy of the _senatus consultum tacitum_ described by Capitolinus, _in
+Gordian_. ch. xii. It is not, I think, mentioned elsewhere (_iudiciis
+tacitis_ of 2 _Off._ § 24, is a general expression for "anonymous
+expressions of opinion"), and the passage in Plutarch (_Cato min._ 44)
+introduces a new difficulty, for it indicates a court in which
+candidates _after_ election are to purge themselves. Again, _quæ erant
+omnibus sortita_ is very difficult. Cicero nowhere else, I believe, uses
+the passive _sortitus_. But, passing that, what are the _consilia_
+meant? The tense and mood shew, I think, that the words are explanatory
+by the writer, not part of the decree. I venture, contrary to all
+editors, to take _omnibus_ as dative, and to suppose that the _consilia_
+meant are those of the _album iudicum_ who had been selected to try
+cases of _ambitus_, of which many were expected. There is no proof that
+the _iudices_ in a _iudicium tacitum_ had to be senators, and the names
+in the next sentence point the other way. The senate proposed that the
+law should allow this selection from the _album_ to form the _iudicium
+tacitum_, which would give no public verdict, but on whose report they
+could afterwards act.]
+
+[Footnote 635: M. Æmilius Scaurus was acquitted on the 2nd of September
+on a charge of extortion in Sardinia. The trial had been hurried on lest
+he should use the Sardinian money in bribing for the consulship. Hence
+he could not begin distributing his gifts to the electors till after
+September 2nd, and his rivals Domitius and Messalla got the start of
+him. See Asconius, 131 _seq._]
+
+[Footnote 636: He means that Atticus--as a lender of money--would be
+glad of anything that kept the rate of interest up (see p. 286). He is,
+of course, joking.]
+
+[Footnote 637: Antius is not known. Favonius was a close imitator of
+Cato's Stoicism. He was now opposing both Pompey and Cæsar strenuously,
+but on the Civil War breaking out, attached himself strongly to Pompey.
+He was put to death by Augustus after the battle of Philippi (Suet.
+_Aug._ 13). He had a very biting tongue. See Plut. _Pomp._ 60.]
+
+[Footnote 638: Drusus was probably Livius Drusus, the father of Livia,
+wife of Augustus; he was accused by Lucretius of _prævaricatio_,
+"collusion."]
+
+[Footnote 639: This time for _ambitus_.]
+
+[Footnote 640: The _de Oratore_.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIX (Q FR III, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In the evening of the 10th of October Salvius started on board ship for
+Ostia with the things you wished sent to you from home. On that same day
+Memmius[641] gave Gabinius such a splendid warning in public meeting
+that Calidius couldn't say a word for him. To-morrow (which is strictly
+the day after to-morrow, for I am writing before daybreak) there is a
+trial before Cato for the selection of his prosecutor between Memmius,
+Tiberius Nero, and Gaius and Lucius, sons of M. Antonius. I think the
+result will be in favour of Memmius, though a strong case is being made
+out for Nero. In short, he is in a fairly tight fix, unless our friend
+Pompey, to the disgust of gods and men, upsets the whole concern. Let me
+give you a specimen of the fellow's impudence, and extract _something_
+amusing from the public disasters. Gabinius having given out wherever he
+came that he was demanding a triumph, and having suddenly, the
+excellent general! invaded the city of his enemies by night,[642] did
+not venture to enter the senate. Meanwhile, exactly on the tenth day, on
+which he was bound to report the number of the enemy and of his own
+soldiers who had been killed, he slunk into the house, which was very
+thinly attended. When he made as if to go out, he was stopped by the
+consuls. The _publicani_ were introduced. The fellow was assailed on
+every side, and my words stinging him more than all, he lost patience,
+and in a voice quivering with anger called me "Exile."
+Thereupon--Heavens! I never had such a compliment paid me in all my
+life!--the senate rose up to a man with a loud shout and made a menacing
+movement in his direction: the _publicani_ made an equal noise and a
+similar movement. In fine, they all behaved exactly as you would have
+done. It is the leading topic of conversation out of the house. However,
+I refrain from prosecuting, with difficulty, by Hercules! yet refrain I
+do: either because I don't want to quarrel with Pompey--the impending
+question of Milo is enough in that direction--or because we have no
+jurors worthy of the name. I fear a fiasco: besides, there is the
+ill-will of certain persons to me, and I am afraid my conducting the
+prosecution might give him some advantage: besides, I do not despair of
+the thing being done both without me and yet partly through my
+assistance. All the candidates for the consulships have had prosecutions
+for bribery lodged against them: Domitius Calvinus by Memmius (the
+tribune), Memmius (the candidate) by Q. Acutius, an excellent young man
+and a good lawyer, Messalla by Q. Pompeius, Scaurus by Triarius. The
+affair causes great commotion, because it is a plain alternative between
+shipwreck for the men concerned or for the laws. Pressure is being
+applied to prevent the trials taking place. It looks like an
+_interregnum_ again. The consuls desire to hold the _comitia_: the
+accused don't wish it, and especially Memmius, because he hopes that
+Cæsar's approach[643] may secure him the consulship. But he is at a
+very low ebb. Domitius, with Messalla as his colleague, I think is a
+certainty. Scaurus has lost his chance. Appius declares that he will
+relieve Lentulus even without a curiate law,[644] and, indeed, he
+distinguished himself amazingly that day (I almost forgot to mention it)
+in an attack upon Gabinius. He accused him of _lèse majesté_, and gave
+the names of his witnesses without Gabinius answering a word. That is
+all the public news. At home all is well: your house itself is being
+proceeded with by the contractors with fair expedition.
+
+[Footnote 641: C. Memmius, a tribune of this year, not the same as the
+C. Memmius Gemellus of the last letter.]
+
+[Footnote 642: Referring to the fact that Gabinius, on his arrival
+outside Rome, without the usual procession of friends which met a
+returning proconsul, skulked about till nightfall, not venturing to
+enter Rome (the city of his enemies!) in daylight. By entering Rome he
+gave up his _imperium_ and could no longer ask a triumph.]
+
+[Footnote 643: Cæsar was accustomed to come to North Italy (Gallia
+Cisalpina) for the winter to Ravenna or Luca, and there he could be
+communicated with and exercise great influence.]
+
+[Footnote 644: That is, he would go to his province of Cilicia on the
+strength of his nomination or allotment by the senate. There was some
+doubt as to the question whether such allotment did not give _imperium_
+even without a _lex curiata_. Besides, the consul had already
+_imperium_, and he might consider it to be uninterrupted if he left Rome
+immediately. However, as there was always an interval between the end of
+the consulship and the quitting Rome _paludatus_, the _lex curiata_ had
+generally been considered necessary (Cæs. _B. C._ i. 6). After B.C. 52
+the _lex Pompeia_ enacted a five years' interval, when, of course, a law
+would be necessary.]
+
+
+
+
+CL (Q FR III, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+The writing of an amanuensis must shew you the amount of my engagements.
+I assure you that no day passes without my appearing for the defence of
+some one. Accordingly, all composition or reflexion I reserve for the
+hour of my walk. So stands my business: matters at home, however, are
+everything I could wish. Our boys are well, diligent in their studies,
+and affectionate to me and each other. The decoration of both of our
+houses is still in hand: but your rural works at Arcanum and Laterium
+are now completed. For the rest, as to the water and the road, I went
+into the case thoroughly, in a certain letter of mine, without omitting
+anything. But, in truth, the anxiety which is now giving me great
+uneasiness and pain is that for a period of fifty days I have heard
+nothing from you or from Cæsar--nothing has found its way from those
+parts, either in the shape of a letter, or even of a rumour. Moreover,
+both the sea and land out there make me uneasy, and I never cease
+imagining, as one does when one's affections are deeply involved, all
+that I least desire. Wherefore I do not, indeed, for the present ask you
+to write me an account of yourself and your doings, for that you never
+omit doing when possible, but I wish you to know this--that I have
+scarcely ever been so anxious for anything as at the moment of writing I
+am for a letter from you. Now for what is going on in politics. One day
+after another for the _comitia_ is struck out by notices of bad omens,
+to the great satisfaction of all the loyalists: so great is the scandal
+in which the consuls are involved, owing to the suspicion of their
+having bargained for a bribe from the candidates. The four candidates
+for the consulship are all arraigned: their cases are difficult of
+defence, but I shall do my best to secure the safety of our friend
+Messalla--and that is inseparable from the acquittal of the others.
+Publius Sulla has accused Gabinius of bribery--his stepson Memmius, his
+cousin Cæcilius, and his son Sulla backing the indictment. L. Torquatus
+put in his claim to the conduct of the prosecution, and, to everybody's
+satisfaction, failed to establish it. You ask, "What will become of
+Gabinius?" We shall know in three days' time about the charge of _lèse
+majesté_. In that case he is at a disadvantage from the hatred
+entertained by all classes for him; witnesses against him as damaging as
+can be: accusers in the highest degree inefficient: the panel of jurors
+of varied character: the president a man of weight and decision--Alfius:
+Pompey active in soliciting the jurors on his behalf. What the result
+will be I don't know; I don't see, however, how he can maintain a
+position in the state. I shew no rancour in promoting his destruction,
+and await the result with the utmost good temper. That is nearly all the
+news. I will add this one item: your boy (who is mine also) is
+exceedingly devoted to his rhetoric master Pæonius, a man, I think, of
+great experience in his profession, and of very good character. But you
+are aware that my method of instruction aims at a somewhat more
+scholarly and philosophical style.[645] Accordingly I, for my part, am
+unwilling that his course of training should be interrupted, and the boy
+himself seems to be more drawn to that declamatory style, and to like it
+better; and as that was the style in which I was myself initiated, let
+us allow him to follow in my path, for I feel sure it will eventually
+bring him to the same point; nevertheless, if I take him with me
+somewhere in the country, I shall guide him to the adoption of my system
+and practice. For you have held out before me a great reward, which it
+certainly shall not be my fault if I fail to fully obtain. I hope you
+will write and tell me most carefully in what district you are going to
+pass the winter, and what your prospects are.
+
+[Footnote 645: θετικώτε�ον. From θέσις, a philosophical proposition or
+thesis. In _Paradox. præf._ he uses θετικά of subjects suited to such
+theses.]
+
+
+
+
+CLI (Q FR III, 4)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, 24 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Gabinius has been acquitted. Nothing could be more absolutely futile
+than his accuser, Lentulus, and the backers of the indictment, or more
+corrupt than the jury. Yet, after all, had it not been for incredible
+exertions and entreaties on Pompey's part, and even an alarming rumour
+of a dictatorship, he would not have been able to answer even Lentulus;
+for even as it was, with such an accuser and such a jury, he had
+thirty-two votes out of seventy recorded against him. This trial is
+altogether so scandalous, that he seems certain to be convicted in the
+other suits, especially in that for extortion. But you must see that the
+Republic, the senate, the law courts are mere cyphers, and that not one
+of us has any constitutional position at all. What else should I tell
+you about the jurors? Two men of prætorian rank were on the
+panel--Domitius Calvinus, who voted for acquittal so openly that
+everybody could see; and Cato, who, as soon as the voting tablets had
+been counted, withdrew from the ring of people, and was the first to
+tell Pompey the news. Some people--for instance, Sallust--say that I
+ought to have been the prosecuting counsel. Was I to have exposed myself
+to such a jury as this? What would have been my position, if he had
+escaped when I conducted the case? But there were other considerations
+which influenced me. Pompey would have looked upon it as a contest with
+me, not for that man's safety, but for his own position: he would have
+entered the city;[646] it would have become a downright quarrel; I
+should have seemed like a Pacideianus matched with the Samnite
+Æserninus[647]--he would, perhaps, have bitten off my ear,[648] and at
+least he would have become reconciled to Clodius. For my part,
+especially if you do not disapprove of it, I strongly approve my own
+policy. That great man, though his advancement had been promoted by
+unparalleled exertions on my part, and though I owed him nothing, while
+he owed me all, yet could not endure that I should differ from him in
+politics--to put it mildly--and, when in a less powerful position,
+shewed me what he could do against me when in my zenith. At this time of
+day, when I don't even care to be influential, and the Republic
+certainly has no power to do anything, while he is supreme in
+everything, was I to enter upon a contest with him? For that is what I
+should have had to have done. I do not think that you hold me bound to
+have undertaken it. "Then, as an alternative," says the grave Sallust,
+"you should have defended him, and have made that concession to Pompey's
+earnest wish, for he begged you very hard to do so." An ingenious friend
+is Sallust, to give me the alternative of a dangerous quarrel or undying
+infamy! I, however, am quite pleased with the middle course which I have
+steered; and another gratifying circumstance is that, when I had given
+my evidence with the utmost solemnity, in accordance with my honour and
+oath, the defendant said that, if he retained his right to remain in the
+city, he would repay me, and did not attempt to cross-question me.
+
+As to the verses which you wish me to compose, it is true that I am
+deficient in industry in regard to them, which requires not only time,
+but also a mind free from all anxiety, but I am also wanting in
+inspiration. For I am not altogether without anxiety as to the coming
+year, though without fear. At the same time, and, upon my word, I speak
+without irony, I consider you a greater master of that style of writing
+than myself. As to filling up your Greek library, effecting interchanges
+of books, and purchasing Latin books, I should be very glad that your
+wishes should be carried out, especially as they would be very useful to
+me. But I have no one to employ for myself in such a business: for such
+books as are really worth getting are not for sale, and purchases cannot
+be effected except by an agent who is both well-informed and active.
+However, I will give orders to Chrysippus and speak to Tyrannio. I will
+inquire what Scipio has done about the treasury. I will see that what
+seems to be the right thing is done. As to Ascanio, do what you like: I
+shall not interfere. As to a suburban property, I commend your not being
+in a hurry, but I advise your having one. I write this on the 24th of
+October, the day of the opening of the games, on the point of starting
+for my Tusculan villa, and taking my dear young Cicero with me as though
+to school (a school not for sport, but for learning), since I did not
+wish to be at any greater distance from town, because I purposed
+supporting Pomptinus's[649] claim of a triumph on the 3rd of November.
+For there will be, in fact, some little difficulty; as the prætors, Cato
+and Servilius,[650] threaten to forbid it, though I don't know what they
+can do. For he will have on his side Appius the consul, some prætors and
+tribunes. Still, they do threaten--and among the foremost Q. Scævola,
+"breathing war."[651] Most delightful and dearest of brothers, take good
+care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 646: Pompey was outside the _pomœrium_ (_ad Romam_) as
+having _imperium_.]
+
+[Footnote 647: Two gladiators, one incomparably superior to the other.]
+
+[Footnote 648: A proverbial expression, cp. "snapped my nose off."]
+
+[Footnote 649: C. Pomptinus, prætor in B.C. 63 (when he had supported
+Cicero), was afterwards employed against the Allobroges as proprætor of
+Narbonensis (B.C. 61). He had been, ever since leaving his province (?
+B.C. 58), urging his claim to a triumph. He obtained it now by the
+contrivance of the prætor Serv. Sulpicius Galba, who got a vote passed
+by the _comitia_ before daybreak, which was unconstitutional (Dio, 39,
+65).]
+
+[Footnote 650: P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul B.C. 48) was an
+admirer of Cato. See p. 112.]
+
+[Footnote 651: Ἄ�η πνέων.]
+
+
+
+
+CLII (F I, 9)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+M. Cicero desires his warmest regards to P. Lentulus, _imperator_.[652]
+Your letter was very gratifying to me, from which I gathered that you
+fully appreciated my devotion to you: for why use the word kindness,
+when even the word "devotion" itself, with all its solemn and holy
+associations, seems too weak to express my obligations to you? As for
+your saying that my services to you are gratefully accepted, it is you
+who in your overflowing affection make things, which cannot be omitted
+without criminal negligence, appear deserving of even gratitude.
+However, my feelings towards you would have been much more fully known
+and conspicuous, if, during all this time that we have been separated,
+we had been together, and together at Rome. For precisely in what you
+declare your intention of doing--what no one is more capable of doing,
+and what I confidently look forward to from you--that is to say, in
+speaking in the senate, and in every department of public life and
+political activity, we should together have been in a very strong
+position (what my feelings and position are in regard to politics I will
+explain shortly, and will answer the questions you ask), and at any rate
+I should have found in you a supporter, at once most warmly attached and
+endowed with supreme wisdom, while in me you would have found an
+adviser, perhaps not the most unskilful in the world, and at least both
+faithful and devoted to your interests. However, for your own sake, of
+course, I rejoice, as I am bound to do, that you have been greeted with
+the title of _imperator_, and are holding your province and victorious
+army after a successful campaign. But certainly, if you had been here,
+you would have enjoyed to a fuller extent and more directly the benefit
+of the services which I am bound to render you. Moreover, in taking
+vengeance on those whom you know in some cases to be your enemies,
+because you championed the cause of my recall, in others to be jealous
+of the splendid position and renown which that measure brought you, I
+should have done you yeoman's service as your associate. However, that
+perpetual enemy of his own friends, who, in spite of having been
+honoured with the highest compliments on your part, has selected you of
+all people for the object of his impotent and enfeebled violence, has
+saved me the trouble by punishing himself. For he has made attempts, the
+disclosure of which has left him without a shred, not only of political
+position, but even of freedom of action.[653] And though I should have
+preferred that you should have gained your experience in my case alone,
+rather than in your own also, yet in the midst of my regret I am glad
+that you have learnt what the fidelity of mankind is worth, at no great
+cost to yourself, which I learnt at the price of excessive pain. And I
+think that I have now an opportunity presented me, while answering the
+questions you have addressed to me, of also explaining my entire
+position and view. You say in your letter that you have been informed
+that I have become reconciled to Cæsar and Appius, and you add that you
+have no fault to find with that. But you express a wish to know what
+induced me to defend and compliment Vatinius. In order to make my
+explanation plainer I must go a little farther back in the statement of
+my policy and its grounds.
+
+Well, Lentulus! At first--after the success of your efforts for my
+recall--I looked upon myself as having been restored not alone to my
+friends, but to the Republic also; and seeing that I owed you an
+affection almost surpassing belief, and every kind of service, however
+great and rare, that could be bestowed on your person, I thought that to
+the Republic, which had much assisted you in restoring me, I at least
+was bound to entertain the feeling which I had in old times shewed
+merely from the duty incumbent on all citizens alike, and not as an
+obligation incurred by some special kindness to myself. That these were
+my sentiments I declared to the senate when you were consul, and you had
+yourself a full view of them in our conversations and discussions. Yet
+from the very first my feelings were hurt by many circumstances, when,
+on your mooting the question of the full restoration of my position, I
+detected the covert hatred of some and the equivocal attachment of
+others. For you received no support from them either in regard to my
+monuments, or the illegal violence by which, in common with my brother,
+I had been driven from my house; nor, by heaven, did they shew the
+goodwill which I had expected in regard to those matters which, though
+necessary to me owing to the shipwreck of my fortune, were yet regarded
+by me as least valuable--I mean as to indemnifying me for my losses by
+decree of the senate. And though I saw all this--for it was not
+difficult to see--yet their present conduct did not affect me with so
+much bitterness as what they had done for me did with gratitude. And
+therefore, though according to your own assertion and testimony I was
+under very great obligation to Pompey, and though I loved him not only
+for his kindness, but also from my own feelings, and, so to speak, from
+my unbroken admiration of him, nevertheless, without taking any account
+of his wishes, I abode by all my old opinions in politics.[654] With
+Pompey sitting in court,[655] upon his having entered the city to give
+evidence in favour of Sestius, and when the witness Vatinius had
+asserted that, moved by the good fortune and success of Cæsar, I had
+begun to be his friend, I said that I preferred the fortune of Bibulus,
+which he thought a humiliation, to the triumphs and victories of
+everybody else; and I said during the examination of the same witness,
+in another part of my speech, that the same men had prevented Bibulus
+from leaving his house as had forced me from mine: my whole
+cross-examination, indeed, was nothing but a denunciation of his
+tribuneship;[656] and in it I spoke throughout with the greatest
+freedom and spirit about violence, neglect of omens, grants of royal
+titles. Nor, indeed, in the support of this view is it only of late that
+I have spoken: I have done so consistently on several occasions in the
+senate. Nay, even in the consulship of Marcellinus and Philippus,[657]
+on the 5th of April the senate voted on my motion that the question of
+the Campanian land should be referred to a full meeting of the senate on
+the 15th of May. Could I more decidedly invade the stronghold of his
+policy, or shew more clearly that I forgot my own present interests, and
+remembered my former political career? On my delivery of this proposal a
+great impression was made on the minds not only of those who were bound
+to have been impressed, but also of those of whom I had never expected
+it. For, after this decree had passed in accordance with my motion,
+Pompey, without shewing the least sign of being offended with me,
+started for Sardinia and Africa, and in the course of that journey
+visited Cæsar at Luca. There Cæsar complained a great deal about my
+motion, for he had already seen Crassus at Ravenna also, and had been
+irritated by him against me. It was well known that Pompey was much
+vexed at this, as I was told by others, but learnt most definitely from
+my brother. For when Pompey met him in Sardinia, a few days after
+leaving Luca, he said: "You are the very man I want to see; nothing
+could have happened more conveniently. Unless you speak very strongly to
+your brother Marcus, you will have to pay up what you guaranteed on his
+behalf."[658] I need not go on. He grumbled a great deal: mentioned his
+own services to me: recalled what he had again and again said to my
+brother himself about the "acts" of Cæsar, and what my brother had
+undertaken in regard to me; and called my brother himself to witness
+that what he had done in regard to my recall he had done with the
+consent of Cæsar: and asked him to commend to me the latter's policy and
+claims, that I should not attack, even if I would not or could not
+support them. My brother having conveyed these remarks to me, and
+Pompey having, nevertheless, sent Vibullius to me with a message,
+begging me not to commit myself on the question of the Campanian land
+till his return, I reconsidered my position and begged the state itself,
+as it were, to allow me, who had suffered and done so much for it, to
+fulfil the duty which gratitude to my benefactors and the pledge which
+my brother had given demanded, and to suffer one whom it had ever
+regarded as an honest citizen to shew himself an honest man. Moreover,
+in regard to all those motions and speeches of mine which appeared to be
+giving offence to Pompey, the remarks of a particular set of men, whose
+names you must surely guess, kept on being reported to me; who, while in
+public affairs they were really in sympathy with my policy, and had
+always been so, yet said that they were glad that Pompey was
+dissatisfied with me, and that Cæsar would be very greatly exasperated
+against me. This in itself was vexatious to me: but much more so was the
+fact that they used, before my very eyes, so to embrace, fondle, make
+much of, and kiss my enemy--mine do I say? rather the enemy of the laws,
+of the law courts, of peace, of his country, of all loyal men!--that
+they did not indeed rouse my bile, for I have utterly lost all that, but
+imagined they did. In these circumstances, having, as far as is possible
+for human prudence, thoroughly examined my whole position, and having
+balanced the items of the account, I arrived at a final result of all my
+reflexions, which, as well as I can, I will now briefly put before you.
+
+If I had seen the Republic in the hands of bad or profligate citizens,
+as we know happened during the supremacy of Cinna, and on some other
+occasions, I should not under the pressure, I don't say of rewards,
+which are the last things to influence me, but even of danger, by which,
+after all, the bravest men are moved, have attached myself to their
+party, not even if their services to me had been of the very highest
+kind. As it is, seeing that the leading statesman in the Republic was
+Pompey, a man who had gained this power and renown by the most eminent
+services to the state and the most glorious achievements, and one of
+whose position I had been a supporter from my youth up, and in my
+prætorship and consulship an active promoter also, and seeing that this
+same statesman had assisted me, in his own person by the weight of his
+influence and the expression of his opinion, and, in conjunction with
+you, by his counsels and zeal, and that he regarded my enemy as his own
+supreme enemy in the state--I did not think that I need fear the
+reproach of inconsistency, if in some of my senatorial votes I somewhat
+changed my standpoint, and contributed my zeal to the promotion of the
+dignity of a most distinguished man, and one to whom I am under the
+highest obligations. In this sentiment I had necessarily to include
+Cæsar, as you see, for their policy and position were inseparably
+united. Here I was greatly influenced by two things--the old friendship
+which you know that I and my brother Quintus have had with Cæsar, and
+his own kindness and liberality, of which we have recently had clear and
+unmistakable evidence both by his letters and his personal attentions. I
+was also strongly affected by the Republic itself, which appeared to me
+to demand, especially considering Cæsar's brilliant successes, that
+there should be no quarrel maintained with these men, and indeed to
+forbid it in the strongest manner possible. Moreover, while entertaining
+these feelings, I was above all shaken by the pledge which Pompey had
+given for me to Cæsar, and my brother to Pompey. Besides, I was forced
+to take into consideration the state maxim so divinely expressed by our
+master Plato--"Such as are the chief men in a republic, such are ever
+wont to be the other citizens." I called to mind that in my consulship,
+from the very 1st of January, such a foundation was laid of
+encouragement for the senate, that no one ought to have been surprised
+that on the 5th of December there was so much spirit and such commanding
+influence in that house. I also remember that when I became a private
+citizen up to the consulship of Cæsar and Bibulus, when the opinions
+expressed by me had great weight in the senate, the feeling among all
+the loyalists was invariable. Afterwards, while you were holding the
+province of hither Spain with _imperium_ and the Republic had no genuine
+consuls, but mere hucksters of provinces, mere slaves and agents of
+sedition, an accident threw my head as an apple of discord into the
+midst of contending factions and civil broils. And in that hour of
+danger, though a unanimity was displayed on the part of the senate that
+was surprising, on the part of all Italy surpassing belief, and of all
+the loyalists unparalleled, in standing forth in my defence, I will not
+say what happened--for the blame attaches to many, and is of various
+shades of turpitude--I will only say briefly that it was not the rank
+and file, but the leaders, that played me false. And in this matter,
+though some blame does attach to those who failed to defend me, no less
+attaches to those who abandoned me: and if those who were frightened
+deserve reproach, if there are such, still more are those to be blamed
+who pretended to be frightened. At any rate, my policy is justly to be
+praised for refusing to allow my fellow citizens (preserved by me and
+ardently desiring to preserve me) to be exposed while bereft of leaders
+to armed slaves, and for preferring that it should be made manifest how
+much force there might be in the unanimity of the loyalists, if they had
+been permitted to champion my cause before I had fallen, when after that
+fall they had proved strong enough to raise me up again. And the real
+feelings of these men you not only had the penetration to see, when
+bringing forward my case, but the power to encourage and keep alive. In
+promoting which measure--I will not merely not deny, but shall always
+remember also and gladly proclaim it--you found certain men of the
+highest rank more courageous in securing my restoration than they had
+been in preserving me from my fall: and, if they had chosen to maintain
+that frame of mind, they would have recovered their own commanding
+position along with my salvation. For when the spirit of the loyalists
+had been renewed by your consulship, and they had been roused from their
+dismay by the extreme firmness and rectitude of your official conduct;
+when, above all, Pompey's support had been secured; and when Cæsar, too,
+with all the prestige of his brilliant achievements, after being
+honoured with unique and unprecedented marks of distinction and
+compliments by the senate, was now supporting the dignity of the house,
+there could have been no opportunity for a disloyal citizen of outraging
+the Republic.
+
+But now notice, I beg, what actually ensued. First of all, that intruder
+upon the women's rites, who had shewn no more respect for the Bona Dea
+than for his three sisters, secured immunity by the votes of those men
+who, when a tribune wished by a legal action to exact penalties from a
+seditious citizen by the agency of the loyalists, deprived the Republic
+of what would have been hereafter a most splendid precedent for the
+punishment of sedition. And these same persons, in the case of the
+monument, which was not mine, indeed--for it was not erected from the
+proceeds of spoils won by me, and I had nothing to do with it beyond
+giving out the contract for its construction--well, they allowed this
+monument of the senate's to have branded upon it the name of a public
+enemy, and an inscription written in blood. That those men wished my
+safety rouses my liveliest gratitude, but I could have wished that they
+had not chosen to take my bare safety into consideration, like doctors,
+but, like trainers, my strength and complexion also! As it is, just as
+Apelles perfected the head and bust of his Venus with the most elaborate
+art, but left the rest of her body in the rough, so certain persons only
+took pains with my head, and left the rest of my body unfinished and
+unworked. Yet in this matter I have falsified the expectation, not only
+of the jealous, but also of the downright hostile, who formerly
+conceived a wrong opinion from the case of Quintus Metellus, son of
+Lucius--the most energetic and gallant man in the world, and in my
+opinion of surpassing courage and firmness--who, people say, was much
+cast down and dispirited after his return from exile.[659] Now, in the
+first place, we are asked to believe that a man who accepted exile with
+entire willingness and remarkable cheerfulness, and never took any pains
+at all to get recalled, was crushed in spirit about an affair in which
+he had shewn more firmness and constancy than anyone else, even than the
+pre-eminent M. Scaurus himself![660] But, again, the account they had
+received, or rather the conjectures they were indulging in about him,
+they now transferred to me, imagining that I should be more than usually
+broken in spirit: whereas, in fact, the Republic was inspiring me with
+even greater courage than I had ever had before, by making it plain
+that I was the one citizen it could not do without; and by the fact that
+while a bill proposed by only one tribune had recalled Metellus, the
+whole state had joined as one man in recalling me--the senate leading
+the way, the whole of Italy following after, eight of the tribunes
+publishing the bill, a consul putting the question at the centuriate
+assembly, all orders and individuals pressing it on, in fact, with all
+the forces at its command. Nor is it the case that I afterwards made any
+pretension, or am making any at this day, which can justly offend
+anyone, even the most malevolent: my only effort is that I may not fail
+either my friends or those more remotely connected with me in either
+active service, or counsel, or personal exertion. This course of life
+perhaps offends those who fix their eyes on the glitter and show of my
+professional position, but are unable to appreciate its anxieties and
+laboriousness.
+
+Again, they make no concealment of their dissatisfaction on the ground
+that in the speeches which I make in the senate in praise of Cæsar I am
+departing from my old policy. But while giving explanations on the
+points which I put before you a short time ago, I will not keep till the
+last the following, which I have already touched upon. You will not
+find, my dear Lentulus, the sentiments of the loyalists the same as you
+left them--strengthened by my consulship, suffering relapse at intervals
+afterwards, crushed down before your consulship, revived by you: they
+have now been abandoned by those whose duty it was to have maintained
+them: and this fact they, who in the old state of things as it existed
+in our day used to be called _Optimates_, not only declare by look and
+expression of countenance, by which a false pretence is easiest
+supported, but have proved again and again by their actual sympathies
+and votes. Accordingly, the entire view and aim of wise citizens, such
+as I wish both to be and to be reckoned, must needs have undergone a
+change. For that is the maxim of that same great Plato, whom I
+emphatically regard as my master: "Maintain a political controversy only
+so far as you can convince your fellow citizens of its justice: never
+offer violence to parent or fatherland."[661] He, it is true, alleges
+this as his motive for having abstained from politics, because, having
+found the Athenian people all but in its dotage, and seeing that it
+could not be ruled by persuasion, or by anything short of compulsion,
+while he doubted the possibility of persuasion, he looked upon
+compulsion as criminal. My position was different in this: as the people
+was not in its dotage, nor the question of engaging in politics still an
+open one for me, I was bound hand and foot. Yet I rejoiced that I was
+permitted in one and the same cause to support a policy at once
+advantageous to myself and acceptable to every loyalist. An additional
+motive was Cæsar's memorable and almost superhuman kindness to myself
+and my brother, who thus would have deserved my support whatever he
+undertook; while as it is, considering his great success and his
+brilliant victories, he would seem, even if he had not behaved to me as
+he has, to claim a panegyric from me. For I would have you believe that,
+putting you aside, who were the authors of my recall, there is no one by
+whose good offices I would not only confess, but would even rejoice, to
+have been so much bound.
+
+Having explained this matter to you, the questions you ask about
+Vatinius and Crassus are easy to answer. For, since you remark about
+Appius, as about Cæsar, "that you have no fault to find," I can only say
+that I am glad you approve my policy. But as to Vatinius, in the first
+place there had been in the interval a reconciliation effected through
+Pompey, immediately after his election to the prætorship, though I had,
+it is true, impugned his canditature in some very strong speeches in the
+senate, and yet not so much for the sake of attacking him as of
+defending and complimenting Cato. Again, later on, there followed a very
+pressing request from Cæsar that I should undertake his defence. But my
+reason for testifying to his character I beg you will not ask, either in
+the case of this defendant or of others, lest I retaliate by asking you
+the same question when you come home: though I can do so even before you
+return: for remember for whom you sent a certificate of character from
+the ends of the earth. However, don't be afraid, for those same persons
+are praised by myself, and will continue to be so. Yet, after all, there
+was also the motive spurring me on to undertake his defence, of which,
+during the trial, when I appeared for him, I remarked that I was doing
+just what the parasite in the _Eunuchus_ advised the captain to do:
+
+    "As oft as she names Phædria, you retort
+    With Pamphila. If ever she suggest,
+    'Do let us have in Phædria to our revel:'
+    Quoth you, 'And let us call on Pamphila
+    To sing a song.' If she shall praise _his_ looks,
+    Do you praise _hers_ to match them: and, in fine,
+    Give tit for tat, that you may sting her soul."
+
+So I asked the jurors, since certain men of high rank, who had also done
+me very great favours, were much enamoured of my enemy, and often under
+my very eyes in the senate now took him aside in grave consultation, now
+embraced him familiarly and cheerfully--since these men had their
+Publius, to grant me another Publius, in whose person I might repay a
+slight attack by a moderate retort.[662] And, indeed, I am often as good
+as my word, with the applause of gods and men. So much for Vatinius. Now
+about Crassus. I thought I had done much to secure his gratitude in
+having, for the sake of the general harmony, wiped out by a kind of
+voluntary act of oblivion all his very serious injuries, when he
+suddenly undertook the defence of Gabinius, whom only a few days before
+he had attacked with the greatest bitterness. Nevertheless, I should
+have borne that, if he had done so without casting any offensive
+reflexions on me. But on his attacking me, though I was only arguing and
+not inveighing against him, I fired up not only, I think, with the
+passion of the moment--for that perhaps would not have been so hot--but
+the smothered wrath at his many wrongs to me, of which I thought I had
+wholly got rid, having, unconsciously to myself, lingered in my soul, it
+suddenly shewed itself in full force. And it was at this precise time
+that certain persons (the same whom I frequently indicate by a sign or
+hint), while declaring that they had much enjoyed my outspoken style,
+and had never before fully realized that I was restored to the Republic
+in all my old character, and when my conduct of that controversy had
+gained me much credit outside the house also, began saying that they
+were glad both that he was now my enemy, and that those who were
+involved with him would never be my friends. So when their ill-natured
+remarks were reported to me by men of most respectable character, and
+when Pompey pressed me as he had never done before to be reconciled to
+Crassus, and Cæsar wrote to say that he was exceedingly grieved at that
+quarrel, I took into consideration not only my circumstances, but my
+natural inclination: and Crassus, that our reconciliation might, as it
+were, be attested to the Roman people, started for his province, it
+might almost be said, from my hearth. For he himself named a day and
+dined with me in the suburban villa of my son-in-law Crassipes. On this
+account, as you say that you have been told, I supported his cause in
+the senate, which I had undertaken on Pompey's strong recommendation, as
+I was bound in honour to do.
+
+I have now told you with what motives I have supported each measure and
+cause, and what my position is in politics as far as I take any part in
+them: and I would wish you to make sure of this--that I should have
+entertained the same sentiments, if I had been still perfectly
+uncommitted and free to choose. For I should not have thought it right
+to fight against such overwhelming power, nor to destroy the supremacy
+of the most distinguished citizens, even if it had been possible; nor,
+again, should I have thought myself bound to abide by the same view,
+when circumstances were changed and the feelings of the loyalists
+altered, but rather to bow to circumstances. For the persistence in the
+same view has never been regarded as a merit in men eminent for their
+guidance of the helm of state; but as in steering a ship one secret of
+the art is to run before the storm, even if you cannot make the harbour;
+yet, when you can do so by tacking about, it is folly to keep to the
+course you have begun rather than by changing it to arrive all the same
+at the destination you desire: so while we all ought in the
+administration of the state to keep always in view the object I have
+very frequently mentioned, peace combined with dignity, we are not bound
+always to use the same language, but to fix our eyes on the same object.
+Wherefore, as I laid down a little while ago, if I had had as free a
+hand as possible in everything, I should yet have been no other than I
+now am in politics. When, moreover, I am at once induced to adopt these
+sentiments by the kindness of certain persons, and driven to do so by
+the injuries of others, I am quite content to think and speak about
+public affairs as I conceive best conduces to the interests both of
+myself and of the Republic. Moreover, I make this declaration the more
+openly and frequently, both because my brother Quintus is Cæsar's
+legate, and because no word of mine, however trivial, to say nothing of
+any act, in support of Cæsar has ever transpired, which he has not
+received with such marked gratitude, as to make me look upon myself as
+closely bound to him. Accordingly, I have the advantage of his
+popularity, which you know to be very great, and his material resources,
+which you know to be immense, as though they were my own. Nor do I think
+that I could in any other way have frustrated the plots of unprincipled
+persons against me, unless I had now combined with those protections,
+which I have always possessed, the goodwill also of the men in power. I
+should, to the best of my belief, have followed this same line of policy
+even if I had had you here. For I well know the reasonableness and
+soberness of your judgment: I know your mind, while warmly attached to
+me, to be without a tinge of malevolence to others, but on the contrary
+as open and candid as it is great and lofty. I have seen certain persons
+conduct themselves towards you as you might have seen the same persons
+conduct themselves towards me. The same things that have annoyed me
+would certainly have annoyed you. But whenever I shall have the
+enjoyment of your presence, you will be the wise critic of all my plans:
+you who took thought for my safety will also do so for my dignity. Me,
+indeed, you will have as the partner and associate in all your actions,
+sentiments, wishes--in fact, in everything; nor shall I ever in all my
+life have any purpose so steadfastly before me, as that you should
+rejoice more and more warmly every day that you did me such eminent
+service.
+
+As to your request that I would send you any books I have written since
+your departure, there are some speeches, which I will give Menocritus,
+not so very many, so don't be afraid! I have also written--for I am now
+rather withdrawing from oratory and returning to the gentler Muses,
+which now give me greater delight than any others, as they have done
+since my earliest youth--well, then, I have written in the Aristotelian
+style, at least that was my aim, three books in the form of a discussion
+in dialogue "On the Orator," which, I think, will be of some service to
+your Lentulus. For they differ a good deal from the current maxims, and
+embrace a discussion on the whole oratorical theory of the ancients,
+both that of Aristotle and Isocrates. I have also written in verse three
+books "On my own Times," which I should have sent you some time ago, if
+I had thought they ought to be published--for they are witnesses, and
+will be eternal witnesses, of your services to me and of my
+affection--but I refrained because I was afraid, not of those who might
+think themselves attacked, for I have been very sparing and gentle in
+that respect, but of my benefactors, of whom it were an endless task to
+mention the whole list. Nevertheless, the books, such as they are, if I
+find anyone to whom I can safely commit them, I will take care to have
+conveyed to you: and as far as that part of my life and conduct is
+concerned, I submit it entirely to your judgment. All that I shall
+succeed in accomplishing in literature or in learning--my old favourite
+relaxations--I shall with the utmost cheerfulness place before the bar
+of your criticism, for you have always had a fondness for such things.
+As to what you say in your letter about your domestic affairs, and all
+you charge me to do, I am so attentive to them that I don't like being
+reminded, can scarcely bear, indeed, to be asked without a very painful
+feeling. As to your saying, in regard to Quintus's business, that you
+could not do anything last summer, because you were prevented by illness
+from crossing to Cilicia, but that you will now do everything in your
+power to settle it, I may tell you that the fact of the matter is that,
+if he can annex this property, my brother thinks that he will owe to you
+the consolidation of this ancestral estate. I should like you to write
+about all your affairs, and about the studies and training of your son
+Lentulus (whom I regard as mine also) as confidentially and as
+frequently as possible, and to believe that there never has been anyone
+either dearer or more congenial to another than you are to me, and that
+I will not only make you feel that to be the case, but will make all the
+world and posterity itself to the latest generation aware of it.
+
+Appius used some time back to repeat in conversation, and afterwards
+said openly, even in the senate, that if he were allowed to carry a law
+in the _comitia curiata_, he would draw lots with his colleague for
+their provinces; but if no curiatian law were passed, he would make an
+arrangement with his colleague and succeed you: that a curiatian law was
+a proper thing for a consul, but was not a necessity: that since he was
+in possession of a province by a decree of the senate, he should have
+_imperium_ in virtue of the Cornelian law until such time as he entered
+the city. I don't know what your several connexions write to you on the
+subject: I understand that opinion varies. There are some who think that
+you can legally refuse to quit your province, because your successor is
+named without a curiatian law: some also hold that, even if you do quit
+it, you may leave some one behind you to conduct its government. For
+myself, I do not feel so certain about the point of law--although there
+is not much doubt even about that--as I do of this, that it is for your
+greatest honour, dignity, and independence, which I know you always
+value above everything, to hand over your province to a successor
+without any delay, especially as you cannot thwart his greediness
+without rousing suspicion of your own. I regard my duty as twofold--to
+let you know what I think, and to defend what you have done.
+
+P.S.--I had written the above when I received your letter about the
+_publicani_, to whom I could not but admire the justice of your conduct.
+I could have wished that you had been able by some lucky chance to avoid
+running counter to the interests and wishes of that order, whose honour
+you have always promoted. For my part, I shall not cease to defend your
+decrees: but you know the ways of that class of men; you are aware how
+bitterly hostile they were to the famous Q. Scævola himself. However, I
+advise you to reconcile that order to yourself, or at least soften its
+feelings, if you can by any means do so. Though difficult, I think it
+is, nevertheless, not beyond the reach of your sagacity.
+
+[Footnote 652: Cicero gives him this title, by which he had been greeted
+by his soldiers after some victory over the predatory tribes in Cilicia.
+This letter is Cicero's most elaborate apology for his change of policy
+in favour of the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 653: Cicero has been variously supposed to refer to C. Cato
+(who proposed the recall of Lentulus), to Appius the consul, and finally
+to Pompey. The last seems on the whole most likely, though the
+explanation is not without difficulties. In that case the "disclosure"
+will refer to Pompey's intrigues as to the restoration of Ptolemy
+Auletes, of which he wished to have the management.]
+
+[Footnote 654: _I.e._, to keep in with the Optimates, who were at this
+time suspicious of, and hostile to Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 655: At the trial of Sestius.]
+
+[Footnote 656: B.C. 59, when Vatinius proposed the law for Cæsar's five
+years' rule in Gaul.]
+
+[Footnote 657: B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 658: Pompey is only speaking metaphorically. Quintus had
+guaranteed Cicero's support. Pompey half-jestingly speaks as though he
+had gone bail for him for a sum of money.]
+
+[Footnote 659: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Numidius, expelled from the senate
+and banished B.C. 100 for refusing the oath to the agrarian law of
+Saturninus, but recalled in the following year. Cicero is fond of
+comparing himself with him. See Letter CXLVII.]
+
+[Footnote 660: M. Æmilius Scaurus, consul B.C. 115 and 108, censor 109,
+and long _princeps senatus_. Cicero comments elsewhere on his
+_severitas_ (_de Off._ § 108).]
+
+[Footnote 661: Plato, _Crit._ xii.]
+
+[Footnote 662: Like the character in the play (Terence, _Eun._ 440), if
+the nobles annoyed Cicero by their attentions to P. Clodius, he would
+annoy them by his compliments to Publius Vatinius.]
+
+
+
+
+CLIII (A IV, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME, OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+... As it is,[663] to tell you my opinion of affairs, we must put up
+with it. You ask me how I have behaved. With firmness and dignity. "What
+about Pompey," you will say, "how did he take it?" With great
+consideration, and with the conviction that he must have some regard for
+my position, until a satisfactory atonement had been made to me. "How,
+then," you will say, "was the acquittal secured?" It was a case of mere
+dummies,[664] and incredible incompetence on the part of the
+accusers--that is to say, of L. Lentulus, son of Lucius, who, according
+to the universal murmur, acted collusively. In the next place, Pompey
+was extraordinarily urgent; and the jurors were a mean set of fellows.
+Yet, in spite of everything, there were thirty-two votes for conviction,
+thirty-eight for acquittal. There are the other prosecutions hanging
+over his head: he is by no means entirely free yet. You will say, "Well,
+then, how do _you_ bear it?" With the best air possible, by heaven! and
+I really do plume myself on my behaviour. We have lost, my dear
+Pomponius, not only all the healthy sap and blood of our old
+constitution, but even its colour and outward show. There is no Republic
+to give a moment's pleasure or a feeling of security. "And is that,
+then," you will say, "a satisfaction to you?" Precisely that. For I
+recall what a fair course the state had for a short time, while I was at
+the helm, and what a return has been made me! It does not give me a pang
+that one man absorbs all power. The men to burst with envy are those who
+were indignant at my having had some power. There are many things which
+console me, without my departing an inch from my regular position; and I
+am returning to the life best suited to my natural disposition--to
+letters and the studies that I love. My labour in pleading I console by
+my delight in oratory. I find delight in my town house and my country
+residences. I do not recall the height from which I have fallen, but the
+humble position from which I have risen. As long as I have my brother
+and you with me, let those fellows be hanged, drawn, and quartered for
+all I care: I can play the philosopher with you. That part of my soul,
+in which in old times irritability had its home, has grown completely
+callous. I find no pleasure in anything that is not private and
+domestic. You will find me in a state of magnificent repose, to which
+nothing contributes more than the prospect of your return. For there is
+no one in the wide world whose feelings are so much in sympathy with my
+own. But now let me tell you the rest. Matters are drifting on to an
+_interregnum_; and there is a dictatorship in the air, in fact a good
+deal of talk about it, which did Gabinius also some service with timid
+jurors. All the candidates for the consulship are charged with bribery.
+You may add to them Gabinius, on whom L. Sulla had served notice,
+feeling certain that he was in a hopeless position--Torquatus having,
+without success, demanded to have the prosecution. But they will all be
+acquitted, and henceforth no one will be condemned for anything except
+homicide. This last charge is warmly pressed, and accordingly informers
+are busy. M. Fulvius Nobilior has been convicted. Many others have had
+the wit to abstain from even putting in an appearance. Is there any more
+news? Yes! After Gabinius's acquittal another panel of jurors, in a fit
+of irritation, an hour later condemned Antiochus Gabinius, some fellow
+from the studio of Sopolis, a freedman and orderly officer of Gabinius,
+under the _lex Papia_. Consequently he at once remarked, "So the
+Republic will not acquit me under the law of treason as it did
+you!"[665]
+
+Pomptinus wants to celebrate a triumph on the 2nd of November. He is
+openly opposed by the prætors Cato and Servilius and the tribune Q.
+Mucius. For they say that no law for his _imperium_ was ever
+carried:[666] and this one too was carried, by heaven, in a stupid way.
+But Pomptinus will have the consul Appius on his side.[667] Cato,
+however, declares that he shall never triumph so long as he is alive. I
+think this affair, like many of the same sort, will come to nothing.
+Appius thinks of going to Cilicia without a law, and at his own
+expense.[668] I received a letter on the 24th of October from my brother
+and from Cæsar, dated from the nearest coasts of Britain on the 26th of
+September. Britain done with ... hostages taken ... no booty ... a
+tribute, however, imposed; they were on the point of bringing back the
+army. Q. Pilius has just set out to join Cæsar. If you have any love for
+me or your family, or any truth in you, or even if you have any taste
+left, and any idea of enjoying all your blessings, it is really time for
+you to be on your way home, and, in fact, almost here. I vow I cannot
+get on without you. And what wonder that I can't get on without _you_,
+when I miss Dionysius so much? The latter, in fact, as soon as the day
+comes, both I and my young Cicero will demand of you. The last letter I
+had from you was dated Ephesus, 9th of August.
+
+[Footnote 663: The beginning of the letter is lost, referring to the
+acquittal of Gabinius on a charge of _maiestas_.]
+
+[Footnote 664: γο�γεῖα γυμνά, "mere bugbears."]
+
+[Footnote 665: Antiochus Gabinius was tried, not for treason
+(_maiestas_), but under the _lex Papia_, for having, though a
+_peregrinus_, acted as a citizen; but he says "will not acquit me of
+_treason_," because he means to infer that his condemnation was really
+in place of Gabinius, whose acquittal had irritated his jury; therefore
+he was practically convicted of _maiestas_ instead of his patron
+Gabinius. I have, accordingly, ventured to elicit the end of a hexameter
+from the Greek letters of the MS., of which no satisfactory account has
+been given, and to read _Itaque dixit statim "respublica lege
+maiestatis_ ο� σοί κεν ἄ�' ἶσα μ' ἀφείη (or ἀφιῇ)." The quotation is not
+known. Antiochus Gabinius was doubtless of Greek origin and naturally
+quoted Greek poetry. Sopolis was a Greek painter living at Rome (Pliny,
+_N. H._ xxxv. §§ 40, 43).]
+
+[Footnote 666: Pomptinus had been waiting outside Rome for some years to
+get his triumph (see p. 309). The _negant latum de imperio_ must refer
+to a _lex curiata_ originally conferring his _imperium_, which his
+opponents alleged had not been passed. The _insulse latum_ refers to the
+law now passed granting him the triumph in spite of this. This latter
+was passed by the old trick of the prætor appearing in the _campus_
+before daybreak to prevent _obnuntiatio_. The result was that the
+tribunes interrupted the procession, which led to fighting and bloodshed
+(Dio, 39, 65).]
+
+[Footnote 667: Because he wanted to go to his province himself in spite
+of having failed to get a _lex curiata_ (p. 324).]
+
+[Footnote 668: _I.e._, without waiting for the senate to vote the usual
+outfit (_ornare provinciam_).]
+
+
+
+
+CLIV (Q FR III, 5-6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+TUSCULUM (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+You ask me what I have done about the books which I begun to write when
+in my Cuman villa: I have not been idle and am not being idle now; but I
+have frequently changed the whole plan and arrangement of the work. I
+had already completed two books, in which I represented a conversation
+taking place on the Novendialia held in the consulship of Tuditanus and
+Aquilius,[669] between Africanus, shortly before his death, and Lælius,
+Philus, Manilius, P. Rutilius, Q. Tubero, and Lælius's sons-in-law,
+Fannius and Scævola; a conversation which was extended to nine days and
+the same number of books "On the best Constitution of the State" and "On
+the best Citizen." The work was excellently composed, and the rank of
+the speakers added considerable weight to the style. But when these
+books were read to me in the presence of Sallustius at Tusculum, it was
+suggested to me by him that a discourse on such subjects would come with
+much greater force if I were myself the speaker on the Republic,
+especially as I was a no mere Heraclides Ponticus,[670] but an
+ex-consul, and one who had been engaged in the most important affairs in
+the state: that when I put them in the mouth of men of such ancient date
+they would have an air of unreality: that I had shewn good taste in my
+books about the science of rhetoric in keeping the dialogue of the
+orators apart from myself, and yet had attributed it to men whom I had
+personally seen: and, finally, that Aristotle delivers in the first
+person his essays "On the Republic" and "On the Eminent Man." I was
+influenced the more by this from the fact that I was unable to touch on
+the most important commotions in our state, because they were subsequent
+to the age of the speakers. Moreover, my express object then was not to
+offend anyone by launching into the events of my own time: as it is, I
+shall avoid that and at the same time be the speaker with you.
+Nevertheless, when I come to Rome I will send you the dialogues as they
+originally stood. For I fancy that those books will convince you that
+they have not been abandoned by me without some chagrin.
+
+I am extremely gratified by Cæsar's affection of which you write to me.
+The offers which he holds out I do not much reckon on, nor have I any
+thirst for honours or longing for glory; and I look forward more to the
+continuation of his kindness than to the fulfilment of his promises.
+Still, I live a life so prominent and laborious that I might seem to be
+expecting the very thing that I deprecate. As to your request that I
+should compose some verses, you could hardly believe, my dear brother,
+how short of time I am: nor do I feel much moved in spirit to write
+poetry on the subject you mention. Do you really come to me for
+disquisitions on things that I can scarcely conceive even in
+imagination--you who have distanced everybody in that style of vivid and
+descriptive writing? Yet I would have done it if I could, but, as you
+will assuredly not fail to notice, for writing poetry there is need of a
+certain freshness of mind of which my occupations entirely deprive me. I
+withdraw myself, it is true, from all political anxiety and devote
+myself to literature; still, I will hint to you what, by heaven, I
+specially wished to have concealed from you. It cuts me to the heart, my
+dearest brother, to the heart, to think that there is no Republic, no
+law courts, and that my present time of life, which ought to have been
+in the full bloom of senatorial dignity, is distracted with the labours
+of the forum or eked out by private studies, and that the object on
+which from boyhood I had set my heart,
+
+    "Far to excel, and tower above the crowd,"[671]
+
+is entirely gone: that my opponents have in some cases been left
+unattacked by me, in others even defended: that not only my sympathies,
+but my very dislikes, are not free: and that Cæsar is the one man in the
+world who has been found to love me to my heart's content, or even, as
+others think, the only one who was inclined to do so. However, there is
+none of all these vexations of such a kind as to be beyond the reach of
+many daily consolations; but the greatest of consolations will be our
+being together. As it is, to those other sources of vexation there is
+added my very deep regret for your absence. If I had defended Gabinius,
+which Pansa thought I ought to have done, I should have been quite
+ruined: those who hate him--and that is entire orders--would have begun
+to hate me for the sake of their hatred for him. I confined myself, as I
+think with great dignity, to doing only that which all the world saw me
+do. And to sum up the whole case, I am, as you advise, devoting all my
+efforts to tranquillity and peace. As to the books: Tyrannio is a
+slow-coach: I will speak to Chrysippus, but it is a laborious business
+and requires a man of the utmost industry. I find it in my own case,
+for, though I am as diligent as possible, I get nothing done. As to the
+Latin books, I don't know which way to turn--they are copied and exposed
+for sale with such a quantity of errors! However, whatever can possibly
+be done I will not neglect to do. Gaius Rebilus, as I wrote to you
+before, is at Rome. He solemnly affirms his great obligations to you,
+and reports well of your health.[672] I think the question of the
+treasury was settled in my absence. When you speak of having finished
+four tragedies in sixteen days, I presume you are borrowing from some
+one else? And do _you_ deign to be indebted to others after writing the
+_Electra_, and the _Troades_? Don't be idle; and don't think the
+proverbial γνῶθι σεαυτόν was only meant to discourage vanity: it means
+also that we should be aware of our own qualities. But pray send me
+these tragedies as well as the _Erigona_. I have now answered your last
+two letters.
+
+[Footnote 669: B.C. 129. The _Novendialia_ was a nine days' festival on
+the occasion of some special evil omens or prodigies; for an instance
+(in B.C. 202), see Livy, 30, 38. The book referred to is that "On the
+Republic."]
+
+[Footnote 670: _I.e._, a mere theorist like Heraclides Ponticus, a pupil
+of Plato's, whose work "On Constitutions" still exists.]
+
+[Footnote 671: Hom. _Il._ vi. 208.]
+
+[Footnote 672: Reading _qui omnia adiurat debere tibi et te valere
+renuntiat_. The text, however, is corrupt.]
+
+
+
+
+CLV (Q FR III, 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+TUSCULUM (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+At Rome, and especially on the Appian road as far as the temple of Mars,
+there is a remarkable flood. The promenade of Crassipes has been washed
+away, pleasure grounds, a great number of shops. There is a great sheet
+of water right up to the public fish-pond. That doctrine of Homer's is
+in full play:
+
+    "The days in autumn when in violent flood
+    Zeus pours his waters, wroth at sinful men"--
+
+for it falls in with the acquittal of Gabinius--
+
+    "Who wrench the law to suit their crooked ends
+    And drive out justice, recking naught of Gods."[673]
+
+But I have made up my mind not to care about such things. When I get
+back to Rome I will write and tell you my observations, and especially
+about the dictatorship, and I will also send a letter to Labienus and
+one to Ligurius. I write this before daybreak by the carved wood
+lamp-stand, in which I take great delight, because they tell me that you
+had it made when you were at Samos. Good-bye, dearest and best of
+brothers.
+
+[Footnote 673: Hom. _Il._ xvi. 385.]
+
+
+
+
+CLVI (F VII, 16)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In the "Trojan Horse," just at the end, you remember the words, "Too
+late they learn wisdom."[674] You, however, old man, were wise in time.
+Those first snappy letters of yours were foolish enough, and then----! I
+don't at all blame you for not being over-curious in regard to Britain.
+For the present, however, you seem to be in winter quarters somewhat
+short of warm clothing, and therefore not caring to stir out:
+
+    "Not here and there, but everywhere,
+    Be wise and ware:
+    No sharper steel can warrior bear."
+
+If I had been by way of dining out, I would not have failed your friend
+Cn. Octavius; to whom, however, I did remark upon his repeated
+invitations, "Pray, who are you?" But, by Hercules, joking apart, he is
+a pretty fellow: I could have wished you had taken him with you! Let me
+know for certain what you are doing and whether you intend coming to
+Italy at all this winter. Balbus has assured me that you will be rich.
+Whether he speaks after the simple Roman fashion, meaning that you will
+be well supplied with money, or according to the Stoic dictum, that "all
+are rich who can enjoy the sky and the earth," I shall know hereafter.
+Those who come from your part accuse you of pride, because they say you
+won't answer men who put questions to you. However, there is one thing
+that will please you: they all agree in saying that there is no better
+lawyer than you at Samarobriva![675]
+
+[Footnote 674: By Livius Andronicus or Nævius. Tyrrell would write the
+proverb _in extremo sero sapiunt_, "'tis too late to be wise at the
+last." There was a proverb, _sero parsimonia in fundo_, something like
+this, Sen. _Ep._ i. 5, from the Greek (Hes. _Op._ 369), δειλὴ δ' �ν
+πυθμένι φειδώ.]
+
+[Footnote 675: In Gallia Belgica, mod. _Amiens._]
+
+
+
+
+CLVII (A IV, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+At last the long-expected letter from you! Back to Italy, how
+delightful! What wonderful fidelity to your promise! What a charming
+voyage! About this last, by Hercules, I was very nervous, remembering
+the fur wrappers of your former crossing. But, unless I am mistaken, I
+shall see you sooner than you say in your letter. For I believe you
+thought that your ladies were in Apulia, and when you find that not to
+be the case, what can there be to detain you there? Are you bound to
+give Vestorius some days, and must you go through the stale banquet of
+his Latin Atticism again after an interval? Nay, fly hither and visit
+(the remains) of that genuine Republic of ours!...[676] Observe my
+strength of mind and my supreme indifference to the Felician[677]
+one-twelfth legacy, and also, by heaven, my very gratifying connexion
+with Cæsar--for this delights me as the one spar left me from the
+present shipwreck--Cæsar, I say, who treats your and my Quintus,
+heavens! with what honour, respect, and favours! It is exactly as if I
+were the _imperator_. The choice was just lately offered him of
+selecting any of the winter quarters, as he writes me word. Wouldn't you
+be fond of such a man as that? Of which of your friends would you, if
+not of him? But look you! did I write you word that I was _legatus_ to
+Pompey, and should be outside the city from the 13th of January onwards?
+This appeared to me to square with many things. But why say more? I
+will, I think, reserve the rest till we meet, that you may, after all,
+have something to look forward to. My very best regards to Dionysius,
+for whom, indeed, I have not merely kept a place, but have even built
+one. In fine, to the supreme joy of your return, a finishing stroke will
+be added by his arrival. The day you arrive, you and your party will, I
+entreat you, stay with me.
+
+[Footnote 676: There are some words here too corrupt to be translated
+with any confidence. They appear to convey a summary of news already
+written in several letters as to the bribery at the elections, the
+acquittal of Gabinius, and the rumour of a dictatorship.]
+
+[Footnote 677: A legacy of a twelfth left by a certain Felix to Cicero
+and Quintus had been rendered null by a mistake as to the will. See the
+letter to Quintus, p. 338.]
+
+
+
+
+CLVIII (Q FR III, 8)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+The earlier of your two letters is full of irritability and
+complainings, and you say you gave another of the same sort the day
+before to Labienus, who has not yet arrived--but I have nothing to say
+in answer to it, for your more recent letter has obliterated all trace
+of vexation from my mind. I will only give you this hint and make this
+request, that in the midst of your vexations and labours you should
+recall what our notion was as to your going to Cæsar. For our object was
+not the acquisition of certain small and unimportant gains. For what was
+there of that kind which we should have thought worth the price of our
+separation? What we sought was the strongest possible security for the
+maintenance of our entire political position by the countenance of a man
+of the highest character and most commanding influence. Our interest is
+not so much in the acquisition of sums of money, as in the realization
+of this hope: all else that you get is to be regarded only as a security
+against actual loss.[678] Wherefore, if you will frequently turn your
+thoughts back upon what we originally proposed to ourselves and hoped to
+do, you will bear with less impatience the labours of military service
+of which you speak and the other things which annoy you, and,
+nevertheless, will resign them whenever you choose. But the right moment
+for that step is not yet come, though it is now not far off.
+Farthermore, I give you this hint--don't commit anything at all to
+writing, the publication of which would be annoying to us. There are
+many things that I would rather not know than learn at some risk. I
+shall write at greater length to you with a mind less preoccupied, when
+my boy Cicero is, as I hope he will be, in a good state of health. Pray
+be careful to let me know to whom I should give the letter which I shall
+then send you--to Cæsar's letter-carriers, for him to forward them
+direct to you, or to those of Labienus? For where your Nervii dwell, and
+how far off, I have no idea.[679] I derived great pleasure from your
+letter describing the courage and dignity displayed (as you say) by
+Cæsar in his extreme sorrow. You bid me finish the poem in his honour
+which I had begun; and although I have been diverted from it by
+business, and still more by my feelings, yet, since Cæsar knows that I
+did begin something, I will return to my design, and will complete in
+these leisure days of the "supplications,"[680] during which I greatly
+rejoice that our friend Messalla and the rest are at last relieved from
+worry. In reckoning on him as certain to be consul with Domitius, you
+are quite in agreement with my own opinion. I will guarantee Messalla to
+Cæsar: but Memmius cherishes a hope, founded on Cæsar's return to Italy,
+in which I think he is under a mistake. He is, indeed, quite out of it
+here. Scaurus, again, has been long ago thrown over by Pompey. The
+business has been put off: the _comitia_ postponed and postponed, till
+we may expect an _interregnum_. The rumour of a dictator is not pleasing
+to the aristocrats; for myself, I like still less what they say. But the
+proposal, as a whole, is looked upon with alarm, and grows unpopular.
+Pompey says outright that he doesn't wish it: to me previously he used
+not personally to deny the wish. Hirrus seems likely to be the proposer.
+Ye gods! what folly! How in love with himself and without--a rival! He
+has commissioned me to choke off Cælius Vinicianus, a man much attached
+to me. Whether Pompey wishes it or not, it is difficult to be sure.
+However, if it is Hirrus who makes the proposal, he will not convince
+people that he does not wish it. There is nothing else being talked
+about in politics just now; at any rate, nothing else is being done. The
+funeral of the son of Serranus Domesticus took place in very melancholy
+circumstances on the 23rd of November. His father delivered the funeral
+oration which I composed for him. Now about Milo. Pompey gives him no
+support, and is all for Gutta, saying also that he will secure Cæsar on
+his side. Milo is alarmed at this, and no wonder, and almost gives up
+hope if Pompey is created dictator. If he assists anyone who vetoes the
+dictatorship by his troop and bodyguard,[681] he fears he may excite
+Pompey's enmity: if he doesn't do so, he fears the proposal may be
+carried by force. He is preparing games on a most magnificent scale, at
+a cost, I assure you, that no one has ever exceeded. It is foolish, on
+two or even three accounts, to give games that were not demanded--he has
+already given a magnificent show of gladiators: he cannot afford it: he
+is only an executor, and might have reflected that he is now an
+executor, not an ædile. That is about all I had to write. Take care of
+yourself, dearest brother.
+
+[Footnote 678: Cicero means, "the substantial gain to be got from your
+serving under Cæsar in Gaul is the securing of his protection in the
+future: all other gains, such as money etc., are merely to be regarded
+as securing you from immediate loss in thus going to Gaul: they don't
+add anything fresh to our position and prospects."]
+
+[Footnote 679: Quintus had his winter quarters among the Nervii, in a
+town near the modern Charleroi. In this winter he was in great danger
+from a sudden rising of the Nervii and other tribes (Cæs. _B. G._ v.
+24-49).]
+
+[Footnote 680: Twenty days of _supplicatio_ had been decreed in honour
+of Cæsar's campaigns of B.C. 55 (Cæs. _B. G._ iv. 38).]
+
+[Footnote 681: His gladiators, which he kept in training for the games
+he was going to give in honour of a deceased friend.]
+
+
+
+
+CLIX (Q FR III, 9)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER OR DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In regard to Gabinius, I had not to carry out any of the measures which
+you suggested with such affectionate solicitude. "May the earth swallow
+me rather, etc.!"[682] I acted with very great dignity and also with the
+greatest consideration. I neither bore hardly on him nor helped him. I
+gave strong evidence, in other respects I did not stir. The disgraceful
+and mischievous result of the trial I bore with the utmost serenity. And
+this is the advantage which, after all that has happened, has accrued to
+me--that I am not even affected in the least by those evils in the state
+and the licentious conduct of the shameless, which used formerly to make
+me burst with indignation: for anything more abandoned than the men and
+the times in which we are living there cannot be. Accordingly, as no
+pleasure can possibly be got from politics, I don't know why I should
+lose my temper. Literature and my favourite studies, along with the
+retirement of my country houses, and above all our two boys, furnish my
+enjoyments. The one man who vexes me is Milo. But I hope an end will be
+put to my anxieties by his getting the consulship: and to obtain this
+for him I shall struggle as hard as I did for my own, and you, I am
+sure, will continue to give assistance from over there. In his case
+other things are all secure, unless it is snatched from his grasp by
+downright violence: it is about his means that I am frightened:
+
+    "For he is now beyond all bearing mad,"[683]
+
+to spend 1,000,000 sesterces (about £8,000) on his games. His want of
+prudence in this one particular I shall put up with as well as I can,
+and you should be strong-minded enough to do the same. In mentioning the
+changes to be expected next year, I didn't mean you to understand me to
+refer to domestic alarms: the reference was wholly to the state of the
+Republic, in which, though not charged with any actual duty, I can
+scarcely discharge myself from all anxiety. Yet how cautious I would
+have you be in writing you may guess from the fact that I do not mention
+in my letters to you even open acts of disorder in the state, lest my
+letter should be intercepted and give offence to the feelings of anyone.
+Wherefore, as far as domestic affairs are concerned, I would have you be
+quite easy: in politics I know how anxious you always are. I can see
+that our friend Messalla will be consul, if by means of an _interrex_,
+without any prosecution, if by that of a dictator, without danger of
+conviction. He is not disliked by anyone. Hortensius's warm support will
+stand him in good stead. Gabinius's acquittal is looked upon as a
+general act of indemnity. _En passant_: nothing has, after all, been
+done as yet about a dictatorship. Pompey is out of town; Appius is
+intriguing darkly; Hirrus is paving the way: there are many tribunes
+calculated on to veto it: the people are indifferent: the leading men
+disinclined to it: I don't stir a finger. I am exceedingly obliged for
+your promises as to slaves, and I am indeed, as you say, short-handed
+both at Rome and on my estates. But pray do nothing for my convenience
+unless it entirely suits your own, and your means. About the letter of
+Vatinius I laughed heartily. But though I know I am being watched by
+him, I can swallow his hatred and digest it too. You urge me to
+"finish": well, I have finished what, in my own opinion at least, is a
+very pretty "epic" on Cæsar, but I am in search of a trustworthy
+letter-carrier, lest it should share the fate of your
+_Erigona_[684]--the only personage who has missed a safe journey from
+Gaul during Cæsar's governorship.
+
+What? because I had no good stone was I to pull down the whole
+building?--a building which I like better every day of my life: the
+lower court especially and the chambers attached to it are admirable. As
+to Arcanum, it is a building worthy of Cæsar, or, by heaven, of some one
+even more tasteful still. For your statues, _palæstra_, fish-pond, and
+conduit are worthy of many Philotimuses, and quite above your
+Diphiluses. But I will visit them personally, as well as sending men to
+look after them and giving orders about them. As to the will of Felix,
+you will complain more when you know all. For the document which he
+believed himself to have sealed, in which your name was most certainly
+entered as heir to a twelfth, this, by a mistake of his own and of his
+slave Sicura, he did not seal: while the one which he did not intend to
+seal he did seal. But let it go hang, so long as we keep well! I am as
+devoted to your son Cicero as you can wish, and as he deserves, and as I
+am bound to be. However, I am letting him leave me, both to avoid
+keeping him from his teachers, and because his mother is leaving,
+without whom I am very much alarmed as to the boy's large appetite. Yet,
+after all, we see a great deal of each other. I have now answered all
+your letters. Dearest and best of brothers, good-bye.
+
+[Footnote 682: _I.e._, rather than defend him. τότε μοι χάνοι (ε��εῖα
+χθών), Hom. _Il._ iv. 182.]
+
+[Footnote 683: � δὲ μαίνεται ο�κ ἔτ' ἀνεκτῶς (Hom. _Il._ viii. 355). The
+numerals seem doubtful. According to some MSS. the amount would be
+10,000,000, _i.e._, £80,000.]
+
+[Footnote 684: The tragedy written by Quintus and lost in transit.]
+
+
+
+
+CLX (F VII, 10)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I have read your letter which informs me that our Cæsar considers you a
+great lawyer. You must be glad to have found a country where you have
+the credit of knowing something. But if you had gone to Britain also, I
+feel sure that there would not have been in all that great island anyone
+more learned in the law than you. However--you won't mind my laughing,
+for you invited me to do so--I am becoming positively a little jealous
+of you! That you should have been actually sent for by a man whom other
+people--not because of his pride, but of his many engagements--cannot
+venture to approach!
+
+But in that letter you told me nothing about your success, which, by
+heaven, is of no less concern to me than my own. I am very much afraid
+you may be frozen in your winter quarters: and therefore I think you
+ought to use a good stove. Mucius and Manilius "concur" in this opinion,
+especially on the ground of your being short of military cloaks.
+However, I am told that you are having a sufficiently warm time of it
+where you are--news which made me much alarmed for you.[685] However, in
+military matters you are much more cautious than at the bar, seeing that
+you wouldn't take a swim in the ocean, fond of swimming as you are, and
+wouldn't take a look at the British charioteers, though in old time I
+could never cheat you even out of a blind-folded gladiator.[686] But
+enough of joking. You know how earnestly I have written to Cæsar about
+you; I know how often. Yet, in truth, I have lately ceased doing so,
+lest I should appear to distrust the kindness of a man who has been most
+liberal and affectionate to me. However, in the very last letter I wrote
+I thought he ought to be reminded. I did so. Please tell me what effect
+it had, and at the same time tell me about your position in general and
+all your plans. For I am anxious to know what you are doing, what you
+are expecting, how long your separation from us you think is to last. I
+would wish you to believe that the one consolation, enabling me to bear
+your absence, is the knowledge that it is for your advantage. But if
+that is not so, nothing can be more foolish than both the one and the
+other of us: me for not inducing you to come back to Rome--you for not
+flying thither. By heavens, our conversation, whether serious or
+jesting, will be worth more not only than the enemy, but even than our
+"brothers" the Hædui.[687] Wherefore let me know about everything as
+soon as possible:
+
+    "I'll be some use by comfort, rede, or pelf."[688]
+
+[Footnote 685: He seems to refer to the rising of the Nervii against the
+Roman winter quarters (Cæs. _B. G._ v. 39 _seq_).]
+
+[Footnote 686: _Andabatam_, a gladiator with a closed helmet covering
+the face, who thus fought without seeing his adversary.]
+
+[Footnote 687: A title granted to the Hædui by the senate (Cæs. _B. G._
+i. 33; Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25).]
+
+[Footnote 688: Terence, _Heautont_. 86.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXI (F I, 10)
+
+TO L. VALERIUS (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+M. Cicero wishes heath to L. Valerius, learned in the law. For why I
+should not pay you this compliment I don't know, especially considering
+that in these times one may employ impudence to supply the place of
+learning. I have written to our friend Lentulus, thanking him earnestly
+in your name. But I could wish that you would now cease using my letter
+of introduction and at last come back to us, and prefer a city where you
+are of some account, to a place where you appear to be the only man of
+legal learning. However, those who come from where you are either say
+you are proud because you give no "opinions," or insulting because you
+give bad ones.[689] But I am now longing to crack a joke with you face
+to face. So come as soon as ever you can, and don't go and visit your
+native Apulia, that we may have the joy of welcoming your safe return.
+For if you go there, like another Ulysses, you will not recognize any of
+your friends.[690]
+
+[Footnote 689: Cicero perhaps means that Valerius's "opinions" are too
+right to suit such a set as are to be found in the province. Valerius
+will not mind people there thinking him a bad lawyer. "At Rome you are
+considered a good lawyer, in Cilicia they don't think so!"]
+
+[Footnote 690: _Cognosces tuorum neminem._. Others read _cognoscere
+tuorum nemini_, "you will not be recognized by any of your friends,"
+which agrees better with Homer's account of the return of Ulysses. But
+perhaps the exact comparison is not to be pressed.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXII (F XIII, 49)
+
+TO M. CURIUS (A PROCONSUL)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Q. Pompeius, son of Sextus, has become my intimate friend from many
+causes of long standing. As he has often in the past been accustomed to
+defend his material interests, as well as his reputation and influence,
+by my recommendations, so on the present occasion assuredly, with you as
+governor of the province, he ought to be able to feel that he has never
+had a warmer recommendation to anyone. Wherefore I beg you with more
+than ordinary earnestness that, as you ought in view of our close
+friendship to regard all my friends as your own, you would give the
+bearer so high a place in your regard, that he may feel that nothing
+could have been more to his interest and honour than my recommendation.
+Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+CLXIII (F XIII, 60)
+
+TO C. MUNATIUS (IN A PROVINCE)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+L. Livineius Trypho is to begin with a freedman of my most intimate
+friend L. Regulus (whose disaster makes me more than ever anxious to do
+him some service--for as far as feeling goes I could not be warmer): but
+I also am attached to his freedman on his own account, for he shewed me
+very great kindness at that time in my career, when I was best able to
+see men's real goodwill and fidelity. I recommend him to you with all
+the warmth that one who is grateful and not oblivious should use in
+recommending those who have done him good service. You will have greatly
+gratified me if he is made to feel that in confronting many dangers for
+my security, and often undertaking voyages in the depths of winter, he
+has also put you under an obligation in view of your kind feeling
+towards me.
+
+
+
+
+CLXIV (F XIII, 73)
+
+TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL OF ASIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I congratulate you on your safe return to your family from your
+province, without loss to your reputation or to the state. But if I had
+seen you at Rome I should also have thanked you for having looked after
+L. Egnatius, my most intimate friend, who is still absent, and L.
+Oppius, who is here. With Antipater of Derbe I have become not merely on
+visiting terms, but really very intimate. I have been told that you are
+exceedingly angry with him, and I was very sorry to hear it. I have no
+means of judging the merits of the case, only I am persuaded that a man
+of your character has done nothing without good reason. However, I do
+beg of you again and again that, in consideration of our old friendship,
+you will, for my sake if for anyone's, grant his sons, who are in your
+power, their liberty, unless you consider that in doing so your
+reputation may be injured. If I had thought that, I would never have
+made the request, for your fame is of more importance in my eyes than
+any friendship with him. But I persuade myself--though I may possibly be
+mistaken--that this measure will bring you honour rather than abuse.
+What can be done in the matter, and what you _can_ do for my sake (for
+as to your willingness I feel no doubt), I should be obliged by your
+informing me, if it is not too much trouble to you.
+
+
+
+
+CLXV (F II, 1)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, Coss., M. Domitius Calvinus, M. Valerius Messalla.]
+
+     This was the year in which Crassus was defeated and killed in
+     Parthia, making thus the first break in the triumvirate, when
+     already the ties between Pompey and Cæsar were weakened by the
+     death of Iulia in the previous year. Cæsar, however, had been in
+     great difficulties in Gaul. At the end of the previous year a fresh
+     rising of the Nervii destroyed a Roman legion and put Q. Cicero in
+     great danger. In the present year Quintus met with his disaster at
+     the hands of the Sigambri. The chief event to Cicero personally was
+     his election into the college of augurs, in place of the younger
+     Crassus. Atticus appears to be in Rome, for there are no letters to
+     him. There was a series of _interregna_ this year owing to partisan
+     conflicts, lasting till July, and when the consuls were at length
+     appointed, they failed to hold the elections for B.C. 52.
+
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO[691] (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY OR FEBRUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Though I am sorry that you have suspected me of neglect, yet it was not
+so annoying to me to have my lack of attention found fault with, as
+delightful to have it missed by you; especially as in the particular
+point on which you accuse me I happen to be innocent, while in shewing
+that you miss a letter from me, you avow an affection for me, of which,
+indeed, I was fully aware, but which, nevertheless, is very soothing and
+gratifying to my feelings. The fact is that I have never let anyone go,
+so long, that is, as I thought him likely to reach you, without giving
+him a letter. Why, was there ever such an untiring correspondent as I?
+From you, however, I have received two, or at the most three
+letters--and those extremely brief. Wherefore, if you are a harsh judge
+of me, I shall find you guilty on precisely the same charge. But if you
+don't want me to do that, you will have to be considerate to me.
+However, enough about writing; for I am not afraid of failing to satiate
+you with my correspondence, especially if you shew a just appreciation
+of my zeal in that department. I have been grieved on the one hand at
+your long absence from us, because I have lost the advantage of a most
+delightful intimacy; and yet on the other hand I rejoice at it, because
+while on this foreign service you have gained all your objects with
+infinite credit to yourself, and because in all you have undertaken
+fortune has answered to my wishes. There is one injunction, a very short
+one, which my unspeakable affection for you compels me to give you. Such
+lofty expectations are entertained of your spirit, shall I say? or of
+your ability, that I cannot refrain from imploring and beseeching you to
+return to us with a character so finished, as to be able to support and
+maintain the expectations which you have excited. And since no loss of
+memory will ever obliterate my recollection of your services to me, I
+beg you not to forget that, whatever increase of fortune or position may
+befall you, you would not have been able to attain it, had you not as a
+boy obeyed my most faithful and affectionate counsels.[692] Wherefore it
+will be your duty to shew me such affection, that my age--now on the
+decline--may find repose in your devotion and youth.
+
+[Footnote 691: The younger Curio was now quæstor to C. Clodius, brother
+of Publius and Appius, in Asia. He was tribune in B.C. 50, when he
+suddenly changed sides and joined Cæsar, who purchased his adhesion by
+paying his immense debts.]
+
+[Footnote 692: Curio had supported Cicero against Clodius, and had
+worked for his recall. He seems to have attended at Cicero's house for
+the study of rhetoric or legal practice, as was the fashion for young
+men to do. He presently married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, who after
+his death in Africa (B.C. 48) married Antony.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXVI (F VII, 11)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JANUARY OR FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+If you had not left Rome before, you certainly would have left it now.
+For who wants a lawyer when there are so many _interregna_? I shall
+advise all defendants in civil suits to ask each _interrex_ for two
+adjournments for obtaining legal assistance.[693] Do you think that I
+have taken a pretty good hint from you as to civil procedure? But come!
+How are you? What is happening? For I notice in your letter a tendency
+to be even jocose. These are better signs than the _signa_ in my
+Tusculan villa.[694] But I want to know what it means. You say, indeed,
+that you are consulted by Cæsar, but I should have preferred his
+consulting _for_ you. If that is taking place, or you think it likely to
+take place, by all means persevere in your military service and stay on:
+I shall console myself for my loss of you by the hope that it will be
+your gain: but if, on the other hand, things are not paying with you,
+come back to us. For either something will turn up sooner or later here,
+or, if not, one conversation between you and me, by heaven, will be
+worth more than all the Samobrivæ[695] in the world. Finally, if you
+return speedily, there will be no talk about it; but if you stay away
+much longer without getting anything, I am in terror not only of
+Laberius, but of our comrade Valerius also. For it would make a capital
+character for a farce--a British lawyer![696] I am not laughing though
+you may laugh, but, as usual, when writing to you, I jest on the most
+serious subject. Joking apart, I advise you in the most friendly spirit,
+that if you hold a position for yourself worthy of my introduction, you
+should put up with the loss of my society and farther your own career
+and wealth: but if things are stagnant with you there, come back to us.
+In spite of everything you will get all you want, by your own good
+qualities certainly, but also by my extreme affection for you.
+
+[Footnote 693: The _interregna_ lasting this year till July. No legal
+business could be done, as the law courts were closed during an
+_interregnum_. But Cicero jestingly says that he advises clients to
+apply to each _interrex_ (who only held office for five days) for two
+adjournments, whereby he would get his case postponed indefinitely: for
+if each adjournment was to the third day, the two would cover each
+_interregnum_. Of course he is only jesting, for in any case the cause
+would not come on.]
+
+[Footnote 694: There is a play on the double meaning of _signa_, "signs"
+and "statues." Cicero did not like the statues in his Tusculanum. See
+Letter CXXV.]
+
+[Footnote 695: Samobriva (Amiens), where Trebatius was, or had been, in
+Cæsar's camp. Cæsar spells it Samarobriva.]
+
+[Footnote 696: Laberius is a rival jurisconsult, Valerius a writer of
+mimes. Though Cicero jests at the supposed comic character, "a lawyer in
+Britain" (as we might say, "a lawyer among the Zulus"), it does not
+appear that Trebatius went to Britain with Cæsar.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXVII (F II, 2)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+I have been deprived of a strong witness to my extreme affection for you
+in the person of your most illustrious father: who would have been
+fortunate above the common lot, both in his own memorable achievements
+and in the possession of such a son as yourself, had it been granted him
+to see you before his departure from life. But I hope our friendship
+stands in no need of witnesses. Heaven bless your inheritance to you!
+You will at least have in me one to whom you are as dear and as precious
+as you have been to your father.
+
+
+
+
+CLXVIII (F II, 3)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Rupa[697] was not backward in his wish to promise an exhibition of
+gladiators in your name, but neither I nor any of your friends approved
+of anything being done in your absence which would tie your hands when
+you returned. For my part, I will either write you my opinion at greater
+length later on, or, to give you no opportunity of preparing an answer
+to it, I will take you unprepared and state my view by word of mouth
+against yours. I shall thus either bring you over to my opinion, or at
+least leave in your mind a record of my view, so that, if at any time
+(which heaven forbid!) you may see cause to repent of your decision, you
+may be able to recall mine. Briefly, be assured that your return will
+find the state of things to be such, that you may gain the highest
+possible honours in the state more easily by the advantages with which
+you are endowed by nature, study, and fortune, than by gladiatorial
+exhibitions. The power of giving such things stirs no feeling of
+admiration in anyone; for it is wholly a question of means, and not of
+character; and there is nobody who is not by this time sick and tired of
+them. But I am not acting as I said I would do, for I am embarking on a
+statement of the reasons for my opinion. So I will put off this entire
+discussion to your arrival. Believe me, you are expected with the
+greatest interest, and hopes are entertained of you such as can only be
+entertained of the highest virtue and ability. If you are as prepared
+for this as you ought to be--and I feel certain you are--you will be
+bestowing on us, your friends, on the whole body of your fellow
+citizens, and on the entire state, the most numerous and most excellent
+of exhibitions. You will certainly become aware that no one can be
+dearer or more precious than you are to me.
+
+[Footnote 697: A freedman and agent of Curio's. The question is of
+funeral games and an exhibition of gladiators in honour of Curio's
+father. Curio gave them, and involved himself in huge debt in
+consequence.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXIX (F VII, 12)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+I was wondering what had made you cease writing to me. My friend
+Pansa[698] has informed me that you have become an Epicurean! What a
+wonderful camp yours must be! What would you have done if I had sent you
+to Tarentum[699] instead of Samobriva? I was already a little doubtful
+about you, when I found you supporting the same doctrine as my friend
+Selius![700] But on what ground will you support the principles of civil
+law, if you act always in your own interest and not in that of your
+fellow citizens? What, too, is to become of the legal formula in cases
+of trust, "as should be done among honest men"? For who can be called
+honest who does nothing except on his own behalf? What principle will
+you lay down "in dividing a common property," when nothing can be
+"common" among men who measure all things by their own pleasure?[701]
+How, again, can you ever think it right to swear by _Iupiter lapis_,
+when you know that Iupiter cannot be angry with anyone?[702] What is to
+become of the people of Ulubræ,[703] if you have decided that it is not
+right to take part in civic business? Wherefore, if you are really and
+truly a pervert from our faith, I am much annoyed; but if you merely
+find it convenient to humour Pansa, I forgive you. Only _do_ write and
+tell us how you are, and what you want me to do or to look after for
+you.
+
+[Footnote 698: C. Vibius Pansa had been in Gaul, and was now home to
+stand for the tribuneship, which he obtained for B.C. 52-51.]
+
+[Footnote 699: Where he would have been in luxury.]
+
+[Footnote 700: A follower of the new academy, with which Cicero was more
+in sympathy than with the Epicurean ethics, but apparently only partly
+so. The leading doctrine was the denial of the possibility of knowledge,
+and, applied to ethics, this might destroy all virtue.]
+
+[Footnote 701: All these jesting objections to a lawyer being an
+Epicurean are founded on the Epicurean doctrine that individual feeling
+is the standard of morals, and the _summum bonum_ is the good of the
+individual. The logical deduction that a man should therefore hold aloof
+from politics and social life, as involving social obligations and
+standards, was, of course, evaded in practice.]
+
+[Footnote 702: For the Epicureans believed the gods to exist, but not to
+trouble themselves with the affairs of men. In taking an oath by
+_Iupiter lapis_ the swearer took a stone in his hand and said, "If I
+abide by this oath may he bless me: but if I do otherwise in thought or
+deed, may all others be kept safe, each in his own country, under his
+own laws, in enjoyment of his own goods, household gods, and tombs--may
+I alone be cast out, even as this stone is now." Then he throws down the
+stone. This passage from Polybius (iii. 25) refers to treaties, but the
+same form seems to have been used in suits about land.]
+
+[Footnote 703: Ulubræ--like other _municipia_--had a _patronus_ at Rome
+to look after its interests. If Trebatius (who was its _patronus_) would
+take no part in politics, he would be of no use to the Ulubrani.
+πολιτεύεσθαι, "to act as a citizen," "to act as a member of a political
+body."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXX (F VII, 13)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, 4 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Did you suppose me to be so unjust as to be angry with you from the idea
+that you were not sufficiently persevering and were too eager to return,
+and do you think that that is the reason of my long silence? I was
+certainly annoyed by the uneasiness of your spirits, which your first
+letters conveyed to me; but there was absolutely no other reason for the
+interruption of my own, except my complete ignorance of your address.
+Are you still, at this time of day, finding fault with me, and do you
+refuse to accept my apology? Just listen to me, my dear Testa! Is it
+money that is making you prouder, or the fact that your
+commander-in-chief consults you? May I die if I don't believe that such
+is your vanity that you would rather be consulted by Cæsar than
+gilded[704] by him! But if both reasons are true, who will be able to
+put up with you except myself, who can put up with anything? But to
+return to our subject--I am exceedingly glad that you are content to be
+where you are, and as your former state of mind was vexatious, so your
+present is gratifying, to me. I am only afraid that your special
+profession may be of little advantage to you: for, as I am told, in your
+present abode
+
+    "They lay no claim by joining lawful hands,
+    But challenge right with steel."[705]
+
+But you are not wont[706] to be called in to assist at a "forcible
+entry." Nor have you any reason to be afraid of the usual proviso in the
+injunction, "into which you have not previously made entry by force and
+armed men," for I am well assured that you are not a man of violence.
+But to give you some hint as to what you lawyers call "securities," I
+opine that you should avoid the Treviri; I hear they are real _tresviri
+capitales_--deadly customers: I should have preferred their being
+_tresviri_ of the mint![707] But a truce to jesting for the present.
+Pray write to me in the fullest detail of all that concerns you.
+
+4 March.
+
+[Footnote 704:
+
+    "I will make fast the doors and _gild_ myself
+    With some more ducats."--SHAKESPEARE..
+]
+
+[Footnote 705: Ennius, _Ann._ 275. The phrase _manum consertum_ in legal
+language meant to make a joint claim by the symbolical act of each
+claimant laying a hand on the property (or some representation of it) in
+court. But it also meant "to join hands in war." Hence its equivocal use
+in this passage. _Consertum_ is a supine, and some such word as _eunt_
+must be understood before it.]
+
+[Footnote 706: Reading _at tu non soles_. I cannot explain Prof.
+Tyrrell's reading _et tu soles_ in connexion with what follows.]
+
+[Footnote 707: This elaborate joke is founded on a pun upon the name of
+the Gallic _Treviri_ and the commissioners in Rome: (1) the _III viri
+capitales_, who had charge of prisons, executions, etc.; (2) the _III
+viri auro argento æri flando feriundo_, "the commissioners for coining
+gold, silver, and bronze." Also there is a reference to the meaning of
+_capitalis_, "deadly," "affecting the life or citizenship."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXI (F VII, 14)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (? MARCH)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Chrysippus Vettius, a freedman of the architect Cyrus, made me think
+that you had not quite forgotten me; for he has brought me a greeting in
+your words. You have grown a mighty fine gentleman, that you can't take
+the trouble of writing a letter to me--a man, I might almost say, of
+your own family! But if you have forgotten how to write, all the fewer
+clients will lose their causes by having you as their advocate! If you
+have forgotten me, I will take the trouble of paying you a visit where
+you are, before I have quite faded out of your mind. If it is a terror
+of the summer camp that is disheartening you, think of some excuse to
+get off, as you did in the case of Britain. I was glad to hear one thing
+from that same Chrysippus, that you were on friendly terms with Cæsar.
+But, by Hercules, I should have preferred, as I might fairly have
+expected, to be informed of your fortunes as frequently as possible from
+your own letters. And this would certainly have been the case, if you
+had been more forward to learn the laws of friendship than of suits in
+court. But this is all jest in your own vein, and to some degree in mine
+also. I love you very dearly, and I both wish to be loved by you and
+feel certain that I am.
+
+
+
+
+CLXXII (F VII, 18)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+A VILLA IN THE AGER POMPTINUS, 8 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+I have received several letters from you at the same time, written at
+various times, in which everything else gave me great pleasure; for they
+shewed that you were now sustaining your military service with a brave
+spirit, and were a gallant and resolute man. These are qualities which
+for a short time I felt to be lacking in you, though I attributed your
+uneasiness not so much to any weakness of your own spirit, as to your
+feeling your absence from us. Therefore go on as you have begun: endure
+your service with a stout heart: believe me, the advantages you will
+gain are many; for I will reiterate my recommendation of you, though I
+shall wait for the right moment of doing so. Be assured that you are not
+more anxious that your separation from me should be as profitable as
+possible to yourself than I am. Accordingly, as your "securities" are
+somewhat weak, I have sent you one in my poor Greek, written by my own
+hand.[708] For your part, I should wish you to keep me informed of the
+course of the war in Gaul: for the less warlike my informant, the more
+inclined I am to believe him.
+
+But to return to your letters. Everything else (as I said) is prettily
+written, but I do wonder at this: who in the world sends several
+identical letters, when he writes them with his own hand? For your
+writing on paper that has been used before, I commend your economy: but
+I can't help wondering what it was that you preferred to rub out of this
+bit of paper rather than not write such poor stuff as this--unless it
+were, perhaps, some of your legal formulas. For I don't suppose you rub
+out my letters to replace them with your own. Can it mean that there is
+no business going on, that you are out of work, that you haven't even a
+supply of paper? Well, that is entirely your own fault, for taking your
+modesty abroad with you instead of leaving it behind here with us. I
+will commend you to Balbus, when he starts to join you, in the good old
+Roman style. Don't be astonished if there is a somewhat longer interval
+than usual between my letters: for I intend being out of town in April.
+I write this letter in the Pomptine district, having put up at the villa
+of M. Æmilius Philemo, from which I could hear the noise of my clients,
+I mean those you confided to me! For at Ulubræ it is certain that an
+enormous mass of frogs have bestirred themselves to do me honour. Take
+care of your health.[709]
+
+8 April, from the Ager Pomptinus.
+
+P.S.--Your letter which I received from L. Arruntius I have torn up,
+though it didn't deserve it; for it had nothing in it which might not
+have been safely read in a public meeting. But not only did Arruntius
+say that such were your orders, but you had appended a similar
+injunction to your letter. Well, be it so! I am surprised at your not
+having written anything to me since, especially as you are in the midst
+of such stirring events.[710]
+
+[Footnote 708: _Græculam tibi misi cautionem chirographi mei._ Various
+interpretations have been given to this: (1) "a truly Greek security,"
+_i.e._, "not to be depended on"; (2) referring to a poem in Greek,
+perhaps the one in praise of Cæsar's achievements, mentioned before (p.
+338), in which some compliment to Trebatius was introduced; (3) Prof.
+Tyrrell would make it refer to this letter itself, which he supposes to
+have been written in Greek, and afterwards translated by Tiro. But this
+letter does not read like a translation, and, after all, is not of a
+nature to shew as a "commendation." It is conceived in too jocular a
+vein. I have taken it to refer to some inclosure written in Greek which
+he might use in this way, and the mention of his "own handwriting" to
+refer to the fact that he would naturally have employed a Greek
+secretary to write Greek. The diminutive _Græculam_ I take to be
+apologetic for the Greek. But it is not at all certain.]
+
+[Footnote 709: On his journey along the _via Appia_ to one of his
+seaside villas Cicero has put up at a friend's house (a freedman of
+Lepidus), near the Pomptine marshes, as was his wont (_Att._ vii. 5). It
+was near Ulubræ, of which he was deputy _patronus_ in the absence of
+Trebatius, and he jestingly pretends that the frogs which he hears
+croaking in the marshes are frogs of Ulubræ turning out to do him
+honour, as though they were the citizens of the town. Ulubræ was a very
+dull and decaying town.]
+
+[Footnote 710: The great rising in Gaul in B.C. S4-53, and the second
+expedition across the Rhine.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIII (F VII, 15)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+How wayward people are who love may be gathered from this: I was
+formerly annoyed that you were discontented at being where you are: now,
+on the contrary, it stings me to the heart that you write that you are
+quite happy there. For I did not like your not being pleased at my
+recommendation, and now I am vexed that you can find anything pleasant
+without me. But, after all, I prefer enduring your absence to your not
+getting what I hope for you. However, I cannot say how pleased I am that
+you have become intimate with that most delightful man and excellent
+scholar, C. Matius.[711] Do your best to make him as fond of you as
+possible. Believe me, you can bring nothing home from your province that
+will give you greater pleasure. Take care of your health.
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIV (F II, 4)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+You are aware that letters are of many kinds; but there is one kind
+which is undeniable, for the sake of which, indeed, the thing was
+invented, namely, to inform the absent of anything that is to the
+interest of the writer or recipient that they should know. You, however,
+certainly don't expect a letter of that kind from me. For of your
+domestic concerns you have members of your family both to write and to
+act as messengers. Besides, in my personal affairs there is really
+nothing new. There are two other kinds of letters which give me great
+pleasure: the familiar and sportive, and the grave and serious. Which of
+these two I ought least to employ I do not understand. Am I to jest with
+you by letter? Upon my word, I don't think the man a good citizen who
+could laugh in times like these. Shall I write in a more serious style?
+What could be written of seriously by Cicero to Curio except public
+affairs? And yet, under this head, my position is such that I neither
+dare write what I think, nor choose to write what I don't think.
+Wherefore, since I have no subject left to write about, I will employ my
+customary phrase, and exhort you to the pursuit of the noblest glory.
+For you have a dangerous rival already in the field, and fully prepared,
+in the extraordinary expectation formed of you; and this rival you will
+vanquish with the greatest ease, only on one condition--that you make up
+your mind to put out your full strength in the cultivation of those
+qualities, by which the noble actions are accomplished, upon the glory
+of which you have set your heart. In support of this sentiment I would
+have written at greater length had not I felt certain that you were
+sufficiently alive to it of your own accord; and I have touched upon it
+even thus far, not in order to fire your ambition, but to testify my
+affection.
+
+[Footnote 711: The friendship between Trebatius and Matius remained as
+long as we know anything about them. Cicero afterwards acknowledges
+(_F._ ii. 27) the great services Matius had done him with Cæsar, to whom
+Matius remained attached to the end.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXV (F II, 5)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ON HIS WAY FROM ASIA)
+
+ROME (? JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+The state of business here I dare not tell even in a letter. And though,
+wherever you are, as I have told you before, you are in the same boat,
+yet I congratulate you on your absence, as well because you don't see
+what we see, as because your reputation is placed on a lofty and
+conspicuous pinnacle in the sight of multitudes both of citizens and
+allies; and it is conveyed to us by neither obscure nor uncertain talk,
+but by the loud and unanimous voice of all. There is one thing of which
+I cannot feel certain--whether to congratulate you, or to be alarmed for
+you on account of the surprising expectation entertained of your return;
+not because I am at all afraid of your not satisfying the world's
+opinion, but, by heaven, lest, when you do come, there may be nothing
+for you to preserve: so universal is the decline and almost extinction
+of all our institutions. But even thus much I am afraid I have been rash
+to trust to a letter: wherefore you shall learn the rest from
+others.[712] However, whether you have still some hope of the Republic,
+or have given it up in despair, see that you have ready, rehearsed and
+thought out in your mind, all that the citizen and the man should have
+at his command who is destined to restore to its ancient dignity and
+freedom a state crushed and overwhelmed by evil times and profligate
+morals.
+
+[Footnote 712: In these vague though ominous sentences Cicero is
+referring to the constant and violent hindrances to the election of
+magistrates, that is, to the orderly working of the constitution, which
+were occurring. No consuls were elected till September.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVI (F II, 6)
+
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ARRIVED IN ITALY)
+
+ROME (? JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+News had not yet reached me of your arrival in Italy when I sent Sext.
+Villius, an intimate of my friend Milo, with this letter to you. But
+nevertheless, since your arrival was thought to be approaching, and it
+was ascertained that you had already started from Asia Rome-wards, the
+importance of my subject made me dismiss any fear of being premature in
+sending you this letter, for I was exceedingly anxious that it should
+reach you as soon as possible. If the obligations, Curio, had only been
+on your side, and as great as they are usually proclaimed by you rather
+than as valued by me, I should have been more shy of coming to you for
+any request of importance which I might have to make. For it is very
+disagreeable to a modest man to ask a great favour from one whom he
+thinks under an obligation to himself, lest he should seem rather to
+demand than to ask what he is seeking, and to regard it more in the
+light of a debt than of a favour. But since your kindnesses to me were
+known to the whole world, or rather I should say were made especially
+prominent and valuable by the very novelty of my circumstances; and
+since it is the mark of a generous heart to be willing, when much is
+owed, to reckon the debt at its highest; I did not hesitate to prefer
+to you by letter a petition for what was of the highest importance and
+most vital consequence to me of anything in the world. For I was not
+afraid of being unable to support your kindnesses to me, even though
+they were beyond calculation: especially as I felt confident that there
+was no amount of favour for which my heart was incapable of finding room
+when receiving it, or for which in repayment it could not make a full
+and brilliant return. I have concentrated and embarked all my zeal, all
+my efforts, all the care and industry of which I am capable, my every
+thought, in fact, my whole heart and soul, on securing Milo's
+consulship; and I have made up my mind that in this matter I ought to
+look not merely for the profit arising from an act of kindness, but also
+for the credit of disinterested affection. Nor do I think that anyone
+was ever so anxious about his own personal safety and his own fortunes
+as I am for his election, on which I have made up my mind that all my
+interests depend. To him I see clearly that, if you choose, you can
+render such substantial help that we need ask for nothing else. We have
+on our side all these advantages: the favour of the loyalists won since
+his tribunate on account of his supporting me (as I hope you
+understand); that of the common multitude on account of the splendour of
+his gladiatorial exhibitions and the liberality of his disposition; the
+favour of the young men and of those influential in securing votes, won
+by his own eminent powers of captivation, shall I call it? or his
+diligence in that department; lastly, my own electoral support, which,
+if it is not very powerful, is at any rate regarded as only right, due
+and proper, and on that account is perhaps influential also. What we
+want is a leader, and what I may call a controller, or, so to speak, a
+pilot of those winds which I have described: and if we had to select one
+such out of the whole world, we should have no one to compare with you.
+Wherefore, if (as I am sure you can) you can regard me as a grateful, as
+an honest man, from the mere fact that I am thus eagerly exerting myself
+for Milo, if, in fine, you think me worthy of your kindness, I do ask
+you this favour--that you come to the rescue of this anxiety of mine and
+this crisis in my reputation, or, to put it with greater truth, that you
+will devote your zeal to what is all but a question of life and death to
+me. As to Titus Annius[713] himself, I promise you this much--that if
+you resolve to embrace his cause, you will never have anyone of greater
+spirit, solidity, firmness, or affection to yourself. While to me you
+will have given so much additional honour and prestige, that I shall
+have no difficulty in acknowledging you to have been as effective in
+supporting my reputation as you were in securing my safety.
+
+Did I not know that you must be fully aware, while writing this letter
+to you, under what a weight of obligation I am labouring, how strongly I
+am bound to work in this election for Milo, not only with every kind of
+exertion, but even with downright fighting, I should have written at
+greater length. As it is, I hand over and commit the business, the
+cause, and myself wholly and entirely into your hands. Of one thing be
+sure: if I obtain this help from you, I shall owe you almost more than I
+owe Milo himself; for my personal safety, in which I have been
+conspicuously aided by him, has not been as dear to me as the sacred
+duty of returning the favour will be delightful. That object I feel
+confident that your aid, and yours alone, will enable me to secure.
+
+[Footnote 713: Milo. His full name is T. Annius Milo Papianus;
+originally of the _gens Papia_, he had been adopted by his maternal
+grandfather, T. Annius.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVII (F XIII, 75)
+
+
+TO TITUS TITIUS, A LEGATUS[714]
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Though I have no doubt that my first introduction retains its full value
+in your eyes, I yet yield to the request of a man with whom I am very
+intimate, C. Avianius Flaccus, for whose sake I not only desire, but am
+in duty bound to secure every possible favour. In regard to him I both
+spoke earnestly to you in a personal interview--on which occasion you
+answered me with the greatest kindness--and have written with full
+particulars to you on a previous occasion; but he thinks it to his
+interest that I should write to you as often as possible. Wherefore I
+would have you pardon me if, in compliance with his wishes, I shall
+appear to be at all forgetful of the stability of your character. What I
+beg of you is this--that you would accommodate Avianius as to the place
+and time for landing his corn: for which he obtained by my influence a
+three years' licence whilst Pompey was at the head of that business. The
+chief thing is--and you can therein lay me under the greatest
+obligation--that you should have convinced Avianius that I enjoy your
+affection, since he thinks himself secure of mine. You will greatly
+oblige me by doing this.
+
+[Footnote 714: Pompey was _præfectus annonæ_ B.C. 57-52. As such he had
+a number of _legati_, of whom this Titus Titius was one; but there is
+nothing to shew in which of the corn-supplying countries he was
+employed. Avianius is a corn merchant, and wants concessions as to the
+importation of his cargoes.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVIII (F V, 17)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52. Coss., from V. Kal, Mart., Cn. Pompeius Magnus
+(alone); from 1st August, with Q. Metellus Scipio.]
+
+     This year again, owing to the riots in the previous year excited by
+     Clodius to prevent the election of Milo, began with a series of
+     _interregna_ lasting nearly three months, January, February, and
+     the intercalary month. On the 17th of January Clodius was killed
+     near Bovillæ by Milo's servants, and by his order. Riots followed
+     in Rome, the body was burnt in the Curia, which caught fire and was
+     destroyed. Cicero undertook Milo's defence under a new law _de vi_
+     brought in by Pompey, but broke down, and Milo was condemned
+     (April). Later in the year he successfully prosecuted T. Munatius
+     Plancus Bursa, who as tribune had promoted the riots after the
+     death of Clodius, and who had also supported the plan of making
+     Pompey dictator.
+
+
+TO P. SITTIUS[715] (IN EXILE)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+It was not because I had forgotten our friendship, or had any intention
+of breaking off my correspondence, that I have not written to you of
+late years. The reason is that the earlier part of them was a period of
+depression owing to the disaster which had befallen the Republic and
+myself, while the later period, with your own most distressing and
+undeserved misfortune, has made me reluctant to write. Since, however, a
+sufficiently long period has now elapsed, and I have recalled with
+greater distinctness your high character and lofty courage, I thought it
+not inconsistent with my purposes to write this to you. For my part, my
+dear P. Sittius, I defended you originally, when an attempt was made in
+your absence to bring you into odium and under a criminal charge; and
+when a charge against you was involved in the accusation and trial of
+your most intimate friend,[716] I took the very greatest care to
+safeguard your position and justify you. And, again also, on this last
+occasion, soon after my return to Rome, though I found that your case
+had been put on a footing far different from what I should have advised,
+if I had been there, still I omitted nothing that could contribute to
+your security. And though on that occasion the ill-feeling arising from
+the price of corn, the hostility of certain persons, not only to
+yourself, but to all your friends as well, the unfairness of the whole
+trial, and many other abuses in the state, had greater influence than
+the merits of your case or than truth itself, I yet did not fail to
+serve your son Publius with active assistance, advice, personal
+influence, and direct testimony. Wherefore, as I have carefully and
+religiously fulfilled all the other offices of friendship, I thought I
+ought not to omit that of urging upon you and beseeching you to remember
+that you are a human being and a gallant man--that is, that you should
+bear philosophically accidents which are common to all and incalculable,
+which none of us mortals can shun or forestall by any means whatever:
+should confront with courage such grief as fortune brings: and should
+reflect that not in our state alone, but in all others that have
+acquired an empire, such disasters have in many instances befallen the
+bravest and best from unjust verdicts. Oh that I were writing untruly
+when I say, that you are exiled from a state in which no man of
+foresight can find anything to give him pleasure! As for your son,
+again, I fear that, if I write nothing to you, I may seem not to have
+borne testimony to his high qualities as they deserve; while on the
+other hand, if I write fully all I feel, I fear that my letter may
+irritate the smart of your regret. But, after all, your wisest course
+will be to regard his loyalty, virtue, and steady conduct as being in
+your possession, and as accompanying you wherever you may be: for, in
+truth, what we embrace in imagination is no less ours than what we see
+before our eyes. Wherefore not only ought his brilliant qualities and
+extreme affection for you afford you great consolation, but so also
+ought I and others of your friends who value you, and always will do so,
+not for your position, but your worth; and so, above all else, ought
+your own conscience, when you reflect that you have not deserved
+anything that has befallen you, and when you consider besides that the
+wise are distressed by guilt, not by mischance--by their own ill-doing,
+not by the misconduct of others. For my part, I shall omit no
+opportunity either of consoling or alleviating your present position;
+for the recollection of our old friendship, and the high character and
+respectful attentions of your son, will keep me in mind of that duty. If
+you, on your part, will mention by letter anything you want, I will take
+care that you shall not think that you have written in vain.
+
+[Footnote 715: The letter in some MSS. is inscribed to Sextius or
+Sestius. Of P. Sittius of Nuceria we hear in the speech _pro Sulla_, §§
+56, 58. Sulla (who was accused of assisting Catiline) had sent P.
+Sittius on a mission to Spain, as it was alleged, to raise a rebellion
+there in support of Catiline. It does not, however, appear that his
+condemnation took place then. It seems to have been just previous to
+Cicero's return from exile (August, B.C. 57), and it is suggested that
+it was after his ædileship of the previous year, when a scarcity of corn
+had contributed to his unpopularity. The date of the letter is
+uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote 716: P. Sulla. Sittius was not, it seems, brought to trial
+with Sulla, but his journey to Spain formed part of the allegations
+against Sulla.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIX (F V, 18)
+
+TO T. FADIUS[717] (IN EXILE)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+Although I too, who am desirous of consoling you, stand in need of
+consolation myself--for nothing for a long time past has so deeply
+afflicted me as your disaster--nevertheless I do strongly not only
+exhort, but even beg and implore you, with all the earnestness that my
+affection dictates, to summon all your energies, to shew a manly
+courage, and to reflect under what conditions all mortals, and in what
+times we particularly, have been born. Your virtue has given you more
+than fortune has taken away: for you have obtained what not many "new
+men" have obtained; you have lost what many men of the highest rank have
+lost. Finally, a state of legislation, law courts, and politics
+generally appears to be imminent, such that the man would seem to be the
+most fortunate who has quitted such a republic as ours with the lightest
+possible penalty. As for you, however--since you retain your fortune and
+children, with myself and others still very closely united to you,
+whether by relationship or affection--and since you are likely to have
+much opportunity of living with me and all your friends--and since,
+again, your condemnation is the only one out of so many that is
+impugned, because, having been passed by one vote (and that a doubtful
+one), it is regarded as a concession to a particular person's
+overwhelming[718] power--for all these reasons, I say, you ought to be
+as little distressed as possible at the inconvenience that has befallen
+you. My feeling towards yourself and your children will always be such
+as you wish, and such as it is in duty bound to be.
+
+[Footnote 717: Titus Fadius Gallus had been a quæstor in Cicero's
+consulship (B.C. 63), and a tribune in B.C. 58, when Cicero reckoned him
+among those on whom he depended to resist Clodius. He also, among
+others, had a motion prepared for Cicero's recall, of which Cicero
+speaks with approbation (p. 178). We do not know on what charge he had
+been condemned, but a number of prosecutions followed the death of
+Clodius and Pompey's legislation as to violence and corruption of
+juries.]
+
+[Footnote 718: Pompey. He uses the word _potentia_, as he generally
+does, in an invidious sense of "tyrannical, or, unconstitutional power,"
+as opposed to _auctoritas_, "legitimate influence."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXX (F III, 1)
+
+TO APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER[719] (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+Cicero to Appius, _imperator_. Could the Republic itself speak and tell
+you of its state, you would not learn it more easily from its own lips
+than from your freedman Phania: he is a man of such clear insight, as
+well as (in a good sense) of such keen curiosity! Wherefore he shall
+explain everything to you: for that will suit me best by enabling me to
+curtail my letter, and will be more prudent for me in view of other
+circumstances. But in regard to my good feeling towards you, though you
+can learn it from this same Phania, yet I think that I also have
+personally something I ought to say on the subject. For assure yourself
+of this--that you are exceedingly dear to me, from the many attractions
+of your character, your kindness, and the goodness of your heart, but
+also because from your letter, as well as from the remarks of many, I
+understand that all my conduct towards you has been most warmly
+appreciated by you. And since that is so, I will take means to make up
+for the great loss of time, which we have sustained from this
+interruption of our intercourse, by the liberality, the frequency, and
+the importance of my services; and that I think I shall do, since you
+would have it be so, by no means against the grain, or as the phrase is,
+"against the will of Minerva"--a goddess by the way whom, if I shall
+chance to get possession of a statue of her from your stock, I shall not
+simply designate "Pallas," but "Appias."[720] Your freedman Cilix was
+not well known to me before, but when he delivered me your kind and
+affectionate letter, he confirmed the courteous expressions of that
+letter by his own words. I was much gratified by his speech, when he
+described to me your feelings and the remarks which you were daily
+making about me. In short, within two days he became my intimate friend,
+without, however, my ceasing to regret Phania deeply. When you send the
+latter back to Rome, which I imagine you intend speedily to do, pray
+give him instructions as to all matters which you wish to be transacted
+or looked after by me.
+
+I commend L. Valerius the lawyer to you very strongly; not, however, in
+his capacity of lawyer: for I wish to take better precautions for him
+than he does for others. I am really fond of the man: he is one of my
+closest and most intimate friends. In a general way he expresses nothing
+but gratitude to you; but he also says that a letter from me will have
+very great influence with you. I beg you again and again that he may not
+find himself mistaken.
+
+[Footnote 719: Brother of Cicero's enemy, P. Clodius. He had been consul
+in B.C. 54, and was now proconsul in Cilicia, in which government Cicero
+was to succeed him. His relations with Cicero had been varied, and
+though Cicero speaks warmly to him, he does not do so often of him, and
+his compliments are evidently not really sincere.]
+
+[Footnote 720: "I shall, in compliment to your accomplishments, call the
+goddess of learning and wisdom 'Appias,'" _i.e._, the "Appian Goddess."
+But the meaning of the elaborate and dull joke or compliment is far from
+clear, especially the phrase _si forte de tuis sumpsero_. Was Cicero
+expecting a present of a bust of Minerva, or intending to purchase one
+from Appius's collection? Or does he allude, as has been suggested, to
+the Minerva he had himself dedicated before his exile, and which had
+probably fallen into the hands of the Appian family?]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXXI (F VII, 2)
+
+TO M. MARIUS (IN CAMPANIA)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+I will look after your commission carefully. But, sharp man that you
+are, you have given your commission to the very person above all others
+whose interest it is that the article should fetch the highest possible
+price! However, you have been far-sighted in fixing beforehand how far I
+am to go. But if you had left it to me, I am so much attached to you
+that I would have made a bargain with the heirs: as it is, since I know
+your price, I will put up some one to bid rather than let it go for
+less. But a truce to jesting! I will do your business with all care, as
+in duty bound. I feel sure you are glad about Bursa[721], but your
+congratulations are too half-hearted. For you suppose, as you say in
+your letter, that, owing to the fellow's meanness, I don't look upon it
+as a matter of much rejoicing. I would have you believe that I am more
+pleased with this verdict than with the death of my enemy. For, in the
+first place, I would rather win by legal process than by the sword; in
+the second place, by what brings credit to a friend than by what
+involves his condemnation.[722] And, above all, I was delighted that the
+support of the loyalists was given to me so decisively against the
+influence exerted to an incredible degree by a most illustrious and
+powerful personage. Finally--though, perhaps, you won't think it
+likely--I hated this man much more than the notorious Clodius himself.
+For the latter I had attacked, the former I had defended. The latter,
+too, though the very existence of the Republic was to be risked in my
+person, had yet a certain great object in view; nor was it wholly on his
+own initiative, but with the support of those who could not be safe as
+long as I was so. But this ape of a fellow, in sheer wantonness, had
+selected me as an object for his invectives, and had persuaded certain
+persons[723] who were jealous of me that he would always be a ready
+instrument for an attack upon me. Wherefore I bid you rejoice with all
+your heart: a great stroke has been struck. Never were any citizens more
+courageous than those who ventured to vote for his condemnation, in the
+teeth of the immense power of the man by whom the jurors had themselves
+been selected. And this they never would have done had not my grievance
+been theirs also. Here, in Rome, I am so distracted by the number of
+trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,[724] that I daily
+offer prayers that there may be no intercalation,[725] so that I may see
+you as soon as possible.
+
+[Footnote 721: The condemnation of T. Munatius Plancus Bursa, who, being
+tribune in B.C. 52, had promoted the riots following the death of
+Clodius, especially in regard to burning his body in the Curia, and had,
+after his office terminated (10th December), been prosecuted _de vi_ by
+Cicero successfully. Bursa, with others, had supported Pompey's wish for
+the dictatorship, as well as his legislation, and accordingly, in
+attacking him, Cicero had against him the weight of Pompey's influence.
+He therefore looks upon it as a great triumph.]
+
+[Footnote 722: The condemnation of Bursa was a point in favour of Milo,
+whereas Milo's murder of Clodius only brought his ultimate condemnation
+and exile. Milo's trial had taken place in April.]
+
+[Footnote 723: Pompey and his friends.]
+
+[Footnote 724: The new laws introduced by Pompey _de vi_, _de
+magistratibus_, _de pecunia ob iudicium_.]
+
+[Footnote 725: The intercalary month was inserted between the 23rd and
+24th of February. Whether it was to be inserted or not depended on the
+pontifices, who kept their secret jealously. If it is inserted, Cicero
+will be kept all the longer in town with senatorial and legal business,
+and so be prevented from seeing Marius, who lived near his Pompeian
+villa.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+DE PETITIONE CONSULATUS
+
+
+[This is rather an essay than a letter, and is not generally included in
+any of the books of the correspondence. To my mind there are indications
+of its being a later composition, the exercise of some one who wished to
+shew the nature of canvassing at the time. Still, there are many
+arguments in favour of regarding it as the composition of Quintus, and
+at any rate it is a contribution to the picture of the times.]
+
+
+Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER MARCUS (AT ROME)
+
+I. Although you have all the accomplishments within the reach of human
+genius, experience, or acuteness, yet I thought it only consistent with
+my affection to set down in writing what occurred to my mind while
+thinking, as I do, day and night on your canvass, not with the
+expectation that you would learn anything new from it, but that the
+considerations on a subject, which appeared to be disconnected and
+without system, might be brought under one view by a logical
+arrangement.
+
+Consider what the state is: what it is you seek: who you are that seek
+it. Almost every day as you go down to the forum you should say to
+yourself, "I am a _novus homo_," "I am a candidate for the consulship,"
+"This is Rome." For the "newness" of your name you will best compensate
+by the brilliancy of your oratory. That has ever carried with it very
+great political distinction. A man who is held worthy of defending
+consulars cannot be thought unworthy of the consulship. Wherefore, since
+your reputation in this is your starting-point, since whatever you are,
+you are from this, approach each individual case with the persuasion
+that on it depends as a whole your entire reputation. See that those
+aids to natural ability, which I know are your special gifts, are ready
+for use and always available; and remember what Demetrius wrote about
+the hard work and practice of Demosthenes; and, finally, take care that
+both the number and rank of your friends are unmistakable. For you have
+such as few _novi homines_ have had--all the _publicani_, nearly the
+whole equestrian order, many municipal towns specially devoted to you,
+many persons who have been defended by you, men of every order, many
+_collegia_, and, besides these, a large number of the rising generation
+who have become attached to you in their enthusiasm for rhetoric, and,
+finally, your friends who visit you daily in large numbers and with such
+constant regularity. See that you retain these advantages by reminding
+these persons, by appealing to them, and by using every means to make
+them understand that this, and this only, is the time for those who are
+in your debt to show their gratitude, and for those who wish for your
+services in the future to place you under an obligation. It also seems
+possible that a "new man" may be much assisted by the fact that he has
+the good wishes of men of high rank, and especially of consulars. It is
+a point in your favour that you should be thought worthy of this
+position and rank by the very men to whose position and rank you are
+wishing to attain. All these men must be canvassed with care, agents
+must be sent to them, and they must be convinced that we have always
+been at one with the Optimates in our political sentiments, that we have
+never been demagogues in the very least: that if we seem ever to have
+said anything in the spirit of that party, we did so with the view of
+attracting Cn. Pompeius, that we might have the man of the greatest
+influence either actively on our side in our canvass, or at least not
+opposed to us.[726] Farthermore, take pains to get on your side the
+young men of high rank, or retain the affection of those you already
+have. They will contribute much to your political position. You have
+very many; make them feel how much you think depends on them: if you
+induce those to be positively eager who are merely not disinclined, they
+will be of very great advantage to you.
+
+II. It is also a great set-off to your "newness," that the nobles who
+are your competitors are of a such a kind that no one can venture to say
+that their nobility ought to stand them in greater stead than your high
+character. For instance, who could think of P. Galba and L. Cassius,
+though by birth of the highest rank, as candidates for the consulship?
+You see, therefore, that there are men of the noblest families, who from
+defect of ability are not your equals. But, you will say, Catiline and
+Antonius are formidable. Rather I should say that a man of energy,
+industry, unimpeachable character, great eloquence, and high popularity
+with those who are the ultimate judges, should wish for such
+rivals--both from their boyhood stained with blood and lust, both of
+ruined fortunes. Of one of them we have seen the property put up for
+sale, and actually heard him declare on oath that at Rome he could not
+contend with a Greek or obtain an impartial tribunal.[727] We know that
+he was ejected from the senate by the judgment of genuine censors: in
+our prætorship we had him as a competitor, with such men as Sabidius and
+Panthera to back him, because he had no one else to appear for him at
+the scrutiny. Yet in this office he bought a mistress from the slave
+market whom he kept openly at his house. Moreover, in his canvass for
+the consulship, he has preferred to be robbing all the innkeepers, under
+the disgraceful pretext of a _libera legatio_, rather than to be in town
+and supplicate the Roman people. But the other! Good heavens! what is
+his distinction? Is he of equally noble birth? No. Is he richer? No. In
+manliness, then? How do you make that out? Why, because while the former
+fears his own shadow, this man does not even fear the laws!--A man born
+in the house of a bankrupt father, nurtured in the society of an
+abandoned sister, grown to manhood amidst the massacre of fellow
+citizens, whose first entrance to public life was made by the slaughter
+of Roman knights! For Sulla had specially selected Catiline to command
+that band of Gauls which we remember, who shore off the heads of the
+Titinii and Nannii and Tanusii: and while with them he killed with his
+own hands the best man of the day, his own sister's husband, Quintus
+Cæcilius, who was a Roman eques, a man belonging to no party, always
+quiet by inclination, and then so from age also.
+
+III. Why should I speak of him as a candidate for the consulship, who
+caused M. Marius, a man most beloved by the Roman people, to be beaten
+with vine-rods in the sight of that Roman people from one end of the
+city to the other--forced him up to the tomb--rent his frame with every
+kind of torture, and while he was still alive and breathing, cut off his
+head with his sword in his right hand, while he held the hairs on the
+crown of his head with his left, and carried off his head in his own
+hand with streams of blood flowing through his fingers?[728] A man who
+afterwards lived with actors and gladiators on such terms that the
+former ministered to his lust, the latter to his crimes--who never
+approached a place so sacred or holy as not to leave there, even if no
+actual crime were committed, some suspicion of dishonour founded on his
+abandoned character--a man whose closest friends in the senate were the
+Curii and the Annii, in the auction rooms the Sapalæ and Carrilii, in
+the equestrian order the Pompilii and Vettii--a man of such consummate
+impudence, such abandoned profligacy, in fine, such cunning and success
+in lasciviousness, that he corrupted young boys when almost in the
+bosoms of their parents? Why should I after this mention Africa to you,
+or the depositions of the witnesses? They are well known--read them
+again and again yourself. Nevertheless, I think that I should not omit
+to mention that he left that court in the first place as needy as some
+of the jurors were before the trial, and in the second place the object
+of such hatred, that another prosecution against him is called for every
+day. His position is such that he is more likely to be nervous even if
+you do nothing, than contemptuous if you start any proceedings.
+
+What much better fortune in your canvass is yours than that which not
+long ago fell to the lot of another "new man," Gaius Cælius![729] He had
+two men of the highest rank as competitors, but they were of such a
+character that their rank was the least of their recommendations--genius
+of the highest order, supreme modesty, very numerous public services,
+most excellent methods of conducting a canvass, and diligence in
+carrying them out. And yet Cælius, though much inferior in birth, and
+superior in hardly anything, beat one of them. Wherefore, if you do what
+your natural ability and studies, which you have always pursued, enable
+you to do, what the exigencies of your present position require, what
+you are capable of doing and are bound to do, you will not have a
+difficult struggle with competitors who are by no means so conspicuous
+for their birth as notorious for their vices. For what citizen can there
+be found so ill-affected as to wish by one vote to draw two daggers
+against the Republic?
+
+IV. Having thus set forth what advantages you have and might have to set
+against your "newness," I think I ought now to say a word on the
+importance of what you are trying for. You are seeking the consulship,
+an office of which no one thinks you unworthy, but of which there are
+many who will be jealous. For, while by birth of equestrian rank,[730]
+you are seeking the highest rank in the state, and yet one which, though
+the highest, reflects much greater splendour on a man of courage,
+eloquence, and pure life than on others. Don't suppose that those who
+have already held that office are blind to the political position you
+will occupy, when once you have obtained the same. I suspect, however,
+that those who, though born of consular families, have not attained the
+position of their ancestors, will, unless they happen to be strongly
+attached to you, feel some jealousy. Even "new men" who have been
+prætors I think, unless under great obligations to you, will not like to
+be surpassed by you in official rank. Lastly, in the populace itself, I
+am sure it will occur to you how many are envious, how many, from the
+precedents of recent years, are averse to "new men." It must also needs
+be that some are angry with you in consequence of the causes which you
+have pleaded. Nay, carefully consider this also, whether, seeing that
+you have devoted yourself with such fervour to the promotion of Pompey's
+glory, you can suppose certain men to be your friends on that
+account.[731] Wherefore, seeing that you are seeking the highest place
+in the state, and at the same time that there do exist sentiments
+opposed to you, you must positively employ every method, and all your
+vigilance, labour, and attention to business.
+
+V. Again, the canvass for office resolves itself into an activity of two
+kinds, of which one is concerned with the loyalty of friends, the other
+with the feelings of the people. The loyalty of friends must be secured
+by acts of kindness and attention, by length of time, and by an easy and
+agreeable temper. But this word "friends" has a wider application during
+a canvass than in other times of our life. For whosoever gives any sign
+of an inclination to you, or habitually visits at your house, must be
+put down in the category of friends. But yet the most advantageous thing
+is to be beloved and pleasant in the eyes of those who are friends on
+the more regular grounds of relationship by blood or marriage, of
+membership of the same club, or of some close tie or other. Farther, you
+must take great pains that, in proportion as a man is most intimate and
+most closely connected with your household, he should love you and
+desire your highest honour--as, for instance, your tribesmen,
+neighbours, clients, and finally your freedmen and even your slaves; for
+nearly all the talk which forms one's public reputation emanates from
+domestic sources. In a word, you must secure friends of every class: for
+show--men conspicuous for their office or name, who, even if they do not
+give any actual assistance in canvassing, yet add some dignity to the
+candidate; to maintain your just rights--magistrates, consuls first and
+then tribunes; to secure the votes of the centuries--men of eminent
+popularity. Those who either have gained or hope to gain the vote of a
+tribe or century, or any other advantage, through your influence, take
+all pains to collect and secure. For during recent years men of ambition
+have exerted themselves with all their might and main to become sure of
+getting from their tribesmen what they sought. Do you also do your very
+best, by every means in your power, to make such men attached to you
+from the bottom of their hearts and with the most complete devotion. If,
+indeed, men were as grateful as they ought to be, all this should be
+ready to your hand, as I trust in fact that it is. For within the last
+two years you have put under an obligation to you four clubs of men who
+have the very greatest influence in promoting an election, those of C.
+Fundanius, Q. Gallius, C. Cornelius, C. Orchivius.[732] When they
+committed the defence of these men to you, I am acquainted with what
+their clubsmen undertook and promised you to do, for I was present at
+the interview. Wherefore you must insist at the present juncture on
+exacting from them your due by reminding them, appealing to them,
+solemnly assuring them, and taking care that they thoroughly understand
+that they will never have any other opportunity of shewing their
+gratitude. I cannot doubt that these men, from hope of your services in
+the future as well as from the benefits recently received, will be
+roused to active exertions. And speaking generally, since your
+candidature is most strongly supported by that class of friendships
+which you have gained as a counsel for the defence, take care that to
+all those, whom you have placed under this obligation to you, their duty
+should in every case be clearly defined and set forth. And as you have
+never been in any matter importunate with them, so be careful that they
+understand that you have reserved for this occasion all that you
+consider them to owe you.
+
+VI. But since men are principally induced to shew goodwill and zeal at
+the hustings by three considerations--kindness received, hope of more,
+personal affection and good feeling--we must take notice how best to
+take advantage of each of these. By very small favours men are induced
+to think that they have sufficient reason for giving support at the
+poll, and surely those you have saved (and their number is very large)
+cannot fail to understand that, if at this supreme crisis they fail to
+do what you wish, they will never have anyone's confidence. And though
+this is so, nevertheless they must be appealed to, and must even be led
+to think it possible that they, who have hitherto been under an
+obligation to us, may now put us under an obligation to them. Those,
+again, who are influenced by hope (a class of people much more apt to be
+scrupulously attentive) you must take care to convince that your
+assistance is at their service at any moment, and to make them
+understand that you are carefully watching the manner in which they
+perform the duties they owe you, and to allow no mistake to exist as to
+your clearly perceiving and taking note of the amount of support coming
+from each one of them. The third class which I mentioned is that of
+spontaneous and sincere friends, and this class you will have to make
+more secure by expressions of your gratitude; by making your words tally
+with the motives which it shall appear to you influenced them in taking
+up your cause; by shewing that the affection is mutual; and by
+suggesting that your friendship with them may ripen into intimacy and
+familiar intercourse. In all these classes alike consider and weigh
+carefully the amount of influence each possesses, in order to know both
+the kind of attention to pay to each, and what you are to expect and
+demand from each. For certain men are popular in their own
+neighbourhoods and towns; there are others possessed of energy and
+wealth, who, even if they have not heretofore sought such popularity,
+can yet easily obtain it at the moment for the sake of one to whom they
+owe or wish to do a favour. Your attention to such classes of men must
+be such as to shew them that you clearly understand what is to be
+expected from each, that you appreciate what you are receiving, and
+remember what you have received. There are, again, others who either
+have no influence or are positively disliked by their tribesmen, and
+have neither the spirit nor the ability to exert themselves on the spur
+of the moment: be sure you distinguish between such men, that you may
+not be disappointed in your expectation of support by placing over-much
+hope on some particular person.
+
+VII. But although you ought to rely on, and be fortified by, friendships
+already gained and firmly secured, yet in the course of the canvass
+itself very numerous and useful friendships are acquired. For among its
+annoyances a candidature has this advantage: you can without loss of
+dignity, as you cannot in other affairs of life, admit whomsoever you
+choose to your friendship, to whom if you were at any other time to
+offer your society, you would be thought guilty of an eccentricity;
+whereas during a canvass, if you don't do so with many, and take pains
+about it besides, you would be thought to be no use as a candidate at
+all. Moreover, I can assure you of this, that there is no one, unless he
+happens to be bound by some special tie to some one of your rivals,
+whom you could not induce, if you took pains, to earn your affection by
+his good services, and to seize the opportunity of putting you under an
+obligation--let him but fully understand that you value him highly, that
+you really mean what you say, that he is making a good investment, and
+that there will accrue from it not only a brief and electioneering
+friendship, but a firm and lasting one. There will be no one, believe
+me, if he has anything in him at all, who will let slip this opportunity
+offered of establishing a friendship with you, especially when by good
+luck you have competitors whose friendship is one to be neglected or
+avoided, and who not only are unable to secure what I am urging you to
+secure, but cannot even make the first step towards it. For how should
+Antonius make the first step towards attaching people to himself, when
+he cannot even call them, unaided, by their proper names? I, for one,
+think that there can be no greater folly than to imagine a man
+solicitous to serve you whom you don't know by sight. Extraordinary
+indeed must be the fame, the political position and extent of the public
+services of that man whom entire strangers, without supporters to back
+him, would elect to office. That a man without principle or energy,
+without doing any good service, and without ability, lying under a cloud
+of discredit, and without friends, should beat a man fortified with the
+devotion of a numerous circle and by the good opinion of all, cannot
+possibly occur except from gross negligence.
+
+VIII. Wherefore see that you have the votes of all the centuries secured
+to you by the number and variety of your friends. The first and most
+obvious thing is that you should embrace the Roman senators and knights,
+and the active and popular men of all the other orders. There are many
+city men of good business habits, there are many freedmen engaged in the
+forum who are popular and energetic: these men try with all your might
+both personally and by common friends, as far as you can, to make eager
+in your behalf; seek them out, send agents to them, shew them that they
+are putting you under the greatest obligation. After that review the
+entire city, all colleges, districts, neighbourhoods. If you attach to
+yourself the leading men of these, you will by their means easily keep a
+hold upon the multitude. When you have done that, take care to have in
+your mind a chart of all Italy laid out according to the tribe of each
+town, and learn it by heart, so that you may not allow any _municipium_,
+colony, prefecture, or, in a word, any spot in Italy to exist, in which
+you have not a sufficient foothold. Inquire also for and trace out
+individuals in every region, inform yourself about them, seek them out,
+strengthen their resolution, secure that in their own neighbourhoods
+they shall canvass for you, and be as it were candidates in your
+interest. They will wish for you as a friend, if they once see that
+their friendship is an object with you. Make sure that they _do_
+understand this by directing your speech specially to this point. Men of
+country towns, or from the country, think themselves in the position of
+friends if we of the city know them by name: if, however, they think
+that they are besides securing some protection for themselves, they do
+not let slip the opportunity of being obliging. Of such people others in
+town, and above all your rivals, don't so much as know the existence:
+you know about them and will easily recognize them, without which
+friendship is impossible. Nor is such recognition enough (though it is a
+great thing) unless some hope of material advantage and active
+friendship follows, for your object is not to be looked upon as a mere
+"nomenclator," but as a sincere friend also. So when you have both got
+the favour of these same men in the centuries, who from the means they
+have taken to secure their personal objects enjoy most popularity among
+their fellow tribesmen; and have made those all desirous of your success
+who have influence in any section of their tribe, owing to
+considerations attaching to their municipality or neighbourhood or
+college, then you may allow yourself to entertain the highest hopes.
+
+Again, the centuries of the knights appear to me capable of being won
+over, if you are careful, with considerably more ease. Let your first
+care be to acquaint yourself with the knights; for they are
+comparatively few: then make advances to them, for it is much easier to
+gain the friendship of young men at their time of life. Then again, you
+have on your side the best of the rising generation, and the most
+devoted to learning. Moreover, as the equestrian order is yours, they
+will follow the example of that order, if only you take the trouble to
+confirm the support of those centuries, not only by the general good
+affection of the order, but also by the friendships of individuals.
+Finally, the hearty zeal of the young in canvassing for votes, appearing
+at various places, bringing intelligence, and being in attendance on you
+in public are surprisingly important as well as creditable.
+
+IX. And since I have mentioned "attendance," I may add that you should
+be careful to see large companies every day of every class and order;
+for from the mere number of these a guess may well be made as to the
+amount of support you are likely to have in the _campus_ itself. Such
+visitors are of three kinds: one consists of morning callers who come to
+your house, a second of those who escort you to the forum, a third of
+those who attend you on your canvass. In the case of the morning
+callers, who are less select and, according to the prevailing fashion,
+come in greater numbers, you must contrive to make them think that you
+value even this slight attention very highly. Let those who shall come
+to your house see that you notice it; shew your gratification to such
+of their friends as will repeat it to them; frequently mention it to the
+persons themselves. It often happens that people, when they visit a
+number of candidates, and observe that there is one who above the rest
+notices these attentions, devote themselves to him; leave off visiting
+the others; little by little become devoted to one instead of being
+neutral, and from sham turn out real supporters. Farthermore, carefully
+remember this, if you have been told or have discovered that a man who
+has given you his promise is "dressing for the occasion," as the phrase
+goes, make as though you had neither heard it nor knew it; if any offers
+to clear himself to you, because he thinks himself suspected, assert
+roundly that you have never doubted his sincerity and have no right to
+doubt it. For the man who thinks that he is not giving satisfaction can
+never be a friend. You ought, however, to know each man's real feeling,
+in order to settle how much confidence to place in him.
+
+Secondly, of those who escort you to the forum: since this is a greater
+attention than a morning call, indicate and make clear that it is still
+more gratifying to you, and as far as it shall lie in your power go down
+to the forum at fixed times. The daily escort by its numbers produces a
+great impression and confers great personal distinction. The third class
+is that of numbers perpetually attending you on your canvass. See that
+those who do so spontaneously understand that you regard yourself as for
+ever obliged by their extreme kindness: from those, on the other hand,
+who owe you this attention, frankly demand that, as far as their age and
+business allow, they should constantly be in personal attendance, and
+that those who are unable to accompany you in person should find
+relations to take their place in performing this duty. I am very
+anxious, and think it extremely important, that you should always be
+surrounded by large numbers. Besides, it confers a great reputation and
+great distinction to be accompanied by those who by your exertions have
+been defended, preserved, and acquitted in the law courts. Put this
+demand fairly before them, that, since by your means and without any
+payment some have retained their property, others their honour, others
+their civil existence and entire fortunes, and since there will never be
+any other time at which they can show their gratitude, they should
+remunerate you by this service.
+
+X. And since the point now in discussion is entirely a question of the
+loyalty of friends, I must not, I think, pass over one caution.
+Deception, intrigue, and treachery are everywhere. This is not the time
+for a formal disquisition on the indications by which a true friend may
+be distinguished from a false: all that is in place now is to give you a
+hint. Your exalted character has compelled many to pretend to be your
+friends while really jealous of you. Wherefore remember the saying of
+Epicharmus, "the muscle and bone of wisdom is to believe nothing
+rashly." Again, when you have got the feelings of your friends in a
+sound state, you must then acquaint yourself with the attitude and
+varieties of your detractors and opponents. There are three: first,
+those whom you have attacked; second, those who dislike you without
+definite reason; third, those who are warm friends of your competitors.
+As to those attacked by you while pleading a friend's cause against
+them, frankly excuse yourself; remind them of the ties constraining you;
+give them reason to hope that you will act with equal zeal and loyalty
+in their cases, if they become your friends. As for those who dislike
+you without reason, do your best to remove that prejudice either by some
+actual service, or by holding out hopes of it, or by indicating your
+kindly feeling towards them. As for those whose wishes are against you
+owing to friendship for your competitors, gratify them also by the same
+means as the former, and, if you can get them to believe it, shew that
+you are kindly disposed to the very men who are standing against you.
+
+XI. Having said enough about securing friendships, I must now speak on
+another department of a candidate's task, which is concerned with the
+conciliation of the people. This demands a knack of remembering names,
+insinuating manners, constant attendance, liberality, the power of
+setting a report afloat and creating a hopeful feeling in the state.
+First of all, make the faculty you possess of recognizing people
+conspicuous, and go on increasing and improving it every day. I don't
+think there is anything so popular or so conciliatory. Next, if nature
+has denied you some quality, resolve to assume it, so as to appear to be
+acting naturally. Although nature has great force, yet in a business
+lasting only a few months it seems probable that the artificial may be
+the more effective. For though you are not lacking in the courtesy which
+good and polite men should have, yet there is great need of a flattering
+manner which, however faulty and discreditable in other transactions of
+life, is yet necessary during a candidateship. For when it makes a man
+worse by truckling, it is wrong; but when only more friendly, it does
+not deserve so harsh a term; while it is absolutely necessary to a
+candidate, whose face and expression and style of conversation have to
+be varied and accommodated to the feelings and tastes of everyone he
+meets. As for "constant attendance," there is no need of laying down any
+rule, the phrase speaks for itself. It is, of course, of very great
+consequence not to go away anywhere; but the real advantage of such
+constant attendance is not only the being at Rome and in the forum, but
+the pushing one's canvass assiduously, the addressing oneself again and
+again to the same persons, the making it impossible (as far as your
+power goes) for anyone to say that he has not been asked by you, and
+earnestly and carefully asked. Liberality is, again, of wide
+application; it is shewn in regard to the management of your private
+property, which, even if it does not actually reach the multitude, yet,
+if spoken of with praise by friends, earns the favour of the multitude.
+It may also be displayed in banquets, which you must take care to attend
+yourself and to cause your friends to attend, whether open ones or those
+confined to particular tribes. It may, again, be displayed in giving
+practical assistance, which I would have you render available far and
+wide: and be careful therein to be accessible to all by day and night,
+and not only by the doors of your house, but by your face and
+countenance, which is the door of the mind; for, if that shews your
+feelings to be those of reserve and concealment, it is of little good to
+have your house doors open. For men desire not only to have promises
+made them, especially in their applications to a candidate, but to have
+them made in a liberal and complimentary manner. Accordingly, it is an
+easy rule to make, that you should indicate that whatever you are going
+to do you will do with heartiness and pleasure; it is somewhat more
+difficult, and rather a concession to the necessities of the moment than
+to your inclination, that when you cannot do a thing you should [either
+promise] or put your refusal pleasantly: the latter is the conduct of a
+good man, the former of a good candidate. For when a request is made
+which we cannot grant with honour or without loss to ourselves, for
+instance, if a man were to ask us to appear in a suit against a friend,
+a refusal must be given in a gentlemanly way: you must point out to him
+that your hands are tied, must shew that you are exceedingly sorry, must
+convince him that you will make up for it in other ways.
+
+XII. I have heard a man say about certain orators, to whom he had
+offered his case, "that he had been better pleased with the words of the
+one who declined, than of the one who accepted." So true it is that men
+are more taken by look and words than by actual services. [This latter
+course, however, you will readily approve: the former it is somewhat
+difficult to recommend to a Platonist like you, but yet I will have
+regard for your present circumstances.] For even those to whom you are
+forced by any other tie to refuse your advocacy may yet quit you
+mollified and with friendly feelings. But those to whom you only excuse
+a refusal by saying that you are hindered by the affairs of closer
+friends, or by cases more important or previously undertaken, quit you
+with hostile feelings, and are one and all disposed to prefer an
+insincere promise to a direct negative from you. C. Cotta, a master in
+the art of electioneering, used to say that, "so long as the request was
+not directly contrary to moral duty, he used to promise his assistance
+to all, to bestow it on those with whom he thought it would be most
+advantageously invested: he did not refuse anyone, because something
+often turned up to prevent the person whom he promised from availing
+himself of it, and it often also occurred that he himself was less
+engaged than he had thought at the time; nor could anyone's house be
+full of suitors who only undertook what he saw his way to perform: by
+some accident or other the unexpected often happens, while business,
+which you have believed to be actually in hand, from some cause or other
+does not come off: moreover, the worst that can happen is that the man
+to whom you have made a false promise is angry." This last risk,
+supposing you to make the promise, is uncertain, is prospective, and
+only affects a few; but, if you refuse, the offence given is certain,
+immediate, and more widely diffused. For many more ask to be allowed to
+avail themselves of the help of another than actually do so. Wherefore
+it is better that some of them should at times be angry with you in the
+forum, than all of them perpetually at your own house: especially as
+they are more inclined to be angry with those who refuse, than with a
+man whom they perceive to be prevented by so grave a cause as to be
+compatible with the desire to fulfil his promise if he possibly could.
+But that I may not appear to have abandoned my own classification, since
+the department of a candidate's work on which I am now dilating is that
+which refers to the populace, I insist on this, that all these
+observations have reference not so much to the feelings of friends as to
+popular rumour. Though there is something in what I say which comes
+under the former head--such as answering with kindness, and giving
+zealous assistance in the business and the dangers of friends--yet in
+this part of my argument I am speaking of the things which enable you to
+win over the populace: for instance, the having your house full of
+visitors before daybreak, the securing the affection of many by giving
+them hope of your support, the contriving that men should leave you with
+more friendly feelings than they came, the filling the ears of as many
+as possible with the most telling words.
+
+XIII. For my next theme must be popular report, to which very great
+attention must be paid. But what I have said throughout the foregoing
+discourse applies also to the diffusion of a favourable report: the
+reputation for eloquence; the favour of the _publicani_ and equestrian
+order; the goodwill of men of rank; the crowd of young men; the constant
+attendance of those whom you have defended; the number of those from
+municipal towns who have notoriously come to Rome on your account; the
+observations which men make in your favour--that you recognize them,
+address them politely, are assiduous and earnest in canvassing; that
+they speak and think of you as kind and liberal; the having your house
+full of callers long before daybreak; the presence of large numbers of
+every class; that your look and speech give satisfaction to all, your
+acts and deeds to many; that everything is done which can be done by
+hard work, skill, and attention, not to cause the fame arising from all
+these displays of feeling to reach the people, but to bring the people
+itself to share them. You have already won the city populace and the
+affections of those who control the public meetings by your panegyric of
+Pompey, by undertaking the cause of Manilius, by your defence of
+Cornelius.[733] We must not let those advantages be forgotten, which
+hitherto no one has had without possessing at the same time the favour
+of the great. We must also take care that everyone knows that Cn.
+Pompeius is strongly in your favour, and that it emphatically suits his
+purpose that you should win your election. Lastly, take care that your
+whole candidature is full of _éclat_, brilliant, splendid, suited to the
+popular taste, presenting a spectacle of the utmost dignity and
+magnificence. See also, if possible, that some new scandal is started
+against your competitors for crime or looseness of life or corruption,
+such as is in harmony with their characters.
+
+Above all in this election you must see that the Republic entertains a
+good hope and an honourable opinion of you. And yet you must not enter
+upon political measures in senate-house and public meeting while a
+candidate: you must hold such things in abeyance, in order that from
+your lifelong conduct the senate may judge you likely to be the
+supporter of their authority; the Roman knights, along with the
+loyalists and wealthy, judge you from your past to be eager for peace
+and quiet times; and the people think of you as not likely to be hostile
+to their interests from the fact that in your style of speaking in
+public meetings, and in your declared convictions, you have been on the
+popular side.
+
+XIV. This is what occurred to me to say on the subject of these two
+morning reflexions, which I said you ought to turn over in your mind
+every day as you went down to the forum: "I am a _novus homo_," "I am a
+candidate for the consulship." There remains the third, "This is Rome,"
+a city made up of a combination of nations, in which many snares, much
+deception, many vices enter into every department of life: in which you
+have to put up with the arrogant pretensions, the wrong-headedness, the
+ill-will, the hauteur, the disagreeable temper and offensive manners of
+many. I well understand that it requires great prudence and skill for a
+man, living among social vices of every sort, so many and so serious, to
+avoid giving offence, causing scandal, or falling into traps, and in his
+single person to adapt himself to such a vast variety of character,
+speech, and feeling. Wherefore, I say again and again, go on
+persistently in the path you have begun: put yourself above rivalry in
+eloquence; it is by this that people at Rome are charmed and attracted,
+as well as deterred from obstructing a man's career or inflicting an
+injury upon him. And since the chief plague spot of our state is that it
+allows the prospect of a bribe to blind it to virtue and worth, be sure
+that you are fully aware of your own strength, that is, understand that
+you are the man capable of producing in the minds of your rivals the
+strongest fear of legal proceeding and legal peril. Let them know that
+they are watched and scrutinized by you: they will be in terror of your
+energy, as well as of your influence and power of speech, and above all
+of the affection of the equestrian order towards you. But though I wish
+you to hold out this before them, I do not wish you to make it appear
+that you are already meditating an action, but to use this terror so as
+to facilitate the gaining of your object: and, in a word, in this
+contest strain every nerve and use every faculty in such a way as to
+secure what we seek. I notice that there are no elections so deeply
+tainted with corruption, but that some centuries return men closely
+connected with them without receiving money. Therefore, if we are as
+vigilant as the greatness of our object demands, and rouse our
+well-wishers to put forth all their energies; and if we allot to men of
+influence and zeal in our service their several tasks; if we put before
+our rivals the threat of legal proceedings; if we inspire their agents
+with fear, and by some means check the distributors, it is possible to
+secure either that there shall be no bribery or that it shall be
+ineffectual.
+
+These are the points that I thought, not that I knew better than you,
+but that I could more easily than you--in the pressing state of your
+present engagements--collect together and send you written out. And
+although they are written in such terms as not to apply to all
+candidates for office, but to your special case and to your particular
+election, yet I should be glad if you would tell me of anything that
+should be corrected or entirely struck out, or that has been omitted.
+For I wish this little essay "on the duties of a candidate" to be
+regarded as complete in every respect.
+
+[Footnote 726: It is to be observed that at this time Pompey is reckoned
+as inclined to the _populares_. His legislation in B.C. 70 had been
+somewhat in their favour; but he had not, as a fact, ever declared
+himself either way.]
+
+[Footnote 727: C. Antonius, impeached by Cæsar for plundering Macedonia,
+_appellavit tribunos iuravitque se forum eiurare, quod æquo iure uti non
+posset_ (Ascon. § 84). His offences in Macedonia, where he had been left
+by Sulla, were in B.C. 83-80; his impeachment, B.C. 76; his expulsion
+from the senate, B.C. 70.]
+
+[Footnote 728: M. Marius Gratidianus (Ascon. § 84). These denunciations
+of Antonius and Catiline seem to be taken from the oration _in toga
+candida_.]
+
+[Footnote 729: Cælius, consul B.C. 94 with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.]
+
+[Footnote 730: Cicero, of course, was now a senator, but he was the
+first of his family who had been so. The others who came forward for the
+consulship were two patricians, P. Sulpicius Galba, L. Sergius Catilina;
+four plebeians, C. Antonius, L. Cassius Longinus, whom Asconius calls
+_nobiles_, _i.e._, members of families who had held curule office; and
+Q. Cornificius and C. Licinius Sacerdos, whose families had only
+recently risen to this position, _tantum non primi ex familiis suis
+magistratum adepti erant_ (Asc.)]
+
+[Footnote 731: He hints, I think, at Cæsar, who supported Antonius and
+Catiline, and also the Luculli, who were opponents of Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 732: C. Fundanius, defended by Cicero B.C. 66, fr. p. 216. Q.
+Gallius, defended by Cicero on _ambitus_ B.C. 64, fr. p. 217 (_Brut._ §
+277). C. Cornelius, quæstor of Pompey, tr. pl. B.C. 67, defended by
+Cicero B.C. 65 (Ascon. § 56 _seq._) C. Orchivius, Cicero's colleague in
+prætorship B.C. 66 (_Or._ § 160). We don't know on what charge Cicero
+defended him. The passage in _pro Cluent._ § 147, does not mean that he
+was accused of _peculatus_, but that he presided over trials of
+_peculatus_ as prætor.]
+
+[Footnote 733: Manilius, tr. pl. B.C. 66, proposed the law for
+appointing Pompey to supersede Lucullus in the East. After his year of
+office he was accused of _maiestas_, and later on of _repetundæ_, but
+apparently neither case came on. C. Cornelius, tr. pl. B.C. 57, was
+accused of _maiestas_ in B.C. 55, and defended by Cicero. He had become
+alienated from the senate by its opposition to his legislation against
+usury in the provinces, and the case made a great sensation.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+L. VETTIUS (LETTER L, A II, 24)
+
+
+L. Vettius, a kind of Titus Oates, was like the witness in "Great
+Expectations," prepared to swear "mostly anything." The interest
+attaching to such a sordid person is confined to the question whether he
+was really acting with the connivance of, or under an agreement with,
+any of the leading politicians of the day. If the principle of _cui
+bono_ is applied, it is evident that the gainers were the party of the
+trumvirs, whose popularity would be increased by a belief being created
+that their opponents the Optimates were prepared to adopt extreme
+measures to get rid of them. It would give them just the advantage which
+the Rye House plot gave Charles II. This is Cicero's view, it seems, of
+the matter, as insinuated in this letter and in his speech against
+Vatinius (§§ 24-26; cp. _pro Sest._ § 132). In the letter, however, his
+insinuations seem directed against Cæsar: in the speech Vatinius is the
+scape-goat. But Vettius was not only a liar, but a bad liar. He made
+blunders; and when he brought in the name of Bibulus, he was not aware
+that Bibulus had got scent of something going on, and had secured
+himself by giving Pompey warning. He also did not tell consistent
+stories, mentioning names (such as that of Brutus) at one time, and
+withdrawing them at another. He was accordingly wholly discredited, and
+could therefore expect no protection from Cæsar, who had been careful
+not to commit himself; and he had nothing for it but suicide, like
+Pigott at the time of the Parnell Commission.
+
+Cicero, then, would have us believe that Vettius had been instigated by
+Vatinius (acting for Cæsar) to name Bibulus, L. Lucullus, Curio (father
+and son), L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Lentulus, L. Paullus, Cicero
+himself, his son-in-law Piso, and M. Laterensis, as having been all more
+or less privy to the plot to murder Pompey and Cæsar. That there was
+absolutely no such plot, and that Vettius broke down hopelessly when
+questioned. That the object was, (1) to irritate Pompey with the
+Optimates and so confirm him in his alliance with Cæsar, (2) to
+discredit the Optimates generally.
+
+It may be well to state briefly the views put forward by our other
+authorities for this period.
+
+(1.) Suetonius (_Cæs. 20_) appears to attribute the instigation of
+Vettius to Cæsar, as also the murder of Vettius in prison, after he
+broke down so flagrantly. The text of this passage, however, is somewhat
+doubtful.
+
+(2.) Appian (_B. C._ ii. 12) describes the scene as happening at the
+time that Cæsar's agrarian law was being passed, and Bibulus was hustled
+in the forum. Vettius, with a drawn dagger, rushed into the crowd crying
+out that he had been sent by Bibulus, Cicero, and Cato to assassinate
+Cæsar and Pompey, and that an attendant of Bibulus had given him the
+dagger. Vettius was arrested, put into prison to be questioned the next
+day, and was murdered during the night. Cæsar meanwhile addressed the
+people and excited their anger; but after the death of Vettius the
+matter was hushed up.
+
+(3.) Plutarch (_Lucull._ 42) says that the "Pompeians," annoyed at
+finding the union with Cæsar opposed by the leading Optimates, induced
+Vettius to accuse Lucullus and others of a plot to assassinate Pompey;
+and that the corpse of Vettius shewed evident signs of violence.
+
+(4.) Dio Cassius (38-39) says bluntly that Vettius was employed by
+Lucullus and Cicero to assassinate Pompey, and was got rid of in prison.
+He adds that Vettius was discredited by bringing in the name of Bibulus,
+who (as Cicero also says) had secured himself by giving Pompey warning.
+
+The conclusions seem to be (though in such a tangled skein of lies it is
+impossible to be sure), (1) that there was no plot, properly so called,
+though many of the Optimates, and Cicero among them, had used incautious
+language; (2) that Vettius was suborned by some person or party of
+persons to make the people believe that there was one; (3) that
+Cæsar--though there is not sufficient evidence to shew that he had been
+the instigator--was willing to take advantage of the prejudice created
+by the suspicions thus aroused; (4) that though Vettius had served
+Cicero in his capacity of spy in the days of the Catilinarian
+conspiracy, and was able to report words of his sufficiently
+characteristic, yet this letter to Atticus exonerates Cicero from
+suspicion, even if there were a plot, and even if we could believe that
+he could have brought himself to plot the death of Pompey.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+
+     The following letters to Tiro, with one from Quintus in regard to
+     his manumission, are given here because of the difficulty of dating
+     them. The indications of time are as follows. I. Those addressed to
+     Tiro are earlier than that of Quintus, because they refer to a
+     promised emancipation, while that of Quintus speaks of it as
+     accomplished. II. The letter of Quintus is after the emancipation
+     of his own freedman Statius, which apparently took place B.C. 59.
+     III. Quintus is at a distance from Italy, and is looking forward to
+     rejoin his brother and family. IV. Cicero is engaged on some more
+     than ordinary literary work. V. Pompey is visiting Cicero in his
+     Cuman villa. Now after his return from Asia (B.C. 58), Quintus was
+     only twice thus distant, in B.C. 57-56 in Sardinia, and in B.C.
+     54-53 in Britain and Gaul. In both of these periods Cicero was
+     engaged on literary work; in the former on the _de Oratore_, in the
+     latter on the _de Republica_. There is really no means of deciding
+     between these two. It is even possible that they might be placed
+     some time during the proprietorship of Quintus in Asia (B.C.
+     62-59), during which Cicero was engaged, among other things, on a
+     poem on his own times and a history of his consulship. Tiro--or M.
+     Tullius Tiro, as he was called after his emancipation--was not a
+     young man, and may well have been emancipated even in B.C. 59.
+     According to Hieronymus, he died in B.C. 5 in his hundredth year.
+     He was therefore little more than a year younger than Cicero
+     himself. The illness of Tiro must have been an earlier one than
+     that of which we shall hear much in B.C. 50-49.
+
+
+
+
+I (F XVI, 13)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMÆ) 10 APRIL
+
+
+I shall consider that I have everything possible from you, if I see you
+in good health. I am awaiting the arrival of Andricus, whom I sent to
+you, with the utmost anxiety. Do take pains to recover, if you love me:
+and as soon as you have thoroughly re-established your health, come to
+me. Good-bye.
+
+10 April.
+
+
+
+
+II (F XVI, 14)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMÆ) 11 APRIL
+
+
+Andricus arrived a day later than I expected him, and accordingly I had
+a night of terror and unhappiness. Your letter does not make me at all
+more certain of your state, and yet it did revive me. I can take
+pleasure in nothing; can employ myself in no literary work, which I
+cannot touch till I have seen you. Give orders to promise the doctor any
+fee he chooses to ask. I wrote to that effect to Ummidius. I am told
+that your mind is ill at ease, and that the doctor says this is what
+makes you ill. If you care for me, rouse from their sleep your studies
+and your culture, which make you the dearest object of my affection. It
+is your mind that requires strengthening now, in order that your body
+may also recover. Pray do it both for your own and my sake. Keep Acastus
+with you to help to nurse you. Preserve yourself for me. The day for the
+fulfilment of my promise is at hand, and I will be true to it, if you
+only come. Good-bye, good-bye!
+
+11 April, noon.
+
+
+
+
+III (F XVI, 15)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMÆ) 12 APRIL
+
+
+Ægypta arrived on the 12th of April. Though he brought the news that you
+were entirely without fever and were pretty well, yet he caused me
+anxiety by saying that you had not been able to write to me: and all the
+more so because Hermia, who ought to have arrived on the same day, has
+not done so. I am incredibly anxious about your health. If you will
+relieve me from that, I will _liberate_ you from every burden. I would
+have written at greater length, if I had thought that you were now
+capable of taking any pleasure in reading a letter. Concentrate your
+whole intelligence, which I value above everything, upon preserving
+yourself for your own and my benefit. Use your utmost diligence, I
+repeat, in nursing your health. Good-bye.
+
+P.S.--When I had finished the above Hermia arrived. I have your letter
+written in a shaky hand, and no wonder after so serious an illness. I am
+sending Ægypta back to stay with you, because he is by no means without
+feeling, and seems to me to be attached to you, and with him a cook for
+your especial use. Good-bye!
+
+
+
+
+IV (F XVI, 10)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+CUMÆ, 19 MAY
+
+
+I of course wish you to come to me, but I dread the journey for you. You
+have been most seriously ill: you have been much reduced by a low diet
+and purgatives, and the ravages of the disease itself. After dangerous
+illnesses, if some mistake is made, drawbacks are usually dangerous.
+Moreover, to the two days on the road which it will have taken you to
+reach Cumæ, there will have to be added at once five more for your
+return journey to Rome. I mean to be at Formiæ on the 30th: be sure, my
+dear Tiro, that I find you there strong and well. My poor studies, or
+rather _ours_, have been in a very bad way owing to your absence.
+However, they have looked up a little owing to this letter from you
+brought by Acastus. Pompey is staying with me at the moment of writing
+this, and seems to be cheerful and enjoying himself. He asks me to read
+him something of ours, but I told him that without you the oracle was
+dumb. Pray prepare to renew your services to our Muses. My promise shall
+be _performed_ on the day named: for I have taught you the etymology of
+_fides_.[734] Take care to make a complete recovery. I shall be with you
+directly. Good-bye.
+
+19 May.
+
+[Footnote 734: From _fio_, according to Cicero, _credamusque quia "fiat"
+quod dictum est, appellatam fidem_ (_de Off._ i. § 23). He is referring
+to his promise to emancipate Tiro on a particular day.]
+
+
+
+
+V (F XVI, 16)
+
+Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER
+
+(GAUL?)
+
+
+As I hope to see you again, my dear Marcus, and my own son Cicero, and
+your Tulliola and your son, I am delighted about Tiro. He was much too
+good for his position, and I am truly glad that you preferred that he
+should be our freedman and friend rather than our slave. Believe me,
+when I read your letter and his I jumped for joy, and I both thank and
+congratulate you: for if the fidelity and good character of my own
+Statius is a delight to me, how much more valuable must those same
+qualities be in your man, since there is added to them knowledge of
+literature, conversational powers, and culture, which have advantages
+even over those useful virtues! I have all sorts of most conclusive
+reasons for loving you: and here is another one, either for what you
+have done, or, if you choose, for your perfect manner of announcing it
+to me. Your letter shewed me your whole heart. I have promised Sabinus's
+servants all they asked, and I will perform my promise.
+
+
+END OF VOL. I.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by 
+Marcus Tullius Cicero
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+Project Gutenberg's The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1
+       The Whole Extant Correspodence in Chronological Order
+
+Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+Translator: Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
+
+Release Date: April 22, 2007 [EBook #21200]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LETTERS OF CICERO, VOLUME 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LETTERS OF
+
+CICERO
+
+THE WHOLE EXTANT CORRESPONDENCE
+IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
+
+
+TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
+
+BY
+
+EVELYN S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A.
+
+LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
+AUTHOR OF A TRANSLATION OF POLYBIUS, A HISTORY OF ROME, ETC
+
+
+IN FOUR VOLUMES
+
+VOL. I. B.C. 68-52
+
+
+LONDON
+GEORGE BELL AND SONS
+1899
+
+
+CHISWICK PRESS:--CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
+TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The object of this book is to give the English-speaking public, in a
+convenient form, as faithful and readable a copy as the translator was
+capable of making of a document unique in the literature of antiquity.
+Whether we regard the correspondence of Cicero from the point of view of
+the biographer and observer of character, the historian, or the lover of
+_belles lettres_, it is equally worthy of study. It seems needless to
+dwell on the immense historical importance of letters written by
+prominent actors in one of the decisive periods of the world's history,
+when the great Republic, that had spread its victorious arms, and its
+law and discipline, over the greater part of the known world, was in the
+throes of its change from the old order to the new. If we would
+understand--as who would not?--the motives and aims of the men who acted
+in that great drama, there is nowhere that we can go with better hope of
+doing so than to these letters. To the student of character also the
+personality of Cicero must always have a great fascination. Statesman,
+orator, man of letters, father, husband, brother, and friend--in all
+these capacities he comes before us with singular vividness. In every
+one of them he will doubtless rouse different feelings in different
+minds. But though he will still, as he did in his lifetime, excite
+vehement disapproval as well as strong admiration, he will never, I
+think, appear to anyone dull or uninteresting. In the greater part of
+his letters he is not posing or assuming a character; he lets us only
+too frankly into his weaknesses and his vanities, as well as his
+generous admirations and warm affections. Whether he is weeping, or
+angry, or exulting, or eager for compliments, or vain of his abilities
+and achievements, he is not a phantasm or a farceur, but a human being
+with fiercely-beating pulse and hot blood.
+
+The difficulty of the task which I have been bold enough to undertake
+is well known to scholars, and may explain, though perhaps not excuse,
+the defects of my work. One who undertakes to express the thoughts of
+antiquity in modern idiom goes to his task with his eyes open, and has
+no right at every stumbling-block or pitfall to bemoan his unhappy fate.
+So also with the particular difficulties presented by the great founder
+of Latin style--his constant use of superlatives, his doubling and
+trebling of nearly synonymous terms, the endless shades of meaning in
+such common words as _officium_, _fides_, _studium_, _humanitas_,
+_dignitas_, and the like--all these the translator has to take in the
+day's work. Finally, there are the hard nuts to crack--often very
+hard--presented by corruption of the text. Such problems, though,
+relatively with other ancient works, not perhaps excessively numerous,
+are yet sufficiently numerous and sufficiently difficult. But besides
+these, which are the natural incidents of such work, there is the
+special difficulty that the letters are frequently answers to others
+which we do not possess, and which alone can fully explain the meaning
+of sentences which must remain enigmatical to us; or they refer to
+matters by a word or phrase of almost telegraphic abruptness, with which
+the recipient was well acquainted, but as to which we are reduced to
+guessing. When, however, all such insoluble difficulties are allowed
+for, which after all in absolute bulk are very small, there should (if
+the present version is at all worthy) be enough that is perfectly plain
+to everyone, and generally of the highest interest.
+
+I had no intention of writing a commentary on the language of Cicero or
+his correspondents, and my translation must, as a rule, be taken for the
+only expression of my judgment formed after reading and weighing the
+arguments of commentators. I meant only to add notes on persons and
+things enabling the reader to use the letters for biographical, social,
+and historical study. I should have liked to dedicate it by the words
+_Boswellianus Boswellianis_. But I found that the difficulties of the
+text compelled me to add a word here and there as to the solution of
+them which I preferred, or had myself to suggest. Such notes are very
+rare, and rather meant as danger signals than critical discussions. I
+have followed in the main the chronological arrangement of the letters
+adopted by Messrs. Tyrrell and Purser, to whose great work my
+obligations are extremely numerous. If, as is the case, I have not
+always been able to accept their conclusions, it is none the less true
+that their brilliant labours have infinitely lightened my task, and
+perhaps made it even possible.
+
+I ought to mention that I have adopted the English mode of dating,
+writing, for instance, July and August, though Cicero repudiated the
+former and, of course, never heard of the latter. I have also refrained
+generally from attempting to represent his Greek by French, partly
+because I fear I should have done it ill, and partly because it is not
+in him as in an English writer who lards his sentences with French. It
+is almost confined to the letters to Atticus, to whom Greek was a second
+mother-tongue, and often, I think, is a quotation from him. It does not
+really represent Cicero's ordinary style.
+
+One excuse for my boldness in venturing upon the work is the fact that
+no complete translation exists in English. Mr. Jeans has published a
+brilliant translation of a selection of some of the best of the letters.
+But still it is not the whole. The last century versions of Melmoth and
+Herbenden have many excellences; but they are not complete either (the
+letters to Brutus, for instance, having been discovered since), and
+need, at any rate, a somewhat searching revision. Besides, with many
+graces of style, they may perhaps prove less attractive now than they
+did a century ago. At any rate it is done, and I must bear with what
+equanimity nature has given me the strictures of critics, who doubtless
+will find, if so minded, many blemishes to set off against, and perhaps
+outweigh, any merit my translation may have. I must bear that as well as
+I may. But no critic can take from me the days and nights spent in close
+communion with Rome's greatest intellect, or the endless pleasure of
+solving the perpetually recurring problem of how best to transfer a
+great writer's thoughts and feelings from one language to another:
+
+    "Cæsar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil."
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS IN VOLUME I
+
+
+                      Number
+                      in this
+                      Translation
+
+Fam. I.            1      94
+  "                2      95
+  "                3      96
+  "                4      97
+  "                5      98
+  "                5b    102
+  "                6     103
+  "                7     113
+  "                8     118
+  "                9     152
+  "               10     161
+Fam. II.           1     165
+  "                2     167
+  "                3     168
+  "                4     174
+  "                5     175
+  "                6     176
+Fam. III.          1     180
+Fam. V.            1      13
+  "                2      14
+  "                3     112
+  "                4      88
+  "                5      17
+  "                6      15
+  "                7      12
+  "                8     130
+  "               12     108
+  "               17     178
+  "               18     179
+Fam. VII.          1     126
+  "                2     181
+  "                5     133
+  "                6     135
+  "                7     136
+  "                8     139
+  "                9     144
+  "               10     160
+  "               11     166
+  "               12     169
+  "               13     170
+  "               14     171
+  "               15     173
+  "               16     156
+  "               17     145
+  "               18     172
+  "               23     125
+  "               26      93
+Fam. XIII.         6a    114
+  "                6b    115
+  "               40     128
+  "               41      54
+  "               42      53
+  "               49     162
+  "               60     163
+  "               73     164
+  "               74     127
+  "               75     177
+Fam. XIV.          1      81
+  "                2      78
+  "                3      83
+  "                4      61
+Fam. XVI.         10  p. 386
+  "               13  p. 384
+  "               14  p. 385
+  "               16  p. 387
+Q. Fr. I.          1      29
+  "                2      52
+  "                3      65
+  "                4      71
+Q. Fr. II.         1      92
+  "                2      99
+  "                3     101
+  "                4     104
+  "                5     105
+  "                6     116
+  "                7     119
+  "                8     122
+  "                9     131
+  "               10     132
+  "               11     134
+  "               12     138
+  "               13     140
+  "               14     141
+  "               15     146
+Q. Fr III.         1     147
+  "                2     149
+  "                3     150
+  "                4     151
+  "                5}    154
+  "                6}
+  "                7     155
+  "                8     158
+  "                9     159
+Petit. Cons.          p. 367
+Att. I.            1      10
+  "                2      11
+  "                3       8
+  "                4       9
+  "                5       1
+  "                6       2
+  "                7       3
+  "                8       5
+  "                9       4
+  "               10       6
+  "               11       7
+  "               12      16
+  "               13      18
+  "               14      19
+  "               15      20
+  "               16      21
+  "               17      22
+  "               18      23
+  "               19      24
+  "               20      25
+Att. II.           1      26
+  "                2      27
+  "                3      28
+  "                4      30
+  "                5      31
+  "                6      32
+  "                7      33
+  "                8      34
+  "                9      35
+  "               10      37
+  "               11      38
+  "               12      36
+  "               13      39
+  "               14      40
+  "               15      41
+  "               16      42
+  "               17      43
+  "               18      44
+  "               19      45
+  "               20      46
+  "               21      47
+  "               22      48
+  "               23      49
+  "               24      50
+  "               25      51
+Att. III.          1      58
+  "                2      56
+  "                3      55
+  "                4      57
+  "                5      59
+  "                6      60
+  "                7      62
+  "                8      63
+  "                9      64
+  "               10      66
+  "               11      67
+  "               12      68
+  "               13      70
+  "               14      69
+  "               15      72
+  "               16      73
+  "               17      74
+  "               18      75
+  "               19      76
+  "               20      77
+  "               21      79
+  "               22      80
+  "               23      82
+  "               24      84
+  "               25      85
+  "               26      86
+  "               27      87
+Att. IV.           1      89
+  "                2      90
+  "                3      91
+  "                4a    100
+  "                4b    106
+  "                5     107
+  "                6     109
+  "                7     110
+  "                8a    111
+  "                8b    117
+  "                9     121
+  "               10     120
+  "               11     123
+  "               12     124
+  "               13     129
+  "               14     137
+  "               15     143
+  "               16}    142, 148, 157
+  "               17}
+  "               18     153
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Sidenote: Ground covered by the Correspondence.]
+
+The correspondence of Cicero, as preserved for us by his freedman Tiro,
+does not open till the thirty-ninth year of the orator's life, and is so
+strictly contemporary, dealing so exclusively with the affairs of the
+moment, that little light is thrown by it on his previous life. It does
+not become continuous till the year after his consulship (B.C. 62).
+There are no letters in the year of the consulship itself or the year of
+his canvass for the consulship (B.C. 64 and 63). It begins in B.C. 68,
+and between that date and B.C. 65 there are only eleven letters. We
+have, therefore, nothing exactly contemporaneous to help us to form a
+judgment on the great event which coloured so much of his after life,
+the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy and the execution of the
+conspirators, in the last month of his consulship. But setting aside the
+first eleven letters, we have from that time forward a correspondence
+illustrating, as no other document in antiquity does, the hopes and
+fears, the doubts and difficulties, of a keen politician living through
+the most momentous period of Roman history, the period of the fall of
+the Republic, beginning with Pompey's return from the East in B.C. 62,
+and ending with the appearance of the young Octavian on the scene and
+the formation of the Triumvirate in B.C. 43, of whose victims Cicero was
+one of the first and most illustrious. It is by his conduct and speeches
+during this period that Cicero's claim to be a statesman and a patriot
+must be judged, and by his writings in the same period that his place in
+literature must chiefly be assigned. Before B.C. 63 his biography, if we
+had it, would be that of the advocate and the official, no doubt with
+certain general views on political questions as they occurred, but not
+yet committed definitely to a party, or inclined to regard politics as
+the absorbing interest of his life. In his early youth his hero had
+been his fellow townsman Marius, in whose honour he composed a poem
+about the time of taking the _toga virilis_. But it was as the
+successful general, and before the days of the civil war. And though he
+served in the army of Sulla in the Marsic war (B.C. 90-88), he always
+regarded his cruelties with horror, however much he may have afterwards
+approved of certain points of his legislation. It was not till the
+consulship that he became definitely a party man[1] and an Optimate, and
+even then his feelings were much distracted by a strong
+belief--strangely ill-founded--that Pompey would be as successful as a
+statesman as he had been fortunate as a general. For him he had also a
+warm personal attachment, which never seems to have wholly died out, in
+spite of much petulance of language. This partly accounts for the
+surrender of B.C. 56, and his acquiescence in the policy of the
+triumvirs, an acquiescence never hearty indeed, as far as Cæsar and
+Crassus were concerned, but in which he consoled himself with the belief
+that nothing very unconstitutional could be done while Pompey was
+practically directing affairs at Rome.
+
+[Sidenote: The various nature of the Correspondence.]
+
+It is through this period of political change and excitement that the
+correspondence will take us, with some important gaps indeed, but on the
+whole fullest when it is most wanted to shew the feelings and motives
+guiding the active politicians of the day, or at any rate the effect
+which events had upon one eager and acute intellect and sensitive heart.
+One charm of the correspondence is variety. There is almost every sort
+of letter. Those to Atticus are unstudied, spontaneous, and reflect the
+varying moods of the writer. At times of special excitement they follow
+each other day by day, and sometimes more than once in the same day; and
+the writer seems to conceal nothing, however much it might expose him to
+ridicule, and to the charge of fickleness, weakness, or even cowardice.
+Those addressed to other friends are sometimes familiar and playful,
+sometimes angry and indignant. Some of them are careful and elaborate
+state papers, others mere formal introductions and recommendations.
+Business, literature, and philosophy all have their share in them; and,
+what is so rare in ancient literature, the family relations of the
+writer, his dealings with wife, son, and daughter, brother and nephew,
+and sons-in-law, are all depicted for us, often with the utmost
+frankness. After reading them we seem to know Cicero the man, as well as
+Cicero the statesman and orator. The eleven letters which precede the
+consulship are happily, from this point of view, addressed to Atticus.
+For it was to Atticus that he wrote with the least concealment, and with
+the confidence that any detail, however small, which concerned himself
+would be interesting to his correspondent. It is well, therefore, that,
+though we thus come into his life when it was more than half over, we
+should at once hear his genuine sentiments on whatever subjects he may
+be speaking. Besides his own, we have about ninety letters to Cicero
+from some of the chief men of the day--Pompey, Cæsar, Cato, Brutus,
+Antony, and many others. They are of very various excellence. The best
+of them are by much less known men. Neither Pompey nor Cæsar were good
+letter-writers, or, if the latter was so, he was too busy to use his
+powers.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's position previous to the beginning of the
+Correspondence in B.C. 68.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quæstor, B.C. 75.]
+
+The letters begin, then, in B.C. 68, when Cicero was in his
+thirty-seventh year. He was already a man of established reputation both
+as a pleader and a writer. Rhetorical treatises (B.C. 86), translations
+from Xenophon and Plato (B.C. 84), and from the poems of Aratus (B.C.
+81), had given evidence of a varied literary interest and a promise of
+future eminence, while his success as an advocate had led to the first
+step in the official _cursus honorum_ by his becoming a quæstor in B.C.
+75. The lot assigned Lilybæum as his sphere of work, and though the
+duties of a quæstor in Sicily were not such as to bring a man's name
+much before the Roman public, Cicero plumes himself, as was not unusual
+with him, on the integrity and energy which he displayed in his
+administration. He has indeed the honesty to tell against himself the
+story of the acquaintance who, meeting him at Puteoli on his return
+journey, asked him what day he had left Rome and what was the news
+there. When he answered rather crossly that he had just come from
+Sicily, another acquaintance put in with "Why, of course. Didn't you
+know he has just been quæstor _at Syracuse_!" At any rate he had done
+sufficiently well in Lilybæum to give him his next step, the ædileship
+to which he was elected B.C. 70, and to induce the Sicilians to apply to
+him, when in that year they desired the prosecution of the extortionate
+Verres. His energy and success in this business raised him, without
+question, to the first rank of advocates, and pledged him to a righteous
+policy in regard to the government of the provinces.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's Boyhood and Education.]
+
+Still Cicero was a _novus homo_, and the jealous exclusiveness of the
+great families at Rome might yet prevent his attainment of the highest
+office of all. When the correspondence opens he is a candidate for the
+prætorship, which he obtained without difficulty, at the head of the
+poll. But his birth might still be a bar to the consulship. His father,
+M. Tullius, lived at Arpinum, an ancient city of the Volscians and
+afterwards of the Samnites, which had long enjoyed a partial, and from
+B.C. 188 a complete, Roman franchise, and was included in the Cornelian
+tribe. Cicero's mother's name was Helvia, of whom we know nothing but
+the one anecdote told by Quintus (_Fam._ xvi. 26), who says that she
+used to seal the wine jars when they were emptied, so that none might be
+drained without her knowing it--a testimony to her economy and careful
+housewifery. His father had weak health and resided almost entirely in
+his villa at Arpinum, which he had considerably enlarged, much devoted
+to study and literature (_de Leg._ ii. 1). But though he apparently
+possessed considerable property, giving him equestrian rank, and though
+Cicero says that his family was very ancient, yet neither he nor any of
+his ancestors had held Roman magistracies. Marcus and his brother
+Quintus were the first of their family to do so, and both had to depend
+on character and ability to secure their elections. But though the
+father did nothing for his sons by holding curule office himself, he did
+the best for their education that was possible. Cicero calls him
+_optimus et prudentissimus_, and speaks with gratitude of what he had
+done for his sons in this respect. They were sent early to Rome to the
+house of C. Aculeo, a learned jurisconsult, married to a sister of
+Helvia; and attended--with their cousins, the sons of Aculeo--the best
+schools in the city.[2] The young Marcus shewed extraordinary ability
+from the first, and that avidity for reading and study which never
+forsook him. As a young man he diligently attended the chambers of
+renowned jurisconsults, especially those of the elder and younger
+Scævola, Crassus, and Antonius, and soon found that his calling in life
+was oratory. It was not till he was twenty-eight years old,
+however--when he had already written much and pleaded many cases--that
+he went on a visit of between two and three years to Greece, Asia, and
+Rhodes, to study in the various schools of rhetoric and philosophy, and
+to view their famous cities (B.C. 79-77). It was after his return from
+this tour that his age (he was now thirty-one) made the seeking of
+office at Rome possible. From that time his election to the several
+offices--quæstorship, ædileship, prætorship, consulship--followed
+without any repulse, each in the first year of his age at which he was
+legally capable of being elected.
+
+He had doubtless made the acquaintance of Titus Pomponius, afterwards
+called Atticus, early in life. But it seems that it was their intimacy
+at Athens (B.C. 79), where Atticus, who was three years his senior, had
+been residing for several years, that began the very close and warm
+friendship which lasted with nothing but the slightest and most passing
+of clouds till his death. His brother Quintus was married to Pomponia, a
+sister of Atticus; but the marriage turned out unfortunately, and was a
+strain upon the friendship of Cicero and Atticus rather than an
+additional bond. This source of uneasiness meets us in the very first
+letter of the correspondence, and crops up again and again till the
+final rupture of the ill-assorted union by divorce in B.C. 44. Nothing,
+however, had apparently interrupted the correspondence of the two
+friends, which had been going on for a long time before the first letter
+which has been preserved.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero the successful Advocate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Cicero's Father.]
+
+The eleven letters, then, which date before the consulship, shew us
+Cicero in full career of success as an advocate and rising official,
+not as yet apparently much interested in party politics, but with his
+mind, in the intervals of forensic business, engaged on the adornment of
+the new villa at Tusculum, the first of the numerous country residences
+which his growing wealth or his heightened ideas of the dignity of his
+position prompted him to purchase. Atticus is commissioned to search in
+Athens and elsewhere for objects of art suitable for the residence of a
+wealthy Roman, who at the same time was a scholar and man of letters. He
+is beginning to feel the charm of at any rate a temporary retreat from
+the constant bustle and occupations of the city. Though Cicero loved
+Rome, and could hardly conceive of life unconnected with its business
+and excitements,[3] and eagerly looked for news of the city in his
+absence, yet there was another side to his character. His interest in
+literature and philosophy was quite as genuine as his interest in the
+forum and senate-house. When the season came for temporarily withdrawing
+from the latter, he returned to the former with eager passion. But
+Tusculum was too near Rome to secure him the quiet and solitude
+necessary for study and composition. Thus, though he says (vol. i., p.
+4), "I am so delighted with my Tusculan villa that I never feel really
+happy till I get there," he often found it necessary, when engaged in
+any serious literary work, to seek the more complete retirement of
+Formiæ, Cumæ, or Pompeii, near all of which he acquired properties,
+besides an inheritance at Arpinum.[4] But the important achievements in
+literature were still in the future. The few letters of B.C. 68-67 are
+full of directions to Atticus for the collection of books or works of
+art suitable to his house, and of matters of private interest. They are
+also short and sometimes abrupt. The famous allusion to his father's
+death in the second letter of this collection, contained in a single
+line--_pater nobis decessit a.d. 111 Kal. Decembris_--followed by
+directions to Atticus as to articles of _vertu_ for his villa, has much
+exercised the minds of admirers, who do not like to think Cicero capable
+of such a cold-hearted sentence. It is certainly very unlike his usual
+manner.[5] He is more apt to exaggerate than understate his emotions;
+and in the first letter extant he speaks with real feeling of the death
+of a cousin. Elsewhere--as we have seen--he refers to his father with
+respect and gratitude. How then are we to account for such a cold
+announcement? Several expedients have been hit upon. First, to change
+_decessit_ to _discessit_, and to refer the sentence to the father's
+quitting Rome, and not life; in which case it is not easy to see why the
+information is given at all. Second, to suppose it to be a mere answer
+to a request for the information on the part of Atticus; in which case
+the date must refer to some previous year, or the letter must be placed
+considerably later, to allow of time for Atticus to hear of the death
+and to write his question. In favour of the first is the fact that
+Asconius (§ 82) says that Cicero lost his father when he was a candidate
+for the consulship (B.C. 64). Some doubt has been thrown upon the
+genuineness of the passage in Asconius; and, if that is not trustworthy,
+we have nothing else to help us. On the whole I think we must leave the
+announcement as it stands in all its baldness. Cicero's father had long
+been an invalid, and Atticus may have been well aware that the end was
+expected. He would also be acquainted with the son's feelings towards
+his father, and Cicero may have held it unnecessary to enlarge upon
+them. It is possible, too, that he had already written to tell Atticus
+of the death and of his own feelings, but had omitted the date, which he
+here supplies. Whatever may be the true explanation--impossible now to
+recover--everything we know of Cicero forbids us to reckon insensibility
+among his faults, or reserve in expressing his feelings among his
+characteristics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Prætorship, B.C. 66.]
+
+In the next year (B.C. 67) we find Cicero elected to the prætorship,
+after at least two interruptions to the _comitia_, which, though not
+aimed at himself, gave him a foretaste of the political troubles to come
+a few years later. He is, however, at present simply annoyed at the
+inconvenience, not yet apprehensive of any harm to the constitution. The
+double postponement, indeed, had the effect of gratifying his vanity:
+for his own name was returned three times first of the list of eight.
+His prætorship (B.C. 66) passed without any startling event. The two
+somewhat meagre letters which remain belonging to this year tell us
+hardly anything. Still he began more or less to define his political
+position by advocating the _lex Manilia_, for putting the Mithridatic
+war into the hands of Pompey; and one of his most elaborate forensic
+speeches--that for Cluentius--was delivered in the course of the year:
+in which also his brother Quintus was elected to the ædileship.
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65-64. Preparations for the Consulship.]
+
+So far Cicero had risen steadily and without serious difficulty up the
+official ladder. But the stress was now to come. The old families seem
+not to have been so ready to oppose the rise of the _novus homo_ to the
+prætorship. It was the consulship on which they tried to keep a tight
+hand. Accordingly, immediately after the year of his prætorship, we find
+him anxiously looking out for support and inquiring who are likely to be
+his competitors. The interesting point in regard to this is his
+connexion with Catiline. In his speech in the senate delivered in the
+following year (_in toga candida_, B.C. 64) he denounced Catiline in the
+most violent language, accusing him of every conceivable crime; yet in
+B.C. 65 he not only contemplated being elected with him without any
+expression of disgust, but even considered whether he should not
+undertake his defence on some charge that was being brought against
+him--perhaps for his conduct during the Sullan proscriptions. To
+whitewash Catiline is a hopeless task; and it throws a lurid light upon
+the political and moral sentiments of the time to find Cicero even
+contemplating such a conjunction.
+
+After this, for two years, there is a break in the correspondence.
+Atticus had probably returned to Rome, and if there were letters to
+others (as no doubt there were) they have been lost. A certain light is
+thrown on the proceedings of the year of candidature (B.C. 64) by the
+essay "On the duties of a candidate," ascribed to his brother Quintus,
+who was himself to be a candidate for the prætorship in the next year
+(B.C. 63). We may see from this essay that Pompey was still regarded as
+the greatest and most influential man at Rome; that Catiline's character
+was so atrocious in the eyes of most, that his opposition was not to be
+feared; that Cicero's "newness" was a really formidable bar to his
+election, and that his chief support was to be looked for from the
+individuals and companies for whom he had acted as counsel, and who
+hoped to secure his services in the future. The support of the nobles
+was not a certainty. There had been a taint of _popularity_ in some of
+Cicero's utterances, and the writer urges him to convince the consulars
+that he was at one with the Optimates, while at the same time aiming at
+the conciliation of the equestrian order. This was, in fact, to be
+Cicero's political position in the future. The party of the
+Optimates--in spite of his disgust at the indifference and frivolity of
+many of them--was to be his party: his favourite constitutional object
+was to be to keep the equites and the senate on good terms: and his
+greatest embarrassment was how to reconcile this position with his
+personal loyalty to Pompey, and his views as to the reforms necessary in
+the government of the provinces.
+
+[Sidenote: The Consulship, B.C. 63.]
+
+For the momentous year of the consulship we have no letters. His brother
+Quintus was in Rome as candidate and then prætor-designate; Atticus was
+also in Rome; and the business, as well as the dignity of a consul, were
+against anything like ordinary correspondence. Of the earlier part of
+the consulship we have little record. The speeches against Rullus were
+delivered at the beginning of the year, and commit Cicero pretty
+definitely to a policy as to the _ager publicus_--which was, to his
+disgust, entirely reversed by the triumvirs in B.C. 59--but they do not
+shew any sense of coming trouble. Cicero, however, throughout his
+consulship took a very definite line against the _populares_. Not only
+did he defend Rabirius Postumus, when accused by Cæsar of the
+assassination of Saturninus, and address the people against offering
+violence to L. Roscius on account of the unpopular _lex theatralis_,[6]
+but he even resisted the restoration to their civil rights of the sons
+of the men proscribed by Sulla, avowedly on the ground of the necessity
+of maintaining the established order, though he knew and confessed the
+justice of the proposal.[6]
+
+[Sidenote: The Conspiracy of Catiline.]
+
+Any movement, therefore, on the side of the popular party had now his
+opposition with which to reckon. He professes to have known very early
+in his year of office that some more than usually dangerous movement was
+in contemplation. We cannot well decide from the violent denunciation of
+Catiline contained--to judge from extant fragments--in the speech _in
+toga candida_, how far Cicero was really acquainted with any definite
+designs of his. Roman orators indulged in a violence of language so
+alien from modern ideas and habits, that it is difficult to draw
+definite conclusions. But it appears from Sallust that Catiline had in a
+secret meeting before the elections of B.C. 64, professed an intention
+of going all lengths in a revolutionary programme and, if that was the
+case, Cicero would be sure to have had some secret information on the
+subject. But his hands were partly tied by the fact that the _comitia_
+had given him a colleague--C. Antonius--deeply implicated in Catiline's
+policy, whatever it was. Pompey, whom he regarded as the champion of law
+and order, was in the East: and Catiline's candidature--and it was
+supposed his policy also--had had the almost open support of the richest
+man in Rome, M. Licinius Crassus, and of the most influential man of the
+_populares_, C. Iulius Cæsar. In the house of one or the other of them,
+indeed, the meeting at which Catiline first unfolded his purposes was
+believed to have been held. Still Catiline had not been guilty of any
+overt act which enabled Cicero to attack him. He had, indeed, been
+informed, on very questionable authority, that Catiline had made a plot
+to assassinate him while holding the elections, and he made a
+considerable parade of taking precautions for his safety--letting it be
+seen that he wore a cuirass under his toga, and causing his house to be
+guarded by the younger members of his party. The elections, according
+to Plutarch, had at least been once postponed from the ordinary time in
+July, though this has been denied.[7] At any rate it was not till they
+had taken place and Catiline had been once more rejected, that any
+definite step is alleged to have been taken by him, such as Cicero could
+lay hold of to attack him. On the 20th of October, in the senate, Cicero
+made a speech warning the Fathers of the impending danger, and on the
+21st called upon Catiline for an explanation in their presence. But,
+after all, even the famous meeting of the 5th of November, in the house
+of M. Porcius Læca, betrayed to Cicero by Fulvia, the mistress of Q.
+Curius, would not have sufficed as grounds for the denunciation of the
+first extant speech against Catiline (7th of November), if it had not
+been for something else. For some months past there had been rumours of
+risings in various parts of Italy; but by the beginning of November it
+was known that C. Manlius (or Mallius) had collected a band of
+desperadoes near Fæsulæ, and, having established there a camp on the
+27th of October, meant to advance on Rome. Manlius had been a centurion
+in Sulla's army, and had received an allotment of confiscated land in
+Etruria; but, like others, had failed to prosper. The movement was one
+born of discontent with embarrassments which were mostly brought about
+by extravagance or incompetence. But the rapidity with which Manlius was
+able to gather a formidable force round him seems to shew that there
+were genuine grievances also affecting the agricultural classes in
+Etruria generally. At any rate there was now no doubt that a formidable
+disturbance was brewing; the senate voted that there was a _tumultus_,
+authorized the raising of troops, and named commanders in the several
+districts affected. It was complicity in this rising that Cicero now
+sought to establish against Catiline and his partisans in Rome. The
+report of the meeting in the house of Læca gave him the pretext for his
+first step--a fiery denunciation of Catiline in the senate on the 7th of
+November. Catiline left Rome, joined the camp of Manlius, and assumed
+the ensigns of _imperium_. That he was allowed thus to leave the city
+is a proof that Cicero had as yet no information enabling him to act at
+once. It was the right of every citizen to avoid standing a trial by
+going into exile. Catiline was now under notice of prosecution for
+_vis_, and when leaving Rome he professed to be going to Marseilles,
+which had the _ius exilii_. But when it was known that he had stopped
+short at Fæsulæ, the senate at once declared both him and Manlius
+_hostes_, and authorized the consuls to proceed against them. The
+expedition was intrusted to Antonius, in spite of his known sympathy
+with Catiline, while Cicero was retained with special powers to protect
+the city. The result is too well known to be more than glanced at here.
+Catiline's partisans were detected by letters confided to certain envoys
+of the Allobroges, which were held to convict them of the guilt of
+treason, as instigating Catiline to march on Rome, and the senate of the
+Allobroges to assist the invasion by sending cavalry to Fæsulæ.
+
+[Sidenote: Execution of the conspirators, December, B.C. 63. Its legal
+grounds and consequences.]
+
+The decree of the senate, _videant consules, etc._, had come to be
+considered as reviving the full _imperium_ of the consul, and investing
+him with the power of life and death over all citizens. Cicero acted on
+this (questionable) constitutional doctrine. He endeavoured, indeed, to
+shelter himself under the authority of a senatorial vote. But the senate
+never had the power to try or condemn a citizen. It could only record
+its advice to the consul. The whole legal responsibility for the
+condemnation and death of the conspirators, arrested in consequence of
+these letters, rested on the consul. To our moral judgment as to
+Cicero's conduct it is of primary importance to determine whether or not
+these men were guilty: to his legal and constitutional position it
+matters not at all. Nor was that point ever raised against him. The
+whole question turns on whether the doctrine was true that the _senatus
+consultum ultimum_ gave the consul the right of inflicting death upon
+citizens without trial, _i.e._, without appeal to the people, on the
+analogy of the dictator _seditionis sedandæ causa_, thus practically
+defeating that most ancient and cherished safeguard of Roman liberty,
+the _ius provocationis_. The precedents were few, and scarcely such as
+would appeal to popular approval. The murder of Tiberius Gracchus had
+been _ex post facto_ approved by the senate in B.C. 133-2. In the case
+of Gaius Gracchus, in B.C. 121, the senate had voted _uti consul Opimius
+rempublicam defenderet_, and in virtue of that the consul had authorized
+the killing of Gaius and his friends: thus for the first time exercising
+_imperium sine provocatione_. Opimius had been impeached after his year
+of office, but acquitted, which the senate might claim as a confirmation
+of the right, in spite of the _lex_ of Gaius Gracchus, which confirmed
+the right of _provocatio_ in all cases. In B.C. 100 the tribune
+Saturninus and the prætor Glaucia were arrested in consequence of a
+similar decree, which this time joined the other magistrates to the
+consuls as authorized to protect the Republic: their death, however, was
+an act of violence on the part of a mob. Its legality had been impugned
+by Cæsar's condemnation of Rabirius, as _duovir capitalis_, but to a
+certain extent confirmed by the failure to secure his conviction on the
+trial of his appeal to the people. In B.C. 88 and 83 this decree of the
+senate was again passed, in the first case in favour of Sulla against
+the tribune Sulpicius, who was in consequence put to death; and in the
+second case in favour of the consuls (partisans of Marius) against the
+followers of Sulla. Again in B.C. 77 the decree was passed in
+consequence of the insurrection of the proconsul Lepidus, who, however,
+escaped to Sardinia and died there.
+
+In every case but one this decree had been passed against the popular
+party. The only legal sanction given to the exercise of the _imperium
+sine provocatione_ was the acquittal of the consul Opimius in B.C. 120.
+But the jury which tried that case probably consisted entirely of
+senators, who would not stultify their own proceedings by condemning
+him. To rely upon such precedents required either great boldness (never
+a characteristic of Cicero), or the most profound conviction of the
+essential righteousness of the measure, and the clearest assurance that
+the safety of the state--the supreme law--justified the breach of every
+constitutional principle. Cicero was not left long in doubt as to
+whether there would be any to question his proceeding. On the last day
+of the year, when about to address the people, as was customary, on
+laying down his consulship, the tribune Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos
+forbade him to speak, on the express ground that he "had put citizens to
+death uncondemned"--_quod cives indemnatos necavisset_. Cicero consoled
+himself with taking the required oath as to having observed the laws,
+with an additional declaration that he had "saved the state."
+Nevertheless, he must have felt deeply annoyed and alarmed at the action
+of Metellus, for he had been a _legatus_ of Pompey, and was supposed to
+represent his views, and it was upon the approbation and support of
+Pompey, now on the eve of his return from the East, that Cicero
+particularly reckoned.
+
+[Sidenote: Letters after B.C. 63.]
+
+The letters in our collection now recommence. The first of the year
+(B.C. 62) is one addressed to Pompey, expressing some discontent at the
+qualified manner in which he had written on recent events, and affirming
+his own conviction that he had acted in the best interests of the state
+and with universal approval. But indeed the whole correspondence to the
+end of Cicero's exile is permeated with this subject directly or
+indirectly. His quarrel with Metellus Nepos brought upon him a
+remonstrance from the latter's brother (or cousin), Metellus Celer
+(Letters XIII, XIV), and when the correspondence for B.C. 61 opens, we
+find him already on the eve of the quarrel with Publius Clodius which
+was to bring upon him the exile of B.C. 58.
+
+[Sidenote: Publius Clodius Pulcher.]
+
+P. CLODIUS PULCHER was an extreme instance of a character not uncommon
+among the nobility in the last age of the Republic. Of high birth, and
+possessed of no small amount of ability and energy, he belonged by
+origin and connexion to the Optimates; but he regarded politics as a
+game to be played for his personal aggrandizement, and public office as
+a means of replenishing a purse drained by boundless extravagance and
+self-indulgence. His record had been bad. He had accompanied his
+brother-in-law Lucullus, or had joined his staff, in the war with
+Mithridates, and had helped to excite a mutiny in his army in revenge
+for some fancied slight. He had then gone to Cilicia, where another
+brother-in-law, Q. Marcus Rex, was proprætor, and while commanding a
+fleet under him had fallen into the hands of pirates, and when freed
+from them had gone--apparently in a private capacity--to Antioch, where
+he again excited a mutiny of Syrian troops engaged in a war against the
+Arabians (B.C. 70-65). On his return to Rome he attempted to make
+himself conspicuous by prosecuting Catiline, but accepted a bribe to
+withdraw. In B.C. 64, on the staff of the governor of Gallia
+Narbonensis, he is accused of having enriched himself with plunder. For
+a time after that he was still acting as a member of the party of the
+Optimates; seems to have supported Cicero during the Catiline
+conspiracy; and in B.C. 62 stood for the quæstorship and was elected.
+His violation of the mysteries was alleged to have been committed in
+December of that year, and before he could go to the province allotted
+to him as quæstor in Sicily he had to stand a trial for sacrilege. Such
+an offence--penetrating in disguise into the house of the Pontifex
+Maximus, when his wife was engaged in the secret rites of the Bona
+Dea--would place him under a curse, and not only prevent his entering
+upon his quæstorship, but would disfranchise and politically ruin him.
+Clodius would seem not to have been a person of sufficient character or
+importance to make this trial a political event. But not only had he
+powerful backers, but his opponents also, by proposing an innovation in
+the manner of selecting the jurors for trying him, had managed to give a
+spurious political importance to the case. One of the most brilliant of
+the early letters (XV, p. 37) gives us a graphic picture of the trial.
+Clodius was acquitted and went to his province, but returned in B.C. 60,
+apparently prepared for a change of parties. Cicero and he had
+quarrelled over the trial. He had said sarcastic things about the sacred
+consulship, and Cicero had retaliated by bitter speeches in the senate,
+and by giving evidence at the trial of having seen Clodius in Rome three
+hours before he professed to have been at Interamna, on the day of the
+alleged sacrilege. It is perhaps possible that his alibi may have been
+true in substance, for he may have been well out of Rome on his way to
+Interamna after seeing Cicero. But, however that may be, he nourished a
+grudge against Cicero, which he presently had an opportunity of
+satisfying. The year of his return to Rome from Sicily (B.C. 60) was the
+same as that of Cæsar's return from Spain. Pompey--who had returned the
+year before--was at enmity with the senate on account of the
+difficulties raised to the confirmation of his _acta_ and the allotments
+for his veterans. Cæsar had a grievance because of the difficulties put
+in the way of his triumph. The two coalesced, taking in the millionaire
+Crassus, to form a triumvirate or coalition of three, with a view to
+getting measures they desired passed, and offices for themselves or
+their partisans. This was a great blow to Cicero, who clung feverously
+to Pompey as a political leader, but could not follow him in a coalition
+with Cæsar: for he knew that the object of it was a series of measures
+of which he heartily disapproved. His hope of seeing Pompey coming to
+act as acknowledged leader of the Optimates was dashed to the ground. He
+could not make up his mind wholly to abandon him, or, on the other hand,
+to cut himself adrift from the party of Optimates, to whose policy he
+had so deeply committed himself. Clodius was troubled by no such
+scruples. Perhaps Cæsar had given him substantial reasons for his change
+of policy. At any rate, from this time forward he acts as an extreme
+_popularis_--much too extreme, as it turned out, for Pompey's taste. As
+a patrician his next step in the official ladder would naturally have
+been the ædileship. But that peaceful office did not suit his present
+purpose. The tribuneship would give him the right to bring forward
+measures in the _comitia tributa_, such as he desired to pass, and would
+in particular give him the opportunity of attacking Cicero. The
+difficulty was that to become tribune he must cease to be a patrician.
+He could only do that by being adopted into a plebeian gens. He had a
+plebeian ready to do it in B.C. 59. But for a man who was _sui iuris_ to
+be adopted required a formal meeting of the old _comitia curiata_, and
+such a meeting required the presence of an augur, as well as some kind
+of sanction of the pontifices. Cæsar was Pontifex Maximus, and Pompey
+was a member of the college of augurs. Their influence would be
+sufficient to secure or prevent this being done. Their consent was, it
+appears, for a time withheld. But Cæsar was going to Gaul at the end of
+his consulship, and desired to have as few powerful enemies at Rome
+during his absence as possible. Still he had a personal feeling for
+Cicero, and when it was known that one of Clodius's objects in seeking
+to become a plebeian and a tribune was to attack him, Cæsar offered him
+two chances of honourable retreat--first as one of the commissioners to
+administer his land law, and again as one of his _legati_ in Gaul. But
+Cicero would not accept the first, because he was vehemently opposed to
+the law itself: nor the second, because he had no taste for provincial
+business, even supposing the proconsul to be to his liking; and because
+he could not believe that P. Clodius would venture to attack him, or
+would succeed if he did. Cæsar's consulship of B.C. 59 roused his worst
+fears for the Republic; and, though he thought little of the
+statesmanship or good sense of Cæsar's hostile colleague Bibulus, he was
+thoroughly disgusted with the policy of the triumvirs, with the
+contemptuous treatment of the senate, with the high-handed disregard of
+the auspices--by means of which Bibulus tried to invalidate the laws and
+other _acta_ of Cæsar--and with the armed forces which Pompey brought
+into the _campus_, nominally to keep order, but really to overawe the
+_comitia_, and secure the passing of Cæsar's laws. Nor was it in his
+nature to conceal his feelings. Speaking early in the year in defence of
+his former colleague, C. Antonius, accused of _maiestas_ for his conduct
+in Macedonia, he expressed in no doubtful terms his view of the
+political situation. Within a few hours the words were reported to the
+triumvirs, and all formalities were promptly gone through for the
+adoption of Clodius. Cæsar himself presided at the _comitia curiata_,
+Pompey attended as augur, and the thing was done in a few minutes. Even
+then Cicero does not appear to have been alarmed, or to have been fully
+aware of what the object of Publius was. While on his usual spring visit
+to his seaside villas in April (B.C. 59), he expressed surprise at
+hearing from the young Curio that Clodius was a candidate for the
+tribuneship (vol. i., p. 99). His surprise no doubt was more or less
+assumed: he must have understood that Clodius's object in the adoption
+was the tribunate, and must have had many uneasy reflexions as to the
+use which he would make of the office when he got it. Indeed there was
+not very much doubt about it, for Publius openly avowed his intentions.
+We have accordingly numerous references, in the letters to Atticus, to
+Cicero's doubts about the course he ought to adopt. Should he accept
+Cæsar's offer of a legation in Gaul, or a free and votive legation?
+Should he stay in Rome and fight it out? The latter course was the one
+on which he was still resolved in July, when Clodius had been, or was on
+the point of being, elected tribune (p. 110). He afterwards wavered (p.
+113), but was encouraged by the belief that all the "orders" were
+favourable to him, and were becoming alienated from the triumvirs (pp.
+117, 119), especially after the affair of Vettius (pp. 122-124), and by
+the friendly disposition of many of the colleagues of Clodius in the
+tribuneship. With such feelings of confidence and courage the letters of
+B.C. 59 come to an end.
+
+[Sidenote: The Exile, April, B.C. 58--August, B.C. 57.]
+
+The correspondence only opens again in April of B.C. 58, when the worst
+has happened. Clodius entered upon his tribuneship on the 10th of
+December, B.C. 59, and lost little time in proposing a law to the
+_comitia_ for the trial of any magistrate guilty of putting citizens to
+death without trial (_qui cives indemnatos necavisset_). The wording of
+the law thus left it open to plead that it applied only to such act as
+occurred after its enactment, for the pluperfect _necavisset_ in the
+dependent clause answers to the future perfect in a direct one. And this
+was the interpretation that Cæsar, while approving the law itself,
+desired to put upon it.[8] He again offered Cicero a legation in Gaul,
+but would do nothing for him if he stayed in Rome; while Pompey, who had
+been profuse in promises of protection, either avoided seeing Cicero, or
+treated his abject entreaties with cold disdain.[9] Every citizen, by a
+humane custom at Rome, had the right of avoiding a prosecution by
+quitting the city and residing in some town which had the _ius exilii_.
+It is this course that we find Cicero already entered upon when the
+correspondence of the year begins. In the letters of this year of exile
+he continually reproaches himself with not having stayed and even
+supported the law, in full confidence that it could not be applied to
+himself. He attributes his having taken the less courageous course to
+the advice of his friends, who were actuated by jealousy and a desire
+to get rid of him. Even Atticus he thinks was timid, at the best, in
+advising his retirement. It is the only occasion in all the
+correspondence in which the least cloud seems to have rested on the
+perfect friendship of the two men. Atticus does not appear to have shewn
+any annoyance at the querulous remarks of his friend. He steadily
+continued to write, giving information and advice, and made no
+difficulty in supplying his friend with money. During Cicero's absence
+Atticus became still more wealthy than before by inheriting the estates
+of his cross-grained uncle Cæcilius. But he was always careful as to the
+investment of his money and he would not, perhaps, have been so ready to
+trust Cicero, had he not felt confidence in the ultimate recovery of his
+civil status. Still his confidence was peculiarly welcome at a time
+which would have been otherwise one of great pressure. For Clodius had
+followed up Cicero's retirement with the usual _lex_ in regard to
+persons leaving Rome to avoid a trial--a prohibition "of fire and water"
+within a fixed distance from Italy, which involved the confiscation of
+all his property in Italy. His villas were dismantled, his town house
+pulled down, and a vote of the people obtained by Clodius for the
+consecration of its site as a _templum_ dedicated to Liberty, and a
+scheme was formed and the work actually commenced for occupying part of
+it by an extension of an existing porticus or colonnade (the _porticus
+Catuli_) to contain a statue of Liberty. That this consecration was
+regular is shewn by the pleas by which it was afterwards sought to
+reverse it.[10] When Cicero was recalled the question came before the
+pontifices, who decided that the consecration was not valid unless it
+had been done by the "order of the people." It could not be denied on
+the face of it that there had been such an order. Cicero was obliged to
+resort to the plea that Clodius's adoption had been irregular and
+invalid, that therefore he was not legally a tribune, and could not take
+an order of the people. Finally, the senate seems to have decided that
+its restoration to Cicero was part of the general _restitutio in
+integrum_ voted by the _comitia centuriata_; and a sum of money was
+assigned to him for the rebuilding of the house. Clodius refused to
+recognize the validity of this decree of the senate, and attempted by
+violence to interrupt the workmen engaged on the house. We have a lively
+picture of this in Letter XCI (vol. i., pp. 194-196).
+
+[Sidenote: Letters of the Exile (Letters LV-LXXXVIII).]
+
+The letters from Cicero as an exile are painful reading for those who
+entertain a regard for his character. It was not unnatural, indeed, that
+he should feel it grievously. He had so completely convinced himself of
+the extraordinary value of his services to the state, of the importance
+of his position in Roman politics, and of the view that the Optimates
+would take of the necessity of retaining him, that to see himself
+treated like a fraudulent or unsuccessful provincial governor, of no
+importance to anyone but himself, was a bitter blow to his self-esteem.
+The actual loss was immense. His only means were now the amount of money
+he had been able to take with him, or was able to borrow. All was gone
+except such property as his wife retained in her own right. He was a
+dependent upon her, instead of being her support and the master of his
+own household. The services of freedmen--readily rendered when he was
+prosperous--would now be a matter of favour and personal attachment,
+which was not always sufficient to retain them. The "life and light" of
+the city, in which no man ever took a more eager interest and delight,
+were closed to him. He was cut off from his family, and from familiar
+intercourse with friends, on both of which he was much dependent for
+personal happiness. Lastly, wherever he lived, he lived, as it were, on
+sufferance, no longer an object of respect as a statesman, or the source
+of help to others by his eloquence. But, disagreeable as all this was to
+a man of Cicero's sensitive vanity, there was something still worse.
+Even in towns which were the legal distance from Italy he could not
+safely stay, if they were within the jurisdiction of one of his personal
+enemies, or contained other exiles, who owed him an ill turn. He was
+protected by no law, and more than one instance of such a man's falling
+a victim to an enemy's dagger is recorded. Cicero's first idea was to go
+to Malta: but Malta was for some purposes in the jurisdiction of the
+governor of Sicily, and the governor of Sicily (C. Vergilius[11])
+objected to his passing through Sicily or staying at Malta. We have no
+reason for supposing Vergilius personally hostile to Cicero, but he may
+have thought that Cicero's services to the Sicilians in the case of
+Verres would have called out some expression of feeling on their part in
+his favour, which would have been awkward for a Roman governor. Cicero
+therefore crossed to Epirus, and travelled down the Egnatian road to
+Thessalonica. This was the official capital of the province of
+Macedonia, and the quæstor in Macedonia, Gnæus Plancius, met Cicero at
+Dyrrachium, invited him to fix his residence there with him, and
+accompanied him on his journey. Here he stayed till November in a state
+of anxiety and distress, faithfully reflected in his letters, waiting to
+hear how far the elections for B.C. 57 would result in putting his
+friends in office, and watching for any political changes that would
+favour his recall: but prepared to go still farther to Cyzicus, if the
+incoming governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who, as consul in B.C. 58 with
+Gabinius, had shewn decided animus against him, should still retain that
+feeling in Macedonia. Events, however, in Rome during the summer and
+autumn of B.C. 58 gave him better hopes. Clodius, by his violent
+proceedings, as well as by his legislation, had alienated Pompey, and
+caused him to favour Cicero's recall. Of the new consuls Lentulus was
+his friend, and Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos (who as tribune in B.C. 63-62
+had prevented his speech when laying down his consulship) consented to
+waive all opposition. A majority of the new tribunes were also
+favourable to him, especially P. Sestius and T. Annius Milo; and in
+spite of constant ups and downs in his feelings of confidence, he had on
+the whole concluded that his recall was certain to take place. Towards
+the end of November he therefore travelled back to Dyrrachium, a _libera
+civitas_ in which he had many friends, and where he thought he might be
+safe, and from which he could cross to Italy as soon as he heard of the
+law for his recall having been passed. Here, however, he was kept
+waiting through many months of anxiety. Clodius had managed to make his
+recall as difficult as possible. He had, while tribune, obtained an
+order from the people forbidding the consuls to bring the subject before
+the senate, and Piso and Gabinius had during their year of office
+pleaded that law as a bar to introducing the question.
+
+[Sidenote: The Recall, August, B.C. 57.]
+
+The new consuls were not, or did not consider themselves, so bound, and
+Lentulus having brought the subject forward, the senate early passed a
+resolution that Cicero's recall was to take precedence of all other
+business. In accordance with the resolution of the senate, a law was
+proposed by the consul Lentulus in the _comitia centuriata_, and
+probably one by Milo to the _tributa_. But Clodius, though no longer
+armed with the tribuneship, was not yet beaten. He obtained the aid of
+some gladiators belonging to his brother Appius, and more than once
+interrupted and dispersed an assembly of the _comitia_. In the riots
+thus occasioned blood was shed on both sides, and Cicero's brother
+Quintus on one occasion nearly lost his life. This was the beginning of
+the series of violent contests between Clodius and Milo, only ended by
+the murder of the former on the Appian road in B.C. 52. But Clodius was
+a candidate for the ædileship in this year (B.C. 57), and could be
+barred from that office legally by a prosecution for _vis_, of which
+Milo gave notice against him. It was, perhaps, a desire to avoid this,
+as much as fear of Milo's counter exhibition of violence, that at length
+caused him to relax in his opposition, or at any rate to abstain from
+violently interrupting the _comitia_. Accordingly, on the 4th of August,
+the law proposed by both consuls, and supported by Pompey, was passed
+unanimously by the centuries. Cicero, we must presume, had received
+trustworthy information that this was to be the case (shewing that some
+understanding had been come to with Clodius, or there would have been no
+certainty of his not violently dispersing the _comitia_ again), for on
+that same day he set sail from Dyrrachium and landed at Brundisium on
+the 5th. His triumphant return to Rome is described in the eighty-ninth
+letter of this collection. For Pompey's share in securing it he
+expressed, and seems really to have felt, an exaggerated gratitude,
+which still influenced him in the unhappy months of B.C. 49, when he was
+hesitating as to joining him beyond seas in the civil war.
+
+But though Clodius had somehow been prevented from hindering his recall,
+he by no means relaxed his hostility. He not only tried to excite the
+populace against him by arguing that the scarcity and consequent high
+price of corn, from which the people were at that time suffering, was in
+some way attributable to Cicero's policy, but he also opposed the
+restoration of his house; and when a decree of the senate was passed in
+Cicero's favour on that point, brought his armed ruffians to prevent the
+workmen from going on with the rebuilding, as well as to molest Cicero
+himself (vol. i., p. 195). This was followed by a determined opposition
+by Milo to the holding of the elections for B.C. 56, until his
+prosecution of Clodius _de vi_ should have been tried. Clodius, however,
+was acquitted,[12] and, being elected ædile, immediately commenced a
+counter accusation against Milo for _vis_. He impeached him before the
+_comitia_ in February (B.C. 56), on which occasion Pompey spoke in
+Milo's defence in the midst of a storm of interruptions got up by the
+friends of Clodius (vol. i., pp. 214, 217). Milo was also acquitted, and
+the rest of Clodius's ædileship seems to have passed without farther
+acts of open violence.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero and the Triumvirs.]
+
+But Cicero had now other causes of anxiety. He had spoken in favour of
+the commission offered to Pompey in B.C. 57 for superintending the
+corn-supply of Rome (_cura annonæ_). Pompey was to have fifteen legates,
+a good supply of ships and men, and considerable powers in all
+corn-growing countries in the Mediterranean. Cicero supported this,
+partly from gratitude to Pompey, but partly also from a wish to promote
+his power and influence against the ever-increasing influence and fame
+of Cæsar. He secretly hoped that a jealousy might grow up between them;
+that Pompey would be drawn closer to the Optimates; and that the union
+of the triumvirate might be gradually weakened and finally disappear.
+Pompey was thoroughly offended and alarmed by the insults offered him by
+the Clodian mob, and by Clodius's own denunciations of him; and if he
+could be convinced that these were suggested or approved by Cæsar or
+Crassus, it would go far to withdraw him from friendship with either of
+them. With Crassus, indeed, he had never been on cordial terms: it was
+only Cæsar's influence that had caused him to form any union with him.
+Cæsar, on the other hand, was likely to be uneasy at the great powers
+which the _cura annonæ_ put into Pompey's hands; and at the possible
+suggestion of offering him the dictatorship, if the Clodian riots became
+quite intolerable. On the whole, Cicero thought that he saw the element
+of a very pretty quarrel, from which he hoped that the result might be
+"liberty"--the orderly working of the constitution, that is, without the
+irregular supremacy of anyone, at any rate of anyone of the popular
+party. He had, however, a delicate part to play. He did not wish or dare
+to break openly with Cæsar, or to speak too openly to Pompey; and he was
+conscious that the intemperance, folly, or indifference of many of the
+Optimates made it difficult to reckon on their support, and made that
+support a very questionable benefit if accorded. But though his letters
+of this period are full of expressions indicating doubt of Pompey and
+irritation with him, yet he seems still to have spoken of him with
+warmth on public occasions, while he avoided mentioning Cæsar, or spoke
+of him only in cold terms.
+
+[Sidenote: Renewal of the Triumvirate at Luca, April, B.C. 56, and
+Cicero's change of policy.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quintus Cicero in Gaul.]
+
+The hope, however, of detaching Pompey from Cæsar was dashed by the
+meeting at Luca in April, B.C. 56, at which a fresh arrangement was made
+for the mutual advantage of the triumvirs. Cæsar got the promise of the
+introduction of a law giving him an additional five years of command in
+Gaul, with special privileges as to his candidature for the consulship
+of B.C. 48; while Pompey and Crassus bargained for a second consulship
+in B.C. 55, and the reversion of the Spains (to be held as a single
+province) and Syria respectively, each for five years. The care taken
+that none of the three should have _imperium_ overlapping that of the
+others was indeed a sign of mutual distrust and jealousy. But the
+bargain was made with sufficient approval of the members of the party
+crowding Luca to secure its being carried out by the _comitia_. The
+union seemed stronger than ever; and Cicero at length resolved on a
+great change of attitude. Opposition to the triumvirs had been
+abandoned, he saw, by the very party for whom he had been incurring the
+enmity of Pompey and Cæsar. Why should he hold out any longer? "Since
+those who have no power," he writes to Atticus in April, "refuse me
+their affection, let me take care to secure the affection of those who
+have power. You will say, 'I could have wished that you had done so
+before.' I know you did wish it, and that I have made a real ass of
+myself."[13] This is the first indication in the letters of the change.
+But it was soon to be publicly avowed. The opposition to the consulship
+of Pompey and Crassus was so violent that no election took place during
+B.C. 56, and they were only elected under the presidency of _interreges_
+at the beginning of February, B.C. 55. But by the _lex Sempronia_ the
+senate was bound to name the consular provinces--_i.e._, the provinces
+to be governed by the incoming consuls after their year of
+office--before the elections, and in his speech on the subject (_de
+Provinciis Consularibus_), delivered apparently in July, B.C. 56,
+Cicero, while urging that Piso and Gabinius should have successors
+appointed to them in Macedonia and Syria, took occasion to announce and
+defend his own reconciliation with Cæsar, and to support his continuance
+in the governorship of Gaul. Shortly afterwards, when defending the
+citizenship of L. Cornelius Balbus, he delivered a glowing panegyric on
+Pompey's character and services to the state. This was followed by a
+complete abstention from any farther opposition to the carrying out of
+Cæsar's law for the allotment of the Campanian land--a subject which he
+had himself brought before the senate only a short time before, and on
+which he really continued to feel strongly.[14] Cicero's most elaborate
+defence of his change of front is contained in a long letter to P.
+Lentulus Spinther, written two years afterwards.[15] The gist of it is
+much the same as the remark to Atticus already quoted. "Pompey and
+Cæsar were all-powerful, and could not be resisted without civil
+violence, if not downright civil war. The Optimates were feeble and
+shifty, had shewn ingratitude to Cicero himself, and had openly favoured
+his enemy Clodius. Public peace and safety must be the statesman's chief
+object, and almost any concession was to be preferred to endangering
+these." Nevertheless, we cannot think that Cicero was ever heartily
+reconciled to the policy, or the unconstitutional preponderance of the
+triumvirs. He patched up some sort of reconciliation with Crassus, and
+his personal affection for Pompey made it comparatively easy for him to
+give him a kind of support. Cæsar was away, and a correspondence filled
+on both sides with courteous expressions could be maintained without
+seriously compromising his convictions. But Cicero was never easy under
+the yoke. From B.C. 55 to B.C. 52 he sought several opportunities for a
+prolonged stay in the country, devoting himself--in default of
+politics--to literature. The fruits of this were the _de Oratore_ and
+the _de Republica_, besides poems on his own times and on his
+consulship. Still he was obliged from time to time to appear in the
+forum and senate-house, and in various ways to gratify Pompey and Cæsar.
+It must have been a great strain upon his loyalty to this new political
+friendship when, in B.C. 54, Pompey called upon him to undertake the
+defence of P. Vatinius, whom he had not long before attacked so fiercely
+while defending Sestius. Vatinius had been a tribune in B.C. 59, acting
+entirely in Cæsar's interests, and Cicero believed him to have been his
+enemy both in the matter of his exile and in the opposition to his
+recall. He had denounced him in terms that would have made it almost
+impossible, one would think, to have spoken in his defence in any cause
+whatever. At best he represented all that Cicero most disliked in
+politics; and on this very election, to the prætorship, for which he was
+charged with bribery (_de sodalitiis_), Cicero had already spoken in
+strongly hostile terms in the senate. For now undertaking his defence he
+has, in fact, no explanation to give to Lentulus (vol. i., p. 319), and
+he was long sore at having been forced to do it. Through B.C. 54 and 53
+he was busied with his _de Republica_, and was kept more in touch with
+Cæsar by the fact that his brother Quintus was serving as _legatus_ to
+the latter in Britain and Gaul, and that his friend Trebatius
+(introduced by himself) was seeking for promotion and profit in Cæsar's
+camp. But even his brother's service with Cæsar did not eventually
+contribute to the formation of cordial feeling on his part towards
+Cæsar, whom he could not help admiring, but never really liked. For
+Quintus, though he distinguished himself by his defence of his camp in
+the autumn of B.C. 54, lost credit and subjected himself to grave rebuke
+by the disaster incurred in B.C. 53, near Aduatuca (_Tongres_), brought
+about by disregarding an express order of Cæsar's. There is no allusion
+to this in the extant correspondence, but a fragment of letter from
+Cæsar to Cicero (_neque pro cauto ac diligente se castris
+continuit_[16]), seems to shew that Cæsar had written sharply to Cicero
+on his brother's _faux pas_, and after this time, though Cicero met
+Cæsar at Ravenna in B.C. 52, and consented to support the bill allowing
+him to stand for the consulship in his absence,[17] there is apparent in
+his references to him a return to the cold or critical tone of former
+times. But of course there were other reasons.
+
+[Sidenote: Pompey's third Consulship and the trial of Milo, B.C. 52.]
+
+Pompey's six months' sole consulship of B.C. 52 ("that divine third
+consulship"), the rumour of his dictatorship, and the growing
+determination of the Optimates to play off Pompey against Cæsar (Crassus
+having disappeared) and to insist on Cæsar resigning his province and
+army before the end of his ten years' tenure, and before standing for a
+second consulship, caused Cicero's hope of a final dissolution of the
+unconstitutional compact to revive again; and made him draw more and
+more closely to Pompey as the chief hope of the _boni_. In the beginning
+of the year he had found himself in opposition, or quasi-opposition, to
+Pompey in regard to the prosecution of Milo for the murder of Clodius.
+But though in the previous year he had declared that the election of
+Milo to the consulship was of the utmost importance to his own position
+and the safety of the state,[18] now that it was rendered impossible by
+Milo's condemnation, he seems to have placed all his hopes on Pompey.
+Unfortunately, there is here a break in the correspondence. There is no
+letter of the last six months of B.C. 53, and only four (perhaps only
+three) of B.C. 52.[19] So that the riots which prevented Milo's
+election, the death of Clodius and the riots following it, and the
+consequent sole consulship of Pompey, with the latter's new legislation
+and the trial of Milo--all have to be sought for elsewhere. The last
+letter of this volume and of this year, addressed to M. Marius in
+December, B.C. 52, alludes to the condemnation of Milo, and to the
+numerous prosecutions following it. "Here, in Rome, I am so distracted
+by the number of trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,
+that I daily offer prayers that there may be no intercalation."[20]
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero appointed Proconsul of Cilicia, B.C. 51-50.]
+
+When the correspondence opens again in the spring of B.C. 51 an event
+has happened, of no particular importance in itself, but of supreme
+interest to Cicero, and very fortunate for the readers of the
+correspondence. One of Pompey's new laws ordained that no one was to
+take a province till the fifth year after laying down his consulship or
+prætorship. Pompey broke his own law by keeping his province, the
+Spains--his position in regard to them was altogether exceptional--but,
+in order to carry out the law in other cases, the senate arranged that
+ex-consuls and ex-prætors who had not been to provinces should in turn
+draw lots for vacant governorships. Cicero and Bibulus appear to have
+been the senior _consulares_ in that position, and with much reluctance
+Cicero allowed his name to be cast into the urn. He drew Cilicia and
+Bibulus Syria. He says that his motive was a desire to obey the wishes
+of the senate. Another motive may have been a desire to be away from
+Rome while the controversy as to Cæsar's retirement from his province
+was settled, and to retrieve a position of some political importance,
+which he had certainly not increased during the last few years. When it
+came to the actual start, however, he felt all the _gêne_ of the
+business--the formation and control of his staff, the separation from
+friends, and the residence far from the "light and life" of Rome, among
+officials who were certainly commonplace and probably corrupt, and
+amidst a population, perhaps acute and accomplished, but certainly
+servile and ill content, and in some parts predatory and barbarous. At
+the best, they would be emphatically provincial, in a dreary sense of
+the word. He felt unequal to the worry and bore of the whole business,
+and reproached himself with the folly of the undertaking. Of course,
+this regret is mingled with his usual self-congratulation on the purity
+with which he means to manage his province. But even that feeling is not
+strong enough to prevent his longing earnestly to have the period of
+banishment as short as possible, or to prevent the alarm with which he
+hears of a probable invasion by the Parthians. One effect of his almost
+two years' absence from Rome was, I think, to deprive him of the power
+of judging clearly of the course of events. He had constant intelligence
+and excellent correspondents--especially Cælius--still he could not
+really grasp what was going on under the surface: and when he returned
+to find the civil war on the point of breaking out, he was, after all,
+taken by surprise, and had no plan of action ready. This, as well as his
+government of the province, will be fully illustrated in the next volume
+of the correspondence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's Correspondents.]
+
+The persons to whom the chief letters are addressed in this volume,
+besides Atticus, are Cicero's brother Quintus and P. Lentulus Spinther.
+There are two excellent letters to M. Marius, and one very interesting,
+though rather surprising, epistle to L. Lucceius. Others of more than
+average interest are to Terentia, M. Fadius Gallus, C. Scribonius Curio,
+and Tiro.
+
+[Sidenote: Titus Pomponius Atticus.]
+
+ATTICUS (B.C. 109-32) is a man of whom we should be glad to know more
+than we do. He was the friend of all the leading men of the day--Pompey,
+Cæsar, Cicero, Antony, Brutus--father-in-law of Agrippa, and survived to
+be a constant correspondent of Augustus, between B.C. 43 and his death
+in B.C. 32. He was spared and respected by both sides in the civil
+wars, from Sulla to the Second Triumvirate. The secret of his success
+seems to have been that he was no man's rival. He resolutely declined
+all official employment, even on the staff of his brother-in-law Quintus
+Cicero. He committed himself to no side in politics, and, not being in
+the senate, had no occasion by vote or speech to wound the feelings of
+anyone. So, too, though he cared for literature, it was rather as a
+friendly critic of others than as an author. He did, it is true, compile
+some books on Roman history, on historical portraits, and certain family
+biographies; but they were not such as made him a rival of any of his
+contemporaries. They were rather the productions of a rich amateur, who
+had leisure to indulge a quasi-literary taste, without any thought of
+joining the ranks of professed writers. Thirdly, he had great wealth,
+partly inherited, partly acquired by prudent speculation in the purchase
+of town properties, or in loans to states or public bodies on fair
+terms: and this wealth was at the service of his friends, but not in the
+lavish or reckless manner, which often earns only ingratitude without
+being of any permanent service to the recipients. He lent money, but
+expected to be repaid even by his brother-in-law. And this prudence
+helped to retain the confidence, while his sympathetic temperament
+secured the liking, of most. Again, he had the valuable knack of
+constantly replenishing the number of his friends among men junior to
+himself. His character attracted the liking of Sulla, who was
+twenty-seven years his senior, and he remained the close friend of his
+contemporaries Hortensius and Cicero (the former five years his senior,
+the latter three years his junior) till the day of their death. But we
+also find him on intimate terms with Brutus, twenty-four, and Octavian,
+forty-six years junior to himself. Lastly, he was not too much at Rome.
+More than twenty years of his earlier manhood (B.C. 87-65) were spent in
+Greece, principally at Athens, partly in study and partly in business.
+And Athens at this time, long deprived of political importance, had
+still the charm not only of its illustrious past, but also of its
+surviving character as the home of culture and refinement. When he at
+length returned to Rome in B.C. 65, he had already purchased a property
+in Epirus, near Buthrotum (see p. 3), where he built a villa, in which
+he continued to spend a considerable part of his remaining years. This
+was sufficiently remote, not only from Rome, but from the summer
+residences of the Roman nobles, to secure his isolation from the
+intrigues and enmities of Roman society. He did not indeed--as who
+does?--always escape giving offence. At the very beginning of the
+correspondence we hear of his vain attempts to mollify the anger of L.
+Lucceius--how incurred we do not know; and Quintus Cicero, of whose
+sharp temper we hear so much, was on more than one occasion on the point
+of a rupture with him. But his family life was generally as pleasing as
+his connexion with his friends. With his mother, who lived to a great
+age, he boasted that he had never been reconciled, because he had never
+quarrelled. He was the only one who could get on with the crusty uncle
+Cæcilius. In the delicate matter of his sister Pomponia's differences
+with her husband Quintus Cicero, he seems to have acted with kindness as
+well as prudence; and though he married late in life (B.C. 56, when he
+was in his fifty-third year), he appears to have made an excellent
+husband to Pilia and a very affectionate father to his daughter. His
+unwearied sympathy with the varied moods of Cicero--whether of
+exultation, irritation, or despair--and the entire confidence which
+Cicero feels that he will have that sympathy in every case, are
+creditable to both. It is only between sincere souls that one can speak
+to the other as to a second self, as Cicero often alleges that he does
+to Atticus.
+
+[Sidenote: Quintus Tullius Cicero.]
+
+Of QUINTUS CICERO, the next most important correspondent in this volume,
+we get a fairly clear picture. Four years younger than his famous
+brother (b. B.C. 102), he followed him at the due distance up the ladder
+of official promotion to the prætorship, to which he was elected in the
+year of his elder's consulship. There, however, Quintus stopped. He
+never seems to have stood for the consulship. He had no oratorical
+genius to give him reputation in the forum, nor were his literary
+productions of any value, either for style or originality. His abilities
+for administration, as shewn in his three years' government of Asia,
+appear to have been respectable, but were marred by faults of temper,
+which too often betrayed him into extreme violence of language. In
+military command he shewed courage and energy in defending his camp in
+the rising of the Gauls in the winter of B.C. 54-53; but he spoilt the
+reputation thus gained by the mistake committed in the autumn of B.C.
+53, which cost the loss of a considerable number of troops, and all but
+allowed the roving Germans to storm his camp. He remained another year
+in Gaul, but did nothing to retrieve this mistake. In military affairs
+fortune rarely forgives. In politics he seems to have contented himself
+generally with saying ditto to his brother. And this continued to be the
+case up to Pharsalia. After that, finding himself on the losing side, he
+turned somewhat fiercely upon the brother, whom he regarded as having
+misled him; and for a time there was a miserable breach between them,
+which, however, did not last very long. When the end came it found the
+brothers united in heart as in misfortune. His private happiness was
+marred by an uncongenial marriage. Pomponia--sister of Atticus--seems to
+have been as high-tempered as her husband, and less placable. The
+constant quarrels between them exercised the patience both of Cicero and
+Atticus, and crops up all through the correspondence. One effect of them
+was the loss of all control over their son, who, being called upon to
+smooth over the differences between father and mother, naturally took up
+at an early age a line of his own, and shewed a disposition to act
+independently of his elders.
+
+[Sidenote: Terentia.]
+
+The letters to TERENTIA do not fill much space in the correspondence,
+and are rarely interesting. Married about B.C. 80, Cicero seems to have
+lived in harmony with her at least till the time of his return from
+exile, during which unhappy period he acknowledges the activity of her
+exertions in support of his recall, and the drain which his ruin was
+making upon her resources. Terentia had a large private fortune, and
+apparently used it liberally in his service. Nevertheless, immediately
+on his return from exile, there seems to have been some cause of
+coldness between the husband and wife. He darkly alludes to certain
+domestic troubles in the first letter to Atticus written from Rome (vol
+i., p. 189), and repeats the hint in the next (p. 193). When he landed
+at Brundisium it was Tullia, not Terentia, who came to meet him (p.
+187), and for some time after she appears to be presiding in his house
+rather than Terentia (see pp. 224, 257). Whatever the cause of this
+coldness was, however, it appears to have been removed for a time. He
+kept up a correspondence with her while he was in Cilicia (B.C. 51-50),
+and though he does not seem pleased at her having arranged the marriage
+of Tullia with Dolabella, he addresses her warmly when about to return,
+and was met by her on landing. During the five or six months that
+followed, before Cicero left Italy to join Pompey, there is no
+indication of any alienation: but the short notes from Pompey's camp,
+and in the first half of B.C. 47, are cold and conventional, and on his
+return to Brundisium after Pharsalia, and during his lengthened stay
+there, he appears to have declined to allow her to come and see him.
+Soon after his return to Rome, in September, B.C. 47, matters came to a
+climax. Perhaps some of the mischief was caused by the mismanagement or
+dishonesty of Terentia's steward, Philotimus, of whom we hear a good
+deal in the letters from Cilicia: but whatever was the origin of the
+quarrel, Cicero asserts that on his return he found his affairs in a
+state of utter disorder. It may well have been that, like other
+adherents to the losing cause, he had to suffer from loss of any
+property that could be easily laid hands on in Rome, and that Terentia
+had had no power to save it. But Cicero, rightly or wrongly, attributed
+the embarrassment which he found awaiting him to his wife. He says in a
+letter to Gnæus Plancius:[21] "I should not have taken any new step at a
+time of such general disaster had I not on my return found my private
+affairs in as sorry a position as the public. The fact is, that when I
+saw that, owing to the criminal conduct of those to whom my life and
+fortunes ought, in return for my never-to-be-forgotten services, to have
+been their dearest object, there was nothing safe within the walls of my
+house, nothing that was not the subject of some intrigue, I made up my
+mind that I must arm myself by the faithful support of new marriage
+connexions against the perfidy of the old." This is a lame excuse for a
+man of sixty separating from the companion of his whole manhood, and in
+the eyes of Roman Society it was rendered still more questionable by a
+prompt marriage with a young girl, rich, and his own ward: from whom,
+however, he soon again divorced himself, angered, it is said, by her
+want of feeling at the death of Tullia. Terentia long survived her
+husband, living, we are told, to be over a hundred years old. Divorce
+was, of course, not regarded in these days of the Republic as it had
+once been, or as it is now among ourselves; still we should have been
+glad, both for his fame and his happiness, if the few years remaining to
+him had not had this additional cloud. A man of sixty embarking on such
+matrimonial enterprise is not a dignified spectacle, or one pleasing to
+gods and men.
+
+The other correspondents may be dismissed in few words.
+
+[Sidenote: P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther.]
+
+P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTHER, to whom some of the longest letters are
+addressed, represents the high aristocracy, to which Cicero wished to
+commend himself, though seeing keenly the weakness which underlay their
+magnificence. The part played by Lentulus in politics had been showy,
+but never founded on steadfast principle. He owed his earlier promotions
+to Cæsar's influence, but in his consulship of B.C. 57 had taken the
+side of the aristocracy in promoting the recall of Cicero, though he had
+gone against their sentiment by supporting Pompey's appointment to the
+_cura annonæ_. But as he was going to Cilicia in B.C. 56, Lentulus
+wished to have the lucrative task of restoring Ptolemy Auletes to the
+throne of Egypt, from which he had been righteously driven by his
+subjects. Therefore it was all to the good that Pompey should have
+business at home preventing him from taking this in hand. How Lentulus
+was baulked in this desire will appear in the letters. He no doubt had
+his full share of the _Lentulitas_ distinguishing his family. But all
+was forgiven by Cicero to a man who had promoted his recall, and he
+takes great pains to justify to Lentulus his own change of policy in
+regard to the triumvirs after B.C. 56. When the civil war began Lentulus
+joined Domitius at Corfinium, and with him fell into Cæsar's hands, and
+was dismissed unharmed. He afterwards joined Pompey in Epirus, intent on
+succeeding Cæsar as Pontifex Maximus, as soon as the latter had been
+satisfactorily disposed of. After Pharsalia he sought refuge at Rhodes,
+but was refused sanctuary by the islanders, and was eventually put to
+death, though we do not know by whom (_Att._ xi. 13; _Fam._ ix. 18).
+
+[Sidenote: M. Fadius Gallus, M. Marius, L. Lucceius, C. Scribonius
+Curio, C. Trebatius Testa.]
+
+M. FADIUS GALLUS, the Epicurean, and M. MARIUS, the valetudinarian and
+wit, were among friends valued for their personal and agreeable
+qualities rather than for any public or political importance attaching
+to them. The same may be said of L. LUCCEIUS, of whose Roman history
+Cicero thought so well, that he wrote a remarkable letter begging for an
+honourable place in it for his consulship, as Pliny did to Tacitus.[22]
+C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO, son of a great friend of Cicero, after a _jeunesse
+orageuse_, returned to Rome from his quæstorship in Asia, in B.C. 53, to
+take up the inheritance of his father, which he quickly dissipated.
+Cicero seems to have had a high idea of his abilities, and to have
+believed him capable of taking the lead of the Optimates. But in his
+tribuneship of B.C. 51-50 he disappointed all such hopes by openly
+joining Cæsar's party, and resisting all attempts to recall him. He
+joined Cæsar at Ravenna as soon as his tribuneship was out, and urged
+him to march on Rome. In B.C. 49 he was sent to secure Sicily and
+Africa. The first he did, but in the second he perished in battle
+against the senatorial governor and king Iuba. Cicero's relation to C.
+TREBATIUS TESTA, a learned jurisconsult, was apparently that of a patron
+or tutor, who, thinking that he has found a young man of ability,
+endeavours to push him. He sent him with a letter of introduction to
+Cæsar, who was good-natured, though rather sarcastic as to the scope for
+legal abilities to be found in Gaul. He gave him, however, a military
+tribuneship, without exacting military duties, and apparently kept on
+good terms with him, for he employed him in B.C. 49 to communicate his
+wish to Cicero as to his remaining at Rome. Cicero's letters to him,
+though numerous, are not among the most interesting. They are full of
+banter of a rather forced and dull kind; and Cicero was evidently
+annoyed to find that his scheme for advancing Trebatius in Cæsar's
+province had not been very successful. The friendship, however, survived
+the civil war, and we find Cicero in B.C. 44 dedicating his _Topica_ to
+Trebatius.
+
+[Footnote 1: That Cicero up to the time of his consulship had been
+connected rather with the _populares_ is illustrated by Quintus (_de
+Petit._ i.) urging him to make it clear that he had never been a
+demagogue, but that if he had ever spoken "in the spirit of the popular
+party, he had done so with the view of attracting Pompey."]
+
+[Footnote 2: _De Orat._ ii. §§ 1, 2.]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The city, the city, my dear Rufus--stick to that, and live
+in its full light. Residence elsewhere--as I made up my mind early in
+life--is mere eclipse and obscurity to those whose energy is capable of
+shining at Rome."--_Fam._ ii. 12 (vol. ii., p. 166).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Even at these he found troublesome people to interrupt him.
+See vol. i., pp. 102, 104.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Yet the announcement of the birth of his son (p. 16) and of
+the dangerous confinement of Tullia (vol. ii., p. 403) are almost
+equally brief.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See _Att._ ii. 1, vol. 1., p. 62; Plut. _Cic._ 13; Cic. _in
+Pis._ § 4.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Die Entstchungsgeschichte der catilinarischen
+Verschwörung_, by Dr. Constantin John, 1876. I am still of opinion that
+Plutarch's statement can be strongly supported.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Cæsar said, [Greek: ou mên kai prosêkein epi tois
+parelêlythosi toiouton tina nomon sungraphesthai] (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 9: "The man who did not so much as raise me up, when I threw
+myself at his feet."--_Att._ x. 4 (vol. ii., p. 362). Similar allusions
+to Pompey's conduct to him on the occasion often occur.]
+
+[Footnote 10: See vol. i., p. 190.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See vol. i., pp. 129, 138; cp. _pro Planc._ §§ 95-96.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Fam._ i. 9, 15 (vol. i., p. 316).]
+
+[Footnote 13: Letter CVII, vol. i., pp. 219, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Ever since its capture in the second Punic War, Capua had
+ceased to have any corporate existence, and its territory had been _ager
+publicus_, let out to tenants (_aratores_). Cæsar had restored its
+corporate existence by making it a _colonia_, and much of the land had
+been allotted to veterans of his own and Pompey's armies. The state thus
+lost the rent of the land, one of the few sources of revenue from Italy
+now drawn by the exchequer of Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Letter CLII, vol. i., pp. 310-324.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Quoted by Flavius Charisius, _Ars Gramm._ i., p. 126 (ed.
+Kiel).]
+
+[Footnote 17: Vol. ii., p. 204.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Vol. i., p. 357.]
+
+[Footnote 19: CLXXVIII-CLXXXI. The date of the letter to P. Sittius
+(CLXXVIII) is not certain.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Vol. i., p. 366.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Letter DXXXIII (_Fam._ iv. 14), about October, B.C. 46.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Vol. i., p. 226; Pliny, _Ep._, vii. 33.]
+
+
+
+
+    "TULLIUS, of all the sons of royal Rome
+    That are, or have been, or are yet to come,
+    Most skilled to plead, most learned in debate,--
+    Catullus hails thee, small as thou art great.
+    Take thou from him his thanks, his fond regards,
+    The first of patrons from the least of bards."
+
+CATULLUS, xlix. (J. E. S.)
+
+
+
+
+CICERO'S LETTERS
+
+ERRATA IN VOL. I.
+
+
+Page 107, note 3, last line, _dele_ note of interrogation after "expenses."
+ "   193, note 4, last line, _for_ B.C. 45 _lege_ B.C. 46.
+ "   253, Letter CXXII, _for_ A IV, 1, _lege_ A IV, 2.
+
+
+
+
+CICERO'S LETTERS
+
+
+
+
+I (A I, 5)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68. Coss., L. Cæcilius Metellus, Q. Marcius Rex.]
+
+     This opening of the correspondence finds Cicero, now in his
+     thirty-ninth year, in the midst of his official career. He had
+     already been quæstor (B.C. 75) and ædile (B.C. 69), and was looking
+     forward to his election to the prætorship in the next year (B.C.
+     67). He had already risen almost to the highest place in his
+     profession as advocate, and had partly delivered, partly published
+     his great indictment of Verres only a year ago. He is married to
+     Terentia (B.C. 80), and has one daughter, Tullia or Tulliola, born
+     on August 5, probably the next year (B.C. 79). His intimacy with T.
+     Pomponius Atticus (three years his senior), perhaps begun at
+     school, had lasted at least eleven years, from the time when he met
+     him at Athens (B.C. 79), and with him had been initiated in the
+     Eleusinian mysteries (_de Leg._ 2, § 36). There too they had both
+     seen much of the writer's cousin Lucius, whose death he deplores in
+     this letter (_de Fin._ 5, § 1). Atticus had lived abroad in Athens
+     and Epirus, with occasional visits home from B.C. 88 to B.C. 65, in
+     which latter year he seems to have returned for a more lengthened
+     stay (Nep. _Att._ 4). The two friends have already corresponded
+     frequently, but this is the first letter preserved.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, ÆT. 38]
+
+We are such intimate friends that more than almost anyone else you can
+appreciate the grief as well as the actual public and private loss that
+the death of my cousin Lucius is to me. There is absolutely no
+gratification which any human being can receive from the kindly
+character of another that I have not been accustomed to receive from
+him. I am sure, therefore, that you will share my grief. For, in the
+first place, whatever affects me affects you; and in the second place,
+you have yourself lost in him a friend and connexion of the highest
+character and most obliging disposition, who was attached to you from
+personal inclination, as well as from my conversation.
+
+As to what you say in your letter about your sister,[23] she will
+herself bear me witness what pains I have taken that my brother Quintus
+should show her proper affection. Thinking him somewhat inclined to be
+angry with her, I wrote to him in such a way as I thought would not hurt
+his feelings as a brother, while giving him some good advice as my
+junior, and remonstrating with him as being in the wrong. The result is
+that, from frequent letters since received from him, I feel confident
+that everything is as it ought and as we should wish it to be.
+
+As to the frequency of my letters you have no ground for your complaint.
+The fact is our good sister Pomponia never informed me of there being a
+courier ready to take a letter. Farthermore, I never chanced to know of
+anyone going to Epirus,[24] and I was not till recently informed of your
+being at Athens.
+
+Again, as to the business of Acutilius which you had left in my hands. I
+had settled it on my first visit to Rome after your departure. But it
+turned out that, in the first place, there was no urgency in the matter,
+and, in the second place, as I felt confidence in your judgment, I
+preferred that Peducæus[25] rather than myself should advise you by
+letter on the subject. For having submitted my ears to Acutilius for
+several days (and I think you know his style), I should scarcely have
+regarded it as a hardship to write you a letter describing his
+grumblings after patiently enduring the bore (and it _was_ rather a
+bore, I can tell you) of hearing them. Moreover, though you find fault
+with me, allow me to observe that I have had only one letter from you,
+though you had greater leisure for writing, and more opportunity of
+sending letters.
+
+As to what you say in your letter, "Even if anyone is inclined to be
+offended with you, I ought to bring him to a better mind"--I understand
+to what you allude, and I have not neglected the matter. But the truth
+is that the extent of his displeasure is something surprising. However,
+I have not omitted to say anything there was to say in your behalf: but
+on what points I am to hold out your wishes, I consider, ought to be my
+guide. If you will write me word distinctly what they are, you will find
+that I have had no desire to be more exacting, and in the future shall
+be no more yielding, than you wish.[26]
+
+As to the business of Tadius. He tells me that you have written him word
+that there was no need of farther trouble, since the property is secured
+by prescription. I am surprised that you do not know that in the case of
+a statutory wardship of an unmarried girl prescription cannot be
+pleaded.[27]
+
+I am glad you like your purchase in Epirus. What I commissioned you to
+get for me, and anything you see suitable to my Tusculan villa, I should
+be glad if you will, as you say in your letter, procure for me, only
+don't put yourself to any inconvenience. The truth is, there is no other
+place that gives me complete rest after all my worries and hard work.
+
+I am expecting my brother Quintus every day. Terentia has a severe
+attack of rheumatism. She is devoted to you, to your sister, and your
+mother, and adds her kindest regards in a postscript. So does my pet
+Tulliola. Love me, and be assured that I love you as a brother.
+
+[Footnote 23: Pomponia, married to Cicero's younger brother Quintus. We
+shall frequently hear of this unfortunate marriage. Quintus was four
+years younger than his brother, who had apparently arranged the match,
+and felt therefore perhaps somewhat responsible for the result (Nep.
+_Att._ 5).]
+
+[Footnote 24: Atticus had estates and a villa near Buthrotum in
+Epirus,--_Butrinto_ in Albania, opposite Corfu.]
+
+[Footnote 25: This is probably Sext. Peducæus the younger, an intimate
+friend of Atticus (Nep. _Att._ 21); his father had been prætor in Sicily
+when Cicero was quæstor (B.C. 76-75), the son was afterwards a partisan
+of Cæsar in the Civil War, governor of Sardinia, B.C. 48, and proprætor
+in Spain, B.C. 39.]
+
+[Footnote 26: The person alluded to is L. Lucceius, of whom we shall
+hear again. See Letters V, VII, VIII, CVIII. What his quarrel with
+Atticus was about, we do not know.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Prescriptive right to property was acquired by possession
+(_usus_) of two years. But no such right could be acquired to the
+property of a girl under guardianship (_pro Flacco_, § 84).]
+
+
+
+
+II (A I, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, ÆT. 38]
+
+I won't give you any excuse hereafter for accusing me of neglecting to
+write. It is you that must take care that with all your leisure you keep
+up with me.
+
+Rabirius's house at Naples,[28]for the improvement of which you have
+designs drawn out and completed in imagination, has been bought by M.
+Fonteius[29] for 130,000 sesterces (about £1,040). I wished you to know
+this in case you were still hankering after it.
+
+We may be quite satisfied, I think, with my brother's feelings towards
+Pomponia. He is with her at present in his villa at Arpinum, and has
+Decimus Turanius with him, who is great in _belles lettres_.
+
+The date of my father's death was the 28th of November.
+
+That is about all my news. If you light on any articles of _vertu_
+suitable for a gymnasium, which would look well in the place you wot
+of,[30] please don't let them slip. I am so delighted with my Tusculan
+villa that I never feel really happy till I get there. Let me know
+exactly what you are doing and intending to do about everything.
+
+[Footnote 28: C. Rabirius, whom Cicero defended in B.C. 63, when
+prosecuted by Cæsar for his share in the murder of Saturninus (B.C.
+100). He lived, we know, in Campania, for his neighbours came to give
+evidence in his favour at the trial.]
+
+[Footnote 29: M. Fonteius made a fortune in the province of Gaul beyond
+the Alps, of which he was proprætor, B.C. 77-74. In B.C. 69 he had been
+accused of malversation, and defended by Cicero. After his acquittal he
+seems to be buying a seaside residence in Campania, as so many of the
+men of fashion did.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Cicero's "gymnasium" was some arrangement of buildings and
+plantations more or less on the model of the Greek gymnasia, at his
+Tusculan villa.]
+
+
+
+
+III (A I, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, ÆT. 38]
+
+All's well at your mother's,[31] and I keep an eye on her. I have
+undertaken to pay L. Cincius 20,400 sesterces[32] to your credit on the
+Ides of February. Pray see that I receive at the earliest possible
+opportunity what you say in your letters that you have bought and
+secured for me. I should also be very much obliged if you would, as you
+promised, think over the means of securing the library for me. My hope
+of getting the one enjoyment which I care for, when I come to retire,
+depends entirely on your kindness.
+
+[Footnote 31: The mother of Atticus lived to be ninety, dying in B.C.
+33, not long before Atticus himself, who at her funeral declared that
+"he had never been reconciled to her, for he had never had a word of
+dispute with her" (Nep. _Att._ 17).]
+
+[Footnote 32: This sum (about £163) is for the works of art purchased
+for the writer by Atticus.]
+
+
+
+
+IV (A I, 9)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67. Coss., C. Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio.]
+
+     The year of Cicero's election to the prætorship. It is the year
+     also of Pompey's great commission by the _lex Gabinia_ against the
+     Pirates. But Cicero does not seem as yet much concerned with
+     "foreign politics."
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+I get letters from you far too seldom considering that you can much more
+easily find people starting for Rome than I to Athens: considering, too,
+that you are more certain of my being at Rome than I of your being at
+Athens. For instance, it is owing to this uncertainty on my part that
+this very letter is somewhat short, because not being sure as to where
+you are, I don't choose my confidential talk to fall into strange hands.
+The Megaric statues and the Hermæ, which you mentioned in your letters,
+I am waiting for impatiently. Anything you have of the same kind which
+may strike you as worthy of my "Academia," do not hesitate to send, and
+have complete confidence in my money-chest. My present delight is to
+pick up anything particularly suitable to a "gymnasium." Lentulus
+promises the use of his ships. I beg you to be zealous in these matters.
+Thyillus begs you (and I also at his request) to get him some writings
+of the Eumolpidæ.[33]
+
+
+
+
+V (A I, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+All well at your house. Your mother and sister are regarded with
+affection by me and my brother Quintus. I have spoken to Acutilius. He
+says that he has not heard from his agent, and professes surprise that
+you should make any difficulty of his having refused to guarantee you
+against farther demands. As to the business of Tadius, the announcement
+in your letter that you have settled the matter out of court I saw
+gratified and pleased him very much. That friend of mine[34]--a most
+excellent man, upon my honour, and most warmly attached to me--is very
+angry with you. If I could but know how much you care about it, I should
+be able to decide how much trouble I am to take in the matter. I have
+paid L. Cincius the 20,400 sesterces for the Megaric statues in
+accordance with your letter to me. As to your Hermæ of Pentelic marble
+with bronze heads, about which you wrote to me--I have fallen in love
+with them on the spot. So pray send both them and the statues, and
+anything else that may appear to you to suit the place you wot of, my
+passion, and your taste--as large a supply and as early as possible.
+Above all, anything you think appropriate to a gymnasium and terrace. I
+have such a passion for things of this sort that while I expect
+assistance from you, I must expect something like rebuke from others. If
+Lentulus has no vessel there, put them on board anyone you please. My
+pet Tulliola claims your present and duns me as your security. I am
+resolved, however, to disown the obligation rather than pay up for you.
+
+[Footnote 33: Thyillus (sometimes written Chilius), a Greek poet living
+at Rome. See Letters XVI and XXI. The Eumolpidæ were a family of priests
+at Athens who had charge of the temple of Demeter at Eleusis. The
+[Greek: patria Eumolpidôn] (the phrase used by Cicero here) may be
+either books of ritual or records such as priests usually kept: [Greek:
+patria] is an appropriate word for such rituals or records handed down
+by priests of one race or family.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Lucceius, as in the first letter and the next.]
+
+
+
+
+VI (A I, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+TUSCULUM
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+"Being in my Tusculan villa" (that's for your "being in the
+Ceramicus")--however, I being there, a courier sent by your sister
+arrived from Rome and delivered me a letter from you, announcing at the
+same time that the courier who was going to you started that very
+afternoon. The result is that, though I do send _an_ answer, I am forced
+by the shortness of the time to write only these few words. First, as to
+softening my friend's feeling towards you, or even reconciling him
+outright, I pledge you my word to do so. Though I have been attempting
+it already on my own account, I will now urge the point more earnestly
+and press him closer, as I think I gather from your letter that you are
+so set upon it. This much I should like you to realize, that he is very
+deeply offended; but since I cannot see any serious ground for it, I
+feel confident that he will do as I wish and yield to my influence. As
+for my statues and Hermeracles, pray put them on board, as you say in
+your letter, at your very earliest convenience, and anything else you
+light upon that may seem to you appropriate to the place you wot of,
+especially anything you think suitable to a palæstra and gymnasium. I
+say this because I am sitting there as I write, so that the very place
+itself reminds me. Besides these, I commission you to get me some
+medallions to let into the walls of my little entrance-court, and two
+engraved stone-curbs. Mind you don't engage your library to anyone,
+however keen a lover you may find; for I am hoarding up my little
+savings expressly to secure that resource for my old age. As to my
+brother, I trust that all is as I have ever wished and tried to make it.
+There are many signs of that result--not least that your sister is
+_enceinte_. As for my election, I don't forget that I left the question
+entirely to you, and I have all along been telling our common friends
+that I have not only not asked you to come, but have positively
+forbidden you to do so, because I understood that it was much more
+important to you to carry through the business you have now in hand,
+than it is to me to have you at my election. I wish you therefore to
+feel as though you had been sent to where you are in my interests. Nay,
+you will find me feeling towards you, and hear of it from others,
+exactly as though my success were obtained not only in your presence,
+but by your direct agency.
+
+Tulliola gives notice of action against you. She is dunning me as your
+surety.
+
+
+
+
+VII (A I, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, ÆT. 39]
+
+I was doing so before spontaneously, and have been since greatly stirred
+by your two letters, with their earnest expressions to the same effect.
+Besides, Sallustius has been always at my side to prompt me to spare no
+pains to induce Lucceius to be reconciled to you. But after doing
+everything that could be done, not only did I fail to renew his old
+feelings towards you, but I could not even succeed in eliciting the
+reason of his alienation. On his part, however, he keeps harping on that
+arbitration case of his, and the other matters which I knew very well
+before you left Rome were causing him offence. Still, he has certainly
+got something else fixed deeper in his mind; and this no letters _from_
+you, and no commissioning of me will obliterate as easily as you will do
+in a personal interview, I don't mean merely by your words, but by the
+old familiar expression of your face--if only you think it worth while,
+as you will if you will listen to me, and be willing to act with your
+habitual kindness. Finally, you need not wonder why it is that, whereas
+I intimated in my letters that I felt hopeful of his yielding to my
+influence, I now appear to have no such confidence; for you can scarcely
+believe how much more stubborn his sentiment appears to me than I
+expected, and how much more obstinate he is in this anger. However, all
+this will either be cured when you come, or will only be painful to the
+party in fault.
+
+As to the sentence in your letter, "you suppose by this time I am
+prætor-elect," let me tell you that there is no class of people at Rome
+so harassed by every kind of unreasonable difficulty as candidates for
+office; and that no one knows when the elections will be.[35] However,
+you will hear all this from Philadelphus. Pray despatch at the earliest
+opportunity what you have bought for my "Academia." I am surprisingly
+delighted with the mere thought of that place, to say nothing of its
+actual occupation. Mind also not to let anyone else have your books.
+Reserve them, as you say in your letter, for me. I am possessed with the
+utmost longing for them, as I am with a loathing for affairs of every
+other kind, which you will find in an incredibly worse position than
+when you left them.[36]
+
+[Footnote 35: The _comitia_ were twice postponed this year. Apparently
+the voting for Cicero had in each case been completed, so that he is
+able to say that he was "thrice returned at the head of the poll by an
+unanimous vote" (_de Imp. Pomp._ § 2). The postponement of the elections
+was probably connected with the struggles of the senate to hinder the
+legislation (as to bribery) of the Tribune, Gaius Cornelius (Dio, 36,
+38-39).]
+
+[Footnote 36: The first allusion in these letters to the disturbed
+position of public affairs. See the passage of Dio quoted in the
+previous note. There were so many riots in the interval between the
+proclamation and the holding of the elections, not without bloodshed,
+that the senate voted the consuls a guard.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII (A I, 3)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 66. Coss., M. Æmilius Lepidus, L. Volcatius Tullus.]
+
+     In this year Cicero was prætor, and delivered his first extant
+     public speech (_apud populum_) in support of the _lex Manilia_,
+     which gave Pompey the command in the Mithridatic War with the
+     provinces of Asia and Bithynia. The strict Optimates opposed it.
+     Cicero supported it on the grounds of the importance of the war and
+     the proofs Pompey had already given of military ability, courage,
+     personal prestige, and good fortune. He takes occasion to point out
+     the mischief done to the Roman name by oppressive or fraudulent
+     governors and imperators. In this same year he delivered one of his
+     ablest speeches in court in defending A. Cluentius Habitus on a
+     charge of poisoning. At the consular elections this year the two
+     first elected were disabled for bribery.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 66, ÆT. 40]
+
+I have to inform you of the death of your grandmother from pining at
+your long absence, and at the same time because she was afraid that the
+Latin towns would revolt and fail to bring the victims up the Alban
+Mount. I presume that L. Saufeius will send you a letter of condolence
+on the subject.[37] I am expecting you here in the course of January--is
+it a mere rumour or does it come from letters of yours to others? For to
+me you have not mentioned the subject. The statues which you got for me
+have been landed at Caieta. I haven't seen them, for I have been unable
+to leave Rome. I have sent a man to clear the freightage. I am
+exceedingly obliged to you for having taken so much trouble to get them,
+and so reasonably. As to your frequent remarks in your letters about
+pacifying my friend, I have done everything I could and tried every
+expedient; but he is inveterate against you to a surprising degree, on
+what suspicions, though I think you have been told, you shall yet learn
+from me when you come. I failed to restore Sallustius[38] to his old
+place in his affections, and yet he was on the spot. I tell you this
+because the latter used to find fault with me in regard to you. Well, he
+has found by personal experience that _he_ is not so easy to pacify, and
+that on my part no zeal has been lacking either on his or your behalf. I
+have betrothed Tulliola to C. Piso Frugi, son of Lucius.[39]
+
+[Footnote 37: The point of this frigid joke is not clear. Was the
+grandmother really dead? What was she to do with the Latin _feriæ_? Mr.
+Strachan Davidson's explanation is perhaps the best, that Cicero means
+that the old lady was thinking of the Social War in B.C. 89, when the
+loyalty of the Latin towns must have been a subject of anxiety. She is
+in her dotage and only remembers old scares. This is understanding
+_civitates_ with _Latinæ_. Others understand _feriæ_ or _mulieres_.
+Saufeius, a Roman eques, was an Epicurean, who would hold death to be no
+evil. He was a close friend of Atticus, who afterwards saved his
+property from confiscation by the Triumvirs (Nep. _Att._ 12).]
+
+[Footnote 38: Cneius Sallustius, a learned friend of Cicero's, of whom
+we shall often hear again.]
+
+[Footnote 39: C. Calpurnius Piso, quæstor B.C. 58, died in B.C. 57. The
+marriage took place in B.C. 63.]
+
+
+
+
+IX (A I, 4)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, ÆT. 41]
+
+You keep on making me expect you again and again. Only the other day,
+when I thought you on the point of arriving, I was suddenly put off by
+you till Quintilis (July). Now, however, I _do_ think that you should
+come at the time you mention if you possibly can. You will thereby be in
+time for my brother Quintus's election, will pay me a long-deferred
+visit, and will settle the dispute with Acutilius. This latter Peducæus
+also suggested my mentioning to you, for I think it is full time that
+you settled that affair. My good offices are at your service and always
+have been so. Here at Rome I have conducted the case of Gaius Macer with
+a popular approval surpassing belief and unparalleled. Though I had been
+inclined to take a lenient view of his case, yet I gained much more
+substantial advantage from the popular approval on his condemnation
+than I should have got from his gratitude if he had been acquitted.[40]
+I am very glad to hear what you say about the Hermathena. It is an
+ornament appropriate to my "Academia" for two reasons: Hermes is a sign
+common to all gymnasia, Minerva specially of this particular one. So I
+would have you, as you say, adorn the place with the other objects also,
+and the more the better. The statues which you sent me before I have not
+yet seen. They are in my villa at Formiæ, whither I am at this moment
+thinking of going. I shall get them all transferred to my Tusculan
+villa. If I find myself with more than I want there I shall begin
+adorning Caieta. Please reserve your books, and don't despair of my
+being able to make them mine. If I succeed in that, I am superior to
+Crassus in wealth and look down on everybody's manors and pastures.[41]
+
+[Footnote 40: The annalist C. Licinius Macer was impeached _de
+repetundis_ (he was prætor about B.C. 70 or 69, and afterwards had a
+province), and finding that he was going to be condemned, committed
+suicide. He was never therefore condemned regularly (Val. Max. ix. 127;
+Plut. _Cic._ 9). Cicero presided at the court as prætor.]
+
+[Footnote 41: The books must have been a very valuable collection, or
+Cicero would hardly have made so much of being able to buy them,
+considering his lavish orders for statues or antiques.]
+
+
+
+
+X (A I, 1)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65. Coss., L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Manlius Torquatus.]
+
+     The election to the consulship is not till the next year (B.C. 64),
+     but Cicero is already making preparation for it, and looking out
+     for support. In July his only son was born. He does not refer to
+     the so-called "first Catilinarian conspiracy," but mentions
+     Catiline as a possible competitor, and even contemplates defending
+     him on some charge brought against him to prevent his standing for
+     the consulship.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JULY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, ÆT. 41]
+
+The state of things in regard to my candidature, in which I know that
+you are supremely interested, is this, as far as can be as yet
+conjectured. The only person actually canvassing is P. Sulpicius
+Galba.[42] He meets with a good old-fashioned refusal without reserve or
+disguise. In the general opinion this premature canvass of his is not
+unfavourable to my interests; for the voters generally give as a reason
+for their refusal that they are under obligations to me. So I hope my
+prospects are to a certain degree improved by the report getting about
+that my friends are found to be numerous. My intention was to begin my
+own canvass just at the very time that Cincius[43] tells me that your
+servant starts with this letter, namely, in the _campus_ at the time of
+the tribunician elections on the 17th of July. My fellow candidates, to
+mention only those who seem certain, are Galba and Antonius and Q.
+Cornificius.[44] At this I imagine you smiling or sighing. Well, to make
+you positively smite your forehead, there _are_ people who actually
+think that Cæsonius[45] will stand. I don't think Aquilius will, for he
+openly disclaims it and has alleged as an excuse his health and his
+leading position at the bar. Catiline will certainly be a candidate, if
+you can imagine a jury finding that the sun does not shine at noon. As
+for Aufidius and Palicanus,[46] I don't think you will expect to hear
+from me about them. Of the candidates for this year's election Cæsar is
+considered certain. Thermus is looked upon as the rival of Silanus.[47]
+These latter are so weak both in friends and reputation that it seems
+_pas impossible_ to bring in Curius over their heads. But no one else
+thinks so. What seems most to my interests is that Thermus should get
+in with Cæsar. For there is none of those at present canvassing who, if
+left over to my year, seems likely to be a stronger candidate, from the
+fact that he is commissioner of the _via Flaminia_, and when that has
+been finished, I shall be greatly relieved to have seen him elected
+consul this election.[48] Such in outline is the position of affairs in
+regard to candidates up to date. For myself I shall take the greatest
+pains to carry out all the duties of a candidate, and perhaps, as Gaul
+seems to have a considerable voting power, as soon as business at Rome
+has come to a standstill I shall obtain a _libera legatio_ and make an
+excursion in the course of September to visit Piso,[49] but so as not to
+be back later than January. When I have ascertained the feelings of the
+nobility I will write you word. Everything else I hope will go smoothly,
+at any rate while my competitors are such as are now in town. You must
+undertake to secure for me the _entourage_ of our friend Pompey, since
+you are nearer than I. Tell him I shall not be annoyed if he doesn't
+come to my election.[50] So much for that business. But there is a
+matter for which I am very anxious that you should forgive me. Your
+uncle Cæcilius having been defrauded of a large sum of money by P.
+Varius, began an action against his cousin A. Caninius Satyrus for the
+property which (as he alleged) the latter had received from Varius by a
+collusive sale. He was joined in this action by the other creditors,
+among whom were Lucullus and P. Scipio, and the man whom they thought
+would be official receiver if the property was put up for sale, Lucius
+Pontius; though it is ridiculous to be talking about a receiver at this
+stage in the proceedings. Cæcilius asked me to appear for him against
+Satyrus. Now, scarcely a day passes that Satyrus does not call at my
+house. The chief object of his attentions is L. Domitius,[51] but I am
+next in his regard. He has been of great service both to myself and to
+my brother Quintus in our elections. I was very much embarrassed by my
+intimacy with Satyrus as well as that with Domitius, on whom the success
+of my election depends more than on anyone else. I pointed out these
+facts to Cæcilius; at the same time I assured him that if the case had
+been one exclusively between himself and Satyrus, I would have done what
+he wished. As the matter actually stood, all the creditors being
+concerned--and that too men of the highest rank, who, without the aid of
+anyone specially retained by Cæcilius, would have no difficulty in
+maintaining their common cause--it was only fair that he should have
+consideration both for my private friendship and my present situation.
+He seemed to take this somewhat less courteously than I could have
+wished, or than is usual among gentlemen; and from that time forth he
+has entirely withdrawn from the intimacy with me, which was only of a
+few day's standing.[52] Pray forgive me, and believe that I was
+prevented by nothing but natural kindness from assailing the reputation
+of a friend in so vital a point at a time of such very great distress,
+considering that he had shewn me every sort of kindness and attention.
+But if you incline to the harsher view of my conduct, take it that the
+interests of my canvass prevented me. Yet, even granting that to be so,
+I think you should pardon me, "since not for sacred beast or oxhide
+shield."[53] You see in fact the position I am in, and how necessary I
+regard it, not only to retain but even to acquire all possible sources
+of popularity. I hope I have justified myself in your eyes, I am at any
+rate anxious to have done so. The Hermathena you sent I am delighted
+with: it has been placed with such charming effect that the whole
+gymnasium seems arranged specially for it.[54] I am exceedingly obliged
+to you.
+
+[Footnote 42: One of the judices rejected by Verres on his trial, a
+pontifex and augur.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Agent of Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 44: C. Antonius (uncle of M. Antonius) was elected with
+Cicero. Q. Cornificius had been tr. pl. in B.C. 69. See Letter XVIII.]
+
+[Footnote 45: M. Cæsonius, Cicero's colleague in the ædileship. He had
+lost credit as one of the _Iunianum concilium_ in the trial of
+Oppianicus.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Aufidius Lurco, tr. pl. B.C. 61. M. Lollius Palicanus, tr.
+pl. some years previously.]
+
+[Footnote 47: L. Iulius Cæsar, actually consul in B.C. 64,
+brother-in-law of Lentulus the Catilinarian conspirator, was afterwards
+_legatus_ to his distant kinsman, Iulius Cæsar, in Gaul. A. Minucius
+Thermus, defended by Cicero in B.C. 59, but the identification is not
+certain. D. Iunius Silanus got the consulship in the year after Cicero
+(B.C. 62), and as consul-designate spoke in favour of executing the
+Catilinarian conspirators.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The text is corrupt in all MSS. I have assumed a reading,
+something of this sort, _quæ cum erit absoluta, sane facile ac libenter
+eum nunc fieri consulem viderim_. This at any rate gives nearly the
+required sense, which is that Cicero regards the influence which Thermus
+will gain by managing the repair of the _Flaminia_ as likely to make him
+a formidable candidate, and therefore he would be glad to see him
+elected in the present year 65 (_nunc_) rather than wait for the next,
+his own year.]
+
+[Footnote 49: C. Calpurnis Piso, consul in B.C. 67, then proconsul of
+Gallia Transalpina (Narbonensis). He was charged with embezzlement in
+his province and defended by Cicero in B.C. 63. There were no votes in
+Transalpine Gaul, but Cicero means in going and coming to canvass the
+Cispadane cities.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Pompey was this year on his way to take over the
+Mithridatic War. But Cicero may have thought it likely that he or some
+of his staff would pass through Athens and meet Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 51: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, prætor in B.C. 58, and consul
+B.C. 54, fell at Pharsalia, fighting against Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Q. Cæcilius, a rich uncle of Atticus, so cross-grained
+that no one but Atticus could get on with him, to whom he accordingly
+left his large fortune (Nep. _Att._ 5).]
+
+[Footnote 53: Hom. _Il._ xxii. 159, Achilles pursuing Hector:
+
+    "Since not for sacred beast or oxhide shield
+    They strove,--man's guerdon for the fleet of foot:
+    Their stake was Hector's soul, the swift steed's lord."
+]
+
+[Footnote 54: Reading _eius_ [Greek: anathêma], and taking the latter
+word in the common sense of "ornament": the Hermathena is so placed that
+the whole gymnasium is as it were an ornament to it, designed to set it
+off, instead of its being a mere ornament to the gymnasium. Professor
+Tyrrell, however, will not admit that the words can have this or any
+meaning, and reads, [Greek: hêliou anamma], "sun light"--"the whole
+gymnasium seems as bright as the sun"--a curious effect, after all, for
+one statue to have.]
+
+
+
+
+XI (A I, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, ÆT. 41]
+
+I have to inform you that on the day of the election of L. Iulius Cæsar
+and C. Marcius Figulus to the consulship, I had an addition to my family
+in the shape of a baby boy. Terentia doing well.
+
+Why such a time without a letter from you? I have already written to you
+fully about my circumstances. At this present time I am considering
+whether to undertake the defence of my fellow candidate, Catiline.[55]
+We have a jury to our minds with full consent of the prosecutor. I hope
+that if he is acquitted he will be more closely united with me in the
+conduct of our canvass; but if the result be otherwise I shall bear it
+with resignation. Your early return is of great importance to me, for
+there is a very strong idea prevailing that some intimate friends of
+yours, persons of high rank, will be opposed to my election. To win me
+their favour I see that I shall want you very much. Wherefore be sure to
+be in Rome in January, as you have agreed to be.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. Coss., D. Iunius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena.]
+
+     We have no letters to or from Cicero in the years B.C. 64 and
+     63,[56] partly, no doubt, because Atticus was in Rome a great deal
+     during these years. We take up the correspondence, therefore, after
+     an interval of two years, which in many respects were the most
+     important in Cicero's life. In B.C. 64 he attained his chief
+     ambition by being elected to the consulship, but we have little
+     trace of his public actions that year, only the fragments of one
+     speech remaining, in defence of Q. Gallius on a charge of
+     _ambitus_. The animus of the popular party, however, is shewn by
+     the prosecution of some surviving partisans of Sulla on charges of
+     homicide, among them Catiline, who by some means escaped conviction
+     (Dio, xxxvii. 10). In the year of the consulship (B.C. 63) some of
+     Cicero's most important speeches were delivered. The three on the
+     agrarian proposals of Rullus present him to us for the first time
+     as discussing an important question of home politics, the disposal
+     of the _ager publicus_, a question which had become again prominent
+     owing to the great additions made to it by the confiscations of
+     Sulla. He also defended C. Rabirius, prosecuted by Iulius Cæsar for
+     the murder of Saturninus as long ago as B.C. 100, and later in the
+     year defended Murena on a charge of _ambitus_. Finally, the three
+     Catilinarian speeches illustrate the event which coloured the whole
+     of Cicero's life. In B.C. 62 his brother Quintus was prætor and
+     Cicero defended in his court P. Sulla, accused of complicity with
+     Catiline. On the 29th of December (B.C. 63) the tribune Q. Cæcilius
+     Metellus Nepos prevented Cicero from making a speech when laying
+     down his consulship, and went on to propose summoning Pompey to
+     Rome, "to protect the lives of the citizens." This led to scenes of
+     violence, and Metellus fled to Pompey, who reached Italy late in
+     the year B.C. 62 from the East.
+
+[Footnote 55: Asconius assigns this to the accusation of embezzlement in
+Africa. But that seems to have been tried in the previous year, or
+earlier in this year. The new impeachment threatened seems to have been
+connected with his crimes in the proscriptions of Sulla (Dio, xxxvii,
+10). Cicero may have thought of defending him on a charge relating to so
+distant a period, just as he did Rabirius on the charge of murdering
+Saturninus (B.C. 100), though he had regarded his guilt in the case of
+extortion in Africa as glaring.]
+
+[Footnote 56: The essay on the duties of a candidate attributed to
+Quintus is hardly a letter, and there is some doubt as to its
+authenticity. I have therefore relegated it to an appendix.]
+
+
+
+
+XII (F V, 7)
+
+TO CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS
+
+ROME
+
+_M. Tullius Cicero, son of Marcus, greets Cn. Pompeius, son of Cneius,
+Imperator._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. ÆT. 44]
+
+If you and the army are well I shall be glad. From your official
+despatch I have, in common with everyone else, received the liveliest
+satisfaction; for you have given us that strong hope of peace, of which,
+in sole reliance on you, I was assuring everyone. But I must inform you
+that your old enemies--now posing as your friends--have received a
+stunning blow by this despatch, and, being disappointed in the high
+hopes they were entertaining, are thoroughly depressed. Though your
+private letter to me contained a somewhat slight expression of your
+affection, yet I can assure you it gave me pleasure: for there is
+nothing in which I habitually find greater satisfaction than in the
+consciousness of serving my friends; and if on any occasion I do not
+meet with an adequate return, I am not at all sorry to have the balance
+of kindness in my favour. Of this I feel no doubt--even if my
+extraordinary zeal in your behalf has failed to unite you to me--that
+the interests of the state will certainly effect a mutual attachment and
+coalition between us. To let you know, however, what I missed in your
+letter I will write with the candour which my own disposition and our
+common friendship demand. I did expect _some_ congratulation in your
+letter on my achievements, for the sake at once of the ties between us
+and of the Republic. This I presume to have been omitted by you from a
+fear of hurting anyone's feelings. But let me tell you that what I did
+for the salvation of the country is approved by the judgment and
+testimony of the whole world. You are a much greater man than Africanus,
+but I am not much inferior to Lælius either; and when you come home you
+will recognize that I have acted with such prudence and spirit, that
+you will not be ashamed of being coupled with me in politics as well as
+in private friendship.
+
+
+
+
+XIII (F V, I)
+
+Q. METELLUS CELER TO CICERO
+
+CISALPINE GAUL
+
+_Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus, proconsul, greets M. Tullius
+Cicero._[57]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. ÆT. 44]
+
+If you are well I am glad. I had thought, considering our mutual regard
+and the reconciliation effected between us, that I was not likely to be
+held up to ridicule in my absence, nor my brother attacked by you in his
+civil existence and property for the sake of a mere word. If his own
+high character was not a sufficient protection to him, yet either the
+position of our family, or my own loyal conduct to you and the Republic,
+ought to have been sufficient to support him. As it is, I see that he
+has been ruined and I abandoned by the last people in the world who
+ought to have done so. I am accordingly in sorrow and wearing mourning
+dress, while actually in command of a province and army and conducting a
+war. And seeing that your conduct in this affair has neither been
+reasonable nor in accordance with the milder methods of old times, you
+must not be surprised if you live to repent it. I did not expect to find
+you so fickle towards me and mine. For myself, meanwhile, neither family
+sorrow nor ill-treatment by any individual shall withdraw me from the
+service of the state.
+
+[Footnote 57: Q. Metellus Celer had been prætor in B.C. 63 and was now
+(B.C. 62), as proconsul in Gallia Cisalpina, engaged against the remains
+of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Meanwhile his brother (or cousin) Q.
+Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, a tribune, after trying in vain to bring Cicero
+to trial for the execution of the conspirators, at last proposed to
+summon Pompey to Rome to prevent danger to the lives of citizens. This
+attempt led to riots and contests with Cato, and Nepos finally fled from
+Rome to Pompey. By leaving Rome he broke the law as to the tribunes, and
+the senate declared his office vacant, and this letter would even seem
+to shew that the senate declared him a public enemy. This letter of
+remonstrance is peremptory, if not insolent, in tone, and the reader
+will observe that the formal sentences, dropped in more familiar
+letters, are carefully used.]
+
+
+
+
+XIV (F V, 2)
+
+TO Q. METELLUS (IN CISALPINE GAUL)
+
+ROME
+
+_M. Tullius, son of Marcus, to Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus,
+proconsul, wishes health._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62, ÆT. 44]
+
+If you and the army are well I shall be glad. You say in your letter
+that you "thought, considering our mutual regard and the reconciliation
+effected between us, that you were not likely to be held up to ridicule
+by me." To what you refer I do not clearly understand, but I suspect
+that you have been informed that, while arguing in the senate that there
+were many who were annoyed at my having saved the state, I said that
+your relations, whose wishes you had been unable to withstand, had
+induced you to pass over in silence what you had made up your mind you
+ought to say in the senate in my praise. But while saying so I also
+added this--that the duty of supporting the Republic had been so divided
+between us that I was defending the city from internal treachery and the
+crime of its own citizens, you Italy from armed enemies and covert
+conspiracy;[58] yet that this association in a task so noble and so
+glorious had been imperilled by your relations, who, while you had been
+complimented by me in the fullest and most laudatory terms, had been
+afraid of any display of mutual regard on your part being put to my
+credit. As this sentence betrayed how much I had looked forward to your
+speech, and how mistaken I had been in that expectation, my speech
+caused some amusement, and was received with a moderate amount of
+laughter; but the laugh was not against you, it was rather at my
+mistake, and at the open and _naïve_ confession of my eagerness to be
+commended by you. Surely it cannot but be a compliment to you that in
+the hour of my greatest triumph and glory I yet wished for some
+testimony of approval from your lips. As to your expression,
+"considering our mutual regard"--I don't know your idea of what is
+"mutual" in friendship; mine is an equal interchange of good feeling.
+Now if I were to mention that I passed over a province for your sake,
+you might think me somewhat insincere; for, in point of fact, it suited
+my convenience, and I feel more and more every day of my life the
+advantage and pleasure which I have received from that decision. But
+this I do say--the moment I had announced in public meeting my refusal
+of a province, I began at once thinking how I might hand it on to you. I
+say nothing as to the circumstances of your allotment: I only wish you
+to suspect that nothing was done in that matter by my colleague without
+my cognizance. Recall the other circumstances: how promptly I summoned
+the senate on that day after the lots had been drawn, at what a length I
+spoke about you. You yourself said at the time that my speech was not
+merely complimentary to you, but absolutely a reflexion on your
+colleagues. Farther, the decree of the senate passed on that day has
+such a preamble that, so long as it is extant, there can never be any
+doubt of my services to you. Subsequently, when you had gone out of
+town, I would have you recall my motions in the senate, my speeches in
+public meetings, my letters to yourself. And having reviewed all these
+together, I would like you to judge yourself whether you think that your
+approach to Rome the last time you came quite shewed an adequate return
+for all these services.[59] Again, as to your expression, "the
+reconciliation effected between us"--I do not understand why you speak
+of "reconciliation" in the case of a friendship that had never been
+broken. As to what you say, that your brother Metellus ought not "to
+have been attacked by me for a mere word," in the first place I would
+like to assure you that your feeling and fraternal partiality--so full
+of human kindness and natural affection--meet with my warmest
+approbation; in the next place I must claim your indulgence if I have in
+any matter opposed your brother in the interests of the Republic, for my
+devotion to the Republic is paramount. If, however, it is my personal
+safety that I have defended against a most ruthless assault of his, I
+think you should be content that I make no complaint even to you of your
+brother's injurious conduct. Now, when I had become aware that he was
+deliberately making every preparation to use his tribunician office to
+my ruin, I appealed to your wife Claudia[60] and your sister Mucia[61]
+(of whose kindness to me for the sake of my friendship with Pompey I had
+satisfied myself by many instances) to deter him from that injurious
+conduct. And yet, as I am sure you have heard, on the last day of
+December he inflicted upon me--a consul and the preserver of my
+country--an indignity such as was never inflicted upon the most disloyal
+citizen in the humblest office: that is to say, he deprived me when
+laying down my office of the privilege of addressing the people--an
+indignity, however, which after all redounded to my honour. For, upon
+his forbidding me to do anything but take the oath, I pronounced an oath
+at once the most absolutely true and the most glorious in a loud
+voice--an oath which the people swore also in a loud voice to be
+absolutely true. Though I had actually suffered this signal indignity, I
+yet on that same day sent common friends to Metellus to persuade him to
+alter his resolution; to whom he answered that he was no longer free to
+do so. And, in fact, a short time previously he _had_ said in a public
+meeting that a man who had punished others without trial ought not
+himself to be allowed the privilege of speech. What a model of
+consistency! What an admirable citizen! So he deemed the man who had
+saved the senate from massacre, the city from the incendiary, Italy from
+war, deserving of the same penalty as that inflicted by the senate, with
+the unanimous approval of all loyal citizens, upon those who had
+intended to set fire to the city, butcher magistrates and senate, and
+stir up a formidable war! Accordingly, I did withstand your brother
+Metellus to his face: for on the 1st of January, in the senate, I
+maintained a debate with him on the state of the Republic, such as
+taught him that he had to contend with a man of courage and firmness. On
+the 3rd of January,[62] on again opening the debate, he kept harping on
+me and threatening me at every third word of his speech; nor could any
+intention be more deliberate than his was to overthrow me by any means
+in his power, not by calm and judicial argument, but by violence and
+mere browbeating. If I had not shewn some boldness and spirit in
+opposing his intemperate attack, would not everyone have concluded that
+the courage I had displayed in my consulship was the result of accident
+rather than design? If you did not know that Metellus was contemplating
+these measures in regard to me, you must consider that you have been
+kept in the dark by your brother on matters of the utmost importance:
+if, on the other hand, he did intrust any part of his designs to you,
+then surely I ought to be regarded by you as a man of placable and
+reasonable temper for not addressing a word of reproach to you even on
+such occurrences as these. Understanding then that it was by no "mere
+word" (as you express it) of Metellus that I was roused, but by his
+deliberate policy and extraordinary animosity towards me, next observe
+my forbearance--if "forbearance" is the name to be given to irresolution
+and laxity under a most galling indignity. I never once delivered a vote
+in a speech against your brother: every time a motion was before the
+house I assented without rising to those whose proposal appeared to me
+to be the mildest. I will also add that, though in the circumstances
+there was no obligation upon me to do so, yet so far from raising
+objections I actually did my best to secure that my enemy, because he
+was your brother, should be relieved from penalties by a decree of the
+senate.[63] Wherefore I have not "attacked" your brother, but only
+defended myself from your brother's attack; nor have I been "fickle" (to
+quote your word), but, on the contrary, so constant, that I remained
+faithful to my friendship to you, though left without any sign of
+kindness from you. For instance, at this moment, though your letter
+amounts almost to a threat, I am writing back an answer such as you see.
+I not only pardon your vexation, I even applaud it in the highest
+degree; for my own heart tells me how strong is the influence of
+fraternal affection. I ask you in your turn to put a liberal
+construction upon my vexation, and to conclude that when attacked by
+your relatives with bitterness, with brutality, and without cause, I not
+only ought not to retract anything, but, in a case of that kind, should
+even be able to rely upon the aid of yourself and your army. I have
+always wished to have you as a friend: I have taken pains to make you
+understand that I am a warm friend to you. I abide by that sentiment,
+and shall abide by it as long as _you_ will let me; and I shall more
+readily cease to be angry with your brother for love of you, than I
+shall from anger with him abate in the smallest degree my kindness for
+you.
+
+[Footnote 58: Metellus had been employed with Antonius against the camp
+at Fæsulæ, but was now engaged against some Alpine tribes.]
+
+[Footnote 59: When Metellus was commanding against Catiline, it is
+suggested that he marched towards Rome to support his brother, but this
+is conjecture.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Sister of P. Clodius. Of this famous woman we shall hear
+often again. She is believed to be the Lesbia of Catullus, and she is
+the "Palatine Medea" of the speech _pro Cælio_. Yet, in spite of
+Cicero's denunciations of her, he seems at one time to have been so fond
+of her society as to rouse Terentia's jealousy.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Wife of Pompey--divorced by him on his return from the
+East.]
+
+[Footnote 62: On the next meeting of the senate. The second was a _dies
+comitialis_ on which the senate usually did not meet (Cæs. _B. Civ._ i.
+I).]
+
+[Footnote 63: For the riots caused by his contests with Cato (on which
+the senate seems to have passed the _senatus consultum ultimum_), and
+for his having left Rome while tribune.]
+
+
+
+
+XV (F V, 6)
+
+TO P. SESTIUS[64] (IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62, ÆT. 44]
+
+Decius the copyist has been to see me, and begged me to try and secure
+that no successor should be appointed to you this turn. Though I
+regarded him as a man of good character and attached to you, yet,
+remembering the tenor of your previous letter to me, I could not feel
+certain that the wishes of a cautious man of the world like yourself had
+undergone so complete a change. But after your wife Cornelia had called
+on Terentia, and I had had a conversation with Q. Cornelius, I took care
+to be present at every meeting of the senate, and found that the
+greatest trouble was to make Fufius the tribune, and the others to whom
+you had written, believe me rather than your own letters. The whole
+business has, after all, been postponed till January, but there is no
+difficulty about it. Roused by your congratulations--for in a letter
+sometime ago you wished me good luck on the completion of my purchase of
+a house from Crassus--I have bought that very house for 3,500 sestertia
+(about £28,000), a good while subsequent to your congratulation.
+Accordingly, you may now look upon me as being so deeply in debt as to
+be eager to join a conspiracy if anyone would admit me! But, partly from
+personal dislike they shut their doors in my face and openly denounce me
+as the punisher of conspiracy, partly are incredulous and afraid that I
+am setting a trap for them! Nor do they suppose that a man can be short
+of money who has relieved the money-lenders from a state of siege. In
+point of fact, money is plentiful at six per cent., and the success of
+my measures has caused me to be regarded as a good security. Your own
+house, and all the details of its construction, I have examined and
+strongly approve. As for Antonius,[65] though everyone notices his want
+of attention to my interests, I have nevertheless defended him in the
+senate with the utmost earnestness and persistence, and have made a
+strong impression on the senate by my language as well as by my personal
+prestige. Pray write to me more frequently.
+
+[Footnote 64: P. Sestius was serving as proquæstor in Macedonia under
+Gaius Antonius. As tribune in B.C. 57 he worked for Cicero's recall, but
+was afterwards prosecuted _de vi_, and defended by Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Gaius Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship. He
+had the province of Macedonia after the consulship, Cicero having
+voluntarily withdrawn in his favour to secure his support against
+Catiline. Scandal said that he had bargained to pay Cicero large sums
+from the profits of the province. He governed so corruptly and
+unsuccessfully that he was on his return condemned of _maiestas_.]
+
+
+
+
+XVI (A I, 12)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61. Coss., M. Papius Piso, M. Valerius Messalla.]
+
+     The letters of this year are much concerned with the sacrilege of
+     P. Clodius, who, it was alleged, had been detected in disguise in
+     the house of the Pontifex Maximus Iulius Cæsar, when his wife was
+     celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, from which males were
+     excluded. His trial was made the occasion of bitter party
+     struggles, and by giving evidence in contradiction of Clodius's
+     alibi Cicero incurred his enmity, and eventually, therefore, his
+     own exile. Quintus is proprætor in Asia, Cæsar in Spain. Pompey
+     reached Rome early this year. The _ordo equester_ is much irritated
+     with the senate on the question of the contracts for the collection
+     of the Asiatic taxes.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 1 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+The Teucris[66] business hangs fire, and Cornelius has not called on
+Terentia since. I suppose I must have recourse to Considius, Axius, and
+Selicius:[67] for his nearest relations can't get a penny out of
+Cæcilius[68] under twelve per cent. But to return to my first remark: I
+never saw anything more shameless, artful, and dilatory. "I am on the
+point of sending my freedman," "I have commissioned Titus"--excuses and
+delays at every turn! But perhaps it is a case of _l'homme propose_,[69]
+for Pompey's advance couriers tell me that he means to move in the
+senate that a successor to Antonius ought to be named, and the prætor
+intends to bring the proposal before the people at the same time. The
+facts are such that I cannot defend him in view of the opinion either
+of the aristocrats or the people, and, what is more than anything else,
+that I have no wish to do so. For a thing has happened into the truth of
+which I charge you to look thoroughly. I have a freedman, who is a
+worthless fellow enough; I mean Hilarus, an accountant and a client of
+your own. The interpreter Valerius gives me this information about him,
+and Thyillus writes me word that he has been told the same story: that
+the fellow is with Antonius, and that Antonius, in exacting money
+payments, frequently remarks that a part is being collected for me, and
+that I have sent a freedman to look after our common interests. I felt
+exceedingly disturbed, and yet could not believe it; but at any rate
+there has been some gossip of the sort. Pray look into the whole matter,
+learn the truth, find out the author, and get the empty-headed idiot out
+of the country, if you possibly can. Valerius mentions Cn. Plancius as
+the origin of this gossip. I trust you thoroughly to investigate and
+find out what is at the bottom of it. I have good reason to believe that
+Pompey is most kindly disposed to me. His divorce of Mucia is strongly
+approved.[70] I suppose you have heard that P. Clodius, son of Appius,
+was caught in woman's clothes at Gaius Cæsar's house, while the state
+function was going on, and that he was saved and got out by means of a
+maid-servant; and that the affair is causing immense scandal. I feel
+sure you will be sorry for it.[71] I have nothing else to tell you. And,
+indeed, at the moment of writing, I am in considerable distress: for a
+delightful youth, my reader Sosthenes, has just died, and his death has
+affected me more than that of a slave should, I think, do. Pray write
+often. If you have no news, write just what comes uppermost.
+
+1 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.
+
+[Footnote 66: From expressions in the following letters it seems certain
+that this refers to money expected from Gaius Antonius; but we have no
+means of deciding whether or no Teucris is a pseudonym for some agent.
+Cicero had undertaken to be the advocate and supporter of Antonius, and
+though as an actual _patronus_ in court he could not take money, he may
+have felt justified in receiving supplies from him. Still, he knew the
+character of Antonius, and how such wealth was likely to be got, and it
+is not a pleasant affair.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Money-lenders.]
+
+[Footnote 68: The rich and cross-grained uncle of Atticus. See Letter
+X.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Cicero quotes half a Greek verse of Menander's, [Greek:
+tautomaton hêmôn], leaving Atticus to fill up the other two words,
+[Greek: kalliô bouleuetai], "Chance designs better than we ourselves."]
+
+[Footnote 70: Mucia was suspected of intriguing with Iulius Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 71: The chief festival of the Bona Dea (Tellus) was in May.
+The celebration referred to here took place on the night between the 3rd
+and 4th of December. It was a state function (_pro populo_), and was
+celebrated in the presence of the Vestals and the wife of the consul or
+prætor urbanus, _in ea domo quæ est in imperio_. As Cæsar was Pontifex
+Maximus, as well as prætor urbanus, it took place in the _Regia_, the
+Pontiff's official house (Plutarch, _Cic._ 19; Dio, xxxvii. 35).]
+
+
+
+
+XVII (F V, 5)
+
+TO C. ANTONIUS (IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+_M. Cicero wishes health to Gaius Antonius, son of Marcus, Imperator._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+Though I had resolved to write you nothing but formal letters of
+introduction (not because I felt that they had much weight with you, but
+to avoid giving those who asked me for them an idea that there had been
+any diminution in our friendship), yet since Titus Pomponius is starting
+for your province, who knows better than anyone else all that I feel and
+have done for you, who desires your friendship and is most devotedly
+attached to me, I thought I must write something, especially as I had no
+other way of satisfying Pomponius himself. Were I to ask from you
+services of the greatest moment, it ought not to seem surprising to
+anyone: for you have not wanted from me any that concerned your
+interests, honour, or position. That no return has been made by you for
+these you are the best witness: that something even of a contrary nature
+has proceeded from you I have been told by many. I say "told," for I do
+not venture to say "discovered,"[72] lest I should chance to use the
+word which people tell me is often falsely attributed to me by you. But
+the story which has reached my ears I would prefer your learning from
+Pomponius (who was equally hurt by it) rather than from my letter. How
+singularly loyal my feelings have been to you the senate and Roman
+people are both witnesses. How far you have been grateful to me you may
+yourself estimate: how much you owe me the rest of the world estimates.
+I was induced to do what I did for you at first by affection, and
+afterwards by consistency. Your future, believe me, stands in need of
+much greater zeal on my part, greater firmness and greater labour.[73]
+These labours, unless it shall appear that I am throwing away and
+wasting my pains, I shall support with all the strength I have; but if I
+see that they are not appreciated, I shall not allow you--the very
+person benefited[74]--to think me a fool for my pains. What the meaning
+of all this is you will be able to learn from Pomponius. In commending
+Pomponius to you, although I am sure you will do anything in your power
+for his own sake, yet I do beg that if you have any affection for me
+left, you will display it all in Pomponius's business. You can do me no
+greater favour than that.
+
+[Footnote 72: The word (_comperisse_) used by Cicero in regard to the
+Catilinarian conspiracy; it had apparently become a subject of rather
+malignant chaff.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Cicero is hinting at the danger of prosecution hanging
+over the head of Antonius.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Reading _tibi ipsi_ (not _ipse_), with Tyrrell.]
+
+
+
+
+XVIII (A 1, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 27 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+I have now received three letters from you--one by the hands of M.
+Cornelius, which you gave him, I think, at Three Taverns; a second which
+your host at Canusium delivered to me; a third dated, according to you,
+from on board your pinnace, when the cable was already slipped.[75] They
+were all three, to use a phrase from the schools of rhetoric flavoured
+with the salt of learning, and illumined with the marks of affection. In
+these letters, indeed, I am urgently pressed by you to send answers, but
+what renders me rather dilatory in this respect is the difficulty of
+finding a trustworthy carrier. How few of these gentry are able to
+convey a letter rather weightier than usual without lightening it by
+skimming its contents! Besides, I do not always care to send[76]
+whenever anyone is starting for Epirus: for I suppose that, having
+offered victims before your Amaltheia,[77] you at once started for the
+siege of Sicyon. And yet I am not even certain when you start to visit
+Antonius or how much time you are devoting to Epirus. Accordingly, I
+don't venture to trust either Achæans or Epirotes with a letter somewhat
+more outspoken than usual. Now some events _have_ occurred since you
+left me worth my writing to you, but they must not be trusted to the
+risk of a letter being lost, opened, or intercepted.
+
+Well, then, to begin with: I was not called upon to speak first, and the
+pacifier of the Allobroges[78] was preferred to me, and though this met
+with some murmurs of disapprobation from the senate, I was not sorry it
+was done. For I am thereby freed from any obligation to shew respect to
+an ill-conditioned man, and am at liberty to support my position in the
+Republic in spite of him. Besides, the second place has a dignity almost
+equal to that of _princeps senatus_, and does not put one under too much
+of an obligation to the consul. The third called on was Catulus; the
+fourth, if you want to go still farther, Hortensius. The consul
+himself[79] is a man of a small and ill-regulated mind, a mere buffoon
+of that splenetic kind which raises a laugh even in the absence of wit:
+it is his face rather than his facetiousness[80] that causes merriment:
+he takes practically no part in public business, and is quite alienated
+from the Optimates. You need expect no service to the state from him,
+for he has not the will to do any, nor fear any damage, for he hasn't
+the courage to inflict it. His colleague, however, treats me with great
+distinction, and is also a zealous supporter of the loyalist party. For
+the present their disagreement has not come to much; but I fear that
+this taint may spread farther. For I suppose you have heard that when
+the state function was being performed in Cæsar's house a man in woman's
+dress got in,[81] and that the Vestals having performed the rite again,
+mention was made of the matter in the senate by Q. Cornificius--he was
+the first, so don't think that it was one of us consulars--and that on
+the matter being referred by a decree of the senate to the [Virgins and]
+pontifices, they decided that a sacrilege had been committed: that then,
+on a farther decree of the senate, the consuls published a bill: and
+that Cæsar divorced his wife. On this question Piso, from friendship for
+P. Clodius, is doing his best to get the bill promulgated by himself
+(though in accordance with a decree of the senate and on a point of
+religion) rejected. Messalla as yet is strongly for severe measures. The
+loyalists hold aloof owing to the entreaties of Clodius: bands of
+ruffians are being got together: I myself, at first a stern Lycurgus, am
+becoming daily less and less keen about it: Cato is hot and eager. In
+short, I fear that between the indifference of the loyalists and the
+support of the disloyal it may be the cause of great evils to the
+Republic. However, your great friend[82]--do you know whom I mean?--of
+whom you said in your letter that, "not venturing to blame me, he was
+beginning to be complimentary," is now to all appearance exceedingly
+fond of me, embraces me, loves and praises me in public, while in secret
+(though unable to disguise it) he is jealous of me. No good-breeding, no
+straightforwardness, no political morality, no distinction, no courage,
+no liberality! But on these points I will write to you more minutely at
+another time; for in the first place I am not yet quite sure about them,
+and in the next place I dare not intrust a letter on such weighty
+matters to such a casual nobody's son as this messenger.
+
+The prætors have not yet drawn their lots for the provinces. The matter
+remains just where you left it. The description of the scenery of
+Misenum and Puteoli which you ask for I will include in my speech.[83] I
+had already noticed the mistake in the date, 3rd of December. The points
+in my speeches which you praise, believe me, I liked very much myself,
+but did not venture to say so before. Now, however, as they have
+received your approval, I think them much more "Attic" than ever. To the
+speech in answer to Metellus[84] I have made some additions. The book
+shall be sent you, since affection for me gives you a taste for
+rhetoric. What news have I for you? Let me see. Oh, yes! The consul
+Messalla has bought Antonius's house for 3,400 sestertia (about
+£27,200). What is that to me? you will say. Why, thus much. The price
+has convinced people that I made no bad bargain, and they begin to
+understand that in making a purchase a man may properly use his friends'
+means to get what suits his position. The Teucris affair drags on, yet I
+have hopes. Pray settle the business you have in hand. You shall have a
+more outspoken letter soon.
+
+27 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.
+
+[Footnote 75: _Ora soluta._ Or, if _ancora sublata_ be read, "when the
+anchor was already weighed." In either case it means "just as you were
+starting." Atticus wrote on board, and gave the letter to a carrier to
+take on shore.]
+
+[Footnote 76: A word lost in the text.]
+
+[Footnote 77: See end of Letter XXI. Cicero playfully supposes that
+Atticus only stayed in his villa in Epirus to offer sacrifices to the
+nymph in his gymnasium, and then hurried off to Sicyon, where people
+owed him money which he wanted to get. He goes to Antonius first to get
+his authority for putting pressure on Sicyon, and perhaps even some
+military force.]
+
+[Footnote 78: C. Calpurnius Piso (consul B.C. 67), brother of the consul
+of the year, had been governor of Gallia Narbonensis (B.C. 66-65), and
+had suppressed a rising of the Allobroges, the most troublesome tribe in
+the province, who were, in fact, again in rebellion.]
+
+[Footnote 79: M. Pupius Piso.]
+
+[Footnote 80: "By the expression of his face rather than the force of
+his expressions" (Tyrrell).]
+
+[Footnote 81: See p. 27, note 2.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Or, "inclose with my speech"; in both cases the dative
+_orationi meæ_ is peculiar. No speech exists containing such a
+description, but we have only two of the previous year extant (_pro
+Flacco_ and _pro Archia Poeta_). Cicero was probably sending it,
+whichever it was, to Atticus to be copied by his _librarii_, and
+published. Atticus had apparently some other works of Cicero's in hand,
+for which he had sent him some "queries."]
+
+[Footnote 84: Apparently the speech in the senate referred to in Letter
+XIV, p. 23, spoken on 1st January, B.C. 62. Metellus had prevented his
+_contio_ the day before.]
+
+
+
+
+XIX (A I, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 13 FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+I fear it may seem affectation to tell you how occupied I have been; but
+I am so distracted with business that I have only just found time for
+this short letter, and that has been stolen from the most urgent
+engagements. I have already described to you Pompey's first public
+speech--it did not please the poor, nor satisfy the disloyal, nor find
+favour with the wealthy, nor appear sound to the loyalists; accordingly,
+he is down in the world.[85] Presently, on the instigation of the consul
+Piso, that most insignificant of tribunes, Fufius, brought Pompey on to
+the platform. The meeting was in the _circus Flaminius_, and there was
+in the same place that day a crowd of market people--a kind of _tiers
+état_.[86] He asked him to say whether he approved of the jurymen being
+selected by the prætor, to form a panel for the prætor himself to
+employ. That was the regulation made by the senate in the matter of
+Clodius's sacrilege. Thereupon Pompey made a highly "aristocratic"
+speech, and replied (and at great length) that in all matters the
+authority of the senate was of the greatest weight in his eyes and had
+always been so. Later on the consul Messalla in the senate asked Pompey
+his opinion as to the sacrilege and the bill that had been published.
+His speech in the senate amounted to a general commendation of all
+decrees of the house, and when he sat down he said to me, "I think my
+answer covers your case also."[87] When Crassus observed that Pompey had
+got a cheer from the idea in men's minds that he approved my consulship,
+he rose also to his feet and delivered a speech in the most
+complimentary terms on my consulship, going so far as to say that he
+owed it to me that he was still a senator, a citizen, nay, a free man;
+and that he never beheld wife, home, or country without beholding the
+fruits of my conduct. In short: that whole topic, which I am wont to
+paint in various colours in my speeches (of which you are the
+Aristarchus), the fire, the sword--you know my paint-pots--he elaborated
+to the highest pitch. I was sitting next to Pompey. I noticed that he
+was agitated, either at Crassus earning the gratitude which he had
+himself neglected, or to think that my achievements were, after all, of
+such magnitude that the senate was so glad to hear them praised,
+especially by a man who was the less under an obligation to praise me,
+because in everything I ever wrote[88] my praise of Pompey was
+practically a reflexion on him. This day has brought me very close to
+Crassus, and yet in spite of all I accepted with pleasure any
+compliment--open or covert--from Pompey. But as for my own speech, good
+heavens! how I did "put it on" for the benefit of my new auditor Pompey!
+If I ever did bring every art into play, I did then--period, transition,
+enthymeme, deduction--everything. In short, I was cheered to the echo.
+For the subject of my speech was the dignity of the senate, its harmony
+with the equites, the unanimity of Italy, the dying embers of the
+conspiracy, the fall in prices, the establishment of peace. You know my
+thunder when these are my themes. It was so loud, in fact, that I may
+cut short my description, as I think you must have heard it even in
+Epirus. The state of things at Rome is this: the senate is a perfect
+Areopagus. You cannot conceive anything firmer, more grave, or more
+high-spirited. For when the day came for proposing the bill in
+accordance with the vote of the senate, a crowd of our dandies with
+their chin-tufts assembled, all the Catiline set, with Curio's girlish
+son at their head, and implored the people to reject it. Moreover, Piso
+the consul, who formally introduced the bill, spoke against it.
+Clodius's hired ruffians had filled up the entrances to the voting
+boxes. The voting tickets were so manipulated that no "ayes" were
+distributed. Hereupon imagine Cato hurrying to the rostra, delivering an
+admirable invective against the consul, if we can call that an
+"invective" which was really a speech of the utmost weight and
+authority, and in fact containing the most salutary advice. He is
+followed to the same effect by your friend Hortensius, and many
+loyalists besides, among whom, however, the contribution of Favonius was
+conspicuous. By this rally of the Optimates the _comitia_ is dissolved,
+the senate summoned. On the question being put in a full house--in spite
+of the opposition of Piso, and in spite of Clodius throwing himself at
+the feet of the senators one after the other--that the consuls should
+exhort the people to pass the bill, about fifteen voted with Curio, who
+was against any decree being passed; on the other side there were fully
+four hundred. So the vote passed. The tribune Fufius then gave in.[89]
+Clodius delivered some wretched speeches to the people, in which he
+bestowed some injurious epithets on Lucullus, Hortensius, C. Piso, and
+the consul Messalla; me he only charged with having "discovered"
+everything.[90] In regard to the assignation of provinces to the
+prætors, the hearing legations, and other business, the senate voted
+that nothing should be brought before it till the bill had been brought
+before the people. There's the state of things at Rome for you. Yet pray
+listen to this one thing more which has surpassed my hopes. Messalla is
+a superlatively good consul, courageous, firm, painstaking; he praises,
+shows attachment to, and imitates me. That other one (Piso) is the less
+mischievous because of one vice--he is lazy, sleepy, unbusiness-like, an
+utter _fainéant_, but in intention he is so disaffected that he has
+begun to loathe Pompey since he made the speech in which some praise was
+bestowed on the senate. Accordingly, he has alienated all the loyalists
+to a remarkable degree. And his action is not dictated by love for
+Clodius more than by a taste for a profligate policy and a profligate
+party. But he has nobody among the magistrates like himself, with the
+single exception of the tribune Fufius. The tribunes are excellent, and
+in Cornutus we have a quasi-Cato. Can I say more?
+
+Now to return to private matters. "Teucris" has fulfilled her
+promise.[91] Pray execute the commission you undertook. My brother
+Quintus, who purchased the remaining three-fourths of the house in the
+Argiletum for 725 sestertia (about £5,800), is now trying to sell his
+Tusculan property, in order to purchase, if he can, the town house of
+Pacilius. Make it up with Lucceius! I see that he is all agog to stand
+for the consulship. I will do my best. Be careful to let me know exactly
+how you are, where you are, and how your business goes on.
+
+13 February.
+
+[Footnote 85: The letter giving this description is lost. I think
+_frigebat_ is epistolary imperfect--"_he_ is in the cold shade," not,
+"_it_ fell flat."]
+
+[Footnote 86: [Greek: panêgyris]. Cicero uses the word (an honourable
+one in Greek) contemptuously of the rabble brought together at a
+market.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Pompey's general commendation of the decrees of the senate
+would include those regarding the Catiline conspirators, and he
+therefore claimed to have satisfied Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 88: _Meis omnibus litteris_, the MS. reading. Prof. Tyrrell's
+emendation, _orationibus meis, omnibus litteris_, "in my speeches, every
+letter of them," seems to me even harsher than the MS., a gross
+exaggeration, and doubtful Latin. _Meis litteris_ is well supported by
+_literæ forenses et senatoriæ_ of _de Off._ 2, § 3, and though it is an
+unusual mode of referring to speeches, we must remember that they were
+now published and were "literature." The particular reference is to the
+speech _pro Imperio Pompeii_, in which, among other things, the whole
+credit of the reduction of Spartacus's gladiators is given to Pompey,
+whereas the brunt of the war had been borne by Crassus.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Fufius, though Cicero does not say so, must have vetoed
+the decree, but in the face of such a majority withdrew his veto. The
+practice seems to have been, in case of tribunician veto, to take the
+vote, which remained as an _auctoritas senatus_, but was not a _senatus
+consultum_ unless the tribune was induced to withdraw.]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Comperisse_. See Letter XVII, note 1, p. 28.]
+
+[Footnote 91: See Letters XVI and XVIII, pp. 26, 32.]
+
+
+
+
+XX (A I, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 15 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+You have heard that my dearest brother Quintus has got Asia; for I do
+not doubt that rumour has conveyed the news to you quicker than a letter
+from any of us. Now then, considering how desirous of a good reputation
+he and I have ever been, and how unusually Philhellenic we are and have
+the reputation of being, and considering how many there are whose enmity
+we have incurred for the sake of the Republic, "call to mind all your
+valour,"[92] to secure us the praise and affection of all concerned. I
+will write at greater length to you on these points in the letter which
+I shall give to Quintus himself.[93] Please let me know what you have
+done about the business I confided to you, and also in your own affair;
+for I have had no letter from you since you left Brundisium. I am very
+anxious to hear how you are.
+
+15 March.
+
+[Footnote 92: [Greek: pantoiês aretês mimnêskeo] (Hom. _Il._ xxii. 8)]
+
+[Footnote 93: The allotment of provinces had been put off (see last
+letter) till the affair of Clodius's trial was settled; consequently
+Quintus would not have much time for preparation, and would soon set
+out. He would cross to Dyrrachium, and proceed along the _via Egnatia_
+to Thessalonica. He might meet Atticus at Dyrrachium, or go out of his
+way to call on him at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXI (A I, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+You ask me what has happened about the trial, the result of which was so
+contrary to the general expectation, and at the same time you want to
+know how I came to make a worse fight of it than usual. I will answer
+the last first, after the manner of Homer.[94] The fact is that, so long
+as I had to defend the authority of the senate,[95] I battled with such
+gallantry and vigour that there were shouts of applause and crowds round
+me in the house ringing with my praise. Nay, if you ever thought that I
+shewed courage in political business, you certainly would have admired
+my conduct in that cause. For when the culprit had betaken himself to
+public meetings, and had made an invidious use of my name, immortal
+gods! What battles! What havoc! What sallies I made upon Piso, Curio, on
+the whole of that set! How I fell upon the old men for their
+instability, on the young for their profligacy! Again and again, so help
+me heaven! I regretted your absence not only as the supporter of my
+policy, but as the spectator also of my admirable fighting. However,
+when Hortensius hit on the idea of a law as to the sacrilege being
+proposed by the tribune Fufius, in which there was no difference from
+the bill of the consul except as to the kind of jurymen--on that point,
+however, the whole question turned--and got it carried by sheer
+fighting, because he had persuaded himself and others that _he_ could
+not get an acquittal no matter who were the jurymen, I drew in my sails,
+seeing the neediness of the jurors, and gave no evidence beyond what was
+so notorious and well attested that I could not omit it.[96] Therefore,
+if you ask the reason of the acquittal--to return at length to the
+former of the two questions--it was entirely the poverty and low
+character of the jury. But that this was possible was entirely the
+result of Hortensius's policy. In his alarm lest Fufius should veto the
+law which was to be proposed in virtue of a senatorial decree, he failed
+to see that it was better that the culprit should be left under a cloud
+of disgrace and dishonour than that he should be trusted to the
+discretion of a weak jury. But in his passionate resentment he hastened
+to bring the case into court, saying that a leaden sword was good enough
+to cut _his_ throat. But if you want to know the history of the trial,
+with its incredible verdict, it was such that Hortensius's policy is now
+blamed by other people after the event, though I disapproved of it from
+the first. When the rejection of jurors had taken place, amidst loud
+cheers and counter-cheers--the accuser like a strict censor rejecting
+the most worthless, the defendant like a kind-hearted trainer of
+gladiators all the best--as soon as the jury had taken their seats, the
+loyalists at once began to feel distrust. There never was a seedier lot
+round a table in a gambling hell. Senators under a cloud, equites out at
+elbows, tribunes who were not so much made of money as "collectors" of
+it, according to their official title.[97] However, there were a few
+honest men in the panel, whom he had been unable to drive off it by
+rejection, and they took their seats among their uncongenial comrades
+with gloomy looks and signs of emotion, and were keenly disgusted at
+having to rub elbows with such rascals. Hereupon, as question after
+question was referred to the panel in the preliminary proceedings, the
+severity of the decisions passes belief: there was no disagreement in
+voting, the defendant carried none of his points, while the accuser got
+even more than he asked. He was triumphant. Need I say more? Hortensius
+would have it that he was the only one of us who had seen the truth.
+There was not a man who did not think it impossible for him to stand his
+trial without being condemned a thousand times over. Farther, when I was
+produced as a witness, I suppose you have been told how the shouts of
+Clodius's supporters were answered by the jury rising to their feet to
+gather round me, and openly to offer their throats to P. Clodius in my
+defence. This seemed to me a greater compliment than the well-known
+occasion when your fellow citizens[98] stopped Xenocrates from taking an
+oath in the witness-box, or when, upon the accounts of Metellus
+Numidicus[99] being as usual handed round, a Roman jury refused to look
+at them. The compliment paid me, I repeat, was much greater.
+Accordingly, as the jurymen were protecting me as the mainstay of the
+country, it was by their voices that the defendant was overwhelmed, and
+with him all his advocates suffered a crushing blow. Next day my house
+was visited by as great a throng as that which escorted me home when I
+laid down the consulship. Our eminent Areopagites then exclaimed that
+they would not come into court unless a guard was assigned them. The
+question was put to the whole panel: there was only one vote against the
+need of a guard. The question is brought before the senate: the decree
+is passed in the most solemn and laudatory terms: the jurymen are
+complimented: the magistrates are commissioned to carry it out: no one
+thought that the fellow would venture on a defence. "Tell me, ye Muses,
+now how first the fire befell!"[100] You know Bald-head, the Nanneian
+millionaire,[101] that panegyrist of mine, whose complimentary oration
+I have already mentioned to you in a letter. In two days' time, by the
+agency of a single slave, and one, too, from a school of gladiators, he
+settled the whole business--he summoned them to an interview, made a
+promise, offered security, paid money down. Still farther, good heavens,
+what a scandal! even favours from certain ladies, and introductions to
+young men of rank, were thrown in as a kind of _pourboire_ to some of
+the jurors. Accordingly, with the loyalists holding completely aloof,
+with the forum full of slaves, twenty-five jurors were yet found so
+courageous that, though at the risk of their lives, they preferred even
+death to producing universal ruin. There were thirty-one who were more
+influenced by famine than fame. On seeing one of these latter Catulus
+said to him, "Why did you ask us for a guard? Did you fear being robbed
+of the money?" There you have, as briefly as I could put it, the nature
+of the trial and the cause of the acquittal.
+
+Next you want to know the present state of public affairs and of my own.
+That settlement of the Republic--firmly established by my wisdom, as you
+thought, as I thought by God's--which seemed fixed on a sure foundation
+by the unanimity of all loyalists and the influence of my
+consulship--that I assure you, unless some God take compassion on us,
+has by this one verdict escaped from our grasp: if "verdict" it is to be
+called, when thirty of the most worthless and dissolute fellows in Rome
+for a paltry sum of money obliterate every principle of law and justice,
+and when that which every man--I had almost said every animal--knows to
+have taken place, a Thalna, a Plautus, and a Spongia, and other scum of
+that sort decide not to have taken place. However, to console you as to
+the state of the Republic, rascaldom is not as cheerful and exultant in
+its victory as the disloyal hoped after the infliction of such a wound
+upon the Republic. For they fully expected that when religion, morality,
+the honour of juries, and the prestige of the senate had sustained such
+a crushing fall, victorious profligacy and lawless lust would openly
+exact vengeance from all the best men for the mortification which the
+strictness of my consulship had branded in upon all the worst. And it is
+once more I--for I do not feel as if I were boasting vaingloriously when
+speaking of myself to you, especially in a letter not intended to be
+read by others--it was I once more, I say, who revived the fainting
+spirits of the loyalists, cheering and encouraging each personally.
+Moreover, by my denunciations and invectives against those corrupt
+jurors I left none of the favourers and supporters of that victory a
+word to say for themselves. I gave the consul Piso no rest anywhere, I
+got him deprived of Syria, which had been already plighted to him, I
+revived the fainting spirit of the senate and recalled it to its former
+severity. I overwhelmed Clodius in the senate to his face, both in a set
+speech, very weighty and serious, and also in an interchange of
+repartees, of which I append a specimen for your delectation. The rest
+lose all point and grace without the excitement of the contest, or, as
+you Greeks call it, the [Greek: agôn]. Well, at the meeting of the
+senate on the 15th of May, being called on for my opinion, I spoke at
+considerable length on the high interests of the Republic, and brought
+in the following passage by a happy inspiration: "Do not, Fathers,
+regard yourselves as fallen utterly, do not faint, because you have
+received one blow. The wound is one which I cannot disguise, but which I
+yet feel sure should not be regarded with extreme fear: to fear would
+shew us to be the greatest of cowards, to ignore it the greatest of
+fools. Lentulus was twice acquitted, so was Catiline, a third such
+criminal has now been let loose by jurors upon the Republic. You are
+mistaken, Clodius: it is not for the city but for the prison that the
+jurors have reserved you, and their intention was not to retain you in
+the state, but to deprive you of the privilege of exile. Wherefore,
+Fathers, rouse up all your courage, hold fast to your high calling.
+There still remains in the Republic the old unanimity of the loyalists:
+their feelings have been outraged, their resolution has not been
+weakened: no fresh mischief has been done, only what was actually
+existing has been discovered. In the trial of one profligate many like
+him have been detected."--But what am I about? I have copied almost a
+speech into a letter. I return to the duel of words. Up gets our
+dandified young gentleman, and throws in my teeth my having been at
+Baiæ. It wasn't true, but what did that matter to him? "It is as though
+you were to say," replied I, "that I had been in disguise!" "What
+business," quoth he, "has an Arpinate with hot baths?" "Say that to your
+patron," said I, "who coveted the watering-place of an Arpinate."[102]
+For you know about the marine villa. "How long," said he, "are we to put
+up with this king?" "Do you mention a king," quoth I, "when Rex[103]
+made no mention of you?" He, you know, had swallowed the inheritance of
+Rex in anticipation. "You have bought a house," says he. "You would
+think that he said," quoth I, "you have bought a jury." "They didn't
+trust you on your oath," said he. "Yes," said I, "twenty-five jurors did
+trust me, thirty-one didn't trust you, for they took care to get their
+money beforehand." Here he was overpowered by a burst of applause and
+broke down without a word to say.
+
+My own position is this: with the loyalists I hold the same place as
+when you left town, with the tagrag and bobtail of the city I hold a
+much better one than at your departure. For it does me no harm that my
+evidence appears not to have availed. Envy has been let blood without
+causing pain, and even more so from the fact that all the supporters of
+that flagitious proceeding confess that a perfectly notorious fact has
+been hushed up by bribing the jury. Besides, the wretched starveling
+mob, the blood-sucker of the treasury, imagines me to be high in the
+favour of Magnus--and indeed we have been mutually united by frequent
+pleasant intercourse to such an extent, that our friends the boon
+companions of the conspiracy, the young chin-tufts, speak of him in
+ordinary conversation as Gnæus Cicero. Accordingly, both in the circus
+and at the gladiatorial games, I received a remarkable ovation without a
+single cat-call. There is at present a lively anticipation of the
+elections, in which, contrary to everybody's wishes, our friend Magnus
+is pushing the claims of Aulus's son;[104] and in that matter his
+weapons are neither his prestige nor his popularity, but those by which
+Philip said that any fortress could be taken--if only an ass laden with
+gold could make its way up into it. Farthermore, that precious consul,
+playing as it were second fiddle to Pompey,[105] is said to have
+undertaken the business and to have bribery agents at his house, which I
+don't believe. But two decrees have already passed the house of an
+unpopular character, because they are thought to be directed against the
+consul on the demand of Cato and Domitius[106]--one that search should
+be allowed in magistrates' houses, and a second, that all who had
+bribery agents in their houses were guilty of treason. The tribune Lurco
+also, having entered on his office irregularly in view of the Ælian law,
+has been relieved from the provisions both of the Ælian and Fufian laws,
+in order to enable him to propose his law on bribery, which he
+promulgated with correct auspices though a cripple.[107] Accordingly,
+the _comitia_ have been postponed to the 27th of July. There is this
+novelty in his bill, that a man who has promised money among the tribes,
+but not paid it, is not liable, but, if he has paid, he is liable for
+life to pay 3,000 sesterces to each tribe. I remarked that P. Clodius
+had obeyed this law by anticipation, for he was accustomed to promise,
+and not pay. But observe! Don't you see that the consulship of which we
+thought so much, which Curio used of old to call an apotheosis, if this
+Afranius is elected, will become a mere farce and mockery? Therefore I
+think one should play the philosopher, as you in fact do, and not care a
+straw for your consulships!
+
+You say in your letter that you have decided not to go to Asia. For my
+part I should have preferred your going, and I fear that there may be
+some offence[108] given in that matter. Nevertheless, I am not the man
+to blame you, especially considering that I have not gone to a province
+myself. I shall be quite content with the inscriptions you have placed
+in your Amaltheium,[109] especially as Thyillus has deserted me and
+Archias written nothing about me. The latter, I am afraid, having
+composed a Greek poem on the Luculli, is now turning his attention to
+the Cæcilian drama.[110] I have thanked Antonius on your account, and I
+have intrusted the letter to Mallius. I have heretofore written to you
+more rarely because I had no one to whom I could trust a letter, and was
+not sure of your address. I have puffed you well. If Cincius should
+refer any business of yours to me, I will undertake it. But at present
+he is more intent on his own business, in which I am rendering him some
+assistance. If you mean to stay any length of time in one place you may
+expect frequent letters from me: but pray send even more yourself. I
+wish you would describe your Amaltheium to me, its decoration and its
+plan; and send me any poems or stories you may have about
+Amaltheia.[111] I should like to make a copy of it at Arpinum. I will
+forward you something of what I have written. At present there is
+nothing finished.
+
+[Footnote 94: [Greek: hysteron proteron Homêrikôs].]
+
+[Footnote 95: That is, the resolution of the senate, that the consuls
+should endeavour to get the bill passed.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Cicero deposed to having seen Clodius in Rome three hours
+after he swore that he was at Interamna (ninety miles off), thus
+spoiling his alibi.]
+
+[Footnote 97: The difficulty of this sentence is well known. The juries
+were now made up of three _decuriæ_--senators, equites, and _tribuni
+ærarii_. But the exact meaning of _tribuni ærarii_ is not known, beyond
+the fact that they formed an _ordo_, coming immediately below the
+equites. Possibly they were old tribal officers who had the duty of
+distributing pay or collecting taxes (to which the translation supposes
+a punning reference), and as such were required to be of a _census_
+immediately below that of the equites. I do not profess to be satisfied,
+but I cannot think that Professor Tyrrell's proposal makes matters much
+easier--_tribuni non tam ærarii, ut appellantur, quam ærati_; for his
+translation of _ærati_ as "bribed" is not better supported, and is a
+less natural deduction than "moneyed."]
+
+[Footnote 98: _I.e._, the Athenians. Xenocrates of Calchedon (B.C.
+396-314), residing at Athens, is said to have been so trusted that his
+word was taken as a witness without an oath (Diog. Laert. IV. ii. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 99: Q. Cæcilius Numidicus, consul B.C. 109, commanded against
+Iugurtha. The event referred to in the text is said to have occurred on
+his trial _de repetundis_, after his return from a province which he had
+held as proprætor (Val. Max. II. x. 1).]
+
+[Footnote 100: Hom. _Il._ xvi. 112:
+
+    [Greek: hespete nyn moi, Mousai, Olympia dômat' echousai
+    hoppôs dê prôton pyr empese nêusin Achaiôn.]
+]
+
+[Footnote 101: The reference is to Crassus. But the rest is very dark.
+The old commentators say that he is here called _ex Nanneianis_ because
+he made a large sum of money by the property of one Nanneius, who was
+among those proscribed by Sulla. His calling Crassus his "panegyrist" is
+explained by Letter XIX, pp. 33-34.]
+
+[Footnote 102: C. Curio, the elder, defended Clodius. He had bought the
+villa of Marius (a native of Arpinum) at Baiæ.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Q. Marcius Rex married a sister of Clodius, and dying,
+left him no legacy.]
+
+[Footnote 104: L. Afranius.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Reading _deterioris histrionis similis_, "like an
+inferior actor."]
+
+[Footnote 106: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, married to Cato's sister.
+Consul B.C. 54. A strong aristocrat and vehement opponent of Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 107: Aufidius Lurco had apparently proposed his law on bribery
+between the time of the notice of the elections (_indictio_) and the
+elections themselves, which was against a provision of the _leges Ælia
+et Fufia_. What his breach of the law was in entering on his office
+originally we do not know: perhaps some neglect of auspices, or his
+personal deformity.]
+
+[Footnote 108: _I.e._ to Quintus Cicero, now proprætor in Asia, who
+apparently wished his brother-in-law to come to Asia in some official
+capacity.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Some epigrams or inscriptions under a portrait bust of
+Cicero in the gymnasium of Atticus's villa at Buthrotum. Atticus had a
+taste for such compositions. See Nepos, _Att._ 18; Pliny, _N. H._ 35, §
+11.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Cicero had defended Archias, and Thyillus seems also to
+have been intimate with him: but he says Archias, after complimenting
+the Luculli by a poem, is now doing the same to the Cæcilii Metelli. The
+"Cæcilian drama" is a reference to the old dramatist, Cæcilius Statius
+(_ob._ B.C. 168).]
+
+[Footnote 111: Of Amaltheia, nurse of Zeus in Crete, there were plenty
+of legends. Atticus is making in his house something like what Cicero
+had made in his, and called his academia or gymnasium. That of Atticus
+was probably also a summer house or study, with garden, fountains, etc.,
+and a shrine or statue of Amaltheia.]
+
+
+
+
+XXII (A I, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 5 DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, ÆT. 45]
+
+Your letter, in which you inclose copies of his letters, has made me
+realize that my brother Quintus's feelings have undergone many
+alternations, and that his opinions and judgments have varied widely
+from time to time.[112] This has not only caused me all the pain which
+my extreme affection for both of you was bound to bring, but it has also
+made me wonder what can have happened to cause my brother Quintus such
+deep offence, or such an extraordinary change of feeling. And yet I was
+already aware, as I saw that you also, when you took leave of me, were
+beginning to suspect, that there was some lurking dissatisfaction, that
+his feelings were wounded, and that certain unfriendly suspicions had
+sunk deep into his heart. On trying on several previous occasions, but
+more eagerly than ever after the allotment of his province, to assuage
+these feelings, I failed to discover on the one hand that the extent of
+his offence was so great as your letter indicates; but on the other I
+did not make as much progress in allaying it as I wished. However, I
+consoled myself with thinking that there would be no doubt of his seeing
+you at Dyrrachium, or somewhere in your part of the country: and, if
+that happened, I felt sure and fully persuaded that everything would be
+made smooth between you, not only by conversation and mutual
+explanation, but by the very sight of each other in such an interview.
+For I need not say in writing to you, who know it quite well, how kind
+and sweet-tempered my brother is, as ready to forgive as he is sensitive
+in taking offence. But it most unfortunately happened that you did not
+see him anywhere. For the impression he had received from the artifices
+of others had more weight with him than duty or relationship, or the
+old affection so long existing between you, which ought to have been the
+strongest influence of all. And yet, as to where the blame for this
+misunderstanding resides, I can more easily conceive than write: since I
+am afraid that, while defending my own relations, I should not spare
+yours. For I perceive that, though no actual wound was inflicted by
+members of the family, they yet could at least have cured it. But the
+root of the mischief in this case, which perhaps extends farther than
+appears, I shall more conveniently explain to you when we meet. As to
+the letter he sent to you from Thessalonica,[113] and about the language
+which you suppose him to have used both at Rome among your friends and
+on his journey, I don't know how far the matter went, but my whole hope
+of removing this unpleasantness rests on your kindness. For if you will
+only make up your mind to believe that the best men are often those
+whose feelings are most easily irritated and appeased, and that this
+quickness, so to speak, and sensitiveness of disposition are generally
+signs of a good heart; and lastly--and this is the main thing--that we
+must mutually put up with each other's gaucheries (shall I call them?),
+or faults, or injurious acts, then these misunderstandings will, I hope,
+be easily smoothed away. I beg you to take this view, for it is the
+dearest wish of my heart (which is yours as no one else's can be) that
+there should not be one of my family or friends who does not love you
+and is not loved by you.
+
+That part of your letter was entirely superfluous, in which you mention
+what opportunities of doing good business in the provinces or the city
+you let pass at other times as well as in the year of my consulship: for
+I am thoroughly persuaded of your unselfishness and magnanimity, nor did
+I ever think that there was any difference between you and me except in
+our choice of a career. Ambition led me to seek official advancement,
+while another and perfectly laudable resolution led you to seek an
+honourable privacy. In the true glory, which is founded on honesty,
+industry, and piety, I place neither myself nor anyone else above you.
+In affection towards myself, next to my brother and immediate family, I
+put you first. For indeed, indeed I have seen and thoroughly appreciated
+how your anxiety and joy have corresponded with the variations of my
+fortunes. Often has your congratulation added a charm to praise, and
+your consolation a welcome antidote to alarm. Nay, at this moment of
+your absence, it is not only your advice--in which you excel--but the
+interchange of speech--in which no one gives me so much delight as you
+do--that I miss most, shall I say in politics, in which circumspection
+is always incumbent on me, or in my forensic labour, which I formerly
+sustained with a view to official promotion, and nowadays to maintain my
+position by securing popularity, or in the mere business of my family?
+In all these I missed you and our conversations before my brother left
+Rome, and still more do I miss them since. Finally, neither my work nor
+rest, neither my business nor leisure, neither my affairs in the forum
+or at home, public or private, can any longer do without your most
+consolatory and affectionate counsel and conversation. The modest
+reserve which characterizes both of us has often prevented my mentioning
+these facts; but on this occasion it was rendered necessary by that part
+of your letter in which you expressed a wish to have yourself and your
+character "put straight" and "cleared" in my eyes. Yet, in the midst of
+all this unfortunate alienation and anger, there is one fortunate
+circumstance--that your determination of not going to a province was
+known to me and your other friends, and had been at various times before
+distinctly expressed by yourself; so that your not being his guest may
+be attributed to your personal tastes and judgments, not to the quarrel
+and rupture between you. And so those ties which have been broken will
+be restored, and ours which have been so religiously preserved will
+retain all their old inviolability.
+
+At Rome I find politics in a shaky condition; everything is
+unsatisfactory and foreboding change. For I have no doubt you have been
+told that our friends, the equites, are all but alienated from the
+senate. Their first grievance was the promulgation of a bill on the
+authority of the senate for the trial of such as had taken bribes for
+giving a verdict. I happened not to be in the house when that decree was
+passed, but when I found that the equestrian order was indignant at it,
+and yet refrained from openly saying so, I remonstrated with the
+senate, as I thought, in very impressive language, and was very weighty
+and eloquent considering the unsatisfactory nature of my cause. But here
+is another piece of almost intolerable coolness on the part of the
+equites, which I have not only submitted to, but have even put in as
+good a light as possible! The companies which had contracted with the
+censors for Asia complained that in the heat of the competition they had
+taken the contract at an excessive price; they demanded that the
+contract should be annulled. I led in their support, or rather, I was
+second, for it was Crassus who induced them to venture on this demand.
+The case is scandalous, the demand a disgraceful one, and a confession
+of rash speculation. Yet there was a very great risk that, if they got
+no concession, they would be completely alienated from the senate. Here
+again I came to the rescue more than anyone else, and secured them a
+full and very friendly house, in which I, on the 1st and 2nd of
+December, delivered long speeches on the dignity and harmony of the two
+orders. The business is not yet settled, but the favourable feeling of
+the senate has been made manifest: for no one had spoken against it
+except the consul-designate, Metellus; while our hero Cato had still to
+speak, the shortness of the day having prevented his turn being reached.
+Thus I, in the maintenance of my steady policy, preserve to the best of
+my ability that harmony of the orders which was originally my joiner's
+work; but since it all now seems in such a crazy condition, I am
+constructing what I may call a road towards the maintenance of our
+power, a safe one I hope, which I cannot fully describe to you in a
+letter, but of which I will nevertheless give you a hint. _I cultivate
+close intimacy with Pompey_. I foresee what you will say. I will use all
+necessary precautions, and I will write another time at greater length
+about my schemes for managing the Republic. You must know that Lucceius
+has it in his mind to stand for the consulship at once; for there are
+said to be only two candidates in prospect. Cæsar is thinking of coming
+to terms with him by the agency of Arrius, and Bibulus also thinks he
+may effect a coalition with him by means of C. Piso.[114] You smile?
+This is no laughing matter, believe me. What else shall I write to you?
+What? I have plenty to say, but must put it off to another time. If you
+mean to wait till you hear, let me know. For the moment I am satisfied
+with a modest request, though it is what I desire above everything--that
+you should come to Rome as soon as possible.
+
+5 December.
+
+[Footnote 112: Cicero is evidently very anxious as to the
+misunderstanding between Quintus and his brother-in-law Atticus, caused,
+as he hints, or at any rate not allayed, by Pomponia. The letter is very
+carefully written, without the familiar tone and mixture of jest and
+earnest common to most of the letters to Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 113: At the end of the _via Egnatia_, which started from
+Dyrrachium.]
+
+[Footnote 114: The election in question is that to be held in B.C. 60
+for the consulship of B.C. 59. Cæsar and Bibulus were elected, and
+apparently were the only two candidates declared as yet. They were, of
+course, extremists, and Lucceius seems to reckon on getting in by
+forming a coalition with either one or the other, and so getting the
+support of one of the extreme parties, with the moderates, for himself.
+The bargain eventually made was between Lucceius and Cæsar, the former
+finding the money. But the Optimates found more, and carried Bibulus.
+Arrius is Q. Arrius the orator (see Index). C. Piso is the consul of
+B.C. 67.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIII (A I, 18)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60. Coss., Q. Cæcilius Metellus Celer, L. Afranius.]
+
+     This was the year in which Cæsar, returning from his proprætorship
+     in Spain, found Pompey in difficulties with the senate (1) as to
+     the confirmation _en bloc_ of his _acta_ in the East, (2) as to the
+     assignation of lands to his veterans; and being met with opposition
+     himself as to the triumph that he claimed, and his candidatureship
+     for the consulship, he formed with Pompey and Crassus the agreement
+     known as the first triumvirate. Cicero saw his favourite political
+     object, the _concordia ordinum_, threatened by any opposition to
+     the triumvirate, which he yet distrusted as dangerous to the
+     constitution. We shall find him, therefore, vacillating between
+     giving his support to its policy or standing by the extreme
+     Optimates. P. Clodius is taking measures to be adopted into a
+     plebeian gens, in order to stand for the tribuneship. Quintus is
+     still in Asia. Pompey's triumph had taken place in the previous
+     September.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 20 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+Believe me there is nothing at this moment of which I stand so much in
+need as a man with whom to share all that causes me anxiety: a man to
+love me; a man of sense to whom I can speak without affectation,
+reserve, or concealment. For my brother is away--that most open-hearted
+and affectionate of men. Metellus is not a human being, but
+
+    "Mere sound and air, a howling wilderness."
+
+While you, who have so often lightened my anxiety and my anguish of soul
+by your conversation and advice, who are ever my ally in public affairs,
+my confidant in all private business, the sharer in all my conversations
+and projects--where are you? So entirely am I abandoned by all, that the
+only moments of repose left me are those which are spent with my wife,
+pet daughter, and sweet little Cicero. For as to those friendships with
+the great, and their artificial attractions, they have indeed a certain
+glitter in the outside world, but they bring no private satisfaction.
+And so, after a crowded morning _levée_, as I go down to the forum
+surrounded by troops of friends, I can find no one out of all that crowd
+with whom to jest freely, or into whose ear I can breathe a familiar
+sigh. Therefore I wait for you, I long for you, I even urge on you to
+come; for I have many anxieties, many pressing cares, of which I think,
+if I once had your ears to listen to me, I could unburden myself in the
+conversation of a single walk. And of my private anxieties, indeed, I
+shall conceal all the stings and vexations, and not trust them to this
+letter and an unknown letter-carrier. These, however--for I don't want
+you to be made too anxious--are not very painful: yet they are
+persistent and worrying, and are not put to rest by the advice or
+conversation of any friend. But in regard to the Republic I have still
+the same courage and purpose, though it has again and again of its own
+act eluded treatment.[115] For should I put briefly what has occurred
+since you left, you would certainly exclaim that the Roman empire cannot
+be maintained much longer. Well, after your departure our first scene,
+I think, was the appearance of the Clodian scandal, in which having, as
+I thought, got an opportunity of pruning licentiousness and keeping our
+young men within bounds, I exerted myself to the utmost, and lavished
+all the resources of my intellect and genius, not from dislike to an
+individual, but from the hope of not merely correcting, but of
+completely curing the state. The Republic received a crushing blow when
+this jury was won over by money and the opportunity of debauchery. See
+what has followed! We have had a consul inflicted upon us, whom none
+except us philosophers can look at without a sigh. What a blow that is!
+Though a decree of the senate has been passed about bribery and the
+corruption of juries, no law has been carried; the senate has been
+harassed to death, the Roman knights alienated. So that one year has
+undermined two buttresses of the Republic, which owed their existence to
+me, and me alone; for it has at once destroyed the prestige of the
+senate and broken up the harmony of the orders. And now enter this
+precious year! It was inaugurated by the suspension of the annual rites
+of Iuventas;[116] for Memmius initiated M. Lucullus's wife in some rites
+of his own! Our Menelaus, being annoyed at that, divorced his wife. Yet
+the old Idæan shepherd had only injured Menelaus; our Roman Paris
+thought Agamemnon as proper an object of injury as Menelaus.[117] Next
+there is a certain tribune named C. Herennius, whom you, perhaps, do not
+even know--and yet you may know him, for he is of your tribe, and his
+father Sextus used to distribute money to your tribesmen--this person is
+trying to transfer P. Clodius to the plebs, and is actually proposing a
+law to authorize the whole people to vote in Clodius's affair in the
+_campus_.[118] I have given him a characteristic reception in the
+senate, but he is the thickest-skinned fellow in the world. Metellus is
+an excellent consul, and much attached to me, but he has lowered his
+influence by promulgating (though only for form's sake) an identical
+bill about Clodius. But the son of Aulus,[119] God in heaven! What a
+cowardly and spiritless fellow for a soldier! How well he deserves to be
+exposed, as he is, day after day to the abuse of Palicanus![120]
+Farther, an agrarian law has been promulgated by Flavius, a poor
+production enough, almost identical with that of Plotius. But meanwhile
+a genuine statesman is not to be found, even "in a dream." The man who
+could be one, my friend Pompey--for such he is, as I would have you
+know--defends his twopenny embroidered toga[121] by saying nothing.
+Crassus never risks his popularity by a word. The others you know
+without my telling you. They are such fools that they seem to expect
+that, though the Republic is lost, their fish-ponds will be safe. There
+is one man who does take some trouble, but rather, as it seems to me,
+with consistency and honesty, than with either prudence or
+ability--Cato. He has been for the last three months worrying those
+unhappy _publicani_, who were formerly devoted to him, and refuses to
+allow of an answer being given them by the senate. And so we are forced
+to suspend all decrees on other subjects until the _publicani_ have got
+their answer. For the same reason I suppose even the business of the
+foreign embassies will be postponed. You now understand in what stormy
+water we are: and as from what I have written to you in such strong
+terms you have a view also of what I have not written, come back to me,
+for it is time you did. And though the state of affairs to which I
+invite you is one to be avoided, yet let your value for me so far
+prevail, as to induce you to come there even in these vexatious
+circumstances. For the rest I will take care that due warning is given,
+and a notice put up in all places, to prevent you being entered on the
+census as absent; and to get put on the census just before the
+lustration is the mark of your true man of business.[122] So let me see
+you at the earliest possible moment. Farewell.
+
+20 January in the Consulship of Q. Metellus and L. Afranius.
+
+[Footnote 115: Reading (mainly with Schutz) _animus præsens et voluntas,
+tamen etiam atque etiam ipsa medicinam refugit_. The verb _refugit_ is
+very doubtful, but it gives nearly the sense required. Cicero is ready
+to be as brave and active as before, but the state will not do its part.
+It has, for instance, blundered in the matter of the law against
+judicial corruption. The senate offended the equites by proposing it,
+and yet did not carry the law. I think _animus_ and _voluntas_ must
+refer to Cicero, not the state, to which in his present humour he would
+not attribute them.]
+
+[Footnote 116: The temple of Iuventas was vowed by M. Livius after the
+battle of the Metaurus (B.C. 207), and dedicated in B.C. 191 by C.
+Licinius Lucullus, games being established on the anniversary of its
+dedication (Livy, xxi. 62; xxxvi. 36). It is suggested, therefore, that
+some of the Luculli usually presided at these games, but on this
+occasion refused, because of the injury done by C. Memmius, who was
+curule ædile.]
+
+[Footnote 117: By Agamemnon and Menelaus Cicero means Lucius and Marcus
+Lucullus; the former Memmius had, as tribune in B.C. 66-65, opposed in
+his demand for a triumph, the latter he has now injured in the person of
+his wife.]
+
+[Footnote 118: A man who was _sui iuris_ was properly adopted before the
+_commitia curiata_, now represented by thirty lictors. What Herennius
+proposed was that it should take place by a regular _lex_, passed by the
+_comitia tributa_. The object apparently was to avoid the necessity of
+the presence of a pontifex and augur, which was required at the _comitia
+curiata_. The concurrent law by the consul would come before the
+_comitia centuriata_. The adopter was P. Fonteius, a very young man.]
+
+[Footnote 119: L. Afranius, the other consul.]
+
+[Footnote 120: M. Lollius Palicanus, "a mere mob orator" (_Brutus_,
+§223).]
+
+[Footnote 121: The _toga picta_ of a triumphator, which Pompey, by
+special law, was authorized to wear at the games. Cicero uses the
+contemptuous diminutive, _togula_.]
+
+[Footnote 122: To be absent from the census without excuse rendered a
+man liable to penalties. Cicero will therefore put up notices in
+Atticus's various places of business or residence of his intention to
+appear in due course. To appear just at the end of the period was, it
+seems, in the case of a man of business, advisable, that he might be
+rated at the actual amount of his property, no more or less.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIV (A I, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 15 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+It is not only if I had as much leisure as you, but also if I chose to
+send letters as short as yours usually are, should I easily beat you and
+be much the more regular in writing. But, in fact, it is only one more
+item in an immense and inconceivable amount of business, that I allow no
+letter to reach you from me without its containing some definite sketch
+of events and the reflexions arising from it. And in writing to you, as
+a lover of your country, my first subject will naturally be the state of
+the Republic; next, as I am the nearest object of your affection, I will
+also write about myself, and tell you what I think you will not be
+indisposed to know. Well then, in public affairs for the moment the
+chief subject of interest is the disturbance in Gaul. For the Ædui--"our
+brethren"[123]--have recently fought a losing battle, and the Helvetii
+are undoubtedly in arms and making raids upon our province.[124] The
+senate has decreed that the two consuls should draw lots for the Gauls,
+that a levy should be held, all exemptions from service be suspended,
+and legates with full powers be sent to visit the states in Gaul, and
+see that they do not join the Helvetii. The legates are Quintus Metellus
+Creticus,[125] L. Flaccus,[126] and lastly--a case of "rich unguent on
+lentils"--Lentulus, son of Clodianus.[127] And while on this subject I
+cannot omit mentioning that when among the consulars my name was the
+first to come up in the ballot, a full meeting of the senate declared
+with one voice that I must be kept in the city. The same occurred to
+Pompey after me; so that we two appeared to be kept at home as pledges
+of the safety of the Republic. Why should I look for the "bravos" of
+others when I get these compliments at home? Well, the state of affairs
+in the city is as follows. The agrarian law is being vehemently pushed
+by the tribune Flavius, with the support of Pompey, but it has nothing
+popular about it except its supporter. From this law I, with the full
+assent of a public meeting, proposed to omit all clauses which adversely
+affected private rights. I proposed to except from its operation such
+public land as had been so in the consulship of P. Mucius and L.
+Calpurnius.[128] I proposed to confirm the titles of holders of those to
+whom Sulla had actually assigned lands. I proposed to retain the men of
+Volaterræ and Arretium--whose lands Sulla had declared forfeited but
+had not allotted--in their holdings. There was only one section in the
+bill that I did not propose to omit, namely, that land should be
+purchased with this money from abroad, the proceeds of the new revenues
+for the next five years.[129] But to this whole agrarian scheme the
+senate was opposed, suspecting that some novel power for Pompey was
+aimed at. Pompey, indeed, had set his heart on getting the law passed.
+I, however, with the full approval of the applicants for land,
+maintained the holdings of all private owners--for, as you know, the
+landed gentry form the bulk of our party's forces--while I nevertheless
+satisfied the people and Pompey (for I wanted to do that also) by the
+purchase clause; for, if that was put on a sound footing, I thought that
+two advantages would accrue--the dregs might be drawn from the city, and
+the deserted portions of Italy be repeopled. But this whole business was
+interrupted by the war, and has cooled off. Metellus is an exceedingly
+good consul, and much attached to me. That other one is such a ninny
+that he clearly doesn't know what to do with his purchase.[130] This is
+all my public news, unless you regard as touching on public affairs the
+fact that a certain Herennius, a tribune, and a fellow tribesman of
+yours--a fellow as unprincipled as he is needy--has now begun making
+frequent proposals for transferring P. Clodius to the plebs; he is
+vetoed by many of his colleagues. That is really, I think, all the
+public news.
+
+For my part, ever since I won what I may call the splendid and immortal
+glory of the famous fifth of December[131] (though it was accompanied by
+the jealousy and hostility of many), I have never ceased to play my part
+in the Republic in the same lofty spirit, and to maintain the position I
+then inaugurated and took upon myself. But when, first, by the acquittal
+of Clodius I clearly perceived the insecurity and rotten state of the
+law courts; and, secondly, when I saw that it took so little to alienate
+my friends the _publicani_ from the senate--though with me personally
+they had no quarrel; and, thirdly, that the rich (I mean your friends
+the fish-breeders) did not disguise their jealousy of me, I thought I
+must look out for some greater security and stronger support. So, to
+begin with, I have brought the man who had been too long silent on my
+achievements, Pompey himself, to such a frame of mind as not once only
+in the senate, but many times and in many words, to ascribe to me the
+preservation of this empire and of the world. And this was not so
+important to me--for those transactions are neither so obscure as to
+need testimony, nor so dubious as to need commendation--as to the
+Republic; for there were certain persons base enough to think that some
+misunderstanding would arise between me and Pompey from a difference of
+opinion on these measures. With him I have united myself in such close
+intimacy that both of us can by this union be better fortified in his
+own views, and more secure in his political position. However, the
+dislike of the licentious dandies, which had been roused against me, has
+been so far softened by a conciliatory manner on my part, that they all
+combine to show me marked attention. In fine, while avoiding
+churlishness to anyone, I do not curry favour with the populace or relax
+any principle; but my whole course of conduct is so carefully regulated,
+that, while exhibiting an example of firmness to the Republic, in my own
+private concerns--in view of the instability of the loyalists, the
+hostility of the disaffected, and the hatred of the disloyal towards
+me--I employ a certain caution and circumspection, and do not allow
+myself, after all, to be involved in these new friendships so far but
+that the famous refrain of the cunning Sicilian frequently sounds in my
+ears:[132]
+
+    "Keep sober and distrust: these wisdom's sinews!"
+
+Of my course and way of life, therefore, you see, I think, what may be
+called a sketch or outline. Of your own business, however, you
+frequently write to me, but I cannot at the moment supply the remedy you
+require. For that decree of the senate was passed with the greatest
+unanimity on the part of the rank and file,[133] though without the
+support of any of us consulars. For as to your seeing my name at the
+foot of the decree, you can ascertain from the decree itself that the
+subject put to the vote at the time was a different one, and that this
+clause about "free peoples" was added without good reason. It was done
+by P. Servilius the younger,[134] who delivered his vote among the last,
+but it cannot be altered after such an interval of time. Accordingly,
+the meetings, which at first were crowded, have long ceased to be held.
+If you have been able, notwithstanding, by your insinuating address to
+get a trifle of money out of the Sicyonians, I wish you would let me
+know.[135] I have sent you an account of my consulship written in Greek.
+If there is anything in it which to a genuine Attic like yourself seems
+to be un-Greek or unscholarly, I shall not say as Lucullus said to you
+(at Panhormus, was it not?) about his own history, that he had
+interspersed certain barbarisms and solecisms for the express purpose of
+proving that it was the work of a Roman. No, if there is anything of
+that sort in my book, it will be without my knowledge and against my
+will. When I have finished the Latin version I will send it to you; and
+thirdly, you may expect a poem on the subject, for I would not have any
+method of celebrating my praise omitted by myself. In this regard pray
+do not quote "Who will praise his sire?"[136] For if there is anything
+in the world to be preferred to this, let it receive its due meed of
+praise, and I mine of blame for not selecting another theme for my
+praise. However, what I write is not panegyric but history. My brother
+Quintus clears himself to me in a letter, and asserts that he has never
+said a disparaging word of you to anyone. But this we must discuss face
+to face with the greatest care and earnestness: only _do_ come to see me
+again at last! This Cossinius, to whom I intrust my letter, seems to me
+a very good fellow, steady, devoted to you, and exactly the sort of man
+which your letter to me had described.
+
+15 March.
+
+[Footnote 123: A special title given to the Ædui on their application
+for alliance. Cæsar, _B. G._ i. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 124: The migration of the Helvetii did not actually begin till
+B.C. 58. Cæsar tells us in the first book of his _Commentaries_ how he
+stopped it.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Consul B.C. 69, superseded in Crete by Pompey B.C. 65.
+Triumphed B.C. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Prætor B.C. 63, defended by Cicero in an extant oration.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul in B.C. 72.
+Cicero puns on the name Lentulus from _lens_ (pulse, [Greek: phakê]),
+and quotes a Greek proverb for things incongruous. See Athenæus, 160
+(from the _Necuia_ of Sopater):
+
+    [Greek: Ithakos Odysseus, to eki tê phakê myron
+    paresti; tharsei, thyme].
+]
+
+[Footnote 128: B.C. 133, the year before the agrarian law of Tiberius
+Gracchus. The law of Gracchus had not touched the public land in
+Campania (the old territory of Capua). The object of this clause (which
+appears repeatedly in those of B.C. 120 and 111, see Bruns, _Fontes
+Iuris_, p. 72) is to confine the allotment of _ager publicus_ to such
+land as had become so subsequently, _i.e._, to land made "public"
+principally by the confiscations of Sulla.]
+
+[Footnote 129: That is, he proposed to hypothecate the _vectigalia_ from
+the new provinces formed by Pompey in the East for five years.]
+
+[Footnote 130: The consulship. The bribery at Afranius's election is
+asserted in Letter XXI.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The day of the execution of the Catilinarian
+conspirators.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Epicharmus, twice quoted by Polybius, xviii. 40; xxxi.
+21. [Greek: naphe kai memnas' apistein, arthra tauta tôn phrenôn.]]
+
+[Footnote 133: _Pedarii_ were probably those senators who had not held
+curule office. They were not different from the other senators in point
+of legal rights, but as ex-magistrates were asked for their _sententia_
+first, they seldom had time to do anything but signify by word their
+assent to one or other motion, or to cross over to the person whom they
+intended to support.]
+
+[Footnote 134: P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, son of the conqueror of the
+Isaurians. As he had not yet been a prætor, he would be called on after
+the _consulares_ and _prætorii_. He then moved a new clause to the
+decree, and carried it.]
+
+[Footnote 135: The decree apparently prevented the recovery of debts
+from a _libera civitas_ in the Roman courts. Atticus would therefore
+have to trust to the regard of the Sicyonians for their credit.]
+
+[Footnote 136: A son must be hard up for something to say for himself if
+he is always harping on his father's reputation; and so must I, if I
+have nothing but my consulship. That seems the only point in the
+quotation. I do not feel that there is any reference to praise of his
+father in Cicero's own poem. There are two versions of the proverb:
+
+    [Greek: tis pater' ainêsei ei mê kakodaimones huioi]
+
+and
+
+    [Greek: tis pater' ainêsei ei mê eudaimones huioi.]
+]
+
+
+
+
+XXV (A I, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 13 MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+On my return to Rome from my villa at Pompeii on the 12th of May, our
+friend Cincius handed me your letter dated 13th February. It is this
+letter of yours which I will now proceed to answer. And first let me say
+how glad I am that you have fully understood my appreciation of
+you;[137] and next how excessively rejoiced I am that you have been so
+extremely reasonable in regard to those particulars in which you
+thought[138] that I and mine had behaved unkindly, or with insufficient
+consideration for your feelings: and this I regard as a proof of no
+common affection, and of the most excellent judgment and wisdom.
+Wherefore, since you have written to me in a tone so delightful,
+considerate, friendly and kind, that I not only have no call to press
+you any farther, but can never even hope to meet from you or any other
+man with so much gentleness and good nature, I think the very best
+course I can pursue is not to say another word on the subject in my
+letters. When we meet, if the occasion should arise, we will discuss it
+together.
+
+As to what you say about politics, your suggestions indeed are both
+affectionate and wise, and the course you suggest does not differ
+substantially from my own policy--for I must neither budge an inch from
+the position imposed upon me by my rank, nor must I without forces of my
+own enter the lines of another, while that other, whom you mention in
+your letter, has nothing large-minded about him, nothing lofty, nothing
+which is not abject and time-serving. However, the course I took was,
+after all, perhaps not ill-calculated for securing the tranquillity of
+my own life; but, by heaven, I did greater service to the Republic than,
+by suppressing the attacks of the disloyal, I did to myself, when I
+brought conviction home to the wavering mind of a man of the most
+splendid fortune, influence and popularity, and induced him to
+disappoint the disloyal and praise my acts. Now if I had been forced to
+sacrifice consistency in this transaction, I should not have thought
+anything worth that price; but the fact is that I have so worked the
+whole business, that I did not seem to be less consistent from my
+complacency to him, but that he appeared to gain in character by his
+approbation of me. In everything else I am so acting, and shall continue
+so to act, as to prevent my seeming to have done what I did do by mere
+chance. My friends the loyalists, the men at whom you hint, and that
+"Sparta" which you say has fallen to my lot,[139] I will not only never
+desert, but even if I am deserted by her, I shall still stand by my
+ancient creed. However, please consider this, that since the death of
+Catulus I am holding this road for the loyalists without any garrison or
+company. For as Rhinton, I think, says:
+
+    "Some are stark naught, and some care not at all."[140]
+
+However, how our friends the fish-breeders[141] envy me I will write you
+word another time, or will reserve it till we meet. But from the
+senate-house nothing shall ever tear me: either because that course is
+the right one, or because it is most to my interests, or because I am
+far from being dissatisfied with the estimation in which I am held by
+the senate.
+
+As to the Sicyonians, as I wrote to you before,[142] there is not much
+to be hoped for in the senate. For there is no one now to lay a
+complaint before it. Therefore, if you are waiting for that, you will
+find it a tedious business. Fight some other way if you can. At the time
+the decree was passed no one noticed who would be affected by it, and
+besides the rank and file of the senators voted in a great hurry for
+that clause. For cancelling the senatorial decree the time is not yet
+ripe, because there are none to complain of it, and because also many
+are glad to have it so, some from spite, some from a notion of its
+equity. Your friend Metellus is an admirable consul: I have only one
+fault to find with him--he doesn't receive the news from Gaul of the
+restoration of peace with much pleasure. He wants a triumph, I suppose.
+I could have wished a little less of that sort of thing: in other
+respects he is splendid. But the son of Aulus behaves in such a way,
+that his consulship is not a consulship but a stigma on our friend
+Magnus. Of my writings I send you my consulship in Greek completed. I
+have handed that book to L. Cossinius. My Latin works I think you like,
+but as a Greek you envy this Greek book. If others write treatises on
+the subject I will send them to you, but I assure you that, as soon as
+they have read mine, some how or other they become slack. To return to
+my own affairs, L. Papirius Pætus, an excellent man and an admirer of
+mine, has presented me with the books left him by Servius Claudius. As
+your friend Cincius told me that I could take them without breaking the
+_lex Cincia_[143], I told him that I should have great pleasure in
+accepting them, if he brought them to Italy. Wherefore, as you love me,
+as you know that I love you, do try by means of friends, clients,
+guests, or even your freedmen or slaves, to prevent the loss of a single
+leaf. For I am in urgent need of the Greek books which I suspect, and of
+the Latin books which I know, that he left: and more and more every day
+I find repose in such studies every moment left to me from my labours in
+the forum. You will, I say, do me a very great favour, if you will be as
+zealous in this matter as you ever are in matters in which you suppose
+me to feel strongly; and Pætus's own affairs I recommend to your
+kindness for which he thanks you extremely. A prompt visit from yourself
+is a thing which I do not merely ask for, I advise it.
+
+[Footnote 137: Contained in Letter XXII, pp. 46-47.]
+
+[Footnote 138: Reading _tibi_ for _mihi_, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests.]
+
+[Footnote 139: [Greek: Spartên elaches keinên kosmei.] "Sparta is your
+lot, do it credit," a line of Euripides which had become proverbial.]
+
+[Footnote 140: [Greek: hoi men par' ouden eisi, tois d' ouden melei.]
+Rhinton, a dramatist, _circa_ B.C. 320-280 (of Tarentum or Syracuse).]
+
+[Footnote 141: See pp. 52, 56, 65.]
+
+[Footnote 142: See p. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 143: The _lex Cincia_ (B.C. 204) forbade the taking of
+presents for acting as advocate in law courts.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVI (A II, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN GREECE)
+
+ROME, JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+On the 1st of June, as I was on my way to Antium, and eagerly getting
+out of the way of M. Metellus's gladiators, your boy met me, and
+delivered to me a letter from you and a history of my consulship written
+in Greek.[144] This made me glad that I had some time before delivered
+to L. Cossinius a book, also written in Greek, on the same subject, to
+take to you. For if I had read yours first you might have said that I
+had pilfered from you. Although your essay (which I have read with
+pleasure) seemed to me just a trifle rough and bald, yet its very
+neglect of ornament is an ornament in itself, as women were once thought
+to have the best perfume who used none. My book, on the other hand, has
+exhausted the whole of Isocrates's unguent case, and all the paint-boxes
+of his pupils, and even Aristotle's colours. This, as you tell me in
+another letter, you glanced over at Corcyra, and afterwards I suppose
+received it from Cossinius.[145] I should not have ventured to send it
+to you until I had slowly and fastidiously revised it. However,
+Posidonius, in his letter of acknowledgment from Rhodes, says that as he
+read my memoir, which I had sent him with a view to his writing on the
+same subject with more elaboration, he was not only not incited to
+write, but absolutely made afraid to do so. In a word, I have routed the
+Greeks. Accordingly, as a general rule, those who were pressing me for
+material to work up, have now ceased to bother me. Pray, if you like the
+book, see to there being copies at Athens and other Greek towns;[146]
+for it may possibly throw some lustre on my actions. As for my poor
+speeches, I will send you both those you ask for and some more also,
+since what I write to satisfy the studious youth finds favour, it seems,
+with you also. [For it suited my purpose[147]--both because it was in
+his Philippics that your fellow citizen Demosthenes gained his
+reputation, and because it was by withdrawing from the mere
+controversial and forensic style of oratory that he acquired the
+character of a serious politician--to see that I too should have
+speeches that may properly be called _consular_. Of these are, first,
+one delivered on the 1st of January in the senate, a second to the
+people on the agrarian law, a third on Otho, a fourth for Rabirius, a
+fifth on the Sons of the Proscribed, a sixth when I declined a province
+in public meeting, a seventh when I allowed Catiline to escape, which I
+delivered the day after Catiline fled, a ninth in public meeting on the
+day that the Allobroges made their revelation, a tenth in the senate on
+the 5th of December. There are also two short ones, which may be called
+fragments, on the agrarian law. This whole cycle I will see that you
+have. And since you like my writings as well as my actions, from these
+same rolls you will learn both what I have done and what I have said--or
+you should not have asked for them, for I did not make you an offer of
+them.]
+
+You ask me why I urge you to come home, and at the same time you
+intimate that you are hampered by business affairs, and yet say that you
+will nevertheless hasten back, not only if it is needful, but even if I
+desire it. Well, there is certainly no absolute necessity, yet I do
+think you might plan the periods of your tour somewhat more
+conveniently. Your absence is too prolonged, especially as you are in a
+neighbouring country, while yet I cannot enjoy your society, nor you
+mine. For the present there is peace, but if my young friend
+Pulcher's[148] madness found means to advance a little farther, I should
+certainly summon you from your present sojourn. But Metellus is offering
+him a splendid opposition and will continue to do so. Need I say more?
+He is a truly patriotic consul and, as I have ever thought, naturally an
+honest man. That person, however, makes no disguise, but avowedly
+desires to be elected tribune. But when the matter was mooted in the
+senate, I cut the fellow to pieces, and taunted him with his
+changeableness in seeking the tribuneship at Rome after having given out
+at Hera, in Sicily,[149] that he was a candidate for the ædileship; and
+went on to say that we needn't much trouble ourselves, for that he would
+not be permitted to ruin the Republic any more as a plebeian, than
+patricians like him had been allowed to do so in my consulship.
+Presently, on his saying that he had completed the journey from the
+straits in seven days, and that it was impossible for anyone to have
+gone out to meet him, and that he had entered the city by night,[150]
+and making a great parade of this in a public meeting, I remarked that
+that was nothing new for him: seven days from Sicily to Rome, three
+hours from Rome to Interamna![151] Entered by night, did he? so he did
+before! No one went to meet him? neither did anyone on the other
+occasion, exactly when it should have been done! In short, I bring our
+young upstart to his bearings, not only by a set and serious speech, but
+also by repartees of this sort. Accordingly, I have come now to rally
+him and jest with him in quite a familiar manner. For instance, when we
+were escorting a candidate, he asked me "whether I had been accustomed
+to secure Sicilians places at the gladiatorial shows?" "No," said I.
+"Well, I intend to start the practice," said he, "as their new patron;
+but my sister,[152] who has the control of such a large part of the
+consul's space, wont give me more than a single foot." "Don't grumble,"
+said I, "about one of your sister's feet; you may lift the other also."
+A jest, you will say, unbecoming to a consular. I confess it, but I
+detest that woman--so unworthy of a consul. For
+
+    "A shrew she is and with her husband jars,
+
+and not only with Metellus, but also with Fabius,[153] because she is
+annoyed at their interference in this business.[154] You ask about the
+agrarian law: it has completely lost all interest, I think. You rather
+chide me, though gently, about my intimacy with Pompey. I would not have
+you think that I have made friends with him for my own protection; but
+things had come to such a pass that, if by any chance we had quarrelled,
+there would inevitably have been violent dissensions in the state. And
+in taking precautions and making provision against that, I by no means
+swerved from my well-known loyalist policy, but my object was to make
+him more of a loyalist and induce him to drop somewhat of his
+time-serving vacillation: and he, let me assure you, now speaks in much
+higher terms of my achievements (against which many had tried to incite
+him) than of his own. He testifies that while he served the state well,
+I preserved it. What if I even make a better citizen of Cæsar,[155] who
+has now the wind full in his sails--am I doing so poor a service to the
+Republic? Farthermore, if there was no one to envy me, if all, as they
+ought to be, were my supporters, nevertheless a preference should still
+be given to a treatment that would cure the diseased parts of the state,
+rather than to the use of the knife. As it is, however, since the
+knighthood, which I once stationed on the slope of the Capitoline,[156]
+with you as their standard-bearer and leader, has deserted the senate,
+and since our leading men think themselves in a seventh heaven, if there
+are bearded mullets in their fish-ponds that will come to hand for food,
+and neglect everything else, do not you think that I am doing no mean
+service if I secure that those who have the power, should not have the
+will, to do any harm? As for our friend Cato, you do not love him more
+than I do: but after all, with the very best intentions and the most
+absolute honesty, he sometimes does harm to the Republic. He speaks and
+votes as though he were in the Republic of Plato, not in the scum of
+Romulus. What could be fairer than that a man should be brought to trial
+who has taken a bribe for his verdict? Cato voted for this: the senate
+agreed with him. The equites declared war on the senate, not on me, for
+I voted against it. What could be a greater piece of impudence than the
+equites renouncing the obligations of their contract? Yet for the sake
+of keeping the friendship of the order it was necessary to submit to the
+loss. Cato resisted and carried his point. Accordingly, though we have
+now had the spectacle of a consul thrown into prison,[157] of riots
+again and again stirred up, not one of those moved a finger to help,
+with whose support I and the consuls that immediately followed me were
+accustomed to defend the Republic. "Well, but," say you, "are we to pay
+them for their support?" What are we to do if we can't get it on any
+other terms? Are we to be slaves to freedmen or even slaves? But, as you
+say, _assez de sérieux!_ Favonius[158] carried my tribe with better
+credit than his own; he lost that of Lucceius. His accusation of
+Nasica[159] was not creditable, but was conducted with moderation: he
+spoke so badly that he appeared when in Rhodes to have ground at the
+mills more than at the lessons of Molon.[160] He was somewhat angry
+with me because I appeared for the defence: however, he is now making up
+to me again on public grounds. I will write you word how Lucceius is
+getting on when I have seen Cæsar, who will be here in a couple of days.
+The injury done you by the Sicyonians you attribute to Cato and his
+imitator Servilius.[161] Why? did not that blow reach many excellent
+citizens? But since the senate has so determined, let us commend it, and
+not be in a minority of one.[162] My "Amaltheia"[163] is waiting and
+longing for you. My Tusculan and Pompeian properties please me
+immensely, except that they have overwhelmed me--me, the scourge of
+debt!--not exactly in Corinthian bronze, but in the bronze which is
+current in the market.[164] In Gaul I hope peace is restored. My
+"Prognostics,"[165] along with my poor speeches, expect shortly. Yet
+write and tell me what your ideas are as to returning. For Pomponia sent
+a message to me that you would be at Rome some time in July. That does
+not agree with your letter which you wrote to me about your name being
+put on the census roll. Pætus, as I have already told you, has presented
+me with all books left by his brother. This gift of his depends upon
+your seeing to it with care. Pray, if you love me, take measures for
+their preservation and transmission to me. You could do me no greater
+favour, and I want the Latin books preserved with as much care as the
+Greek. I shall look upon them as virtually a present from yourself. I
+have written to Octavius:[166] I had not said anything to him about you
+by word of mouth; for I did not suppose that you carried on your
+business in that province, or look upon you in the light of general
+money-lender: but I have written, as in duty bound, with all
+seriousness.
+
+[Footnote 144: Nep. _Att._ c. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Atticus seems to have seen a copy belonging to some one
+else at Corfu. Cicero explains that he had kept back Atticus's copy for
+revision.]
+
+[Footnote 146: Cicero evidently intends Atticus to act as a publisher.
+His _librarii_ will make copies. See p. 32, note 1.]
+
+[Footnote 147: The passage in brackets is believed by some, not on very
+good grounds, to be spurious. Otho is L. Roscius Otho, the author of the
+law as to the seats in the theatre of the equites. The "proscribed" are
+those proscribed by Sulla, their sons being forbidden to hold office, a
+disability which Cicero maintained for fear of civil disturbances. See
+_in Pis._ §§ 4-5.]
+
+[Footnote 148: Pulchellus, _i.e._, P. Clodius Pulcher, the diminutive of
+contempt.]
+
+[Footnote 149: Where he had been as quæstor. Hera is said to be another
+name for Hybla. Some read _heri_, "only yesterday."]
+
+[Footnote 150: Clodius is shewing off his modesty. It was usual for
+persons returning from a province to send messengers in front, and to
+travel deliberately, that their friends might pay them the compliment of
+going out to meet them. Entering the city after nightfall was another
+method of avoiding a public reception. See Suet. _Aug._ 53.]
+
+[Footnote 151: See p. 37, note 3.]
+
+[Footnote 152: Clodia, wife of the consul Metellus. See p. 22, note.]
+
+[Footnote 153: We don't know who this is; probably a _cavaliere
+servente_ of Clodia's.]
+
+[Footnote 154: _I.e._, in the business of her brother Clodius's attempt
+to get the tribuneship.]
+
+[Footnote 155: Though Cæsar has been mentioned before in regard to his
+candidature for the consulship, and in connexion with the Clodius case,
+this is the first reference to him as a statesman. He is on the eve of
+his return from Spain, and already is giving indication of his coalition
+with Pompey. His military success in Spain first clearly demonstrated
+his importance.]
+
+[Footnote 156: During the meeting of the senate at the time of the
+Catilinarian conspiracy (2 _Phil._ § 16).]
+
+[Footnote 157: The consul Cæcilius Metellus was imprisoned by the
+tribune Flavius for resisting his land law (Dio, xxxvii. 50).]
+
+[Footnote 158: M. Favonius, an extreme Optimate. _Ille Catonis æmulus_
+(Suet. _Aug._ 13). He had a bitter tongue, but a faithful heart (Plut.
+_Pomp._ 60, 73; Vell. ii 73). He did not get the prætorship (which he
+was now seeking) till B.C. 49. He was executed after Philippi (Dio. 47,
+49).]
+
+[Footnote 159: P. Scipio Nasica Metellus Pius, the future father-in-law
+of Pompey, who got the prætorship, was indicted for _ambitus_ by
+Favonius.]
+
+[Footnote 160: [Greek: Apollonios Molôn] of Alabanda taught rhetoric at
+Rhodes. Cicero had himself attended his lectures. He puns on the name
+Molon and _molæ_, "mill at which slaves worked."]
+
+[Footnote 161: See pp. 57, 60.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Reading _discessionibus_, "divisions in the senate," with
+Manutius and Tyrrell, not _dissentionibus_; and _deinde ne_, but not
+_st_ for _si_.]
+
+[Footnote 163: His study, which he playfully calls by this name, in
+imitation of that of Atticus. See p. 30.]
+
+[Footnote 164: See Letter XV, p. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 165: His translation of the _Prognostics_ of Aratus.]
+
+[Footnote 166: Gaius Octavius, father of Augustus, governor of
+Macedonia.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVII (A II, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+Take care of my dear nephew Cicero, I beg of you. I seem to share his
+illness. I am engaged on the "Constitution of Pellene," and, by heaven,
+have piled up a huge heap of Dicæarchus at my feet.[167] What a great
+man! You may learn much more from him than from Procilius. His
+"Constitution of Corinth" and "Constitution of Athens" I have, I think,
+at Rome. Upon my word, you will say, if you read these, "What a
+remarkable man!" Herodes, if he had any sense, would have read him
+rather than write a single letter himself.[168] He has attacked me by
+letter; with you I see he has come to close quarters. I would have
+joined a conspiracy rather than resisted one, if I had thought that I
+should have to listen to him as my reward. As to Lollius, you must be
+mad. As to the wine, I think you are right.[169] But look here! Don't
+you see that the Kalends are approaching, and no Antonius?[170] That the
+jury is being empanelled? For so they send me word. That Nigidius[171]
+threatens in public meeting that he will personally cite any juror who
+does not appear? However, I should be glad if you would write me word
+whether you have heard anything about the return of Antonius; and since
+you don't mean to come here, dine with me in any case on the 29th. Mind
+you do this, and take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 167: The roll being unwound as he read and piled on the
+ground. Dicæarchus of Messene, a contemporary of Aristotle, wrote on
+"Constitutions" among other things. Procilius seems also to have written
+on polities.]
+
+[Footnote 168: Herodes, a teacher at Athens, afterwards tutor to young
+Cicero. He seems to have written on Cicero's consulship.]
+
+[Footnote 169: These remarks refer to something in Atticus's letter.]
+
+[Footnote 170: Gaius Antonius, about to be prosecuted for _maiestas_ on
+his return from Macedonia.]
+
+[Footnote 171: P. Nigidius Figulus, a tribune (which dates the letter
+after the 10th of December). The tribunes had no right of summons
+(_vocatio_), they must personally enforce their commands.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII (A II, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+First, I have good news for you, as I think. Valerius has been
+acquitted. Hortensius was his counsel. The verdict is thought to have
+been a favour to Aulus's son; and "Epicrates,"[172] I suspect, has been
+up to some mischief. I didn't like his boots and his white
+leggings.[173] What it is I shall know when you arrive. When you find
+fault with the narrow windows, let me tell you that you are criticising
+the Cyropædeia.[174] For when I made the same remark, Cyrus used to
+answer that the views of the gardens through broad lights were not so
+pleasant. For let [Greek: a] be the eye, [Greek: bg] the object seen,
+[Greek: d] and [Greek: e] the rays ... you see the rest.[175] For if
+sight resulted from the impact of images,[176] the images would be in
+great difficulties with a narrow entrance: but, as it is, that
+"effusion" of rays gets on quite nicely. If you have any other fault to
+find you won't get off without an answer, unless it is something that
+can be put right without expense.
+
+I now come to January and my "political attitude," in which, after the
+manner of the Socratics, I shall put the two sides; at the end, however,
+as they were wont to do, the one which I approve. It is, indeed, a
+matter for profound reflexion. For I must either firmly oppose the
+agrarian law--which will involve a certain struggle, but a struggle full
+of glory--or I must remain altogether passive, which is about equivalent
+to retiring to Solonium[177] or Antium; or, lastly, I must actually
+assist the bill, which I am told Cæsar fully expects from me without any
+doubt. For Cornelius has been with me (I mean Cornelius Balbus,[178]
+Cæsar's intimate), and solemnly assured me that he meant to avail
+himself of my advice and Pompey's in everything, and intended to
+endeavour to reconcile Crassus with Pompey.[179] In this last course
+there are the following advantages: a very close union with Pompey, and,
+if I choose, with Cæsar also; a reconciliation with my political
+enemies, peace with the common herd, ease for my old age. But the
+conclusion of the third book of my own poem has a strong hold on me:
+
+    "Meanwhile the tenor of thy youth's first spring,
+    Which still as consul thou with all thy soul
+    And all thy manhood heldest, see thou keep,
+    And swell the chorus of all good men's praise."[180]
+
+These verses Calliope herself dictated to me in that book, which
+contains much written in an "aristocratic" spirit, and I cannot,
+therefore, doubt that I shall always hold that
+
+    "The best of omens is our country's cause."[181]
+
+But let us reserve all this for our walks during the Compitalia[182].
+Remember the day before the Compitalia. I will order the bath to be
+heated, and Terentia is going to invite Pomponia. We will add your
+mother to the party. Please bring me Theophrastus _de Ambitione_ from my
+brother's library.
+
+[Footnote 172: "The Conqueror," _i.e._, Pompey. Aulus's son is L.
+Afranius.]
+
+[Footnote 173: _I.e._, his military get-up.]
+
+[Footnote 174: Cyrus was Cicero's architect; his argument or theory he
+calls Cyropædeia, after Xenophon's book.]
+
+[Footnote 175: He supposes himself to be making a mathematical figure in
+optics:
+
+[Illustration]]
+
+[Footnote 176: The theory of sight held by Democritus, denounced as
+unphilosophical by Plutarch (_Timoleon_, Introd.).]
+
+[Footnote 177: Apparently a villa in the _Solonius ager_, near
+Lanuvium.]
+
+[Footnote 178: The Cornelius Balbus of Gades, whose citizenship Cicero
+defended B.C. 56 (consul B.C. 40). He was Cæsar's close friend and
+agent.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Cicero was apparently not behind the scenes. The
+coalition with Pompey certainly, and with Crassus probably, had been
+already made and the terms agreed upon soon after the elections. If
+Cicero afterwards discovered this it must have shewn him how little he
+could trust Pompey's show of friendship and Cæsar's candour. Cæsar
+desired Cicero's private friendship and public acquiescence, but was
+prepared to do without them.]
+
+[Footnote 180: From Cicero's Latin poem on his consulship.]
+
+[Footnote 181: [Greek: eis oiônos aristos amynesthai peri patrês] (Hom.
+_Il._ xii. 243).]
+
+
+
+
+XXIX (Q FR I, 1)
+
+
+     Quintus Cicero was prætor in B.C. 62. In B.C. 61 (March) he went
+     out to "Asia" as proprætor; his first year of office would be up in
+     March, B.C. 60, but his governorship was, as was very common,
+     extended till March, B.C. 59. Towards the end of B.C. 60 the senate
+     seems to have arranged not to appoint his successor, that is, he
+     would be left in office till about March, B.C. 58. It is in view of
+     this third year of office that Cicero writes this essay-letter to
+     him on the duties of a provincial governor. Apparently Quintus had
+     faults of temper which had caused some scandals to reach Rome. We
+     have seen how he was one of the few who managed to quarrel with
+     Atticus; and in B.C. 48 we shall find how fiercely he resented the
+     exercise of his brother's influence which had led him to take the
+     losing side, which from his attachment to Cæsar he may have been
+     half inclined to think the wrong side. His constant squabbles with
+     his wife (though the fault was evidently in great part hers) also
+     go towards forming our conclusion about him that, with some ability
+     and honesty, he was _un peu difficile_.
+
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, ÆT. 46]
+
+I. Though I have no doubt that many messengers, and even common rumour,
+with its usual speed, will anticipate this letter, and that you will
+already have heard from others that a third year has been added to my
+loss and your labour, yet I thought you ought to receive from me also
+the news of this tiresome circumstance. For not in one, but in several
+of my previous letters, in spite of others having given up the idea in
+despair, I gave you hope of being able at an early date to quit your
+province, not only that I might as long as possible cheer you with a
+pleasurable belief, but also because I and the prætors took such pains
+in the matter, that I felt no misgiving as to the possibility of its
+being arranged. As it is, since matters have so turned out that neither
+the prætors by the weight of their influence, nor I by my earnest
+efforts, have been able to prevail, it is certainly difficult not to be
+annoyed, yet our minds, practised as they are in conducting and
+supporting business of the utmost gravity, ought not to be crushed or
+weakened by vexation. And since men ought to feel most vexed at what has
+been brought upon them by their own fault, it is I who ought in this
+matter to be more vexed than you. For it is the result of a fault on my
+part, against which you had protested both in conversation at the moment
+of your departure, and in letters since, that your successor was not
+named last year. In this, while consulting for the interests of our
+allies, and resisting the shameless conduct of some merchants, and while
+seeking the increase of our reputation by your virtues, I acted
+unwisely, especially as I made it possible for that second year to
+entail a third. And as I confess the mistake to have been mine, it lies
+with your wisdom and kindness to remedy it, and to see that my
+imprudence is turned to advantage by your careful performance of your
+duties. And truly, if you exert yourself in every direction to earn
+men's good word, not with a view to rival others, but henceforth to
+surpass yourself, if you rouse your whole mind and your every thought
+and care to the ambition of gaining a superior reputation in all
+respects, believe me, one year added to your labour will bring us, nay,
+our posterity also, a joy of many years' duration. Wherefore I begin by
+entreating you not to let your soul shrink and be cast down, nor to
+allow yourself to be overpowered by the magnitude of the business as
+though by a wave; but, on the contrary, to stand upright and keep your
+footing, or even advance to meet the flood of affairs. For you are not
+administering a department of the state, in which fortune reigns
+supreme, but one in which a well-considered policy and an attention to
+business are the most important things. But if I had seen you receiving
+the prolongation of a command in a great and dangerous war, I should
+have trembled in spirit, because I should have known that the dominion
+of fortune over us had been at the same time prolonged. As it is,
+however, a department of the state has been intrusted to you in which
+fortune occupies no part, or, at any rate, an insignificant one, and
+which appears to me to depend entirely on your virtue and self-control.
+We have no reason to fear, as far as I know, any designs of our enemies,
+any actual fighting in the field, any revolts of allies, any default in
+the tribute or in the supply of corn, any mutiny in the army: things
+which have very often befallen the wisest of men in such a way, that
+they have been no more able to get the better of the assault of fortune,
+than the best of pilots a violent tempest. You have been granted
+profound peace, a dead calm: yet if the pilot falls asleep, it may even
+so overwhelm him, though if he keeps awake it may give him positive
+pleasure. For your province consists, in the first place, of allies of a
+race which, of all the world, is the most civilized; and, in the second
+place, of citizens, who, either as being _publicani_, are very closely
+connected with me, or, as being traders who have made money, think that
+they owe the security of their property to my consulship.
+
+II. But it may be said that among even such men as these there occur
+serious disputes, many wrongful acts are committed, and hotly contested
+litigation is the result. As though I ever thought that you had no
+trouble to contend with! I know that the trouble is exceedingly great,
+and such as demands the very greatest prudence; but remember that it is
+prudence much more than fortune on which, in my opinion, the result of
+your trouble depends. For what trouble is it to govern those over whom
+you are set, if you do but govern yourself? That may be a great and
+difficult task to others, and indeed it is most difficult: to you it has
+always been the easiest thing in the world, and indeed ought to be so,
+for your natural disposition is such that, even without discipline, it
+appears capable of self-control; whereas a discipline has, in fact, been
+applied that might educate the most faulty of characters. But while you
+resist, as you do, money, pleasure, and every kind of desire yourself,
+there will, I am to be told, be a risk of your not being able to
+suppress some fraudulent banker or some rather over-extortionate
+tax-collector! For as to the Greeks, they will think, as they behold the
+innocence of your life, that one of the heroes of their history, or a
+demigod from heaven, has come down into the province. And this I say,
+not to induce you to act thus, but to make you glad that you are acting
+or have acted so. It is a splendid thing to have been three years in
+supreme power in Asia without allowing statue, picture, plate, napery,
+slave, anyone's good looks, or any offer of money--all of which are
+plentiful in your province--to cause you to swerve from the most
+absolute honesty and purity of life. What can be imagined so striking or
+so desirable as that a virtue, a command over the passions, a
+self-control such as yours, are not remaining in darkness and obscurity,
+but have been set in the broad daylight of Asia, before the eyes of a
+famous province, and in the hearing of all nations and peoples? That the
+inhabitants are not being ruined by your progresses, drained by your
+charges, agitated by your approach? That there is the liveliest joy,
+public and private, wheresoever you come, the city regarding you as a
+protector and not a tyrant, the private house as a guest and not a
+plunderer?
+
+III. But in these matters I am sure that mere experience has by this
+time taught you that it is by no means sufficient to have these virtues
+yourself, but that you must keep your eyes open and vigilant, in order
+that in the guardianship of your province you may be considered to vouch
+to the allies, the citizens, and the state, not for yourself alone, but
+for all the subordinates of your government. However, you have in the
+persons of your _legati_ men likely to have a regard for their own
+reputation. Of these in rank, position, and age Tubero is first; who, I
+think, particularly as he is a writer of history, could select from his
+own Annals many whom he would like and would be able to imitate.
+Allienus, again, is ours, as well in heart and affection, as in his
+conformity to our principles. I need not speak of Gratidius: I am sure
+that, while taking pains to preserve his own reputation, his fraternal
+affection for us makes him take pains for ours also.[183] Your quæstor
+is not of your own selection, but the one assigned you by lot. He is
+bound both to act with propriety of his own accord, and to conform to
+the policy and principles which you lay down. But should any one of
+these adopt a lower standard of conduct, you should tolerate such
+behaviour, if it goes no farther than a breach, in his private capacity,
+of the rules by which he was bound, but not if it goes to the extent of
+employing for gain the authority which you granted him as a promotion.
+For I am far from thinking, especially since the moral sentiments of the
+day are so much inclined to excessive laxity and self-seeking, that you
+should investigate every case of petty misconduct, and thoroughly
+examine every one of these persons; but that you should regulate your
+confidence by the trustworthiness of its recipient. And among such
+persons you will have to vouch for those whom the Republic has itself
+given you as companions and assistants in public affairs, at least
+within the limits which I have before laid down.
+
+IV. In the case, however, of those of your personal staff or official
+attendants whom you have yourself selected to be about you--who are
+usually spoken of as a kind of prætor's cohort--we must vouch, not only
+for their acts, but even for their words. But those you have with you
+are the sort of men of whom you may easily be fond when they are acting
+rightly, and whom you may very easily check when they shew insufficient
+regard for your reputation. By these, when you were raw to the work,
+your frank disposition might possibly have been deceived--for the better
+a man is the less easily does he suspect others of being bad--now,
+however, let this third year witness an integrity as perfect as the two
+former, but still more wary and vigilant. Listen to that only which you
+are supposed to listen to; don't let your ears be open to whispered
+falsehoods and interested suggestions. Don't let your signet ring be a
+mere implement, but, as it were, your second self: not the minister of
+another's will, but a witness of your own. Let your marshal hold the
+rank which our ancestors wished him to hold, who, looking upon this
+place as not one of profit, but of labour and duty, scarcely ever
+conferred it upon any but their freedmen, whom they indeed controlled
+almost as absolutely as their slaves. Let the lictor be the dispenser of
+your clemency, not his own; and let the fasces and axes which they carry
+before you constitute ensigns rather of rank than of power. Let it, in
+fact, be known to the whole province that the life, children, fame, and
+fortunes of all over whom you preside are exceedingly dear to you.
+Finally, let it be believed that you will, if you detect it, be hostile
+not only to those who have accepted a bribe, but to those also who have
+given it. And, indeed, no one will give anything, if it is made quite
+clear that nothing is usually obtained from you through those who
+pretend to be very influential with you. Not, however, that the object
+of this discourse is to make you over-harsh or suspicious towards your
+staff. For if any of them in the course of the last two years has never
+fallen under suspicion of rapacity, as I am told about Cæsius and
+Chærippus and Labeo--and think it true, because I know them--there is no
+authority, I think, which may not be intrusted to them, and no
+confidence which may not be placed in them with the utmost propriety,
+and in anyone else like them. But if there is anyone of whom you have
+already had reason to doubt, or concerning whom you have made some
+discovery, in such a man place no confidence, intrust him with no
+particle of your reputation.
+
+V. If, however, you have found in the province itself anyone, hitherto
+unknown to us, who has made his way into intimacy with you, take care
+how much confidence you repose in him; not that there may not be many
+good provincials, but, though we may hope so, it is risky to be
+positive. For everyone's real character is covered by many wrappings of
+pretence and is concealed by a kind of veil: face, eyes, expression very
+often lie, speech most often of all. Wherefore, how can you expect to
+find in that class[184] any who, while foregoing for the sake of money
+all from which we can scarcely tear ourselves away,[185] will yet love
+you sincerely and not merely pretend to do so from interested motives? I
+think, indeed, it is a hard task to find such men, especially if we
+notice that the same persons care nothing for almost any man out of
+office, yet always with one consent shew affection for the prætors. But
+of this class, if by chance you have discovered any one to be fonder of
+you--for it may so happen--than of your office, such a man indeed gladly
+admit upon your list of friends: but if you fail to perceive that,
+there is no class of people you must be more on your guard against
+admitting to intimacy, just because they are acquainted with all the
+ways of making money, do everything for the sake of it, and have no
+consideration for the reputation of a man with whom they are not
+destined to pass their lives. And even among the Greeks themselves you
+must be on your guard against admitting close intimacies, except in the
+case of the very few, if such are to be found, who are worthy of ancient
+Greece. As things now stand, indeed, too many of them are untrustworthy,
+false, and schooled by long servitude in the arts of extravagant
+adulation. My advice is that these men should all be entertained with
+courtesy, but that close ties of hospitality or friendship should only
+be formed with the best of them: excessive intimacies with them are not
+very trustworthy--for they do not venture to oppose our wishes--and they
+are not only jealous of our countrymen, but of their own as well.
+
+VI. And now, considering the caution and care that I would shew in
+matters of this kind--in which I fear I may be somewhat
+over-severe--what do you suppose my sentiments are in regard to slaves?
+Upon these we ought to keep a hold in all places, but especially in the
+provinces. On this head many rules may be laid down, but this is at once
+the shortest and most easily maintained--that they should behave during
+your progresses in Asia as though you were travelling on the Appian way,
+and not suppose that it makes any difference whether they have arrived
+at Tralles or Formiæ. But if, again, any one of your slaves is
+conspicuously trustworthy, employ him in your domestic and private
+affairs; but in affairs pertaining to your office as governor, or in any
+department of the state, do not let him lay a finger. For many things
+which may, with perfect propriety, be intrusted to slaves, must yet not
+be so intrusted, for the sake of avoiding talk and hostile remark. But
+my discourse, I know not how, has slipped into the didactic vein, though
+that is not what I proposed to myself originally. For what right have I
+to be laying down rules for one who, I am fully aware, in this subject
+especially, is not my inferior in wisdom, while in experience he is even
+my superior? Yet, after all, if your actions had the additional weight
+of my approval, I thought that they would seem more satisfactory to
+yourself. Wherefore, let these be the foundations on which your public
+character rests: first and foremost your own honesty and self-control,
+then the scrupulous conduct of all your staff, the exceedingly cautious
+and careful selection in regard to intimacies with provincials and
+Greeks, the strict and unbending government of your slaves. These are
+creditable even in the conduct of our private and everyday business: in
+such an important government, where morals are so debased and the
+province has such a corrupting influence, they must needs seem divine.
+Such principles and conduct on your part are sufficient to justify the
+strictness which you have displayed in some acts of administration,
+owing to which I have encountered certain personal disputes with great
+satisfaction, unless, indeed, you suppose me to be annoyed by the
+complaints of a fellow like Paconius--who is not even a Greek, but in
+reality a Mysian or Phrygian--or by the words of Tuscenius, a madman and
+a knave, from whose abominable jaws you snatched the fruits of a most
+infamous piece of extortion with the most complete justice.
+
+VII. These and similar instances of your strict administration in your
+province we shall find difficulty in justifying, unless they are
+accompanied by the most perfect integrity: wherefore let there be the
+greatest strictness in your administration of justice, provided only
+that it is never varied from favour, but is kept up with impartiality.
+But it is of little avail that justice is administered by yourself with
+impartiality and care, unless the same is done by those to whom you have
+intrusted any portion of this duty. And, indeed, in my view there is no
+very great variety of business in the government of Asia: the entire
+province mainly depends on the administration of justice. In it we have
+the whole theory of government, especially of provincial government,
+clearly displayed: all that a governor has to do is to shew consistency
+and firmness enough, not only to resist favouritism, but even the
+suspicion of it. To this also must be added courtesy in listening to
+pleaders, consideration in pronouncing a decision, and painstaking
+efforts to convince suitors of its justice, and to answer their
+arguments. It is by such habits that C. Octavius has recently made
+himself very popular;[186] in whose court, for the first time,[187] the
+lictor did not interfere, and the marshal kept silence, while every
+suitor spoke as often and as long as he chose. In which conduct he would
+perhaps have been thought over-lax, had it not been that this laxity
+enabled him to maintain the following instance of severity. The
+partisans of Sulla were forced to restore what they had taken by
+violence and terrorism. Those who had made inequitable decrees, while in
+office, were now as private citizens forced to submit to the principles
+they had established. This strictness on his part would have been
+thought harsh, had it not been rendered palatable by many sweetening
+influences of courtesy. But if this gentleness was sufficient to make
+him popular at Rome, where there is such haughtiness of spirit, such
+unrestrained liberty, such unlimited licence of individuals, and, in
+fine, so many magistrates, so many means of obtaining protection, such
+vast power in the hands of the popular assembly, and such influence
+exercised by the senate, how welcome must a prætor's courtesy be in
+Asia, in which there is such a numerous body of citizens and allies, so
+many cities, so many communities, all hanging on one man's nod, and in
+which there are no means of protection, no one to whom to make a
+complaint, no senate, no popular assembly! Wherefore it requires an
+exalted character, a man who is not only equitable from natural impulse,
+but who has also been trained by study and the refinements of a liberal
+education, so to conduct himself while in the possession of such immense
+power, that those over whom he rules should not feel the want of any
+other power.
+
+VIII. Take the case of the famous Cyrus, portrayed by Xenophon, not as
+an historical character, but as a model of righteous government, the
+serious dignity of whose character is represented by that philosopher as
+combined with a peculiar courtesy. And, indeed, it is not without reason
+that our hero Africanus used perpetually to have those books in his
+hands, for there is no duty pertaining to a careful and equitable
+governor which is not to be found in them. Well, if _he_ cultivated
+those qualities, though never destined to be in a private station, how
+carefully ought those to maintain them to whom power is given with the
+understanding that it must be surrendered, and given by laws under whose
+authority they must once more come? In my opinion all who govern others
+are bound to regard as the object of all their actions the greatest
+happiness of the governed. That this is your highest object, and has
+been so since you first landed in Asia, has been published abroad by
+consistent rumour and the conversation of all. It is, let me add, not
+only the duty of one who governs allies and citizens, but even of one
+who governs slaves and dumb animals, to serve the interests and
+advantage of those under him. In this point I notice that everyone
+agrees that you take the greatest pains: no new debt is being contracted
+by the states, while many have been relieved by you from a heavy and
+long-standing one. Several cities that had become dilapidated and almost
+deserted--of which one was the most famous state in Ionia, the other in
+Caria, Samus and Halicarnassus--have been given a new life by you: there
+is no party fighting, no civil strife in the towns: you take care that
+the government of the states is administered by the best class of
+citizens: brigandage is abolished in Mysia; murder suppressed in many
+districts; peace is established throughout the province; and not only
+the robberies usual on highways and in country places, but those more
+numerous and more serious ones in towns and temples, have been
+completely stopped: the fame, fortunes, and repose of the rich have been
+relieved of that most oppressive instrument of prætorial
+rapacity--vexatious prosecution; the expenses and tribute of the states
+are made to fall with equal weight on all who live in the territories of
+those states: access to you is as easy as possible: your ears are open
+to the complaints of all: no man's want of means or want of friends
+excludes him, I don't say from access to you in public and on the
+tribunal, but even from your house and chamber: in a word, throughout
+your government there is no harshness or cruelty--everywhere clemency,
+mildness, and kindness reign supreme.
+
+IX. What an immense benefit, again, have you done in having liberated
+Asia from the tribute exacted by the ædiles a measure which cost me some
+violent controversies! For if one of our nobles complains openly that
+by your edict, "No moneys shall be voted for the games," you have robbed
+him of 200 sestertia, what a vast sum of money would have been paid, had
+a grant been made to the credit of every magistrate who held games, as
+had become the regular custom! However, I stopped these complaints by
+taking up this position--what they think of it in Asia I don't know, in
+Rome it meets with no little approval and praise--I refused to accept a
+sum of money which the states had decreed for a temple and monument in
+our honour, though they had done so with the greatest enthusiasm in view
+both of my services and of your most valuable benefactions; and though
+the law contained a special and distinct exception in these words, "that
+it was lawful to receive for temple or monument"; and though again the
+money was not going to be thrown away, but would be employed on
+decorating a temple, and would thus appear to have been given to the
+Roman people and the immortal Gods rather than to myself--yet, in spite
+of its having desert, law, and the wishes of those who offered the gift
+in its favour, I determined that I must not accept it, for this reason
+among others, namely, to prevent those, to whom such an honour was
+neither due nor legal, from being jealous. Wherefore adhere with all
+your heart and soul to the policy which you have hitherto adopted--that
+of being devoted to those whom the senate and people of Rome have
+committed and intrusted to your honour and authority, of doing your best
+to protect them, and of desiring their greatest happiness. Even if the
+lot had made you governor of Africans, or Spaniards, or
+Gauls--uncivilized and barbarous nations--it would still have been your
+duty as a man of feeling to consult for their interests and advantage,
+and to have contributed to their safety. But when we rule over a race of
+men in which civilization not only exists, but from which it is believed
+to have spread to others, we are bound to repay them, above all things,
+what we received from them. For I shall not be ashamed to go so
+far--especially as my life and achievements have been such as to exclude
+any suspicion of sloth or frivolity--as to confess that, whatever I have
+accomplished, I have accomplished by means of those studies and
+principles which have been transmitted to us in Greek literature and
+schools of thought. Wherefore, over and above the general good faith
+which is due to all men, I think we are in a special sense under an
+obligation to that nation, to put in practice what it has taught us
+among the very men by whose maxims we have been brought out of
+barbarism.
+
+X. And indeed Plato, the fountain-head of genius and learning, thought
+that states would only be happy when scholars and philosophers began
+being their rulers, or when those who were their rulers had devoted all
+their attention to learning and philosophy. It was plainly this union of
+power and philosophy that in his opinion might prove the salvation of
+states. And this perhaps has at length fallen to the fortune of the
+whole empire: certainly it has in the present instance to your province,
+to have a man in supreme power in it, who has from boyhood spent the
+chief part of his zeal and time in imbibing the principles of
+philosophy, virtue, and humanity. Wherefore be careful that this third
+year, which has been added to your labour, may be thought a prolongation
+of prosperity to Asia. And since Asia was more fortunate in retaining
+you than I was in my endeavour to bring you back, see that my regret is
+softened by the exultation of the province. For if you have displayed
+the very greatest activity in earning honours such as, I think, have
+never been paid to anyone else, much greater ought your activity to be
+in preserving these honours. What I for my part think of honours of that
+kind I have told you in previous letters. I have always regarded them,
+if given indiscriminately, as of little value, if paid from interested
+motives, as worthless: if, however, as in this case, they are tributes
+to solid services on your part, I hold you bound to take much pains in
+preserving them. Since, then, you are exercising supreme power and
+official authority in cities, in which you have before your eyes the
+consecration and apotheosis of your virtues, in all decisions, decrees,
+and official acts consider what you owe to those warm opinions
+entertained of you, to those verdicts on your character, to those
+honours which have been rendered you. And what you owe will be to
+consult for the interests of all, to remedy men's misfortunes, to
+provide for their safety, to resolve that you will be both called and
+believed to be the "father of Asia."
+
+XI. However, to such a resolution and deliberate policy on your part the
+great obstacle are the _publicani_: for, if we oppose them, we shall
+alienate from ourselves and from the Republic an order which has done us
+most excellent service, and which has been brought into sympathy with
+the Republic by our means; if, on the other hand, we comply with them in
+every case, we shall allow the complete ruin of those whose interests,
+to say nothing of their preservation, we are bound to consult. This is
+the one difficulty, if we look the thing fairly in the face, in your
+whole government. For disinterested conduct on one's own part, the
+suppression of all inordinate desires, the keeping a check upon one's
+staff, courtesy in hearing causes, in listening to and admitting
+suitors--all this is rather a question of credit than of difficulty: for
+it does not depend on any special exertion, but rather on a mental
+resolve and inclination. But how much bitterness of feeling is caused to
+allies by that question of the _publicani_ we have had reason to know in
+the case of citizens who, when recently urging the removal of the
+port-dues in Italy, did not complain so much of the dues themselves, as
+of certain extortionate conduct on the part of the collectors.
+Wherefore, after hearing the grievances of citizens in Italy, I can
+comprehend what happens to allies in distant lands. To conduct oneself
+in this matter in such a way as to satisfy the _publicani_, especially
+when contracts have been undertaken at a loss, and yet to preserve the
+allies from ruin, seems to demand a virtue with something divine in it,
+I mean a virtue like yours. To begin with, that they are subject to tax
+at all, which is their greatest grievance, ought not to be thought so by
+the Greeks, because they were so subject by their own laws without the
+Roman government. Again, they cannot despise the word _publicanus_, for
+they have been unable to pay the assessment according to Sulla's
+poll-tax without the aid of the publican. But that Greek _publicani_ are
+not more considerate in exacting the payment of taxes than our own may
+be gathered from the fact that the Caunii, and all the islands assigned
+to the Rhodians by Sulla, recently appealed to the protection of the
+senate, and petitioned to be allowed to pay their tax to us rather than
+to the Rhodians. Wherefore neither ought those to revolt at the name of
+a _publicanus_ who have always been subject to tax, nor those to despise
+it who have been unable to make up the tribute by themselves, nor those
+to refuse his services who have asked for them. At the same time let
+Asia reflect on this, that if she were not under our government, there
+is no calamity of foreign war or internal strife from which she would be
+free. And since that government cannot possibly be maintained without
+taxes, she should be content to purchase perpetual peace and
+tranquillity at the price of a certain proportion of her products.
+
+XII. But if they will fairly reconcile themselves to the existence and
+name of publican, all the rest may be made to appear to them in a less
+offensive light by your skill and prudence. They may, in making their
+bargains with the _publicani_, not have regard so much to the exact
+conditions laid down by the censors as to the convenience of settling
+the business and freeing themselves from farther trouble. You also may
+do, what you have done splendidly and are still doing, namely, dwell on
+the high position of the _publicani_, and on your obligations to that
+order, in such a way as--putting out of the question all considerations
+of your _imperium_ and the power of your official authority and
+dignity--to reconcile the Greeks with the _publicani_, and to beg of
+those, whom you have served eminently well, and who owe you everything,
+to suffer you by their compliance to maintain and preserve the bonds
+which unite us with the _publicani_. But why do I address these
+exhortations to you, who are not only capable of carrying them out of
+your own accord without anyone's instruction, but have already to a
+great extent thoroughly done so? For the most respectable and important
+companies do not cease offering me thanks daily, and this is all the
+more gratifying to me because the Greeks do the same. Now it is an
+achievement of great difficulty to unite in feeling things which are
+opposite in interests, aims, and, I had almost said, in their very
+nature. But I have not written all this to instruct you--for your wisdom
+requires no man's instruction--but it has been a pleasure to me while
+writing to set down your virtues, though I have run to greater length in
+this letter than I could have wished, or than I thought I should.
+
+XIII. There is one thing on which I shall not cease from giving you
+advice, nor will I, as far as in me lies, allow your praise to be spoken
+of with a reservation. For all who come from your province do make one
+reservation in the extremely high praise which they bestow on your
+virtue, integrity, and kindness--it is that of sharpness of temper. That
+is a fault which, even in our private and everyday life, seems to
+indicate want of solidity and strength of mind; but nothing, surely, can
+be more improper than to combine harshness of temper with the exercise
+of supreme power. Wherefore I will not undertake to lay before you now
+what the greatest philosophers say about anger, for I should not wish to
+be tedious, and you can easily ascertain it yourself from the writings
+of many of them: but I don't think I ought to pass over what is the
+essence of a letter, namely, that the recipient should be informed of
+what he does not know. Well, what nearly everybody reports to me is
+this: they usually say that, as long as you are not out of temper,
+nothing can be pleasanter than you are, but that when some instance of
+dishonesty or wrong-headedness has stirred you, your temper rises to
+such a height that no one can discover any trace of your usual kindness.
+Wherefore, since no mere desire for glory, but circumstances and fortune
+have brought us upon a path of life which makes it inevitable that men
+will always talk about us, let us be on our guard, to the utmost of our
+means and ability, that no glaring fault may be alleged to have existed
+in us. And I am not now urging, what is perhaps difficult in human
+nature generally, and at our time of life especially, that you should
+change your disposition and suddenly pluck out a deeply-rooted habit,
+but I give you this hint: if you cannot completely avoid this failing,
+because your mind is surprised by anger before cool calculation has been
+able to prevent it, deliberately prepare yourself beforehand, and daily
+reflect on the duty of resisting anger, and that, when it moves your
+heart most violently, it is just the time for being most careful to
+restrain your tongue. And that sometimes seems to me to be a greater
+virtue than not being angry at all. For the latter is not always a mark
+of superiority to weakness, it is sometimes the result of dullness; but
+to govern temper and speech, however angry you may be, or even to hold
+your tongue and keep your indignant feelings and resentment under
+control, although it may not be a proof of perfect wisdom, yet requires
+no ordinary force of character. And, indeed, in this respect they tell
+me that you are now much more gentle and less irritable. No violent
+outbursts of indignation on your part, no abusive words, no insulting
+language are reported to me: which, while quite alien to culture and
+refinement, are specially unsuited to high power and place. For if your
+anger is implacable, it amounts to extreme harshness; if easily
+appeased, to extreme weakness. The latter, however, as a choice of
+evils, is, after all, preferable to harshness.
+
+XIV. But since your first year gave rise to most talk in regard to this
+particular complaint--I believe because the wrong-doing, the
+covetousness, and the arrogance of men came upon you as a surprise, and
+seemed to you unbearable --while your second year was much milder,
+because habit and reflexion, and, as I think, my letters also, rendered
+you more tolerant and gentle, the third ought to be so completely
+reformed, as not to give even the smallest ground for anyone to find
+fault. And here I go on to urge upon you, not by way of exhortation or
+admonition, but by brotherly entreaties, that you would set your whole
+heart, care, and thought on the gaining of praise from everybody and
+from every quarter. If, indeed, our achievements were only the subject
+of a moderate amount of talk and commendation, nothing eminent, nothing
+beyond the practice of others, would have been demanded of you. As it
+is, however, owing to the brilliancy and magnitude of the affairs in
+which we have been engaged, if we do not obtain the very highest
+reputation from your province, it seems scarcely possible for us to
+avoid the most violent abuse. Our position is such that all loyalists
+support us, but demand also and expect from us every kind of activity
+and virtue, while all the disloyal, seeing that we have entered upon a
+lasting war with them, appear contented with the very smallest excuse
+for attacking us. Wherefore, since fortune has allotted to you such a
+theatre as Asia, completely packed with an audience, of immense size, of
+the most refined judgment, and, moreover, naturally so capable of
+conveying sound, that its expressions of opinion and its remarks reach
+Rome, put out all your power, I beseech you, exert all your energies to
+appear not only to have been worthy of the part we played here, but to
+have surpassed everything done there by your high qualities.
+
+XV. And since chance has assigned to me among the magistracies the
+conduct of public business in the city, to you that in a province, if my
+share is inferior to no one's, take care that yours surpasses others. At
+the same time think of this: we are not now working for a future and
+prospective glory, but are fighting in defence of what has been already
+gained; which indeed it was not so much an object to gain as it is now
+our duty to defend. And if anything in me could be apart from you, I
+should desire nothing more than the position which I have already
+gained. The actual fact, however, is that unless all your acts and deeds
+in your province correspond to my achievements, I shall think that I
+have gained nothing by those great labours and dangers, in all of which
+you have shared. But if it was you who, above all others, assisted me to
+gain a most splendid reputation, you will certainly also labour more
+than others to enable me to retain it. You must not be guided by the
+opinions and judgments of the present generation only, but of those to
+come also: and yet the latter will be a more candid judgment, for it
+will not be influenced by detraction and malice. Finally, you should
+think of this--that you are not seeking glory for yourself alone (and
+even if that were the case, you still ought not to be careless of it,
+especially as you had determined to consecrate the memory of your name
+by the most splendid monuments), but you have to share it with me, and
+to hand it down to our children. In regard to which you must be on your
+guard lest by any excess of carelessness you should seem not only to
+have neglected your own interests, but to have begrudged those of your
+family also.
+
+XVI. And these observations are not made with the idea of any speech of
+mine appearing to have roused you from your sleep, but to have rather
+"added speed to the runner." For you will continue to compel all in the
+future, as you have compelled them in the past, to praise your equity,
+self-control, strictness, and honesty. But from my extreme affection I
+am possessed with a certain insatiable greed for glory for you. However,
+I am convinced that, as Asia should now be as well-known to you as each
+man's own house is to himself, and since to your supreme good sense such
+great experience has now been added, there is nothing that affects
+reputation which you do not know as well as possible yourself, and
+which does not daily occur to your mind without anybody's exhortation.
+But I, who when I read your writing seem to hear your voice, and when I
+write to you seem to be talking to you, am therefore always best pleased
+with your longest letter, and in writing am often somewhat prolix
+myself. My last prayer and advice to you is that, as good poets and
+painstaking actors always do, so you should be most attentive in the
+last scenes and conclusion of your function and business, so that this
+third year of your government, like a third act in a play, may appear to
+have been the most elaborated and most highly finished. You will do that
+with more ease if you will think that I, whom you always wished to
+please more than all the world besides, am always at your side, and am
+taking part in everything you say and do. It remains only to beg you to
+take the greatest care of your health, if you wish me and all your
+friends to be well also.
+
+Farewell.
+
+[Footnote 182: A country festival and general holiday. It was a _feriæ
+conceptivæ_, and therefore the exact day varied. But it was about the
+end of the year or beginning of the new year (_in Pis._ § 4; Aul. Gell.
+x. 24; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 4; _ad Att._ vii. 5; vii. 7, § 2).]
+
+[Footnote 183: Of the persons mentioned, L. Ælius Tubero is elsewhere
+praised as a man of learning (_pro Lig._ § 10); A. Allienus (prætor B.C.
+49) was a friend and correspondent; M. Gratidius is mentioned in _pro
+Flacco_, § 49, as acting in a judicial capacity, and was perhaps a
+cousin of Cicero's.]
+
+[Footnote 184: The class of Romans who have practically become
+provincials.]
+
+[Footnote 185: Rome and its society and interests.]
+
+[Footnote 186: Father of Augustus, governor of Macedonia, B.C. 60-59.
+But he seems to refer to his prætorship (B.C. 61) at Rome; at any rate,
+as well as to his conduct in Macedonia.]
+
+[Footnote 187: Reading _primum_; others _primus_, "his head lictor."]
+
+
+
+
+XXX (A II, 4)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59. Coss., C. Iulius Cæsar, M. Calpurnius Bibulus.]
+
+     This year was a crucial one in the history of the Republic, and
+     also of Cicero particularly. It witnessed the working of the
+     agreement entered into in the previous year between Pompey, Cæsar,
+     and Crassus, to secure their several objects, commonly called the
+     First Triumvirate. The determined enmity of the consuls to each
+     other, the high-handed conduct of Cæsar in regard to the senate,
+     his ultimate appointment to the unusual period of five years'
+     government of the Gauls and Illyricum, were so many blows at the
+     old constitution; and scarcely less offensive to the Catonian
+     Optimates were the agrarian laws passed in favour of Pompey's
+     veterans, the forcing of his _acta_ through the senate, and the
+     arrangement whereby he too was eventually to have the consulship
+     again, and an extended period of provincial government. Cicero was
+     distracted by hesitation. He had pinned his faith on Pompey's
+     ultimate opposition to Cæsar, and yet did not wholly trust him, and
+     was fully aware of the unpracticable nature of Cato and the
+     weakness of the Optimates. The triumvirs had an instrument for
+     rendering him helpless in Clodius, but Cicero could not believe
+     that they would use it, or that his services to the state could be
+     so far forgotten as to make danger possible. We shall find him,
+     then, wholly absorbed in the question as to how far he is to give
+     into or oppose the triumvirs. It is not till the end of the year
+     that he begins to see the real danger ahead. We have one extant
+     oration of this year--_pro Flacco_--which was not much to his
+     credit, for Flaccus had evidently been guilty of extortion in Asia.
+     He also defended the equally guilty C. Antonius in a speech which
+     brought upon him the vengeance of the triumvirs, but it is happily
+     lost.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM (APRIL)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I am exceedingly obliged to you for sending me Serapio's book, of which
+indeed, between you and me, I scarcely understood a thousandth part. I
+have ordered the money for it to be paid you at once, that you may not
+put it down to the cost of presentation copies. But as I have mentioned
+the subject of money, I will beg you to try to come to a settlement with
+Titinius in any way you can. If he doesn't stand by his own proposal,
+what I should like best is that what he bought at too dear a rate should
+be returned, if that can be done with Pomponia's consent: if that too is
+impossible, let the money be paid rather than have any difficulty. I
+should be very glad if you would settle this before you leave Rome, with
+your usual kindness and exactness.
+
+So Clodius, you say, is for Tigranes? I only wish he would go--on the
+same terms as the Skepsian![188] But I don't grudge him the job; for a
+more convenient time for my taking a "free legation" is when my brother
+Quintus shall have settled down again, as I hope, into private life, and
+I shall have made certain how that "priest of the Bona Dea"[189] intends
+to behave. Meanwhile I shall find my pleasure in the Muses with a mind
+undisturbed, or rather glad and cheerful; for it will never occur to me
+to envy Crassus or to regret that I have not been false to myself. As to
+geography, I will try to satisfy you, but I promise nothing for
+certain.[190] It is a difficult business, but nevertheless, as you bid
+me, I will take care that this country excursion produces something for
+you. Mind you let me know any news you have ferreted out, and especially
+who you think will be the next consuls. However, I am not very curious;
+for I have determined not to think about politics. I have examined
+Terentia's woodlands. What need I say? If there was only a Dodonean oak
+in them, I should imagine myself to be in possession of Epirus. About
+the 1st of the month I shall be either at Formiæ or Pompeii.[191] If I
+am not at Formiæ, pray, an you love me, come to Pompeii. It will be a
+great pleasure to me and not much out of the way for you. About the
+wall, I have given Philotimus orders not to put any difficulty in the
+way of your doing whatever you please. I think, however, you had better
+call in Vettius.[192] In these bad times, when the life of all the best
+men hangs on a thread, I value one summer's enjoyment of my Palatine
+_palæstra_ rather highly; but, of course, the last thing I should wish
+would be that Pomponia and her boy should live in fear of a falling
+wall.
+
+[Footnote 188: That is, if it ends in his death, for Meliodorus of
+Skepsis was sent by Mithridates to Tigranes to urge him to go to war
+with Rome, but privately advised him not to do so, and, in consequence,
+was put to death by Mithridates (Plut. _Luc._ 22). The word _Scepsii_
+([Greek: Skêpsiou]) was introduced by Gronovius for the unintelligible
+word _Syrpie_ found in the MSS., which so often blunder in Greek names.]
+
+[Footnote 189: Clodius, alluding to his intrusion into the mysteries.]
+
+[Footnote 190: Atticus has asked Cicero for a Latin treatise on
+geography--probably as a publisher, Cicero being the prince of
+book-makers--and to that end has sent him the Greek geography of
+Serapio.]
+
+[Footnote 191: In his Formianum or Pompeianum, his villas at Formiæ and
+Pompeii.]
+
+[Footnote 192: An architect, a freedman of Cyrus, of whom we have heard
+before.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXI (A II, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I wish very much, and have long wished, to visit Alexandria, and at the
+same time to get away from here, where people are tired of me, and
+return when they have begun to feel my loss--but at such a time and at
+the bidding of such statesmen![193]
+
+    "I fear to face the men of Troy
+    And Trojan matrons with their trailing robes."[194]
+
+For what would my friends the Optimates say--if there are such persons
+left? That I had accepted a bribe to change my views?
+
+    "Polydamas the first would lay the charge."
+
+I mean my friend Cato, who is as good as a hundred thousand in my eyes.
+What, too, will history say of me six hundred years hence? I am much
+more afraid of that than of the petty gossip of the men of to-day. But,
+I think, I had better lie low and wait. For if it is really offered to
+me, I shall be to a certain extent in a position of advantage, and then
+will be the time to weigh the matter. There is, upon my word, a certain
+credit even in refusing. Wherefore, if Theophanes[195] by chance has
+consulted you on the matter, do not absolutely decline. What I am
+expecting to hear from you is, what Arrius says, and how he endures
+being left in the lurch,[196] and who are intended to be consuls--is it
+Pompey and Crassus, or, as I am told in a letter, Servius Sulpicius with
+Gabinius?--and whether there are any new laws or anything new at all;
+and, since Nepos[197] is leaving Rome, who is to have the augurship--the
+one bait by which those personages could catch me! You see what a high
+price I put on myself! Why do I talk about such things, which I am eager
+to throw aside, and to devote myself heart and soul to philosophy. That,
+I tell you, is my intention. I could wish I had done so from the first.
+Now, however, that I have found by experience the hollowness of what I
+thought so splendid, I am thinking of doing business exclusively with
+the Muses. In spite of that, please give me in your next some more
+definite information about Curtius and who is intended to fill his
+place, and what is doing about P. Clodius, and, in fact, take your time
+and tell me everything as you promise; and pray write me word what day
+you think of leaving Rome, in order that I may tell you where I am
+likely to be: and send me a letter at once on the subjects of which I
+have written to you. I look forward much to hearing from you.
+
+[Footnote 193: The triumvirs. The mission to Egypt was in the affairs of
+Ptolemy Auletes (father of Cleopatra), who was this year declared a
+"friend and ally." He soon got expelled by his subjects.]
+
+[Footnote 194: _Il._ vi. 442; xxii. 100. Cicero's frequent expression
+for popular opinion, or the opinion of those he respects--his Mrs.
+Grundy.]
+
+[Footnote 195: Theophanes, a philosopher of Mitylene, a close friend of
+Pompey's, in whose house he frequently resided. He took charge of
+Pompey's wife and children in B.C. 48-47.]
+
+[Footnote 196: Q. Arrius, an orator and friend of Cæsar's, by whose help
+he had hoped for the consulship. See p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 197: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos (consul B.C. 57). His brother,
+the consul of B.C. 60, had just died and made a vacancy in the college
+of augurs.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXII (A II, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+As to my promise to you in a former letter that there should be some
+product of this country excursion, I cannot confirm it to any great
+extent: for I have become so attached to idleness that I cannot be torn
+from its arms. Accordingly, I either enjoy myself with books, of which I
+have a delightful stock at Antium, or I just count the waves--for the
+rough weather prevents my shrimping! From writing my mind positively
+recoils. For the geographical treatise, upon which I had settled, is a
+serious undertaking: so severely is Eratosthenes, whom I had proposed as
+my model, criticised by Serapio and Hipparchus: what think you will be
+the case if Tyrannio[198] is added to the critics? And, by Hercules, the
+subject is difficult of explanation and monotonous, and does not seem to
+admit of as much embellishment as I thought, and, in short--which is the
+chief point--any excuse for being idle seems to me a good one: for I am
+even hesitating as to settling at Antium and spending the rest of my
+life there, where, indeed, I would rather have been a duovir[199] than
+at Rome. You, indeed, have done more wisely in having made yourself a
+home at Buthrotum. But, believe me, next to that free town of yours
+comes the borough of the Antiates. Could you have believed that there
+could be a town so near Rome, where there are many who have never seen
+Vatinius? Where there is no one besides myself who cares whether one of
+the twenty commissioners[200] is alive and well? Where no one intrudes
+upon me, and yet all are fond of me? This, this is the place to play the
+statesman in! For yonder, not only am I not allowed to do so, but I am
+sick of it besides. Accordingly, I will compose a book of secret memoirs
+for your ear alone in the style of Theopompus, or a more acrid one
+still.[201] Nor have I now any politics except to hate the disloyal, and
+even that without any bitterness, but rather with a certain enjoyment in
+writing. But to return to business: I have written to the city quæstors
+about my brother's affair. See what they say to it, whether there is any
+hope of the cash in _denarii_, or whether we are to be palmed off with
+Pompeian _cistophori_.[202] Farthermore, settle what is to be done about
+the wall. Is there anything else? Yes! Let me know when you are thinking
+of starting.
+
+[Footnote 198: A captive brought by Lucullus, who became a friend of
+Cicero and tutor to his son and nephew.]
+
+[Footnote 199: One of the two yearly officers of a colony--they answer
+to the consuls at Rome. Therefore Cicero means, "I wish I had been a
+consul in a small colony rather than a consul at Rome."]
+
+[Footnote 200: For distribution of land under Cæsar's law. P. Vatinius
+was a tribune this year, and worked in Cæsar's interests.]
+
+[Footnote 201: Theopompus of Chios, the historian (_Att._ vi. 1, § 12).
+Born about B.C. 378. His bitterness censured by Polybius, viii. 11-13.]
+
+[Footnote 202: The money due from the treasury to Q. Cicero in Asia. He
+wants it to be paid in Roman currency (_denarii_), not in Asiatic coins
+(_cistophori_), a vast amount of which Pompey had brought home and
+deposited in the treasury. So an Indian official might like sovereigns
+instead of rupees if he could get them.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII (A II, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+About the geography I will think again and again. But you ask for two of
+my speeches, one of which I did not care to write out because I had
+ended it abruptly, the other because I did not want to praise the man I
+did not like. But that, too, I will see about. At all events, something
+shall be forthcoming to prevent your thinking that I have been
+absolutely idle. I am quite delighted to hear what you tell me about
+Publius; pray ferret out the whole story, and bring it to me when you
+come, and meanwhile write anything you may make out or suspect, and
+especially as to what he is going to do about the legation. For my part,
+before reading your letter, I was anxious that the fellow should go,
+not, by heaven, in order to avoid his impeachment--for I am wonderfully
+keen to try issues with him--but it seemed to me that, if he had secured
+any popularity by becoming a plebeian, he would thereby lose it. "Well,
+why did you transfer yourself to the Plebs? Was it to make a call on
+Tigranes? Tell me: do the kings of Armenia refuse to receive
+patricians?" In a word, I had polished up my weapons to tear this
+embassy of his to pieces. But if he rejects it, and thus moves the anger
+of those proposers and augurs of the _lex curiata_,[203] it will be a
+fine sight! By Hercules, to speak the truth, our friend Publius is being
+treated a little contemptuously! In the first place, though he was once
+the only man at Cæsar's house, he is not now allowed to be one in
+twenty:[204] in the next place, one legation had been promised him and
+another has been given. The former fine fat one[205] for the levying of
+money is reserved, I presume, for Drusus of Pisaurum or for the gourmand
+Vatinius: this latter miserable business, which might be very well done
+by a courier, is given to him, and his tribuneship deferred till it
+suits them. Irritate the fellow, I beg you, as much as you can. The one
+hope of safety is their mutual disagreement, the beginning of which I
+have got scent of from Curio. Moreover, Arrius is fuming at being
+cheated out of the consulship. Megabocchus and our blood-thirsty young
+men are most violently hostile. May there be added to this, I pray, may
+there be added, this quarrel about the augurate! I hope I shall often
+have some fine letters to send you on these subjects. But I want to know
+the meaning of your dark hint that some even of the _quinqueviri_[206]
+are speaking out. What can it be? If there is anything in it, there is
+more hope than I had thought. And I would not have you believe that I
+ask you these questions "with any view to action,"[207] because my heart
+is yearning to take part in practical politics. I was long ago getting
+tired of being at the helm, even when it was in my power. And now that I
+am forced to quit the ship, and have not cast aside the tiller, but have
+had it wrenched out of my hands, my only wish is to watch their
+shipwreck from the shore: I desire, in the words of your favourite
+Sophocles,
+
+              "And safe beneath the roof
+    To hear with drowsy ear the plash of rain."
+
+As to the wall, see to what is necessary. I will correct the mistake of
+Castricius, and yet Quintus had made it in his letter to me 15,000,
+while now to your sister he makes it 30,000.[208] Terentia sends you her
+regards: my boy Cicero commissions you to give Aristodemus the same
+answer for him as you gave for his cousin, your sister's son.[209] I
+will not neglect your reminder about your Amaltheia.[210] Take care of
+your health.
+
+[Footnote 203: As he was a man _sui iuris_, Clodius's adoption into a
+new gens (_adrogatio_) would have to take place before the _comitia
+curiata_ (now represented by thirty lictors), which still retained this
+formal business. The ceremony required the presence of an augur and a
+pontifex to hold it. Cicero supposes Pompey and Cæsar as intending to
+act in that capacity. Pompey, it seems, did eventually attend.]
+
+[Footnote 204: One of the twenty commissioners under Cæsar's agrarian
+law. Cicero was offered and declined a place among them. The "only man,"
+of course, refers to the intrusion on the mysteries.]
+
+[Footnote 205: To Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 206: This seems also to refer to the twenty agrarian
+commissioners, who, according to Mommsen, were divided into committees
+of five, and were, therefore, spoken of indifferently as _quinqueviri_
+and _vigintiviri_. But it is somewhat uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote 207: [Greek: kata to praktikon].]
+
+[Footnote 208: Castricius seems to have been a _negotiator_ or banker in
+Asia. We don't know what mistake is referred to; probably as to some
+money transmitted to Pomponia.]
+
+[Footnote 209: It is suggested that Aristodemus is some teacher of the
+two young Ciceros, to whom the young Marcus wishes to apologize for his
+absence or to promise some study.]
+
+[Footnote 210: Perhaps some inscription or other ornament for Atticus's
+gymnasium in his villa at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV (A II, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+When I had been eagerly expecting a letter from you as usual till
+evening, lo and behold a message that slaves have come from Rome. I
+summon them: I ask if they have any letters. "No," say they. "What do
+you say," said I, "nothing from Pomponius?" Frightened to death by my
+voice and look, they confessed that they had received one, and that it
+had been lost on the journey. Need I say more? I was intensely annoyed.
+For no letter has come from you for the last few days without something
+in it important and entertaining. In these circumstances, if there was
+anything in the letter, dated 15th April, worth telling, pray write at
+once, that I may not be left in ignorance; but if there was nothing but
+banter, repeat even that for my benefit. And let me inform you that
+young Curio has been to call on me. What he said about Publius agreed
+exactly with your letter. He himself, moreover, wonderfully "holds our
+proud kings in hate."[211] He told me that the young men generally were
+equally incensed, and could not put up with the present state of things.
+If there is hope in them, we are in a good way. My opinion is that we
+should leave things to take their course. I am devoting myself to my
+memoir. However, though you may think me a Saufeius,[212] I am really
+the laziest fellow in the world. But get into your head my several
+journeys, that you may settle where you intend to come and see me. I
+intend to arrive at my Formian house on the Parilia (21st April). Next,
+since you think that at this time I ought to leave out luxurious
+Crater,[213] on the 1st of May I leave Formiæ, intending to reach Antium
+on the 3rd of May. For there are games at Antium from the 4th to the 6th
+of May, and Tullia wants to see them. Thence I think of going to
+Tusculum, thence to Arpinum, and be at Rome on the 1st of June. Be sure
+that we see you at Formiæ or Antium, or at Tusculum. Rewrite your
+previous letter for me, and add something new.
+
+[Footnote 211: A verse from Lucilius. "Young Curio" is the future
+tribune of B.C. 50, who was bribed by Cæsar, joined him at Ravenna at
+the end of that year, was sent by him in B.C. 49 to Sicily and Africa,
+and fell in battle with the Pompeians and King Iuba.]
+
+[Footnote 212: L. Saufeius, the Epicurean friend of Atticus (see Letter
+II). He seems to mean, "as indefatigable as Saufeius." But Prof. Tyrrell
+points out that it might mean, "at the risk of your thinking me as
+Epicurean and self-indulgent as Saufeius, I say," etc.]
+
+[Footnote 213: The bay of Misenum, near which was Cicero's Pompeianum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXV (A II, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Cæcilius[214] the quæstor having suddenly informed me that he was
+sending a slave to Rome, I write these hurried lines in order to get out
+of you the wonderful conversations with Publius, both those of which you
+write, and that one which you keep dark, and assert that it would be too
+long to write your answer to him; and, still farther, the one that has
+not yet been held, which that Iuno of a woman[215] is to report to you
+when she gets back from Solonium. I wish you to believe that there can
+be nothing I should like more. If, however, the compact made about me is
+not kept, I am in a seventh heaven to think that our friend the
+Jerusalemitish plebeian-maker[216] will learn what a fine return he has
+made to my brilliant speeches, of which you may expect a splendid
+recantation. For, as well as I can guess, if that profligate is in
+favour with our tyrants, he will be able to crow not only over the
+"cynic consular,"[217] but over your Tritons of the fish-ponds
+also.[218] For I shall not possibly be an object of anybody's jealousy
+when robbed of power and of my influence in the senate. If, on the other
+hand, he should quarrel with them, it will not suit his purpose to
+attack me. However, let him attack. Charmingly, believe me, and with
+less noise than I had thought, has the wheel of the Republic revolved:
+more rapidly, anyhow, than it should have done owing to Cato's error,
+but still more owing to the unconstitutional conduct of those who have
+neglected the auspices, the Ælian law, the Iunian, the Licinian, the
+Cæcilian and Didian,[219] who have squandered all the safeguards of the
+constitution, who have handed over kingdoms as though they were private
+estates to tetrachs,[220] and immense sums of money to a small coterie.
+I see plainly now the direction popular jealousy is taking, and where it
+will finally settle. Believe that I have learnt nothing from experience,
+nothing from Theophrastus,[221] if you don't shortly see the time of our
+government an object of regret. For if the power of the senate was
+disliked, what do you think will be the case when it has passed, not to
+the people, but to three unscrupulous men? So let them then make whom
+they choose consuls, tribunes, and even finally clothe Vatinius's wen
+with the double-dyed purple[222] of the priesthood, you will see before
+long that the great men will be not only those who have made no false
+step,[223] but even he who did make a mistake, Cato. For, as to myself,
+if your comrade Publius will let me, I think of playing the sophist: if
+he forces me, I shall at least defend myself, and, as is the trick of my
+trade, I publicly promise to
+
+    "Strike back at him who first is wroth with me."[224]
+
+May the country only be on my side: it has had from me, if not more than
+its due, at least more than it ever demanded. I would rather have a bad
+passage with another pilot than be a successful pilot to such ungrateful
+passengers. But this will do better when we meet. For the present take
+an answer to your questions. I think of returning to Antium from Formiæ
+on the 3rd of May. From Antium I intend to start for Tusculum on the 7th
+of May. But as soon as I have returned from Formiæ (I intend to be there
+till the 29th of April) I will at once inform you. Terentia sends
+compliments, and "Cicero the little greets Titus the Athenian."[225]
+
+[Footnote 214: Q. Cæcilius Bassus, probably quæstor at Ostia. Antium
+would be in his district.]
+
+[Footnote 215: [Greek: boôpis], _sc._ Clodia. She is to talk to her
+brother about Cicero. She is "Iuno" perhaps as an enemy--as Bacon called
+the Duchess of Burgundy Henry VII.'s Iuno--or perhaps for a less decent
+reason, as _coniux sororque_ of Publius.]
+
+[Footnote 216: Pompey, who was proud of having taken Jerusalem.
+_Traductor ad plebem_, said of the magistrate presiding at the _comitia_
+for adoption.]
+
+[Footnote 217: Cicero himself. Clodius may have called him this from his
+biting repartees. Prof. Tyrrell, "Tear 'em."]
+
+[Footnote 218: The nobility, whom Cicero has before attacked as idle and
+caring for nothing but their fish-ponds (_piscinarii_, cp. p. 59).]
+
+[Footnote 219: The _lex Ælia_ (about B.C. 150) was a law regulating the
+powers of magistrates to dissolve _comitia_ on religious grounds, such
+as bad omens, _servata de coelo, etc._ Cicero (who could have had very
+little belief in the augural science) regards them as safeguards of the
+state, because as the Optimates generally secured the places in the
+augural college, it gave them a hold on elections and legislation.
+Bibulus tried in vain to use these powers to thwart Cæsar this year. The
+_lex Cæcilia Didia_ (.B.C. 98) enforced the _trinundinatio_, or three
+weeks' notice of elections and laws, and forbade the proposal of a _lex
+satura_, _i.e._, a law containing a number of miscellaneous enactments.
+Perhaps its violation refers to the _acta_ of Pompey in the East, which
+he wanted to have confirmed _en bloc_. The senate had made difficulties:
+but one of the fruits of the triumvirate was a measure for doing it. The
+_lex Iunia et Licinia_ (B.C. 62) confirmed the _Cæcilia Didia_, and
+secured that the people knew what the proposed laws were.]
+
+[Footnote 220: As Pompey did in Asia, _e.g._, to Deiotarus of Galatia,
+and about ten others. It is curious that Cicero speaks of the _pauci_
+just as his opponent Cæsar and Augustus after him. Each side looks on
+the other as a coterie (Cæsar, _B. C._ i. 22; Monum. Ancyr. i. § 1)]
+
+[Footnote 221: Theophrastus, successor of Aristotle at the Lyceum,
+Athens (p. 70).]
+
+[Footnote 222: The purple-bordered toga of the augur. Vatinius did not
+get the augurship. He had some disfiguring swelling or wen.]
+
+[Footnote 223: Himself.]
+
+[Footnote 224: [Greek: andr' apamynesthai, hote tis proteros chalepênê]
+(Hom. _Il._ xxiv. 369).]
+
+[Footnote 225: Written in Greek, perhaps by the boy himself.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI (A II, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TRES TABERNÆ, 12 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Are they going to deny that Publius has been made a plebeian? This is
+indeed playing the king, and is utterly intolerable. Let Publius send
+some men to witness and seal my affidavit: I will take an oath that my
+friend Gnæus, the colleague of Balbus, told me at Antium that he had
+been present as augur to take the auspices. Two delightful letters from
+you delivered at the same time! For which I do not know what I am to pay
+you by way of reward for good news. That I owe you for them I candidly
+confess. But observe the coincidence. I had just made my way from Antium
+on to the _via Appia_ at Three Taverns,[226] on the very day of the
+Cerealia (18th April), when my friend Curio meets me on his way from
+Rome. At the same place and the same moment comes a slave from you with
+letters. The former asked me whether I hadn't heard the news? I said,
+"No." "Publius," says he, "is a candidate for the tribuneship." "You
+don't mean it?" "Yes, I do," says he, "and at daggers drawn with Cæsar.
+His object is to rescind his acts." "What says Cæsar?" said I. "He
+denies having proposed any _lex_ for his adoption." Then he poured forth
+about his own hatred, and that of Memmius and Metellus Nepos. I embraced
+the youth and said good-bye to him, hastening to your letters. A fig for
+those who talk about a "living voice"! What a much clearer view I got of
+what was going on from your letters than from his talk! About the
+current rumours of the day, about the designs of Publius, about "Iuno's"
+trumpet calls, about Athenio who leads his roughs, about his letter to
+Gnæus, about the conversation of Theophanes and Memmius. Besides, how
+eager you have made me to hear about the "fast" dinner party which you
+mention! I am greedy in curiosity, yet I do not feel at all hurt at your
+not writing me a description of the symposium: I would rather hear it by
+word of mouth. As to your urging me to write something, my material
+indeed is growing, as you say, but the whole is still in a state of
+fermentation--"new wine in the autumn." When the liquor has settled down
+and become clarified, I shall know better what to write. And even if you
+cannot get it from me at once, you shall be the first to have it: only
+for some time you must keep it to yourself. You are quite right to like
+Dicæarchus; he is an excellent writer, and a much better citizen than
+these rulers of ours who reverse his name.[227] I write this letter at
+four o'clock in the afternoon of the Cerealia (12th April), immediately
+after reading yours, but I shall despatch it, I think, to-morrow, by
+anyone I may chance to meet on the road. Terentia is delighted with your
+letter, _et Cicéron le philosophe salue Titus l'homme d'état_.
+
+[Footnote 226: Where the road from Antium joins the Appia. Cicero seems
+to be on his way to Formiæ, where he had intended to arrive on the 21st.
+He must be going very leisurely.]
+
+[Footnote 227: [Greek: Dikaiarchos] and [Greek: adikaiarchoi], a pun on
+a name not reproducible in English: "just-rulers" and "unjust-rulers."]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII (A II, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+APPII FORUM,[228] APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Please admire my consistency. I am determined not to be at the games at
+Antium: for it is somewhat of a solecism to wish to avoid all suspicion
+of frivolity, and yet suddenly to be shewn up as travelling for mere
+amusement, and that of a foolish kind. Wherefore I shall wait for you
+till the 7th of May at Formiæ. So now let me know what day we shall see
+you. From Appii Forum, ten o'clock. I sent another a short time ago from
+Three Taverns.
+
+[Footnote 228: On the _via Appia_. Cicero halts at Appii Forum and at
+once despatches a short note, probably by some one he finds there going
+to Rome, to announce a change of plan. He had meant to get back to
+Antium on 6th May, because Tullia wanted to see the games. See Letter
+XXXIV, p. 96.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII (A II, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I tell you what it is: I feel myself a downright exile since arriving at
+Formiæ. For at Antium there was never a day that I didn't know what was
+going on at Rome better than those who were there. For your letters
+used to shew me not only what was doing at Rome, but the actual
+political situation also--and not only that, but also what was likely to
+happen. Now, unless I snatch a bit of news from some passing traveller,
+I can learn nothing at all. Wherefore, though I am expecting you in
+person, yet pray give this boy, whom I have ordered to hurry back to me
+at once, a bulky letter, crammed not only with all occurrences, but with
+what you think about them; and be careful to let me know the day you are
+going to leave Rome. I intend staying at Formiæ till the 6th of May. If
+you don't come there by that day, I shall perhaps see you at Rome. For
+why should I invite you to Arpinum?
+
+    "A rugged soil, yet nurse of hardy sons:
+    No dearer land can e'er my eyes behold."[229]
+
+So much for this. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 229: Homer, _Odyss._ ix. 27.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX (A II, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+What an abominable thing! No one gave you my letter written on the spot
+at Three Taverns in answer to your delightful letters! But the fact is
+that the packet into which I had put it arrived at my town house on the
+same day as I wrote it, and has been brought back to me to Formiæ.
+Accordingly, I have directed the letter meant for you to be taken back
+again, to shew you how pleased I was with yours. So you say that the
+talk has died out at Rome! I thought so: but, by Hercules, it hasn't
+died out in the country, and it has come to this, that the very country
+can't stand the despotism you have got at Rome. When you come to
+"Læstrygonia of the distant gates"[230]--I mean Formiæ--what loud
+murmurs! what angry souls! what unpopularity for our friend Magnus! His
+surname is getting as much out of fashion as the "Dives" of Crassus.
+Believe me, I have met no one here to take the present state of things
+as quietly as I do. Wherefore, credit me, let us stick to philosophy. I
+am ready to take my oath that there is nothing to beat it. If you have a
+despatch to send to the Sicyonians,[231] make haste to Formiæ, whence I
+think of going on the 6th of May.
+
+[Footnote 230: [Greek: têlepylon Laistrygoniên], whose king Lamus
+(_Odyss._ x. 81) was supposed to have founded Formiæ (Horace, _Od._ iii.
+17).]
+
+[Footnote 231: A despatch from senate or consuls. See Letter XXIV, p.
+60.]
+
+
+
+
+XL (A II, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47.]
+
+How you rouse my curiosity as to what Bibulus says, as to your
+conversation with "Iuno," and even as to your "fast" dinner party!
+Therefore make haste to come, for my ears are thirsty for news. However,
+there is nothing which I think is now more to be dreaded by me than that
+our dear Sampsiceramus, finding himself belaboured by the tongues of
+all, and seeing these proceedings easy to upset, should begin striking
+out. For myself, I have so completely lost all nerve, that I prefer a
+despotism, with the existing peace, to a state of war with the best
+hopes in the world. As to literary composition, to which you frequently
+urge me, it is impossible! My house is a basilica rather than a villa,
+owing to the crowds of visitors from Formiæ. But (you'll say) do I
+really compare the Æmilian tribe to the crowd in a basilica?[232] Well,
+I say nothing about the common ruck--the rest of them don't bother me
+after ten o'clock: but C. Arrius is my next door neighbour, or rather,
+he almost lives in my house, and even declares that the reason for his
+not going to Rome is that he may spend whole days with me here
+philosophizing! And then, lo and behold, on my other side is Sebosus,
+that friend of Catulus! Which way am I to turn? By heaven, I would start
+at once for Arpinum, only that I see that the most convenient place to
+await your visit is Formiæ: but only up to the 6th of May! For you see
+with what bores my ears are pestered. What a splendid opportunity, with
+such fellows in the house, if anyone wanted to buy my Formian
+property![233] And in spite of all this am I to make good my words, "Let
+us attempt something great, and requiring much thought and leisure"?
+However, I _will_ do something for you, and not spare my labour.
+
+[Footnote 232: _At comparem_ for _at quam partem_. _At_ has its usual
+force of introducing a supposed objection. I can't, say you, compare the
+Æmilian tribe, the Formiani, to a crowd in a court-house! They are not
+so bad as that, not so wasteful of time! I take _basilica_ to mean the
+saunterers in a basilica, as we might say "the park" for the company in
+it, "the exchange" for the brokers in it. I feel certain that Prof.
+Tyrrell is wrong in ascribing the words _sed--sunt_ to a quotation from
+Atticus's letter. What is wanted is to remove the full stop after
+_sunt_. The contrast Cicero is drawing is between the interruption to
+literary work of a crowd of visitors and of one or two individuals
+always turning up. The second is the worse--and here I think all workers
+will agree with him: the crowd of visitors (_vulgus_) go at the regular
+hour, but individuals come in at all hours.]
+
+[Footnote 233: Because he would be inclined to sell it cheap in his
+disgust.]
+
+
+
+
+XLI (A II, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+As you say, things are as shifting (I see) in public affairs as in your
+letter; still, that very variety of talk and opinion has a charm for me.
+For I seem to be at Rome when I am reading your letter, and, as is the
+regular thing in questions of such importance, to hear something first
+on one side and then on the other. But what I can't make out is
+this--what he can possibly hit upon to settle the land question without
+encountering opposition. Again, as to Bibulus's firmness in putting off
+the _comitia_, it only conveys the expression of his own views, without
+really offering any remedy for the state of the Republic. Upon my word,
+my only hope is in Publius! Let him become, let him become a tribune by
+all means, if for no other reason, yet that you may be brought back from
+Epirus! For I don't see how you can possibly afford to miss him,
+especially if he shall elect to have a wrangle with me! But, seriously,
+if anything of the sort occurs, you would, I am certain, hurry back. But
+even supposing this not to be the case, yet whether he runs amuck or
+helps to raise the state, I promise myself a fine spectacle, if only I
+may enjoy it with you sitting by my side.[234] Just as I was writing
+these words, enter Sebosus! I had scarcely got out a sigh when "Good
+day," says Arrius. This is what you call going out of town! I shall
+really be off to
+
+    "My native mountains and my childhood's haunts."[235]
+
+In fine, if I can't be alone I would rather be with downright
+countryfolk than with such ultra-cockneys. However, I shall, since you
+don't say anything for certain, wait for you up to the 5th of May.
+Terentia is much pleased with the attention and care you have bestowed
+on her controversy with Mulvius. She is not aware that you are
+supporting the common cause of all holders of public land. Yet, after
+all, _you_ do pay something to the _publicani_; she declines to pay even
+that,[236] and, accordingly, she and Cicero--most conservative of
+boys--send their kind regards.
+
+[Footnote 234: The spectacle Cicero hopes for is Clodius's contests with
+the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 235: To Arpinum (see last letter). The verse is not known, and
+may be a quotation from his own poem on Marius. He often quotes
+himself.]
+
+[Footnote 236: This is not mentioned elsewhere. The explanation seems to
+be that for the _ager publicus_ allotted under the Sempronian laws a
+small rent had been exacted, which was abolished by a law of B.C. 111
+(the name of the law being uncertain). But some _ager publicus_ still
+paid rent, and the _publicanus_ Mulvius seems to have claimed it from
+some land held by Terentia, perhaps on the ground that it was land (such
+as the _ager Campanus_) not affected by the law of Gracchus, and
+therefore not by the subsequent law abolishing rent.]
+
+
+
+
+
+XLII (A II, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+On the day before the Kalends of May, when I had dined and was just
+going to sleep, the letter was delivered to me containing your news
+about the Campanian land. You needn't ask: at first it gave me such a
+shock that there was no more sleep for me, though that was the result of
+thought rather than pain. On reflexion, however, the following ideas
+occurred to me. In the first place, from what you had said in your
+previous letter--"that you had heard from a friend of his[237] that a
+proposal was going to be made which would satisfy everybody"--I had
+feared some very sweeping measure, but I don't think this is anything of
+the sort. In the next place, by way of consolation, I persuaded myself
+that the hope of a distribution of land is now all centred on the
+Campanian territory.[238] That land cannot support more than 5,000, so
+as to give ten _iugera_ apiece:[239] the rest of the crowd of expectants
+must necessarily be alienated from them. Besides, if there is anything
+that more than another could inflame the feeling of the aristocrats, who
+are, I notice, already irritated, it is this; and all the more that with
+port-dues in Italy abolished,[240] and the Campanian land divided, what
+home revenue is there except the five per cent. on manumissions? And
+even that, I think, it will only take a single trumpery harangue,
+cheered by our lackeys, to throw away also. What our friend Gnæus can
+be thinking of I can't imagine--
+
+    "For still he blows, and with no slender pipe,
+    But furious blasts by no mouth-band restrained"--
+
+to be induced to countenance such a measure as that. For hitherto he has
+fenced with these questions: "he approved Cæsar's laws, but Cæsar must
+be responsible for his proceedings in carrying them"; "he himself was
+satisfied with the agrarian law"; "whether it could be vetoed by a
+tribune or no was nothing to do with him"; "he thought the time had come
+for the business of the Alexandrine king to be settled"; "it was no
+business of his to inquire whether Bibulus had been watching the sky on
+that occasion or no"; "as to the _publicani_, he had been willing to
+oblige that order"; "what was going to happen if Bibulus came down to
+the forum at that time he could not have guessed."[241] But now, my
+Sampsiceramus, what will you say to this? That you have secured us a
+revenue from the Antilibanus and removed that from the Campanian land?
+Well, how do you mean to vindicate that? "I shall coerce you," says he,
+"by means of Cæsar's army." You won't coerce me, by Hercules, by your
+army so much as by the ingratitude of the so-called _boni_, who have
+never made me any return, even in words, to say nothing of substantial
+rewards. But if I had put out my strength against that coterie, I should
+certainly have found some way of holding my own against them. As things
+are, in view of the controversy between your friend Dicæarchus and my
+friend Theophrastus--the former recommending the life of action, the
+latter the life of contemplation--I think I have already obeyed both.
+For as to Dicæarchus, I think I have satisfied his requirements; at
+present my eyes are fixed on the school which not only allows of my
+abstaining from business, but blames me for not having always done so.
+Wherefore let me throw myself, my dear Titus, into those noble studies,
+and let me at length return to what I ought never to have left.
+
+As to what you say about Quintus's letter, when he wrote to me he was
+also "in front a lion and behind a ----."[242] I don't know what to say
+about it; for in the first lines of his letter he makes such a
+lamentation over his continuance in his province, that no one could help
+being affected: presently he calms down sufficiently to ask me to
+correct and edit his Annals. However, I would wish you to have an eye to
+what you mention, I mean the duty on goods transferred from port to
+port. He says that by the advice of his council he has referred the
+question to the senate. He evidently had not read my letter, in which
+after having considered and investigated the matter, I had sent him a
+written opinion that they were not payable.[243] If any Greeks have
+already arrived at Rome from Asia on that business, please look into it
+and, if you think it right, explain to them my opinion on the subject.
+If, to save the good cause in the senate, I can retract, I will gratify
+the _publicani_: but if not, to be plain with you, I prefer in this
+matter the interests of all Asia and the merchants; for it affects the
+latter also very seriously. I think it is a matter of great importance
+to us. But you will settle it. Are the quæstors, pray, still hesitating
+on the _cistophorus_ question?[244] If nothing better is to be had,
+after trying everything in our power, I should be for not refusing even
+the lowest offer. I shall see you at Arpinum and offer you country
+entertainment, since you have despised this at the seaside.
+
+[Footnote 237: Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 238: The old territory of Capua and the Stellatian Plain had
+been specially reserved from distribution under the laws of the Gracchi,
+and this reservation had not been repealed in subsequent laws: _ad
+subsidia reipublicæ vectigalem relictum_ (Suet. _Cæs._ 20; cp. Cic. 2
+_Phil._ § 101).]
+
+[Footnote 239: According to Suetonius 20,000 citizens had allotments on
+the _ager publicus_ in Campania. But Dio says (xxxviii. 1) that the
+Campanian land was exempted by the _lex Iulia_ also. Its settlement was
+probably later, by colonies of Cæsar's veterans. A _iugerum_ is
+five-eighths of an acre.]
+
+[Footnote 240: See Letter XXIX, p. 82. They were abolished B.C. 60.]
+
+[Footnote 241: This and the mention of Cæsar's "army" (a bodyguard) is
+explained by Suet. _Cæs._ 20: "Having promulgated his agrarian law,
+Cæsar expelled his colleague, Bibulus, by force of arms from the Forum
+when trying to stop proceedings by announcing bad omens ... and finally
+reduced him to such despair that for the rest of his year of office he
+confined himself to his house and only announced his bad omens by means
+of edicts." Bibulus appears to have been hustled by the mob also.]
+
+[Footnote 242: [Greek: prosthe leôn opithen de ----]. Cicero leaves
+Atticus, as he often does, to fill up the rest of the line, [Greek:
+drakôn, messê de chimaira] (Hom. _Il._ vi. 181). He means, of course,
+that Quintus is inconsistent.]
+
+[Footnote 243: The question seems to be as to goods brought to a port
+and paying duty, and then, not finding a sale, being transferred to
+another port in the same province. The _publicani_ at the second port
+demanded the payment of a duty again, which Cicero decides against
+them.]
+
+[Footnote 244: Schutz takes this to mean, "Are the quæstors now doubting
+as to paying _even cistophori_?" _i.e._, are they, so far from paying in
+Roman _denarii_, even hesitating to pay in Asiatic? But if so, what is
+the _extremum_ which Cicero advises Quintus to accept? Prof. Tyrrell,
+besides, points out that the quæstors could hardly refuse to pay
+anything for provincial expenses. It is a question between _cistophori_
+and _denarii_. See p. 92.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIII (A II, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIÆ, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I quite agree with your letter. Sampsiceramus is getting up a
+disturbance. We have everything to fear. He is preparing a despotism and
+no mistake about it. For what else is the meaning of that sudden
+marriage union,[245] the Campanian land affair, the lavish expenditure
+of money? If these measures were final, even then the mischief had been
+very great; but the nature of the case makes finality impossible. For
+how could these measures possibly give them any pleasure in themselves?
+They would never have gone so far as this unless they had been paving
+the way for other fatal steps. Immortal Gods!--But, as you say, at
+Arpinum about the 10th of May we will not weep over these questions,
+lest the hard work and midnight oil I have spent over my studies shall
+turn out to have been wasted, but discuss them together calmly. For I am
+not so much consoled by a sanguine disposition as by philosophic
+"indifference,"[246] which I call to my aid in nothing so much as in our
+civil and political business. Nay, more, whatever vanity or sneaking
+love of reputation there is lurking in me--for it is well to know one's
+faults--is tickled by a certain pleasurable feeling. For it used to
+sting me to the heart to think that centuries hence the services of
+Sampsiceramus to the state would loom larger than my own. That anxiety,
+at least, is now put to rest. For he is so utterly fallen that, in
+comparison with him, Curius might seem to be standing erect after his
+fall.[247] But all this when we meet. Yet, as far as I can see, you will
+be at Rome when I come. I shall not be at all sorry for that, if you
+can conveniently manage it. But if you come to see me, as you say in
+your letter, I wish you would fish out of Theophanes how
+"Arabarches"[248] is disposed to me. You will, of course, inquire with
+your usual zeal, and bring me the result to serve as a kind of
+suggestion for the line of conduct I am to adopt. From his conversation
+we shall be able to get an inkling of the whole situation.
+
+[Footnote 245: The marriage of Pompey with Cæsar's daughter Iulia.]
+
+[Footnote 246: [Greek: adiaphoria], a word taken from the Stoies, _huic_
+[_Zenoni_] _summum bonum est in his rebus neutram in partem moveri, quæ
+[Greek: adiaphoria] ab ipso dicitur_ (_Acad._ ii. § 130).]
+
+[Footnote 247: C. Curius, one of the Catiline set, who had been
+ignominiously expelled from the senate.]
+
+[Footnote 248: Another nickname of Pompey, from the title of the head of
+the Thebais in Egypt. Like Sampsiceramus and the others, it is meant as
+a scornful allusion to Pompey's achievements in the East, and perhaps
+his known wish to have the direction of affairs in Egypt.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIV (A II, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO EPIRUS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I have received several letters from you, which shewed me with what
+eagerness and anxiety you desired to know the news. We are bound hard
+and fast on every side, and are no longer making any difficulty as to
+being slaves, but fearing death and exile as though greater evils,
+though they are in fact much smaller ones. Well, this is the
+position--one unanimously groaned over, but not relieved by a word from
+anyone. The object, I surmise, of the men in power is to leave nothing
+for anyone to lavish. The only man who opens his mouth and openly
+disapproves is the young Curio. He is loudly cheered, and greeted in the
+forum in the most complimentary manner, and many other tokens of
+goodwill are bestowed on him by the loyalists; while Fufius[249] is
+pursued with shouts, jeers, and hisses. From such circumstances it is
+not hope but indignation that is increased, for you see the citizens
+allowed to express their sentiments, but debarred from carrying them out
+with any vigour. And to omit details, the upshot is that there is now no
+hope, I don't say of private persons, but even of the magistrates being
+ever free again. Nevertheless, in spite of this policy of repression,
+conversation, at least in society and at dinner tables, is freer than it
+was. Indignation is beginning to get the better of fear, though that
+does not prevent a universal feeling of despair. For this Campanian
+law[250] contains a clause imposing an oath to be taken by candidates in
+public meeting, that they will not suggest any tenure of public land
+other than that provided in the Julian laws. All the others take the
+oath without hesitation: Laterensis[251] is considered to have shewn
+extraordinary virtue in retiring from his canvass for the tribuneship to
+avoid the oath. But I don't care to write any more about politics. I am
+dissatisfied with myself, and cannot write without the greatest pain. I
+hold my own position with some dignity, considering the general
+repression, but considering my achievements in the past, with less
+courage than I should like. I am invited by Cæsar in a very gentlemanly
+manner to accept a legation, to act as _legatus_ to himself, and even an
+"open votive legation" is offered me. But the latter does not give
+sufficient security, since it depends too much on the scrupulousness of
+Pulchellus[252] and removes me just when my brother is returning;[253]
+the former offers better security and does not prevent my returning when
+I please. I am retaining the latter, but do not think I shall use it.
+However, nobody knows about it. I don't like running away; I am itching
+to fight. There is great warmth of feeling for me. But I don't say
+anything positive: you will please not to mention it. I am, in fact,
+very anxious about the manumission of Statius[254] and some other
+things, but I have become hardened by this time. I could wish, or rather
+ardently desire, that you were here: then I should not want advice or
+consolation. But anyhow, be ready to fly hither directly I call for you.
+
+[Footnote 249: See Letter XIX, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 250: _I.e._, Cæsar's _agrarian law_, by which some of the
+Campanian _ager publicus_ was to be divided.]
+
+[Footnote 251: M. Iuventius Laterensis. See Letter L, p. 123.]
+
+[Footnote 252: Pulchellus, _i.e._, P. Clodius Pulcher. The diminutive is
+used to express contempt. Cicero, since his return to Rome, is beginning
+to realize his danger.]
+
+[Footnote 253: A _libera legatio_ was really a colourable method of a
+senator travelling with the right of exacting certain payments for his
+expenses from the Italian or provincial towns. Sometimes it was simply a
+_legatio libera_, a sinecure without any pretence of purpose, sometimes
+it was _voti causa_, enabling a man to fulfil some vow he was supposed
+to have made. It was naturally open to much abuse, and Cicero as consul
+had passed a law for limiting it in time. Clodius would become tribune
+on 10 December, and this _libera legatio_ would protect Cicero as long
+as it lasted, but it would not, he thinks, last long enough to outstay
+the tribuneship: if he went as _legatus_ to Cæsar in Gaul, he would be
+safe, and might choose his own time for resigning and returning to
+Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 254: Statius, a slave of Quintus, was unpopular in the
+province. See p. 125.]
+
+
+
+
+XLV (A II, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I have many causes for anxiety, both from the disturbed state of
+politics and from the personal dangers with which I am threatened. They
+are very numerous; but nothing gives me more annoyance than the
+manumission of Statius: "To think that he should have no reverence for
+my authority! But of authority I say nothing--that he should have no
+fear of a quarrel with me, to put it mildly!"[255] But what I am to do I
+don't know, nor indeed is there so much in the affair as you would think
+from the talk about it. For myself, I am positively incapable of being
+angry with those I love deeply. I only feel vexed, and that to a
+surprising degree. Other vexations are on really important matters. The
+threats of Clodius and the conflicts before me touch me only slightly.
+For I think I can either confront them with perfect dignity or decline
+them without any embarrassment. You will say, perhaps, "Enough of
+dignity, like the proverb, 'Enough of the oak':[256] an you love me,
+take thought for safety!" Ah, dear me, dear me, why are you not here?
+Nothing, certainly, could have escaped you. I, perhaps, am somewhat
+blinded, and too much affected by my high ideal. I assure you there
+never was anything so scandalous, so shameful, so offensive to all
+sorts, conditions and ages of men alike, as the present state of
+affairs. It is more so, by Hercules, than I could have wished, but not
+more than I had expected. Your _populares_ have now taught even usually
+quiet men to hiss. Bibulus is praised to the skies: I don't know why,
+but he has the same sort of applause as his
+
+    "Who by delays restored alone our State."[257]
+
+Pompey--the man I loved--has, to my infinite sorrow, ruined his own
+reputation. They hold no one by affection, and I fear they will be
+forced to use terror. I, however, refrain from hostility to their cause
+owing to my friendship for him, and yet I cannot approve, lest I should
+stultify my own past. The feeling of the people was shewn as clearly as
+possible in the theatre and at the shows. For at the gladiators both
+master and supporters were overwhelmed with hisses. At the games of
+Apollo the actor Diphilus made a pert allusion to Pompey, in the words:
+
+    "By our misfortunes thou art--Great."
+
+He was encored countless times. When he delivered the line,
+
+    "The time will come when thou wilt deeply mourn
+    That self-same valour,"
+
+the whole theatre broke out into applause, and so on with the rest. For
+the verses do seem exactly as though they were written by some enemy of
+Pompey's to hit the time. "If neither laws nor customs can control,"
+etc., caused great sensation and loud shouts. Cæsar having entered as
+the applause died away, he was followed by the younger Curio. The latter
+received an ovation such as used to be given to Pompey when the
+constitution was still intact. Cæsar was much annoyed. A despatch is
+said to have been sent flying off to Pompey at Capua.[258] _They_ are
+offended with the equites, who rose to their feet and cheered Curio, and
+are at war with everybody. They are threatening the Roscian law,[259]
+and even the corn law.[260] There has been a great hubbub altogether.
+For my part, I should have preferred their doings being silently
+ignored; but that, I fear, won't be allowed. Men are indignant at what
+nevertheless must, it seems, be put up with. The whole people have
+indeed now one voice, but its strength depends rather on exasperation
+than anything to back it up. Farthermore, our Publius is threatening me:
+he is hostile, and a storm is hanging over my head which should bring
+you post haste to town. I believe that I am still firmly supported by
+the same phalanx of all loyal or even tolerably loyal men which
+supported me when consul. Pompey displays no common affection for me. He
+also asserts that Clodius is not going to say a word about me. In which
+he is not deceiving me, but is himself deceived. Cosconius having died,
+I am invited to fill his place.[261] That would indeed be a case of
+"invited to a dead man's place." I should have been beneath contempt in
+the eyes of the world, and nothing could be conceived less likely to
+secure that very "personal safety" of which you speak. For those
+commissioners are disliked by the loyalists, and so I should have
+retained my own unpopularity with the disloyal, with the addition of
+that attaching to others. Cæsar wishes me to accept a legateship under
+him. This is a more honourable method of avoiding the danger. But I
+don't wish to avoid it. What do I want, then? Why, I prefer fighting.
+However, I have not made up my mind. Again I say, Oh that you were here!
+However, if it is absolutely necessary I will summon you. What else is
+there to say? What else? This, I think: I am certain that all is lost.
+For why mince matters any longer? But I write this in haste, and, by
+Hercules, in rather a nervous state. On some future occasion I will
+either write to you at full length, if I find a very trustworthy person
+to whom to give a letter, or if I write darkly you will understand all
+the same. In these letters I will be Lælius, you Furius; the rest shall
+be in riddles. Here I cultivate Cæcilius,[262] and pay him assiduous
+attention. I hear Bibulus's edicts have been sent to you. Our friend
+Pompey is hot with indignation and wrath at them.[263]
+
+[Footnote 255: Terence, _Phorm._ 232.]
+
+[Footnote 256: [Greek: halis dryos], _i.e._, feeding on acorns is a
+thing of the past, it is out of date, like the golden age when they fed
+on wild fruit _et quæ deciderant patula Iovis arbore glandes_ (Ovid,
+_Met._ i. 106); and so is dignity, it is a question of _safety_ now.]
+
+[Footnote 257: Ennius on Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator.]
+
+[Footnote 258: Pompey was in Campania acting as one of the twenty land
+commissioners.]
+
+[Footnote 259: The _lex Roscia theatralis_ (B.C. 67), which gave
+fourteen rows of seats to the equites.]
+
+[Footnote 260: That is, the law for distribution of corn among poorer
+citizens. There were many such. Perhaps the most recent was the _lex
+Cassia Terentia_ (B.C. 73). Cæsar, who, when in later years he became
+supreme, restricted this privilege, may have threatened to do so now.]
+
+[Footnote 261: _I.e._, as one of the twenty land commissioners. The next
+clause seems to refer to some proverbial expression, "to be invited to a
+place at Pluto's table," or some such sentence. Cicero means that his
+acceptance would be equivalent to political extinction, either from the
+obscurity of Cosconius or the inconsistency of the proceeding.]
+
+[Footnote 262: The uncle of Atticus. See p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 263: After the scene of violence in which Bibulus, on
+attempting to prevent the agrarian law being passed, was driven from the
+rostra, with his lictors' fasces broken, he shut himself up in his house
+and published edicts declaring Cæsar's acts invalid, and denouncing the
+conduct of Pompey (Suet. _Cæs._ 20; Dio, xxxviii. 6).]
+
+
+
+
+XLVI (A II, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I have done everything I could for Anicatus, as I understood was your
+wish. Numestius, in accordance with your earnestly expressed letter, I
+have adopted as a friend. Cæcilius I look after diligently in all ways
+possible. Varro[264] does all I could expect for me. Pompey loves me and
+regards me as a dear friend. "Do you believe that?" you will say. I do:
+he quite convinces me. But seeing that men of the world in all
+histories, precepts, and even verses, are for ever bidding one be on
+one's guard and forbidding belief, I carry out the former--"to be on my
+guard"--the latter--"to disbelieve"[265]--I cannot carry out. Clodius is
+still threatening me with danger. Pompey asserts that there is no
+danger. He swears it. He even adds that he will himself be murdered by
+him sooner than I injured. The negotiation is going on. As soon as
+anything is settled I will write you word. If I have to fight, I will
+summon you to share in the work. If I am let alone, I won't rout you out
+of your "Amaltheia." About politics I will write briefly: for I am now
+afraid lest the very paper should betray me. Accordingly, in future, if
+I have anything more to write to you, I shall clothe it in covert
+language. For the present the state is dying of a novel disorder; for
+although everybody disapproves of what has been done, complains, and is
+indignant about it, and though there is absolutely no difference of
+opinion on the subject, and people now speak openly and groan aloud, yet
+no remedy is applied: for we do not think resistance possible without a
+general slaughter, nor see what the end of concession is to be except
+ruin. Bibulus is exalted to the skies as far as admiration and affection
+go. His edicts and speeches are copied out and read. He has reached the
+summit of glory in a novel way. There is now nothing so popular as the
+dislike of the popular party. I have my fears as to how this will end.
+But if I ever see my way clearly in anything, I will write to you more
+explicitly. For yourself, if you love me as much as I am sure you do,
+take care to be ready to come in all haste as soon as I call for you.
+But I do my best, and shall do so, to make it unnecessary. I said I
+would call you Furius in my letters, but it is not necessary to change
+your name. I'll call myself Lælius and you Atticus, but I will use
+neither my own handwriting nor seal, if the letter happens to be such as
+I should not wish to fall into the hands of a stranger. Diodotus is
+dead; he has left me perhaps 1,000 sestertia. Bibulus has postponed the
+elections to the 18th of October, in an edict expressed in the vein of
+Archilochus.[266] I have received the books from Vibius: he is a
+miserable poet,[267] but yet he is not without some knowledge nor wholly
+useless. I am going to copy the book out and send it back.
+
+[Footnote 264: M. Terentius Varro, "the most learned of the Romans," and
+author of very large numbers of books. He was afterwards one of Pompey's
+_legati_ in Spain. He survived most of the men of the revolutionary
+era.]
+
+[Footnote 265: See Letter XXIV, p. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 266: _I.e._, in biting language. _Archilochum proprio rabies
+armavit iambo_ (Hor. _A. P._ 79).]
+
+[Footnote 267: The _Cosmographia_ of Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter
+XLVIII, p. 120.]
+
+
+
+
+XLVII (A II, 21)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Why should I write to you on the Republic in detail? It is utterly
+ruined; and is, so far, in a worse state than when you left it, that
+then a despotism seemed to be oppressing it which was popular with the
+multitude, and though offensive to the loyalists, yet short of actual
+mischief; but now all on a sudden they have become so universally hated,
+that I tremble to think what will be the end of it. For we have had
+experience of those men's resentment and violence, who have ruined
+everything in their anger against Cato; yet they were employing such
+slow poisons, that it seemed as though our end might be painless. Now,
+however, I fear they have been exasperated by the hisses of the crowd,
+the talk of the respectable classes, and the murmurs of Italy. For my
+part, I was in hopes, as I often used actually to say to you, that the
+wheel of the state chariot had made its revolution with scarcely any
+noise and leaving scarcely any visible rut; and it would have been so,
+if people could only have waited till the storm had blown over. But
+after sighing in secret for a long time they all began, first to groan,
+and at last to talk and shout. Accordingly, that friend of ours,
+unaccustomed to being unpopular, always used to an atmosphere of praise,
+and revelling in glory, now disfigured in body and broken in spirit,
+does not know which way to turn; sees that to go on is dangerous, to
+return a betrayal of vacillation; has the loyalists his enemies, the
+disloyal themselves not his friends. Yet see how soft-hearted I am. I
+could not refrain from tears when, on the 25th of July, I saw him making
+a speech on the edicts of Bibulus. The man who in old times had been
+used to bear himself in that place with the utmost confidence and
+dignity, surrounded by the warmest affection of the people, amidst
+universal favour--how humble, how cast down he was then! How ill-content
+with himself, to say nothing of how unpleasing to his audience! Oh,
+what a spectacle! No one could have liked it but Crassus--no one else in
+the world! Not I, for considering his headlong descent from the stars,
+he seemed to me to have lost his footing rather than to have been
+deliberately following a path; and, as Apelles, if he had seen his
+Venus, or Protogenes his Ialysus daubed with mud, would, I presume, have
+felt great sorrow, so neither could I behold without great sorrow a man,
+portrayed and embellished with all the colours of my art, suddenly
+disfigured. Although no one thought, in view of the Clodius business,
+that I was bound to be his friend, yet so great was my affection for
+him, that no amount of injury was capable of making it run dry. The
+result is that those Archilochian edicts of Bibulus against him are so
+popular, that one can't get past the place where they are put up for the
+crowd of readers, and so deeply annoying to himself that he is pining
+with vexation. To me, by Hercules, they are distressing, both because
+they give excessive pain to a man whom I have always loved, and because
+I fear lest one so impulsive and so quick to strike, and so unaccustomed
+to personal abuse, may, in his passionate resentment, obey the dictates
+of indignation and anger. I don't know what is to be the end of Bibulus.
+As things stand at present he is enjoying a wonderful reputation. For on
+his having postponed the _comitia_ to October, as that is a measure
+which is always against the popular feeling, Cæsar had imagined that the
+assembly could be induced by a speech of his to go to Bibulus's house;
+but after a long harangue full of seditious suggestions, he failed to
+extract a word from anyone. In short, they feel that they do not possess
+the cordial goodwill of any section: all the more must we fear some act
+of violence. Clodius is hostile to us. Pompey persists in asserting that
+he will do nothing against me. It is risky for me to believe that, and I
+am preparing myself to meet his attack. I hope to have the warmest
+feelings of all orders on my side. I have personally a longing for you,
+and circumstances also demand your presence at that time. I shall feel
+it a very great addition to my policy, to my courage, and, in a word, to
+my safety, if I see you in time. Varro does all I can expect. Pompey
+talks like an angel. I have hopes that I shall come off with flying
+colours, or at any rate without being molested. Be sure and tell me how
+you are, how you are amusing yourself, and what settlement you have come
+to with the Sicyonians.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII (A II, 22)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+How I wished you had stayed at Rome! I am sure you would have stayed if
+you had foreseen what was going to happen. For then we should have had
+no difficulty in keeping "Pulchellus" in order, or at least should have
+known what he was going to do. As things are, he darts about, talks like
+a madman, never sticks to anything: threatens now this one and now that:
+seems likely, in reality, to do whatever turns up. When he sees how
+unpopular the present state of things is, he seems to intend an attack
+upon the authors of it; but when he again recalls their power and
+armies, he transfers his hostility to the loyalists. Me personally he
+threatens at one time with violence, at another with impeachment. With
+him Pompey has remonstrated, and, as he tells me himself--for I have no
+other evidence--has urgently remonstrated, pointing out that he would
+himself lie under the extreme imputation of perfidy and unprincipled
+conduct, if any danger to me were created by the man whom he had himself
+armed by acquiescing in his becoming a plebeian: that both he and
+Appius[268] had pledged themselves in regard to me: if Clodius did not
+respect that, he should shew such annoyance that everyone would
+understand that he valued my friendship above everything. Having said
+this and much else to the same effect, he told me that the fellow at
+first argued against it at great length and for a long time, but
+eventually gave way and declared that he would do nothing against his
+wishes. Nevertheless, he has not ceased since then speaking of me with
+the greatest bitterness. But even if he had not done so, I should have
+felt no confidence in him, but should have been making every
+preparation, as in fact I am doing. As it is, I am so conducting myself
+that every day the affections of people towards me and the strength of
+my position are enhanced. I don't touch politics in any shape or way; I
+employ myself with the greatest assiduity in pleading causes and in my
+regular forensic business.[269] And this I feel is extremely gratifying,
+not only to those who enjoy my services, but also to the people
+generally. My house is crowded; I am met by processions; the memory of
+my consulship is renewed; men's feelings are clearly shewn: my hopes are
+so raised, that the struggle hanging over me seems at times one from
+which I need not shrink. Now is the time that I need your advice, your
+love and fidelity. Wherefore come post haste! Everything will be easy
+for me if I have you. I can carry on many negotiations through our
+friend Varro, which will be on firmer ground with you to back them up; a
+great deal can be elicited from Publius himself, and be brought to my
+knowledge, which cannot possibly be kept concealed from you; a great
+deal also--but it is absurd to enumerate particulars, when I want you
+for everything. I would like you to be convinced of this above all, that
+everything will be simplified for me if I see you: but it all turns on
+this coming to pass _before_ he enters on his office. I think that if
+you are here while Crassus is egging on Pompey--as you can get out of
+Clodius himself, by the agency of "Iuno,"[270] how far they are acting
+in good faith--we shall escape molestation, or at any rate not be left
+under a delusion. You don't stand in need of entreaties or urgency from
+me. You understand what my wish is, and what the hour and the importance
+of the business demand. As to politics, I can tell you nothing except
+that everybody entertains the greatest detestation for those who are
+masters of everything. There is, however, no hope of a change. But, as
+you easily understand, Pompey himself is discontented and extremely
+dissatisfied with himself. I don't see clearly what issue to expect: but
+certainly such a state of affairs seems likely to lead to an outbreak of
+some sort. Alexander's books[271]--a careless writer and a poor poet,
+and yet not without some useful information--I have sent back to you. I
+have had pleasure in admitting Numerius Numestius to my friendship, and
+I find him a man of character and good sense, worthy of your
+recommendation.
+
+[Footnote 268: Appius Claudius Pulcher, elder brother of P. Clodius.]
+
+[Footnote 269: The speeches known to us of this year are those for his
+colleague, C. Antonius, A. Thermus, and L. Flaccus. The two former are
+lost, but we know from his own account that he had not avoided touching
+on politics in the speech for Antonius, but had so offended Pompey and
+Cæsar that they at once carried out the adoption of Clodius (_de Domo_,
+§ 41).]
+
+[Footnote 270: [Greek: Boôpis], _i.e._, Clodia. See Letters XXXV, XL.
+_Crasso urgente_ is difficult. Cicero must mean that while Crassus (whom
+he always regards as hostile to himself) is influencing Pompey, he
+cannot trust what Pompey says, and must look for real information
+elsewhere.]
+
+[Footnote 271: Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter XLVI, p. 115.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIX (A II, 23)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+I don't think you have ever before read a letter of mine not written by
+my own hand. You will be able to gather from that how I am distracted
+with business. For as I had not a moment to spare and was obliged to
+take a walk in order to refresh my poor voice, I have dictated this
+while walking. The first thing, then, which I wish you to know is that
+our friend "Sampsiceramus" is exceedingly dissatisfied with his
+position, and desires to be restored to the place from which he has
+fallen; that he confides his annoyance to me, and is without disguise
+seeking for a remedy--which I don't think can be found. The second thing
+is that all on that side, whether promoters or mere hangers-on, are
+falling out of fashion, though no one opposes them: there never was a
+greater unanimity of feeling or talk everywhere. For myself (for I am
+sure you wish to know it) I take part in no political deliberations, and
+have devoted myself entirely to my forensic business and work. Thereby,
+as may easily be understood, I have frequent occasion to refer to my
+past achievements and to express my regret. But the brother of our
+"Iuno" is giving utterance to all kinds of alarming threats, and, while
+disclaiming them to "Sampsiceramus," makes an open avowal and parade of
+them to others. Wherefore, loving me as much as I know you do, if you
+are asleep, wake up; if you are standing, start walking; if you are
+walking, set off running; if you are running, take wings and fly. You
+can scarcely believe how much I confide in your advice and wisdom, and
+above all in your affection and fidelity. The importance of the
+interests involved perhaps demands a long disquisition, but the close
+union of our hearts is contented with brevity. It is of very great
+importance to me that, if you can't be at Rome at the elections, you
+should at least be here after his election is declared.[272] Take care
+of your health.
+
+[Footnote 272: _I.e._, between the time of his election and of his
+entering on his office. The tribunes entered on their office on the 10th
+of December; the elections usually took place in July, but were
+postponed till October this year by Bibulus. See Letter XLVI, p. 115.]
+
+
+
+
+L (A II, 24)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+In the letter which I delivered to Numestius I begged you to come back,
+in the most urgent and vehement terms it was possible to use. To the
+speed which I then enjoined even add something if you possibly can. And
+yet do not be agitated, for I know you well, and am not ignorant of "how
+love is all compact of thought and fear." But the matter, I hope, is
+going to be less formidable in the end than it was at its beginning.
+That fellow Vettius, our old informer, promised Cæsar, as far as I can
+make out, that he would secure young Curio being brought under some
+suspicion of guilt. Accordingly, he wormed his way into intimacy with
+the young man, and having, as is proved, often met him, at last went the
+length of telling him that he had resolved by the help of his slaves to
+make an attack upon Pompey and assassinate him. Curio reported this to
+his father, the latter to Pompey. The matter was reported to the senate.
+Vettius, on being brought in, at first denied that he had ever had any
+appointment with Curio. However, he did not long stick to that, but
+immediately claimed the protection of the state as giving information.
+There was a shout of "no" to this;[273] but he went on to state that
+there had been a confederacy of young men under the leadership of Curio,
+to which Paullus had at first belonged, and Q. Cæpio (I mean
+Brutus[274]) and Lentulus, son of the flamen, with the privity of his
+father: that afterwards C. Septimius, secretary to Bibulus, had brought
+him a dagger from Bibulus. That made the whole thing ridiculous, as
+though Vettius would have been at a loss for a dagger unless the consul
+had given him one; and it was all the more scouted because on the 5th of
+May Bibulus had told Pompey to be on his guard against plots; on which
+occasion Pompey had thanked him. Young Curio, being brought into the
+senate, spoke in answer to the allegations of Vettius; and on this
+particular occasion the strongest thing against Vettius was his having
+said that the plan of the young men was to attack Pompey in the forum,
+with the help of Gabinius's gladiators,[275] and that in this the
+ring-leader was Paullus, who was ascertained to have been in Macedonia
+at that time. A decree of the senate is passed that "Vettius, having
+confessed to having 'worn a dagger,'[276] should be cast into prison;
+that anyone releasing him would be guilty of treason to the state." The
+opinion generally held is that the whole affair had been arranged.
+Vettius was to be caught in the forum with a dagger, and his slaves also
+with weapons, and he was then to offer to lay an information; and this
+would have been carried out, had not the Curios given Pompey previous
+information. Presently the decree of the senate was read in public
+assembly. Next day, however, Cæsar--the man who formerly as prætor had
+bidden Q. Catulus[277] speak on the ground below--now brought Vettius on
+to the rostra, and placed him on an elevation to which Bibulus, though
+consul, was prevented from aspiring. Here that fellow said exactly what
+he chose about public affairs, and, having come there primed and
+instructed, first struck Cæpio's name out of his speech, though he had
+named him most emphatically in the senate, so that it was easy to see
+that a night and a nocturnal intercession[278] had intervened: next he
+named certain men on whom he had not cast even the slightest suspicion
+in the senate: L. Lucullus, by whom he said that C. Fannius was usually
+sent to him--the man who on a former occasion had backed a prosecution
+of Clodius; L. Domitius, whose house had been agreed on as the
+headquarters of the conspirators. Me he did not _name_, but he said that
+"an eloquent consular, who lived near the consul, had said to him that
+there was need of some Servilius Ahala or Brutus being found."[279] He
+added at the very end, on being recalled by Vatinius after the assembly
+had been dismissed, that he had been told by Curio that my son-in-law
+Piso was privy to these proceedings, as M. Laterensis also. At present
+Vettius is on trial for "violence" before Crassus Dives,[280] and when
+condemned he intends to claim the impunity of an informer; and if he
+obtains that, there seem likely to be some prosecutions. I don't despise
+the danger, for I never despise any danger, but neither do I much fear
+it. People indeed shew very great affection for me, but I am quite tired
+of life: such a scene of misery is it all. It was only the other day
+that we were fearing a massacre, which the speech of that gallant old
+man Q. Considius prevented:[281] now this one, which we might have
+feared any day, has suddenly turned up. In short, nothing can be more
+unfortunate than I, or more fortunate than Catulus, both in the
+splendour of his life and in the time of his death. However, in the
+midst of these miseries I keep my spirit erect and undismayed, and
+maintain my position in a most dignified manner and with great caution.
+Pompey bids me have no anxiety about Clodius, and shews the most cordial
+goodwill to me in everything he says. I desire to have you to suggest my
+policy, to be the partner in my anxieties, and to share my every
+thought. Therefore I have commissioned Numestius to urge you, and I now
+entreat you with the same or, if possible, greater earnestness, to
+literally fly to us. I shall breathe again when I once see you.
+
+[Footnote 273: _Reclamatum est._ The MSS. have _haud reclamatum est_,
+"it was not refused."]
+
+[Footnote 274: Marcus Iunius Brutus, the future assassin of Cæsar,
+adopted by his uncle, Q. Servilius Cæpio. The father of Lentulus was
+_flamen Martialis_ (L. Lentulus), _in Vat._ § 25. Paullus is L. Æmilius
+Paullus, consul B.C. 50.]
+
+[Footnote 275: _Cum gladiatoribus._ Others omit _cum_, in which case the
+meaning will be "at the gladiatorial shows of Gabinius." As some _date_
+is wanted, this is probably right.]
+
+[Footnote 276: Under the _lex de sicariis_ of Sulla carrying a weapon
+with felonious intent was a capital crime, for which a man was tried
+_inter sicarios_. See 2 _Phil._ §§ 8, 74.]
+
+[Footnote 277: Q. Lutatius Catulus, who died in the previous year, B.C.
+60, had been a keen opponent of Cæsar, who tried to deprive him of the
+honour of dedicating the restored Capitoline temple, and beat him in the
+election of Pontifex Maximus.]
+
+[Footnote 278: Servilia, mother of Brutus, was reported to be Cæsar's
+mistress. As Cicero is insinuating that the whole affair was got up by
+Cæsar to irritate Pompey with the _boni_, this allusion will be
+understood.]
+
+[Footnote 279: If Vettius did say this, he at any rate successfully
+imitated Cicero's manner. These names are always in his mouth. See 2
+_Phil._ §§ 26, 87; _pro Mil._. §§ 8, 82, etc. For a farther discussion
+of Vettius, see Appendix B.]
+
+[Footnote 280: Probably a prætor, not the triumvir.]
+
+[Footnote 281: Q. Considius Gallus, who, according to Plutarch (_Cæs._
+13), said in the senate that the attendance of senators was small
+because they feared a massacre. "What made you come, then?" said Cæsar.
+"My age," he replied; "I have little left to lose."]
+
+
+
+
+LI (A II, 25)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+When I have praised any one of your friends to you I should like you
+tell him that I have done so. For instance, you know I lately wrote to
+you about Varro's kindness to me, and that you wrote me back word that
+the circumstance gave you the greatest delight. But I should have
+preferred your writing to him and saying that he was doing all I could
+expect--not because he was, but in order that he might do so. For he is
+a man of astonishing whims, as you know, "tortuous and no
+wise----."[282] But I stick to the rule "Follies of those in power,"
+etc.[283] But, by Hercules, that other friend of yours, Hortalus--with
+what a liberal hand, with what candour, and in what ornate language has
+he praised me to the skies, when speaking of the prætorship of Flaccus
+and that incident of the Allobroges.[284] I assure you nothing could
+have been more affectionate, complimentary, or more lavishly expressed.
+I very much wish that you would write and tell him that I sent you word
+of it. Yet why write? I think you are on your way and are all but here.
+For I have urged you so strongly to come in my previous letters. I am
+expecting you with great impatience, longing for you very much; nor do I
+call for you more than circumstances themselves and the state of the
+times. Nothing can be more desperate than the position of politics,
+nothing more unpopular than the authors of it, I--as I think, hope, and
+imagine--am safe behind a rampart of goodwill of the strongest kind.
+Wherefore fly to me: you will either relieve me from all annoyance or
+will share it. My letter is all the shorter because, as I hope, I shall
+be able in a very short time to talk over what I want to say face to
+face. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 282:
+
+    [Greek: helikta kouden hygies alla pan perix phronountes.]
+
+Eur. _Androm._ 448.
+
+    "With tortuous thoughts, naught honest, winding all."
+]
+
+[Footnote 283:
+
+    [Greek: tas tôn kratountôn amathias pherein chreôn.]
+
+Eur. _Phoen._ 393.
+
+    "Follies of those in power we needs must bear."
+]
+
+[Footnote 284: L. Valerius Flaccus, as prætor in B.C. 63, had assisted
+Cicero in the Catiline conspiracy. He was now being tried for
+embezzlement in Asia, and was defended by the famous Q. Hortensius
+(Hortalus) and Cicero--the only extant speech of this year.]
+
+
+
+
+LII (Q FR I, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME, 26 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+Statius arrived at my house on the 25th October. His arrival gave me
+uneasiness, because you said in your letter that you would be plundered
+by your household in his absence. However, I thought it a very happy
+circumstance that he anticipated the expectation of his arrival, and the
+company that would have assembled to meet him, if he had left the
+province with you, and had not appeared before. For people have
+exhausted their remarks, and many observations have been made and done
+with of the "Nay, but I looked for a mighty man"[285] kind, which I am
+glad to have all over before you come. But as for the motive for your
+sending him--that he might clear himself with me--that was not at all
+necessary. For, to begin with, I had never suspected him, nor in what I
+wrote to you about him was I expressing my own judgment; but since the
+interest and safety of all of us who take part in public business
+depends, not on truth alone, but on report also, I wrote you word of
+what people were saying, not what I thought myself. How prevalent and
+how formidable that talk was Statius ascertained himself on his arrival.
+For he was present when certain persons at my house gave vent to some
+complaints on that very subject, and had the opportunity of perceiving
+that the observations of the malevolent were being directed at himself
+especially. But it used to annoy me most when I was told that he had
+greater influence with you, than your sober time of life and the wisdom
+of a governor required. How many people, do you suppose, have solicited
+me to give them a letter of introduction to Statius? How often, do you
+suppose, has he himself, while talking without reserve to me, made such
+observations as, "I never approved of that," "I told him so," "I tried
+to persuade him," "I warned him not to"? And even if these things shew
+the highest fidelity, as I believe they do, since that is your judgment,
+yet the mere appearance of a freedman or slave enjoying such influence
+cannot but lower your dignity: and the long and short of it is--for I am
+in duty bound not to say anything without good grounds, nor to keep back
+anything from motives of policy--that Statius has supplied all the
+material for the gossip of those who wished to decry you; that formerly
+all that could be made out was that certain persons were angry at your
+strictness; but that after his manumission the angry had something to
+talk about.
+
+Now I will answer the letters delivered to me by L. Cæsius, whom, as I
+see you wish it, I will serve in every way I can. One of them is about
+Zeuxis of Blaundus, whom you say was warmly recommended to you by me
+though a most notorious matricide. In this matter, and on this subject
+generally, please listen to a short statement, lest you should by chance
+be surprised at my having become so conciliatory towards Greeks. Seeing,
+as I did, that the complaints of Greeks, because they have a genius for
+deceit, were allowed an excessive weight, whenever I was told of any of
+them making complaint of you, I appeased them by every means in my
+power. First, I pacified the Dionysopolitans, who were very bitter:
+whose chief man, Hermippus, I secured not only by my conversation, but
+by treating him as a friend. I did the same to Hephæstus of Apameia; the
+same to that most untrustworthy fellow, Megaristus of Antandrus; the
+same to Nicias of Smyrna; I also embraced with all the courtesy I
+possessed the most trumpery of men, even Nymphôn of Colophôn. And all
+this I did from no liking for these particular people, or the nation as
+a whole: I was heartily sick of their fickleness and obsequiousness, of
+feelings that are not affected by our kindness, but by our position.
+
+But to return to Zeuxis. When he was telling me the same story as you
+mention in your letter about what M. Cascellius had said to him in
+conversation, I stopped him from farther talk, and admitted him to my
+society. I cannot, however, understand your virulence when you say that,
+having sewn up in the parricide's-sack two Mysians at Smyrna, you
+desired to display a similar example of your severity in the upper part
+of your province, and that, therefore, you had wished to inveigle Zeuxis
+into your hands by every possible means. For if he had been brought into
+court, he ought perhaps not to have been allowed to escape: but there
+was no necessity for his being hunted out and inveigled by soft words to
+stand a trial, as you say in your letter--especially as he is one whom I
+learn daily, both from his fellow citizens and from many others, to be a
+man of higher character than you would expect from such an obscure town
+as his.[286] But, you will say, it is only Greeks to whom I am
+indulgent. What! did not I do everything to appease L. Cæcilius? What a
+man! how irritable! how violent! In fact, who is there except
+Tuscenius,[287] whose case admitted of no cure, have I not softened? See
+again, I have now on my hands a shifty, mean fellow, though of
+equestrian rank, called Catienus: even he is going to be smoothed down.
+I don't blame you for having been somewhat harsh to his father, for I am
+quite sure you have acted with good reason: but what need was there of a
+letter of the sort which you sent to the man himself? "That the man was
+rearing the cross for himself from which you had already pulled him off
+once; that you would take care to have him smoked to death, and would be
+applauded by the whole province for it." Again, to a man named C.
+Fabius--for that letter also T. Catienus is handing round--"that you
+were told that the kidnapper Licinius, with his young kite of a son, was
+collecting taxes." And then you go on to ask Fabius to burn both father
+and son alive if he can; if not, to send them to you, that they may be
+burnt to death by legal sentence. That letter sent by you in jest to C.
+Fabius, if it really is from you, exhibits to ordinary readers a
+violence of language very injurious to you. Now, if you will refer to
+the exhortations in all my letters, you will perceive that I have never
+found fault with you for anything except harshness and sharpness of
+temper, and occasionally, though rarely, for want of caution in the
+letters you write. In which particulars, indeed, if my influence had had
+greater weight with you than a somewhat excessive quickness of
+disposition, or a certain enjoyment in indulging temper, or a faculty
+for epigram and a sense of humour, we should certainly have had no cause
+for dissatisfaction. And don't you suppose that I feel no common
+vexation when I am told how Vergilius is esteemed, and your neighbour
+C. Octavius?[288] For if you only excel your neighbours farther up
+country, in Cilicia and Syria, that is a pretty thing to boast of! And
+that is just the sting of the matter, that though the men I have named
+are not more blameless than yourself, they yet outdo you in the art of
+winning favour, though they know nothing of Xenophon's Cyrus or
+Agesilaus; from which kings, in the exercise of their great office, no
+one ever heard an irritable word. But in giving you this advice, as I
+have from the first, I am well aware how much good I have done.[289]
+
+Now, however, as you are about to quit your province, pray do leave
+behind you--as I think you are now doing--as pleasant a memory as
+possible. You have a successor of very mild manners; in other respects,
+on his arrival, you will be much missed. In sending letters of
+requisition, as I have often told you, you have allowed yourself to be
+too easily persuaded. Destroy, if you can, all such as are inequitable,
+or contrary to usage, or contradictory to others. Statius told me that
+they were usually put before you ready written, read by himself, and
+that, if they were inequitable, he informed you of the fact: but that
+before he entered your service there had been no sifting of letters;
+that the result was that there were volumes containing a selection of
+letters, which were usually adversely criticised.[290] On this subject I
+am not going to give you any advice at this time of day, for it is too
+late; and you cannot but be aware that I have often warned you in
+various ways and with precision. But I have, on a hint from Theopompus,
+intrusted him with this message to you: do see by means of persons
+attached to you, which you will find no difficulty in doing, that the
+following classes of letters are destroyed--first, those that are
+inequitable; next, those that are contradictory; then those expressed in
+an eccentric or unusual manner; and lastly, those that contain
+reflexions on anyone. I don't believe all I hear about these matters,
+and if, in the multiplicity of your engagements, you have let certain
+things escape you, now is the time to look into them and weed them out.
+I have read a letter said to have been written by your nomenclator Sulla
+himself, which I cannot approve: I have read some written in an angry
+spirit. But the subject of letters comes in pat: for while this sheet of
+paper was actually in my hands, L. Flavius, prætor-designate and a very
+intimate friend, came to see me. He told me that you had sent a letter
+to his agents, which seemed to me most inequitable, prohibiting them
+from taking anything from the estate of the late L. Octavius Naso, whose
+heir L. Flavius is, until they had paid a sum of money to C. Fundanius;
+and that you had sent a similar letter to the Apollonidenses, not to
+allow any payment on account of the estate of the late Octavius till the
+debt to Fundanius had been discharged. It seems to me hardly likely that
+you have done this; for it is quite unlike your usual good sense. The
+heir not to take anything? What if he disowns the debt? What if he
+doesn't owe it at all? Moreover, is the prætor wont to decide whether a
+debt is due?[291] Don't I, again, wish well to Fundanius? Am I not his
+friend? Am I not touched with compassion? No one more so: but in certain
+matters the course of law is so clear as to leave no place for personal
+feeling. And Flavius told me that expressions were used in the letter,
+which he said was yours, to the effect that you would "either thank them
+as friends, or make yourself disagreeable to them as enemies." In short,
+he was much annoyed, complained of it to me in strong terms, and begged
+me to write to you as seriously as I could. This I am doing, and I do
+strongly urge you again and again to withdraw your injunction to
+Flavius's agents about taking money from the estate, and not to lay any
+farther injunction on the Apollonidenses contrary to the rights of
+Flavius. Pray do everything you can for the sake of Flavius and, indeed,
+of Pompey also. I would not, upon my honour, have you think me liberal
+to him at the expense of any inequitable decision on your part: but I do
+entreat you to leave behind you some authority, and some memorandum of a
+decree or of a letter under your hand, so framed as to support the
+interests and cause of Flavius. For the man, who is at once very
+attentive to me, and tenacious of his own rights and dignity, is feeling
+extremely hurt that he has not prevailed with you either on the grounds
+of personal friendship or of legal right; and, to the best of my belief,
+both Pompey and Cæsar have, at one time or another, commended the
+interests of Flavius to you, and Flavius has written to you personally,
+and certainly I have. Wherefore, if there is anything which you think
+you ought to do at my request, let it be this. If you love me, take
+every care, take every trouble, and insure Flavius's cordial thanks both
+to yourself and myself. I cannot use greater earnestness in making any
+request than I use in this.
+
+As to what you say about Hermias, it has been in truth a cause of much
+vexation to me. I wrote you a letter in a rather unbrotherly spirit,
+which I dashed off in a fit of anger and now wish to recall, having been
+irritated by what Lucullus's freedman told me, immediately after hearing
+of the bargain. For this letter, which was not expressed in a brotherly
+way, you ought to have brotherly feeling enough to make allowance. As to
+Censorinus, Antonius, the Cassii, Scævola--I am delighted to hear from
+you that you possess their friendship. The other contents of that same
+letter of yours were expressed more strongly than I could have wished,
+such as your "with my ship at least well trimmed"[292] and your "die
+once for all."[293] You will find those expressions to be unnecessarily
+strong. My scoldings have always been very full of affection. They
+mention certain things for complaint,[294] but these are not important,
+or rather, are quite insignificant. For my part, I should never have
+thought you deserving of the least blame in any respect, considering the
+extreme purity of your conduct, had it not been that our enemies are
+numerous. Whatever I have written to you in a tone of remonstrance or
+reproach I have written from a vigilant caution, which I maintain, and
+shall maintain; and I shall not cease imploring you to do the same.
+Attalus of Hypæpa has begged me to intercede with you that you should
+not prevent his getting the money paid which has been decreed for a
+statue of Q. Publicius. In which matter I both ask as a favour and urge
+as a duty, that you should not consent to allow the honour of a man of
+his character, and so close a friend of mine, to be lowered or hindered
+by your means. Farthermore, Licinius, who is known to you, a slave of my
+friend Æsopus, has run away. He has been at Athens, living in the house
+of Patron the Epicurean as a free man. Thence he has made his way to
+Asia. Afterwards a certain Plato of Sardis, who is often at Athens, and
+happened to be at Athens at the time that Licinius arrived there, having
+subsequently learnt by a letter from Æsopus that he was an escaped
+slave, arrested the fellow, and put him into confinement at Ephesus; but
+whether into the public prison, or into a slave mill, we could not
+clearly make out from his letter. But since he is at Ephesus, I should
+be obliged if you would trace him in any manner open to you, and with
+all care either [send him] or bring him home with you. Don't take into
+consideration the fellow's value: such a good-for-nothing is worth very
+little; but Æsopus is so much vexed at his slave's bad conduct and
+audacity, that you can do him no greater favour than by being the means
+of his recovering him.
+
+Now for the news that you chiefly desire. We have so completely lost the
+constitution that Cato,[295] a young man of no sense, but yet a Roman
+citizen and a Cato, scarcely got off with his life because, having
+determined to prosecute Gabinius for bribery, when the prætors could not
+be approached for several days, and refused to admit anyone to their
+presence, he mounted the rostra in public meeting and called Pompey an
+"unofficial dictator." No one ever had a narrower escape of being
+killed. From this you may see the state of the whole Republic. People,
+however, shew no inclination to desert my cause. They make wonderful
+professions, offers of service, and promises: and, indeed, I have the
+highest hopes and even greater spirit--so that I hope to get the better
+in the struggle, and feel confident in my mind that, in the present
+state of the Republic, I need not fear even an accident. However, the
+matter stands thus: if Clodius gives notice of an action against me, the
+whole of Italy will rush to my support, so that I shall come off with
+many times greater glory than before; but if he attempts the use of
+violence, I hope, by the zeal not only of friends but also of opponents,
+to be able to meet force with force. All promise me the aid of
+themselves, their friends, clients, freedmen, slaves, and, finally, of
+their money. Our old regiment of loyalists is warm in its zeal and
+attachment to me. If there were any who had formerly been comparatively
+hostile or lukewarm, they are now uniting themselves with the loyalists
+from hatred to these despots. Pompey makes every sort of promise, and so
+does Cæsar: but my confidence in them is not enough to induce me to drop
+any of my preparations. The tribunes-designate are friendly to us. The
+consuls-designate make excellent professions. Some of the new prætors
+are very friendly and very brave citizens--Domitius, Nigidius, Memmius,
+Lentulus[296]--the others are loyalists also, but these are eminently
+so. Wherefore keep a good heart and high hopes. However, I will keep you
+constantly informed on particular events as they occur from day to day.
+
+[Footnote 285: [Greek: all' aiei tina phôta megan kai kalon edegmên],
+"but I ever expected some big and handsome man" (Hom. _Odyss._ ix. 513).
+Statius had been manumitted by Quintus Cicero, and there had been much
+talk about it, as we have already heard. See XLIV, p. 109, and XLV, p.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote 286: Reading _quam pro civitate sua_ for _prope quam civitatem
+suam_. I think _prope_ and _pro_ (_pr_) might easily have been mistaken
+for each other, and if the order of _quam_ and _pro_ (mistaken for
+_prope_) were once changed, the case of _civitate_ would follow. Prof.
+Tyrrell, who writes the town _Blandus_, would read _molliorem_ for
+_nobiliorem_, and imagines a pun on the meaning of _Blandus_. But the
+name of the town seems certainly _Blaundus_, [Greek: Blaundos], or
+[Greek: Mlaundos] (Stephanus, [Greek: Blaudos]); see Head, _Hist. Num._
+p. 559: and Cicero, though generally punning on names, would hardly do
+so here, where he is making a grave excuse.]
+
+[Footnote 287: Whom he called (Letter XXIX) "a madman and a knave."]
+
+[Footnote 288: C. Vergilius Balbus, proprætor in Sicily (_pro Planc._ §
+95; Letter XXIX). C. Octavius (father of Augustus), in Macedonia (see p.
+78). L. Marcius Philippus was proprætor of Syria B.C. 61-59. The
+governor of Cilicia in the same period is not known; probably some one
+left in charge by Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 289: I have endeavoured to leave the English as ambiguous as
+the Latin. Cicero may mean that he has done some good, for at the end of
+Letter XXIX he says that Quintus has improved in these points, and had
+been better in his second than in his first year. On the other hand, the
+context here seems rather to point to the meaning "how _little_ good I
+have done!"--impatiently dismissing the subject of temper.]
+
+[Footnote 290: These "requisitionary letters" were granted by a
+provincial governor to certain persons requiring supplies, payment of
+debts, or legal decisions in their favour in the provinces, or other
+privileges, and, if carelessly granted, were open to much abuse. Cicero,
+in his own government of Cilicia, boasted that he had signed none such
+in six months. The ill-wishers of Quintus had apparently got hold of a
+number of these letters signed by him (having been first written out by
+the suitors themselves and scarcely glanced at by him), and a selection
+of them published to prove his injustice or carelessness.]
+
+[Footnote 291: The governor of a province would stand in such a matter
+in the place of the prætor in Rome, _i.e._, he would decide on questions
+of law, not of fact, as, whether a debt was due or not. However, Quintus
+perhaps only erred in the form of his injunction. He might forbid the
+deceased's estate being touched till the question of Fundanius's debt
+was decided; but in his letter he assumed (as he had no right to do)
+that the claim was good. Substantially it seems to me that Quintus was
+right, and certainly in his appeal to him Cicero does not follow his own
+injunction to disregard personal feelings.]
+
+[Footnote 292: [Greek: orthan tan naun]. Quintus had written, it seems,
+defiantly about the slanders afloat against him, and had quoted two
+Greek proverbial sayings. The first is found in Stobæus, 108 (extract
+from Teles): "It was a fine saying of the pilot, 'At least, Poseidon, a
+ship well trimmed,'" _i.e._, if you sink my ship, she shall at least go
+down with honour. Quintus means, "Whatever my enemies may do afterwards,
+I will keep my province in a sound state as long as I am here."]
+
+[Footnote 293: [Greek: hapax thanein], perhaps "Better to die once for
+all than give in to every unjust demand." The editors quote Æschylus,
+_Pr. V._ 769:
+
+            [Greek: kreisson gar eisapax thanein
+    ê thas hapasas hêmeras paschein kakôs.]
+
+But I don't feel sure that this is the passage alluded to.]
+
+[Footnote 294: Reading _queruntur_ for _quæ sunt_.]
+
+[Footnote 295: Gaius Cato, tribune B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 296: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who as prætor threatened Cæsar
+with impeachment, and as consul (B.C. 54) tried to get him recalled. He
+was, in 50-49, appointed Cæsar's successor in Gaul, defended Marseilles
+against him, and eventually fell in the battle of Pharsalia. P. Nigidius
+Figulus supported Cicero during the Catiline conspiracy. Gaius Memmius,
+ædile B.C. 60 (see p. 51). Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. L.
+Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul B.C. 49, accused Clodius in B.C. 61,
+murdered in Africa after Pompey, B.C. 48.]
+
+
+
+
+LIII (F XIII, 42)
+
+TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)
+
+ROME[297]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+My friend L. Lucceius,[298] the most delightful fellow in the world, has
+expressed in my presence amazingly warm thanks to you, saying that you
+have given most complete and liberal promises to his agents. Since your
+words have roused such gratitude in him, you may imagine how grateful he
+will be for the thing itself, when, as I hope, you will have performed
+your promise. In any case the people of Bullis have shewn that they
+intend to do Lucceius right according to the award of Pompey. But we
+have very great need of the additional support of your wishes,
+influence, and prætorian authority. That you should give us these I beg
+you again and again. And this will be particularly gratifying to me,
+because Lucceius's agents know, and Lucceius himself gathered from your
+letter to him, that no one's influence has greater weight with you than
+mine. I ask you once more, and reiterate my request, that he may find
+that to be the case by practical experience.
+
+[Footnote 297: There is no direct means of dating these letters, as we
+have no other information as to the proconsulship of Culleolus.
+Illyricum was not always a separate government, but was sometimes under
+the governor of Macedonia, sometimes under the governor of Gaul. The
+indications of date are (1) Pompey is at home and often seen by Cicero,
+therefore it is not between the spring of B.C. 67 and the end of 62; (2)
+it is not later than March, B.C. 58, because from that time for ten
+years Cæsar was governor of Illyricum, and before he ceased to be so
+Pompey had left Italy, never to return. Even if Culleolus was not
+governor of Illyricum, but of Macedonia, the same argument holds good,
+for C. Antonius was in Macedonia B.C. 63-60, and Octavius from B.C. 60
+to March, B.C. 59. That is, Culleolus could not have been in Macedonia
+while Pompey was in Italy till after March, B.C. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 298: L. Lucceius, whom we have heard of before as a candidate
+for the consulship with Cæsar, and whom we shall hear of again as the
+author of a history of the social and civil wars (Sulla and Marius), and
+as being asked to write on Cicero's consulship. He was a close friend of
+Pompey, and took his side in B.C. 49 (Cæs. _B. C._ iii. 18). The people
+of Bullis owed Lucceius money, and Cicero asks for "mandatory letters"
+from Culleolus to get it.]
+
+
+
+
+LIV (F XIII, 41)
+
+TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, ÆT. 47]
+
+In what you have done for the sake of L. Lucceius, I wish you to be
+fully aware that you have obliged a man who will be exceedingly
+grateful; and that, while this is very much the case with Lucceius
+himself, so also Pompey as often as he sees me--and he sees me very
+often--thanks you in no common terms. I add also, what I know will be
+exceedingly gratifying to you, that I am myself immensely delighted with
+your kindness to Lucceius. For the rest, though I have no doubt that as
+you acted before for my sake, so now, for the sake of your own
+consistency, you will abide by your liberal intentions, yet I reiterate
+my request to you with all earnestness, that what you first gave us
+reason to hope, and then actually carried out, you would be so good as
+to see extended and brought to a final completion by your means. I
+assure you, and I pledge my credit to it, that such a course will be
+exceedingly gratifying to both Lucceius and Pompey, and that you will be
+making a most excellent investment with them. About politics, and about
+the business going on here, and what we are all thinking about, I wrote
+to you in full detail a few days ago, and delivered the letter to your
+servants. Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS IN EXILE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58. Coss., L. Piso, A. Gabinius.]
+
+     We have no record in Cicero's correspondence of the final measures
+     taken by Clodius against him. We find him when the correspondence
+     for this year opens on his way to exile: all his boasts of staying
+     and fighting have been thrown to the winds. Clodius, indeed, had
+     not simply done what Cicero expected at the worst--impeached him.
+     He had gone more systematically to work. Among other measures
+     calculated to win popularity, he proposed a modification of the
+     _lex Ælia Fufia_, declaring it illegal for a magistrate to stop
+     legislative _comitia_ by "watching the sky." Thus freed from one
+     hindrance, he next proposed and carried a law for the prosecution
+     of any magistrate who had put a citizen to death without trial
+     (_qui indemnatos cives necavisset_). Cicero at once recognized his
+     danger: if the people voted this law, a jury could scarcely fail to
+     condemn. The triumvirs would do nothing. Pompey, after all his
+     promises, avoided seeing Cicero as much as possible: Cæsar offered
+     him a _legatio_ again; and though he spoke against giving the law a
+     retrospective effect, he could not consistently object to the law
+     itself, and shewed no sign of desiring to shelter Cicero, except on
+     his consenting to leave Rome. Cicero then adopted the course which
+     was open to all citizens threatened with a prosecution--that of
+     going away from Rome--and started apparently with the view of going
+     to Malta. Whether it was wise or not, Cicero afterwards lamented
+     having taken this course, and thought that he had better have
+     braved the danger and stood his trial. It at any rate facilitated
+     the next move of Clodius, who proposed and carried a bill
+     forbidding Cicero "fire and water" within 500 (afterwards reduced
+     to 400) miles of Italy, and confiscating his property. Accordingly,
+     Cicero had to go much farther than he had intended. He crossed from
+     Brundisium to Dyrrachium, and proceeded along the _via Egnatia_ to
+     its terminus at Thessalonica, where he spent the autumn, B.C. 58.
+     In November, B.C. 58, he returned to Dyrrachium, ready for the
+     recall which he heard was imminent. Meanwhile his town house was
+     destroyed, its site made a _templum_, and a statue of Liberty set
+     up in it, and his villas at Tusculum and Antium dismantled. The
+     dangers of his position are not exaggerated in his letters, and may
+     account for much of their melancholy tone. He had lost the
+     protection of the laws, and any one of his many enemies meeting him
+     might have killed him with practical impunity. He seems to have
+     left Rome in April.
+
+
+
+
+LV (A III, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+VIBO, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I hope I may see the day when I shall thank you for having compelled me
+to remain alive! At present I thoroughly repent it. But I beg you to
+come and see me at Vibo at once, to which town I have for several
+reasons directed my journey.[299] But if you will only come there, I
+shall be able to consult you about my entire journey and exile. If you
+don't do so, I shall be surprised, but I feel sure you will.
+
+[Footnote 299: Mod. _Monte Leone_, on the road to Rhegium, from which at
+this time Cicero meant to cross to Sicily, and thence to Malta.]
+
+
+
+
+LVI (A III, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+NARES LUCANÆ,[300] APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+The reason for having come this journey is that there was no place where
+I could be independent except on Sica's estate,[301] especially till the
+bill is emended,[302] and at the same time because I find that from this
+spot I can reach Brundisium, if you were only with me, but without you I
+cannot stay in those parts owing to Autronius.[303] At present, as I
+said in my previous letter, if you will come to me, we shall be able to
+form a plan for the whole business. I know the journey is troublesome,
+but the whole calamity is full of troubles. I cannot write more, I am so
+heart-broken and dejected. Take care of your health.
+
+From Nares Lucanæ, 8 April.
+
+[Footnote 300: Nares Lucanæ (_Monte Nero_), near the River Silarus, and
+on the _via Popilia_ (south-western branch of the _Appia_). Cicero has
+therefore come north again from Vibo, having given up the idea of
+Rhegium and Sicily, and making for Beneventum, and so by the _via Appia_
+for Brundisium.]
+
+[Footnote 301: A friend of Cicero's, of whose death at Brundisium we
+afterwards hear (_Fam._ xiv. 4, § 6).]
+
+[Footnote 302: The bill originally named 500 miles as the distance from
+Italy. Before passing it had to be put up in public three weeks
+(_trinundinæ_), and meanwhile might be amended, and was amended to 400.]
+
+[Footnote 303: P. Autronius Pætus, one of Catiline's confederates, who
+would injure Cicero if he could. Cicero would not be able to reach
+Epirus without coming within his reach; for he had been condemned for
+_ambitus_, and was in exile there or in Achaia. _Illas partes_=Epirus.]
+
+
+
+
+LVII (A III, 4)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+NEAR VIBO, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I hope you will attribute my sudden departure from Vibo, whither I had
+asked you come, to my unhappiness rather than to fickleness. A copy of
+the bill for my ruin was brought to me, in which the correction of which
+I had been told was to the effect that I might legally remain anywhere
+beyond 400 miles. Since I was not allowed to go yonder,[304] I set out
+towards Brundisium before the day for carrying the bill had come, both
+to prevent Sica, in whose house I was staying, from being ruined,[305]
+and because I was prevented from residing at Malta. So now make haste to
+catch me up, if only I shall find any welcome there.[306] At present I
+receive kind invitations. But about the rest of my journey I am nervous.
+Truly, my dear Pomponius, I am very sorry I consented to live: in which
+matter you exercised the chief influence with me. But of these things
+when we meet. Only be sure and come.
+
+[Footnote 304: To Malta. The proprætor of Sicily, C. Vergilius, opposed
+his going to Malta, which was in the province of Sicily, though it had a
+_primus_ of its own (_Planc._ 40; Plut. _Cic._ 32).]
+
+[Footnote 305: Because of entertaining the condemned man, a special
+proviso in this law (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 306: In Epirus, believing that Atticus will understand that
+his going to Brundisium means that he will go to Epirus: and as Atticus
+lives there, he naturally asks him to come to meet him. Epirus was, for
+certain purposes at least, in the province of Macedonia, and it depended
+on the governor, L. Appuleius Saturninus, what reception he would meet.
+His friend Plancius was quæstor.]
+
+
+
+
+LVIII (A III, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FROM THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THURIUM, ON THE WAY TO BRUNDISIUM, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I always thought that it was of great importance to me that you should
+be with me: but when I read the bill, then, indeed, I understood that
+there could be nothing more desirable for me than that you should
+overtake me as soon as possible, in order that, if after quitting Italy
+I should have to travel through Epirus, I might avail myself of your
+protection and that of your friends; or, if I had to adopt any other
+plan, I might come to some definite resolution in accordance with your
+opinion. Wherefore I beg you to do your best to overtake me promptly,
+which will be easier for you to do since the law about the province of
+Macedonia has now been passed.[307] I would urge you at greater length
+were it not that with you facts speak for me.
+
+[Footnote 307: One of Clodius's concessions to the consuls, to keep them
+quiet, was to get Macedonia assigned by a _lex_ to L. Calpurnius Piso.
+As Atticus lived in what was practically part of the province, and had
+much business there, it was important to him to be on the spot, and try
+to influence the choice of a governor. That being over, he would not
+have so much to detain him in Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LIX (A III, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THURIUM, 10 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Terentia thanks you frequently and very warmly. That is a great comfort
+to me. I am the most miserable man alive, and am being worn out with the
+most poignant sorrow. I don't know what to write to you. For if you are
+at Rome, it is now too late for you to reach me; but if you are on the
+road, we shall discuss together all that needs to be discussed when you
+have overtaken me. All I ask you is to retain the same affection for me,
+since it was always myself you loved. For I am the same man: my enemies
+have taken what was mine, they have not taken myself. Take care of your
+health.
+
+From Thurium, 10 April.
+
+
+
+
+LX (A III, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ON THE WAY TO TARENTUM, 18 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I had felt certain of seeing you at Tarentum or Brundisium, and that was
+of importance to me in many respects: among others, as to my being able
+to stay in Epirus and consult you about the future. My disappointment in
+this is only another item in the long list of my misfortunes.[308] I
+mean to go to Asia, to Cyzicus for choice. I commend my family to you. I
+am very wretched and can scarcely support my life.
+
+From near Tarentum, 17 April.
+
+[Footnote 308: We suppose that Cicero has heard from Atticus that he is
+not going to be at Tarentum or Brundisium, for he writes before arriving
+at either.]
+
+
+
+
+LXI (F XIV, 4)
+
+TO TERENTIA, TULLIOLA, AND YOUNG CICERO (AT ROME)
+
+BRUNDISIUM, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Yes, I do write to you less often than I might, because, though I am
+always wretched, yet when I write to you or read a letter from you, I am
+in such floods of tears that I cannot endure it. Oh, that I had clung
+less to life! I should at least never have known real sorrow, or not
+much of it, in my life. Yet if fortune has reserved for me _any_ hope of
+recovering at any time any position again, I was not utterly wrong to do
+so: if these miseries are to be permanent, I only wish, my dear, to see
+you as soon as possible and to die in your arms, since neither gods,
+whom you have worshipped with such pure devotion, nor men, whom I have
+ever served, have made us any return. I have been thirteen days at
+Brundisium in the house of M. Lænius Flaccus, a very excellent man, who
+has despised the risk to his fortunes and civil existence in comparison
+to keeping me safe, nor has been induced by the penalty of a most
+iniquitous law to refuse me the rights and good offices of hospitality
+and friendship. May I some time have the opportunity of repaying him!
+Feel gratitude I always shall. I set out from Brundisium on the 29th of
+April,[309] and intend going through Macedonia to Cyzicus. What a fall!
+What a disaster! What can I say? Should I ask you to come--a woman of
+weak health and broken spirit? Should I refrain from asking you? Am I to
+be without you, then? I think the best course is this: if there is any
+hope of my restoration, stay to promote it and push the thing on: but
+if, as I fear, it proves hopeless, pray come to me by any means in your
+power. Be sure of this, that if I have you I shall not think myself
+wholly lost. But what is to become of my darling Tullia? You must see to
+that now: I can think of nothing. But certainly, however things turn
+out, we must do everything to promote that poor little girl's married
+happiness and reputation. Again, what is my boy Cicero to do? Let him,
+at any rate, be ever in my bosom and in my arms.[310] I can't write
+more. A fit of weeping hinders me. I don't know how you have got on;
+whether you are left in possession of anything, or have been, as I fear,
+entirely plundered. Piso, as you say, I hope will always be our friend.
+As to the manumission of the slaves you need not be uneasy. To begin
+with, the promise made to yours was that you would treat them according
+as each severally deserved. So far Orpheus has behaved well, besides him
+no one very markedly so. With the rest of the slaves the arrangement is
+that, if my property is forfeited, they should become my freedmen,
+supposing them to be able to maintain at law that status.[311] But if my
+property remained in my ownership, they were to continue slaves, with
+the exception of a very few. But these are trifles. To return to your
+advice, that I should keep up my courage and not give up hope of
+recovering my position, I only wish that there were any good grounds for
+entertaining such a hope. As it is, when, alas! shall I get a letter
+from you? Who will bring it me? I would have waited for it at
+Brundisium, but the sailors would not allow it, being unwilling to lose
+a favourable wind. For the rest, put as dignified a face on the matter
+as you can, my dear Terentia. Our life is over: we have had our day: it
+is not any fault of ours that has ruined us, but our virtue. I have made
+no false step, except in not losing my life when I lost my honours. But
+since our children preferred my living, let us bear everything else,
+however intolerable. And yet I, who encourage you, cannot encourage
+myself. I have sent that faithful fellow Clodius Philhetærus home,
+because he was hampered with weakness of the eyes. Sallustius seems
+likely to outdo everybody in his attentions. Pescennius is exceedingly
+kind to me; and I have hopes that he will always be attentive to you.
+Sica had said that he would accompany me; but he has left Brundisium.
+Take the greatest possible care of your health, and believe me that I am
+more affected by your distress than my own. My dear Terentia, most
+faithful and best of wives, and my darling little daughter, and that
+last hope of my race, Cicero, good-bye!
+
+29 April, from Brundisium.
+
+[Footnote 309: Reading _prid. Kal._ instead of _a. d. II. Kal._, which
+Tyrrell calls _audacius_ in Schutz. But absolute nonsense is not to be
+kept even for a MS.
+
+(1) Cicero says that he has been thirteen days at Brundisium. In the
+next letter he tells Atticus he arrived on the 17th. That, in the Roman
+way of counting, brings it to _prid._ (29th).
+
+(2) Either the date at the end of the letter is wrong, or _prid._ must
+be used here
+
+(3) There is no such date properly as _a. d. II. Kal._ The day before
+_prid._ is _a. d. III_.
+
+In regard to dates we must remember that Cicero is using the præ-Julian
+calendar, in which all months, except February, March, May, July, and
+October, had twenty-nine days. These last four had thirty-one and
+February twenty-eight.]
+
+[Footnote 310: Cicero does not mean that young Marcus is to come to him
+at once, but that, when Tullia's marriage portion is settled, Terentia
+is to bring him with her if she comes. Really he didn't mean any of them
+to come, at any rate for a long while. Piso is Tullia's husband.]
+
+[Footnote 311: If Cicero's property was confiscated, it might be held
+that the slaves went with it, and would be sold with it, and that his
+manumission of them was an evasion, which could not hold good at law. If
+his property was not confiscated, they were to remain in their status as
+slaves. See Letter CXCII.]
+
+
+
+
+LXII (A III, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+BRUNDISIUM, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I arrived at Brundisium on the 17th of April. On that day your slaves
+delivered me your letter, and some other slaves, on the next day but
+one, brought me another. As to your invitation and advice to stay at
+your house in Epirus, your kindness is most gratifying, and far from
+being a novelty. It is a plan that would have exactly suited my wishes,
+if I might have spent all my time there: for I loathe a crowd of
+visitors, I can scarcely bear the light, and that solitude, especially
+in a spot so familiar, would have been the reverse of disagreeable. But
+to put up there as a mere stage in my journey! In the first place it is
+far out of my way, and in the next it is only four days from Autronius
+and the rest, and in the third place you are not there. Had I been going
+to reside permanently, a fortified castle would have been an advantage,
+but to one only passing through it is unnecessary. Why, if I had not
+been afraid, I should have made for Athens[312]--there were
+circumstances that made me much wish to go--but as it is, I have enemies
+in the neighbourhood, you are not there, and I fear they[313] might hold
+even that town not to be the legal distance from Italy, nor do you
+mention by what day I am to expect you. As to your urging me to remain
+alive, you carry one point--that I should not lay violent hands upon
+myself: the other you cannot bring to pass--that I should not regret my
+policy and my continuance in life. For what is there to attach me to it,
+especially if the hope which accompanied me on my departure is
+non-existent? I will not attempt to enumerate all the miseries into
+which I have fallen through the extreme injustice and unprincipled
+conduct, not so much of my enemies, as of those who were jealous of me,
+because I do not wish to stir up a fresh burst of grief in myself, or
+invite you to share the same sorrow. I say this deliberately--that no
+one was ever afflicted with so heavy a calamity, that no one had ever
+greater cause to wish for death; while I have let slip the time when I
+might have sought it most creditably. Henceforth death can never heal,
+it can only end my sorrow.[314] In politics I perceive that you collect
+all circumstances that you think may inspire me with a hope of a change:
+and though they are insignificant, yet, since you will have it so, let
+us have patience. In spite of what you say, you will catch us up if you
+make haste. For I will either come into Epirus to be near you, or I will
+travel slowly through Candavia.[315] My hesitation about Epirus is not
+caused by vacillation on my part, but by the fact that I do not know
+where I am likely to see my brother. As to him, I neither know how I am
+to see him, nor how I shall let him go. That is the greatest and most
+distressing of all my distresses. I would indeed have written to you
+oftener, and at greater length, had it not been that sorrow, while it
+has affected all parts of my intellect, has above all entirely destroyed
+my faculty for this kind of writing. I long to see you. Take care of
+your health.
+
+Brundisium, 29 April.
+
+[Footnote 312: He means that had it not been for enemies in Greece and
+Epirus, he should not only have gone as far south as Epirus, but
+farther--to Athens. There is a good deal to be said for Schutz's
+reading, _Achaiam_ for _Athenas_, but as the MS. reading can be
+explained, it is safer to keep it.]
+
+[Footnote 313: The Clodian party at Rome. "That town" is Athens.]
+
+[Footnote 314: "I have lost my chance of dying with honour; henceforth
+death may end my grief, but cannot heal my damaged reputation." _Reliqua
+tempora_, _i.e._, other opportunities of suicide.]
+
+[Footnote 315: A mountain range in Illyria, over which the _via Egnatia_
+passes (mod. _Elbassán_).]
+
+
+
+
+LXIII (A III, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 29 MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I wrote to you at Brundisium, when on the point of starting, the reasons
+for my not going to Epirus: namely, the proximity of Achaia, which was
+full of enemies of the most unscrupulous character, and secondly, the
+difficulty of leaving it when I wished to resume my journey. Added to
+this, while I was at Dyrrachium two messages reached me: the first, that
+my brother was coming from Ephesus to Athens by ship; the second, that
+he was coming through Macedonia by land. Accordingly, I sent a message
+to meet him at Athens, telling him to come thence to Thessalonica. I
+myself continued my journey, and arrived at Thessalonica on the 23rd of
+May, but have no certain intelligence about his journey except that he
+had left Ephesus some time ago. At present I am feeling very nervous as
+to what steps are being taken at Rome. Although you say in one of your
+letters, dated the 15th of May, that you hear that he will be vigorously
+prosecuted, in another you say that things are calming down. But then
+the latter is dated a day before the former; which makes me all the more
+anxious. So while my own personal sorrow is every day tearing my heart
+and wearing out my strength, this additional anxiety indeed scarcely
+leaves me any life at all. However, the voyage itself was very
+difficult, and he perhaps, being uncertain where I was, has taken some
+other course. For my freedman Phaetho saw nothing of him. Phaetho was
+driven by the wind from Ilium[316] to Macedonia, and met me at Pella.
+How formidable other circumstances are I am fully aware, and I don't
+know what to say to you. I fear everything, nor is there any misery
+which would not seem possible in my present unfortunate position.
+Miserable as I still am in the midst of my heavy trials and sorrows, now
+that this anxiety is added to them, I remain at Thessalonica in a state
+of suspense without venturing upon any step whatever.
+
+Now to answer you. I have not seen Cæcilius Trypho. I comprehend from
+your letter what you and Pompey have been saying. That any movement in
+politics is impending I cannot see as clearly as you either see, or
+perhaps only suggest for my consolation. For, as the case of Tigranes
+was passed over, all hope of a rupture is at an end.[317] You bid me
+thank Varro: I will do so; also Hypsæus.[318] As to your advice not to
+go farther off till the _acta_[319] of the month of May reach me, I
+think I shall do as you suggest. But where to stay? I have not yet come
+to any decision. And indeed my mind is so uneasy about Quintus, that I
+can determine on nothing. However, I will let you know immediately. From
+the incoherent nature of my letters I think you will understand the
+agitation of my mind, caused not so much by my misery, though I have
+been overwhelmed by an incredible and unparalleled calamity, as by the
+recollection of my blunder. For by whose unprincipled advice I was egged
+on and betrayed you certainly now perceive,[320] and oh that you had
+perceived it before, and had not given your whole mind to lamentation
+along with me! Wherefore, when you are told that I am prostrate and
+unmanned with grief, consider that I am more distressed at my own folly
+than at the result of it, in having believed a man whom I did not think
+to be treacherous. My writing is impeded both by the recollection of my
+own disasters, and by my alarm about my brother. Yes, pray look after
+and direct all the affairs you mention. Terentia expresses the warmest
+gratitude to you. I have sent you a copy of the letter which I have
+written to Pompey.
+
+Thessalonica, 29 May.
+
+[Footnote 316: Reading _ab Ilio_ with Madvig for _ab illo_.]
+
+[Footnote 317: Tigranes, a son of the king of Armenia, was brought to
+Rome by Pompey to adorn his triumph, and put under the care of Lucius
+Flavius. This prince was, for a bribe, released by Clodius by a trick,
+and the attempt to get him away led to a scuffle in which lives were
+lost. Pompey regarded this as a slight upon himself, and his partisan,
+the consul Gabinius, attempted to prevent it. But both were hustled in
+the forum and treated with insults. The hope of a breach in the
+triumvirate arose from the supposition that Clodius had the support of
+Cæsar in his high-handed proceeding (Dio, xxxviii. 30; Plut. _Pomp._ 48;
+Ascon. 47).]
+
+[Footnote 318: P. Plautius Hypsæus, who had been Pompey's quæstor and on
+intimate terms with him. He had been, it seems, interesting himself on
+Cicero's behalf.]
+
+[Footnote 319: The gazette of public transactions and measures passed in
+the senate, which was sent round to the provinces. We shall hear of it
+again.]
+
+[Footnote 320: The next letter shews that he means Hortensius. The
+blunder which he complains of having committed, by the advice of
+Hortensius, is that of having left Rome, rather than stay and brave the
+impeachment.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIV (A III, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 13 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+My brother Quintus having quitted Asia before the 1st of May, and
+arrived at Athens on the 15th, he would have to make great haste to
+prevent proceedings being commenced against him in his absence,
+supposing there to be some one who was not content with the misfortunes
+we have already sustained. Accordingly, I preferred that he should hurry
+on to Rome rather than come to me; and at the same time--for I will tell
+you the truth, and it will give you a notion of the extent of my
+wretchedness--I could not make up my mind to see him, devotedly attached
+to me as he is, and a man of most tender feelings, or to obtrude upon
+him my miseries and ruin in all their wretchedness, or to endure their
+being seen by him. And I was besides afraid of what certainly would have
+happened--that he would not have had the resolution to leave me. I had
+ever before my eyes the time when he would either have to dismiss his
+lictors,[321] or be violently torn from my arms. The prospect of this
+bitter pain I have avoided by the other bitter pain of not seeing my
+brother. It is all you, who advised me to continue living, that have
+forced me into this distressful position. Accordingly, I am paying the
+penalty of my error. However, I am sustained by your letter, from which
+I easily perceive how high your own hopes are. This did give me some
+consolation, but only, after all, till you passed from the mention of
+Pompey to the passage beginning "Now try and win over Hortensius and
+men of that sort." In heaven's name, my dear Pomponius, don't you yet
+perceive by whose means, by whose treachery, by whose dishonest advice,
+I have been ruined? But all this I will discuss with you when we meet. I
+will only say this much, which I think you know: it is not my enemies,
+but my jealous rivals, that have ruined me. Now, however, if things are
+really as you hope, I will keep up my spirits, and will rely upon the
+hope on which you bid me rely. But if, as I myself think, this proves
+illusory, what I was not allowed to do at the best time shall be done at
+a worse.[322] Terentia often expresses her gratitude to you. For myself
+one of my miseries also consists in fear--the business of my unhappy
+brother. If I could only know how it stands, I should know what I ought
+to do. Personally, the hope of the advantages and of the letters you
+mention keeps me still, as you advise, at Thessalonica. If I get any
+news, I shall know what I ought to do about the rest. Yes, if, as you
+say in your letter, you left Rome on the 1st of June, you will soon see
+us. I have sent you a letter which I wrote to Pompey.
+
+Thessalonica, 15 June.
+
+[Footnote 321: Because, though a provincial governor retained his
+lictors till he reached Rome, he was bound to go straight home or
+dismiss them.]
+
+[Footnote 322: _I.e._, suicide.]
+
+
+
+
+LXV (Q FR I, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 15 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Brother! Brother! Brother! did you really fear that I had been induced
+by some angry feeling to send slaves to you without a letter? Or even
+that I did not wish to see you? I to be angry with you! Is it possible
+for me to be angry with you? Why, one would think that it was you that
+brought me low! Your enemies, your unpopularity, that miserably ruined
+me, and not I that unhappily ruined you! The fact is, the much-praised
+consulate of mine has deprived me of you, of children, country, fortune;
+from you I should hope it will have taken nothing but myself. Certainly
+on your side I have experienced nothing but what was honourable and
+gratifying: on mine you have grief for my fall and fear for your own,
+regret, mourning, desertion. _I_ not wish to see you? The truth is
+rather that I was unwilling to be seen by you. For you would not have
+seen your brother--not the brother you had left, not the brother you
+knew, not him to whom you had with mutual tears bidden farewell as he
+followed you on your departure for your province: not a trace even or
+faint image of him, but rather what I may call the likeness of a living
+corpse. And oh that you had sooner seen me or heard of me as a corpse!
+Oh that I could have left you to survive, not my life merely, but my
+undiminished rank! But I call all the gods to witness that the one
+argument which recalled me from death was, that all declared that to
+some extent your life depended upon mine. In which matter I made an
+error and acted culpably. For if I had died, that death itself would
+have given clear evidence of my fidelity and love to you. As it is, I
+have allowed you to be deprived of my aid, though I am alive, and with
+me still living to need the help of others; and my voice, of all others,
+to fail when dangers threatened my family, which had so often been
+successfully used in the defence of the merest strangers. For as to the
+slaves coming to you without a letter, the real reason (for you see that
+it was not anger) was a deadness of my faculties, and a seemingly
+endless deluge of tears and sorrows. How many tears do you suppose these
+very words have cost me? As many as I know they will cost you to read
+them! Can I ever refrain from thinking of you or ever think of you
+without tears? For when I miss you, is it only a brother that I miss?
+Rather it is a brother of almost my own age in the charm of his
+companionship, a son in his consideration for my wishes, a father in the
+wisdom of his advice! What pleasure did I ever have without you, or you
+without me? And what must my case be when at the same time I miss a
+daughter: How affectionate! how modest! how clever! The express image of
+my face, of my speech, of my very soul! Or again a son, the prettiest
+boy, the very joy of my heart? Cruel inhuman monster that I am, I
+dismissed him from my arms better schooled in the world than I could
+have wished: for the poor child began to understand what was going on.
+So, too, your own son, your own image, whom my little Cicero loved as a
+brother, and was now beginning to respect as an elder brother! Need I
+mention also how I refused to allow my unhappy wife--the truest of
+helpmates--to accompany me, that there might be some one to protect the
+wrecks of the calamity which had fallen on us both, and guard our common
+children? Nevertheless, to the best of my ability, I did write a letter
+to you, and gave it to your freedman Philogonus, which, I believe, was
+delivered to you later on; and in this I repeated the advice and
+entreaty, which had been already transmitted to you as a message from me
+by my slaves, that you should go on with your journey and hasten to
+Rome. For, in the first place, I desired your protection, in case there
+were any of my enemies whose cruelty was not yet satisfied by my fall.
+In the next place, I dreaded the renewed lamentation which our meeting
+would cause: while I could not have borne your departure, and was afraid
+of the very thing you mention in your letter--that you would be unable
+to tear yourself away. For these reasons the supreme pain of not seeing
+you--and nothing more painful or more wretched could, I think, have
+happened to the most affectionate and united of brothers--was a less
+misery than would have been such a meeting followed by such a parting.
+Now, if you can, though I, whom you always regarded as a brave man,
+cannot do so, rouse yourself and collect your energies in view of any
+contest you may have to confront. I hope, if my hope has anything to go
+upon, that your own spotless character and the love of your fellow
+citizens, and even remorse for my treatment, may prove a certain
+protection to you. But if it turns out that you are free from personal
+danger, you will doubtless do whatever you think can be done for me. In
+that matter, indeed, many write to me at great length and declare that
+they have hopes; but I personally cannot see what hope there is, since
+my enemies have the greatest influence, while my friends have in some
+cases deserted, in others even betrayed me, fearing perhaps in my
+restoration a censure on their own treacherous conduct. But how matters
+stand with you I would have you ascertain and report to me. In any case
+I shall continue to live as long as you shall need me, in view of any
+danger you may have to undergo: longer than that I cannot go on in this
+kind of life. For there is neither wisdom nor philosophy with sufficient
+strength to sustain such a weight of grief. I know that there has been a
+time for dying, more honourable and more advantageous; and this is not
+the only one of my many omissions, which, if I should choose to bewail,
+I should merely be increasing your sorrow and emphasizing my own
+stupidity. But one thing I am not bound to do, and it is in fact
+impossible--remain in a life so wretched and so dishonoured any longer
+than your necessities, or some well-grounded hope, shall demand. For I,
+who was lately supremely blessed in brother, children, wife, wealth, and
+in the very nature of that wealth, while in position, influence,
+reputation, and popularity, I was inferior to none, however
+distinguished--I cannot, I repeat, go on longer lamenting over myself
+and those dear to me in a life of such humiliation as this, and in a
+state of such utter ruin. Wherefore, what do you mean by writing to me
+about negotiating a bill of exchange? As though I were not now wholly
+dependent on your means! And that is just the very thing in which I see
+and feel, to my misery, of what a culpable act I have been guilty in
+squandering to no purpose the money which I received from the treasury
+in your name,[323] while you have to satisfy your creditors out of the
+very vitals of yourself and your son. However, the sum mentioned in your
+letter has been paid to M. Antonius, and the same amount to Cæpio. For
+me the sum at present in my hands is sufficient for what I contemplate
+doing. For in either case--whether I am restored or given up in
+despair--I shall not want any more money. For yourself, if you are
+molested, I think you should apply to Crassus and Calidius. I don't know
+how far Hortensius is to be trusted. Myself, with the most elaborate
+pretence of affection and the closest daily intimacy, he treated with
+the most utter want of principle and the most consummate treachery, and
+Q. Arrius helped him in it: acting under whose advice, promises, and
+injunctions, I was left helpless to fall into this disaster. But this
+you will keep dark for fear they might injure you. Take care also--and
+it is on this account that I think you should cultivate Hortensius
+himself by means of Pomponius--that the epigram on the _lex
+Aurelia_[324] attributed to you when candidate for the ædileship is not
+proved by false testimony to be yours. For there is nothing that I am so
+afraid of as that, when people understand how much pity for me your
+prayers and your acquittal will rouse, they may attack you with all the
+greater violence. Messalla I reckon as really attached to you: Pompey I
+regard as still pretending only. But may you never have to put these
+things to the test! And that prayer I would have offered to the gods had
+they not ceased to listen to prayers of mine. However, I do pray that
+they may be content with these endless miseries of ours; among which,
+after all, there is no discredit for any wrong thing done--sorrow is the
+beginning and end, sorrow that punishment is most severe when our
+conduct has been most unexceptionable. As to my daughter and yours and
+my young Cicero, why should I recommend them to you, my dear brother?
+Rather I grieve that their orphan state will cause you no less sorrow
+than it does me. Yet as long as you are uncondemned they will not be
+fatherless. The rest, by my hopes of restoration and the privilege of
+dying in my fatherland, my tears will not allow me to write! Terentia
+also I would ask you to protect, and to write me word on every subject.
+Be as brave as the nature of the case admits.
+
+Thessalonica, 13 June.
+
+[Footnote 323: See pp. 92, 107.]
+
+[Footnote 324: Quintus was a candidate in B.C. 66 for the ædileship of
+the following year. The _lex Aurelia_, which divided the juries between
+the senators, equites, and _tribuni ærarii_, was passed in Pompey's
+first consulship, B.C. 70. As this was the compromise in the matter of
+the _iudicia_ favoured by Pompey, Hortensius, and the like, an attack on
+it would be likely to give offence.]
+
+
+
+
+LXVI (A III, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+The public transactions up to the 25th of May I have learnt from your
+letter. I am waiting for the rest, as you advised, at Thessalonica; and
+when they arrive I shall be better able to decide where to be. For if
+there is any reason, if any action is being taken, if I shall see any
+hopes, I shall either wait in the same place or go to your house; but
+if, as you say, these hopes have vanished into air, I shall look out for
+something else. At present you do not give me any indication except the
+disagreement of those friends of yours, which, however, arises between
+them on every kind of subject rather than myself. Therefore I don't see
+what good it is to me. However, as long as you all will have me hope, I
+shall obey you. For as to your scoldings so frequent and so severe, and
+your saying that I am faint-hearted, I would ask you what misery is
+there so heavy as not to be included in my disfranchisement? Did anyone
+ever fall from such a high position, in so good a cause, with such
+endowments of genius, wisdom and popularity, with such powerful supports
+from all loyalists? Can I forget what I was, and not feel what I am? Of
+what honour, of what glory, of what children, of what means, of what a
+brother I am deprived? This last, indeed, to draw your attention to a
+new kind of disaster--though I valued him, and always had done so, more
+than myself--I have avoided seeing, lest I should behold his grief and
+mourning, or lest I--whom he had left in the highest prosperity--should
+obtrude myself upon him in a state of ruin and humiliation. I pass over
+the other particulars that are past bearing: for I am prevented by my
+tears. And here, let me ask, am I to be blamed for my grief, or for the
+unfortunate mistake of not retaining these advantages (and I could
+easily have done so, had not a plot for my destruction been hatched
+within my own walls), or at least of not losing them without losing my
+life at the same time? My purpose in writing these words is that you
+should rather console me, as you do, than think me deserving of
+correction or chiding; and the reason of the comparative brevity of my
+letters is, in the first place, that I am hindered by outbursts of
+sorrow, and, in the second place, that I have news to expect from Rome
+rather than any to communicate myself. But when that news arrives I will
+let you know my plans. Pray, as you have done hitherto, write to me on
+as many subjects as possible, that I may not be ignorant of any possible
+thing there is to know.
+
+Thessalonica, 17 June.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII (A III, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 27 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I have been kept at Thessalonica up to this time as well by your letter
+and some good news (which, however, did not rest on the best authority),
+and the expectation of hearing from you all at Rome, as by the fact that
+you advised my doing so. When I receive the letters which I expect, if
+there turns out to be the hope which rumour brings me, I shall go to
+your house;[325] if otherwise, I will inform you of what I have done.
+Pray go on, as you are doing, and help me by your exertions, advice, and
+influence. Cease now consoling me, but yet don't chide me; for when you
+do that, I fail to recognize your affection and regret! Yet I believe
+you to be so distressed yourself at my wretchedness, that it is not
+within anyone's power to console you. Give your support to Quintus, my
+best and kindest of brothers. Pray write to me fully on everything.
+
+27 June.
+
+[Footnote 325: _I.e._, to the house of Atticus at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII (A III, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Well, you argue earnestly as to what hope is to be entertained, and
+especially through the action of the senate, and yet you mention that
+the clause of the bill is being posted up, in virtue of which the
+subject is forbidden to be mentioned in the senate. Accordingly, not a
+word is said about it. In these circumstances you find fault with me for
+distressing myself, when the fact is I am already more distressed than
+anybody ever was, as you know very well. You hold out hope as a
+consequence of the elections. What hope can there be with the same man
+tribune, and a consul-designate who is my enemy?[326] But you have dealt
+me a blow in what you say about my speech having got abroad.[327] Pray
+do your best to heal that wound, as you express it. I did indeed write
+one some time ago, in a fit of anger at what he had first composed
+against me; but I had taken such pains to suppress it, that I thought it
+would never get into circulation. How it has leaked out I cannot think.
+But since the occasion never arose for my having a word of dispute with
+him, and since it appears to me to be more carelessly written than my
+other speeches, I think it might be maintained not to be by me. Pray
+look after this if you think I can do anything to remedy the mischief;
+but if my ruin is inevitable, I don't so much care about it. I am still
+lying idle in the same place, without conversation, without being able
+to think. Though, as you say, I have "intimated" to you my desire that
+you should come to me, yet it is now clear to me[328] that you are doing
+me useful service where you are, but could not give me even a word of
+relief here. I cannot write any more, nor have I anything to say: I am
+rather waiting to hear from you all.
+
+Thessalonica, 17 July.
+
+[Footnote 326: Clodius was not re-elected, and Q. Cæcilius Metellus
+Nepos, who had as tribune (B.C. 63-62) been hostile to Cicero, now as
+consul supported Pompey in befriending Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 327: The speech in the senate _in Curionem et Clodium_,
+_i.e._, against the elder C. Curio, who had been Clodius's advocate in
+B.C. 61 on the charge _de incesto_. Fragments only of it are preserved.
+They are sufficiently violent. Cicero suggests repudiating the
+authorship, because the speech had never been delivered, and therefore
+was not necessarily intended for publication. There is no special reason
+for abusing Cicero's character on this account. If some enemy had got
+hold of the MS. and published it without his consent, it was not really
+the expression of his deliberate sentiments.]
+
+[Footnote 328: Reading _nunc tamen intellego_ for _si donatam ut
+intellego_, which is meaningless. There may be latent in _si donatam_
+some proper name, as _Dodonam_ or _Macedoniam_, but it is not possible
+to extract it now. _Istic_, as usual, means "where you are," _i.e._, at
+Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIX (A III, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 21 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+From your letter I am full of anxiety to hear what Pompey's view is of
+my case, or what he professes to be his view. The elections, I presume,
+are over; and when they were over you say that he was of opinion that my
+case should be mooted. If I seem foolish to you for entertaining hopes,
+it is at your bidding that I do so: yet I know that you have in your
+letters been usually inclined rather to check me and my hopes. Now pray
+write distinctly what your view is. I know that I have fallen into this
+distress from numerous errors of my own. If certain accidents have in
+any degree corrected those errors, I shall be less sorry that I
+preserved my life then and am still living. Owing to the constant
+traffic along the road[329] and the daily expectation of political
+change, I have as yet not removed from Thessalonica. But now I am being
+forced away, not by Plancius--for he, indeed, wishes to keep me
+here--but by the nature of the place, which is not at all calculated for
+the residence of a disfranchised man in such a state of sorrow. I have
+not gone to Epirus, as I had said I would, because all of a sudden the
+messages and letters that arrived have all indicated it to be
+unnecessary for me to be in the immediate neighbourhood of Italy. From
+this place, as soon as I have heard something about the elections, I
+shall set my face towards Asia, but to what particular part I am not yet
+certain: however, you shall know.
+
+Thessalonica, 21 July.
+
+[Footnote 329: The _via Egnatia_, the road across Macedonia, which was
+one of the great channels of communication between Rome and the East,
+and which terminated at Thessalonica.]
+
+
+
+
+LXX (A III, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 5 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+As to my having written you word that I meant to go to Epirus, I changed
+my plan when I saw that my hope was vanishing and fading away, and did
+not remove from Thessalonica. I resolved to remain there until I heard
+from you on the subject mentioned in your last letter, namely, that
+there was going to be some motion made in the senate on my case
+immediately after the elections, and that Pompey had told you so.
+Wherefore, as the elections are over and I have no letter from you, I
+shall consider it as though you had written to say that nothing has come
+of it, and I shall not feel annoyed at having been buoyed up by a hope
+which did not keep me long in suspense. But the movement, which you said
+in your letter that you foresaw as likely to be to my advantage, people
+arriving here tell me will not occur.[330] My sole remaining hope is in
+the tribunes-designate: and if I wait to see how that turns out, you
+will have no reason to think of me as having been wanting to my own
+cause or the wishes of my friends. As to your constantly finding fault
+with me for being so overwhelmed by my misfortune, you ought to pardon
+me when you see that I have sustained a more crushing blow than anyone
+you have ever seen or heard of. As to your saying that you are told that
+my intellect in even affected by grief, that is not so; my intellect is
+quite sound. Oh that it had been as much so in the hour of danger! when
+I found those, to whom I thought my safety was the dearest object of
+their life, most bitterly and unfeelingly hostile: who, when they saw
+that I had somewhat lost my balance from fear, left nothing undone which
+malice and treachery could suggest in giving me the final push, to my
+utter ruin. Now, as I must go to Cyzicus, where I shall get letters
+more rarely, I beg you to write me word all the more carefully of
+everything you may think I ought to know. Be sure you are affectionate
+to my brother Quintus: if in all my misery I still leave him with rights
+undiminished, I shall not consider myself utterly ruined.
+
+5 August.
+
+[Footnote 330: The probable split among the triumvirs, alluded to in
+Letter LXIII.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXI (Q FR I, 4)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+I beg you, my dear brother, if you and all my family have been ruined by
+my single misfortune, not to attribute it to dishonesty and bad conduct
+on my part, rather than to short-sightedness and the wretched state I
+was in. I have committed no fault except in trusting those whom I
+believed to be bound by the most sacred obligation not to deceive me, or
+whom I thought to be even interested in not doing so. All my most
+intimate, nearest and dearest friends were either alarmed for themselves
+or jealous of me: the result was that all I lacked was good faith on the
+part of my friends and caution on my own.[331] But if your own blameless
+character and the compassion of the world prove sufficient to preserve
+you at this juncture from molestation, you can, of course, observe
+whether any hope of restoration is left for me. For Pomponius, Sestius,
+and my son-in-law Piso have caused me as yet to stay at Thessalonica,
+forbidding me, on account of certain impending movements, to increase my
+distance. But in truth I am awaiting the result more on account of their
+letters than from any firm hope of my own. For what can I hope with an
+enemy possessed of the most formidable power, with my detractors masters
+of the state, with friends unfaithful, with numbers of people jealous?
+However, of the new tribunes there is one, it is true, most warmly
+attached to me--Sestius--and I hope Curius, Milo, Fadius, Fabricius;
+but still there is Clodius in violent opposition, who even when out of
+office will be able to stir up the passions of the mob by the help of
+that same gang, and then there will be found some one also to veto the
+bill.
+
+Such a state of things was not put before me when I was leaving Rome,
+but I often used to be told that I was certain to return in three days
+with the greatest _éclat_. "What made you go, then?" you will say. What,
+indeed! Many circumstances concurred to throw me off my balance--the
+defection of Pompey, the hostility of the consuls, and of the prætors
+also, the timidity of the _publicani_, the armed bands. The tears of my
+friends prevented me seeking refuge in death, which would certainly have
+been the best thing for my honour, the best escape from unbearable
+sorrows. But I have written to you on this subject in the letter I gave
+to Phaetho. Now that you have been plunged into griefs and troubles,
+such as no one ever was before, if the compassion of the world can
+lighten our common misfortune, you will, it seems, score a success
+beyond belief! But if we are both utterly ruined--ah me!--I shall have
+been the absolute destruction of my whole family, to whom I used to be
+at least no discredit! But pray, as I said in a previous letter to you,
+look into the business, test it thoroughly, and write to me with the
+candour which our situation demands, and not as your affection for me
+would dictate. I shall retain my life as long as I shall think that it
+is in your interest for me to do so, or that it ought to be preserved
+with a view to future hope. You will find Sestius most friendly to us,
+and I believe that Lentulus, the coming consul, will also be so for your
+sake. However, deeds are not so easy as words. You will see what is
+wanted and what the truth is. On the whole, supposing that no one takes
+advantage of your unprotected position and our common calamity, it is by
+your means, or not at all, that something may be effected. But even if
+your enemies have begun to annoy you, don't flinch: for _you_ will be
+attacked by legal process, not by swords. However, I hope that this may
+not occur. I beg you to write me back word on all subjects, and to
+believe that though I have less spirit and resource than in old times, I
+have quite as much affection and loyalty.
+
+[Footnote 331: Reading _defuit_ for _fuit_.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXII (A III, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+On the 13th of August I received four letters from you: one in which you
+urge me in a tone of reproof to be less weak; a second, in which you say
+that Crassus's freedman has told you about my anxiety and leanness; a
+third, in which you describe the proceedings in the senate; a fourth on
+the subject of Varro's assurances to you as to the friendly feelings of
+Pompey.
+
+To the first my answer is this: though I do grieve, yet I keep all my
+mental faculties, and it is precisely that which vexes me--I have no
+opportunity and no one with whom to employ so sound an intellect. For if
+you cannot find yourself separated from one individual like myself
+without sorrow, what do you think must be my case, who am deprived both
+of you and of everyone else? And if you, while still in possession of
+all your rights, miss me, to what an extent do you think those rights
+are missed by me? I will not enumerate the things of which I have been
+despoiled, not only because you are not ignorant of them, but also lest
+I should reopen my own sorrow. I only assert this, that never did anyone
+in an unofficial position possess such great advantages, or fall into
+such great miseries. Moreover, lapse of time not only does not soften
+this grief, it even enhances it. For other sorrows are softened by age,
+this one cannot but be daily increased both by my sense of present
+misery and the recollection of my past life. For it is not only property
+or friends that I miss, but myself. For what am I? But I will not allow
+myself either to wring your soul with my complaints, or to place my
+hands too often on my wounds. For as to your defence of those whom I
+said had been jealous of me, and among them Cato, I indeed think that he
+was so far removed from that crime, that I am above all things sorry
+that the pretended zeal of others had more influence with me than his
+honesty. As for your excuses for the others, they ought to be excused
+in my eyes if they are so in yours. But all this is an old story now.
+Crassus's freedman, I think, spoke without any real sincerity. In the
+senate you say that the debate was satisfactory. But what about Curio?
+Hasn't he read that speech? I can't make out how it got into
+circulation! But Axius, in describing the proceedings of the same day,
+does not speak so highly of Curio.[332] But he may be omitting
+something; I know you have certainly not written anything except what
+actually occurred. Varro's talk gives me some hope of Cæsar, and would
+that Varro himself would throw himself into the cause! Which he
+certainly will do, both of his own accord and under pressure from you.
+For myself, if fortune ever grants me the enjoyment of you all and of my
+country, I will at least take care that you shall, above all the rest of
+my friends, have cause to be glad: and I will so discharge all the
+duties of affection and friendship, which (to confess the truth) have
+not heretofore been conspicuous, that you shall regard me as restored to
+yourself as much as to my brother and my children. If I have in any way
+sinned in my conduct to you, or rather since I have done so, pardon me.
+For I have sinned more grievously against myself. And I do not write
+this to you because I know you not to feel deeply for my misfortune: but
+certainly if it had been a matter of _obligation_ with you, and had
+always been so, to love me as much as you do and have done, you would
+never have allowed me to lack that judgment with which you are so well
+supplied,[333] nor would you have allowed me to be persuaded that the
+passing of the bill for the "colleges" was to our advantage.[334] But
+you did nothing but weep over my sorrow, as though you were my second
+self. This was indeed a sign of your affection: but what might have been
+done, if I had earned it at your hands--the spending by you of days and
+nights in thinking out the course I ought to have pursued--that was
+omitted, owing to my own culpable imprudence, not yours. Now if, I don't
+say you only, but if there had been anyone to urge me, when alarmed at
+Pompey's ungenerous answer,[335] not to adopt that most degrading
+course--and you are the person that, above all others, could have done
+it--I should either have died honourably, or we should have been living
+to-day triumphant. In this you must forgive me. For I find much greater
+fault with myself, and only call you in question afterwards, as at once
+my second self and the sharer in my error; and, besides, if I am ever
+restored, our mistake will seem still less in my eyes, and to you at
+least I shall be endeared by your own kindness, since there is none on
+my side.[336] There is something in the suggestion you mentioned as
+having been made in your conversation with Culleo as to a
+_privilegium_,[337] but by far the better course is to have the law
+repealed. For if no one vetoes it, what course can be safer? But if
+anyone is found to prohibit its passing, he will be equally able to veto
+a decree of the senate. Nor is there need for the repeal of anything
+else. For the previous law did not touch me: and if, on its publication,
+I had chosen to speak in its favour, or to ignore it, as it ought to
+have been ignored, it could not have done me any harm at all.[338] It
+was at this point first that my judgment failed to assist me, nay, even
+did me harm. Blind, blind, I say, was I in laying aside my senator's
+toga, and in entreating the people; it was a fatal step to take before
+some attack had been begun upon me by name.[339] But I am harping on the
+past: it is, however, for the purpose of advising you, if any action is
+to be taken, not to touch that law, in which there are many provisions
+in the interests of the people. But it is foolish for me to be laying
+down rules as to what you are to do and how. I only wish that something
+may be done! And it is on that point that your letter displays much
+reserve: I presume, to prevent my being too much agitated by despair.
+For what action do you see possible to be taken, or in what way? Through
+the senate? But you yourself told me that Clodius had fixed upon the
+doorpost of the senate-house a certain clause in the law, "that it might
+neither be put to the house nor mentioned."[340] How could
+Domitius,[341] therefore, say that he would bring it before the house?
+How came it about also that Clodius held his tongue, when those you
+mention in your letter both spoke on the subject and demanded that a
+motion should be brought in? But if you go to the people--can it be
+carried except with the unanimous approval of the tribunes? What about
+my property? What about my house? Will it be possible to have it
+restored? Or, if that cannot, how can I be? Unless you see these
+difficulties on the way to be solved, what is the hope to which you
+invite me? But if, again, there is no hope, what sort of life is there
+for me? So I await at Thessalonica the gazette of the proceedings of the
+1st of August, in accordance with which I shall decide whether to take
+refuge on your estate, in order at once to avoid seeing people I don't
+want to see, to see you, according to your letter, and to be nearer at
+hand in case of any motion being made (and this I understand is in
+accordance with your view and that of my brother Quintus), or to depart
+for Cyzicus. Now, my dear Pomponius, since you imparted to me none of
+your wisdom in time to save me, either because you had made up your mind
+that I had judgment enough of my own, or that you owed me nothing beyond
+being by my side; and since, betrayed, beguiled, and hurried into a
+snare as I was, I neglected all my defences, abandoned and left Italy,
+which was everywhere on the _qui vive_ to defend me, and surrendered
+myself and mine into the hands of enemies while you looked on and said
+nothing, though, even if you were not my superior in mental power, you
+were at least in less of a fright: now, if you can, raise the fallen,
+and in that way assist me! But if every avenue is barred, take care that
+I know that also, and cease at length either to scold me or to offer
+your kindly-meant consolations. If I had meant to impeach your good
+faith, I should not have chosen your roof, of all others, to which to
+trust myself: it is my own folly that I blame for having thought that
+your love for me was exactly what I could have wished it to be:[342] for
+if that had been so, you would have displayed the same good faith, but
+greater circumspection; at least, you would have held me back when
+plunging headlong into ruin, and would not have had to encounter the
+labours which you are now enduring in saving the wrecks of my fortunes.
+Wherefore do be careful to look into, examine thoroughly, and write
+fully everything that occurs, and resolve (as I am sure you do) that I
+shall be _some one_, since I cannot now be the man I was and the man I
+might have been; and lastly, believe that in this letter it is not you,
+but myself that I have accused. If there are any people to whom you
+think that letters ought to be delivered in my name, pray compose them
+and see them delivered.
+
+17 August.
+
+[Footnote 332: Or, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests, "does not quote Curio to
+that effect." I think, however, that Cicero does not use _laudo_ in this
+sense except in connexion with _auctorem_, _auctores_, and even then
+generally with a subsense, at least, of commendation. The speech was
+composed to be delivered against the elder Curio and Clodius (see p.
+155), but was never delivered. Its personal tone made it dangerous now.]
+
+[Footnote 333: Cicero means that Atticus acted with the emotion
+spontaneously arising from his affection, but not with the caution which
+he would have shewn in doing a thing which he was under some obligation
+to do.]
+
+[Footnote 334: The ancient "colleges" or "clubs" had been gradually
+increasing, and a decree of the senate in B.C. 64 had declared certain
+of them unlawful. But Clodius had overridden this decree by a _lex_
+early in B.C. 58, and many new ones were formed, which he used for his
+political purposes (_pro Sest._ § 55; Dio, xxxviii. 13).]
+
+[Footnote 335: That he could do nothing against the wishes of Cæsar
+(_Att._ x. 4, § 3; cp. _in Pis._ § 77). According to Plutarch, Pompey
+avoided a personal interview (_Cic._ 31).]
+
+[Footnote 336: The kindness has been all on the side of Atticus, who
+will therefore be attached to the object of it--for the benefactor loves
+more than the benefited.]
+
+[Footnote 337: A _privilegium_ was a law referring to a particular
+person, which was forbidden by the twelve tables, and if it was shewn to
+be unconstitutional a decree of the senate could declare it void. But
+Cicero seems to think that such a proceeding of the senate would give a
+possibility of raising the question afresh.]
+
+[Footnote 338: The first bill named no one, but enacted that "anyone who
+had put a citizen to death uncondemned should be forbidden fire and
+water." The second, "that M. Tullius be forbidden fire and water."
+Cicero says that the former did not touch him, I suppose, because it
+could not be retrospective. This is in accordance with the view of
+Cæsar, who approved of the law, but said that old sores ought not to be
+ripped up--[Greek: ou mên kai prosêkein epi parelêlythosi toiouton tina
+nomon sungraphesthei] (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 339: Because it shewed that he considered himself as coming
+under the new law.]
+
+[Footnote 340: Letter LXVIII, p. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 341: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was a prætor this year.]
+
+[Footnote 342: Though Cicero uses _tantum ... quantum_ here, he does not
+mean that Atticus failed to love him enough--that would have been too
+unreasonable. In a certain way he means that he loved him too much. He
+allowed his spontaneous feelings full vent, without acting with the cool
+wisdom which he would have shewn in fulfilling a duty or moral
+obligation. It is more fully expressed above. Still, it was a difficult
+thing to say, and he doesn't succeed in making it very clear.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIII (A III, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 19 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+My whole journey is in suspense till I receive letters from you all of
+the 1st of August. For if there turns out to be any hope, I am for
+Epirus: if not, I shall make for Cyzicus or some other place. Your
+letter is cheerful[343] indeed, but at the same time, the oftener I read
+it, the more it weakens the suggested ground for hope, so that it is
+easy to see that you are trying to minister at once to consolation and
+to truth. Accordingly, I beg you to write to me exactly what you know
+and exactly what you think.
+
+19 August.
+
+[Footnote 343: Reading _lætæ_ for _lectæ_.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIV (A III, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 4 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+News of my brother Quintus of an invariably gloomy nature reached me
+from the 3rd of June up to the 29th of August. On that day, however,
+Livineius, a freedman of Lucius Regulus, came to me by the direction of
+Regulus himself.[344] He announced that absolutely no notice whatever
+had been given of a prosecution, but that there had, nevertheless, been
+some talk about the son of C. Clodius.[345] He also brought me a letter
+from my brother Quintus. But next day came the slaves of Sestius, who
+brought me a letter from you not so positive in regard to this alarm as
+the conversation of Livineius had been. I am rendered very anxious in
+the midst of my own endless distress, and the more so as Appius[346] has
+the trial of the case. As to other circumstances mentioned in the same
+letter by you in connexion with my hopes, I understand that things are
+going less well than other people represent them. I, however, since we
+are now not far from the time at which the matter will be decided, will
+either go to your house or will still remain somewhere in this
+neighbourhood. My brother writes me word that his interests are being
+supported by you more than by anyone else. Why should I urge you to do
+what you are already doing? or offer you thanks which you do not expect?
+I only pray that fortune may give us the opportunity of enjoying our
+mutual affection in security. I am always very anxious to get your
+letters, in which I beg you not to be afraid of your minuteness boring
+me, or your plain speaking giving me pain.
+
+4 September.
+
+[Footnote 344: L. Livineius Regulus, whom Cicero (_F._ xiii. 60) calls a
+very intimate friend, and says that his freedman Trypho stood his friend
+in the hour of need. He seems to have been condemned (in B.C. 56?) for
+something, but he afterwards served under Iulius Cæsar (_B. Afr._ § 9).
+The freedman's full name was L. Livineius Trypho.]
+
+[Footnote 345: About Appius acting as prosecutor of Quintus. He was a
+nephew of P. Clodius. See Letter CCXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 346: Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was
+prætor-designate for B.C. 57, and had allotted to him the _quæstio de
+rebus repetundis_ (_pro Sest._ § 78). He was consul B.C. 54.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXV (A III, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+You raised no little flutter in my mind when you said in your letter
+that Varro had assured you as a friend that Pompey would certainly take
+up my case, and that as soon as he had received a letter from Cæsar,
+which he was expecting, he would even name some one to formally carry
+out the business. Was that all mere talk, or was the letter from Cæsar
+hostile? Is there some ground for hope? You mentioned, too, that Pompey
+had also used the expression "after the elections." Pray, as you can
+conceive the severity of the troubles by which I am prostrated, and as
+you must think it natural to your kindness to do so, inform me fully as
+to the whole state of my case. For my brother Quintus, dear good fellow,
+who is so much attached to me, fills his letters with hopeful
+expressions, fearing, I suppose, my entirely losing heart. Whereas your
+letters vary in tone; for you won't have me either despair or cherish
+rash hopes. I beseech you to let me know everything as far as you can
+detect the truth.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVI (A III, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 15 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+As long as my letters from you all continued to be of such a nature as
+to keep expectation alive, I was bound to Thessalonica by hope and eager
+longing: afterwards, when all political measures for this year appeared
+to me to be over, I yet determined not to go to Asia, both because a
+crowd of people is disagreeable to me, and because, in case any movement
+was set on foot by the new magistrates, I was unwilling to be far off.
+Accordingly, I resolved to go to your house in Epirus, not because the
+natural features of the country mattered to me, shunning as I do the
+light of day altogether, but because it will be most grateful to my
+feelings to set out from a harbour of yours to my restoration; and, if
+that restoration is denied me, there is no place where I shall with
+greater ease either support this most wretched existence or (which is
+much better) rid myself of it. I shall be in a small society: I shall
+shake off the crowd. Your letters have never raised me to such a pitch
+of hope as those of others; and yet my hopes have always been less warm
+than your letters. Nevertheless, since a beginning has been made in the
+case, of whatever sort and from whatever motive, I will not disappoint
+the sad and touching entreaties of my best and only brother, nor the
+promises of Sestius and others, nor the hopes of my most afflicted wife,
+nor the entreaties of my most unhappy Tulliola, as well as your own
+loyal letter. Epirus will furnish me with a road to restoration or to
+that other alternative mentioned above. I beg and entreat of you, Titus
+Pomponius, as you see that I have been despoiled by the treachery of men
+of all that most adds splendour to life, of all that can most gratify
+and delight the soul, as you see that I have been betrayed and cast away
+by my own advisers, as you understand that I have been forced to ruin
+myself and my family--help me by your compassion, and support my brother
+Quintus, who is still capable of being saved; protect Terentia and my
+children. For myself, if you think it possible that you may see me at
+Rome, wait for me; if not, come to see me if you can, and make over to
+me just so much of your land as may be covered by my corpse. Finally,
+send slaves to me with letters as soon and as often as possible.
+
+15 September.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVII (A III, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 4 OCTOBER
+
+_Cicero greets Q. Cæcilius Pomponianus Atticus, son of Quintus._[347]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+That this is now the case, and that your uncle has done what he ought to
+have done, I approve in the strongest manner possible: I will say I am
+"glad," when circumstances shall admit of my using such a word. Ah me!
+how well everything would have been going if my own spirit, my own
+judgment, and the good faith of those on whom I relied had not failed
+me! But I won't review these circumstances lest I increase my sorrow.
+Yet I feel sure that it occurs to your mind what a life ours was, how
+delightful, how dignified. To recover this, in the name of fortune,
+bestow all your energies, as I know you do, and take care that I keep
+the birthday of my return in your delightful house with you and my
+family. For this hope and expectation, though now put before me as being
+very strong, I yet wished to wait in your home in Epirus; but my letters
+are such as to make me think it better not to be in the same
+neighbourhood. What you say in your letter about my town house and about
+Curio's speech is exactly true. Under the general act of restoration, if
+only that is accorded me, everything will be included, of which I care
+for nothing more than for my house. But I don't give you any precise
+injunction, I trust myself wholly to your affection and honour. I am
+very glad to hear that you have extricated yourself from every
+embarrassment in view of so large an inheritance. As to your promise to
+employ your means in securing my restoration, though I am in all points
+assisted by you above all others, yet I quite see what a support that
+is, and I fully understand that you are undertaking and can carry on
+many departments of my cause, and do not need to be asked to do so. You
+tell me not to suspect that your feelings have been at all affected by
+acts of commission or omission on my part towards you--well, I will obey
+you and will get rid of that anxiety; yet I shall owe you all the more
+from the fact that your kind consideration for me has been on a higher
+level than mine for you. Please tell me in your letters whatever you
+see, whatever you make out, whatever is being done in my case, and
+exhort all your friends to help in promoting my recall. The bill of
+Sestius[348] does not shew sufficient regard for my dignity or
+sufficient caution. For the proposed law ought to mention me by name,
+and to contain a carefully expressed clause about my property. Pray see
+to it.
+
+Thessalonica, 4 October.
+
+[Footnote 347: Cicero gives Atticus his full name, rather playfully, as
+it was a new acquisition. His uncle, Q. Cæcilius, dying this year, left
+him heir to a large fortune, and adopted him in his will (Nep. _Att._
+5). He therefore, according to custom, took his uncle's _prænomen_ and
+_nomen_, Q. Cæcilius, retaining his own _nomen_ in an adjectival form
+(Pomponianus) as a _cognomen_, just as C. Octavius became, by his
+uncle's will, _C. Iulius Cæsar Octavianus_. His additional name of
+Atticus remained as before, and in ordinary life was his usual
+designation. See p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 348: Sestius, tribune-elect for B.C. 57, would come into
+office 10th December, B.C. 58. He means to bring a bill before the
+people for Cicero's recall, and a draft of it has been sent to Cicero,
+who criticises it as not entering sufficiently into details, though he
+had before said that a general _restitutio in integrum_ covered
+everything; but perhaps this bill only repealed the Clodian law as a
+_privilegium_, without mentioning anything else.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXVIII (F XIV, 2)
+
+TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 5 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Greetings to Terentia, and Tulliola, and Cicero. Don't suppose that I
+write longer letters to anyone else, unless some one has written at
+unusual length to me, whom I think myself bound to answer. For I have
+nothing to write about, and there is nothing at such a time as this that
+I find it more difficult to do. Moreover, to you and my dear Tulliola I
+cannot write without many tears. For I see you reduced to the greatest
+misery--the very people whom I desired to be ever enjoying the most
+complete happiness, a happiness which it was my bounden duty to secure,
+and which I should have secured if I had not been such a coward. Our
+dear Piso I love exceedingly for his noble conduct. I have to the best
+of my ability encouraged him by letter to proceed, and thanked him, as I
+was bound to do. I gather that you entertain hopes in the new tribunes.
+We shall have reason to depend on that, if we may depend on Pompey's
+goodwill, but yet I am nervous about Crassus. I gather that you have
+behaved in every respect with the greatest courage and most loyal
+affection, nor am I surprised at it; but I grieve that the position
+should be such that my miseries are relieved by such heavy ones on your
+part. For a kind friend of ours, Publius Valerius, has told me in a
+letter which I could not read without violent weeping, how you had been
+dragged from the temple of Vesta to the Valerian bank.[349] To think of
+it, my dear, my love! You from whom everybody used to look for
+help![350] That you, my Terentia, should now be thus harassed, thus
+prostrate in tears and humiliating distress! And that this should be
+brought about by my fault, who have preserved the rest of the citizens
+only to perish myself! As to what you say about our town house, or
+rather its site, I shall not consider myself fully restored, until it
+has also been restored for me. However, these things are not yet within
+our grasp. I am only sorry that you, impoverished and plundered as you
+are, should be called upon to bear any part of the present expenses. Of
+course, if the business is successfully accomplished we shall get
+everything back: but if the same evil fortune keeps us down, will you be
+so foolish as to throw away even the poor remains of your fortune?[351]
+I beseech you, my life, as far as expense goes, allow others to bear it,
+who are well able if they are only willing to do so; and do not, as you
+love me, try your delicate constitution. For I have you day and night
+before my eyes: I see you eagerly undertaking labours of every kind: I
+fear you cannot endure them. Yet I see that everything depends on you!
+Wherefore, to enable us to attain what you hope and are striving for,
+attend carefully to your health. _I_ don't know to whom to write except
+to those who write to me, or to those about whom you say something in
+your letters. I will not go farther off, since that is your wish, but
+pray send me a letter as often as possible, especially if there is
+anything on which we may safely build our hope. Good-bye, my loves,
+good-bye!
+
+Thessalonica, 5 October.
+
+[Footnote 349: Terentia, whose half-sister was a Vestal, seems to have
+taken sanctuary with the Vestals, as did the mother and sister of
+Augustus in B.C. 43. The special indignity of which Cicero complains is
+that she had been forced to leave the sanctuary and appear at the bank
+of Valerius, but for what purpose we cannot now tell. It is suggested
+that it was to make some solemn declaration as to her husband's
+property, some of which she may be supposed to have tried to conceal.
+The term _ducta esses_ is that applied to prisoners led through the
+streets, but we may regard it as used _ad invidiam_.]
+
+[Footnote 350: In securing her husband's advocacy.]
+
+[Footnote 351: Mention is made of Terentia's separate estate in Letters
+XXX and LXXXI.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIX (A III, 21)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 28 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+It is exactly thirty days to the writing of this letter since I have
+heard from you. Well, my present intention is, as I have told you, to go
+into Epirus and there by preference to await whatever may turn up. I beg
+you to write to me with the utmost openness whatever you perceive to be
+the state of the case, and whether it is for good or evil, and also to
+send a letter, as you say, in my name to whomsoever you think it
+necessary.
+
+28 October.
+
+
+
+
+LXXX (A III, 22)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA AND DYRRACHIUM, 27 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Though my brother Quintus and Piso have given me a careful account of
+what has been done, yet I could have wished that your engagements had
+not hindered you from writing fully to me, as has been your custom, what
+was on foot and what you understood to be the facts. Up to the present,
+Plancius[352] keeps me here by his generous treatment, though I have
+several times already made an effort to go to Epirus. He has conceived a
+hope, which I do not share, that we may possibly quit the province
+together: he hopes that that may redound greatly to his credit. But as
+soon as news shall come that soldiers are on their way hither,[353] I
+shall have to insist on quitting him. And as soon as I do that I will
+at once send you word, that you may know where I am. Lentulus,[354] in
+his own peculiar zeal for my cause, which he manifests by action and
+promises and writings, gives me some hope of Pompey's friendly feelings.
+For you have often told me in your letters that the latter was wholly
+devoted to him. As to Metellus,[355] my brother has written me word that
+by your agency as much has been accomplished as he had hoped. My dear
+Pomponius, fight hard that I may be allowed to live with you and my own
+family, and write me everything that occurs. I am heavy with sorrow and
+regret for all my dear ones, who have always been dearer to me than
+myself. Take care of your health.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dyrrachium, 27 November. As, if I went through Thessaly into Epirus, I
+should have been likely to be a very long time without any intelligence,
+and as I have warm friends in the people of Dyrrachium, I have come to
+them, after writing the former part of this letter at Thessalonica. When
+I turn my face from this town towards your house I will let you know,
+and for your part I would have you write me everything with the utmost
+particularity, whatever its nature. I am now expecting some definite
+step or the abandonment of all hope.
+
+[Footnote 352: Cn. Plancius, quæstor in Macedonia, whose kindness Cicero
+lauds highly when defending him in B.C. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 353: The forces of the new governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who
+was to have Macedonia after his consulship, and would be sending his
+troops on before him.]
+
+[Footnote 354: P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul-designate for B.C. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 355: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, consul-designate for B.C. 57.
+See pp. 22-23.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXI (F XIV, 1)
+
+TO TERENTIA
+
+PARTLY WRITTEN AT THESSALONICA, PARTLY AT DYRRACHIUM, 28 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I learn, both from the
+letters of many and the conversation of all whom I meet, that you are
+shewing a virtue and courage surpassing belief; and that you give no
+sign of fatigue in mind or body from your labours. Ah me! To think that
+a woman of your virtue, fidelity, uprightness, and kindness should have
+fallen into such troubles on my account! And that my little Tullia
+should reap such a harvest of sorrow from the father, from whom she used
+to receive such abundant joys! For why mention my boy Cicero, who from
+the first moment of conscious feeling has been made aware of the
+bitterest sorrows and miseries? And if, as you say, I had thought these
+things the work of destiny, I could have borne them somewhat more
+easily, but they were really all brought about by my own fault, in
+thinking myself beloved by those who were really jealous of me, and in
+not joining those who really wanted me.[356] But if I had followed my
+own judgment, and had not allowed the observations of friends, who were
+either foolish or treacherous, to have such great influence with me, we
+should have been living at the height of bliss. As it is, since friends
+bid us hope, I will do my best to prevent my weakness of health from
+failing to second your efforts. I fully understand the magnitude of the
+difficulty, and how much easier it will turn out to have been to stay at
+home than to get back. However, if we have all the tribunes on our side,
+if we find Lentulus as zealous as he appears to be, if, finally, we have
+Pompey and Cæsar, there is no reason to despair. About our slaves,[357]
+we will do what you say is the opinion of our friends. As to this place,
+by this time the epidemic has taken its departure; but while it lasted,
+it did not touch me. Plancius, the kindest of men, desires me to stay
+with him and still keeps me from departing. I wanted to be in a less
+frequented district in Epirus, to which neither Hispo[358] nor soldiers
+would come, but as yet Plancius keeps me from going; he hopes that he
+may possibly quit his province for Italy in my company. And if ever I
+see that day, and come once more into your arms, and if I ever recover
+you all and myself, I shall consider that I have reaped a sufficient
+harvest both of your piety and my own. Piso's[359] kindness, virtue, and
+affection toward us all are so great that nothing can surpass them. I
+hope his conduct may be a source of pleasure to him, a source of glory I
+see clearly that it will be. I did not mean to find fault with you about
+my brother Quintus, but I wished that you all, especially considering
+how few there are of you, should be as closely united as possible. Those
+whom you wished me to thank I have thanked, and told them that my
+information came from you. As to what you say in your letter, my dear
+Terentia, about your intention of selling the village, alas! in heaven's
+name, what will become of you? And if the same ill-fortune continues to
+pursue us, what will become of our poor boy? I cannot write the rest--so
+violent is my outburst of weeping, and I will not reduce you to the same
+tearful condition. I only add this: if my friends remain loyal to me,
+there will be no lack of money; if not, you will not be able to effect
+our object out of your own purse. In the name of our unhappy fortunes,
+beware how we put the finishing stroke to the boy's ruin. If he has
+something to keep him from absolute want, he will need only moderate
+character and moderate luck to attain the rest. See to your health, and
+mind you send me letter-carriers, that I may know what is going on and
+what you are all doing. I have in any case only a short time to wait.
+Give my love to Tulliola and Cicero. Good-bye.
+
+Dyrrachium,[360] 27 November.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+P.S.--I have come to Dyrrachium both because it is a free state, very
+kindly disposed to me, and the nearest point to Italy.[361] But if the
+crowded condition of the place offends me, I shall take myself elsewhere
+and I will write you word.
+
+[Footnote 356: The party of the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 357: See Letter LXI, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 358: A centurion or other officer in the army of Piso crossing
+to Macedonia. But the name is otherwise unknown, and some have thought
+that it is an intentional disguise for the name of _Piso_ himself.]
+
+[Footnote 359: Cicero's son-in-law.]
+
+[Footnote 360: The greater part of this letter was evidently written at
+Thessalonica. Cicero appears to have put the date and place of departure
+to it after arriving at Dyrrachium, and then added a postscript to
+explain why he had come there.]
+
+[Footnote 361: As a _libera civitas_ Dyrrachium had the _ius exilii_,
+and would not be filled with Roman officials. The crowded state of the
+town--by which Cicero means crowded with Romans--would arise from its
+being the usual place of disembarkation from Rome across the north of
+the Greek peninsula to the East. There was doubtless always a large
+traffic between it and Brundisium, but at this time of year, when
+sailing would be, if possible, avoided, he might hope to find it
+somewhat less crowded.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXII (A III, 23)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 29 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+On the 26th of November I received three letters from you, one dated
+25th of October, in which you exhort me to await the month of January
+with a good heart, and write at length on such topics as you think tend
+to encourage my hopes--as to the zeal of Lentulus, the goodwill of
+Metellus, and the general policy of Pompey. In the second letter,
+contrary to your usual custom, you append no date, but give sufficient
+indication of the time of its writing. For the law having been published
+by the eight tribunes, you mention that you wrote this letter on the
+very same day, that is, the 29th of October,[362] and you say what good
+you think that publication has done. In regard to which, if my
+restoration is to be despaired of along with this law, I would have you
+think in your affection for me that my fruitless exertions are pitiable
+rather than foolish: but if there is any ground for hope, try and secure
+that my cause may be hereafter supported with greater attention to
+details by the new magistrates. For this bill of the old tribunes[363]
+had three clauses, of which the one relating to my return was carelessly
+drafted. For nothing is restored to me except my citizenship and
+senatorial rank: which, in the circumstances of my position, suffices
+me, but it does not escape your observation what special provisions will
+have to be made, and in what manner. The second clause is the usual
+one--"If anything be done in virtue of this law against other
+laws."[364] But observe, my dear Pomponius, what the object of the third
+clause is, and by whom it has been put in. For you know that Clodius
+provided that it should be scarcely possible, or rather altogether
+impossible, for his law to be deprived of validity either by senate or
+people. But you must see that the penal provisions of such laws as are
+repealed have never been observed. For in that case hardly any law could
+be repealed at all--for there is no law which does not hedge itself in
+by trying to make repeal difficult--but when a law is repealed, so is
+the clause meant to prevent its repeal. Now, though this is in truth the
+case, since it has been the universal doctrine and practice, our eight
+tribunes introduced the following clause: _If any provision is contained
+in this bill which, in view of existing laws or plebiscites_ (_i.e._,
+Clodius's law), _it is not lawful without incurring penalty, now or
+heretofore, whether to publish, repeal, amend, or supersede, or whereby
+he who has so published or amended would be liable to penalty or
+fine--such provision is not enacted by this law_. And observe that this
+contingency did not touch the case of those eight tribunes, for they
+were not bound by a law emanating from their own body.[365] Which makes
+one the more suspicious of some evil intention, since they have added a
+clause which did not affect themselves, but was against my interests: so
+that the new tribunes, if they happened to be somewhat timid, would
+think it still more necessary to employ the clause.[366] And Clodius did
+not fail to notice this. For he said in the public meeting of November
+the third, that by this clause a limit to their legal powers was laid
+down for the tribunes-designate; and yet it cannot escape your notice
+that in no law is there a clause of the sort: whereas, if it had been
+necessary, everybody would have employed it in repealing a law. How this
+point came to escape Ninnius[367] and the rest, pray find out, and who
+introduced the clause, and how it was that the eight tribunes did not
+hesitate to bring my case before the senate--which implies that they did
+not think that clause of the law binding--and were yet so cautious in
+their proposal for its repeal, as to be afraid (though not personally
+liable) of what need not be taken into consideration, even by those who
+are bound by the law. This clause I would not have the new tribunes
+propose; however, let them only carry something, no matter what: I shall
+be content with the single clause recalling me, so long only as the
+business is done. I have for some time been feeling ashamed of writing
+at such length; for I fear by the time you read this it will be all up
+with any hopes, so that this minute criticism of mine may seem pitiable
+to you and ridiculous to others. But if there is any ground for hope,
+pray look at the law which Visellius[368] drafted for T. Fadius. I like
+it very much: for that of our friend Sestius, which you say has your
+approbation, I don't like.
+
+The third letter is dated 12th of November, in which you explain with
+wisdom and care what the circumstances are which seem to cause a
+postponement of my affair, and about Crassus, Pompey, and the rest.
+Accordingly, I beg you, if there is any hope that the matter can be
+settled by the zeal of the loyalists, by the exertion of influence, and
+by getting numbers on our side, to endeavour to break through all
+difficulties at a rush, to throw your whole weight into the attempt, and
+incite others to do the same. But if, as I perceive from your
+conjectures as well as my own, there is no hope left, I beg and implore
+you to cherish my brother Quintus, whom I to our mutual misery have
+ruined, and not allow him to do anything to himself which would be to
+the detriment of your sister's son. My little Cicero, to whom, poor boy!
+I leave nothing but prejudice and the blot upon my name, pray protect to
+the best of your power. Terentia, that most afflicted of women, sustain
+by your kindness. I shall start for Epirus as soon as I have received
+news of the first days of the new tribunate.[369] Pray describe fully to
+me in your next letter what sort of a beginning is made.
+
+29 November.
+
+[Footnote 362: This bill for Cicero's recall would, of course, be vetoed
+by Clodius, and could not therefore be passed, but it would probably
+influence the action of the new tribunes for B.C. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 363: _I.e._, the tribunes of B.C. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 364: _I.e._, securing indemnity to the proposers if there is a
+technical breach of existing laws, something like the common
+clause--"all statutes to the contrary notwithstanding."]
+
+[Footnote 365: The Clodian law.]
+
+[Footnote 366: Because they would not be protected as the previous
+tribunes were by the fact of the Clodian law (which alone was
+contravened) having emanated from their own _collegium_.]
+
+[Footnote 367: L. Quadratus Ninnius, tribune-elect. On the 1st of June
+next he brought forward the question of Cicero's restoration in the
+senate.]
+
+[Footnote 368: Cicero's cousin, C. Visellius Varro, a learned
+jurisconsult (_Brut._ § 264; 1 _Verr._ § 71).]
+
+[Footnote 369: The tribunes came into office on the 10th of December,
+nearly three weeks before the consuls, prætors, etc., who entered office
+on the 1st of January.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIII (F XIV, 3)
+
+TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 29 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I have received three
+letters from the hands of Aristocritus, which I almost obliterated with
+tears. For I am thoroughly weakened with sorrow, my dear Terentia, and
+it is not my own miseries that torture me more than yours--and yours, my
+children! Moreover, I am more miserable than you in this, that whereas
+the disaster is shared by us both, yet the fault is all my own. It was
+my duty to have avoided the danger by accepting a legation,[370] or to
+resist it by careful management and the resources at my command, or to
+fall like a brave man. Nothing was more pitiful, more base, or more
+unworthy of myself than the line I actually took. Accordingly, it is
+with shame as well as grief that I am overpowered. For I am ashamed of
+not having exhibited courage and care to a most excellent wife and most
+darling children. I have, day and night, before my eyes the mourning
+dresses, the tears of you all, and the weakness of your own health,
+while the hope of recall presented to me is slender indeed. Many are
+hostile, nearly all jealous. To expel me had been difficult, to keep me
+out is easy. However, as long as you entertain any hope, I will not give
+way, lest all should seem lost by my fault. As to your anxiety for my
+personal safety, that is now the easiest thing in the world for me, for
+even my enemies desire me to go on living in this utter wretchedness. I
+will, however, do as you bid me. I have thanked the friends you desired
+me to thank, and I have delivered the letters to Dexippus, and have
+mentioned that you had informed me of their kindness. That our Piso has
+shewn surprising zeal and kindness to us I can see for myself, but
+everybody also tells me of it. God grant that I may be allowed, along
+with you and our children, to enjoy the actual society of such a
+son-in-law! For the present our one remaining hope is in the new
+tribunes, and that, too, in the first days of their office; if the
+matter is allowed to get stale, it is all over with us. It is for that
+reason that I have sent Aristocritus back to you at once, in order that
+you may be able to write to me on the spot as to the first official
+steps taken, and the progress of the whole business; although I have
+also given Dexippus orders to hurry back here at once, and I have sent a
+message to my brother to despatch letter-carriers frequently. For the
+professed object of my being at Dyrrachium at the present juncture is
+that I may hear as speedily as possible what is being done; and I am in
+no personal danger, for this town has always been defended by me. When I
+am told that enemies are on their way here I shall retire into Epirus.
+As to your coming to me, as you say you will if I wish it--for my part,
+knowing that a large part of this burden is supported by you, I should
+like you to remain where you are. If you succeed in your attempt I must
+come to you: but if, on the other hand--but I needn't write the rest.
+From your first, or at most, your second letter, I shall be able to
+decide what I must do. Only be sure you tell me everything with the
+greatest minuteness, although I ought now to be looking out for some
+practical step rather than a letter. Take care of your health, and
+assure yourself that nothing is or has ever been dearer to me than you
+are. Good-bye, my dear Terentia, whom I seem to see before my eyes, and
+so am dissolved in tears. Good-bye!
+
+29 November.
+
+[Footnote 370: Either the _libera legatio_ or the acting _legatio_ in
+Gaul, both of which Cæsar offered him.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIV (A III, 24)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 10 DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT. 48]
+
+When, some time ago, I received letters from you all stating that with
+your consent the vote for the expenses of the consular provinces had
+been taken, though I was nervous as to the result of the measure, I yet
+hoped that you saw some good reason for it beyond what I could see: but
+when I was informed by word of mouth and by letters that this policy of
+yours was strongly censured, I was much disturbed, because the hope
+which I had cherished, faint as it was, seemed completely destroyed. For
+if the tribunes are angry with us, what hope can there be? And, indeed,
+they seem to have reason to be angry, since they, who had undertaken my
+cause, have not been consulted on the measure; while by your assenting
+to it they have been deprived of all the legitimate influence of their
+office: and that though they profess that it was for my sake that they
+wished to have the vote for the outfit of the consuls under their
+control, not in order to curtail their freedom of action, but in order
+to attach them to my cause:[371] that as things stand now, supposing
+the consuls to choose to take part against me, they can do so without
+let or hindrance, but if they wish to do anything in my favour they are
+powerless if the tribunes object. For as to what you say in your letter,
+that, if your party had not consented, they would have obtained their
+object by a popular vote--that would have been impossible against the
+will of the tribunes.[372] So I fear, on the one hand, that I have lost
+the favour of the tribunes; and on the other, even supposing that favour
+to remain, that the tie has been lost by which the consuls were to be
+attached. Added to this is another disadvantage, the abandonment of the
+weighty resolution--as, indeed, it was reported to me--that the senate
+should pass no decree until my case had been decided, and that, too, in
+the case of a measure which was not only not urgent, but even contrary
+to custom and unprecedented. For I think there is no precedent for
+voting the provincial outfit of magistrates when still only designate:
+so that, since in a matter like this the firm line[373] on which my
+cause had been taken up has been infringed, there is now no reason why
+any decree should not be passed. It is not surprising that those friends
+to whom the question was referred assented, for it was difficult to find
+anyone to express an opinion openly against proposals so advantageous to
+two consuls. It would in any case have been difficult not to be
+complaisant to such a warm friend as Lentulus, or to Metellus after the
+exceedingly kind way in which he put aside his quarrel with me. But I
+fear that, while failing to keep a hold on them, we have lost the
+tribunes. How this matter has occurred, and in what position the whole
+business stands, I would have you write to me, and in the same spirit as
+before: for your outspoken candour, even if not altogether pleasant, is
+yet what I prefer.
+
+10 December.
+
+[Footnote 371: The phrase _ornare provincias, ornare consules_, etc.,
+means the vote in the senate deciding the number of troops, amount of
+money, and other outfit that the magistrates going to their provinces
+were to have. The provinces to be taken by outgoing consuls were decided
+before the elections--in this case they were Cilicia and Spain. But the
+_ornatio_ usually took place after the consuls had entered on their
+office, _i.e._, after the 1st of January. For this year, however--we
+don't know why--it had taken place before the 1st of December, B.C. 58.
+The result of this would be that the new tribunes for B.C. 57--entering
+on their office 10th December, B.C. 58--would have no voice in the
+matter, and would thus lose a great hold on the consuls. Most of these
+tribunes were supporters of Cicero, while he was doubtful as to one of
+the consuls--Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. He thinks, therefore, that his
+cause has lost by this measure, for the tribunes will have less power of
+putting force on the consuls to do anything for him, and yet the same
+power of stopping them should they wish to do anything of their own
+accord. Besides, the new tribunes may be alienated by what they may
+think a measure derogatory to their position. These fears came to
+nothing; the tribunes were loyal to Cicero, and the consul Piso
+forwarded his recall.]
+
+[Footnote 372: Because the tribunes could have vetoed any measure
+brought before the people, and so could have forced the consuls to come
+to terms.]
+
+[Footnote 373: _I.e._, that the senate would pass no decree prior to one
+recalling Cicero.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXV (A III, 25)
+
+TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS[374])
+
+DYRRACHIUM (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, ÆT 48]
+
+After you left me I received a letter from Rome, from which I see
+clearly that I must rot away in this state of disfranchisement: for I
+can't believe (don't be offended at my saying so) that you would have
+left town at this juncture, if there had been the least hope left of my
+restoration. But I pass over this, that I may not seem to be ungrateful
+and to wish everything to share my own ruin. All I ask of you is what
+you have faithfully promised, that you will appear before the 1st of
+January wherever I may be.
+
+[Footnote 374: There is no indication in the letter as to where Atticus
+is. He left Rome late in B.C. 58, and apparently did not return till
+after Cicero's recall. The most natural explanation is that he was in
+Epirus, or somewhere in Greece, and that he had visited Cicero at
+Dyrrachium on his way. I do not quite see how this should be thought
+impossible in view of the last sentence of LXXXV or the next letter.
+Cicero asks Atticus to join him, but he might do so whether Atticus were
+at Buthrotum, or Rome, or anywhere else.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVI (A III, 26)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57. Coss., P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Q. Cæcilius
+Metellus Nepos.
+
+     The new year found Cicero still at Dyrrachium, waiting for the law
+     to pass for his recall, which (owing chiefly to the riotous
+     opposition of Clodius) did not pass till the 5th of August. We have
+     no letters in the interval between January and August, but a few
+     lively ones recounting the nature of his return (4th of September),
+     and four speeches dealing with his position and that of his
+     property. He seems at once to have attached himself to Pompey, and
+     to have promoted his appointment as _præfectus annonæ_.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS[374])
+
+DYRRACHIUM, JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+I have received a letter from my brother Quintus inclosing the decree of
+the senate passed concerning me. My intention is to await the time for
+legislation, and, if the law is defeated, I shall avail myself of the
+resolution of the senate,[375] and prefer to be deprived of my life
+rather than of my country. Make haste, I beg, to come to me.
+
+[Footnote 375: On 1st January, B.C. 57, P. Lentulus brought the case of
+Cicero before the senate. The prevailing opinion was that his
+_interdictio_ having been illegal, the senate could quash it. But
+Pompey, for the sake of security, recommended a _lex_. One of the
+tribunes, without actually vetoing the _senatus consultum_, demanded a
+night for consideration. The question was again debated in succeeding
+meetings of the senate, but on the 25th was not decided. Technically an
+_auctoritas_ was a decree that had been vetoed by a tribune, and Cicero
+(_pro Sest._ § 74) implies that such a veto had been put in, and at any
+rate the _noctis postulatio_ was equivalent to a veto.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVII (A III, 27)
+
+TO ATTICUS (? AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM (AFTER 25 JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+From your letter and from the bare facts I see that I am utterly
+ruined.[376] I implore you, in view of my deplorable position, to stand
+by my family in whatever respect they shall need your help. I shall, as
+you say, see you soon.
+
+[Footnote 376: Perhaps he has just heard that the sitting of the senate
+on the 25th of January had been interrupted by Clodius's roughs. But
+other similar events happened, and there is no certain means of dating
+this note. The difficulty, as it stands, is that it implies Atticus's
+temporary return to Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVIII (F V, 4)
+
+TO Q. METELLUS THE CONSUL (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM (JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+A letter from my brother Quintus, and one from my friend Titus
+Pomponius, had given me so much hope, that I depended on your assistance
+no less than on that of your colleague. Accordingly, I at once sent you
+a letter in which, as my present position required, I offered you thanks
+and asked for the continuance of your assistance. Later on, not so much
+the letters of my friends, as the conversation of travellers by this
+route, indicated that your feelings had undergone a change; and that
+circumstance prevented my venturing to trouble you with letters. Now,
+however, my brother Quintus has sent me a copy which he had made of your
+exceedingly kind speech delivered in the senate. Induced by this I have
+attempted to write to you, and I do ask and beg of you, as far as I may
+without giving you offence, to preserve your own friends along with me,
+rather than attack me to satisfy the unreasonable vindictiveness of your
+connexions. You have, indeed, conquered yourself so far as to lay aside
+your own enmity for the sake of the Republic: will you be induced to
+support that of others _against_ the interests of the Republic? But if
+you will in your clemency now give me assistance, I promise you that I
+will be at your service henceforth: but if neither magistrates, nor
+senate, nor people are permitted to aid me, owing to the violence which
+has proved too strong for me, and for the state as well, take care
+lest--though you may wish the opportunity back again for retaining all
+and sundry in their rights--you find yourself unable to do so, because
+there will be nobody to be retained.[377]
+
+[Footnote 377: This intentionally enigmatical sentence is meant to
+contain a menace against Clodius, who is hinted at in the word _omnium_,
+just as he is earlier in the letter in the word _tuorum_. Clodius was a
+connexion by marriage of Metellus (through his late brother, the husband
+of Clodia), and Cicero assumes that Metellus is restrained from helping
+him by regard for Clodius. He knows, however, by this time, that one of
+the new tribunes, Milo, is prepared to repel force by force, and he
+hints to Metellus that if he countenances Clodius's violence he may some
+day find that there is no Clodius to save--if that's his object. In
+Letter LXXXIX he shews how early he had contemplated Clodius being
+killed by Milo (_occisum iri ab ipso Milone video_).]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIX (A IV, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+Directly I arrived at Rome, and there was anyone to whom I could safely
+intrust a letter for you, I thought the very first thing I ought to do
+was to congratulate you in your absence on my return. For I knew, to
+speak candidly, that though in giving me advice you had not been more
+courageous or far-seeing than myself, nor--considering my devotion to
+you in the past--too careful in protecting me from disaster, yet that
+you--though sharing in the first instance in my mistake, or rather
+madness, and in my groundless terror--had nevertheless been deeply
+grieved at our separation, and had bestowed immense pains, zeal, care,
+and labour in securing my return. Accordingly, I can truly assure you of
+this, that in the midst of supreme joy and the most gratifying
+congratulations, the one thing wanting to fill my cup of happiness to
+the brim is the sight of you, or rather your embrace; and if I ever
+forfeit that again, when I have once got possession of it, and if, too,
+I do not exact the full delights of your charming society that have
+fallen into arrear in the past, I shall certainly consider myself
+unworthy of this renewal of my good fortune.
+
+In regard to my political position, I have resumed what I thought there
+would be the utmost difficulty in recovering--my brilliant standing at
+the bar, my influence in the senate, and a popularity with the loyalists
+even greater than I desired. In regard, however, to my private
+property--as to which you are well aware to what an extent it has been
+crippled, scattered, and plundered--I am in great difficulties, and
+stand in need, not so much of your means (which I look upon as my own),
+as of your advice for collecting and restoring to a sound state the
+fragments that remain. For the present, though I believe everything
+finds its way to you in the letters of your friends, or even by
+messengers and rumour, yet I will write briefly what I think you would
+like to learn from my letters above all others. On the 4th of August I
+started from Dyrrachium, the very day on which the law about me was
+carried. I arrived at Brundisium on the 5th of August. There my dear
+Tulliola met me on what was her own birthday, which happened also to be
+the name-day of the colony of Brundisium and of the temple of Safety,
+near your house. This coincidence was noticed and celebrated with warm
+congratulations by the citizens of Brundisium. On the 8th of August,
+while still at Brundisium, I learnt by a letter from Quintus that the
+law had been passed at the _comitia centuriata_ with a surprising
+enthusiasm on the part of all ages and ranks, and with an incredible
+influx of voters from Italy. I then commenced my journey, amidst the
+compliments of the men of highest consideration at Brundisium, and was
+met at every point by legates bearing congratulations. My arrival in the
+neighbourhood of the city was the signal for every soul of every order
+known to my nomenclator coming out to meet me, except those enemies who
+could not either dissemble or deny the fact of their being such. On my
+arrival at the Porta Capena, the steps of the temples were already
+thronged from top to bottom[378] by the populace; and while their
+congratulations were displayed by the loudest possible applause, a
+similar throng and similar applause accompanied me right up to the
+Capitol, and in the forum and on the Capitol itself there was again a
+wonderful crowd. Next day, in the senate, that is, the 5th of September,
+I spoke my thanks to the senators. Two days after that--there having
+been a very heavy rise in the price of corn, and great crowds having
+flocked first to the theatre and then to the senate-house, shouting out,
+at the instigation of Clodius, that the scarcity of corn was my
+doing--meetings of the senate being held on those days to discuss the
+corn question, and Pompey being called upon to undertake the management
+of its supply in the common talk not only of the plebs, but of the
+aristocrats also, and being himself desirous of the commission, when the
+people at large called upon me by name to support a decree to that
+effect, I did so, and gave my vote in a carefully-worded speech. The
+other consulars, except Messalla and Afranius, having absented
+themselves on the ground that they could not vote with safety to
+themselves, a decree of the senate was passed in the sense of my motion,
+namely, that Pompey should be appealed to to undertake the business, and
+that a law should be proposed to that effect. This decree of the senate
+having been publicly read, and the people having, after the senseless
+and new-fangled custom that now prevails, applauded the mention of my
+name,[379] I delivered a speech. All the magistrates present, except one
+prætor and two tribunes, called on me to speak.[380] Next day a full
+senate, including all the consulars, granted everything that Pompey
+asked for. Having demanded fifteen legates, he named me first in the
+list, and said that he should regard me in all things as a second self.
+The consuls drew up a law by which complete control over the corn-supply
+for five years throughout the whole world was given to Pompey. A second
+law is drawn up by Messius,[381] granting him power over all money, and
+adding a fleet and army, and an _imperium_ in the provinces superior to
+that of their governors. After that our consular law seems moderate
+indeed: that of Messius is quite intolerable. Pompey professes to prefer
+the former; his friends the latter. The consulars led by Favonius
+murmur: I hold my tongue, the more so that the pontifices have as yet
+given no answer in regard to my house.[382] If they annul the
+consecration I shall have a splendid site. The consuls, in accordance
+with a decree of the senate, will value the cost of the building that
+stood upon it; but if the pontifices decide otherwise, they will pull
+down the Clodian building, give out a contract in their own name (for a
+temple), and value to me the cost of a site and house. So our affairs
+are
+
+    "For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."[383]
+
+In regard to money matters I am, as you know, much embarrassed. Besides,
+there are certain domestic troubles, which I do not intrust to writing.
+My brother Quintus I love as he deserves for his eminent qualities of
+loyalty, virtue, and good faith. I am longing to see you, and beg you to
+hasten your return, resolved not to allow me to be without the benefit
+of your advice. I am on the threshold, as it were, of a second life.
+Already certain persons who defended me in my absence begin to nurse a
+secret grudge at me now that I am here, and to make no secret of their
+jealousy. I want you very much.
+
+[Footnote 378: Reading _ab infimo_.]
+
+[Footnote 379: As backing the decree. The phrase was _aderat scribendo
+M. Tullius Cicero_, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 380: _Dederunt_, _i.e._, _contionem_; lit. gave me a meeting,
+_i.e._, the right of addressing the meeting, which only magistrates or
+those introduced by magistrates could do.]
+
+[Footnote 381: C. Messius, a tribune of the year.]
+
+[Footnote 382: Clodius had consecrated the site of Cicero's house for a
+temple of Liberty. The pontifices had to decide whether that
+consecration held good, or whether the site might be restored to Cicero.
+Hence his speech _de Domo sua ad Pontifices_.]
+
+[Footnote 383: The origin of the Latin line is not known. The English is
+Milton's, _P. L._ ii. 224.]
+
+
+
+
+XC (A IV, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+If by any chance you get letters less frequently from me than from
+others, I beg you not to put it down to my negligence, or even to my
+engagements; for though they are very heavy, there can be none
+sufficient to stop the course of our mutual affection and of the
+attention I owe to you. The fact is that, since my return to Rome, this
+is only the second time that I have been told of anyone to whom I could
+deliver a letter, and accordingly this is my second letter to you. In my
+former I described the reception I had on my return, what my political
+position was, and how my affairs were.
+
+    "For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."
+
+The despatch of that letter was followed by a great controversy about my
+house. I delivered a speech before the pontifices on the 29th of
+September. I pleaded my cause with care, and if I ever was worth
+anything as a speaker, or even if I never was on any other occasion, on
+this one at any rate my indignation at the business, and the importance
+of it, did add a certain vigour to my style.[384] Accordingly, the
+rising generation must not be left without the benefit of this speech,
+which I shall send you all the same, even if you don't want it.[385] The
+decree of the pontifices was as follows: "If neither by order of the
+people nor vote of the plebs the party alleging that he had dedicated
+had been appointed by name to that function, nor by order of the people
+or vote of the plebs had been commanded to do so, we are of opinion that
+the part of the site in question may be restored to M. Tullius without
+violence to religion." Upon this I was at once congratulated--for no one
+doubted that my house was thereby adjudged to me--when all on a sudden
+that fellow mounts the platform to address a meeting, invited to speak
+by Appius,[386] and announces at once to the people that the pontifices
+had decided in his favour,[387] but that I was endeavouring to take
+forcible possession; he exhorts them to follow himself and Appius to
+defend their own shrine of Liberty.[388] Hereupon, when even those
+credulous hearers partly wondered and partly laughed at the fellow's mad
+folly, I resolved not to go near the place until such time as the
+consuls by decree of the senate had given out the contract for restoring
+the colonnade of Catulus.[389] On the 1st of October there was a full
+meeting of the senate. All the pontifices who were senators were invited
+to attend, and Marcellinus,[390] who is a great admirer of mine, being
+called on to speak first, asked them what was the purport of their
+decree. Then M. Lucullus, speaking for all his colleagues, answered that
+the pontifices were judges of a question of religion, the senate of the
+validity of a law: that he and his colleagues had given a decision on a
+point of religion; in the senate they would with the other senators
+decide on the law. Accordingly, each of them, when asked in their proper
+order for their opinion, delivered long arguments in my favour. When it
+came to Clodius's turn, he wished to talk out the day, and he went on
+endlessly; however, after he had spoken for nearly three hours, he was
+forced by the loud expression of the senate's disgust to finish his
+speech at last. On the decree in accordance with the proposal of
+Marcellinus passing the senate against a minority of one, Serranus
+interposed his veto.[391] At once both consuls referred the question of
+Serranus's veto to the senate. After some very resolute speeches had
+been delivered--"that it was the decision of the senate that the house
+should be restored to me": "that a contract should be given out for the
+colonnade of Catulus": "that the resolution of the house should be
+supported by all the magistrates": "that if any violence occurred, the
+senate would consider it to be the fault of the magistrate who vetoed
+the decree of the senate"--Serranus became thoroughly frightened, and
+Cornicinus repeated his old farce: throwing off his toga, he flung
+himself at his son-in-law's feet.[392] The former demanded a night for
+consideration. They would not grant it: for they remembered the 1st of
+January. It was, however, at last granted with difficulty on my
+interposition. Next day the decree of the senate was passed which I send
+you. Thereupon the consuls gave out a contract for the restoration of
+the colonnade of Catulus: the contractors immediately cleared that
+portico of his away to the satisfaction of all.[393] The buildings of my
+house the consuls, by the advice of their assessors, valued at 2,000,000
+sesterces (about £16,000).[394] The rest was valued very stingily. My
+Tusculan villa at 500,000 sesterces (about £4,000): my villa at Formiæ
+at 250,000 sesterces (about £2,000)--an estimate loudly exclaimed
+against not only by all the best men, but even by the common people. You
+will say, "What was the reason?" They for their part say it was my
+modesty--because I would neither say no, nor make any violent
+expostulation. But that is not the real cause: for that indeed in itself
+would have been in my favour.[395] But, my dear Pomponius, those very
+same men, I tell you, of whom you are no more ignorant than myself,
+having clipped my wings, are unwilling that they should grow again to
+their old size. But, as I hope, they are already growing again. Only
+come to me! But this, I fear, may be retarded by the visit of your and
+my friend Varro. Having now heard the actual course of public business,
+let me inform you of what I have in my thoughts besides. I have allowed
+myself to be made _legatus_ to Pompey, but only on condition that
+nothing should stand in the way of my being entirely free either to
+stand, if I choose, for the censorship--if the next consuls hold a
+censorial election--or to assume a "votive commission" in connexion
+with nearly any fanes or sacred groves.[396] For this is what falls in
+best with our general policy and my particular occasions. But I wished
+the power to remain in my hands of _either_ standing for election, _or_
+at the beginning of the summer of going out of town: and meanwhile I
+thought it not disadvantageous to keep myself before the eyes of the
+citizens who had treated me generously. Well, such are my plans in
+regard to public affairs; my domestic affairs are very intricate and
+difficult. My town house is being built: you know how much expense and
+annoyance the repair of my Formian villa occasions me, which I can
+neither bear to relinquish nor to look at. I have advertised my Tusculan
+property for sale; I don't much care for a suburban residence.[397] The
+liberality of friends has been exhausted in a business which brought me
+nothing but dishonour: and this you perceived though absent, as did
+others on the spot, by whose zeal and wealth I could easily have
+obtained all I wanted, had only my supporters allowed it.[398] In this
+respect I am now in serious difficulty. Other causes of anxiety are
+somewhat more of the _tacenda_ kind.[399] My brother and daughter treat
+me with affection. I am looking forward to seeing you.
+
+[Footnote 384: The speech _de Domo sua ad Pontifices_. The genuineness
+of the existing speech has been doubted. But it may very well be said
+that no one but Cicero could have written it. It is not certainly one of
+his happiest efforts, in spite of what he says here; but he is not
+unaccustomed to estimate his speeches somewhat highly, and to mistake
+violence for vigour.]
+
+[Footnote 385: He will send it to Atticus to get copied by his
+_librarii_, and published.]
+
+[Footnote 386: Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was a
+prætor this year.]
+
+[Footnote 387: It is not clear that Clodius was wrong; the pontifices
+decided that for a valid consecration an order of the people was
+requisite, and, of course, Clodius could allege such an order. Cicero
+devoted the greater part of his speech, therefore, to shewing (1) that
+Clodius's adoption was invalid, and that he was therefore no tribune,
+and incapable of taking an order of the people; (2) that the law was a
+_privilegium_, and therefore invalid. The pontifices did not consider
+either of these points, which were not properly before them, or within
+their competence; they merely decided the religious question--that
+unless there had been a _iussus populi_ or _plebis scitus_ there was no
+valid consecration.]
+
+[Footnote 388: Or perhaps only "statue of Liberty," as the temple was
+not yet completed.]
+
+[Footnote 389: A portico or colonnade, built by Q. Catulus, the
+conqueror of the Cimbri, on the site of the house of M. Flaccus, who was
+killed with Saturninus in B.C. 100. It was close to Cicero's house, and
+what Clodius appears to have done was to pull down the portico, and
+build another, extending over part of Cicero's site, on which was to be
+a temple for his statue of Liberty.]
+
+[Footnote 390: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus was called on first as
+consul designate for B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 391: Sext. Attilius Serranus, a tribune. He had been a quæstor
+in Cicero's consulship, but had opposed his recall.]
+
+[Footnote 392: Cn. Oppius Cornicinus, the father-in-law of Serranus, is
+said in _p. red. at Quir._ § 13 to have done the same in the senate on
+the 1st of January, when Serranus also went through the same form of
+"demanding a night" for consideration.]
+
+[Footnote 393: Prof. Tyrrell brackets _porticum_. But I do not
+understand his difficulty, especially as he saw none in the last letter.
+Cicero (_de Domo_, § 102) certainly implies that Clodius had, at any
+rate, partly pulled down the _porticus Catuli_, in order to build
+something on a larger scale, which was to take in some of Cicero's site.
+This was now to come down, and so leave Cicero his _area_, and, I
+presume, the old _porticus Catuli_ was to be restored.]
+
+[Footnote 394: Cicero had given Crassus 3,500,000 for it (about
+£28,000). See Letter XVI.]
+
+[Footnote 395: _I.e._, my modest reserve. There does not seem any reason
+for Tyrrell's emendation of _num_ for _nam_.]
+
+[Footnote 396: I have translated Klotz's text. That given by Prof.
+Tyrrell is, to me at any rate, quite unintelligible. Cicero's _legatio_
+under Pompey appears to have been, in fact, honorary, or _libera_, for
+he doesn't seem to have done anything. He wishes to reserve the right of
+resigning it to stand for the censorship (censors were elected in the
+following year), or of turning it into a _votiva legatio_, to visit
+certain sacred places on the plea of performing a vow, thus getting the
+opportunity, if he desired it, of retiring temporarily from Rome in a
+dignified manner. The force of _prope_ seems to be "almost any, I care
+not what." It was not likely that a man with his stormy past would do
+for the delicate duties of the censorship, and he would save appearances
+by going on a _votiva legatio_. See Letter XLIV.]
+
+[Footnote 397: _Facile careo_, others read _non facile_, "I don't like
+being without a suburban residence."]
+
+[Footnote 398: The thing which brought him "nothing but dishonour" was
+his quitting Rome, and the consequent expenses connected with winning
+over friends, or paying for Milo's bravoes to face those of Clodius. In
+the last part of the sentence he seems to mean that, had his supporters
+backed him properly, he would have got everything necessary to make good
+his losses from the liberality of the senate. Others explain that
+_defensores_ really means Pompey only.]
+
+[Footnote 399: This and the omission of his wife in the next clause, as
+the similar hint at the end of the last letter, seem to point to some
+misunderstanding with Terentia, with whom, however, a final rupture was
+postponed for nearly twelve years (B.C. 46.)]
+
+
+
+
+XCI (A IV, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 24 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+I am very well aware that you long to know what is going on here, and
+also to know it from me, not because things done before the eyes of the
+whole world are better realized when narrated by my hand than when
+reported to you by the pens or lips of others, but because it is from my
+letters that you get what you want--a knowledge of _my_ feelings in
+regard to the occurrences, and what at such a juncture is the state of
+my mind, or, in a word, the conditions in which I am living. On the 3rd
+of November the workmen were driven from the site of my house by armed
+ruffians: the _porticus Catuli_,[400] which was being rebuilt on a
+contract given out by the consuls, in accordance with a decree of the
+senate, and had nearly reached the roof, was battered down: the house of
+my brother Quintus[401] was first smashed with volleys of stones thrown
+from my site, and then set on fire by order of Clodius, firebrands
+having been thrown into it in the sight of the whole town, amidst loud
+exclamations of indignation and sorrow, I will not say of the
+loyalists--for I rather think there _are_ none--but of simply every
+human being. That madman runs riot: thinks after this mad prank of
+nothing short of murdering his opponents: canvasses the city street by
+street: makes open offers of freedom to slaves. For the fact is that up
+to this time, while trying to avoid prosecution,[402] he had a case,
+difficult indeed to support, and obviously bad, but still a case: he
+might have denied the facts, he might have shifted the blame on others,
+he might even have pleaded that some part of his proceedings had been
+legal. But after such wrecking of buildings, incendiaries, and wholesale
+robberies as these, being abandoned by his supporters, he hardly retains
+on his side Decimus the marshal,[403] or Gellius; takes slaves into his
+confidence; sees that, even if he openly assassinates everyone he wishes
+to, he will not have a worse case before a court of law than he has at
+present. Accordingly, on the 11th of November, as I was going down the
+Sacred Way, he followed me with his gang. There were shouts,
+stone-throwing, brandishing of clubs and swords, and all this without a
+moment's warning. I and my party stepped aside into Tettius Damio's
+vestibule: those accompanying me easily prevented his roughs from
+getting in. He might have been killed himself.[404] But I am now on a
+system of cure by regimen: I am tired of surgery. The fellow, seeing
+that what everybody called for was not his prosecution but his instant
+execution, has since made all your Catilines seem models of
+respectability.[405] For on the 12th of November he tried to storm and
+set fire to Milo's house, I mean the one on Germalus:[406] and so openly
+was this done, that at eleven o'clock in the morning he brought men
+there armed with shields and with their swords drawn, and others with
+lighted torches. He had himself occupied the house of P. Sulla[407] as
+his headquarters from which to conduct the assault upon Milo's.
+Thereupon Q. Flaccus led out some gallant fellows from Milo's other
+house (the _Anniana_): killed the most notorious bravoes of all
+Clodius's gang: wanted to kill Clodius himself; but my gentleman took
+refuge in the inner part of Sulla's house. The next thing was a meeting
+of the senate on the 14th. Clodius stayed at home: Marcellinus[408] was
+splendid: all were keen. Metellus[409] talked the business out by an
+obstructive speech, aided by Appius, and also, by Hercules! by your
+friend on whose firmness you wrote me such a wonderfully true letter!
+Sestius[410] was fuming. Afterwards the fellow vows vengeance on the
+city if his election is stopped. Marcellinus's resolution having been
+exposed for public perusal (he had read it from a written copy, and it
+embraced our entire case--the prosecution was to include his violent
+proceedings on the site of my house, his arson, his assault on me
+personally, and was to take place before the elections), he put up a
+notice that he intended to watch the sky during all comitial days.[411]
+Public speeches of Metellus disorderly, of Appius hot-headed, of
+Publius stark mad. The upshot, however, was that, had not Milo served
+his notice of bad omens in the _campus_, the elections would have been
+held. On the 19th of November Milo arrived on the _campus_ before
+midnight with a large company. Clodius, though he had picked gangs of
+runaway slaves, did not venture into the _campus_. Milo stopped there
+till midday,[412] to everybody's great delight and his own infinite
+credit: the movement of the three brethren[413] ended in their own
+disgrace; their violence was crushed, their madness made ridiculous.
+However, Metellus demands that the obstructive notice should be served
+on him next day in the forum: "there was no need to come to the _campus_
+before daybreak: he would be in the _comitium_ at the first hour of the
+day."[414] Accordingly, on the 20th Milo came to the forum before
+sunrise. Metellus at the first sign of dawn was stealthily hurrying to
+the _campus_, I had almost said by by-lanes: Milo catches our friend up
+"between the groves"[415] and serves his notice. The latter returned
+greeted with loud and insulting remarks by Q. Flaccus. The 21st was a
+market day.[416] For two days no public meeting. I am writing this
+letter on the 23rd at three o'clock in the morning. Milo is already in
+possession of the _campus_. The candidate Marcellus[417] is snoring so
+loud that I can hear him next door. I am told that Clodius's vestibule
+is completely deserted: there are a few ragged fellows there and a
+canvas lantern.[418] His party complains that I am the adviser of the
+whole business: they little know the courage and wisdom of that hero!
+His gallantry is astonishing. Some recent instances of his superhuman
+excellence I pass over; but the upshot is this: I don't think the
+election will take place. I think Publius will be brought to trial by
+Milo--unless he is killed first. If he once puts himself in his way in a
+riot, I can see that he will be killed by Milo himself. The latter has
+no scruple about doing it; he avows his intention; he isn't at all
+afraid of what happened to me, for _he_ will never listen to the advice
+of a jealous and faithless friend, nor trust a feeble aristocrat. In
+spirit, at any rate, I am as vigorous as in my zenith, or even more so;
+in regard to money I am crippled. However, the liberality of my brother
+I have, in spite of his protests, repaid (as the state of my finances
+compelled) by the aid of my friends, that I might not be drained quite
+dry myself. What line of policy to adopt in regard to my position as a
+whole, I cannot decide in your absence: wherefore make haste to town.
+
+[Footnote 400: See last letter. The _porticus Catuli_ had been, at any
+rate, partly demolished by Clodius to make way for his larger scheme of
+building, which was to take in part of Cicero's "site." See _pro Cæl._
+§79.]
+
+[Footnote 401: Next door to Cicero's own house.]
+
+[Footnote 402: He would avoid prosecution _de vi_ by getting elected to
+the ædileship for B.C. 56, for actual magistrates were rarely
+prosecuted; but he, in this case, actually avoided it by getting a
+consul and tribune to forbid it by edict (_pro Sest._ § 89).]
+
+[Footnote 403: _Designatorem._ This may mean (1) an official who shewed
+people to their places in the theatre; (2) an undertaker's man, who
+marshalled funerals. To the latter office a certain _infamia_ was
+attached. We know nothing more of Decimus (see _pro Domo_, § 50).
+Gellius was an eques and a stepson of L. Marcius Philippus. He
+afterwards gave evidence against Sestius for _vis_ (see _pro Sest._ §
+110). Cicero calls him the mover of all seditions (_in Vatin._ § 4), and
+one of Clodius's gang (_de Har. Resp._ § 59). See next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 404: Perhaps by M. Antonius. See 2 _Phil._ § 21; _pro Mil._ §
+40.]
+
+[Footnote 405: Lit. "made all Catilines _Acidini_." Acidinus was the
+cognomen of several distinguished men. In _Leg. Agr._ ii. § 64, Cicero
+classes the _Acidini_ among men "respectable not only for the public
+offices they had held, and for their services to the state, but also for
+the noble way in which they had endured poverty." There does not,
+however, seem any very good reason known for their becoming proverbial
+as the antithesis to revolutionaries.]
+
+[Footnote 406: A slope of the Palatine. Milo's other house (p. 196).]
+
+[Footnote 407: P. Cornelius Sulla, nephew of the dictator. Cicero
+defended him in B.C. 62, but he had taken the part of Clodius in the
+time of Cicero's exile.]
+
+[Footnote 408: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, the consul-designate
+for the next year. In that capacity he would be called on for his
+_sententia_ first.]
+
+[Footnote 409: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, the consul. Though he had not
+opposed Cicero's recall, he stood by his cousin, P. Clodius, in regard
+to the threatened prosecution. Appius is Appius Claudius, brother of P.
+Clodius.]
+
+[Footnote 410: P. Sestius, the tribune favourable to Cicero, afterwards
+defended by him.]
+
+[Footnote 411: Mr. Purser's reading of _nisi anteferret_ before
+_proscripsit_ seems to me to darken the passage. What happened was this.
+Marcellinus's _sententia_ was never put to the vote, because Metellus,
+Appius, and Hortensius (Cicero seems to mean him) talked out the
+sitting. Accordingly, Marcellinus published it, _i.e._, put it up
+outside the Curia to be read: and under it he (or some other magistrate
+whose name has dropped out of the text) put a notice that he was going
+to "watch the sky" all the _dies comitiales_, so as to prevent the
+election being held. But this had been rendered inoperative by Clodius's
+amendment of the _lex Ælia Fufia_ (see 2 _Phil._ § 81)--or at any rate
+of doubtful validity--and, accordingly, the only thing left was the
+_obnuntiatio_ by a magistrate, which Milo proceeded to make. The rule,
+however was that such _obnuntiatio_ must be made before the _comitia_
+were begun (2 _Phil. ib._), which again could not begin till sunrise.
+Hence Milo's early visit to the _campus_. For the meaning of _proposita_
+see Letter XLVII.]
+
+[Footnote 412: After which the _comitia_ could not be begun.]
+
+[Footnote 413: P. Clodius, his brother Appius, and his _cousin_ Metellus
+Nepos.]
+
+[Footnote 414: Metellus means that he shall take the necessary auspices
+for the _comitia_ in the _comitium_, before going to the _campus_ to
+take the votes.]
+
+[Footnote 415: Generally called _inter duos lucos_, the road down the
+Capitolium towards the Campus Martius, originally so called as being
+between the two heads of the mountain. It was the spot traditionally
+assigned to the "asylum" of Romulus.]
+
+[Footnote 416: On the _nundinæ_ and the next day no _comitia_ and no
+meeting of the senate could be held.]
+
+[Footnote 417: Candidate for the ædileship, of whom we know nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 418: Apparently a poor lantern, whose sides were made of
+canvas instead of horn.]
+
+
+
+
+XCII (Q FR II, 1)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA[419])
+
+ROME (10 DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+The letter which you have already read I had sent off in the morning.
+But Licinius was polite enough to call on me in the evening after the
+senate had risen, that, in case of any business having been done there,
+I might, if I thought good, write an account of it to you. The senate
+was fuller than I had thought possible in the month of December just
+before the holidays. Of us consulars there were P. Servilius, M.
+Lucullus, Lepidus, Volcatius, Glabrio: the two consuls-designate; the
+prætors. We were a really full house: two hundred in all.[420] Lupus had
+excited some interest.[421] He raised the question of the Campanian land
+in considerable detail. He was listened to in profound silence. You are
+not unaware what material that subject affords. He omitted none of the
+points which I had made in this business.[422] There were some sharp
+thrusts at Cæsar, some denunciations of Gellius, some appeals to the
+absent Pompey. After concluding his speech at a late hour, he said that
+he would not ask for our votes lest he might burden us with a personal
+controversy; he quite understood the sentiments of the senate from the
+denunciations of past times and the silence on the present occasion.
+Milo spoke. Lupus begins the formula of dismissal,[423] when Marcellinus
+says: "Don't infer from our silence, Lupus, what we approve or
+disapprove of at this particular time. As far as I am concerned, and I
+think it is the same with the rest, I am only silent because I do not
+think it suitable that the case of the Campanian land should be debated
+in Pompey's absence." Then Lupus said that he would not detain the
+senate.[423] Racilius rose and began bringing before the house the case
+of the proposed prosecutions. He calls upon Marcellinus, of course,
+first;[424] who, after complaining in serious tones of the Clodian
+incendiaries, massacres, and stonings, proposed a resolution that
+"Clodius himself should, under the superintendence of the prætor
+urbanus, have his jury allotted to him; that the elections should be
+held only when the allotment of jurors[425] had been completed; that
+whoever stopped the trials would be acting against the interests of the
+state."[426] The proposal having been received with warm approval, Gaius
+Cato[427]--as did also Cassius--spoke against it, with very emphatic
+murmurs of disapprobation on the part of the senate, when he proposed to
+hold the elections before the trials. Philippus supported Lentulus.[428]
+After that Racilius called on me first of the unofficial senators for my
+opinion.[429] I made a long speech upon the whole story of P. Clodius's
+mad proceedings and murderous violence: I impeached him as though he
+were on his trial, amidst frequent murmurs of approbation from the whole
+senate. My speech was praised at considerable length, and, by Hercules!
+with no little oratorical skill by Antistius Vetus, who also supported
+the priority of the legal proceedings, and declared that he should
+consider it of the first importance. The senators were crossing the
+floor in support of this view,[430] when Clodius, being called on, began
+trying to talk out the sitting. He spoke in furious terms of having been
+attacked by Racilius in an unreasonable and discourteous manner. Then
+his roughs on the Græcostasis[431] and the steps of the house suddenly
+raised a pretty loud shout, in wrath, I suppose, against Q. Sextilius
+and the other friends of Milo. At this sudden alarm we broke up with
+loud expressions of indignation on all sides. Here are the transactions
+of one day for you: the rest, I think, will be put off to January. Of
+all the tribunes I think Racilius is by far the best: Antistius also
+seems likely to be friendly to me: Plancius, of course, is wholly ours.
+Pray, if you love me, be careful and cautious about sailing in December.
+
+[Footnote 419: Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia as Pompey's _legatus_ as
+superintendent of the corn-supply, to which office he had been appointed
+in August. The letter is written not earlier than the 10th of December,
+for the new tribunes for B.C. 56 have come into office, and not later
+than the 16th, because on the 17th the Saturnalia began. Perhaps as the
+senate is summoned and presided over by Lupus, it is on the 10th, the
+day of his entrance upon office.]
+
+[Footnote 420: "Full," that is, for the time of year. A "full house" is
+elsewhere mentioned as between three and four hundred.]
+
+[Footnote 421: P. Rutilius Lupus, one of the new tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 422: This refers to Cicero's attempts to exempt the _ager
+publicus_ in Campania from being divided (see Letter XXIV, p. 55); and
+not only to his speeches against Rullus. It was because Cæsar
+disregarded the ancient exception of this land from such distribution
+that Cicero opposed his bill, and refused to serve on the commission.]
+
+[Footnote 423: _Nihil vos moramur_ were the words used by the presiding
+magistrate, indicating that he had no more business to bring before the
+senate. If no one said anything, the senate was dismissed; but any
+magistrate, or magistrate-designate, could speak, and so continue the
+sitting up to nightfall, when the house stood adjourned.]
+
+[Footnote 424: Because consul-designate. L. Racilius, one of the new
+tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 425: The _sortitio iudicum_ was performed by the prætor
+drawing out the required number of names from the urn, which contained
+the names of all liable to serve. The accused could, however, challenge
+a certain number, and the prætor had then to draw others.]
+
+[Footnote 426: The formula whereby the senate declared its opinion that
+so and so was guilty of treason. It had no legal force, but the
+magistrates might, and sometimes did, act on it.]
+
+[Footnote 427: C. Porcius Cato, distant relation of Cato Uticensis, one
+of the new tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 428: _I.e._, Marcellinus (Cn. Cornelius Lentulus).]
+
+[Footnote 429: The senators not in office only spoke when called on
+(_rogati_). The consuls-designate (if there were any) were always called
+first, and then the consulars in order. To be called _first_ was a
+subject of ambition, and an opportunity for the presiding magistrate to
+pay a compliment or the reverse.]
+
+[Footnote 430: They went and sat or stood near the speaker they wished
+to support. It was not, however, a formal division till the speeches
+ended, and the presiding magistrate counted. Still, it made the division
+easier.]
+
+[Footnote 431: A platform outside the senate-house, where
+representatives originally of Greek and then of other states were
+placed. It was apparently possible to hear, or partly hear, the debates
+from it. It was a _locus substructus_ (Varro, _L. L._ v. 155). There is
+no evidence that it was a building to lodge ambassadors in, as Prof.
+Tyrrell says.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIII (F VII, 26)
+
+TO M. FADIUS GALLUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM[432] (? DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, ÆT. 49]
+
+Having been suffering for nine days past from a severe disorder of the
+bowels, and being unable to convince those who desired my services that
+I was ill because I had no fever, I fled to my Tusculan villa, after
+having, in fact, observed for two days so strict a fast as not even to
+drink a drop of water. Accordingly, being thoroughly reduced by weakness
+and hunger, I was more in want of your services than I thought mine
+could be required by you. For myself, while shrinking from all
+illnesses, I especially shrink from that in regard to which the Stoics
+attack your friend Epicurus for saying that "he suffered from strangury
+and pains in the bowels"--the latter of which complaints they attribute
+to gluttony, the former to a still graver indulgence. I had been really
+much afraid of dysentery. But either the change of residence, or the
+mere relaxation of anxiety, or perhaps the natural abatement of the
+complaint from lapse of time, seems to me to have done me good. However,
+to prevent your wondering how this came about, or in what manner I let
+myself in for it, I must tell you that the sumptuary law, supposed to
+have introduced plain living, was the origin of my misfortune. For
+whilst your epicures wish to bring into fashion the products of the
+earth, which are not forbidden by the law, they flavour mushrooms,
+_petits choux_, and every kind of pot-herb so as to make them the most
+tempting dishes possible.[433] Having fallen a victim to these in the
+augural banquet at the house of Lentulus, I was seized with a violent
+diarrhoea, which, I think, has been checked to-day for the first time.
+And so I, who abstain from oysters and lampreys without any difficulty,
+have been beguiled by beet and mallows. Henceforth, therefore, I shall
+be more cautious. Yet, having heard of it from Anicius[434]--for he saw
+me turning sick--you had every reason not only for sending to inquire,
+but even for coming to see me. I am thinking of remaining here till I am
+thoroughly restored, for I have lost both strength and flesh. However,
+if I can once get completely rid of my complaint, I shall, I hope,
+easily recover these.
+
+[Footnote 432: The year of this letter has been inferred from the
+mention of Lentulus's augural banquet. For P. Cornelius Lentulus
+Spinther, son of the consul of B.C. 57, was in this year elected into
+the college of augurs. Yet as we know that Cicero's Tusculan villa was
+dismantled by Clodius, and was advertised for sale (though not sold), it
+seems rather extraordinary that Cicero should have gone there for his
+health. The _Fadii Galli_ were a family of Cicero's native place,
+Arpinum.]
+
+[Footnote 433: There were several sumptuary laws. Those which may
+possibly be referred to here are (1) the _lex Licinia_ (? B.C. 103),
+which defined certain foods as illegal at banquets, but excepted _quod
+ex terra vite arbore ve sit natum_ (Macrobius, _Sat._ iii. 17, 9; Gell.
+ii. 24, 7); (2) the _lex Æmilia_ (B.C. 68), which also defined both the
+quantity and quality of food allowable at banquets (Gell. ii. 24, 12).]
+
+[Footnote 434: C. Anicius, a senator and intimate friend of Cicero's.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIV (F I, I)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56. Coss., Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, L.
+Marcius Philippus.]
+
+     In the year B.C. 56 the growing differences between the triumvirs
+     were temporarily composed at the meeting at Luca, and Cicero made
+     up his mind that the only course for him to pursue was to attach
+     himself to them, as the party of the _boni_ had not, as he hoped,
+     taken advantage of those differences to attach Pompey to themselves
+     as a leader against Cæsar. His recantation is indicated in the
+     speeches _de Provinciis Consularibus_ and _pro Balbo_, in which he
+     practically supports part, at least, of the arrangements of Luca.
+
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER[435] (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, 13 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Whatever attention or affection I may shew you, though it may seem
+sufficient in the eyes of others, can never seem sufficient in my own.
+For such has been the magnitude of your services to me that, inasmuch as
+you never rested till my affair was brought to a conclusion, while I
+cannot effect the same in your cause,[436] I regard my life as a burden.
+The difficulties are these. The king's agent, Hammonius, is openly
+attacking us by bribery. The business is being carried out by means of
+the same money-lenders as it was when you were in town. Such people as
+wish it done for the king's sake--and they are few--are all for
+intrusting the business to Pompey. The senate supports the trumped-up
+religious scruple, not from any respect to religion, but from
+ill-feeling towards him, and disgust at the king's outrageous bribery. I
+never cease advising and instigating Pompey--even frankly finding fault
+with and admonishing him--to avoid what would be a most discreditable
+imputation.[437] But he really leaves no room for either entreaties or
+admonitions from me. For, whether in everyday conversation or in the
+senate, no one could support your cause with greater eloquence,
+seriousness, zeal, and energy than he has done, testifying in the
+highest terms to your services to himself and his affection for you.
+Marcellinus, you know, is incensed with his flute-playing majesty.[438]
+In everything, saving and excepting this case of the king, he professes
+the intention of being your champion. We take what he gives: nothing can
+move him from his motion as to the religious difficulty, which he made
+up his mind to bring, and has, in fact, brought several times before the
+senate. The debate up to the Ides (for I am writing early in the morning
+of the Ides[439]) has been as follows: Hortensius and I and Lucullus
+voted for yielding to the religious scruple as far as concerned the
+army,[440] for otherwise there was no possibility of getting the matter
+through, but, in accordance with the decree already passed on your own
+motion, were for directing you to restore the king, "so far as you may
+do so without detriment to the state": so that while the religious
+difficulty prohibits the employment of an army, the senate might still
+retain you as the person authorized. Crassus votes for sending three
+legates, not excluding Pompey: for he would allow them to be selected
+even from such as are at present in possession of _imperium_.[441]
+Bibulus is for three legates selected from men without _imperium_. The
+other consulars agree with the latter, except Servilius, who says that
+he ought not to be restored at all: and Volcatius, who on the motion of
+Lupus votes for giving the business to Pompey: and Afranius, who agrees
+with Volcatius. This last fact increases the suspicion as to Pompey's
+wishes: for it was noticed that Pompey's intimates agreed with
+Volcatius. We are in a very great difficulty: the day seems going
+against us. The notorious colloguing and eagerness of Libo and Hypsæus,
+and the earnestness displayed by Pompey's intimates, have produced an
+impression that Pompey desires it; and those who don't want him to have
+it are at the same time annoyed with your having put power into his
+hands.[442] I have the less influence in the case because I am under an
+obligation to you. Moreover, whatever influence I might have had is
+extinguished by the idea people entertain as to Pompey's wishes, for
+they think they are gratifying him. We are in much the same position as
+we were long before your departure: now, as then, the sore has been
+fomented secretly by the king himself and by the friends and intimates
+of Pompey, and then openly irritated by the consulars, till the popular
+prejudice has been excited to the highest pitch. All the world shall
+recognize my loyalty, and your friends on the spot shall see my
+affection for you though you are absent. If there were any good faith in
+those most bound to shew it, we should be in no difficulty at all.
+
+[Footnote 435: Consul of B.C. 57, who had gone at the end of his
+consulship to be governor of Cilicia.]
+
+[Footnote 436: When Ptolemy Auletes first appealed to the senate (B.C.
+57) to restore him to the throne of Egypt, it appears that a resolution
+was passed authorizing the proconsul of Cilicia to do so; but as Pompey
+wished to have the business, the senate found itself in a difficulty,
+not wishing to put him in military command, or daring to offend him by
+an open refusal (Dio, xxxix. 12). The tribune C. Cato found up a
+Sibylline oracle forbidding the employment of an army for the purpose,
+which served the senate as a decent excuse. The commission to Lentulus
+was eventually withdrawn by an _auctoritas senatus_, and Lentulus did
+not venture to do it. Ptolemy, finding that he could not succeed in
+getting Pompey commissioned, retired to Ephesus, and afterwards
+succeeded by an enormous bribe in inducing Gabinius, the proconsul of
+Syria, to do it (B.C. 55).]
+
+[Footnote 437: Of having been induced by greed or ambition to undertake
+the restoration of Ptolemy.]
+
+[Footnote 438: Reading _tibicini_ for the unmeaning _tibi_. It is not
+certain, but it makes good sense. Ptolemy was called _Auletes_
+(flute-player), of which the Latin _tibicen_ is a translation, meant, no
+doubt, somewhat jocosely.]
+
+[Footnote 439: _I.e._, before going to the senate on the Ides of January
+(13th). See next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 440: The Sibylline oracle forbade restoring the king "with a
+multitude."]
+
+[Footnote 441: Pompey had at this time _imperium_ as _curator annonæ_.]
+
+[Footnote 442: Because it was on Lentulus's motion that Pompey had been
+made _curator annonæ_, and so in possession of _imperium_ with naval and
+military forces.]
+
+
+
+
+XCV (F I, 2)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, 15 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Nothing was done on the 13th of January in the senate, because the day
+was to a great extent spent in an altercation between the consul
+Lentulus and the tribune Caninius. On that day I also spoke at
+considerable length, and thought that I made a very great impression on
+the senate by dwelling on your affection for the house. Accordingly,
+next day we resolved that we would deliver our opinions briefly: for it
+appeared to us that the feelings of the senate had been softened towards
+us--the result not only of my speech, but of my personal appeal and
+application to individual senators. Accordingly, the first proposition,
+that of Bibulus, having been delivered, that three legates should
+restore the king: the second, that of Hortensius, that you should
+restore him without an army: the third, that of Volcatius, that Pompey
+should do it, a demand was made that the proposal of Bibulus should be
+taken in two parts.[443] As far as he dealt with the religious
+difficulty--a point which was now past being opposed--his motion was
+carried; his proposition as to three legates was defeated by a large
+majority. The next was the proposition of Hortensius. Thereupon the
+tribune Lupus, on the ground that he had himself made a proposal about
+Pompey, starts the contention that he ought to divide the house before
+the consuls. His speech was received on all sides by loud cries of "No":
+for it was both unfair and unprecedented. The consuls would not give in,
+and yet did not oppose with any vigour. Their object was to waste the
+day, and in that they succeeded:[444] for they saw very well that many
+times the number would vote for the proposal of Hortensius, although
+they openly professed their agreement with Volcatius. Large numbers were
+called upon for their opinion, and that, too, with the assent of the
+consuls: for they wanted the proposal of Bibulus carried. This dispute
+was protracted till nightfall, and the senate was dismissed. I happened
+to be dining with Pompey on that day, and I seized the opportunity--the
+best I have ever had, for since your departure I have never occupied a
+more honourable position in the senate than I had on that day--of
+talking to him in such a way, that I think I induced him to give up
+every other idea and resolve to support your claims. And, indeed, when I
+actually hear him talk, I acquit him entirely of all suspicion of
+personal ambition: but when I regard his intimates of every rank, I
+perceive, what is no secret to anybody, that this whole business has
+been long ago corruptly manipulated by a certain coterie, not without
+the king's own consent and that of his advisers.
+
+I write this on the 15th of January, before daybreak. To-day there is to
+be a meeting of the senate. We shall maintain, as I hope, our position
+in the senate as far as it is possible to do so in such an age of
+perfidy and unfair dealing. As to an appeal to the people on the
+subject, we have, I think, secured that no proposition can be brought
+before them without neglect of the auspices or breach of the laws, or,
+in fine, without downright violence.[445] The day before my writing
+these words a resolution of the senate on these matters of the most
+serious character was passed, and though Cato and Caninius vetoed it, it
+was nevertheless written out.[446] I suppose it has been sent to you. On
+all other matters I will write and tell you what has been done, whatever
+it is, and I will see that everything is carried out with the most
+scrupulous fairness as far as my caution, labour, attention to details,
+and influence can secure it.
+
+[Footnote 443: The proposal of Bibulus to send "three legates" implied a
+concession to the Sibylline verse, in not sending "an army." It was
+therefore to be voted on as two questions--(1) Shall the Sibylline verse
+be obeyed, and an army not sent? (2) Shall three legates be sent?]
+
+[Footnote 444: That is, the debate went off on the side issue as to who
+had the prior right of dividing the house. Lupus said _he_ had, because
+the proposal of Volcatius was really made before the others, _i.e._, in
+the previous day's debate (see last letter). The consuls were only too
+glad thus to avoid having the main question brought to a vote, and let
+this technical point be spun out in a languid debate.]
+
+[Footnote 445: Because they had magistrates ready to stop the _comitia_
+by declaring bad omens, and tribunes ready to veto any proposal.]
+
+[Footnote 446: A _senatus consultum_ vetoed by a tribune was written
+out, with the names of its proposers and backers, and a statement at the
+end as to the tribunes vetoing it. It was thus on record as an
+_auctoritas senatus_, "resolution of the senate," not a _senatus
+consultum_. A perfect specimen is given in Letter CCXXIII. This
+_auctoritas_ was to the effect that no one was to undertake the
+restoration. See Letter CXIII.]
+
+
+
+
+XCVI (F I, 3)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (? JANUARY)
+
+_M. Cicero presents his compliments to P. Lentulus, proconsul._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Aulus Trebonius, who has important business in your province, both of
+wide extent and sound, is an intimate friend of mine of many years'
+standing. As before this he has always, both from his brilliant position
+and the recommendations of myself and his other friends, enjoyed the
+highest popularity in the province, so at the present time, trusting to
+your affection for me and our close ties, he feels sure that this letter
+of mine will give him a high place in your esteem. That he may not be
+disappointed in that hope I earnestly beg of you, and I commend to you
+all his business concerns, his freedmen, agents, and servants; and
+specially that you will confirm the decrees made by T. Ampius in his
+regard, and treat him in all respects so as to convince him that my
+recommendation is no mere ordinary one.[447]
+
+[Footnote 447: This is a specimen of the short letter of introduction to
+a provincial governor which were given almost as a matter of course by
+men of position at Rome. We shall have many of them in the course of the
+correspondence: and Cicero elsewhere warns the recipient of such letters
+not to pay attention to them unless he expressly indicates his wish by
+some less formal sentence (see Letter CXIV). T. Ampius was the
+predecessor of Lentulus in Cilicia.]
+
+
+
+
+XCVII (F I, 4)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Though in the senate of the 15th of January we made a most glorious
+stand, seeing that on the previous day we had defeated the proposal of
+Bibulus about the three legates, and the only contest left was with the
+proposal of Volcatius, yet the business was spun out by our opponents by
+various obstructive tactics. For we were carrying our view in a full
+senate, in spite of the multifarious devices and inveterate jealousy of
+those who were for transferring the cause of the king from you to some
+one else. That day we found Curio very bitterly opposed, Bibulus much
+more fair, almost friendly even. Caninius and Cato declared that they
+would not propose any law before the elections. By the _lex Pupia_, as
+you know, no senate could be held before the 1st of February, nor in
+fact during the whole of February,[448] unless the business of the
+legations were finished or adjourned. However, the Roman people are
+generally of opinion that the pretext of a trumped-up religious scruple
+has been introduced by your jealous detractors, not so much to hinder
+you, as to prevent anyone from wishing to go to Alexandria with a view
+of getting the command of an army. However, everyone thinks that the
+senate has had a regard for your position. For there is no one that is
+ignorant of the fact that it was all the doing of your opponents that no
+division took place: and if they, under the pretext of a regard for the
+people, but really from the most unprincipled villainy, attempt to carry
+anything, I have taken very good care that they shall not be able to do
+so without violating the auspices or the laws, or, in fact, without
+absolute violence. I don't think I need write a word either about my own
+zeal or the injurious proceedings of certain persons. For why should I
+make any display myself--since, if I were even to shed my blood in
+defence of your position, I should think that I had not covered a tithe
+of your services to me? Or why complain of the injurious conduct of
+others, which I cannot do without the deepest pain? I cannot at all
+pledge myself to you as to the effect of open violence, especially with
+such feeble magistrates; but, open violence out of the question, I can
+assure you that you will retain your high position, if the warmest
+affections both of the senate and the Roman people can secure it to you.
+
+[Footnote 448: _I.e._, no meeting of the senate for ordinary business.
+During the month of February the senate usually devoted all its time to
+hearing and answering deputations from the provinces or foreign states.
+The _lex Pupia_ forbade the meeting of the senate on _dies comitiales_,
+and after the 14th the days in January were all _comitiales_: but
+another law (_lex Vatinia_) ordered it to meet every day in February for
+the business of the legations. If this business was concluded or
+deferred it remained a moot point whether a magistrate was not still
+bound or, at least, allowed to summon it for other business (_ad Q. Fr._
+ii. 13).]
+
+
+
+
+XCVII (F I, 5)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Though the first wish of my heart is that my warmest gratitude to you
+should be recognized first of all by yourself and then by everybody
+else, yet I am deeply grieved that such a state of things has followed
+your departure as to give you occasion, in your absence, to test the
+loyalty and good disposition towards you both of myself and others. That
+you see and feel that men are shewing the same loyalty in maintaining
+your position as I experienced in the matter of my restoration, I have
+understood from your letter. Just when I was depending most securely on
+my policy, zeal, activity and influence in the matter of the king, there
+was suddenly sprung on us the abominable bill of Cato's,[449] to hamper
+all our zeal and withdraw our thoughts from a lesser anxiety to a most
+serious alarm. However, in a political upset of that kind, though there
+is nothing that is not a source of terror yet the thing to be chiefly
+feared is treachery: and Cato, at any rate, whatever happens, we have no
+hesitation in opposing. As to the business of Alexandria and the cause
+of the king, I can only promise you thus much, that I will to the utmost
+of my power satisfy both you, who are absent, and your friends who are
+here. But I fear the king's cause may either be snatched from our hands
+or abandoned altogether, and I cannot easily make up my mind which of
+the two alternatives I would least wish. But if the worst comes to the
+worst, there is a third alternative, which is not wholly displeasing
+either to Selicius[450] or myself--namely, that we should not let the
+matter drop, and yet should not allow the appointment, in spite of our
+protests, to be transferred to the man to whom it is now regarded as
+practically transferred.[451] We will take the utmost care not to omit
+struggling for any point that it seems possible to maintain, and not to
+present the appearance of defeat if we have in any case failed to
+maintain it. You must shew your wisdom and greatness of mind by
+regarding your fame and high position as resting on your virtue, your
+public services, and the dignity of your character, and by believing
+that, if the perfidy of certain individuals has deprived you of any of
+those honours which fortune has lavished on you, it will be more
+injurious to them than to you. I never let any opportunity slip either
+of acting or thinking for your interests. I avail myself of the aid of
+Q. Selicius in everything: nor do I think that there is any one of all
+your friends either shrewder, or more faithful, or more attached to you.
+
+[Footnote 449: That of the tribune C. Cato for the recall of Lentulus.]
+
+[Footnote 450: A money-lender, and friend of Lentulus Spinther.]
+
+[Footnote 451: Pompey.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIX (Q FR II, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 18 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+It was not from the multiplicity of business, though I am very much
+engaged, but from a slight inflammation of the eyes that I was induced
+to dictate this letter, and not, as is my usual habit, write it with my
+own hand. And, to begin with, I wish to excuse myself to you on the very
+point on which I accuse you. For no one up to now has asked me "whether
+I have any commands for Sardinia"--I think you often have people who
+say, "Have you any commands for Rome?" As to what you have said in your
+letters to me about the debt of Lentulus and Sestius, I have spoken with
+Cincius.[452] However the matter stands, it is not the easiest in the
+world. But surely Sardinia must have some special property for recalling
+one's memory of the past. For just as the famous Gracchus--as
+augur--after arriving in that province remembered something that had
+happened to him, when holding the elections in the Campus Martius, in
+violation of the auspices, so you appear to me to have recalled at your
+ease in Sardinia the design of Numisius and the debts due to Pomponius.
+As yet I have made no purchase. Culleo's auction has taken place: there
+was no purchaser for his Tusculan property. If very favourable terms
+were to be offered, I should perhaps not let it slip. About your
+building I do not fail to press Cyrus.[453] I hope he will do his duty.
+But everything goes on somewhat slowly, owing to the prospect of that
+madman's ædileship.[454] For it seems that the legislative assembly will
+take place without delay: it has been fixed for the 20th of January.
+However, I would not have you uneasy. Every precaution shall be taken by
+me. In regard to the Alexandrine king, a decree of the senate was passed
+declaring it dangerous to the Republic that he should be restored "with
+a host." The point remaining to be decided in the senate being whether
+Lentulus or Pompey should restore him, Lentulus seemed on the point of
+carrying the day. In that matter I did justice to my obligations to
+Lentulus marvellously well, while at the same time splendidly gratifying
+Pompey's wishes: but the detractors of Lentulus contrived to talk the
+matter out by obstructive speeches. Then followed the comitial days, on
+which a meeting of the senate was impossible. What the villainy of the
+tribunes is going to accomplish I cannot guess; I suspect, however, that
+Caninius will carry his bill by violence.[455] In this business I cannot
+make out what Pompey really wishes. What his _entourage_ desire
+everybody sees. Those who are financing the king are openly advancing
+sums of money against Lentulus. There seems no doubt that the commission
+has been taken out of Lentulus's hands, to my very great regret,
+although he has done many things for which I might, if it were not for
+superior considerations, be justly angry with him. I hope, if it is
+consistent with your interests, that you will embark as soon as
+possible, when the weather is fair and settled, and come to me. For
+there are countless things, in regard to which I miss you daily in every
+possible way. Your family and my own are well.
+
+18 January.
+
+[Footnote 452: Agent or steward of Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 453: The architect. See Letter XXVIII, p. 68.]
+
+[Footnote 454: Clodius, who was ædile this year.]
+
+[Footnote 455: For commissioning Pompey with two lictors to restore
+Ptolemy.]
+
+
+
+
+C (A IV, 4 a)
+
+TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 28 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I was charmed to see Cincius when he called on me on the 28th of January
+before daybreak. For he told me that you were in Italy and that he was
+sending slaves to you. I did not like them to go without a letter from
+me; not that I had anything to say to you, especially as you are all but
+here, but that I might express merely this one thing--that your arrival
+is most delightful and most ardently wished for by me. Wherefore fly to
+us with the full assurance that your affection for me is fully
+reciprocated. The rest shall be reserved for our meeting. I write in
+great haste. The day you arrive, mind, you and your party are to dine
+with me.
+
+
+
+
+CI (Q FR II, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 12 FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have already told you the earlier proceedings; now let me describe
+what was done afterwards. The legations were postponed from the 1st of
+February to the 13th. On the former day our business was not brought to
+a settlement. On the 2nd of February Milo appeared for trial. Pompey
+came to support him. Marcellus spoke on being called upon by me.[456] We
+came off with flying colours. The case was adjourned to the 7th.
+Meanwhile (in the senate), the legations having been postponed to the
+13th, the business of allotting the quæstors and furnishing the outfit
+of the prætors was brought before the house. But nothing was done,
+because many speeches were interposed denouncing the state of the
+Republic. Gaius Cato published his bill for the recall of Lentulus,
+whose son thereupon put on mourning. On the 7th Milo appeared. Pompey
+spoke, or rather wished to speak. For as soon as he got up Clodius's
+ruffians raised a shout, and throughout his whole speech he was
+interrupted, not only by hostile cries, but by personal abuse and
+insulting remarks. However, when he had finished his speech--for he
+shewed great courage in these circumstances, he was not cowed, he said
+all he had to say, and at times had by his commanding presence even
+secured silence for his words--well, when he had finished, up got
+Clodius. Our party received him with such a shout--for they had
+determined to pay him out--that he lost all presence of mind, power of
+speech, or control over his countenance. This went on up to two
+o'clock--Pompey having finished his speech at noon--and every kind of
+abuse, and finally epigrams of the most outspoken indecency were uttered
+against Clodius and Clodia. Mad and livid with rage Clodius, in the very
+midst of the shouting, kept putting the questions to his claque: "Who
+was it who was starving the commons to death?" His ruffians answered,
+"Pompey." "Who wanted to be sent to Alexandria?" They answered,
+"Pompey." "Who did they wish to go?" They answered, "Crassus." The
+latter was present at the time with no friendly feelings to Milo. About
+three o'clock, as though at a given signal, the Clodians began spitting
+at our men. There was an outburst of rage. They began a movement for
+forcing us from our ground. Our men charged: his ruffians turned tail.
+Clodius was pushed off the rostra: and then we too made our escape for
+fear of mischief in the riot. The senate was summoned into the Curia:
+Pompey went home. However, I did not myself enter the senate-house, lest
+I should be obliged either to refrain from speaking on matters of such
+gravity, or in defending Pompey (for he was being attacked by Bibulus,
+Curio, Favonius, and Servilius the younger) should give offence to the
+loyalists. The business was adjourned to the next day. Clodius fixed the
+Quirinalia (17 of February) for his prosecution. On the 8th the senate
+met in the temple of Apollo, that Pompey might attend. Pompey made an
+impressive speech. That day nothing was concluded. On the 9th in the
+temple of Apollo a decree passed the senate "that what had taken place
+on the 7th of February was treasonable." On this day Cato warmly
+inveighed against Pompey, and throughout his speech arraigned him as
+though he were at the bar. He said a great deal about me, to my disgust,
+though it was in very laudatory terms. When he attacked Pompey's perfidy
+to me, he was listened to in profound silence on the part of my enemies.
+Pompey answered him boldly with a palpable allusion to Crassus, and said
+outright that "he would take better precautions to protect his life
+than Africanus had done, whom C. Carbo had assassinated."[457]
+Accordingly, important events appear to me to be in the wind. For Pompey
+understands what is going on, and imparts to me that plots are being
+formed against his life, that Gaius Cato is being supported by Crassus,
+that money is being supplied to Clodius, that both are backed by Crassus
+and Curio, as well as by Bibulus and his other detractors: that he must
+take extraordinary precautions to prevent being overpowered by that
+demagogue--with a people all but wholly alienated, a nobility hostile, a
+senate ill-affected, and the younger men corrupt. So he is making his
+preparations and summoning men from the country. On his part, Clodius is
+rallying his gangs: a body of men is being got together for the
+Quirinalia. For that occasion we are considerably in a majority, owing
+to the forces brought up by Pompey himself: and a large contingent is
+expected from Picenum and Gallia, to enable us to throw out Cato's bills
+also about Milo and Lentulus.
+
+On the 10th of February an indictment was lodged against Sestius for
+bribery by the informer Cn. Nerius, of the Pupinian tribe, and on the
+same day by a certain M. Tullius for riot.[458] He was ill. I went at
+once, as I was bound to do, to his house, and put myself wholly at his
+service: and that was more than people expected, who thought that I had
+good cause for being angry with him. The result is that my extreme
+kindness and grateful disposition are made manifest both to Sestius
+himself and to all the world, and I shall be as good as my word. But
+this same informer Nerius also named Cn. Lentulus Vatia and C. Cornelius
+to the commissioners.[459] On the same day a decree passed the senate
+"that political clubs and associations should be broken up, and that a
+law in regard to them should be brought in, enacting that those who did
+not break off from them should be liable to the same penalty as those
+convicted of riot."
+
+On the 11th of February I spoke in defence of Bestia[460] on a charge of
+bribery before the prætor Cn. Domitius,[461] in the middle of the forum
+and in a very crowded court; and in the course of my speech I came to
+the incident of Sestius, after receiving many wounds in the temple of
+Castor, having been preserved by the aid of Bestia. Here I took occasion
+to pave the way beforehand for a refutation of the charges which are
+being got up against Sestius, and I passed a well-deserved encomium upon
+him with the cordial approval of everybody. He was himself very much
+delighted with it. I tell you this because you have often advised me in
+your letters to retain the friendship of Sestius. I am writing this on
+the 12th of February before daybreak: the day on which I am to dine with
+Pomponius on the occasion of his wedding.
+
+Our position in other respects is such as you used to cheer my
+despondency by telling me it would be--one of great dignity and
+popularity: this is a return to old times for you and me effected, my
+brother, by your patience, high character, loyalty, and, I may also add,
+your conciliatory manners. The house of Licinius, near the grove of
+Piso,[462] has been taken for you. But, as I hope, in a few months'
+time, after the 1st of July, you will move into your own. Some excellent
+tenants, the Lamiæ, have taken your house in Carinæ.[463] I have
+received no letter from you since the one dated Olbia. I am anxious to
+hear how you are and what you find to amuse you, but above all to see
+you yourself as soon as possible. Take care of your health, my dear
+brother, and though it is winter time, yet reflect that after all it is
+Sardinia that you are in.[464]
+
+15 February.
+
+[Footnote 456: Milo impeached by Clodius before the _comitia tributa_
+for his employment of gladiators. Dio (xxxix. 18) says that Clodius thus
+impeached Milo, not with any hope of securing his conviction against the
+powerful support of Cicero and Pompey, but to get the chance of
+insulting these latter. Marcellus was one of the candidates for the
+ædileship with Clodius. See Letter XCI.]
+
+[Footnote 457: In B.C. 129, after making a speech in favour of the
+claims of the Italians for exemption from the agrarian law of Gracchus,
+Scipio Æmilianus, the younger Africanus, was found dead in his bed. The
+common report was that he had been assassinated by Carbo, or with his
+privity, but it was never proved (see _de Orat._ ii. § 170). Cicero does
+not here assume the truth of the story, he merely repeats Pompey's
+words.]
+
+[Footnote 458: M. Tullius Albinovanus. It was on this charge _de vi_
+that Cicero defended Sestius in the extant speech. The charge of bribery
+does not appear to have been proceeded with.]
+
+[Footnote 459: _Adlegatos_, probably commissioners named to receive and
+report on a deposition of an informer before the senate acted.]
+
+[Footnote 460: L. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, a candidate in the last
+election of ædiles.]
+
+[Footnote 461: Cn. Domitius Calvinus, consul B.C. 53. In the Civil War
+he sided with Pompey, and perished at sea after Thapsus (B.C. 46).]
+
+[Footnote 462: _Ad lucum Pisonis_. The place is not known, but there is
+not sufficient reason for the change to _ad lacum Pisonis_, a place
+equally unknown.]
+
+[Footnote 463: A part of Rome on the slope of the Mons Oppius.]
+
+[Footnote 464: _I.e._, get out of it as soon as you can.]
+
+
+
+
+CII (F I, 5 b)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+What is being done and has been done here I imagine you know from
+letters of numerous correspondents and from messengers: but what are
+still matters for conjecture, and seem likely to take place, I think I
+ought to write and tell you. After Pompey had been roughly treated with
+shouts and insulting remarks, while speaking before the people on the
+7th of February in defence of Milo, and had been accused in the senate
+by Cato in exceedingly harsh and bitter terms amidst profound silence,
+he appeared to me to be very much upset in his mind. Accordingly, he
+seems to me to have quite given up any idea of the Alexandrine
+business--which, as far as we are concerned, remains exactly where it
+was, for the senate has taken nothing from you except what, owing to the
+same religious difficulty, cannot be granted to anyone else. My hope and
+my earnest endeavour now is that the king, when he understands that he
+cannot obtain what he had in his mind--restoration by Pompey--and that,
+unless restored by you, he will be abandoned, and neglected, should pay
+you a visit.[465] This he will do without any hesitation, if Pompey
+gives the least hint of his approval. But you know that man's deliberate
+ways and obstinate reserve. However, I will omit nothing that may
+contribute to that result. The other injurious proceedings instituted by
+Cato I shall, I hope, have no difficulty in resisting. I perceive that
+none of the consulars are friendly to you except Hortensius and
+Lucullus; the rest are either hostile, without openly shewing it, or
+undisguisedly incensed. Keep a brave and high spirit, and feel confident
+that the result will be to utterly repulse the attack of a most
+contemptible fellow, and to retain your high position and fame.
+
+[Footnote 465: Ptolemy was at Ephesus.]
+
+
+
+
+CIII (F I, 6)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+What is going on you will learn from Pollio,[466] who not only was
+engaged in all the transactions, but was the leader in them. In my own
+deep distress, occasioned by the course your business has taken,[467] I
+am chiefly consoled by the hope which makes me strongly suspect that the
+dishonest practices of men will be defeated both by the measures of your
+friends and by mere lapse of time, which must have a tendency to weaken
+the plans of your enemies and of traitors. In the second place, I derive
+a ready consolation from the memory of my own dangers, of which I see a
+reflexion in your fortunes. For though your position is attacked in a
+less important particular than that which brought mine to the ground,
+yet the analogy is so strong, that I trust you will pardon me if I am
+not frightened at what you did not yourself consider ought to cause
+alarm. But shew yourself the man I have known you to be, to use a Greek
+expression, "since your nails were soft."[468] The injurious conduct of
+men will, believe me, only make your greatness more conspicuous. Expect
+from me the greatest zeal and devotion in everything: I will not falsify
+your expectation.
+
+[Footnote 466: The famous C. Asinius Pollio.]
+
+[Footnote 467: The postponement of the Egyptian commission.]
+
+[Footnote 468: [Greek: ex apalôn onychôn], _i.e._, "from your earliest
+youth." Others explain it to mean "from the bottom of your heart," or
+"thoroughly," from the idea that the nerves ended in the nails. [Greek:
+ex autôn tôn onychôn], "thoroughly," occurs in late Greek, and similar
+usages in the Anthology.]
+
+
+
+
+CIV (Q FR II, 4 AND PART OF 6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Our friend Sestius was acquitted on the 11th of March, and, what was of
+great importance to the Republic--that there should be no appearance of
+difference of opinion in a case of that sort--was acquitted unanimously.
+As to what I had often gathered from your letters, that you were anxious
+about--that I should not leave any loophole for abuse to an unfriendly
+critic on the score of my being ungrateful, if I did not treat with the
+utmost indulgence his occasional wrong-headedness--let me tell you that
+in this trial I established my character for being the most grateful of
+men. For in conducting the defence I satisfied in the fullest manner
+possible a man of difficult temper, and, what he above all things
+desired, I cut up Vatinius (by whom he was being openly attacked) just
+as I pleased, with the applause of gods and men. And, farther, when our
+friend Paullus[469] was brought forward as a witness against Sestius, he
+affirmed that he would lay an information against Vatinius[470] if
+Licinius Macer hesitated to do so, and Macer, rising from Sestius's
+benches, declared that he would not fail. Need I say more? That impudent
+swaggering fellow Vatinius was overwhelmed with confusion and thoroughly
+discredited.
+
+That most excellent boy, your son Quintus, is getting on splendidly with
+his education. I notice this the more because Tyrannio[471] gives his
+lessons in my house. The building of both your house and mine is being
+pushed on energetically. I have caused half the money to be paid to
+your contractor. I hope before winter we may be under the same roof. As
+to our Tullia, who, by Hercules, is very warmly attached to you, I hope
+I have settled her engagement with Crassipes.[472] There are two days
+after the Latin festival which are barred by religion.[473] Otherwise
+the festival of Iuppiter Latiaris has come to an end.
+
+The affluence which you often mention I feel the want of to a certain
+extent; but while I welcome it if it comes to me, I am not exactly
+beating the covert for it.[474] I am building in three places, and am
+patching up my other houses. I live somewhat more lavishly than I used
+to do. I am obliged to do so. If I had you with me I should give the
+builders full swing for a while.[475] But this too (as I hope) we shall
+shortly talk over together.
+
+The state of affairs at Rome is this: Lentulus Marcellinus is splendid
+as consul, and his colleague does not put any difficulty in his way: he
+is so good, I repeat, that I have never seen a better. He deprived them
+of all the comitial days; for even the Latin festival is being
+repeated,[476] nor were thanksgiving days wanting.[477] In this way the
+passing of most mischievous laws is prevented, especially that of
+Cato,[478] on whom, however, our friend Milo played a very pretty trick.
+For that defender of the employment of gladiators and beast-fighters had
+bought some beast-fighters from Cosconius and Pomponius, and had never
+appeared in public without them in their full armour. He could not
+afford to maintain them, and accordingly had great difficulty in
+keeping them together. Milo found this out. He commissioned an
+individual, with whom he was not intimate, to buy this troop from Cato
+without exciting his suspicion. As soon as it had been removed,
+Racilius--at this time quite the only real tribune--revealed the truth,
+acknowledged that the men had been purchased for himself--for this is
+what they had agreed--and put up a notice that he intended to sell
+"Cato's troop." This notice caused much laughter. Accordingly, Lentulus
+has prevented Cato from going on with his laws, and also those who
+published bills of a monstrous description about Cæsar, with no tribune
+to veto them. Caninius's proposal, indeed, about Pompey has died a
+natural death. For it is not approved of in itself, and our friend
+Pompey is also spoken of with great severity for the breach of his
+friendship with Publius Lentulus. He is not the man he was. The fact is
+that to the lowest dregs of the populace his support of Milo gives some
+offence, while the aristocrats are dissatisfied with much that he omits
+to do, and find fault with much that he does. This is the only point,
+however, in which I am not pleased with Marcellinus--that he handles him
+too roughly. Yet in this he is not going counter to the wishes of the
+senate: consequently I am the more glad to withdraw from the
+senate-house and from politics altogether. In the courts I have the same
+position as I ever had: never was my house more crowded. One untoward
+circumstance has occurred owing to Milo's rashness--the acquittal of
+Sext. Clodius[479]--whose prosecution at this particular time, and by a
+weak set of accusers, was against my advice. In a most corrupt panel his
+conviction failed by only three votes. Consequently the people clamour
+for a fresh trial, and he must surely be brought back into court. For
+people will not put up with it, and seeing that, though pleading before
+a panel of his own kidney, he was all but condemned, they look upon him
+as practically condemned. Even in this matter the unpopularity of Pompey
+was an obstacle in our path. For the votes of the senators were largely
+in his favour, those of the knights were equally divided, while the
+_tribuni ærarii_ voted for his condemnation. But for this _contretemps_
+I am consoled by the daily condemnations of my enemies, among whom, to
+my great delight, Servius[480] got upon the rocks: the rest are utterly
+done for. Gaius Cato declared in public meeting that he would not allow
+the elections to be held, if he were deprived of the days for doing
+business with the people. Appius has not yet returned from his visit to
+Cæsar. I am looking forward with extraordinary eagerness to a letter
+from you. Although I know the sea is still closed, yet they tell me that
+certain persons have, nevertheless, arrived from Olbia full of your
+praises, and declaring you to be very highly thought of in the province.
+They said also that these persons reported that you intended to cross as
+soon as navigation became possible. That is what I desire: but although
+it is yourself, of course, that I most look forward to, yet meanwhile I
+long for a letter. Farewell, my dear brother.
+
+[Footnote 469: L. Æmilius Paullus, prætor B.C. 53, consul B.C. 50, a
+strong Optimate and friend of Cicero's.]
+
+[Footnote 470: P. Vatinius, the tribune of B.C. 59, who had supported
+Cæsar and proposed the law for his five years' command in Gaul. Cicero
+spoke against him for perjury; but afterwards we shall find them
+ostensibly reconciled.]
+
+[Footnote 471: A Greek grammarian and geographer, of whom we have heard
+before, and shall hear of again in connexion with Cicero's library.]
+
+[Footnote 472: P. Furius Crassipes. Tullia's first husband, C.
+Calpurnius Piso Frugi, died, it seems, before Cicero returned from exile
+in B.C. 57. This second marriage (or, perhaps, only betrothal) was
+shortly ended by a divorce.]
+
+[Footnote 473: _I.e._, on which the _sponsalia_ could not take place.]
+
+[Footnote 474: Not going the right way to work to get it.]
+
+[Footnote 475: At the end of the next letter he says that, pending
+Quintus's arrival, he has stopped some of his building.]
+
+[Footnote 476: On some alleged informality the _feriæ Latinæ_ were held
+a second time (_instauratæ_), really, Cicero implies, in order to bar
+some additional days for public business, and prevent legislation, as
+later on the election of Pompey and Crassus was prevented (Dio, xxxix.
+30).]
+
+[Footnote 477: At the end of B.C. 57, or the beginning of 56, fifteen
+days of _supplicatio_ were decreed in consequence of Cæsar's success in
+Gaul (Cæs. _B. G._ ii. 35).]
+
+[Footnote 478: Gaius Cato the tribune, who proposed to recall Lentulus.]
+
+[Footnote 479: A _scriba_ or public clerk, and a client of the patrician
+Clodii.]
+
+[Footnote 480: Unknown. Cicero's words seem to imply that he nearly got
+convicted, but not quite.]
+
+
+
+
+CV (Q FR II, 5 AND PARTS OF 6 AND 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 8 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have already sent you a letter containing the information of my
+daughter Tullia having been betrothed to Crassipes on the 4th of April,
+and other intelligence public and private. The following are the events
+since then. On the 5th of April, by a decree of the senate, a sum of
+money amounting to 40,000 sestertia (about £320,000) was voted to Pompey
+for the business of the corn-supply. But on the same day there was a
+vehement debate on the Campanian land, the senators making almost as
+much noise as a public meeting. The shortness of money and the high
+price of corn increased the exasperation. Nor will I omit the following:
+the members of the colleges of the Capitolini and the Mercuriales[481]
+expelled from their society a Roman knight named M. Furius Flaccus, a
+man of bad character: the expulsion took place when he was at the
+meeting, and though he threw himself at the feet of each member.
+
+On the 6th of April, the eve of my departure from town, I gave a
+betrothal party to Crassipes. That excellent boy, your and my Quintus,
+was not at the banquet owing to a very slight indisposition. On the 7th
+of April I visited Quintus and found him quite restored. He talked a
+good deal and with great feeling about the quarrels between our wives.
+What need I say more? Nothing could have been pleasanter. Pomponia,
+however, had some complaints to make of you also: but of this when we
+meet. After leaving your boy I went to the site of your house: the
+building was going on with a large number of workmen. I urged the
+contractor Longilius to push on. He assured me that he had every wish to
+satisfy us. The house will be splendid, for it can be better seen now
+than we could judge from the plan: my own house is also being built with
+despatch. On this day I dined with Crassipes. After dinner I went in my
+sedan to visit Pompey at his suburban villa. I had not been able to call
+on him in the daytime as he was away from home. However, I wished to see
+him, because I am leaving Rome to-morrow, and he is on the point of
+starting for Sardinia. I found him at home and begged him to restore you
+to us as soon as possible. "Immediately," he said. He is going to start,
+according to what he said, on the 11th of April, with the intention of
+embarking at Livorno or Pisa.[482] Mind, my dear brother, that, as soon
+as he arrives, you seize the first opportunity of setting sail, provided
+only that the weather is favourable. I write this on the 8th of April
+before daybreak, and am on the point of starting on my journey, with the
+intention of stopping to-day with Titus Titius at Anagnia. To-morrow I
+think of being at Laterium,[483] thence, after five days in Arpinum,
+going to my Pompeian house, just looking in upon my villa at Cumæ on my
+return journey, with the view--since Milo's trial has been fixed for the
+7th of May--of being at Rome on the 6th, and of seeing you on that day,
+I hope, dearest and pleasantest of brothers. I thought it best that the
+building at Arcanum[484] should be suspended till your return. Take good
+care, my dear brother, of your health, and come as soon as possible.
+
+[Footnote 481: In B.C. 357 a "college" was established for celebrating
+the _ludi Capitolini_, in celebration of the failure of the Gauls to
+take it. It consisted of men living on the Capitoline (Livy, v. 50). The
+_Mercuriales_ were a "college" or company of merchants who celebrated
+the _fête_ of the consecration of the temple of Mercury (B.C., 495) on
+the Ides of May (Livy, ii. 27; Ov. _F._ v. 669; C. _I. L._ i. p. 206).]
+
+[Footnote 482: It was on this journey that Pompey visited Luca tomeet
+Cæsar and Crassus.]
+
+[Footnote 483: The name of a property of Quintus at Arpinum.]
+
+[Footnote 484: Another property of Quintus near Mintumæ.]
+
+
+
+
+CVI (A IV, 4 b)
+
+TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+It will be delightful if you come to see us here. You will find that
+Tyrannio has made a wonderfully good arrangement of my books, the
+remains of which are better than I had expected. Still, I wish you would
+send me a couple of your library slaves for Tyrannio to employ as
+gluers, and in other subordinate work, and tell them to get some fine
+parchment to make title-pieces, which you Greeks, I think, call
+"sillybi." But all this is only if not inconvenient to you. In any case,
+be sure you come yourself, if you can halt for a while in such a place,
+and can persuade Pilia[485] to accompany you. For that is only fair, and
+Tullia is anxious that she should come. My word! You have purchased a
+fine troop! Your gladiators, I am told, fight superbly. If you had
+chosen to let them out you would have cleared your expenses by the last
+two spectacles. But we will talk about this later on. Be sure to come,
+and, as you love me, see about the library slaves.
+
+[Footnote 485: The recently married wife of Atticus. See p. 216.]
+
+
+
+
+CVII (A IV, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Do you really mean it? Do you think that there is anyone by whom I
+prefer to have what I write read and approved of before yourself? "Why,
+then, did I send it to anyone before you?" I was pressed by the man to
+whom I sent it, and had no copy. And--well! I am nibbling at what I
+must, after all, swallow--my "recantation"[486] did seem to me a trifle
+discreditable! But good-bye to straightforward, honest, and high-minded
+policy! One could scarcely believe the amount of treachery there is in
+those leaders of the state, as they wish to be, and might be, if they
+had any principle of honour in them. I had felt it, known it--taken in,
+abandoned, and cast aside by them, as I had been! and yet my purpose
+still was to stick by them in politics. They were the same men as they
+ever had been. At last, on your advice, my eyes have been opened. You
+will say that your advice only extended to action, not to writing also.
+The truth is that I wanted to bind myself to this new combination, that
+I might have no excuse for slipping back to those who, even at a time
+when I could claim their compassion, never cease being jealous of me.
+However, I kept within due limits in my subject, when I did put pen to
+paper. I shall launch out more copiously if _he_ shews that he is glad
+to receive it, and those make wry faces who are angry at my possessing
+the villa which once belonged to Catulus, without reflecting that I
+bought it from Vettius: who say that I ought not to have built a town
+house, and declare that I ought to have sold. But what is all this to
+the fact that, when I have delivered senatorial speeches in agreement
+with their own views, their chief pleasure has yet been that I spoke
+contrary to Pompey's wishes? Let us have an end of it. Since those who
+have no power refuse me their affection, let us take care to secure the
+affection of those who have power. You will say, "I could have wished
+that you had done so before." I know you did wish it, and that I have
+made a real ass of myself. But now the time has come to shew a little
+affection for myself, since I can get none from them on any terms.
+
+I am much obliged to you for frequently going to see my house.
+Crassipes[487] swallows up my money for travelling. Tullia will go
+straight to your suburban villa.[488] That seems the more convenient
+plan. Consequently she will be at your town house the next day: for what
+can it matter to you? But we shall see. Your men have beautified my
+library by making up the books and appending title-slips. Please thank
+them.
+
+[Footnote 486: [Greek: palinphdia]--something he had apparently written
+and sent to Pompey or Cæsar, giving in his adhesion to the policy of the
+triumvirs. It can hardly have been the speech _de Provinciis
+Consularibus_ or the _oratio pro Balbo_, which had probably not yet been
+delivered, for the arrangement recommended in the former speech was not
+that of the conference of Luca, while in the latter, though he speaks
+respectfully of Cæsar, there is nothing in the shape of a palinode in
+general politics.]
+
+
+
+
+CVIII (F V, 12)
+
+TO L. LUCCEIUS[489]
+
+ARPINUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have often tried to say to you personally what I am about to write,
+but was prevented by a kind of almost clownish bashfulness. Now that I am
+not in your presence I shall speak out more boldly: a letter does not
+blush. I am inflamed with an inconceivably ardent desire, and one, as I
+think, of which I have no reason to be ashamed, that in a history
+written by _you_ my name should be conspicuous and frequently mentioned
+with praise. And though you have often shewn me that you meant to do so,
+yet I hope you will pardon my impatience. For the style of your
+composition, though I had always entertained the highest expectations of
+it, has yet surpassed my hopes, and has taken such a hold upon me, or
+rather has so fired my imagination, that I was eager to have my
+achievements as quickly as possible put on record in your history. For
+it is not only the thought of being spoken of by future ages that makes
+me snatch at what seems a hope of immortality, but it is also the desire
+of fully enjoying in my lifetime an authoritative expression of your
+judgment, or a token of your kindness for me, or the charm of your
+genius. Not, however, that while thus writing I am unaware under what
+heavy burdens you are labouring in the portion of history you have
+undertaken, and by this time have begun to write. But because I saw that
+your history of the Italian and Civil Wars was now all but finished, and
+because also you told me that you were already embarking upon the
+remaining portions of your work, I determined not to lose my chance for
+the want of suggesting to you to consider whether you preferred to weave
+your account of me into the main context of your history, or whether, as
+many Greek writers have done--Callisthenes, the Phocian War; Timæus, the
+war of Pyrrhus; Polybius, that of Numantia; all of whom separated the
+wars I have named from their main narratives--you would, like them,
+separate the civil conspiracy from public and external wars. For my
+part, I do not see that it matters much to my reputation, but it does
+somewhat concern my impatience, that you should not wait till you come
+to the proper place, but should at once anticipate the discussion of
+that question as a whole and the history of that epoch. And at the same
+time, if your whole thoughts are engaged on one incident and one person,
+I can see in imagination how much fuller your material will be, and how
+much more elaborately worked out. I am quite aware, however, what little
+modesty I display, first, in imposing on you so heavy a burden (for your
+engagements may well prevent your compliance with my request), and in
+the second place, in asking you to shew me off to advantage. What if
+those transactions are not in your judgment so very deserving of
+commendation? Yet, after all, a man who has once passed the border-line
+of modesty had better put a bold face on it and be frankly impudent. And
+so I again and again ask you outright, both to praise those actions of
+mine in warmer terms than you perhaps feel, and in that respect to
+neglect the laws of history. I ask you, too, in regard to the personal
+predilection, on which you wrote in a certain introductory chapter in
+the most gratifying and explicit terms--and by which you shew that you
+were as incapable of being diverted as Xenophon's Hercules by
+Pleasure--not to go against it, but to yield to your affection for me a
+little more than truth shall justify. But if I can induce you to
+undertake this, you will have, I am persuaded, matter worthy of your
+genius and your wealth of language. For from the beginning of the
+conspiracy to my return from exile it appears to me that a
+moderate-sized monograph might be composed, in which you will, on the
+one hand, be able to utilize your special knowledge of civil
+disturbances, either in unravelling the causes of the revolution or in
+proposing remedies for evils, blaming meanwhile what you think deserves
+denunciation, and establishing the righteousness of what you approve by
+explaining the principles on which they rest: and on the other hand, if
+you think it right to be more outspoken (as you generally do), you will
+bring out the perfidy, intrigues, and treachery of many people towards
+me. For my vicissitudes will supply you in your composition with much
+variety, which has in itself a kind of charm, capable of taking a strong
+hold on the imagination of readers, when you are the writer. For nothing
+is better fitted to interest a reader than variety of circumstance and
+vicissitudes of fortune, which, though the reverse of welcome to us in
+actual experience, will make very pleasant reading: for the untroubled
+recollection of a past sorrow has a charm of its own. To the rest of the
+world, indeed, who have had no trouble themselves, and who look upon the
+misfortunes of others without any suffering of their own, the feeling of
+pity is itself a source of pleasure. For what man of us is not
+delighted, though feeling a certain compassion too, with the death-scene
+of Epaminondas at Mantinea? He, you know, did not allow the dart to be
+drawn from his body until he had been told, in answer to his question,
+that his shield was safe, so that in spite of the agony of his wound he
+died calmly and with glory. Whose interest is not roused and sustained
+by the banishment and return of Themistocles?[490] Truly the mere
+chronological record of the annals has very little charm for us--little
+more than the entries in the _fasti_: but the doubtful and varied
+fortunes of a man, frequently of eminent character, involve feelings of
+wonder, suspense, joy, sorrow, hope, fear: if these fortunes are crowned
+with a glorious death, the imagination is satisfied with the most
+fascinating delight which reading can give. Therefore it will be more in
+accordance with my wishes if you come to the resolution to separate from
+the main body of your narrative, in which you embrace a continuous
+history of events, what I may call the drama of my actions and fortunes:
+for it includes varied acts, and shifting scenes both of policy and
+circumstance. Nor am I afraid of appearing to lay snares for your favour
+by flattering suggestions, when I declare that I desire to be
+complimented and mentioned with praise by you above all other writers.
+For you are not the man to be ignorant of your own powers, or not to be
+sure that those who withhold their admiration of you are more to be
+accounted jealous, than those who praise you flatterers. Nor, again, am
+I so senseless as to wish to be consecrated to an eternity of fame by
+one who, in so consecrating me, does not also gain for himself the glory
+which rightfully belongs to genius. For the famous Alexander himself did
+not wish to be painted by Apelles, and to have his statue made by
+Lysippus above all others, merely from personal favour to them, but
+because he thought that their art would be a glory at once to them and
+to himself. And, indeed, those artists used to make images of the person
+known to strangers: but if such had never existed, illustrious men would
+yet be no less illustrious. The Spartan Agesilaus, who would not allow a
+portrait of himself to be painted or a statue made, deserves to be
+quoted as an example quite as much as those who have taken trouble
+about such representations: for a single pamphlet of Xenophon's in
+praise of that king has proved much more effective than all the
+portraits and statues of them all. And, moreover, it will more redound
+to my present exultation and the honour of my memory to have found my
+way into your history, than if I had done so into that of others, in
+this, that I shall profit not only by the genius of the writer--as
+Timoleon did by that of Timæus, Themistocles by that of Herodotus--but
+also by the authority of a man of a most illustrious and
+well-established character, and one well known and of the first repute
+for his conduct in the most important and weighty matters of state; so
+that I shall seem to have gained not only the fame which Alexander on
+his visit to Sigeum said had been bestowed on Achilles by Homer, but
+also the weighty testimony of a great and illustrious man. For I like
+that saying of Hector in Nævius, who not only rejoices that he is
+"praised," but adds, "and by one who has himself been praised." But if I
+fail to obtain my request from you, which is equivalent to saying, if
+you are by some means prevented--for I hold it to be out of the question
+that you would _refuse_ a request of mine--I shall perhaps be forced to
+do what certain persons have often found fault with, write my own
+panegyric, a thing, after all, which has a precedent of many illustrious
+men. But it will not escape your notice that there are the following
+drawbacks in a composition of that sort: men are bound, when writing of
+themselves, both to speak with greater reserve of what is praiseworthy,
+and to omit what calls for blame. Added to which such writing carries
+less conviction, less weight; many people, in fine, carp at it, and say
+that the heralds at the public games are more modest, for after having
+placed garlands on the other recipients and proclaimed their names in a
+loud voice, when their own turn comes to be presented with a garland
+before the games break up, they call in the services of another herald,
+that they may not declare themselves victors with their own voice. I
+wish to avoid all this, and, if you undertake my cause, I shall avoid
+it: and, accordingly, I ask you this favour. But why, you may well ask,
+when you have already often assured me that you intended to record in
+your book with the utmost minuteness the policy and events of my
+consulship, do I now make this request to you with such earnestness and
+in so many words? The reason is to be found in that burning desire, of
+which I spoke at the beginning of my letter, for something _prompt_:
+because I am in a flutter of impatience, both that men should learn what
+I am from your books, while I am still alive, and that I may myself in
+my lifetime have the full enjoyment of my little bit of glory. What you
+intend doing on this subject I should like you to write me word, if not
+troublesome to you. For if you do undertake the subject, I will put
+together some notes of all occurrences: but if you put me off to some
+future time, I will talk the matter over with you. Meanwhile, do not
+relax your efforts, and thoroughly polish what you have already on the
+stocks, and--continue to love me.
+
+[Footnote 487: That is, the dowry and expenses of Tullia's betrothal to
+Crassipes.]
+
+[Footnote 488: _Tullia de via recta in hortos_, for _tu_, etc., and _ad
+te postridie_. This may not be right, but no other suggestions as to the
+meaning of these abrupt clauses have been made which are in the least
+convincing. We must suppose that Atticus has asked Tullia to stay with
+him and his wife Pilia, and Cicero is describing her journey from
+Antium.]
+
+[Footnote 489: L. Lucceius, of whom we have heard before, as having some
+quarrel with Atticus. His work has not survived. No letter of the
+correspondence has brought more adimadversion on Cicero, and yet
+log-rolling and the appealing to friends on the press to review one's
+book are not wholly unknown even in our time.]
+
+[Footnote 490: Cicero appears by a slip to have written Themistocles
+instead of Aristeides. The dramatic return of the latter just before the
+battle of Salamis is narrated in Herodotus: whereas the former never
+returned, though his dead body was said to have been brought to Athens.]
+
+
+
+
+CIX (A IV, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FROM THE COUNTRY (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Of course I am as sorry about Lentulus as I am bound to be: we have lost
+a good patriot and a great man, one who to great strength of character
+united a culture equally profound. My consolation is a miserable one,
+but still it is a consolation--that I do not grieve on his account: I
+don't mean in the sense of Saufeius and your Epicurean friends, but, by
+Hercules, because he loved his country so deeply, that he seems to me to
+have been snatched away by a special favour of providence from its
+conflagration. For what could be more humiliating than the life we are
+living, especially mine? For as to yourself, though by nature a
+politician, you have yet avoided having any servitude peculiar to
+yourself: you merely come under an appellation common to us all.[491]
+But _I_, who, if I say what I ought about the Republic, am looked on as
+mad, if what expediency dictates, as a slave, and if I say nothing, as
+utterly crushed and helpless--what must I be suffering? Suffer, indeed,
+I do, and all the more keenly that I cannot even shew my pain without
+appearing ungrateful. Again: what if I should choose a life of
+inactivity and take refuge in the harbour of retired leisure?
+Impossible! Rather war and the camp! Am I to serve in the ranks after
+refusing to be a general? I suppose I must. For I perceive you, too,
+think so, you whom I wish that I had always obeyed. All that is left to
+me now is, "You have drawn Sparta: make the best of it!" But, by
+heavens, I can't: and I feel for Philoxenus,[492] who preferred a return
+to gaol. However, in my present retirement I am thinking over how to
+express my rejection of the old policy, and when we meet you will
+strengthen me in it.
+
+I notice that you have written to me at frequent intervals, but I
+received all the letters at once. This circumstance increased my grief.
+For I had read three to begin with, in which the report of Lentulus was
+that he was a little better. Then came the thunderbolt of the fourth.
+But it is not he, as I said, who is to be pitied, but we who are so
+callous as to live on.[493] You remind me to write that essay on
+Hortensius: I have digressed into other subjects, but have not forgotten
+your charge. But, by heaven, at the first line I shrank from the task,
+lest I, who seem to have acted foolishly in resenting his intemperate
+conduct as a friend, should once more be foolishly rendering his
+injurious treatment of me conspicuous, if I wrote anything; and at the
+same time lest my high _morale_, manifested in my actions, should be
+somewhat obscured in my writing, and this mode of taking satisfaction
+should seem to imply a certain instability. But we shall see. Only be
+sure to write me something as often as possible. I sent a letter to
+Lucceius asking him to write the history of my consulship: be sure you
+get it from him, for it is a very pretty bit of writing, and urge him to
+use despatch, and thank him for having written me an answer saying that
+he would do so. Go and see my house as often as you can. Say something
+to Vestorius:[494] for he is acting very liberally in regard to me.
+
+[Footnote 491: Reading _communi fueris nomine_. After all, the meaning
+is very doubtful.]
+
+[Footnote 492: Philoxenus, who, having been sent to the quarries by
+Dionysius of Syracuse, for criticising the tyrant's poetry, was given
+another chance. After reading a few lines he turned away silently.
+"Where are you going?" said Dionysius. "Back to the quarries," said
+Philoxenus. For [Greek: Spartan elaches, tautên kosmei], see p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 493: _Ferrei_. The true meaning of the word here seems to me
+to be shewn by _de Am._ § 87, _quis tam esset ferreus, qui eam vitam
+ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum omnium solitudo_?
+There is an intentional play on the words _ferreus_ and _ferre_. Others
+have altered it to _servi_, and others have explained it as an allusion
+to the iron age, in both cases spoiling the antithesis--he died, we
+remain--and in the latter using the word in a sense not elsewhere found.
+Lentulus is L. Cornelius Lentulus. See Letter L.]
+
+[Footnote 494: A money-lender.]
+
+
+
+
+CX (A IV, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ARPINUM (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+Nothing could be better timed than your letter, which much relieved the
+anxiety I was feeling about that excellent boy, our Quintus. Two hours
+earlier Chærippus had arrived: his news was simply awful. As to what you
+say about Apollonius, why, heaven confound him! a Greek and turn
+bankrupt! Thinks he may do what Roman knights do! For, of course,
+Terentius is within his rights! As to Metellus--_de mortuis_,
+etc.[495]--yet there has been no citizen die these many years past who
+----. Well, I am willing to warrant your getting the money: for what
+have you to fear, whomsoever he made his heir, unless it were Publius?
+But he has, in fact, made a respectable man his heir, though he was
+himself ----! Wherefore in this business you will not have to open your
+money-chest: another time you will be more cautious. Please see to my
+instructions about my house: hire some guards: give Milo a hint.[496]
+The Arpinates grumble amazingly about Laterium.[497] Well, what can I
+say? I was much annoyed myself, but "to words of mine he gave no
+heed."[498] For the rest, take care of young Cicero and love him as
+always.
+
+[Footnote 495: [Greek: ouch hosiê phthimenoisin], leaving Atticus, as
+often, to fill in the words [Greek: ep' andrasin euchetaasthai] (Hom.
+_Od._ xxii. 412, where the word is [Greek: ktamenoisin]). Terentius is
+some eques who has stopped payment.]
+
+[Footnote 496: Because Clodius was attempting to pull down Cicero's
+new-built house on the ground that the site was still consecrated. He
+was prevented by Milo (Dio, xxxix. 20).]
+
+[Footnote 497: Something that Quintus had done, perhaps about water, on
+his estate which annoyed his fellow townsmen.]
+
+[Footnote 498: [Greek: ho d' ouk empazeto mythôn] (Hom. _Od._ i. 271).]
+
+
+
+
+CXI (A IV, 8 a)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+There were many things in your letter which pleased me, but nothing more
+than your "dish of cheese and salt fish"![499] For as to what you say
+about the sale,
+
+    "Boast not yourself before you see the end."[500]
+
+I can find nothing in the way of a building for you in the
+neighbourhood. In the town there is something of the sort, though it is
+doubtful whether it is for sale, and, in fact, close to my own house.
+Let me tell you that Antium is the Buthrotum of Rome, just what your
+Buthrotum is to Corcyra. Nothing can be quieter, cooler, or
+prettier--"be this mine own dear home."[501] Moreover, since Tyrannio
+has arranged my books for me, my house seems to have had a soul added to
+it; in which matter your Dionysius and Menophilus were of wonderful
+service. Nothing can be more charming than those bookcases of yours,
+since the title-slips have shewn off the books. Good-bye. I should like
+you to write me word about the gladiators, but only if they fight well,
+I don't want to know about them if they were failures.
+
+[Footnote 499: We must suppose Atticus to have mentioned some money loss
+(see last letter), and to have added that, though a ruinous one, his
+tastes were simple, and he could live on simple fare. Cicero laughs at
+the affectation of the rich Atticus. _Raudusculum_, "a piece of bronze,"
+was the ancient term for the piece of bronze money used in sales, _per
+æs et libram_ (Varro, _L. L._ v. 163).]
+
+[Footnote 500: [Greek: mêpô meg' eipês prin teleutêsant' idês], "Do not
+boast till you see a man dead"--a well-known line from a lost play of
+Sophocles, containing a sentiment elsewhere often repeated, especially
+in Herodotus's account of the interview of Solon and Croesus.]
+
+[Footnote 501: [Greek: eiê moi outos philos oikos], according to a
+probable restoration of the Greek words (instead of [Greek: eiê misêtos
+philos oikos], "I might even hate my town house in comparison"); cp.
+Hor. _Od._ ii. 6, 7.]
+
+
+
+
+CXII (F V, 3)
+
+FROM Q. METELLUS NEPOS (IN SPAIN)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+The insults of a most outrageous person, with which he loads me in
+frequent public speeches, are alleviated by your kind services to me;
+and as they are of little weight as coming from a man of that character,
+they are regarded by me with contempt, and I am quite pleased by an
+interchange of persons to regard you in the light of a cousin.[502] Him
+I don't wish even to remember, though I have twice saved his life in his
+own despite. Not to be too troublesome to you about my affairs, I have
+written to Lollius as to what I want done about my provincial accounts,
+with a view to his informing and reminding you. If you can, I hope you
+will preserve your old goodwill to me.
+
+[Footnote 502: _Fratris_. The mother of Clodius, Cæcilia, was a daughter
+of Q. Cæcilius Metellus Balearicus (consul B.C. 123), father of the
+writer of this letter.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIII (F I, 7)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+I have read your letter in which you say that you are obliged for the
+frequent information I give you about all current events, and for the
+clear proof you have of my kindness to yourself. The latter--the
+regarding you with warm affection--it is my duty to do, if I wish to
+maintain the character which you desired for me; the former it is a
+pleasure to do, namely, separated as we are by length of space and time,
+to converse with you as frequently as possible by means of letters. But
+if this shall occur less frequently than you expect, the reason will be
+that my letters are of such a kind that I dare not trust them to
+everybody promiscuously. As often as I get hold of trustworthy persons
+to whom I may safely deliver them, I will not omit to do so. As to your
+question about each particular person's loyalty and friendly feelings
+towards you, it is difficult to speak in regard to individuals. I can
+venture on this one assertion, which I often hinted to you before, and
+now write from close observation and knowledge--that certain persons,
+and those, above all others, who were most bound and most able to help
+you, have been exceedingly jealous of your claims: and that, though the
+point in question is different, your present position is exceedingly
+like what mine was some time ago in this, that those whom you had
+attacked on public grounds now openly assail you, while those whose
+authority, rank, and policy you had defended, are not so much mindful of
+your kindness as enemies to your reputation. In these circumstances, as
+I wrote you word before, I perceive that Hortensius is very warmly your
+friend, Lucullus anxious to serve you: while of the magistrates L.
+Racilius shews special loyalty and affection. For my taking up the
+cudgels for you, and advocating your claims, would seem in the eyes of
+most people to be the measure of my obligation to you rather than of my
+deliberate opinion. Besides these I am, in fact, not able to bear
+witness to any one of the consulars shewing zeal or kindness or friendly
+feeling towards you. For you are aware that Pompey, who is very
+frequently accustomed, not on my instigation but of his own accord, to
+confide in me about you, did not often attend the senate during these
+discussions. It is true your last letter, as I could easily conceive,
+was very gratifying to him. To me, indeed, your reasonableness, or
+rather your extreme wisdom, seemed not only charming, but simply
+admirable. For by that letter you retained your hold on a man of lofty
+character, who was bound to you by the signal generosity of your conduct
+towards him, but who was entertaining some suspicions that, owing to
+the impression prevailing among certain persons as to his own ambitious
+desires, you were alienated from him. I always thought that he wished to
+support your reputation, even in that very dubious episode of Caninius's
+proposal;[503] but when he had read your letter, I could plainly see
+that he was thinking with his whole soul of you, your honours, and your
+interests. Wherefore look upon what I am going to write as written after
+frequent discussions with him, in accordance with his opinion, and with
+the weight of his authority. It is this: "That, since no senatorial
+decree exists taking the restoration of the Alexandrine king out of your
+hands, and since the resolution written out upon that restoration
+(which, as you are aware, was vetoed) to the effect that no one was to
+restore the king at all,[504] has rather the weight of a measure adopted
+by men in anger than of a deliberate decision of the senate--you can
+yourself see, since you are in possession of Cilicia and Cyprus,[505]
+what it is within your power to effect and secure; and that, if
+circumstances seem to make it possible for you to occupy Alexandria and
+Egypt, it is for your own dignity and that of the empire that, after
+having first placed the king at Ptolemais or some neighbouring place,
+you should proceed with fleet and army to Alexandria, in order that,
+when you have secured it by restoring peace and placing a garrison in
+it, Ptolemy may go back to his kingdom: thus it will be brought about
+that he is restored at once by your agency, as the senate originally
+voted, and without a 'host,' as those who are scrupulous about religion
+said was the order of the Sibyl."
+
+But though both he and I agreed in this decision, we yet thought that
+men would judge of your policy by its result: if it turns out as we wish
+and desire, everybody will say that you acted wisely and courageously;
+if any hitch occurs, those same men will say that you acted ambitiously
+and rashly. Wherefore what you really can do it is not so easy for us to
+judge as for you, who have Egypt almost within sight. For us, our view
+is this: if you are certain that you can get possession of that
+kingdom, you should not delay: if it is doubtful, you should not make
+the attempt. I can guarantee you this, that, if you succeed, you will be
+applauded by many while abroad, by all when you return. I see great
+danger in any failure, on account of the senatorial resolution and the
+religious scruple that have been introduced into the question. But for
+me, as I exhort you to snatch at what is certain to bring you credit, so
+I warn you against running any risks, and I return to what I said at the
+beginning of my letter--that men will judge all you do, not so much from
+the policy which prompted it as from its result. But if this method of
+procedure appears to you to be dangerous, our opinion is that, if the
+king fulfils his obligations to those of your friends, who throughout
+your province and sphere of government have lent him money, you should
+assist him both with troops and supplies: such is the nature and
+convenient situation of your province, that you either secure his
+restoration by giving him aid, or hinder it by neglecting to do so. In
+carrying out this policy you will perceive better and more easily than
+anyone else what the actual state of affairs, the nature of the case,
+and the circumstances of the hour admit: what our opinion was I thought
+that I was the person, above all others, to tell you.
+
+As to your congratulations to myself on my present position, on my
+intimacy with Milo, on the frivolity and impotency of Clodius--I am not
+at all surprised that, like a first-rate artist, you take pleasure in
+the brilliant works of your own hands. However, people's
+wrong-headedness--I don't like to use a harsher word--surpasses belief;
+they might have secured me by their sympathy in a cause in which they
+were all equally interested, yet they have alienated me by their
+jealousy: for by their carping and most malicious criticisms I must tell
+you that I have been all but driven from that old political standpoint
+of mine, so long maintained, not, it is true, so far as to forget my
+position, but far enough to admit at length some consideration for my
+personal safety also. Both might have been amply secured if there had
+been any good faith, any solidity in our consulars: but such is the
+frivolity of most of them, that they do not so much take pleasure in my
+political consistency, as offence at my brilliant position. I am the
+more outspoken in writing this to you, because you lent your support,
+not only to my present position, which I obtained through you, but also
+long ago to my reputation and political eminence, when they were, so to
+speak, but just coming into existence; and at the same time because I
+see that it was not, as I used formerly to think, my want of curule
+pedigree that excited prejudice: for I have noticed in your case, one of
+the noblest of the land, a similar exhibition of base jealousy, and
+though they did not object to class you among the _noblesse_, they were
+unwilling that you should take any higher flight. I rejoice that your
+fortune has been unlike mine: for there is a great difference between
+having one's reputation lowered and one's personal safety abandoned to
+the enemy. In my case it was your noble conduct that prevented me from
+being too much disgusted with my own; for you secured that men should
+consider more to have been added to my future glory than had been taken
+from my present fortune. As for you--instigated both by your kindness to
+myself and my affection for you, I urge you to use all your care and
+industry to obtain the full glory, for which you have burned with such
+generous ardour from boyhood, and never, under anyone's injurious
+conduct, to bend that high spirit of yours, which I have always admired
+and always loved. Men have a high opinion of you; they loudly praise
+your liberality; they vividly remember your consulship. You must surely
+perceive how much more marked, and how much more prominent these
+sentiments will be, if backed up by some considerable repute from your
+province and your government. However, in every administrative act which
+you have to perform by means of your army and in virtue of your
+_imperium_, I would have you reflect on these objects long before you
+act, prepare yourself with a view to them, turn them over in your mind,
+train yourself to obtain them, and convince yourself that you can with
+the greatest ease maintain the highest and most exalted position in the
+state. This you have always looked for, and I am sure you understand
+that you have attained it. And that you may not think this exhortation
+of mine meaningless or adopted without reason, I should explain that the
+consideration which has moved me to make it was the conviction that you
+required to be warned by the incidents, which our careers have had in
+common, to be careful for the rest of your life as to whom to trust and
+against whom to be on your guard.
+
+As to your question about the state of public affairs--there is the most
+profound difference of opinion, but the energy is all on one side. For
+those who are strong in wealth, arms, and material power, appear to me
+to have scored so great a success from the stupidity and fickleness of
+their opponents, that they are now the stronger in moral weight as well.
+Accordingly, with very few to oppose them, they have got everything
+through the senate, which they never expected to get even by the popular
+vote without a riot: for a grant for military pay and ten legates have
+been given to Cæsar by decree,[506] and no difficulty has been made of
+deferring the nomination of his successor, as required by the Sempronian
+law.[507] I say the less to you on this point, because this position of
+public affairs is no pleasure to me: I mention it, however, in order to
+urge you to learn, while you can do so without suffering for it, the
+lesson which I myself, though devoted from boyhood to every kind of
+reading, yet learnt rather from bitter experience than from study, that
+we must neither consider our personal safety to the exclusion of our
+dignity, nor our dignity to the exclusion of our safety.
+
+In your congratulations as to my daughter and Crassipes I am obliged to
+you for your kindness, and do indeed expect and hope that this connexion
+may be a source of pleasure to us. Our dear Lentulus, a young man who
+gives such splendid promise of the highest qualities, be sure you
+instruct both in those accomplishments which you have yourself ever been
+forward in pursuing, and also, above all, in the imitation of yourself:
+he can study in no better school than that. He holds a very high place
+in my regard and affection, as well because he is yours, as because he
+is worthy of such a father, and because he is devoted to me, and has
+always been so.
+
+[Footnote 503: See Letter XCV.]
+
+[Footnote 504: See Letter CII.]
+
+[Footnote 505: Joined to the province of Cilicia by Cato in B.C. 58-57.
+What Cicero is recommending is a clear evasion. Lentulus is not to
+_take_ Ptolemy back, but to go to Egypt and make it ready for him.]
+
+[Footnote 506: Cicero says elsewhere that he supported this (_pro
+Balbo_, §61; _de Prov. Cons._ §28; cp. Dio, xxxix. 25).]
+
+[Footnote 507: The law of Gaius Gracchus (B.C. 123) enacting that the
+senate should name before the elections the provinces to be held by the
+next consuls.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIV (F XIII, 6 a)
+
+Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+If you are well I shall be glad. I am quite well. I presume that you
+will remember that, when escorting you on the commencement of your
+official journey,[508] I mentioned to you in the presence of Publius
+Cuspius, and also afterwards urged you privately at some length, that
+whomsoever I might recommend to you as connexions of his, you should
+regard as among connexions of my own. You, as was to be expected from
+your extreme regard and uninterrupted attentions to me, undertook to do
+this for me with the utmost liberality and kindness. Cuspius, who is
+most careful in his duties towards all connected with him, takes a
+surprising interest in the well-being of certain persons of your
+province, because he has been twice in Africa when presiding over the
+very large concerns of his revenue-company. Accordingly, this patronage
+of his, which he exercises on their behalf, I am accustomed as far as I
+can to back up by such means and influence as I possess. Wherefore I
+thought it necessary to explain to you in this letter why I give letters
+of introduction to all the friends of Cuspius. In future letters I will
+merely append the mark[509] agreed upon between you and me, and at the
+same time indicate that he is one of Cuspius's friends. But the
+recommendation which I have resolved to subscribe to in this present
+letter, let me tell you, is more serious than any of them. For P.
+Cuspius has pressed me with particular earnestness to recommend Lucius
+Iulius to you as warmly as possible. I appear to be barely able to
+satisfy his eagerness by using the words which I generally use when most
+in earnest. He asks for something out of the common way from me, and
+thinks I have a special knack in that style of writing. I have promised
+him to produce a masterpiece of commendation--a specimen of my choicest
+work. Since I cannot reach that standard, however, I would beg you to
+make him think that some astonishing effect has been produced by the
+style of my letter. You will secure that, if you treat him with all the
+liberality which your kindness can suggest and your official power make
+feasible--I don't mean merely in the way of material assistance, but
+also in words and even in looks: and what influence such things have in
+a province I could have wished that you had already learnt by
+experience, though I have an idea that you soon will do so. This man
+himself, whom I am recommending to you, I believe to be thoroughly
+worthy of your friendship, not only because Cuspius says so (though that
+should be enough), but because I know the keenness of his judgment of
+men and in the selection of his friends. I shall soon be able to judge
+what has been the effect of this letter, and shall, I feel certain, have
+reason to thank you. For myself, I shall with zeal and care see to all
+that I think to be your wish or to concern your interests. Take care of
+your health.
+
+[Footnote 508: _Paludatum_, lit. dressed in the _paludamentum_, the
+military dress in which provincial governors left Rome with _imperium_.]
+
+[Footnote 509: _Notam_, some cipher, which he had agreed upon with
+Valerius to indicate that the _commendatio_ was not to be looked upon as
+a mere matter of course.]
+
+
+
+
+CXV (F XIII, 6 b)
+
+TO Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+P. Cornelius, who delivers you this letter, has been recommended to me
+by P. Cuspius, for whose sake you are thoroughly informed from me how
+much I desire and am bound to do. I earnestly beg you that Cuspius may
+have as great, early, and frequent occasion as possible to thank me for
+this introduction.
+
+
+
+
+CXVI (Q FR II, 6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (RETURNING FROM SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, ÆT. 50]
+
+How delighted I was to get your letter! It had been expected by me at
+first, it is true, only with longing, but recently with alarm also. And,
+in fact, let me tell you that this is the only letter which has reached
+me since the one brought me by your sailor and dated Olbia. But let
+everything else, as you say, be reserved till we can talk it over
+together. One thing, however, I cannot put off: on the 15th of May the
+senate covered itself with glory by refusing Gabinius a _supplicatio_.
+Procilius[510] vows that such a slight was never inflicted on anyone.
+Out of doors there is much applause. To me, gratifying as it is on its
+own account, it is even more so because it was done when I was not in
+the house. For it was an unbiassed[511] judgment of the senate, without
+any attack or exercise of influence on my part. The debate previously
+arranged for the 15th and 16th, namely, the question of the Campanian
+land, did not come on. In this matter I don't quite see way.[512] But I
+have said more than I meant to say: for it is best reserved till we
+meet. Goodbye, best and most longed-for of brothers! Fly to me. Our boys
+both share my prayer: of course, you will dine with me the day of your
+arrival.
+
+[Footnote 510: One of the tribunes. He was convicted of _vis_ in B.C.,
+54. Gabinius was governor of Syria B.C. 57-54. He had been engaged in
+some warlike affairs in Iudæa, for which, or for some successes over the
+Arabs, he claimed the _supplicatio_.]
+
+[Footnote 511: [Greek: eilikrines], "pure," "clear."]
+
+[Footnote 512: _Mihi aqua hæret_, "there's a stoppage in my water
+course."]
+
+
+
+
+CXVII (A IV, 8 b)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55. Coss., Cu. Pompeius Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus.]
+
+     In this year Cicero devoted much of his time and energy to the
+     composition of the _de Oratore_. He was glad to be away from Rome,
+     for though he had resolved to give up his opposition to the
+     triumvirs, he was never really happy in supporting or even
+     witnessing their policy, and the first letter betrays his
+     sentiments as to the way in which the consuls had secured their
+     election. His fear of an autocracy, however, seems now to be
+     directed rather to Pompey than Cæsar; nor was he at all charmed by
+     the splendour of the games given at the opening of Pompey's new
+     theatre. The only extant speech is that against L. Calpurnius Piso
+     (consul B.C. 58) who had been recalled from Macedonia.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM[513] (JANUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Apenas had scarcely left me, when your letter came. Really? Do you
+suppose he won't propose his law?[514] Pray speak a little louder: I
+seem scarcely to have caught what you said. But let me know it at once,
+if it is all the same to you, that is! Well, since an additional day has
+been assigned to the games, I am all the more content to spend that day
+with Dionysius. About Trebonius I cordially agree with you. About
+Domitius,[515]
+
+    "I swear by Ceres that no single fig
+    Was e'er so like another,"
+
+as his case to mine, either in the sameness of persons, the
+unexpectedness of it, or the futility of the loyalists. There is one
+difference--he has brought it upon himself. For as to the misfortune
+itself, I rather think mine is the less grievous. For what could be more
+mortifying than that a man, who has been consul-designate, so to speak,
+ever since he was born, should fail in securing his election? Especially
+when he is the only (plebeian) candidate, or at most had but one
+opponent. If it is also the fact, which I rather think it is, that
+_he_[516] has in the register of his pocket-book some equally long pages
+of future, no less than of past consuls, what more humiliating position
+than our friend's, except that of the Republic? My first information
+about Natta[517] was from your letter: I couldn't bear the man. As to
+your question about my poem: what if it is all agog to escape from my
+hands? Well? Would you permit it? About Fabius Luscus--I was just going
+to speak of him: the man was always very cordial to me, and I never had
+any cause to dislike him; for he is intelligent, very well-behaved, and
+serviceable enough. As I was seeing nothing of him, I supposed him to be
+out of town: but was told by this fellow Gavius of Firmum, that he was
+at Rome, and had never been away. It made a disagreeable impression on
+me. "Such a trifle as that?" you will say. Well, he had told me a good
+deal of which there could be no doubt as to these brothers of Firmum.
+What it is that has made him hold aloof from me, if he has done so, I
+have no idea.
+
+As to your advice to me to act "diplomatically" and keep to the "outside
+course"--I will obey you. But I want still more worldly wisdom, for
+which, as usual, I shall come to you. Pry small things out from
+Fabius,[518] if you can get at him, and pick the brains of your guest,
+and write me word on these points and all others every day. When there
+is nothing for you to write, write and say so. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 513: The letter appears to be from Tusculum, because Cicero
+asks for a letter every day, which he could hardly expect if he were
+farther off. This year Cicero was much away from Rome, and yet his
+correspondence is meagre compared with other years. So far as this is
+not due to accident in the preservation of his letters, it may be
+accounted for by the fact that he was working at his _de Oratore_--so
+hard, that even his brother Quintus had scruples in breaking in upon
+him.]
+
+[Footnote 514: This may refer to the laws of Trebonius, giving Pompey
+and Crassus Spain and Syria respectively, and Cæsar an additional five
+years in Gaul, or to some of Pompey's own legislation.]
+
+[Footnote 515: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a candidate for the consulship
+of B.C. 55, but whose election had never come off. By various
+contrivances the _comitia_ were prevented, so that the new year opened
+with an _interregnum_; and Pompey and Crassus were elected under the
+presidency of an _interrex_ (Dio, xxxix. 31).]
+
+[Footnote 516: Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 517: L. Natta, a brother-in-law of Clodius, a pontifex who had
+presided at the _consecratio_ of Cicero's house. He seems to have just
+died.]
+
+[Footnote 518: A friend of Pompey's. I think "your guest" must be Pompey
+himself, whom Atticus is about to entertain at dinner.]
+
+
+
+
+CXVIII (F I, 8)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+What debates have taken place in the senate, what determination has been
+come to in your business, and what Pompey has undertaken to do, all this
+you will best learn from Marcus Plætorius, who has not only been engaged
+in these matters, but has even taken the lead in them, and left nothing
+undone which the greatest affection for you, the greatest good sense,
+and the greatest care could do. From the same man you will ascertain the
+general position of public affairs, which are of such a nature as is not
+easy to put in writing. They are, it is true, all in the power of our
+friends, and to such an extent that it does not seem probable that the
+present generation will witness a change. For my part, as in duty bound,
+as you advised, and as personal affection and expediency compel, I am
+attaching myself to the fortunes of the man whose alliance you thought
+you must court when my fortunes were in question. But you must feel how
+difficult it is to put away a political conviction, especially when it
+happens to be right and proved up to the hilt. However, I conform myself
+to the wishes of him from whom I cannot dissent with any dignity: and
+this I do not do, as perhaps some may think, from insincerity; for
+deliberate purpose and, by heaven! affection for Pompey are so powerful
+with me, that whatever is to his interest, and whatever he wishes,
+appears to me at once to be altogether right and reasonable. Nor, as I
+think, would even his opponents be wrong if, seeing that they cannot
+possibly be his equals, they were to cease to struggle against him. For
+myself I have another consolation--my character is such that all the
+world thinks me justified beyond all others, whether I support Pompey's
+views, or hold my tongue, or even, what is above everything else to my
+taste, return to my literary pursuits. And this last I certainly shall
+do, if my friendship for this same man permits it. For those objects
+which I had at one time in view, after having held the highest offices
+and endured the greatest fatigues--the power of intervening with dignity
+in the debates of the senate, and a free hand in dealing with public
+affairs--these have been entirely abolished, and not more for me than
+for all. For we all have either to assent to a small clique, to the
+utter loss of our dignity, or to dissent to no purpose. My chief object
+in writing to you thus is that you may consider carefully what line you
+will also take yourself. The whole position of senate, law courts, and
+indeed of the entire constitution has undergone a complete change. The
+most we can hope for is tranquillity: and this the men now in supreme
+power seem likely to give us, if certain persons[519] shew somewhat more
+tolerance of their despotism. The old consular prestige, indeed, of a
+courageous and consistent senator we must no longer think of: that has
+been lost by the fault of those who have alienated from the senate both
+an order once very closely allied to it, and an individual of the most
+illustrious character. But to return to what more immediately affects
+your interests--I have ascertained that Pompey is warmly your friend,
+and with him as consul, to the best of my knowledge and belief, you will
+get whatever you wish. In this he will have me always at his elbow, and
+nothing which affects you shall be passed over by me. Nor, in fact,
+shall I be afraid of boring him, for he will be very glad for his own
+sake to find me grateful to him. I would have you fully persuaded that
+there is nothing, however small, affecting your welfare that is not
+dearer to me than every interest of my own. And entertaining these
+sentiments, I can satisfy myself indeed, as far as assiduity is
+concerned, but in actual achievement I cannot do so, just because I
+cannot reach any proportion of your services to me, I do not say by
+actual return in kind, but by any return even of feeling. There a report
+that you have won a great victory.[520] Your despatch is anxiously
+awaited, and I have already talked to Pompey about it. When it arrives,
+I will shew my zeal by calling on the magistrates and members of the
+senate: and in everything else which may concern you, though I shall
+strive for more than I can achieve, I shall yet do less than I ought.
+
+[Footnote 519: The extreme Optimates, such as Cato.]
+
+[Footnote 520: Against the predatory and piratic inhabitants of
+Cilicia.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIX (Q FR II, 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I thought you would like my book:[521] that you like it as much as you
+say I am greatly delighted. As to your hint about my Urania and your
+advice to remember the speech of Iupiter,[522] which comes at the end of
+that book, I do indeed remember it, and that whole passage was aimed at
+myself rather than at the rest of the world. Nevertheless, the day after
+you started I went long before daybreak with Vibullius to call on
+Pompey; and upon addressing him on the subject of the works and
+inscriptions in your honour,[523] he answered me very kindly, gave me
+great hopes, said he would like to talk to Crassus about it, and advised
+me to do so too. I joined in escorting Crassus to his house on his
+assuming the consulate: he undertook the affair, and said that Clodius
+would at this juncture have something that he wanted to get by means of
+himself and Pompey: he thought that, if I did not baulk Clodius's views,
+I might get what I wanted without any opposition. I left the matter
+entirely in his hands and told him that I would do exactly as he wished.
+Publius Crassus the younger was present at this conversation, who, as
+you know, is very warmly attached to me. What Clodius wants is an
+honorary mission (if not by decree of the senate, then by popular vote)
+to Byzantium or to Brogitarus, or to both.[524] There is a good deal of
+money in it. It is a thing I don't trouble myself about much, even if I
+don't get what I am trying to get. Pompey, however, has spoken to
+Crassus. They seem to have taken the business in hand. If they carry it
+through, well and good: if not, let us return to my "Iupiter."
+
+On the 11th of February a decree passed the senate as to bribery on the
+motion of Afranius, against which I had spoken when you were in the
+house. To the loudly expressed disapprobation of the senate the consuls
+did not go on with the proposals of those who, while agreeing with
+Afranius's motion, added a rider that after their election the prætors
+were to remain private citizens for sixty days.[525] On that day they
+unmistakably threw over Cato. In short, they manage everything their own
+way, and wish all the world to understand it to be so.
+
+[Footnote 521: His poem "On his own Times."]
+
+[Footnote 522: In his poem _de Consulatu suo_, the second book of which
+(Urania) ends with a speech of Iupiter, who recommends his leaving
+politics for literature.]
+
+[Footnote 523: A statue in the temple of Tellus.]
+
+[Footnote 524: Brogitarus was a Galatian and connexion of Deiotarus.
+Clodius, as tribune, had done some services to Byzantium, and had also
+got Brogitarus the office of high priest of Cybele. He wants now to go
+and get his money for these favours.]
+
+[Footnote 525: The prætorian elections, like the consular, had been put
+off till February. Those elected would therefore enter on their office
+at once, and so escape prosecution, to which they would have been liable
+if, as in ordinary years, they had been "prætors-designate" from July to
+January. Afranius's motion seems to have been for suspending the bribery
+laws _pro hac vice_. Cato had been beaten: if there had been an
+opportunity of impeaching his rivals he might have got in.]
+
+
+
+
+CXX (A IV, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ, 20 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+At Puteoli there is a great report that Ptolemy has been restored. If
+you have any more certain news, I should like to know it. I am here
+devouring the library of Faustus.[526] Perhaps you thought I was
+feasting on the beauties of Puteoli and the Lucrine lake. Well, I have
+them too. But I declare to heaven that the more I am debarred from the
+enjoyment of ordinary pleasures, owing to the political situation, the
+more do I find support and refreshment in literature; and I would rather
+be sitting in that charming seat of yours, under your bust of Aristotle,
+than in _their_[527] curule chair, and be taking a stroll with you
+rather than with the great man[528] with whom I see I shall have to
+walk. But as to that walk, let fortune look to it, or god, if there is
+any god who cares for such things. I wish, when possible, you would come
+and see my walk and Spartan bath, and the buildings planned by Cyrus,
+and would urge Philotimus to make haste, that I may have something to
+match with yours in that department.[529] Pompey came to his Cuman
+property on the Parilia (19th April). He at once sent a man to me with
+his compliments. I am going to call on him on the morning of the 20th,
+as soon as I have written this letter.
+
+[Footnote 526: Son of the dictator Sulla, who is known to have brought
+back from Athens a famous Aristotelian library.]
+
+[Footnote 527: Pompey and Crassus, the consuls.]
+
+[Footnote 528: Pompey, as the context shews. In the next clause
+_ambulatio_ has a double meaning of physical walking and of a political
+course of conduct.]
+
+[Footnote 529: Philotimus, a freedman of Terentia's, seems to have been
+engaged at Rome in the reconstruction of Cicero's house. The Spartan
+bath (_Laconicum_) was a hot-air bath, like a Turkish bath.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXI (A IV, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ, 28 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I should much like to know whether the tribunes are hindering the census
+by stopping business with their bad omens[530] (for there is a rumour to
+that effect), and what they are doing and contriving as to the
+censorship altogether. I have had an interview with Pompey here. He
+talked a good deal to me about politics. He is not at all satisfied with
+himself, to judge from what he says--one is obliged to put in that
+proviso in his case. He thinks very little of Syria as a province; talks
+a good deal about Spain--here, too, I must add, "to judge from what he
+says," and, I think, his whole conversation requires that reservation,
+and to be ticketed as Phocylides did his verses--[Greek: kai tode
+Phôkylidou].[531] He expressed gratitude to you for undertaking to
+arrange the statues:[532] towards myself he was, by Hercules, most
+effusively cordial. He even came to my Cuman house to call on me.
+However, the last thing he seemed to wish was that Messalla should stand
+for the consulship: that is the very point on which I should like to
+hear what you know. I am much obliged by your saying that you will
+recommend my fame to Lucceius, and for your frequent inspection of my
+house. My brother Quintus has written to tell me that, as you have that
+dear boy, his son Quintus, staying with you, he intends coming to your
+house on the 7th of May. I left my Cuman villa on the 26th of April.
+That night I spent at Naples with Pætus. I write this very early on the
+27th, on my road to my Pompeian house.
+
+[Footnote 530: The tribunes had no _veto_ against the censors, they
+could only hinder them by the indirect method of _obnuntiatio_,
+declaring that the omens were bad, and so preventing business.]
+
+[Footnote 531: This also is Phocylides's.]
+
+[Footnote 532: In Pompey's new theatre.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXII (Q FR II, 8)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Afraid that you will interrupt me--you? In the first place, if I were as
+busy as you think, do you know what interruption means? Have you taken a
+lesson from Ateius?[533] So help me heaven, in my eyes you give _me_ a
+lesson in a kind of learning which I never enjoy unless you are with me.
+Why, that you should talk to me, interrupt me, argue against me, or
+converse with me, is just what I should like. Nothing could be more
+delightful! Never, by Hercules, did any crazy poet read with greater
+zest his last composition than I listen to you, no matter what business
+is in hand, public or private, rural or urban. But it was all owing to
+my foolish scrupulousness that I did not carry you off with me when I
+was leaving town. You confronted me the first time with an unanswerable
+excuse--the health of my son: I was silenced. The second time it was
+both boys, yours and mine: I acquiesced.[534] Now comes a delightful
+letter, but with this drop of gall in it--that you seem to have been
+afraid, and still to be afraid, that you might bore me. I would go to
+law with you if it were decent to do so; but, by heaven! if ever I have
+a suspicion of such a feeling on your part, I can only say that I shall
+begin to be afraid of boring _you_ at times, when in your company. [I
+perceive that you have sighed at this. 'Tis the way of the world: "But
+if you lived on earth" ...I will never finish the quotation and say,
+"Away with all care!"[535] Marius,[536] again, I should certainly have
+forced into my sedan--I don't mean that famous one of Ptolemy that
+Anicius got hold of:[537] for I remember when I was conveying him from
+Naples to Baiæ in Anicius's eight-bearer sedan, with a hundred armed
+guards in our train, I had a real good laugh when Marius, knowing
+nothing of his escort, suddenly drew back the curtains of the sedan--he
+was almost dead with fright and I with laughing; well, this same friend,
+I say, I should at least have carried off, to secure, at any rate, the
+delicate charm of that old-fashioned courtesy, and of a conversation
+which is the essence of culture. But I did not like to invite a man of
+weak health to a villa practically without a roof, and which even now it
+would be a compliment to describe as unfinished. It would indeed be a
+special treat to me to have the enjoyment of him here also. For I assure
+you that the neighbourhood of Marius makes the sunshine of that other
+country residence of mine.[538] I will see about getting him put up in
+the house of Anicius. For I myself, though a student, can live with
+workpeople in the house. I get this philosophy, not from Hymettus, but
+from Arpinum.[539] Marius is feebler in health and constitution. As to
+interrupting my book[540]--I shall take from you just so much time for
+writing as you may leave me. I only hope you'll leave me none at all,
+that my want of progress may be set down to your encroachment rather
+than to my idleness! In regards to politics, I am sorry that you worry
+yourself too much, and are a better citizen than Philoctetes, who, on
+being wronged himself, was anxious for the very spectacle[541] that I
+perceive gives you pain. Pray hasten hither: I will console you and wipe
+all sorrow from your eyes: and, as you love me, bring Maruis. But haste,
+haste, both of you! There is a garden at my house.[542]
+
+[Footnote 533: Some bore, unknown to us.]
+
+[Footnote 534: The two boys seem to be receiving their education
+together at this time in the house of Quintus.]
+
+[Footnote 535: It is all but impossible to explain these words. Some
+editors transfer them to the sentence after _de Republica_. But they are
+scarcely more in place there. The Greek quotation is not known.]
+
+[Footnote 536: M. Marius, to whom Letter CXXVI is addressed.]
+
+[Footnote 537: C. Anicius, a senator, seems to have obtained from
+Ptolemy Auletes, by gift or purchase, his state sedan and its
+attendants.]
+
+[Footnote 538: The Pompeianum.]
+
+[Footnote 539: An unintellible word, meant apparently for Greek (perhaps
+_arce_ [Greek: Psuria], see _Att._ xvi. 13), is in the text. The most
+probable conjecture refers it in some way to Arpinum, Cicero's hardy
+mountain birthplace.]
+
+[Footnote 540: The _de Oratore_.]
+
+[Footnote 541: The ruin of his country.]
+
+[Footnote 542: For us to walk and converse in. It hardly refers to a
+supply of vegetables, as some suggest.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXIII (A IV, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I was delighted with your two letters which I received together on the
+26th. Go on with the story. I long to know all the facts of what you
+write about. Also I should like you to find out what this means: you can
+do so from Demetrius. Pompey told me that he was expecting Crassus in
+his Alban villa on the 27th: that as soon as he arrived, they were going
+at once to Rome to settle accounts with the _publicani_. I asked,
+"During the gladiatorial exhibitions?" He answered, "Before they were
+begun." What that means I wish you would send me word either at once, if
+you know, or when he has reached Rome. I am engaged here in devouring
+books with the aid of that wonderful fellow Dionysius,[543] for, by
+Hercules, that is what he seems to me to be. He sends compliments to you
+and all your party.
+
+    "No bliss so great as knowing all that is."
+
+Wherefore indulge my thirst for knowledge by telling what happened on
+the first and on the second day of the shows: what about the
+censors,[544] what about Appius,[545] what about that she-Appuleius of
+the people?[546] Finally, pray write me word what you are doing
+yourself. For, to tell the truth, revolutions don't give me so much
+pleasure as a letter from you. I took no one out of town with me except
+Dionysius: yet I am in no fear of wanting conversation--so delightful do
+I find that youth. Pray give my book to Lucceius.[547] I send you the
+book of Demetrius of Magnesia,[548] that there may be a messenger on the
+spot to bring me back a letter from you.
+
+[Footnote 543: A learned freedman of Atticus's.]
+
+[Footnote 544: See p. 250. Censors were elected this year, but the
+powers of the censorship had been much curtailed by a law of Clodius in
+B.C. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 545: Apius Claudius (brother of Clodius) was a candidate for
+the consulship of B.C. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 546: Clodius, a revolutionary, like Appuleius Saturninus. The
+feminine gender is an insult.]
+
+[Footnote 547: Either his poem "On his own Times," or the notes of
+events which he had promised in Letter CVIII, p. 231.]
+
+[Footnote 548: A treatise on union ([Greek: peri homonoias]). The
+rhetorician Dionysius of Magnesia had been with Cicero during his tour
+in Asia.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXIV (A IV, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMÆ, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Egnatius[549] is at Rome. But I spoke strongly to him at Antium about
+Halimetus's business. He assured me that he would speak seriously to
+Aquilius.[550] You will see the man therefore, if you please. I think I
+can scarcely be ready for Macro:[551] for I see that the auction at
+Larinum is on the Ides and the two days following. Pray forgive me for
+that, since you think so much of Macro. But, as you love me, dine with
+me on the 2nd, and bring Pilia. You must absolutely do so. On the 1st I
+think of dining at Crassipes' suburban villa as a kind of inn. I thus
+elude the decree of the senate. Thence to my town house after dinner, so
+as to be ready to be at Milo's in the morning.[552] There, then, I shall
+see you, and shall march you on with me. My whole household sends you
+greeting.
+
+[Footnote 549: L. Egnatius, who owed Q. Cicero money.]
+
+[Footnote 550: C. Aquilius Gallus, Cicero's colleague in the prætorship,
+and a busy advocate. See p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 551: Apparently a money-lender.]
+
+[Footnote 552: Perhaps at his _sponsalia_, as he was married towards the
+end of the year.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXV (F VII, 23)
+
+TO M. FADIUS GALLUS
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I had only just arrived from Arpinum when your letter was delivered to
+me; and from the same bearer I received a letter from Arrianus,[553] in
+which there was this most liberal offer, that when he came to Rome he
+would enter my debt to him on whatever day I chose. Pray put yourself in
+my place: is it consistent with your modesty or mine, first to prefer a
+request as to the day, and then to ask more than a year's credit? But,
+my dear Gallus, everything would have been easy, if you had bought the
+things I wanted, and only up to the price that I wished. However, the
+purchases which, according to your letter, you have made shall not only
+be ratified by me, but with gratitude besides: for I fully understand
+that you have displayed zeal and affection in purchasing (because you
+thought them worthy of me) things which pleased yourself--a man, as I
+have ever thought, of the most fastidious judgment in all matters of
+taste. Still, I should like Damasippus[554] to abide by his decision:
+for there is absolutely none of those purchases that I care to have.
+But you, being unacquainted with my habits, have bought four or five of
+your selection at a price at which I do not value any statues in the
+world. You compare your Bacchæ with Metellus's Muses. Where is the
+likeness? To begin with, I should never have considered the Muses worth
+all that money, and I think all the Muses would have approved my
+judgment: still, it would have been appropriate to a library, and in
+harmony with my pursuits. But Bacchæ! What place is there in my house
+for them? But, you will say, they are pretty. I know them very well and
+have often seen them. I would have commissioned you definitely in the
+case of statues known to me, if I had decided on them. The sort of
+statues that I am accustomed to buy are such as may adorn a place in a
+_palæstra_ after the fashion of gymnasia.[555] What, again, have I, the
+promoter of peace, to do with a statue of Mars? I am glad there was not
+a statue of Saturn also: for I should have thought these two statues had
+brought me debt! I should have preferred some representation of Mercury:
+I might then, I suppose, have made a more favourable bargain with
+Arrianus. You say you meant the table-stand[556] for yourself; well, if
+you like it, keep it. But if you have changed your mind I will, of
+course, have it. For the money you have laid out, indeed, I would rather
+have purchased a place of call at Tarracina,[557] to prevent my being
+always a burden on my host. Altogether I perceive that the fault is with
+my freedman, whom I had distinctly commissioned to purchase certain
+definite things, and also with Iunius, whom I think you know, an
+intimate friend of Arrianus. I have constructed some new sitting-rooms
+in a miniature colonnade on my Tusculan property. I want to ornament
+them with pictures: for if I take pleasure in anything of that sort it
+is in painting. However, if I am to have what you have bought, I should
+like you to inform me where they are, when they are to be fetched, and by
+what kind of conveyance. For if Damasippus doesn't abide by his
+decision, I shall look for some would-be Damasippus,[558] even at a
+loss.
+
+As to what you say about the house, as I was going out of town I
+intrusted the matter to my daughter Tullia:[559] for it was at the very
+hour of my departure that I got your letter. I also discussed the matter
+with your friend Nicias, because he is, as you know, intimate with
+Cassius. On my return, however, before I got your last letter, I asked
+Tullia what she had done. She said that she had approached Licinia[560]
+(though I think Cassius is not very intimate with his sister), and that
+she at once said that she could not venture, in the absence of her
+husband (Dexius is gone to Spain), to change houses without his being
+there and knowing about it. I am much gratified that you should value
+association with me and my domestic life so highly, as, in the first
+place, to take a house which would enable you to live not only near me,
+but absolutely with me, and, in the second place, to be in such a hurry
+to make this change of residence. But, upon my life, I do not yield to
+you in eagerness for that arrangement. So I will try every means in my
+power. For I see the advantage to myself, and, indeed, the advantages to
+us both. If I succeed in doing anything, I will let you know. Mind you
+also write me word back on everything, and let me know, if you please,
+when I am to expect you.
+
+[Footnote 553: C. Arrianus Evander, a dealer in statues, it seems, from
+whom Fadius had bought some for Cicero. He offers to let the debt for
+them (and so the interest) run from any day Cicero pleases.]
+
+[Footnote 554: A well-known connoisseur, mentioned by Horace, _Sat._ ii.
+3, 64, _seq._. He seems to have offered to take the bargain off Cicero's
+hands.]
+
+[Footnote 555: That is, for his _palæstra_ or gymnasium, as he calls it,
+in his Tusculanum. See Letters I, II, VII.]
+
+[Footnote 556: An ornamental leg or stand for table or sideboard
+(_abacus_). See picture in Rich's _Dictionary of Antiquities_.]
+
+[Footnote 557: On the _via Appia_, where the canal across the marshes
+began. Cicero stops there a night between Formiæ and Pomptina Summa
+(_Att._ vii. 5).]
+
+[Footnote 558: One who professes to be an amateur of art like
+Damasippus.]
+
+[Footnote 559: As in Letter CVI, Tullia, not Terentia, seems to be in
+Cicero's confidence and presiding in his house. Terentia must already
+have been on bad terms with him, and perhaps was residing on her own
+property.]
+
+[Footnote 560: Half-sister of Gaius Cassius.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXVI (F VII, I)
+
+TO M. MARIUS (AT CUMÆ)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER?)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+If some bodily pain or weakness of health has prevented your coming to
+the games, I put it down to fortune rather than your own wisdom: but if
+you have made up your mind that these things which the rest of the world
+admires are only worthy of contempt, and, though your health would have
+allowed of it, you yet were unwilling to come, then I rejoice at both
+facts--that you were free from bodily pain, and that you had the sound
+sense to disdain what others causelessly admire. Only I hope that some
+fruit of your leisure may be forthcoming, a leisure, indeed, which you
+had a splendid opportunity of enjoying to the full, seeing that you were
+left almost alone in your lovely country. For I doubt not that in that
+study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian
+waters of the bay, and obtained a view of Misenum, you have spent the
+morning hours of those days in light reading, while those who left you
+there were watching the ordinary farces[561] half asleep. The remaining
+parts of the day, too, you spent in the pleasures which you had yourself
+arranged to suit your own taste, while we had to endure whatever had met
+with the approval of Spurius Mæcius.[562] On the whole, if you care to
+know, the games were most splendid, but not to your taste. I judge from
+my own. For, to begin with, as a special honour to the occasion, those
+actors had come back to the stage who, I thought, had left it for their
+own. Indeed, your favourite, my friend Æsop, was in such a state that no
+one could say a word against his retiring from the profession. On the
+beginning to recite the oath his voice failed him at the words "If I
+knowingly deceive." Why should I go on with the story? You know all
+about the rest of the games, which hadn't even that amount of charm
+which games on a moderate scale generally have: for the spectacle was so
+elaborate as to leave no room for cheerful enjoyment, and I think you
+need feel no regret at having missed it. For what is the pleasure of a
+train of six hundred mules in the "Clytemnestra," or three thousand
+bowls in the "Trojan Horse," or gay-coloured armour of infantry and
+cavalry in some battle? These things roused the admiration of the
+vulgar; to you they would have brought no delight. But if during those
+days you listened to your reader Protogenes, so long at least as he read
+anything rather than my speeches, surely you had far greater pleasure
+than any one of us. For I don't suppose you wanted to see Greek or Oscan
+plays, especially as you can see Oscan farces in your senate-house over
+there, while you are so far from liking Greeks, that you generally won't
+even go along the Greek road to your villa. Why, again, should I suppose
+you to care about missing the athletes, since you disdained the
+gladiators? in which even Pompey himself confesses that he lost his
+trouble and his pains. There remain the two wild-beast hunts, lasting
+five days, magnificent--nobody denies it--and yet, what pleasure can it
+be to a man of refinement, when either a weak man is torn by an
+extremely powerful animal, or a splendid animal is transfixed by a
+hunting spear? Things which, after all, if worth seeing, you have often
+seen before; nor did I, who was present at the games, see anything the
+least new. The last day was that of the elephants, on which there was a
+great deal of astonishment on the part of the vulgar crowd, but no
+pleasure whatever. Nay, there was even a certain feeling of compassion
+aroused by it, and a kind of belief created that that animal has
+something in common with mankind.[563] However, for my part, during this
+day, while the theatrical exhibitions were on, lest by chance you should
+think me too blessed, I almost split my lungs in defending your friend
+Caninius Gallus.[564] But if the people were as indulgent to me as they
+were to Æsop, I would, by heaven, have been glad to abandon my
+profession and live with you and others like us. The fact is I was tired
+of it before, even when both age and ambition stirred me on, and when I
+could also decline any defence that I didn't like; but now, with things
+in the state that they are, there is no life worth having. For, on the
+one hand, I expect no profit of my labour; and, on the other, I am
+sometimes forced to defend men who have been no friends to me, at the
+request of those to whom I am under obligations. Accordingly, I am on
+the look-out for every excuse for at last managing my life according to
+my own taste, and I loudly applaud and vehemently approve both you and
+your retired plan of life: and as to your infrequent appearances among
+us, I am the more resigned to that because, were you in Rome, I should
+be prevented from enjoying the charm of your society, and so would you
+of mine, if I have any, by the overpowering nature of my engagements;
+from which, if I get any relief--for entire release I don't expect--I
+will give even you, who have been studying nothing else for many years,
+some hints as to what it is to live a life of cultivated enjoyment. Only
+be careful to nurse your weak health and to continue your present care
+of it, so that you may be able to visit my country houses and make
+excursions with me in my litter. I have written you a longer letter than
+usual, from superabundance, not of leisure, but of affection, because,
+if you remember, you asked me in one of your letters to write you
+something to prevent you feeling sorry at having missed the games. And
+if I have succeeded in that, I am glad: if not, I yet console myself
+with this reflexion, that in future you will both come to the games and
+come to see me, and will not leave your hope of enjoyment dependent on
+my letters.[565]
+
+[Footnote 561: _Communis_, which is not satisfactory. But neither is the
+emendation proposed, _cominus_. For _communis_, "common," "vulgar," see
+_de Off._ ii. § 45.]
+
+[Footnote 562: Whom Pompey employed to select the plays to be exhibited
+in his new theatre.]
+
+[Footnote 563: Pliny (_N. H._ viii. § 21) says that the people were so
+moved that they loudly cursed Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 564: L. Caninius Gallus (see p. 210). What he was accused of
+does not appear.]
+
+[Footnote 565: I do not like to think this letter a mere rhetorical
+exercise, as has been suggested, rather than a true account of Cicero's
+feelings as to the theatre and amphitheatre. He often expresses his want
+of interest in the latter. The vulgar display in the theatre, unlike the
+severe simplicity of Greek art, was an old evil (see Polyb. xxx. 14).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXVII (F XIII, 74)
+
+TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL IN ASIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Though, considering your attention to me and our close ties, I have no
+doubt of your remembering my recommendation, yet I again and again
+recommend to you the same L. Oppius, my intimate friend who is now in
+Rome, and the business of L. Egnatius, my very intimate friend who is
+now abroad. With the latter my connexion and intimacy are so strong,
+that I could not be more anxious if the business were my own. Wherefore
+I shall be highly gratified if you take the trouble too make him feel
+that I have as high a place in your affections as I think I have. You
+cannot oblige me more than by doing so: and I beg you warmly to do it.
+
+
+
+
+CXXVIII (F XIII, 40)
+
+TO Q. ANCHARIUS (PROCONSUL IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+Lucius and Gaius, sons of Lucius Aurelius, with whom, as with their
+excellent father, I am most intimately acquainted, I recommend to you
+with more than usual earnestness, as young men endowed with the best
+qualities, as being very closely allied to myself, and as being in the
+highest degree worthy of your friendship. If any recommendations of mine
+have ever had influence with you, as I know that many have had much, I
+beg you to let this one have it. If you treat them with honour and
+kindness, you will not only have attached to yourself two very grateful
+and excellent young men, but you will also have done me the very
+greatest favour.
+
+
+
+
+CXXIX (A IV, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM, 15 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, ÆT. 51]
+
+I see that you know of my arrival at Tusculum on the 14th of November. I
+found Dionysius there. I wish to be at Rome on the 17th. Why do I say
+"wish"? Rather I am forced to be so. Milo's wedding. There is some idea
+of an election. Even supposing that to be confirmed,[566] I am glad to
+have been absent from the wrangling debates which I am told have taken
+place in the senate. For I should either have defended him, which would
+have been against my opinion, or have deserted him whom I was bound to
+defend. But, by Hercules, describe to me to the utmost of your power
+those events, and the present state of politics, and how the consuls
+stand this bother. I am very ravenous for news, and, to tell you the
+truth, I feel no confidence in anything. Our friend Crassus indeed,
+people say, started in his official robes with less dignity than in the
+old times did L. Paullus,[567] at the same time of life as he is, and,
+like him, in his second consulship. What a sorry fellow! About my
+oratorical books, I have been working hard. They have been long in hand
+and much revised: you can get them copied.[568] I again beg of you an
+outline sketch of the present situation, that I may not arrive in Rome
+quite a stranger.
+
+[Footnote 566: _Ego, ut sit rata_, Schutz's reading, which seems the
+best for the unintelligible _ergo et si irata_ of the MSS. It would
+mean, "though I regret not having been back for Domitius's election (if
+it has taken place), I am glad to have been away from the previous
+wrangling in the senate."]
+
+[Footnote 567: Crassus starts for Syria; he compares him to L. Æmilius
+Paullus starting for the war with Perses (B.C. 168). Paullus was, like
+Crassus, sixty years old, and in his second consulship. Paullus set out
+with good omens, Crassus with a curse, denounced by the tribune C.
+Ateius Capito (_de Div._ i. § 29; Plutarch, _Crass._ 16).]
+
+[Footnote 568: By his _librarii_. Atticus was again acting as his
+publisher.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXX (F V, 8)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54. Coss., L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Ap. Claudius
+Pulcher.]
+
+     During this year politics were comparatively uneventful. Crassus
+     was gone to Syria. Pompey should have gone to Spain, but at the
+     request of the senate he stayed near Rome, and in the autumn his
+     wife Iulia died, thus breaking one strong tie between him and
+     Cæsar. Quintus Cicero went as _legatus_ to Cæsar and accompanied
+     him to Britain. Cicero himself kept up a correspondence with Cæsar,
+     and seems to nurse his friendship with him with an almost feverish
+     eagerness, which, however, lacks spontaneity. He was engaged this
+     year in composing his treatise on the Republic.
+
+
+TO M. LICINIUS CRASSUS (ON HIS WAY TO SYRIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I have no doubt all your friends have written to tell you what zeal I
+displayed on the ----[569] in the defence, or you might call it the
+promotion, of your official position. For it was neither half-hearted
+nor inconspicuous, nor of a sort that could be passed over in silence.
+In fact, I maintained a controversy against both the consuls and many
+consulars with a vehemence such as I have never shewn in any cause
+before, and I took upon myself the standing defence of all your honours,
+and paid the duty I owed to our friendship--long in arrear, but
+interrupted by the great complexity of events--to the very utmost. Not,
+believe me, that the will to shew you attention and honour was ever
+wanting to me; but certain pestilent persons--vexed at another's
+fame--did at times alienate you from me, and sometimes changed my
+feelings towards you. But I have got the opportunity, for which I had
+rather wished than hoped, of shewing you in the very height of your
+prosperity that I remember our mutual kindness and am faithful to our
+friendship. For I have secured not only that your whole family, but that
+the entire city should know that you have no warmer friend than myself.
+Accordingly, that most noble of women, your wife, as well as your two
+most affectionate, virtuous, and popular sons, place full confidence in
+my counsel, advice, zeal, and public actions; and the senate and Roman
+people understand that in your absence there is nothing upon which you
+can so absolutely count and depend as upon my exertions, care,
+attention, and influence in all matters which affect your interests.
+What has been done and is being done in the senate I imagine that you
+are informed in the letters from members of your family. For myself, I
+am very anxious that you should think and believe that I did not stumble
+upon the task of supporting your dignity from some sudden whim or by
+chance, but that from the first moment of my entering on public life I
+have always looked out to see how I might be most closely united to you.
+And, indeed, from that hour I never remember either my respect for you,
+or your very great kindness and liberality to me, to have failed. If
+certain interruptions of friendship have occurred, based rather on
+suspicion than fact, let them, as groundless and imaginary, be uprooted
+from our entire memory and life. For such is your character, and such I
+desire mine to be, that, fate having brought us face to face with the
+same condition of public affairs, I would fain hope that our union and
+friendship will turn out to be for the credit of us both. Wherefore how
+much consideration should in your judgment be shewn to me, you will
+yourself decide, and that decision, I hope, will be in accordance with
+my position in the state. I, for my part, promise and guarantee a
+special and unequalled zeal in every service which may tend to your
+honour and reputation. And even if in this I shall have many rivals, I
+shall yet easily surpass them all in the judgment of the rest of the
+world as well as that of your sons, for both of whom I have a particular
+affection; but while equally well-disposed to Marcus, I am more entirely
+devoted to Publius for this reason, that, though he always did so from
+boyhood, he is at this particular time treating me with the respect and
+affection of a second father.
+
+I would have you believe that this letter will have the force of a
+treaty, not of a mere epistle; and that I will most sacredly observe and
+most carefully perform what I hereby promise and undertake. The defence
+of your political position which I have taken up in your absence I will
+abide by, not only for the sake of our friendship, but also for the sake
+of my own character for consistency. Therefore I thought it sufficient
+at this time to tell you this--that if there was anything which I
+understood to be your wish or for your advantage or for your honour, I
+should do it without waiting to be asked; but that if I received a hint
+from yourself or your family on any point, I should take care to
+convince you that no letter of your own or any request from any of your
+family has been in vain. Wherefore I would wish you to write to me on
+all matters, great, small, or indifferent, as to a most cordial friend;
+and to bid your family so to make use of my activity, advice, authority,
+and influence in all business matters--public or private, forensic or
+domestic, whether your own or those of your friends, guests, or
+clients--that, as far as such a thing is possible, the loss of your
+presence may be lessened by my labour.
+
+[Footnote 569: The date has been lost.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXI (Q FR II, 9)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Your note by its strong language has drawn out this letter. For as to
+what actually occurred on the day of your start, it supplied me with
+absolutely no subject for writing. But as when we are together we are
+never at a loss for something to say, so ought our letters at times to
+digress into loose chat. Well then, to begin, the liberty of the
+Tenedians has received short shrift,[570] no one speaking for them
+except myself, Bibulus, Calidius, and Favonius. A complimentary
+reference to you was made by the legates from Magnesia and Sipylum, they
+saying that you were the man who alone had resisted the demand of L.
+Sestius Pansa.[571] On the remaining days of this business in the
+senate, if anything occurs which you ought to know, or even if there is
+nothing, I will write you something every day. On the 12th I will not
+fail you or Pomponius. The poems of Lucretius are as you say--with many
+flashes of genius, yet very technical.[572] But when you return, ... if
+you succeed in reading the _Empedoclea_ of Sallustius, I shall regard
+you as a hero, yet scarcely human.
+
+[Footnote 570: Lit. "has been beheaded with the axe of Tenes," mythical
+founder and legislator of Tenedos, whose laws were of Draconian
+severity. A _legatio_ from Tenedos, heard as usual in February, had
+asked that Tenedos might be made a _libera civitas_.]
+
+[Footnote 571: Some _publicanus_ who had made a charge on the Magnesians
+which they considered excessive.]
+
+[Footnote 572: Lucretius seems to have been now dead, according to
+Donatus 15 October (B.C. 55), though the date is uncertain. I have
+translated the reading _multæ tamen artis_, which has been changed by
+some to _multæ etiam artis_. But the contrast in the criticism seems to
+be between the fine poetical passages in the _de Rerum Natura_ and the
+mass of technical exposition of philosophy which must have repelled the
+"general reader" at all times. It suggests at once to Cicero to mention
+another poem on a similar subject, the _Empedoclea_ of Sallustius, of
+which and its writer we know nothing. It was not the historian.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXII (Q FR II, 10)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I am glad you like my letter: however, I should not even now have had
+anything to write about, if I had not received yours. For on the 12th,
+when Appius had got together a thinly-attended meeting of the senate,
+the cold was so great that he was compelled by the general clamour[573]
+to dismiss us. As to the Commagenian, because I have blown that
+proposition to the winds, Appius makes wonderful advances to me both
+personally and through Pomponius; for he sees that if I adopt a similar
+style of discussion in the other business, February will not bring him
+anything in. And certainly I did chaff him pretty well, and not only
+wrenched from his grasp that petty township of his--situated in the
+territory of Zeugma on the Euphrates[574]--but also raised a loud laugh
+by my satire on the man's purple-edged toga, which he had been granted
+when Cæsar was consul.[575] "His wish," said I, "for a renewal of the
+same honour, to save the yearly re-dying of his purple-edged toga, I do
+not think calls for any decree of the house; but you, my lords, who
+could not endure that the Bostrian[576] should wear the _toga prætexta_,
+will you allow the Commagenian to do so?" You see the style of chaff,
+and the line I took. I spoke at length against the petty princeling,
+with the result that he was utterly laughed out of court. Alarmed by
+this exhibition, as I said, Appius is making up to me. For nothing could
+be easier than to explode the rest of his proposals. But I will not go
+so far as to trip him up, lest he appeal to the god of hospitality, and
+summon all his Greeks--it is they who make us friends again. I will do
+what Theopompus wants. I had forgotten to write to you about Cæsar: for
+I perceive what sort of letter you have been expecting. But the fact is,
+he has written word to Balbus that the little packet of letters, in
+which mine and Balbus's were packed, had been so drenched with rain that
+he was not even aware that there was a letter from me. He had, however,
+made out a few words of Balbus's letter, to which he answered as
+follows: "I perceive that you have written something about Cicero, which
+I have not fully made out: but, as far I could guess, it was of a kind
+that I thought was more to be wished than hoped for." Accordingly, I
+afterwards sent Cæsar a duplicate copy of the letter. Don't be put off
+by that passage about his want of means. In answer to it I wrote back
+saying that he must not stop payment from any reliance on my money
+chest, and descanted playfully on that subject, in familiar terms and
+yet without derogating from my dignity. His good feeling towards us,
+however, according to all accounts, is marked. The letter, indeed, on
+the point of which you expect to hear, will almost coincide with your
+return:[577] the other business of each day I will write on condition of
+your furnishing me with letter-carriers. However, such cold weather is
+threatening,[578] that there is very great danger that Appius may find
+his house frost-bitten and deserted![579]
+
+[Footnote 573: Retaining _populi convicio_, and explaining _populus_ to
+have the general meaning of the crowd, including senators and
+spectators. Cicero uses _populus_ in this vague way elsewhere.]
+
+[Footnote 574: Zeugma I take to mean the "territory of Zeugma," a town
+on the Euphrates, part of the Roman province of Syria, and close to the
+frontier of Commagene. Antiochus had asked that some stronghold should
+be reckoned as his rather than as belonging to the province.]
+
+[Footnote 575: Appius, he insinuates, hoped to make money by granting
+the request of Antiochus, left king of Commagene by Pompey, for some
+special privileges, among which was the right of wearing the _toga
+prætexta_, which symbolized some position with a shadow of Roman
+_imperium_, while at the same time conveying a compliment to the Roman
+suzernainty. See Polyb. lib. xxvi.; xxx. 26; Suet. _Aug._ 60.]
+
+[Footnote 576: Some petty prince of Bostra (_Bozra_), in Arabia, of whom
+we know nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 577: Quintus was expecting, what he got, the offer of serving
+under Cæsar as _legatus_. Cæsar was preparing for his second invasion of
+Britain.]
+
+[Footnote 578: Which will prevent meetings of the senate, and so give me
+no news to send you.]
+
+[Footnote 579: There is a _double entendre_. Cold weather will prevent
+the meetings of the senate actually, but metaphorically politics will be
+also cold and dull, and that dullness will probably be nowhere so
+evident as in the deserted state of the consul Appius's house, which in
+all probability will miss its usual bevy of callers. This
+explanation--put forward by Prof. Tyrrell--is not wholly satisfactory,
+yet it is the best that has been given.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIII (F VII, 5)
+
+TO CÆSAR (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Cicero greets Cæsar, _imperator_. Observe how far I have convinced
+myself that you are my second self, not only in matters which concern me
+personally, but even in those which concern my friends. It had been my
+intention to take Gaius Trebatius with me for whatever destination I
+should be leaving town, in order to bring him home again honoured as
+much as my zeal and favour could make him. But when Pompey remained at
+home longer than I expected, and a certain hesitation on my part (with
+which you are not unacquainted) appeared to hinder, or at any rate to
+retard, my departure,[580] I presumed upon what I will now explain to
+you. I begin to wish that Trebatius should look to you for what he had
+hoped from me, and, in fact, I have been no more sparing of my promises
+of goodwill on your part than I had been wont to be of my own. Moreover,
+an extraordinary coincidence has occurred which seems to support my
+opinion and to guarantee your kindness. For just as I was speaking to
+our friend Balbus[581] about this very Trebatius at my house, with more
+than usual earnestness, a letter from you was handed to me, at the end
+of which you say: "Miscinius Rufus,[582] whom you recommend to me, I
+will make king of Gaul, or, if you choose, put him under the care of
+Lepta. Send me some one else to promote." I and Balbus both lifted our
+hands in surprise: it came so exactly in the nick of time, that it
+appeared to be less the result of mere chance than something
+providential. I therefore send you Trebatius, and on two grounds, first
+that it was my spontaneous idea to send him, and secondly because you
+have invited me to do so. I would beg you, dear Cæsar, to receive him
+with such a display of kindness as to concentrate on his single person
+all that you can be possibly induced to bestow for my sake upon my
+friends. As for him I guarantee--not in the sense of that hackneyed
+expression of mine, at which, when I used it in writing to you about
+Milo, you very properly jested, but in good Roman language such as sober
+men use--that no honester, better, or more modest man exists. Added to
+this, he is at the top of his profession as a jurisconsult, possesses an
+unequalled memory, and the most profound learning. For such a man I ask
+neither a tribuneship, prefecture, nor any definite office, I ask only
+your goodwill and liberality: and yet I do not wish to prevent your
+complimenting him, if it so please you, with even these marks of
+distinction. In fact, I transfer him entirely from my hand, so to speak,
+to yours, which is as sure a pledge of good faith as of victory. Excuse
+my being somewhat importunate, though with a man like you there can
+hardly be any pretext for it--however, I feel that it will be allowed to
+pass. Be careful of your health and continue to love me as ever.
+
+[Footnote 580: Pompey had two functions at this time: he was governor of
+Spain and _præfectus annonæ_. The latter office, as being extraordinary,
+might be, perhaps, held with the other without an actual breach of law,
+but it was certainly against the spirit of the constitution. Cicero
+knows that Pompey's staying in Italy and governing his province by
+_legati_ will not be acceptable to Cæsar, and he alludes to it in
+carefully guarded terms. He had been named his _legatus_ when Pompey
+first undertook the care of the corn-supply, but it does not seem as if
+he ever seriously contemplated going on actual service.]
+
+[Footnote 581: L. Cornelius Balbus, whom Cicero defended, and who acted
+as Cæsar's agent.]
+
+[Footnote 582: The name of the person jocosely referred to by Cæsar is
+uncertain, from corruption of the text. Q. Lepta is Cæsar's _præfectus
+fabrum_.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIV (Q FR II, 11 [13])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (15 FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Your "black snow"[583] made me laugh, and I am very glad that you are in
+a cheerful frame of mind and ready for a joke. As to Pompey, I agree
+with you, or rather you agree with me. For, as you know, I have long
+been singing the praises of your Cæsar. Believe me, he is very close to
+my heart, and I am not going to let him slip from his place. Now for the
+history of the Ides (13th). It was Cælius's tenth day.[584] Domitius had
+not obtained a full panel. I am afraid that foul ruffian, Servius Pola,
+will appear for the prosecution. For our friend Cælius has a dead set
+made at him by the Clodian gens. There is nothing certain as yet, but I
+am afraid. On the same day there was a full house for the case of the
+Tyrians: the _publicani_ of Syria appeared in large numbers against
+them. Gabinius was abused roundly:[585] the _publicani_ were also
+denounced by (the consul) Domitius for having escorted him on his start
+on horseback. Our friend Lucius Lamia was somewhat insolent: for on
+Domitius saying, "It is your fault, equites of Rome, that such things
+have happened: for you give verdicts laxly," he said, "Yes, we give
+verdicts, but you senators give evidence of character."[586] Nothing was
+done that day: the house stood adjourned at nightfall. On the comitial
+days which follow the Quirinalia (17th February), Appius holds the view
+that he is not prevented by the _lex Pupia_ from holding a meeting of
+the senate, and that by the _lex Gabinia_ he is even compelled to have a
+meeting for the legations from the 1st of February to the 1st of
+March.[587] And so the elections are supposed to be put off till March.
+Nevertheless, on these comitial days the tribunes say that they will
+bring forward the case of Gabinius.[588] I collect every item of
+intelligence, that I may have some news to tell you: but, as you see, I
+am short of material. Accordingly, I return to Callisthenes and
+Philistus, in whom I see that you have been wallowing. Callisthenes is a
+commonplace and hackneyed piece of business, like a good many Greeks.
+The Sicilian is a first-rate writer, terse, sagacious, concise, almost a
+minor Thucydides;[589] but which of his two books you have--for these
+are two works--I don't know. That about Dionysius is my favourite. For
+Dionysius himself is a magnificent intriguer, and was familiarly known
+to Philistus. But as to your postscript--are you really going in for
+writing history? You have my blessing on your project: and since you
+furnish me with letter-carriers, you shall hear to-day's transactions on
+the Lupercalia (15th February). Enjoy yourself with our dear boy to your
+heart's content.
+
+[Footnote 583: We cannot tell the allusion, not having the letter of
+Quintus. But he seems to have used the expression for something
+incongruous either in politics, or in regard to his contemplated
+services with Cæsar.]
+
+[Footnote 584: _I.e._, the day he had to appear for trial, usually fixed
+by the prætor on the tenth day from the notice of prosecution. Cælius
+had been acqiuitted in B.C. 56, when Cicero defended him; this second
+trial appears to have in some way fallen through. The prætor Domitius is
+said to be Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Lucius, but he was much too
+young to have been prætor this year. The former trial of Cælius (B.C.
+56) had been before Cn. Comitius Calvinus, hence a difficulty about this
+passage. For the prætor Domitius of this year is not known. Domitius
+Calvinus was prætor B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 585: The _publicani_ of Syria were enraged with Gabinius for
+neglecting his province while going to Egypt, thus allowing the pirates
+so to plunder that they could not collect enough dues to recoup them for
+their bargain to the state (Dio, xxxix. 59).]
+
+[Footnote 586: L. Ælius Lamia, an eques, appears to have been one of the
+deputation of _publicani_ who attended the senate to accuse Gabinius.]
+
+[Footnote 587: The prætorian elections were again postponed from the
+previous year to the early months of B.C. 54. Appius Claudius found
+means to put them off till March by holding meetings of the senate each
+day--the electoral _comita_ not being able to meet on the same day as
+the senate.]
+
+[Footnote 588: The tribune C. Memmius was prosecuting Gabinius (Letter
+CXLVII). The judicial _comita_ could meet, though not the electoral.]
+
+[Footnote 589: Callisthenes of Olynthus wrote (1) a history of the
+Trojan war; (2) an account of Alexander the Great. Philistus of Syracuse
+(1) a history of Sicily; (2) a life of Dionysius the elder; (3) a life
+of Dionysius the younger. He imitated Thucydides (_de Orat._ § 17).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXV (F VII, 6)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In all my letters to Cæsar or Balbus there is a sort of statutory
+appendix containing a recommendation of you, and not one of the ordinary
+kind, but accompanied by some signal mark of my warm feeling towards
+you. See only that you get rid of that feeble regret of yours for the
+city and city ways, and carry out with persistence and courage what you
+had in your mind when you set out. We, your friends, shall pardon your
+going away for that purpose as much as
+
+    "The wealthy noble dames who held the Corinthian peak"
+
+pardoned Medea, whom, with hands whitened to the utmost with chalk, she
+persuaded not to think ill of her for being absent from her fatherland:
+for
+
+    "Many have served themselves abroad and served the state as well;
+    Many have spent their lives at home to be but counted fools."
+
+In which latter category you would have certainly been, had I not forced
+you abroad. But I will write more another time. You who learnt to look
+out for others, look out, while in Britain, that you are not yourself
+taken in by the charioteers; and, since I have begun quoting the
+_Medea_, remember this line:
+
+    "The sage who cannot serve himself is vainly wise I ween."
+
+Take care of your health.[590]
+
+[Footnote 590: Trebatius is going to join Cæsar, who is about to sail to
+Britain; hence the jest about the _essedarii_, drivers of Gallic and
+British war-chariots. Letter CXXXIII recommended him to Cæsar. The lines
+quoted are from the _Medea_ of Ennius, adapted or translated from
+Euripides. I date these two letters from Cumæ, because he speaks of
+writing to Balbus, who was at Rome (p. 267).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVI (F VII, 7)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (ON HIS WAY TO GAUL)
+
+CUMÆ (APRIL OR MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+For my part, I never cease recommending you, but I am eager to know from
+you how far my recommendation is of service. My chief hope is in Balbus,
+to whom I write about you with the greatest earnestness and frequency.
+It often excites my wonder that I don't hear from you as often as
+from my brother Quintus. In Britain I am told there is no gold or
+silver. If that turns out to be the case, I advise you to capture a
+war-chariot and hasten back to us at the earliest opportunity. But
+if--letting Britain alone--we can still obtain what we want, take care
+to get on intimate terms with Cæsar. In that respect my brother will be
+of much use to you, so will Balbus, but most of all, believe me, your
+own modesty and industry. You have an _imperator_ of the most liberal
+character, your age is exactly the best one for employment, and your
+recommendation at any rate is quite unique, so that all you have to fear
+is not doing yourself full justice.
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVII (A IV, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON A JOURNEY)
+
+CUMÆ (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Our friend Vestorius[591] has informed me by letter that you are
+believed to have left Rome on the 10th of May--later than you said that
+you intended--because you had not been very well. If you are now better
+I rejoice indeed. I wish you would write to your town house, ordering
+your books to be at my service just as if you were at home, especially
+those of Varro. For I have occasion to use some passages of those books
+in reference to those which I have in hand, and which, I hope, will meet
+with your strong approval.[592] Pray, if by chance you have any news,
+principally from my brother Quintus, next from Cæsar, and, finally,
+anything about the elections or about politics--for you have an
+excellent nose for such things--write and tell me about them: if you
+have no news, nevertheless write something. For a letter from you never
+yet seemed to me either ill-timed or too long-winded. But above all I
+beg that, when your business and your whole tour has been concluded to
+your mind, you will come back to us as soon as possible. Give my
+compliments to Dionysius. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 591: A banker at Puteoli.]
+
+[Footnote 592: The six books on the Republic.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVIII (Q FR II, 12 [14])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+CUMÆ (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I have up to now received two letters from you, one just as I was
+leaving town, the other dated Ariminum: others which you say in your
+letter that you have sent I have not received. I am having a fairly
+pleasant time (except that you are not here) at Cumæ and Pompeii, and
+intend staying in these parts till the 1st of June. I am writing the
+treatise of which I spoke to you, "On the Republic," a very bulky and
+laborious work. But if it turns out as I wish, it will be labour well
+bestowed, and if not I shall toss it into the very sea which I have
+before my eyes as I write, and set to work on something else; since to
+do nothing is beyond my power. I will carefully observe your instruction
+both as to attaching certain persons to myself and not alienating
+certain others. But my chief care will be to see your son, or rather
+our son, if possible, every day at any rate, and to watch the progress
+of his education as often as possible; and, unless he declines my help,
+I will even offer to be his instructor, a practice to which I have
+become habituated in the leisure of these days while bringing my own
+boy, the younger Cicero, on. Yes, do as you say in your letter, what,
+even if you had not said so, I know you do with the greatest
+care--digest, follow up, and carry out my instructions. For my part,
+when I get to Rome, I will let no letter-carrier of Cæsar go without a
+letter for you. During these days you must excuse me: there has been no
+one to whom I could deliver a letter until the present bearer M. Orfius,
+a Roman knight, a man that is my friend as well from personal
+consideration as because he comes from the _municipium_ of Atella,[593]
+which you know is under my patronage. Accordingly, I recommend him to
+you with more than common warmth, as a man in a brilliant position in
+his own town and looked up to even beyond it. Pray attach him to
+yourself by your liberal treatment of him: he is a military tribune in
+your army. You will find him grateful and attentive. I earnestly beg you
+to be very friendly to Trebatius.
+
+[Footnote 593: A _municipium_ of Campania nine miles from Naples.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIX (F VII, 8)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Cæsar has written me a very courteous letter saying that he has not yet
+seen as much of you as he could wish, owing to his press of business,
+but that he certainly will do so. I have answered his letter and told
+him how much obliged I shall be if he bestows on you as much attention,
+kindness, and liberality as he can. But I gathered from your letters
+that you are in somewhat too great a hurry: and at the same time I
+wondered why you despised the profits of a military tribuneship,
+especially as you are exempted from the labour of military duty. I shall
+express my discontent to Vacerra and Manilius: for I dare not say a word
+to Cornelius,[594] who is responsible for your unwise conduct, since you
+profess to have learnt legal wisdom from him. Rather press on your
+opportunity and the means put into your hands, than which none better
+will ever be found. As to what you say of the jurist Precianus, I never
+cease recommending you to him; for he writes me word that you owe him
+thanks. Be sure to let me know to what that refers. I am waiting for a
+letter from you dated "Britain."[595]
+
+[Footnote 594: Vacerra, Manilius, Cornelius, well-known lawyers or
+jurists of the day.]
+
+[Footnote 595: We shall afterwards see that Trebatius did not go to
+Britain.]
+
+
+
+
+CXL (Q FR II, 13)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (3 JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+On the 2nd of June, the day of my return to Rome, I received your letter
+dated Placentia: then next day another dated Blandeno, along with a
+letter from Cæsar filled full of courteous, earnest, and pleasant
+expressions. These expressions are indeed valuable, or rather _most_
+valuable, as tending very powerfully to secure our reputation and
+exalted position in that state. But believe me--for you know my
+heart--that what I value most in all this I already possess, that is,
+first of all, your active contribution to our common position; and,
+secondly, all that warm affection of Cæsar for me, which I prefer to all
+the honours which he desires me to expect at his hands. His letter too,
+despatched at the same time as your own--which begins by saying what
+pleasure your arrival and the renewed memory of our old affection had
+given him, and goes on to say that he will take care that, in the midst
+of my sorrow and regret at losing you, I shall have reason to be glad
+that you are with him of all people--gave me extraordinary delight.
+Wherefore you, of course, are acting in a truly brotherly spirit when
+you exhort me, though, by heaven, I am now indeed forward enough to do
+so, to concentrate all my attentions upon him alone. Yes, I will do so,
+indeed, with a burning zeal: and perhaps I shall manage to accomplish
+what is frequently the fortune of travellers when they make great haste,
+who, if they have got up later than they intended, have, by increasing
+their speed, arrived at their destination sooner than if they had waked
+up before daylight. Thus I, since I have long overslept myself in
+cultivating that great man, though you, by heaven, often tried to wake
+me up, will make up for my slowness with horses and (as you say he likes
+my poem) a poet's chariots. Only let me have Britain to paint in colours
+supplied by yourself, but with my own brush. But what am I saying? What
+prospect of leisure have I, especially as I remain at Rome in accordance
+with his request? But I will see. For perhaps, as usual, my love for you
+will overcome all difficulties. For my having sent Trebatius to him he
+even thanks me in very witty and polite terms, remarking that there was
+no one in the whole number of his staff who knew how to draw up a
+recognizance. I have asked him for a tribuneship for M. Curtius--since
+Domitius (the consul) would have thought that he was being laughed at,
+if my petition had been addressed to him, for his daily assertion is
+that he hasn't the appointment of so much as a military tribune: he even
+jested in the senate at his colleague Appius as having gone to visit
+Cæsar,[596] that he might get from him at least one tribuneship. But my
+request was for next year, for that was what Curtius wished. Whatever
+line you think I ought to take in politics and in treating my opponents,
+be sure I shall take, and shall be "gentler than any ear-lap." Affairs
+at Rome stand thus; there is some hope of the elections taking place,
+but it is an uncertain one. There is some latent idea of a
+dictatorship,[597] but neither is that confirmed. There is profound calm
+in the forum, but it is rather the calm of decrepitude than content.
+The opinions I express in the senate are of a kind to win the assent of
+others rather than my own:
+
+    "Such the effects of miserable war."[598]
+
+[Footnote 596: At Luca in the year B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 597: _Comitia habendi causa_. No such had been appointed since
+B.C. 202, and the irregular dictatorship of Sulla in B.C. 82 made the
+idea distasteful. Pompey was understood to wish for the appointment, now
+and later on. See pp. 326, 335.]
+
+[Footnote 598: [Greek: toiauth' ho tlêmôn polemos exergazetai] (Eur.
+_Supp._ 119).]
+
+
+
+
+CXLI (Q FR II, 14 [15 b])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Well! this time I'll use a good pen, well-mixed ink, and superfine
+paper. For you say you could hardly read my previous letter, for which,
+my dear brother, the reason was none of those which you suppose. For I
+was not busy, nor agitated, nor out of temper with some one: but it is
+always my way to take the first pen that turns up and use it as if it
+were a good one. But now attend, best and dearest of brothers, to my
+answer to what you wrote in this same short letter in such a very
+business-like way. On this subject you beg that I should write back to
+you with brotherly candour, without concealment, or reserve, or
+consideration for your feelings--I mean whether you are to hasten home,
+as we had talked of, or to stay where you are, if there is any excuse
+for doing so, in order to extricate yourself from your embarrassments.
+If, my dear Quintus, it were some small matter on which you were asking
+my opinion, though I should have left it to you to do what you chose, I
+should yet have shewn you what mine was. But on this subject your
+question amounts to this--what sort of year I expect the next to be?
+Either quite undisturbed as far as we are concerned, or at any rate one
+that will find us in the highest state of preparation for defence. This
+is shewn by the daily throng at my house, my reception in the forum, the
+cheers which greet me in the theatre. My friends feel no anxiety,
+because they know the strength of my position in my hold upon the
+favour both of Cæsar and Pompey. These things give me entire
+confidence. But if some furious outbreak of that madman occurs,
+everything is ready for crushing him. This is my feeling, my deliberate
+opinion: I write to you with entire confidence. I bid you have no
+doubts, and I do so with no intention of pleasing you, but with
+brotherly frankness. Therefore, while I should wish you to come at the
+time you arranged, for the sake of the pleasure we should have in each
+other's society, yet I prefer the course you yourself think the better
+one. I, too, think these objects of great importance--ample means for
+yourself and extrication from your load of debt. Make up your mind to
+this, that, free from embarrassments, we should be the happiest people
+alive if we keep well. For men of our habits the deficiency is small,
+and such as can be supplied with the greatest ease, granted only that we
+keep our health.
+
+There is an enormous recrudescence of bribery. Never was there anything
+equal to it. On the 15th of July the rate of interest rose from four to
+eight per cent., owing to the compact made by Memmius with the consul
+Domitius:[599] I wish Scaurus could get the better of it. Messalla is
+very shaky. I am not exaggerating--they arrange to offer as much as
+10,000 sestertia (about £80,000) for the vote of the first century. The
+matter is a burning scandal. The candidates for the tribuneship have
+made a mutual compact--having deposited 500 sesteria (about £4,000)
+apiece with Cato, they agree to conduct their canvass according to his
+direction, with the understanding that anyone offending against it is to
+be condemned by him. If this election then turns out to be pure, Cato
+will have been of more avail than all laws and jurors put together.
+
+[Footnote 599: For the nature of this compact, see p. 300.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLII (A IV, 16 AND PART OF 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS OR ON HIS JOURNEY TO ASIA)
+
+ROME (? 24 JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+The bare fact of my letter being by the hand of an amanuensis will be a
+sign of the amount of my engagements. I have no fault to find with you
+as to the number of your letters, but most of them told me nothing
+except where you were, or at most shewed by the fact that they came from
+you that no harm had happened to you. Of this class of letters there
+were two which gave me very great pleasure, dated by you from Buthrotum
+almost at the same time: for I was anxious to know that you had had a
+favourable crossing. But this constant supply of your letters did not
+give me so much pleasure by the richness of their contents as by their
+frequency. The one which your guest, M. Paccius, delivered to me was
+important and full of matter. I will therefore answer it. And this is
+the first thing I have to say: I have shewn Paccius, both by word and
+deed, what weight a recommendation from you has: accordingly, he is
+among my intimate friends, though unknown to me before. Now for the
+rest. Varro, of whom you write, shall be got in somewhere, if I can but
+find a place for him.[600] But you know the style of my Dialogues: just
+as in those "On the Orator," which you praise to the skies, a mention of
+anyone by the interlocutors was impossible, unless he had been known to
+or heard of by them, so in the "Dialogue on the Republic," which I have
+begun, I have put the discussion in the mouths of Africanus, Philus,
+Lælius, and Manilius. I have added two young men, Q. Tubero and P.
+Rutilius, and the two sons-in-law of Lælius, Scævola and Fannius. So I
+am thinking how (since I employ introductions to each book, as
+Aristotle does in what he calls his "Exoterics") to contrive some
+pretext for naming your friend in a natural way, as I understand is your
+wish. May I only be enabled to carry out my attempt! For, as you cannot
+but observe, I have undertaken a subject wide, difficult, and requiring
+the utmost leisure--the very thing that, above all others, I lack. In
+those books which you commend you complain of the absence of Scævola
+among the speakers. Well, I did not withdraw him without a set purpose,
+but I did exactly what that god of our idolatry, Plato, did in his
+Republic. When Socrates had come to the Piræus on a visit to Cephalus, a
+wealthy and cheerful old man, during all the introductory conversation
+the old man takes part in the discussion; then, after having himself
+made a speech very much to the point, he says that he wants to go away
+to attend on the religious rites, and does not return again. I believe
+Plato hardly thought that it would be quite natural, if he kept a man of
+that age any longer in a conversation so protracted. I thought that I
+was bound to be still more careful in the case of Scævola, who was at
+the age and with the broken health as you remember he then was, and who
+had enjoyed such high offices, that it was scarcely in accordance with
+etiquette for him to be staying several days in the Tusculan villa of
+Crassus. Besides, the conversation in the first book was not unconnected
+with Scævola's special pursuits: the other books, as you know, contain a
+technical discussion. In such I was unwilling that that facetious
+veteran, as you know he was, should take part.
+
+As to Pilia's business, which you mention, I will see to it. For the
+matter is quite clear, as you say, from the information supplied by
+Aurelianus, and in managing it I shall have also an opportunity of
+glorifying myself in my Tullia's eyes. I am supporting Vestorius: for I
+know that it gratifies you, and I am careful that he would understand
+that to be the case. But do you know the sort of man he is? Though he
+has two such good-natured people to deal with, nothing can exceed his
+impracticability. Now as to what you ask about Gaius Cato. You know that
+he was acquitted under the _lex Iunia Licinia_:[601] I have to tell you
+that he will be acquitted under the _lex Fufia_,[602] and not so much to
+the satisfaction of his defenders as of his accusers. However, he has
+become reconciled to myself and Milo. Drusus has had notice of
+prosecution by Lucretius. The 3rd of July is the day fixed for
+challenging his jurors. About Procilius[603] there are sinister
+rumours--but you know what the courts are. Hirrus is on good terms with
+Domitius.[604] The senatorial decree which the present consuls have
+carried about the provinces--"whoever henceforth, etc."--does not seem
+to me likely to have any effect.
+
+As to your question about Messalla, I don't know what to say: I have
+never seen candidates so closely matched. Messalla's means of support
+you know. Scaurus has had notice of prosecution from Triarius. If you
+ask me, no great feeling of sympathy for him has been roused. Still, his
+ædileship is remembered with some gratitude, and he has a certain hold
+on the country voters from the memory of his father. The two remaining
+plebeian candidates have compensating advantages which make them about
+equal: Domitius Calvinus is strong in friends, and is farther supported
+by his very popular exhibition of gladiators; Memmius finds favour with
+Cæsar's veterans and relies on Pompey's client towns in Gaul. If this
+does not avail him, people think that some tribune will be found to push
+off the elections till Cæsar comes back, especially since Cato has been
+acquitted.
+
+I have answered your letter brought by Paccius: now for the rest. From
+my brother's letter I gather surprising indications of Cæsar's affection
+for me, and they have been confirmed by a very cordial letter from Cæsar
+himself. The result of the British war is a source of anxiety. For it is
+ascertained that the approaches to the island are protected by
+astonishing masses of cliff. Moreover, it is now known that there isn't
+a pennyweight of silver in that island, nor any hope of booty except
+from slaves, among whom I don't suppose you can expect any instructed
+in literature or music.
+
+Paullus has almost brought his basilica in the forum to the roof, using
+the same columns as were in the ancient building: the part for which he
+gave out a contract he is building on the most magnificent scale.[605]
+Need I say more? Nothing could be more gratifying or more to his glory
+than such a monument. Accordingly, the friends of Cæsar--I mean myself
+and Oppius, though you burst with anger--have thought nothing of 60,000
+sestertia (about £480,000) for that monument, which you used to speak of
+in such high terms, in order to enlarge the forum and extend it right up
+to the Hall of Liberty. The claims of private owners could not be
+satisfied for less. We will make it a most glorious affair. For in the
+Campus Martius we are about to erect voting places for the _comitia
+tributa_, of marble and covered, and to surround them with a lofty
+colonnade a mile in circumference: at the same time the _Villa Publica_
+will also be connected with these erections.[606] You will say: "What
+good will this monument do me?" But why should I trouble myself about
+that? I have told you all the news at Rome: for I don't suppose you want
+to know about the lustrum, of which there is now no hope,[607] or about
+the trials which are being held under the (Cincian) law.[608]
+
+Now allow yourself to be scolded, if you deserve it. For you say in the
+letter from Buthrotum, delivered to me by C. Decimus, that you think you
+will have to go to Asia. There did not, by Hercules, seem to me to be
+anything that made it matter in the least whether you did the business
+by agents or in person; or anything to make you go so often and so far
+from your friends. But I could have wished that I had urged this on you
+before you had taken any step. For I certainly should have had some
+influence on you. As things are, I will suppress the rest of my
+scolding. May it only have some effect in hastening your return! The
+reason of my not writing oftener to you is the uncertainty I am in as to
+where you are or are going to be. However, I thought I ought to give
+this letter to a chance messenger, because he seemed to be likely to see
+you. Since you think you really will go to Asia, pray tell me by what
+time we may expect you back, and what you have done about Eutychides.
+
+[Footnote 600: That is, as an interlocutor in the dialogue "On the
+Republic," which Cicero was engaged in writing.]
+
+[Footnote 601: A law re-enacting the _lex Didia_, and enacting under
+penalties that no law was to be brought forward without due publication
+beforehand.]
+
+[Footnote 602: A law which enabled the magistrates and tribunes to stop
+legislation by _obnuntiatio_.]
+
+[Footnote 603: Procilius had been condemned _de vi_ (p. 280). The
+rumours, I suppose, were as to the jury having been corrupted.]
+
+[Footnote 604: The consul L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and C. Lucceius
+Hirrus, the latter a warm partisan of Pompey, who was supposed to be
+agitating for a dictatorship.]
+
+[Footnote 605: L. Æmilius Paullus (consul B.C. 50) restored the basilica
+built by his ancestor M. Æmilius Lepidus in B.C. 179, and appears to
+have added largely to it, or even built a new one.]
+
+[Footnote 606: These works seem to have been contemplated by the censors
+and senate, and Cicero speaks of himself and Oppius as doing them
+because they supported the measure. They were partly carried out by
+Cæsar but not completed till the time of Augustus.]
+
+[Footnote 607: Because the tribunes stopped it--the formal act at the
+end of the Censor's office--by _obnuntiationes_.]
+
+[Footnote 608: The name of the law mentioned here is uncertain. The _lex
+Cincia de munuibus_ forbade advocates taking fees for pleading.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIII (A IV, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 27 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I am glad about Eutychides, who, using your old _prænomen_ and your new
+_nomen_, will be called Titus Cæcilius, just as Dionysius, from a
+combination of your names and mine, is Marcus Pomponius. I am, by
+Hercules, exceedingly gratified that Eutychides has had cause to know
+your kindness to me, and that the sympathy he shewed me in the time of
+my sorrow was neither unnoticed at the time nor afterwards forgotten by
+me. I suppose you were obliged to undertake your journey to Asia. For
+you never would have been willing, without the most urgent cause, to be
+so far from so many persons and things which you love so much, and which
+give you so much delight. But the speed of your return will shew your
+kindness and love for your friends. Yet I fear lest the rhetorician
+Clodius, by his charms, and Pituanius, that excellent scholar, as he is
+said to be, and now, indeed, so wholly devoted to Greek letters, may
+detain you. But if you would shew the feelings of a man, come back to us
+at the time you promised. You will, after all, be able to enjoy their
+society at Rome, when they get there safe. You say you desire something
+in the way of a letter from me: I have written, and, indeed, on many
+subjects--everything detailed like a journal--but, as I conjecture from
+your not having, as it seems, remained long in Epirus, I suppose it has
+not reached you. Moreover, my letters to _you_ are generally of such a
+kind, that I don't like to put them in anyone's hands, unless I can feel
+certain that he will deliver them to you.
+
+Now for affairs at Rome. On the 4th of July Sufenas and Cato were
+acquitted, Procilius condemned. From which we have learnt that our
+treble-distilled Areopagites care not a rush for bribery, elections,
+_interregnum, lèse majesté_, or, in fact, for the state generally; but
+that they would rather that a father of a family were not murdered on
+his own hearth-stone--and even that preference not very decided. There
+were twenty-two votes for acquittal, twenty-nine for condemnation![609]
+Publius, no doubt by an eloquent peroration in his speech for the
+prosecution, had quickened the feelings of the jurors! Herbalus[610] was
+in the case, and behaved as usual. I said never a word. For my little
+girl, who is unwell, was afraid of offending Publius's feelings. After
+this was over the people of Reate conducted me to their Temple, to plead
+their cause against the people of Interamna before the consul and ten
+commissioners, because the Veline Lake, which had been drained by Manius
+Curius by cutting away the mountain, flowed into the Nar, by which means
+the famous Rosia has been reclaimed from the swamp, though still fairly
+moist.[611] I lived with Axius, who took me also to visit Seven Waters.
+I returned to Rome on the 9th of July for the sake of Fonteius. I
+entered the theatre. At first I was greeted with loud and general
+applause--but don't take any notice of that, I was a fool to mention
+it--then I turned my attention to Antiphon. He had been manumitted
+before being brought on to the stage. Not to keep you in suspense, he
+bore away the palm. But there never was anything so dwarfish, so
+destitute of voice, so---- But keep this to yourself. However, in the
+_Andromache_ he was just taller than Astyanax: among the rest he had not
+one of his own height. You next ask about Arbuscula: she had a great
+success. The games were splendid and much liked. The wild-beast hunt was
+put off to a future occasion. Next follow me into the _campus_. Bribery
+is raging: "and I a sign to you will tell."[612] The rate of interest
+from being four percent, on the 15th of July has gone up to eight
+percent. You will say, "Well, _I_ don't mind that."[613] What a man!
+What a citizen! Memmius is supported by all Cæsar's influence. The
+consuls have formed a coalition between him and Domitius (Calvinus) on
+terms which I dare not commit to paper. Pompey rages, remonstrates,
+backs Scaurus, but whether only ostensibly or from the heart people
+don't feel sure. No one takes the lead: money reduces all to the same
+level. Messalla's chance is at a low ebb: not because he is wanting in
+spirit or friends, but because this coalition of the consuls, as well as
+Pompey's opposition, stands in his way. I think the result will be a
+postponement of the elections. The tribunician candidates have taken an
+oath to conduct their canvass according to the direction of Cato. They
+have deposited with him 500 sestertia apiece, on condition that whoever
+Cato condemns should forfeit it, and that it should be paid over to his
+competitors. I write this the day before the elections are to take
+place. But on the 28th of July, if they have taken place, and if the
+letter-carrier has not started, I will write you an account of the whole
+_comitia_: and, if they are conducted without corruption, Cato by
+himself will have been more efficacious than all laws and jurors put
+together. I have undertaken to defend Messius, who has been recalled
+from his legation: for Appius had named him _legatus_ to Cæsar.
+Servilius ordered his attendance in an edict. His jurors are to be from
+the tribes Pomptina, Velina, and Mæcia. It is a sharp fight: however, it
+is going fairly well. After that I have to prepare myself for Drusus,
+then for Scaurus. Very high-sounding title-slips are being prepared for
+my speeches! Perhaps even the consuls-designate will be added to the
+list of my clients: and if Scaurus is not one of them, he will find
+himself in serious difficulties in this trial. Judging from my brother
+Quintus's letter, I suspect that by this time he is in Britain. I await
+news of him with anxiety. We have certainly gained one advantage--many
+unmistakable indications enable us to feel sure that we are in the
+highest degree liked and valued by Cæsar. Please give my compliments to
+Dionysius, and beg and exhort him to come as soon as possible, that he
+may continue the instruction of my son and of myself as well.
+
+[Footnote 609: M. Nonius Sufenas and C. Cato were charged with bribery
+and other illegal proceedings during their tribuneship: Procilius for
+riot (_de vi_) when some citizen was killed.]
+
+[Footnote 610: Q. Hortensius, the great orator.]
+
+[Footnote 611: This refers to the famous waterfall of Terni. An
+artificial cutting drained the River Velinus (which otherwise covered
+the high valley as a lake) into the Nar, which is in the valley below.
+What was good for the people of Reate was, of course, dangerous for the
+people of Interamna living below. M. Curius Dentatus was consul B.C.
+290.]
+
+[Footnote 612: [Greek: sêma de toi ereô] (Hom. _Il._ xxiii. 326).]
+
+[Footnote 613: Because Atticus lent money.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIV (F VII, 9)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+It is a long time since I heard how you were getting on: for you don't
+write, nor have I written to you for the last two months. As you were
+not with my brother Quintus I did not know where to send a letter, or to
+whom to give it. I am anxious to know how you are and where you mean to
+winter. For my part, my opinion is that you should do so with Cæsar; but
+I have not ventured to write to him owing to his mourning.[614] I would
+rather you put off your return to us, so long as you come with fuller
+pockets. There is nothing to make you hurry home, especially since
+"Battara"[615] is dead. But you are quite capable of thinking for
+yourself. I desire to know what you have settled. There is a certain Cn.
+Octavius or Cn. Cornelius, a friend of yours,
+
+    "Of highest race begot, a son of Earth."
+
+He has frequently asked me to dinner, because he knows that you are an
+intimate friend of mine. At present he has not succeeded in getting me:
+however, I am much obliged to him.
+
+[Footnote 614: For the death (in September) of his daughter Iulia, wife
+of Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 615: A nickname, it is said, of Vacerra (perhaps because he
+stuttered), who had been a teacher of Trebatius.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLV (F VII, 17)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+From what I gather from your letter I have thanked my brother Quintus,
+and can besides at last heartily commend you, because you at length seem
+to have come to some fixed resolution. For I was much put out by your
+letters in the first months of your absence, because at times you seemed
+to me--pardon the expression--to be light-minded in your longing for the
+city and city life, at others timid in undertaking military work, and
+often even a little inclined to presumption--a thing as unlike your
+usual self as can be. For, as though you had brought a bill of exchange,
+and not a letter of recommendation to your commander-in-chief, you were
+all in a hurry to get your money and return home; and it never occurred
+to you that those who went to Alexandria[616] with real bills of
+exchange have as yet not been able to get a farthing. If I looked only
+to my own interests, I should wish, above all things, to have you with
+me: for I used to find not only pleasure of no ordinary kind in your
+society, but also much advantage from your advice and active assistance.
+But since from your earliest manhood you had devoted yourself to my
+friendship and protection, I thought it my duty not only to see that you
+came to no harm, but to advance your fortunes and secure your promotion.
+Accordingly, as long as I thought I should be going abroad to a
+province, I am sure you remember the voluntary offers I made you. After
+that plan had been changed, perceiving that I was being treated by Cæsar
+with the highest consideration, and was regarded by him with unusual
+affection, and knowing as I did his incredible liberality and
+unsurpassed loyalty to his word, I recommended you to him in the
+weightiest and most earnest words at my command. And he accepted this
+recommendation in a gratifying manner, and repeatedly indicated to me in
+writing, and shewed you by word and deed, that he had been powerfully
+affected by my recommendation. Having got such a man as your patron, if
+you believe me to have any insight, or to be your well-wisher, do not
+let him go; and if by chance something at times has annoyed you, when
+from being busy or in difficulties he has seemed to you somewhat slow to
+serve you, hold on and wait for the end, which I guarantee will be
+gratifying and honourable to you. I need not exhort you at any greater
+length: I only give you this warning, that you will never find a better
+opportunity, if you let this slip, either of securing the friendship of
+a most illustrious and liberal man, or of enjoying a wealthier province
+or a more suitable time of life. "Quintus Cornelius concurred," as you
+say in your law books. I am glad you didn't go to Britain, because you
+have been saved some hard work, and I the necessity of listening to your
+stories about that expedition. Pray write to me at full length as to
+where you are going to winter, and what your hopes and present position
+are.
+
+[Footnote 616: To Ptolemy Auletes, who had agreed to pay large sums to
+certain persons for supporting his interests in the senate.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVI (Q FR II, 15)
+
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+When you receive a letter from me by the hand of an amanuensis, you may
+be sure that I have not even a little leisure; when by my own--a little.
+For let me tell you that in regard to causes and trials in court, I have
+never been closer tied, and that, too, at the most unhealthy season of
+the year, and in the most oppressively hot weather. But these things,
+since you so direct me, I must put up with, and must not seem to have
+come short of the ideas and expectations which you and Cæsar entertain
+of me, especially since, even if it were somewhat difficult not to do
+that, I am yet likely from this labour to reap great popularity and
+prestige. Accordingly, as you wish me to do, I take great pains not to
+hurt anyone's feelings, and to secure being liked even by those very men
+who are vexed at my close friendship with Cæsar, while by those who are
+impartial, or even inclined to this side, I may be warmly courted and
+loved. When some very violent debates took place in the senate on the
+subject of bribery for several days, because the candidates for the
+consulship had gone to such lengths as to be past all bearing, I was not
+in the house. I have made up my mind not to attempt any cure of the
+political situation without powerful protection. The day I write this
+Drusus has been acquitted on a charge of collusion by the _tribuni
+ærarii_, in the grand total by four votes, for the majority of senators
+and equites were for condemnation. On the same day I am to defend
+Vatinius. That is an easy matter. The _comitia_ have been put off to
+September. Scaurus's trial will take place immediately, and I shall not
+fail to appear for him. I don't like your "Sophoclean Banqueters" at
+all, though I see that you played your part with a good grace.[617] I
+come now to a subject which, perhaps, ought to have been my first. How
+glad I was to get your letter from Britain! I was afraid of the ocean,
+afraid of the coast of the island. The other parts of the enterprise I
+do not underrate; but yet they inspire more hope than fear, and it is
+the suspense rather than any positive alarm that renders me uneasy. You,
+however, I can see, have a splendid subject for description, topography,
+natural features of things and places, manners, races, battles, your
+commander himself--what themes for your pen! I will gladly, as you
+request, assist you in the points you mention, and will send you the
+verses you ask for, that is, "An owl to Athens."[618] But, look you! I
+think you are keeping me in the dark. Tell me, my dear brother, what
+Cæsar thinks of my verses. For he wrote before to tell me he had read my
+first book. Of the first part, he said that he had never read anything
+better even in Greek: the rest, up to a particular passage, somewhat
+"careless"[619]--that is his word. Tell me the truth--is it the
+subject-matter or the "style" that he does not like? You needn't be
+afraid: I shall not admire myself one whit the less. On this subject
+speak like a lover of truth, and with your usual brotherly frankness.
+
+[Footnote 617: In the "Banqueters" ([Greek: syndeipnoi]) of Sophocles,
+Achilles is excluded from a banquet in Tenedos. Some social mishap seems
+to have occurred to Quintus in camp.]
+
+[Footnote 618: Sending coals to Newcastle.]
+
+[Footnote 619: [Greek: rhathymotera].]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVII (Q FR III, 1)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)
+
+ARPINUM AND ROME, 28 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+After extraordinarily hot weather--I never remember greater heat--I have
+refreshed myself at Arpinum, and enjoyed the extreme loveliness of the
+river during the days of the games, having left my tribesmen under the
+charge of Philotimus.[620] I was at Arcanum on the 10th of September.
+There I found Mescidius and Philoxenus, and saw the water, for which
+they were making a course not far from your villa, running quite nicely,
+especially considering the extreme drought, and they said that they were
+going to collect it in much greater abundance. Everything is right with
+Herus. In your Manilian property I came across Diphilus outdoing himself
+in dilatoriness. Still, he had nothing left to construct, except baths,
+and a promenade, and an aviary. I liked that villa very much, because
+its paved colonnade[621] gives it an air of very great dignity. I never
+appreciated this till now that the colonnade itself has been all laid
+open, and the columns have been polished. It all depends--and this I
+will look to--upon the stuccoing being prettily done. The pavements
+seemed to be being well laid. Certain of the ceilings I did not like,
+and ordered them to be changed. As to the place in which they say that
+you write word that a small entrance hall is to be built--namely, in the
+colonnade--I liked it better as it is. For I did not think there was
+space sufficient for an entrance hall; nor is it usual to have one,
+except in those buildings which have a larger court; nor could it have
+bedrooms and apartments of that kind attached to it. As it is, from the
+very beauty of its arched roof, it will serve as an admirable summer
+room. However, if you think differently, write back word as soon as
+possible. In the bath I have moved the hot chamber to the other corner
+of the dressing-room, because it was so placed that its steampipe was
+immediately under the bedrooms. A fair-sized bedroom and a lofty winter
+one I admired very much, for they were both spacious and
+well-situated--on the side of the promenade nearest to the bath.
+Diphilus had placed the columns out of the perpendicular, and not
+opposite each other. These, of course, he shall take down; he will learn
+some day to use the plumb-line and measure. On the whole, I hope
+Diphilus's work will be completed in a few months: for Cæsius, who was
+with me at the time, keeps a very sharp look-out upon him.
+
+Thence I started straight along the _via Vitularia_ to your Fufidianum,
+the estate which we bought for you a few weeks ago at Arpinum for
+100,000 sesterces (about £800). I never saw a shadier spot in
+summer--water springs in many parts of it, and abundant into the
+bargain. In short, Cæsius thought that you would easily irrigate fifty
+_iugera_ of the meadow land. For my part, I can assure you of this,
+which is more in my line, that you will have a villa marvellously
+pleasant, with the addition of a fish-pond, spouting fountains, a
+_palæstra_, and a shrubbery. I am told that you wish to keep this
+Bovillæ estate. You will determine as you think good. Calvus said that,
+even if the control of the water were taken from you, and the right of
+drawing it off were established by the vendor, and thus an easement were
+imposed on that property, we could yet maintain the price in case we
+wished to sell. He said that he had agreed with you to do the work at
+three sesterces a foot, and that he had stepped it, and made it three
+miles. It seemed to me more. But I will guarantee that the money could
+nowhere be better laid out. I had sent for Cillo from Venafrum, but on
+that very day four of his fellow servants and apprentices had been
+crushed by the falling in of a tunnel at Venafrum. On the 13th of
+September I was at Laterium. I examined the road, which appeared to me
+to be so good as to seem almost like a high road, except a hundred and
+fifty paces--for I measured it myself from the little bridge at the
+temple of Furina, in the direction of Satricum. There they had put down
+dust, not gravel (this shall be changed), and that part of the road is a
+very steep incline. But I understood that it could not be taken in any
+other direction, particularly as you did not wish it to go through the
+property of Locusta or Varro. The latter alone had made the road very
+well where it skirted his own property. Locusta hadn't touched it; but I
+will call on him at Rome, and think I shall be able to stir him up, and
+at the same time I shall ask M. Taurus, who is now at Rome, and whom I
+am told promised to allow you to do so, about making a watercourse
+through his property. I much approved of your steward Nicephorius, and I
+asked him what orders you had given about that small building at
+Laterium, about which you spoke to me. He told me in answer that he had
+himself contracted to do the work for sixteen sestertia (about £128),
+but that you had afterwards made many additions to the work, but nothing
+to the price, and that he had therefore given it up. I quite approve, by
+Hercules, of your making the additions you had determined upon; although
+the villa as it stands seems to have the air of a philosopher, meant to
+rebuke the extravagance of other villas. Yet, after all, that addition
+will be pleasing. I praised your landscape gardener: he has so covered
+everything with ivy, both the foundation-wall of the villa and the
+spaces between the columns of the walk, that, upon my word, those Greek
+statues seemed to be engaged in fancy gardening, and to be shewing off
+the ivy. Finally, nothing can be cooler or more mossy than the
+dressing-room of the bath. That is about all I have to say about country
+matters. The gardener, indeed, as well as Philotimus and Cincius are
+pressing on the ornamentation of your town house; but I also often look
+in upon it myself, as I can do without difficulty. Wherefore don't be at
+all anxious about that.
+
+As to your always asking me about your son, of course I "excuse you";
+but I must ask you to "excuse" me also, for I don't allow that you love
+him more than I do. And oh that he had been with me these last few days
+at Arpinum, as he had himself set his heart on being, and as I had no
+less done! As to Pomponia, please write and say that, when I go out of
+town anywhere, she is to come with me and bring the boy. I'll do wonders
+with him, if I get him to myself when I am at leisure: for at Rome there
+is no time to breathe. You know I formerly promised to do so for
+nothing. What do you expect with such a reward as you promise me? I now
+come to your letters which I received in several packets when I was at
+Arpinum. For I received three from you in one day, and, indeed, as it
+seemed, despatched by you at the same time--one of considerable length,
+in which your first point was that my letter to you was dated earlier
+than that to Cæsar. Oppius at times cannot help this: the reason is
+that, having settled to send letter-carriers, and having received a
+letter from me, he is hindered by something turning up, and obliged to
+despatch them later than he had intended; and I don't take the trouble
+to have the day altered on a letter which I have once handed to him. You
+write about Cæsar's extreme affection for us. This affection you must on
+your part keep warm, and I for mine will endeavour to increase it by
+every means in my power. About Pompey, I am carefully acting, and shall
+continue to act, as you advise. That my permission to you to stay longer
+is a welcome one, though I grieve at your absence and miss you
+exceedingly, I am yet partly glad. What you can be thinking of in
+sending for such people as Hippodamus and some others, I do not
+understand. There is not one of those fellows that won't expect a
+present from you equal to a suburban estate. However, there is no reason
+for your classing my friend Trebatius with them. I sent him to Cæsar,
+and Cæsar has done all I expected. If he has not done quite what _he_
+expected himself, I am not bound to make it up to him, and I in like
+manner free and absolve you from all claims on his part. Your remark,
+that you are a greater favourite with Cæsar every day, is a source of
+undying satisfaction to me. As to Balbus, who, as you say, promotes that
+state of things, he is the apple of my eye. I am indeed glad that you
+and my friend Trebonius like each other. As to what you say about the
+military tribuneship, I, indeed, asked for it definitely for Curtius,
+and Cæsar wrote back definitely to say that there was one at Curtius's
+service, and chided me for my modesty in making the request. If I have
+asked one for anyone else--as I told Oppius to write and tell Cæsar--I
+shall not be at all annoyed by a refusal, since those who pester me for
+letters _are_ annoyed at a refusal from me. I like Curtius, as I have
+told him, not only because you asked me to do so, but from the
+character you gave of him; for from your letter I have gathered the zeal
+he shewed for my restoration. As for the British expedition, I conclude
+from your letter that we have no occasion either for fear or exultation.
+As to public affairs, about which you wish Tiro to write to you, I have
+written to you hitherto somewhat more carelessly than usual, because I
+knew that all events, small or great, were reported to Cæsar. I have now
+answered your longest letter.
+
+Now hear what I have to say to your small one. The first point is about
+Clodius's letter to Cæsar. In that matter I approve of Cæsar's policy,
+in not having given way to your request so far as to write a single word
+to that Fury. The next thing is about the speech of Calventius
+"Marius."[622] I am surprised at your saying that you think I ought to
+answer it, particularly as, while no one is likely to read that speech,
+unless I write an answer to it, every schoolboy learns mine against him
+as an exercise. My books, all of which you are expecting, I have begun,
+but I cannot finish them for some days yet. The speeches for Scaurus and
+Plancius which you clamour for I have finished. The poem to Cæsar, which
+I had begun, I have cut short. I will write what you ask me for, since
+your poetic springs are running dry, as soon as I have time.
+
+Now for the third letter. It is very pleasant and welcome news to hear
+from you that Balbus is soon coming to Rome, and so well
+accompanied![623] and will stay with me continuously till the 15th of
+May. As to your exhorting me in the same letter, as in many previous
+ones, to ambition and labour, I shall, of course, do as you say: but
+when am I to enjoy any real life?
+
+Your fourth letter reached me on the 13th of September, dated on the
+10th of August from Britain. In it there was nothing new except about
+your _Erigona_, and if I get that from Oppius I will write and tell you
+what I think of it. I have no doubt I shall like it.[624] Oh yes! I had
+almost forgotten to remark as to the man who, you say in your letter,
+had written to Cæsar about the applause given to Milo--I am not
+unwilling that Cæsar should think that it was as warm as possible. And
+in point of fact it was so, and yet that applause, which is given to
+him, seems in a certain sense to be given to me.[625]
+
+I have also received a very old letter, but which was late in coming
+into my hands, in which you remind me about the temple of Tellus and the
+colonnade of Catulus. Both of these matters are being actively carried
+out. At the temple of Tellus I have even got your statue placed. So,
+again, as to your reminder about a suburban villa and gardens, I was
+never very keen for one, and now my town house has all the charm of such
+a pleasure-ground. On my arrival in Rome on the 18th of September I
+found the roof on your house finished: the part over the sitting-rooms,
+which you did not wish to have many gables, now slopes gracefully
+towards the roof of the lower colonnade. Our boy, in my absence, did not
+cease working with his rhetoric master. You have no reason for being
+anxious about his education, for you know his ability, and I see his
+application. Everything else I take it upon myself to guarantee, with
+full consciousness that I am bound to make it good.
+
+As yet there are three parties prosecuting Gabinius: first, L. Lentulus,
+son of the _flamen_, who has entered a prosecution for _lèse
+majesté_;[626] secondly, Tib. Nero, with good names at the back of his
+indictment; thirdly, C. Memmius the tribune in conjunction with L.
+Capito. He came to the walls of the city on the 19th of September,
+undignified and neglected to the last degree. But in the present state
+of the law courts I do not venture to be confident of anything. As Cato
+is unwell, he has not yet been formally indicted for extortion. Pompey
+is trying hard to persuade me to be reconciled to him, but as yet he has
+not succeeded at all, nor, if I retain a shred of liberty, will he
+succeed. I am very anxious for a letter from you. You say that you have
+been told that I was a party to the coalition of the consular
+candidates--it is a lie. The compacts made in that coalition, afterwards
+made public by Memmius, were of such a nature that no loyal man ought to
+have been a party to them;[627] nor at the same time was it possible for
+me to be a party to a coalition from which Messalla was excluded, who is
+thoroughly satisfied with my conduct in every particular, as also, I
+think, is Memmius. To Domitius himself I have rendered many services,
+which he desired and asked of me. I have put Scaurus under a heavy
+obligation by my defence of him. It is as yet very uncertain both when
+the elections will be and who will be consuls.
+
+Just as I was folding up this epistle letter-carriers arrived from you
+and Cæsar (20th September) after a journey of twenty days. How anxious I
+was! How painfully I was affected by Cæsar's most kind letter![628] But
+the kinder it was, the more sorrow did his loss occasion me. But to turn
+to your letter. To begin with, I reiterate my approval of your staying
+on, especially as, according to your account, you have consulted Cæsar
+on the subject. I wonder that Oppius has anything to do with Publius,
+for I advised against it. Farther on in your letter you say that I am
+going to be made _legatus_ to Pompey on the 13th of September: I have
+heard nothing about it, and I wrote to Cæsar to tell him that neither
+Vibullius nor Oppius had delivered his message to Pompey about my
+remaining at home. Why, I know not. However, it was I who restrained
+Oppius from doing so, because it was Vibullius who should take the
+leading part in that matter: for with him Cæsar had communicated
+personally, with Oppius only by letter. I indeed can have no "second
+thoughts"[629] in matters connected with Cæsar. He comes next after you
+and our children in my regard, and not much after. I think I act in this
+with deliberate judgment, for I have by this time good cause for it,
+yet warm personal feeling no doubt does influence me also.
+
+Just as I had written these last words--which are by my own hand--your
+boy came in to dine with me, as Pomponia was dining out. He gave me your
+letter to read, which he had received shortly before--a truly
+Aristophanic mixture of jest and earnest, with which I was greatly
+charmed.[630] He gave me also your second letter, in which you bid him
+cling to my side as a mentor. How delighted he was with those letters!
+And so was I. Nothing could be more attractive than that boy, nothing
+more affectionate to me!--This, to explain its being in another
+handwriting, I dictated to Tiro while at dinner.
+
+Your letter gratified Annalis very much, as shewing that you took an
+active interest in his concerns, and yet assisted him with exceedingly
+candid advice. Publius Servilius the elder, from a letter which he said
+he had received from Cæsar, declares himself highly obliged to you for
+having spoken with the greatest kindness and earnestness of his devotion
+to Cæsar. After my return to Rome from Arpinum I was told that
+Hippodamus had started to join you. I cannot say that I was surprised at
+his having acted so discourteously as to start to join you without a
+letter from me: I only say this, that I was annoyed. For I had long
+resolved, from an expression in your letter, that if I had anything I
+wished conveyed to you with more than usual care, I should give it to
+him: for, in truth, into a letter like this, which I send you in an
+ordinary way, I usually put nothing that, if it fell into certain hands,
+might be a source of annoyance. I reserve myself for Minucius and
+Salvius and Labeo. Labeo will either be starting late or will stay here
+altogether. Hippodamus did not even ask me whether he could do anything
+for me. T. Penarius sends me a kind letter about you: says that he is
+exceedingly charmed with your literary pursuits, conversation, and above
+all by your dinners. He was always a favourite of mine, and I see a good
+deal of his brother. Wherefore continue, as you have begun, to admit the
+young man to your intimacy.
+
+From the fact of this letter having been in hand during many days, owing
+to the delay of the letter-carriers, I have jotted down in it many
+various things at odd times, as, for instance, the following. Titus
+Anicius has mentioned to me more than once that he would not hesitate to
+buy a suburban property for you, if he found one. In these remarks of
+his I find two things surprising: first, that when you write to him
+about buying a suburban property, you not only don't write to me to that
+effect, but write even in a contrary sense; and, secondly, that in
+writing to him you totally forget his letters which you shewed me at
+Tusculum, and as totally the rule of Epicharmus, "Notice how he has
+treated another":[631] in fact, that you have quite forgotten, as I
+think, the lesson conveyed by the expression of his face, his
+conversation, and his spirit. But this is your concern. As to a suburban
+property, be sure to let me know your wishes, and at the same time take
+care that that fellow doesn't get you into trouble. What else have I to
+say? Anything? Yes, there is this: Gabinius entered the city by night on
+the 27th of September, and to-day, at two o'clock, when he ought to have
+appeared on his trial for _lèse majesté_, in accordance with the edict
+of C. Alfius, he was all but crushed to the earth by a great and
+unanimous demonstration of the popular hatred. Nothing could exceed his
+humiliating position. However, Piso comes next to him. So I think of
+introducing a marvellous episode into my second book[632]--Apollo
+declaring in the council of the gods what sort of return that of the two
+commanders was to be, one of whom had lost, and the other sold his army.
+From Britain I have a letter of Cæsar's dated the 1st of September,
+which reached me on the 27th, satisfactory enough as far as the British
+expedition is concerned, in which, to prevent my wondering at not
+getting one from you, he tells me that you were not with him when he
+reached the coast. To that letter I made no reply, not even a formal
+congratulation, on account of his mourning. Many, many wishes, dear
+brother, for your health.
+
+[Footnote 620: That is, to get them seats at the games. See Letter XXVI,
+p. 63.]
+
+[Footnote 621: The _porticus_ is a kind of cloister round the
+_peristylium_ or _atrium_.]
+
+[Footnote 622: Calventius is said to stand for L. Calpurnius Piso
+Cæsoninus, the consul of B.C. 58, against whom Cicero's speech was
+spoken in B.C. 55 in the senate. He calls him Calventius from his
+maternal grandfather, and Marius because--as he had said, in the speech,
+§ 20--he had himself gone into exile rather than come to open fight with
+him; just as Q. Metellus had done in B.C. 100, when, declining to take
+the oath to the agrarian law of Saturninus, rather than fight Marius,
+who had taken the oath, he went into exile. This seems rather a
+roundabout explanation; but no better has been proposed, and, of course,
+Quintus, who had lately read the speech, would be able better to
+understand the allusion.]
+
+[Footnote 623: _I.e._, with money.]
+
+[Footnote 624: This tragedy of Quintus's never reached Cicero. It was
+lost in transit. Perhaps no great loss.]
+
+[Footnote 625: Milo was ædile and had just given some splendid games.]
+
+[Footnote 626: _Maiestas._ He would be liable to this charge, under a
+law of Sulla's, for having left his province to interfere in Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 627: See p. 300.]
+
+[Footnote 628: Apparently referring to the death of his daughter Iulia.]
+
+[Footnote 629: [Greek: deuteras phrontidas] from Eurip. _Hipp._ 436,
+[Greek: hai deuterai pôs phrontides sophôterai].]
+
+[Footnote 630: Or, "as kindly and critical at once as Aristophanes (of
+Byzantium)," as though Quintus had written a Caxtonian criticism of his
+son's style.]
+
+[Footnote 631: [Greek: gyôthi pôs allô kechrêtai].]
+
+[Footnote 632: Of his poem "On his own Times." Piso in Macedonia, where
+he had been unsuccessful with border tribes: Gabinius in going to Egypt
+to support Ptolemy. He left many of his soldiers there.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVIII (A IV, 17 AND PARTS OF 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ABROAD)
+
+ROME, 1 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+You think I imagine that I write more rarely to you than I used to do
+from having forgotten my regular habit and purpose, but the fact is
+that, perceiving your locality and journeys to be equally uncertain, I
+have never intrusted a letter to anyone--either for Epirus, or Athens,
+or Asia, or anywhere else--unless he was going expressly to you. For my
+letters are not of the sort to make their non-delivery a matter of
+indifference; they contain so many confidential secrets that I do not as
+a rule trust them even to an amanuensis, for fear of some jest leaking
+out in some direction or another.
+
+The consuls are in a blaze of infamy because Gaius Memmius, one of the
+candidates, read out in the senate a compact which he and his fellow
+candidate, Domitius Calvinus, had made with the consuls--that both were
+to forfeit to the consuls 40 sestertia apiece (in case they were
+themselves elected consuls), if they did not produce three augurs to
+depose that they had been present at the passing of a _lex curiata_,
+which, in fact, had not been passed; and two consulars to depose to
+having helped to draft a decree for furnishing the consular provinces,
+though there had not even been a meeting of the senate at all.[633] As
+this compact was alleged not to have been a mere verbal one, but to
+have been drawn up with the sums to be paid duly entered, formal orders
+for payment, and written attestations of many persons, it was, on the
+suggestion of Pompey, produced by Memmius, but with the names
+obliterated. It has made no difference to Appius--he had no character to
+lose! To the other consul it was a real knock-down blow, and he is, I
+assure you, a ruined man. Memmius, however, having thus dissolved the
+coalition, has lost all chance of election, and is by this time in a
+worse position than ever, because we are now informed that his
+revelation is strongly disapproved of by Cæsar. Our friend Messalla and
+his fellow candidate, Domitius Calvinus, have been very liberal to the
+people. Nothing can exceed their popularity. They are certain to be
+consuls. But the senate has passed a decree that a "trial with closed
+doors" should be held before the elections in respect to each of the
+candidates severally by the panels already allotted to them all. The
+candidates are in a great fright. But certain jurors--among them
+Opimius, Veiento, and Rantius--appealed to the tribunes to prevent their
+being called upon to act as jurors without an order of the people[634].
+The business goes on. The _comitia_ are postponed by a decree of the
+senate till such time as the law for the "trial with closed doors" is
+carried. The day for passing the law arrived. Terentius vetoed it. The
+consuls, having all along conducted this business in a half-hearted kind
+of way, referred the matter back to the senate. Hereupon--Bedlam! my
+voice being heard with the rest. "Aren't you wise enough to keep quiet,
+after all?" you will say. Forgive me: I can hardly restrain myself. But,
+nevertheless, was there ever such a farce? The senate had voted that the
+elections should not be held till the law was passed: that, in case of a
+tribunician veto, the whole question should be referred to them afresh.
+The law is introduced in a perfunctory manner: is vetoed, to the great
+relief of the proposers: the matter is referred to the senate. Upon that
+the senate voted that it was for the interest of the state that the
+elections should be held at the earliest possible time!
+
+Scaurus, who had been acquitted a few days before,[635] after a most
+elaborate speech from me on his behalf--when all the days up to the 29th
+of September (on which I write this) had one after the other been
+rendered impossible for the _comitia_ by notices of ill omens put in by
+Scævola--paid the people what they expected at his own house, tribe by
+tribe. But all the same, though his liberality was more generous, it was
+not so acceptable as that of the two mentioned above, who had got the
+start of him. I could have wished to see your face when you read
+this;[636] for I am certain you entertain some hope that these
+transactions will occupy a great many weeks! But there is to be a
+meeting of the senate to-day, that is, the 1st of October--for day is
+already breaking. There no one will speak his mind except Antius and
+Favonius,[637] for Cato is ill. Don't be afraid about me: nevertheless,
+I make no promises. Is there anything else you want to know? Anything?
+Yes, the trials, I think. Drusus and Scaurus[638] are believed not to
+have been guilty. Three candidates are thought likely to be prosecuted:
+Domitius Calvinus by Memmius, Messalla by Q. Pompeius Rufus,
+Scaurus[639] by Triarius or by L. Cæsar. "What will you be able to say
+for them?" quoth you. May I die if I know! In those books[640]
+certainly, of which you speak so highly, I find no suggestion.
+
+[Footnote 633: The object of the existing consuls in making such a
+bargain was to get to their provinces without difficulty, with
+_imperium_, which had to be bestowed by a formal meeting of the old
+_comitia curiata_. But that formality could be stopped by tribunes or
+other magistrates "watching the sky," or declaring evil omens: and just
+as these means were being resorted to to put off the elections, so they
+were also likely to be used in this matter. If it was thus put off into
+the next year, Domitius and Appius, not being any longer consuls, would
+have still greater difficulty. Corrupt as the arrangement was, it seems
+not to have come under any existing law, and both escaped punishment.
+Appius went as proconsul to Cilicia, in spite of the _lex curiata_ not
+being passed, but Domitius Ahenobarbus seems not to have had a province.
+The object of Domitius Calvinus and Memmius in making the compact was to
+secure their own election, which the existing consuls had many means of
+assisting, but it is not clear what Memmius's object in disclosing it
+was. Perhaps anger on finding his hopes gone, and an idea that anything
+that humiliated Ahenobarbus would be pleasing to Cæsar. He also seems to
+have quarrelled with Calvinus. Gaius Memmius Gemellus is not to be
+confounded with Gaius Memmius the tribune mentioned in the next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 634: There is considerable uncertainty as to the exact nature
+of _iudicium tacitum_, here rendered "a trial with closed doors," on the
+analogy of the _senatus consultum tacitum_ described by Capitolinus, _in
+Gordian_. ch. xii. It is not, I think, mentioned elsewhere (_iudiciis
+tacitis_ of 2 _Off._ § 24, is a general expression for "anonymous
+expressions of opinion"), and the passage in Plutarch (_Cato min._ 44)
+introduces a new difficulty, for it indicates a court in which
+candidates _after_ election are to purge themselves. Again, _quæ erant
+omnibus sortita_ is very difficult. Cicero nowhere else, I believe, uses
+the passive _sortitus_. But, passing that, what are the _consilia_
+meant? The tense and mood shew, I think, that the words are explanatory
+by the writer, not part of the decree. I venture, contrary to all
+editors, to take _omnibus_ as dative, and to suppose that the _consilia_
+meant are those of the _album iudicum_ who had been selected to try
+cases of _ambitus_, of which many were expected. There is no proof that
+the _iudices_ in a _iudicium tacitum_ had to be senators, and the names
+in the next sentence point the other way. The senate proposed that the
+law should allow this selection from the _album_ to form the _iudicium
+tacitum_, which would give no public verdict, but on whose report they
+could afterwards act.]
+
+[Footnote 635: M. Æmilius Scaurus was acquitted on the 2nd of September
+on a charge of extortion in Sardinia. The trial had been hurried on lest
+he should use the Sardinian money in bribing for the consulship. Hence
+he could not begin distributing his gifts to the electors till after
+September 2nd, and his rivals Domitius and Messalla got the start of
+him. See Asconius, 131 _seq._]
+
+[Footnote 636: He means that Atticus--as a lender of money--would be
+glad of anything that kept the rate of interest up (see p. 286). He is,
+of course, joking.]
+
+[Footnote 637: Antius is not known. Favonius was a close imitator of
+Cato's Stoicism. He was now opposing both Pompey and Cæsar strenuously,
+but on the Civil War breaking out, attached himself strongly to Pompey.
+He was put to death by Augustus after the battle of Philippi (Suet.
+_Aug._ 13). He had a very biting tongue. See Plut. _Pomp._ 60.]
+
+[Footnote 638: Drusus was probably Livius Drusus, the father of Livia,
+wife of Augustus; he was accused by Lucretius of _prævaricatio_,
+"collusion."]
+
+[Footnote 639: This time for _ambitus_.]
+
+[Footnote 640: The _de Oratore_.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIX (Q FR III, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In the evening of the 10th of October Salvius started on board ship for
+Ostia with the things you wished sent to you from home. On that same day
+Memmius[641] gave Gabinius such a splendid warning in public meeting
+that Calidius couldn't say a word for him. To-morrow (which is strictly
+the day after to-morrow, for I am writing before daybreak) there is a
+trial before Cato for the selection of his prosecutor between Memmius,
+Tiberius Nero, and Gaius and Lucius, sons of M. Antonius. I think the
+result will be in favour of Memmius, though a strong case is being made
+out for Nero. In short, he is in a fairly tight fix, unless our friend
+Pompey, to the disgust of gods and men, upsets the whole concern. Let me
+give you a specimen of the fellow's impudence, and extract _something_
+amusing from the public disasters. Gabinius having given out wherever he
+came that he was demanding a triumph, and having suddenly, the
+excellent general! invaded the city of his enemies by night,[642] did
+not venture to enter the senate. Meanwhile, exactly on the tenth day, on
+which he was bound to report the number of the enemy and of his own
+soldiers who had been killed, he slunk into the house, which was very
+thinly attended. When he made as if to go out, he was stopped by the
+consuls. The _publicani_ were introduced. The fellow was assailed on
+every side, and my words stinging him more than all, he lost patience,
+and in a voice quivering with anger called me "Exile."
+Thereupon--Heavens! I never had such a compliment paid me in all my
+life!--the senate rose up to a man with a loud shout and made a menacing
+movement in his direction: the _publicani_ made an equal noise and a
+similar movement. In fine, they all behaved exactly as you would have
+done. It is the leading topic of conversation out of the house. However,
+I refrain from prosecuting, with difficulty, by Hercules! yet refrain I
+do: either because I don't want to quarrel with Pompey--the impending
+question of Milo is enough in that direction--or because we have no
+jurors worthy of the name. I fear a fiasco: besides, there is the
+ill-will of certain persons to me, and I am afraid my conducting the
+prosecution might give him some advantage: besides, I do not despair of
+the thing being done both without me and yet partly through my
+assistance. All the candidates for the consulships have had prosecutions
+for bribery lodged against them: Domitius Calvinus by Memmius (the
+tribune), Memmius (the candidate) by Q. Acutius, an excellent young man
+and a good lawyer, Messalla by Q. Pompeius, Scaurus by Triarius. The
+affair causes great commotion, because it is a plain alternative between
+shipwreck for the men concerned or for the laws. Pressure is being
+applied to prevent the trials taking place. It looks like an
+_interregnum_ again. The consuls desire to hold the _comitia_: the
+accused don't wish it, and especially Memmius, because he hopes that
+Cæsar's approach[643] may secure him the consulship. But he is at a
+very low ebb. Domitius, with Messalla as his colleague, I think is a
+certainty. Scaurus has lost his chance. Appius declares that he will
+relieve Lentulus even without a curiate law,[644] and, indeed, he
+distinguished himself amazingly that day (I almost forgot to mention it)
+in an attack upon Gabinius. He accused him of _lèse majesté_, and gave
+the names of his witnesses without Gabinius answering a word. That is
+all the public news. At home all is well: your house itself is being
+proceeded with by the contractors with fair expedition.
+
+[Footnote 641: C. Memmius, a tribune of this year, not the same as the
+C. Memmius Gemellus of the last letter.]
+
+[Footnote 642: Referring to the fact that Gabinius, on his arrival
+outside Rome, without the usual procession of friends which met a
+returning proconsul, skulked about till nightfall, not venturing to
+enter Rome (the city of his enemies!) in daylight. By entering Rome he
+gave up his _imperium_ and could no longer ask a triumph.]
+
+[Footnote 643: Cæsar was accustomed to come to North Italy (Gallia
+Cisalpina) for the winter to Ravenna or Luca, and there he could be
+communicated with and exercise great influence.]
+
+[Footnote 644: That is, he would go to his province of Cilicia on the
+strength of his nomination or allotment by the senate. There was some
+doubt as to the question whether such allotment did not give _imperium_
+even without a _lex curiata_. Besides, the consul had already
+_imperium_, and he might consider it to be uninterrupted if he left Rome
+immediately. However, as there was always an interval between the end of
+the consulship and the quitting Rome _paludatus_, the _lex curiata_ had
+generally been considered necessary (Cæs. _B. C._ i. 6). After B.C. 52
+the _lex Pompeia_ enacted a five years' interval, when, of course, a law
+would be necessary.]
+
+
+
+
+CL (Q FR III, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+The writing of an amanuensis must shew you the amount of my engagements.
+I assure you that no day passes without my appearing for the defence of
+some one. Accordingly, all composition or reflexion I reserve for the
+hour of my walk. So stands my business: matters at home, however, are
+everything I could wish. Our boys are well, diligent in their studies,
+and affectionate to me and each other. The decoration of both of our
+houses is still in hand: but your rural works at Arcanum and Laterium
+are now completed. For the rest, as to the water and the road, I went
+into the case thoroughly, in a certain letter of mine, without omitting
+anything. But, in truth, the anxiety which is now giving me great
+uneasiness and pain is that for a period of fifty days I have heard
+nothing from you or from Cæsar--nothing has found its way from those
+parts, either in the shape of a letter, or even of a rumour. Moreover,
+both the sea and land out there make me uneasy, and I never cease
+imagining, as one does when one's affections are deeply involved, all
+that I least desire. Wherefore I do not, indeed, for the present ask you
+to write me an account of yourself and your doings, for that you never
+omit doing when possible, but I wish you to know this--that I have
+scarcely ever been so anxious for anything as at the moment of writing I
+am for a letter from you. Now for what is going on in politics. One day
+after another for the _comitia_ is struck out by notices of bad omens,
+to the great satisfaction of all the loyalists: so great is the scandal
+in which the consuls are involved, owing to the suspicion of their
+having bargained for a bribe from the candidates. The four candidates
+for the consulship are all arraigned: their cases are difficult of
+defence, but I shall do my best to secure the safety of our friend
+Messalla--and that is inseparable from the acquittal of the others.
+Publius Sulla has accused Gabinius of bribery--his stepson Memmius, his
+cousin Cæcilius, and his son Sulla backing the indictment. L. Torquatus
+put in his claim to the conduct of the prosecution, and, to everybody's
+satisfaction, failed to establish it. You ask, "What will become of
+Gabinius?" We shall know in three days' time about the charge of _lèse
+majesté_. In that case he is at a disadvantage from the hatred
+entertained by all classes for him; witnesses against him as damaging as
+can be: accusers in the highest degree inefficient: the panel of jurors
+of varied character: the president a man of weight and decision--Alfius:
+Pompey active in soliciting the jurors on his behalf. What the result
+will be I don't know; I don't see, however, how he can maintain a
+position in the state. I shew no rancour in promoting his destruction,
+and await the result with the utmost good temper. That is nearly all the
+news. I will add this one item: your boy (who is mine also) is
+exceedingly devoted to his rhetoric master Pæonius, a man, I think, of
+great experience in his profession, and of very good character. But you
+are aware that my method of instruction aims at a somewhat more
+scholarly and philosophical style.[645] Accordingly I, for my part, am
+unwilling that his course of training should be interrupted, and the boy
+himself seems to be more drawn to that declamatory style, and to like it
+better; and as that was the style in which I was myself initiated, let
+us allow him to follow in my path, for I feel sure it will eventually
+bring him to the same point; nevertheless, if I take him with me
+somewhere in the country, I shall guide him to the adoption of my system
+and practice. For you have held out before me a great reward, which it
+certainly shall not be my fault if I fail to fully obtain. I hope you
+will write and tell me most carefully in what district you are going to
+pass the winter, and what your prospects are.
+
+[Footnote 645: [Greek: thetikôteron]. From [Greek: thesis], a
+philosophical proposition or thesis. In _Paradox. præf._ he uses [Greek:
+thetika] of subjects suited to such theses.]
+
+
+
+
+CLI (Q FR III, 4)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, 24 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Gabinius has been acquitted. Nothing could be more absolutely futile
+than his accuser, Lentulus, and the backers of the indictment, or more
+corrupt than the jury. Yet, after all, had it not been for incredible
+exertions and entreaties on Pompey's part, and even an alarming rumour
+of a dictatorship, he would not have been able to answer even Lentulus;
+for even as it was, with such an accuser and such a jury, he had
+thirty-two votes out of seventy recorded against him. This trial is
+altogether so scandalous, that he seems certain to be convicted in the
+other suits, especially in that for extortion. But you must see that the
+Republic, the senate, the law courts are mere cyphers, and that not one
+of us has any constitutional position at all. What else should I tell
+you about the jurors? Two men of prætorian rank were on the
+panel--Domitius Calvinus, who voted for acquittal so openly that
+everybody could see; and Cato, who, as soon as the voting tablets had
+been counted, withdrew from the ring of people, and was the first to
+tell Pompey the news. Some people--for instance, Sallust--say that I
+ought to have been the prosecuting counsel. Was I to have exposed myself
+to such a jury as this? What would have been my position, if he had
+escaped when I conducted the case? But there were other considerations
+which influenced me. Pompey would have looked upon it as a contest with
+me, not for that man's safety, but for his own position: he would have
+entered the city;[646] it would have become a downright quarrel; I
+should have seemed like a Pacideianus matched with the Samnite
+Æserninus[647]--he would, perhaps, have bitten off my ear,[648] and at
+least he would have become reconciled to Clodius. For my part,
+especially if you do not disapprove of it, I strongly approve my own
+policy. That great man, though his advancement had been promoted by
+unparalleled exertions on my part, and though I owed him nothing, while
+he owed me all, yet could not endure that I should differ from him in
+politics--to put it mildly--and, when in a less powerful position,
+shewed me what he could do against me when in my zenith. At this time of
+day, when I don't even care to be influential, and the Republic
+certainly has no power to do anything, while he is supreme in
+everything, was I to enter upon a contest with him? For that is what I
+should have had to have done. I do not think that you hold me bound to
+have undertaken it. "Then, as an alternative," says the grave Sallust,
+"you should have defended him, and have made that concession to Pompey's
+earnest wish, for he begged you very hard to do so." An ingenious friend
+is Sallust, to give me the alternative of a dangerous quarrel or undying
+infamy! I, however, am quite pleased with the middle course which I have
+steered; and another gratifying circumstance is that, when I had given
+my evidence with the utmost solemnity, in accordance with my honour and
+oath, the defendant said that, if he retained his right to remain in the
+city, he would repay me, and did not attempt to cross-question me.
+
+As to the verses which you wish me to compose, it is true that I am
+deficient in industry in regard to them, which requires not only time,
+but also a mind free from all anxiety, but I am also wanting in
+inspiration. For I am not altogether without anxiety as to the coming
+year, though without fear. At the same time, and, upon my word, I speak
+without irony, I consider you a greater master of that style of writing
+than myself. As to filling up your Greek library, effecting interchanges
+of books, and purchasing Latin books, I should be very glad that your
+wishes should be carried out, especially as they would be very useful to
+me. But I have no one to employ for myself in such a business: for such
+books as are really worth getting are not for sale, and purchases cannot
+be effected except by an agent who is both well-informed and active.
+However, I will give orders to Chrysippus and speak to Tyrannio. I will
+inquire what Scipio has done about the treasury. I will see that what
+seems to be the right thing is done. As to Ascanio, do what you like: I
+shall not interfere. As to a suburban property, I commend your not being
+in a hurry, but I advise your having one. I write this on the 24th of
+October, the day of the opening of the games, on the point of starting
+for my Tusculan villa, and taking my dear young Cicero with me as though
+to school (a school not for sport, but for learning), since I did not
+wish to be at any greater distance from town, because I purposed
+supporting Pomptinus's[649] claim of a triumph on the 3rd of November.
+For there will be, in fact, some little difficulty; as the prætors, Cato
+and Servilius,[650] threaten to forbid it, though I don't know what they
+can do. For he will have on his side Appius the consul, some prætors and
+tribunes. Still, they do threaten--and among the foremost Q. Scævola,
+"breathing war."[651] Most delightful and dearest of brothers, take good
+care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 646: Pompey was outside the _pomoerium_ (_ad Romam_) as
+having _imperium_.]
+
+[Footnote 647: Two gladiators, one incomparably superior to the other.]
+
+[Footnote 648: A proverbial expression, cp. "snapped my nose off."]
+
+[Footnote 649: C. Pomptinus, prætor in B.C. 63 (when he had supported
+Cicero), was afterwards employed against the Allobroges as proprætor of
+Narbonensis (B.C. 61). He had been, ever since leaving his province (?
+B.C. 58), urging his claim to a triumph. He obtained it now by the
+contrivance of the prætor Serv. Sulpicius Galba, who got a vote passed
+by the _comitia_ before daybreak, which was unconstitutional (Dio, 39,
+65).]
+
+[Footnote 650: P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul B.C. 48) was an
+admirer of Cato. See p. 112.]
+
+[Footnote 651: [Greek: Arê pneôn].]
+
+
+
+
+CLII (F I, 9)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+M. Cicero desires his warmest regards to P. Lentulus, _imperator_.[652]
+Your letter was very gratifying to me, from which I gathered that you
+fully appreciated my devotion to you: for why use the word kindness,
+when even the word "devotion" itself, with all its solemn and holy
+associations, seems too weak to express my obligations to you? As for
+your saying that my services to you are gratefully accepted, it is you
+who in your overflowing affection make things, which cannot be omitted
+without criminal negligence, appear deserving of even gratitude.
+However, my feelings towards you would have been much more fully known
+and conspicuous, if, during all this time that we have been separated,
+we had been together, and together at Rome. For precisely in what you
+declare your intention of doing--what no one is more capable of doing,
+and what I confidently look forward to from you--that is to say, in
+speaking in the senate, and in every department of public life and
+political activity, we should together have been in a very strong
+position (what my feelings and position are in regard to politics I will
+explain shortly, and will answer the questions you ask), and at any rate
+I should have found in you a supporter, at once most warmly attached and
+endowed with supreme wisdom, while in me you would have found an
+adviser, perhaps not the most unskilful in the world, and at least both
+faithful and devoted to your interests. However, for your own sake, of
+course, I rejoice, as I am bound to do, that you have been greeted with
+the title of _imperator_, and are holding your province and victorious
+army after a successful campaign. But certainly, if you had been here,
+you would have enjoyed to a fuller extent and more directly the benefit
+of the services which I am bound to render you. Moreover, in taking
+vengeance on those whom you know in some cases to be your enemies,
+because you championed the cause of my recall, in others to be jealous
+of the splendid position and renown which that measure brought you, I
+should have done you yeoman's service as your associate. However, that
+perpetual enemy of his own friends, who, in spite of having been
+honoured with the highest compliments on your part, has selected you of
+all people for the object of his impotent and enfeebled violence, has
+saved me the trouble by punishing himself. For he has made attempts, the
+disclosure of which has left him without a shred, not only of political
+position, but even of freedom of action.[653] And though I should have
+preferred that you should have gained your experience in my case alone,
+rather than in your own also, yet in the midst of my regret I am glad
+that you have learnt what the fidelity of mankind is worth, at no great
+cost to yourself, which I learnt at the price of excessive pain. And I
+think that I have now an opportunity presented me, while answering the
+questions you have addressed to me, of also explaining my entire
+position and view. You say in your letter that you have been informed
+that I have become reconciled to Cæsar and Appius, and you add that you
+have no fault to find with that. But you express a wish to know what
+induced me to defend and compliment Vatinius. In order to make my
+explanation plainer I must go a little farther back in the statement of
+my policy and its grounds.
+
+Well, Lentulus! At first--after the success of your efforts for my
+recall--I looked upon myself as having been restored not alone to my
+friends, but to the Republic also; and seeing that I owed you an
+affection almost surpassing belief, and every kind of service, however
+great and rare, that could be bestowed on your person, I thought that to
+the Republic, which had much assisted you in restoring me, I at least
+was bound to entertain the feeling which I had in old times shewed
+merely from the duty incumbent on all citizens alike, and not as an
+obligation incurred by some special kindness to myself. That these were
+my sentiments I declared to the senate when you were consul, and you had
+yourself a full view of them in our conversations and discussions. Yet
+from the very first my feelings were hurt by many circumstances, when,
+on your mooting the question of the full restoration of my position, I
+detected the covert hatred of some and the equivocal attachment of
+others. For you received no support from them either in regard to my
+monuments, or the illegal violence by which, in common with my brother,
+I had been driven from my house; nor, by heaven, did they shew the
+goodwill which I had expected in regard to those matters which, though
+necessary to me owing to the shipwreck of my fortune, were yet regarded
+by me as least valuable--I mean as to indemnifying me for my losses by
+decree of the senate. And though I saw all this--for it was not
+difficult to see--yet their present conduct did not affect me with so
+much bitterness as what they had done for me did with gratitude. And
+therefore, though according to your own assertion and testimony I was
+under very great obligation to Pompey, and though I loved him not only
+for his kindness, but also from my own feelings, and, so to speak, from
+my unbroken admiration of him, nevertheless, without taking any account
+of his wishes, I abode by all my old opinions in politics.[654] With
+Pompey sitting in court,[655] upon his having entered the city to give
+evidence in favour of Sestius, and when the witness Vatinius had
+asserted that, moved by the good fortune and success of Cæsar, I had
+begun to be his friend, I said that I preferred the fortune of Bibulus,
+which he thought a humiliation, to the triumphs and victories of
+everybody else; and I said during the examination of the same witness,
+in another part of my speech, that the same men had prevented Bibulus
+from leaving his house as had forced me from mine: my whole
+cross-examination, indeed, was nothing but a denunciation of his
+tribuneship;[656] and in it I spoke throughout with the greatest
+freedom and spirit about violence, neglect of omens, grants of royal
+titles. Nor, indeed, in the support of this view is it only of late that
+I have spoken: I have done so consistently on several occasions in the
+senate. Nay, even in the consulship of Marcellinus and Philippus,[657]
+on the 5th of April the senate voted on my motion that the question of
+the Campanian land should be referred to a full meeting of the senate on
+the 15th of May. Could I more decidedly invade the stronghold of his
+policy, or shew more clearly that I forgot my own present interests, and
+remembered my former political career? On my delivery of this proposal a
+great impression was made on the minds not only of those who were bound
+to have been impressed, but also of those of whom I had never expected
+it. For, after this decree had passed in accordance with my motion,
+Pompey, without shewing the least sign of being offended with me,
+started for Sardinia and Africa, and in the course of that journey
+visited Cæsar at Luca. There Cæsar complained a great deal about my
+motion, for he had already seen Crassus at Ravenna also, and had been
+irritated by him against me. It was well known that Pompey was much
+vexed at this, as I was told by others, but learnt most definitely from
+my brother. For when Pompey met him in Sardinia, a few days after
+leaving Luca, he said: "You are the very man I want to see; nothing
+could have happened more conveniently. Unless you speak very strongly to
+your brother Marcus, you will have to pay up what you guaranteed on his
+behalf."[658] I need not go on. He grumbled a great deal: mentioned his
+own services to me: recalled what he had again and again said to my
+brother himself about the "acts" of Cæsar, and what my brother had
+undertaken in regard to me; and called my brother himself to witness
+that what he had done in regard to my recall he had done with the
+consent of Cæsar: and asked him to commend to me the latter's policy and
+claims, that I should not attack, even if I would not or could not
+support them. My brother having conveyed these remarks to me, and
+Pompey having, nevertheless, sent Vibullius to me with a message,
+begging me not to commit myself on the question of the Campanian land
+till his return, I reconsidered my position and begged the state itself,
+as it were, to allow me, who had suffered and done so much for it, to
+fulfil the duty which gratitude to my benefactors and the pledge which
+my brother had given demanded, and to suffer one whom it had ever
+regarded as an honest citizen to shew himself an honest man. Moreover,
+in regard to all those motions and speeches of mine which appeared to be
+giving offence to Pompey, the remarks of a particular set of men, whose
+names you must surely guess, kept on being reported to me; who, while in
+public affairs they were really in sympathy with my policy, and had
+always been so, yet said that they were glad that Pompey was
+dissatisfied with me, and that Cæsar would be very greatly exasperated
+against me. This in itself was vexatious to me: but much more so was the
+fact that they used, before my very eyes, so to embrace, fondle, make
+much of, and kiss my enemy--mine do I say? rather the enemy of the laws,
+of the law courts, of peace, of his country, of all loyal men!--that
+they did not indeed rouse my bile, for I have utterly lost all that, but
+imagined they did. In these circumstances, having, as far as is possible
+for human prudence, thoroughly examined my whole position, and having
+balanced the items of the account, I arrived at a final result of all my
+reflexions, which, as well as I can, I will now briefly put before you.
+
+If I had seen the Republic in the hands of bad or profligate citizens,
+as we know happened during the supremacy of Cinna, and on some other
+occasions, I should not under the pressure, I don't say of rewards,
+which are the last things to influence me, but even of danger, by which,
+after all, the bravest men are moved, have attached myself to their
+party, not even if their services to me had been of the very highest
+kind. As it is, seeing that the leading statesman in the Republic was
+Pompey, a man who had gained this power and renown by the most eminent
+services to the state and the most glorious achievements, and one of
+whose position I had been a supporter from my youth up, and in my
+prætorship and consulship an active promoter also, and seeing that this
+same statesman had assisted me, in his own person by the weight of his
+influence and the expression of his opinion, and, in conjunction with
+you, by his counsels and zeal, and that he regarded my enemy as his own
+supreme enemy in the state--I did not think that I need fear the
+reproach of inconsistency, if in some of my senatorial votes I somewhat
+changed my standpoint, and contributed my zeal to the promotion of the
+dignity of a most distinguished man, and one to whom I am under the
+highest obligations. In this sentiment I had necessarily to include
+Cæsar, as you see, for their policy and position were inseparably
+united. Here I was greatly influenced by two things--the old friendship
+which you know that I and my brother Quintus have had with Cæsar, and
+his own kindness and liberality, of which we have recently had clear and
+unmistakable evidence both by his letters and his personal attentions. I
+was also strongly affected by the Republic itself, which appeared to me
+to demand, especially considering Cæsar's brilliant successes, that
+there should be no quarrel maintained with these men, and indeed to
+forbid it in the strongest manner possible. Moreover, while entertaining
+these feelings, I was above all shaken by the pledge which Pompey had
+given for me to Cæsar, and my brother to Pompey. Besides, I was forced
+to take into consideration the state maxim so divinely expressed by our
+master Plato--"Such as are the chief men in a republic, such are ever
+wont to be the other citizens." I called to mind that in my consulship,
+from the very 1st of January, such a foundation was laid of
+encouragement for the senate, that no one ought to have been surprised
+that on the 5th of December there was so much spirit and such commanding
+influence in that house. I also remember that when I became a private
+citizen up to the consulship of Cæsar and Bibulus, when the opinions
+expressed by me had great weight in the senate, the feeling among all
+the loyalists was invariable. Afterwards, while you were holding the
+province of hither Spain with _imperium_ and the Republic had no genuine
+consuls, but mere hucksters of provinces, mere slaves and agents of
+sedition, an accident threw my head as an apple of discord into the
+midst of contending factions and civil broils. And in that hour of
+danger, though a unanimity was displayed on the part of the senate that
+was surprising, on the part of all Italy surpassing belief, and of all
+the loyalists unparalleled, in standing forth in my defence, I will not
+say what happened--for the blame attaches to many, and is of various
+shades of turpitude--I will only say briefly that it was not the rank
+and file, but the leaders, that played me false. And in this matter,
+though some blame does attach to those who failed to defend me, no less
+attaches to those who abandoned me: and if those who were frightened
+deserve reproach, if there are such, still more are those to be blamed
+who pretended to be frightened. At any rate, my policy is justly to be
+praised for refusing to allow my fellow citizens (preserved by me and
+ardently desiring to preserve me) to be exposed while bereft of leaders
+to armed slaves, and for preferring that it should be made manifest how
+much force there might be in the unanimity of the loyalists, if they had
+been permitted to champion my cause before I had fallen, when after that
+fall they had proved strong enough to raise me up again. And the real
+feelings of these men you not only had the penetration to see, when
+bringing forward my case, but the power to encourage and keep alive. In
+promoting which measure--I will not merely not deny, but shall always
+remember also and gladly proclaim it--you found certain men of the
+highest rank more courageous in securing my restoration than they had
+been in preserving me from my fall: and, if they had chosen to maintain
+that frame of mind, they would have recovered their own commanding
+position along with my salvation. For when the spirit of the loyalists
+had been renewed by your consulship, and they had been roused from their
+dismay by the extreme firmness and rectitude of your official conduct;
+when, above all, Pompey's support had been secured; and when Cæsar, too,
+with all the prestige of his brilliant achievements, after being
+honoured with unique and unprecedented marks of distinction and
+compliments by the senate, was now supporting the dignity of the house,
+there could have been no opportunity for a disloyal citizen of outraging
+the Republic.
+
+But now notice, I beg, what actually ensued. First of all, that intruder
+upon the women's rites, who had shewn no more respect for the Bona Dea
+than for his three sisters, secured immunity by the votes of those men
+who, when a tribune wished by a legal action to exact penalties from a
+seditious citizen by the agency of the loyalists, deprived the Republic
+of what would have been hereafter a most splendid precedent for the
+punishment of sedition. And these same persons, in the case of the
+monument, which was not mine, indeed--for it was not erected from the
+proceeds of spoils won by me, and I had nothing to do with it beyond
+giving out the contract for its construction--well, they allowed this
+monument of the senate's to have branded upon it the name of a public
+enemy, and an inscription written in blood. That those men wished my
+safety rouses my liveliest gratitude, but I could have wished that they
+had not chosen to take my bare safety into consideration, like doctors,
+but, like trainers, my strength and complexion also! As it is, just as
+Apelles perfected the head and bust of his Venus with the most elaborate
+art, but left the rest of her body in the rough, so certain persons only
+took pains with my head, and left the rest of my body unfinished and
+unworked. Yet in this matter I have falsified the expectation, not only
+of the jealous, but also of the downright hostile, who formerly
+conceived a wrong opinion from the case of Quintus Metellus, son of
+Lucius--the most energetic and gallant man in the world, and in my
+opinion of surpassing courage and firmness--who, people say, was much
+cast down and dispirited after his return from exile.[659] Now, in the
+first place, we are asked to believe that a man who accepted exile with
+entire willingness and remarkable cheerfulness, and never took any pains
+at all to get recalled, was crushed in spirit about an affair in which
+he had shewn more firmness and constancy than anyone else, even than the
+pre-eminent M. Scaurus himself![660] But, again, the account they had
+received, or rather the conjectures they were indulging in about him,
+they now transferred to me, imagining that I should be more than usually
+broken in spirit: whereas, in fact, the Republic was inspiring me with
+even greater courage than I had ever had before, by making it plain
+that I was the one citizen it could not do without; and by the fact that
+while a bill proposed by only one tribune had recalled Metellus, the
+whole state had joined as one man in recalling me--the senate leading
+the way, the whole of Italy following after, eight of the tribunes
+publishing the bill, a consul putting the question at the centuriate
+assembly, all orders and individuals pressing it on, in fact, with all
+the forces at its command. Nor is it the case that I afterwards made any
+pretension, or am making any at this day, which can justly offend
+anyone, even the most malevolent: my only effort is that I may not fail
+either my friends or those more remotely connected with me in either
+active service, or counsel, or personal exertion. This course of life
+perhaps offends those who fix their eyes on the glitter and show of my
+professional position, but are unable to appreciate its anxieties and
+laboriousness.
+
+Again, they make no concealment of their dissatisfaction on the ground
+that in the speeches which I make in the senate in praise of Cæsar I am
+departing from my old policy. But while giving explanations on the
+points which I put before you a short time ago, I will not keep till the
+last the following, which I have already touched upon. You will not
+find, my dear Lentulus, the sentiments of the loyalists the same as you
+left them--strengthened by my consulship, suffering relapse at intervals
+afterwards, crushed down before your consulship, revived by you: they
+have now been abandoned by those whose duty it was to have maintained
+them: and this fact they, who in the old state of things as it existed
+in our day used to be called _Optimates_, not only declare by look and
+expression of countenance, by which a false pretence is easiest
+supported, but have proved again and again by their actual sympathies
+and votes. Accordingly, the entire view and aim of wise citizens, such
+as I wish both to be and to be reckoned, must needs have undergone a
+change. For that is the maxim of that same great Plato, whom I
+emphatically regard as my master: "Maintain a political controversy only
+so far as you can convince your fellow citizens of its justice: never
+offer violence to parent or fatherland."[661] He, it is true, alleges
+this as his motive for having abstained from politics, because, having
+found the Athenian people all but in its dotage, and seeing that it
+could not be ruled by persuasion, or by anything short of compulsion,
+while he doubted the possibility of persuasion, he looked upon
+compulsion as criminal. My position was different in this: as the people
+was not in its dotage, nor the question of engaging in politics still an
+open one for me, I was bound hand and foot. Yet I rejoiced that I was
+permitted in one and the same cause to support a policy at once
+advantageous to myself and acceptable to every loyalist. An additional
+motive was Cæsar's memorable and almost superhuman kindness to myself
+and my brother, who thus would have deserved my support whatever he
+undertook; while as it is, considering his great success and his
+brilliant victories, he would seem, even if he had not behaved to me as
+he has, to claim a panegyric from me. For I would have you believe that,
+putting you aside, who were the authors of my recall, there is no one by
+whose good offices I would not only confess, but would even rejoice, to
+have been so much bound.
+
+Having explained this matter to you, the questions you ask about
+Vatinius and Crassus are easy to answer. For, since you remark about
+Appius, as about Cæsar, "that you have no fault to find," I can only say
+that I am glad you approve my policy. But as to Vatinius, in the first
+place there had been in the interval a reconciliation effected through
+Pompey, immediately after his election to the prætorship, though I had,
+it is true, impugned his canditature in some very strong speeches in the
+senate, and yet not so much for the sake of attacking him as of
+defending and complimenting Cato. Again, later on, there followed a very
+pressing request from Cæsar that I should undertake his defence. But my
+reason for testifying to his character I beg you will not ask, either in
+the case of this defendant or of others, lest I retaliate by asking you
+the same question when you come home: though I can do so even before you
+return: for remember for whom you sent a certificate of character from
+the ends of the earth. However, don't be afraid, for those same persons
+are praised by myself, and will continue to be so. Yet, after all, there
+was also the motive spurring me on to undertake his defence, of which,
+during the trial, when I appeared for him, I remarked that I was doing
+just what the parasite in the _Eunuchus_ advised the captain to do:
+
+    "As oft as she names Phædria, you retort
+    With Pamphila. If ever she suggest,
+    'Do let us have in Phædria to our revel:'
+    Quoth you, 'And let us call on Pamphila
+    To sing a song.' If she shall praise _his_ looks,
+    Do you praise _hers_ to match them: and, in fine,
+    Give tit for tat, that you may sting her soul."
+
+So I asked the jurors, since certain men of high rank, who had also done
+me very great favours, were much enamoured of my enemy, and often under
+my very eyes in the senate now took him aside in grave consultation, now
+embraced him familiarly and cheerfully--since these men had their
+Publius, to grant me another Publius, in whose person I might repay a
+slight attack by a moderate retort.[662] And, indeed, I am often as good
+as my word, with the applause of gods and men. So much for Vatinius. Now
+about Crassus. I thought I had done much to secure his gratitude in
+having, for the sake of the general harmony, wiped out by a kind of
+voluntary act of oblivion all his very serious injuries, when he
+suddenly undertook the defence of Gabinius, whom only a few days before
+he had attacked with the greatest bitterness. Nevertheless, I should
+have borne that, if he had done so without casting any offensive
+reflexions on me. But on his attacking me, though I was only arguing and
+not inveighing against him, I fired up not only, I think, with the
+passion of the moment--for that perhaps would not have been so hot--but
+the smothered wrath at his many wrongs to me, of which I thought I had
+wholly got rid, having, unconsciously to myself, lingered in my soul, it
+suddenly shewed itself in full force. And it was at this precise time
+that certain persons (the same whom I frequently indicate by a sign or
+hint), while declaring that they had much enjoyed my outspoken style,
+and had never before fully realized that I was restored to the Republic
+in all my old character, and when my conduct of that controversy had
+gained me much credit outside the house also, began saying that they
+were glad both that he was now my enemy, and that those who were
+involved with him would never be my friends. So when their ill-natured
+remarks were reported to me by men of most respectable character, and
+when Pompey pressed me as he had never done before to be reconciled to
+Crassus, and Cæsar wrote to say that he was exceedingly grieved at that
+quarrel, I took into consideration not only my circumstances, but my
+natural inclination: and Crassus, that our reconciliation might, as it
+were, be attested to the Roman people, started for his province, it
+might almost be said, from my hearth. For he himself named a day and
+dined with me in the suburban villa of my son-in-law Crassipes. On this
+account, as you say that you have been told, I supported his cause in
+the senate, which I had undertaken on Pompey's strong recommendation, as
+I was bound in honour to do.
+
+I have now told you with what motives I have supported each measure and
+cause, and what my position is in politics as far as I take any part in
+them: and I would wish you to make sure of this--that I should have
+entertained the same sentiments, if I had been still perfectly
+uncommitted and free to choose. For I should not have thought it right
+to fight against such overwhelming power, nor to destroy the supremacy
+of the most distinguished citizens, even if it had been possible; nor,
+again, should I have thought myself bound to abide by the same view,
+when circumstances were changed and the feelings of the loyalists
+altered, but rather to bow to circumstances. For the persistence in the
+same view has never been regarded as a merit in men eminent for their
+guidance of the helm of state; but as in steering a ship one secret of
+the art is to run before the storm, even if you cannot make the harbour;
+yet, when you can do so by tacking about, it is folly to keep to the
+course you have begun rather than by changing it to arrive all the same
+at the destination you desire: so while we all ought in the
+administration of the state to keep always in view the object I have
+very frequently mentioned, peace combined with dignity, we are not bound
+always to use the same language, but to fix our eyes on the same object.
+Wherefore, as I laid down a little while ago, if I had had as free a
+hand as possible in everything, I should yet have been no other than I
+now am in politics. When, moreover, I am at once induced to adopt these
+sentiments by the kindness of certain persons, and driven to do so by
+the injuries of others, I am quite content to think and speak about
+public affairs as I conceive best conduces to the interests both of
+myself and of the Republic. Moreover, I make this declaration the more
+openly and frequently, both because my brother Quintus is Cæsar's
+legate, and because no word of mine, however trivial, to say nothing of
+any act, in support of Cæsar has ever transpired, which he has not
+received with such marked gratitude, as to make me look upon myself as
+closely bound to him. Accordingly, I have the advantage of his
+popularity, which you know to be very great, and his material resources,
+which you know to be immense, as though they were my own. Nor do I think
+that I could in any other way have frustrated the plots of unprincipled
+persons against me, unless I had now combined with those protections,
+which I have always possessed, the goodwill also of the men in power. I
+should, to the best of my belief, have followed this same line of policy
+even if I had had you here. For I well know the reasonableness and
+soberness of your judgment: I know your mind, while warmly attached to
+me, to be without a tinge of malevolence to others, but on the contrary
+as open and candid as it is great and lofty. I have seen certain persons
+conduct themselves towards you as you might have seen the same persons
+conduct themselves towards me. The same things that have annoyed me
+would certainly have annoyed you. But whenever I shall have the
+enjoyment of your presence, you will be the wise critic of all my plans:
+you who took thought for my safety will also do so for my dignity. Me,
+indeed, you will have as the partner and associate in all your actions,
+sentiments, wishes--in fact, in everything; nor shall I ever in all my
+life have any purpose so steadfastly before me, as that you should
+rejoice more and more warmly every day that you did me such eminent
+service.
+
+As to your request that I would send you any books I have written since
+your departure, there are some speeches, which I will give Menocritus,
+not so very many, so don't be afraid! I have also written--for I am now
+rather withdrawing from oratory and returning to the gentler Muses,
+which now give me greater delight than any others, as they have done
+since my earliest youth--well, then, I have written in the Aristotelian
+style, at least that was my aim, three books in the form of a discussion
+in dialogue "On the Orator," which, I think, will be of some service to
+your Lentulus. For they differ a good deal from the current maxims, and
+embrace a discussion on the whole oratorical theory of the ancients,
+both that of Aristotle and Isocrates. I have also written in verse three
+books "On my own Times," which I should have sent you some time ago, if
+I had thought they ought to be published--for they are witnesses, and
+will be eternal witnesses, of your services to me and of my
+affection--but I refrained because I was afraid, not of those who might
+think themselves attacked, for I have been very sparing and gentle in
+that respect, but of my benefactors, of whom it were an endless task to
+mention the whole list. Nevertheless, the books, such as they are, if I
+find anyone to whom I can safely commit them, I will take care to have
+conveyed to you: and as far as that part of my life and conduct is
+concerned, I submit it entirely to your judgment. All that I shall
+succeed in accomplishing in literature or in learning--my old favourite
+relaxations--I shall with the utmost cheerfulness place before the bar
+of your criticism, for you have always had a fondness for such things.
+As to what you say in your letter about your domestic affairs, and all
+you charge me to do, I am so attentive to them that I don't like being
+reminded, can scarcely bear, indeed, to be asked without a very painful
+feeling. As to your saying, in regard to Quintus's business, that you
+could not do anything last summer, because you were prevented by illness
+from crossing to Cilicia, but that you will now do everything in your
+power to settle it, I may tell you that the fact of the matter is that,
+if he can annex this property, my brother thinks that he will owe to you
+the consolidation of this ancestral estate. I should like you to write
+about all your affairs, and about the studies and training of your son
+Lentulus (whom I regard as mine also) as confidentially and as
+frequently as possible, and to believe that there never has been anyone
+either dearer or more congenial to another than you are to me, and that
+I will not only make you feel that to be the case, but will make all the
+world and posterity itself to the latest generation aware of it.
+
+Appius used some time back to repeat in conversation, and afterwards
+said openly, even in the senate, that if he were allowed to carry a law
+in the _comitia curiata_, he would draw lots with his colleague for
+their provinces; but if no curiatian law were passed, he would make an
+arrangement with his colleague and succeed you: that a curiatian law was
+a proper thing for a consul, but was not a necessity: that since he was
+in possession of a province by a decree of the senate, he should have
+_imperium_ in virtue of the Cornelian law until such time as he entered
+the city. I don't know what your several connexions write to you on the
+subject: I understand that opinion varies. There are some who think that
+you can legally refuse to quit your province, because your successor is
+named without a curiatian law: some also hold that, even if you do quit
+it, you may leave some one behind you to conduct its government. For
+myself, I do not feel so certain about the point of law--although there
+is not much doubt even about that--as I do of this, that it is for your
+greatest honour, dignity, and independence, which I know you always
+value above everything, to hand over your province to a successor
+without any delay, especially as you cannot thwart his greediness
+without rousing suspicion of your own. I regard my duty as twofold--to
+let you know what I think, and to defend what you have done.
+
+P.S.--I had written the above when I received your letter about the
+_publicani_, to whom I could not but admire the justice of your conduct.
+I could have wished that you had been able by some lucky chance to avoid
+running counter to the interests and wishes of that order, whose honour
+you have always promoted. For my part, I shall not cease to defend your
+decrees: but you know the ways of that class of men; you are aware how
+bitterly hostile they were to the famous Q. Scævola himself. However, I
+advise you to reconcile that order to yourself, or at least soften its
+feelings, if you can by any means do so. Though difficult, I think it
+is, nevertheless, not beyond the reach of your sagacity.
+
+[Footnote 652: Cicero gives him this title, by which he had been greeted
+by his soldiers after some victory over the predatory tribes in Cilicia.
+This letter is Cicero's most elaborate apology for his change of policy
+in favour of the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 653: Cicero has been variously supposed to refer to C. Cato
+(who proposed the recall of Lentulus), to Appius the consul, and finally
+to Pompey. The last seems on the whole most likely, though the
+explanation is not without difficulties. In that case the "disclosure"
+will refer to Pompey's intrigues as to the restoration of Ptolemy
+Auletes, of which he wished to have the management.]
+
+[Footnote 654: _I.e._, to keep in with the Optimates, who were at this
+time suspicious of, and hostile to Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 655: At the trial of Sestius.]
+
+[Footnote 656: B.C. 59, when Vatinius proposed the law for Cæsar's five
+years' rule in Gaul.]
+
+[Footnote 657: B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 658: Pompey is only speaking metaphorically. Quintus had
+guaranteed Cicero's support. Pompey half-jestingly speaks as though he
+had gone bail for him for a sum of money.]
+
+[Footnote 659: Q. Cæcilius Metellus Numidius, expelled from the senate
+and banished B.C. 100 for refusing the oath to the agrarian law of
+Saturninus, but recalled in the following year. Cicero is fond of
+comparing himself with him. See Letter CXLVII.]
+
+[Footnote 660: M. Æmilius Scaurus, consul B.C. 115 and 108, censor 109,
+and long _princeps senatus_. Cicero comments elsewhere on his
+_severitas_ (_de Off._ § 108).]
+
+[Footnote 661: Plato, _Crit._ xii.]
+
+[Footnote 662: Like the character in the play (Terence, _Eun._ 440), if
+the nobles annoyed Cicero by their attentions to P. Clodius, he would
+annoy them by his compliments to Publius Vatinius.]
+
+
+
+
+CLIII (A IV, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME, OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+... As it is,[663] to tell you my opinion of affairs, we must put up
+with it. You ask me how I have behaved. With firmness and dignity. "What
+about Pompey," you will say, "how did he take it?" With great
+consideration, and with the conviction that he must have some regard for
+my position, until a satisfactory atonement had been made to me. "How,
+then," you will say, "was the acquittal secured?" It was a case of mere
+dummies,[664] and incredible incompetence on the part of the
+accusers--that is to say, of L. Lentulus, son of Lucius, who, according
+to the universal murmur, acted collusively. In the next place, Pompey
+was extraordinarily urgent; and the jurors were a mean set of fellows.
+Yet, in spite of everything, there were thirty-two votes for conviction,
+thirty-eight for acquittal. There are the other prosecutions hanging
+over his head: he is by no means entirely free yet. You will say, "Well,
+then, how do _you_ bear it?" With the best air possible, by heaven! and
+I really do plume myself on my behaviour. We have lost, my dear
+Pomponius, not only all the healthy sap and blood of our old
+constitution, but even its colour and outward show. There is no Republic
+to give a moment's pleasure or a feeling of security. "And is that,
+then," you will say, "a satisfaction to you?" Precisely that. For I
+recall what a fair course the state had for a short time, while I was at
+the helm, and what a return has been made me! It does not give me a pang
+that one man absorbs all power. The men to burst with envy are those who
+were indignant at my having had some power. There are many things which
+console me, without my departing an inch from my regular position; and I
+am returning to the life best suited to my natural disposition--to
+letters and the studies that I love. My labour in pleading I console by
+my delight in oratory. I find delight in my town house and my country
+residences. I do not recall the height from which I have fallen, but the
+humble position from which I have risen. As long as I have my brother
+and you with me, let those fellows be hanged, drawn, and quartered for
+all I care: I can play the philosopher with you. That part of my soul,
+in which in old times irritability had its home, has grown completely
+callous. I find no pleasure in anything that is not private and
+domestic. You will find me in a state of magnificent repose, to which
+nothing contributes more than the prospect of your return. For there is
+no one in the wide world whose feelings are so much in sympathy with my
+own. But now let me tell you the rest. Matters are drifting on to an
+_interregnum_; and there is a dictatorship in the air, in fact a good
+deal of talk about it, which did Gabinius also some service with timid
+jurors. All the candidates for the consulship are charged with bribery.
+You may add to them Gabinius, on whom L. Sulla had served notice,
+feeling certain that he was in a hopeless position--Torquatus having,
+without success, demanded to have the prosecution. But they will all be
+acquitted, and henceforth no one will be condemned for anything except
+homicide. This last charge is warmly pressed, and accordingly informers
+are busy. M. Fulvius Nobilior has been convicted. Many others have had
+the wit to abstain from even putting in an appearance. Is there any more
+news? Yes! After Gabinius's acquittal another panel of jurors, in a fit
+of irritation, an hour later condemned Antiochus Gabinius, some fellow
+from the studio of Sopolis, a freedman and orderly officer of Gabinius,
+under the _lex Papia_. Consequently he at once remarked, "So the
+Republic will not acquit me under the law of treason as it did
+you!"[665]
+
+Pomptinus wants to celebrate a triumph on the 2nd of November. He is
+openly opposed by the prætors Cato and Servilius and the tribune Q.
+Mucius. For they say that no law for his _imperium_ was ever
+carried:[666] and this one too was carried, by heaven, in a stupid way.
+But Pomptinus will have the consul Appius on his side.[667] Cato,
+however, declares that he shall never triumph so long as he is alive. I
+think this affair, like many of the same sort, will come to nothing.
+Appius thinks of going to Cilicia without a law, and at his own
+expense.[668] I received a letter on the 24th of October from my brother
+and from Cæsar, dated from the nearest coasts of Britain on the 26th of
+September. Britain done with ... hostages taken ... no booty ... a
+tribute, however, imposed; they were on the point of bringing back the
+army. Q. Pilius has just set out to join Cæsar. If you have any love for
+me or your family, or any truth in you, or even if you have any taste
+left, and any idea of enjoying all your blessings, it is really time for
+you to be on your way home, and, in fact, almost here. I vow I cannot
+get on without you. And what wonder that I can't get on without _you_,
+when I miss Dionysius so much? The latter, in fact, as soon as the day
+comes, both I and my young Cicero will demand of you. The last letter I
+had from you was dated Ephesus, 9th of August.
+
+[Footnote 663: The beginning of the letter is lost, referring to the
+acquittal of Gabinius on a charge of _maiestas_.]
+
+[Footnote 664: [Greek: gorgeia gymna], "mere bugbears."]
+
+[Footnote 665: Antiochus Gabinius was tried, not for treason
+(_maiestas_), but under the _lex Papia_, for having, though a
+_peregrinus_, acted as a citizen; but he says "will not acquit me of
+_treason_," because he means to infer that his condemnation was really
+in place of Gabinius, whose acquittal had irritated his jury; therefore
+he was practically convicted of _maiestas_ instead of his patron
+Gabinius. I have, accordingly, ventured to elicit the end of a hexameter
+from the Greek letters of the MS., of which no satisfactory account has
+been given, and to read _Itaque dixit statim "respublica lege
+maiestatis_ [Greek: ou soi ken ar' isa m' apheiê] (or [Greek: aphiê])."
+The quotation is not known. Antiochus Gabinius was doubtless of Greek
+origin and naturally quoted Greek poetry. Sopolis was a Greek painter
+living at Rome (Pliny, _N. H._ xxxv. §§ 40, 43).]
+
+[Footnote 666: Pomptinus had been waiting outside Rome for some years to
+get his triumph (see p. 309). The _negant latum de imperio_ must refer
+to a _lex curiata_ originally conferring his _imperium_, which his
+opponents alleged had not been passed. The _insulse latum_ refers to the
+law now passed granting him the triumph in spite of this. This latter
+was passed by the old trick of the prætor appearing in the _campus_
+before daybreak to prevent _obnuntiatio_. The result was that the
+tribunes interrupted the procession, which led to fighting and bloodshed
+(Dio, 39, 65).]
+
+[Footnote 667: Because he wanted to go to his province himself in spite
+of having failed to get a _lex curiata_ (p. 324).]
+
+[Footnote 668: _I.e._, without waiting for the senate to vote the usual
+outfit (_ornare provinciam_).]
+
+
+
+
+CLIV (Q FR III, 5-6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+TUSCULUM (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+You ask me what I have done about the books which I begun to write when
+in my Cuman villa: I have not been idle and am not being idle now; but I
+have frequently changed the whole plan and arrangement of the work. I
+had already completed two books, in which I represented a conversation
+taking place on the Novendialia held in the consulship of Tuditanus and
+Aquilius,[669] between Africanus, shortly before his death, and Lælius,
+Philus, Manilius, P. Rutilius, Q. Tubero, and Lælius's sons-in-law,
+Fannius and Scævola; a conversation which was extended to nine days and
+the same number of books "On the best Constitution of the State" and "On
+the best Citizen." The work was excellently composed, and the rank of
+the speakers added considerable weight to the style. But when these
+books were read to me in the presence of Sallustius at Tusculum, it was
+suggested to me by him that a discourse on such subjects would come with
+much greater force if I were myself the speaker on the Republic,
+especially as I was a no mere Heraclides Ponticus,[670] but an
+ex-consul, and one who had been engaged in the most important affairs in
+the state: that when I put them in the mouth of men of such ancient date
+they would have an air of unreality: that I had shewn good taste in my
+books about the science of rhetoric in keeping the dialogue of the
+orators apart from myself, and yet had attributed it to men whom I had
+personally seen: and, finally, that Aristotle delivers in the first
+person his essays "On the Republic" and "On the Eminent Man." I was
+influenced the more by this from the fact that I was unable to touch on
+the most important commotions in our state, because they were subsequent
+to the age of the speakers. Moreover, my express object then was not to
+offend anyone by launching into the events of my own time: as it is, I
+shall avoid that and at the same time be the speaker with you.
+Nevertheless, when I come to Rome I will send you the dialogues as they
+originally stood. For I fancy that those books will convince you that
+they have not been abandoned by me without some chagrin.
+
+I am extremely gratified by Cæsar's affection of which you write to me.
+The offers which he holds out I do not much reckon on, nor have I any
+thirst for honours or longing for glory; and I look forward more to the
+continuation of his kindness than to the fulfilment of his promises.
+Still, I live a life so prominent and laborious that I might seem to be
+expecting the very thing that I deprecate. As to your request that I
+should compose some verses, you could hardly believe, my dear brother,
+how short of time I am: nor do I feel much moved in spirit to write
+poetry on the subject you mention. Do you really come to me for
+disquisitions on things that I can scarcely conceive even in
+imagination--you who have distanced everybody in that style of vivid and
+descriptive writing? Yet I would have done it if I could, but, as you
+will assuredly not fail to notice, for writing poetry there is need of a
+certain freshness of mind of which my occupations entirely deprive me. I
+withdraw myself, it is true, from all political anxiety and devote
+myself to literature; still, I will hint to you what, by heaven, I
+specially wished to have concealed from you. It cuts me to the heart, my
+dearest brother, to the heart, to think that there is no Republic, no
+law courts, and that my present time of life, which ought to have been
+in the full bloom of senatorial dignity, is distracted with the labours
+of the forum or eked out by private studies, and that the object on
+which from boyhood I had set my heart,
+
+    "Far to excel, and tower above the crowd,"[671]
+
+is entirely gone: that my opponents have in some cases been left
+unattacked by me, in others even defended: that not only my sympathies,
+but my very dislikes, are not free: and that Cæsar is the one man in the
+world who has been found to love me to my heart's content, or even, as
+others think, the only one who was inclined to do so. However, there is
+none of all these vexations of such a kind as to be beyond the reach of
+many daily consolations; but the greatest of consolations will be our
+being together. As it is, to those other sources of vexation there is
+added my very deep regret for your absence. If I had defended Gabinius,
+which Pansa thought I ought to have done, I should have been quite
+ruined: those who hate him--and that is entire orders--would have begun
+to hate me for the sake of their hatred for him. I confined myself, as I
+think with great dignity, to doing only that which all the world saw me
+do. And to sum up the whole case, I am, as you advise, devoting all my
+efforts to tranquillity and peace. As to the books: Tyrannio is a
+slow-coach: I will speak to Chrysippus, but it is a laborious business
+and requires a man of the utmost industry. I find it in my own case,
+for, though I am as diligent as possible, I get nothing done. As to the
+Latin books, I don't know which way to turn--they are copied and exposed
+for sale with such a quantity of errors! However, whatever can possibly
+be done I will not neglect to do. Gaius Rebilus, as I wrote to you
+before, is at Rome. He solemnly affirms his great obligations to you,
+and reports well of your health.[672] I think the question of the
+treasury was settled in my absence. When you speak of having finished
+four tragedies in sixteen days, I presume you are borrowing from some
+one else? And do _you_ deign to be indebted to others after writing the
+_Electra_, and the _Troades_? Don't be idle; and don't think the
+proverbial [Greek: gnôthi seauton] was only meant to discourage vanity:
+it means also that we should be aware of our own qualities. But pray
+send me these tragedies as well as the _Erigona_. I have now answered
+your last two letters.
+
+[Footnote 669: B.C. 129. The _Novendialia_ was a nine days' festival on
+the occasion of some special evil omens or prodigies; for an instance
+(in B.C. 202), see Livy, 30, 38. The book referred to is that "On the
+Republic."]
+
+[Footnote 670: _I.e._, a mere theorist like Heraclides Ponticus, a pupil
+of Plato's, whose work "On Constitutions" still exists.]
+
+[Footnote 671: Hom. _Il._ vi. 208.]
+
+[Footnote 672: Reading _qui omnia adiurat debere tibi et te valere
+renuntiat_. The text, however, is corrupt.]
+
+
+
+
+CLV (Q FR III, 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+TUSCULUM (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+At Rome, and especially on the Appian road as far as the temple of Mars,
+there is a remarkable flood. The promenade of Crassipes has been washed
+away, pleasure grounds, a great number of shops. There is a great sheet
+of water right up to the public fish-pond. That doctrine of Homer's is
+in full play:
+
+    "The days in autumn when in violent flood
+    Zeus pours his waters, wroth at sinful men"--
+
+for it falls in with the acquittal of Gabinius--
+
+    "Who wrench the law to suit their crooked ends
+    And drive out justice, recking naught of Gods."[673]
+
+But I have made up my mind not to care about such things. When I get
+back to Rome I will write and tell you my observations, and especially
+about the dictatorship, and I will also send a letter to Labienus and
+one to Ligurius. I write this before daybreak by the carved wood
+lamp-stand, in which I take great delight, because they tell me that you
+had it made when you were at Samos. Good-bye, dearest and best of
+brothers.
+
+[Footnote 673: Hom. _Il._ xvi. 385.]
+
+
+
+
+CLVI (F VII, 16)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In the "Trojan Horse," just at the end, you remember the words, "Too
+late they learn wisdom."[674] You, however, old man, were wise in time.
+Those first snappy letters of yours were foolish enough, and then----! I
+don't at all blame you for not being over-curious in regard to Britain.
+For the present, however, you seem to be in winter quarters somewhat
+short of warm clothing, and therefore not caring to stir out:
+
+    "Not here and there, but everywhere,
+    Be wise and ware:
+    No sharper steel can warrior bear."
+
+If I had been by way of dining out, I would not have failed your friend
+Cn. Octavius; to whom, however, I did remark upon his repeated
+invitations, "Pray, who are you?" But, by Hercules, joking apart, he is
+a pretty fellow: I could have wished you had taken him with you! Let me
+know for certain what you are doing and whether you intend coming to
+Italy at all this winter. Balbus has assured me that you will be rich.
+Whether he speaks after the simple Roman fashion, meaning that you will
+be well supplied with money, or according to the Stoic dictum, that "all
+are rich who can enjoy the sky and the earth," I shall know hereafter.
+Those who come from your part accuse you of pride, because they say you
+won't answer men who put questions to you. However, there is one thing
+that will please you: they all agree in saying that there is no better
+lawyer than you at Samarobriva![675]
+
+[Footnote 674: By Livius Andronicus or Nævius. Tyrrell would write the
+proverb _in extremo sero sapiunt_, "'tis too late to be wise at the
+last." There was a proverb, _sero parsimonia in fundo_, something like
+this, Sen. _Ep._ i. 5, from the Greek (Hes. _Op._ 369), [Greek: deilê d'
+en pythmeni pheidô].]
+
+[Footnote 675: In Gallia Belgica, mod. _Amiens._]
+
+
+
+
+CLVII (A IV, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+At last the long-expected letter from you! Back to Italy, how
+delightful! What wonderful fidelity to your promise! What a charming
+voyage! About this last, by Hercules, I was very nervous, remembering
+the fur wrappers of your former crossing. But, unless I am mistaken, I
+shall see you sooner than you say in your letter. For I believe you
+thought that your ladies were in Apulia, and when you find that not to
+be the case, what can there be to detain you there? Are you bound to
+give Vestorius some days, and must you go through the stale banquet of
+his Latin Atticism again after an interval? Nay, fly hither and visit
+(the remains) of that genuine Republic of ours!...[676] Observe my
+strength of mind and my supreme indifference to the Felician[677]
+one-twelfth legacy, and also, by heaven, my very gratifying connexion
+with Cæsar--for this delights me as the one spar left me from the
+present shipwreck--Cæsar, I say, who treats your and my Quintus,
+heavens! with what honour, respect, and favours! It is exactly as if I
+were the _imperator_. The choice was just lately offered him of
+selecting any of the winter quarters, as he writes me word. Wouldn't you
+be fond of such a man as that? Of which of your friends would you, if
+not of him? But look you! did I write you word that I was _legatus_ to
+Pompey, and should be outside the city from the 13th of January onwards?
+This appeared to me to square with many things. But why say more? I
+will, I think, reserve the rest till we meet, that you may, after all,
+have something to look forward to. My very best regards to Dionysius,
+for whom, indeed, I have not merely kept a place, but have even built
+one. In fine, to the supreme joy of your return, a finishing stroke will
+be added by his arrival. The day you arrive, you and your party will, I
+entreat you, stay with me.
+
+[Footnote 676: There are some words here too corrupt to be translated
+with any confidence. They appear to convey a summary of news already
+written in several letters as to the bribery at the elections, the
+acquittal of Gabinius, and the rumour of a dictatorship.]
+
+[Footnote 677: A legacy of a twelfth left by a certain Felix to Cicero
+and Quintus had been rendered null by a mistake as to the will. See the
+letter to Quintus, p. 338.]
+
+
+
+
+CLVIII (Q FR III, 8)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+The earlier of your two letters is full of irritability and
+complainings, and you say you gave another of the same sort the day
+before to Labienus, who has not yet arrived--but I have nothing to say
+in answer to it, for your more recent letter has obliterated all trace
+of vexation from my mind. I will only give you this hint and make this
+request, that in the midst of your vexations and labours you should
+recall what our notion was as to your going to Cæsar. For our object was
+not the acquisition of certain small and unimportant gains. For what was
+there of that kind which we should have thought worth the price of our
+separation? What we sought was the strongest possible security for the
+maintenance of our entire political position by the countenance of a man
+of the highest character and most commanding influence. Our interest is
+not so much in the acquisition of sums of money, as in the realization
+of this hope: all else that you get is to be regarded only as a security
+against actual loss.[678] Wherefore, if you will frequently turn your
+thoughts back upon what we originally proposed to ourselves and hoped to
+do, you will bear with less impatience the labours of military service
+of which you speak and the other things which annoy you, and,
+nevertheless, will resign them whenever you choose. But the right moment
+for that step is not yet come, though it is now not far off.
+Farthermore, I give you this hint--don't commit anything at all to
+writing, the publication of which would be annoying to us. There are
+many things that I would rather not know than learn at some risk. I
+shall write at greater length to you with a mind less preoccupied, when
+my boy Cicero is, as I hope he will be, in a good state of health. Pray
+be careful to let me know to whom I should give the letter which I shall
+then send you--to Cæsar's letter-carriers, for him to forward them
+direct to you, or to those of Labienus? For where your Nervii dwell, and
+how far off, I have no idea.[679] I derived great pleasure from your
+letter describing the courage and dignity displayed (as you say) by
+Cæsar in his extreme sorrow. You bid me finish the poem in his honour
+which I had begun; and although I have been diverted from it by
+business, and still more by my feelings, yet, since Cæsar knows that I
+did begin something, I will return to my design, and will complete in
+these leisure days of the "supplications,"[680] during which I greatly
+rejoice that our friend Messalla and the rest are at last relieved from
+worry. In reckoning on him as certain to be consul with Domitius, you
+are quite in agreement with my own opinion. I will guarantee Messalla to
+Cæsar: but Memmius cherishes a hope, founded on Cæsar's return to Italy,
+in which I think he is under a mistake. He is, indeed, quite out of it
+here. Scaurus, again, has been long ago thrown over by Pompey. The
+business has been put off: the _comitia_ postponed and postponed, till
+we may expect an _interregnum_. The rumour of a dictator is not pleasing
+to the aristocrats; for myself, I like still less what they say. But the
+proposal, as a whole, is looked upon with alarm, and grows unpopular.
+Pompey says outright that he doesn't wish it: to me previously he used
+not personally to deny the wish. Hirrus seems likely to be the proposer.
+Ye gods! what folly! How in love with himself and without--a rival! He
+has commissioned me to choke off Cælius Vinicianus, a man much attached
+to me. Whether Pompey wishes it or not, it is difficult to be sure.
+However, if it is Hirrus who makes the proposal, he will not convince
+people that he does not wish it. There is nothing else being talked
+about in politics just now; at any rate, nothing else is being done. The
+funeral of the son of Serranus Domesticus took place in very melancholy
+circumstances on the 23rd of November. His father delivered the funeral
+oration which I composed for him. Now about Milo. Pompey gives him no
+support, and is all for Gutta, saying also that he will secure Cæsar on
+his side. Milo is alarmed at this, and no wonder, and almost gives up
+hope if Pompey is created dictator. If he assists anyone who vetoes the
+dictatorship by his troop and bodyguard,[681] he fears he may excite
+Pompey's enmity: if he doesn't do so, he fears the proposal may be
+carried by force. He is preparing games on a most magnificent scale, at
+a cost, I assure you, that no one has ever exceeded. It is foolish, on
+two or even three accounts, to give games that were not demanded--he has
+already given a magnificent show of gladiators: he cannot afford it: he
+is only an executor, and might have reflected that he is now an
+executor, not an ædile. That is about all I had to write. Take care of
+yourself, dearest brother.
+
+[Footnote 678: Cicero means, "the substantial gain to be got from your
+serving under Cæsar in Gaul is the securing of his protection in the
+future: all other gains, such as money etc., are merely to be regarded
+as securing you from immediate loss in thus going to Gaul: they don't
+add anything fresh to our position and prospects."]
+
+[Footnote 679: Quintus had his winter quarters among the Nervii, in a
+town near the modern Charleroi. In this winter he was in great danger
+from a sudden rising of the Nervii and other tribes (Cæs. _B. G._ v.
+24-49).]
+
+[Footnote 680: Twenty days of _supplicatio_ had been decreed in honour
+of Cæsar's campaigns of B.C. 55 (Cæs. _B. G._ iv. 38).]
+
+[Footnote 681: His gladiators, which he kept in training for the games
+he was going to give in honour of a deceased friend.]
+
+
+
+
+CLIX (Q FR III, 9)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER OR DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+In regard to Gabinius, I had not to carry out any of the measures which
+you suggested with such affectionate solicitude. "May the earth swallow
+me rather, etc.!"[682] I acted with very great dignity and also with the
+greatest consideration. I neither bore hardly on him nor helped him. I
+gave strong evidence, in other respects I did not stir. The disgraceful
+and mischievous result of the trial I bore with the utmost serenity. And
+this is the advantage which, after all that has happened, has accrued to
+me--that I am not even affected in the least by those evils in the state
+and the licentious conduct of the shameless, which used formerly to make
+me burst with indignation: for anything more abandoned than the men and
+the times in which we are living there cannot be. Accordingly, as no
+pleasure can possibly be got from politics, I don't know why I should
+lose my temper. Literature and my favourite studies, along with the
+retirement of my country houses, and above all our two boys, furnish my
+enjoyments. The one man who vexes me is Milo. But I hope an end will be
+put to my anxieties by his getting the consulship: and to obtain this
+for him I shall struggle as hard as I did for my own, and you, I am
+sure, will continue to give assistance from over there. In his case
+other things are all secure, unless it is snatched from his grasp by
+downright violence: it is about his means that I am frightened:
+
+    "For he is now beyond all bearing mad,"[683]
+
+to spend 1,000,000 sesterces (about £8,000) on his games. His want of
+prudence in this one particular I shall put up with as well as I can,
+and you should be strong-minded enough to do the same. In mentioning the
+changes to be expected next year, I didn't mean you to understand me to
+refer to domestic alarms: the reference was wholly to the state of the
+Republic, in which, though not charged with any actual duty, I can
+scarcely discharge myself from all anxiety. Yet how cautious I would
+have you be in writing you may guess from the fact that I do not mention
+in my letters to you even open acts of disorder in the state, lest my
+letter should be intercepted and give offence to the feelings of anyone.
+Wherefore, as far as domestic affairs are concerned, I would have you be
+quite easy: in politics I know how anxious you always are. I can see
+that our friend Messalla will be consul, if by means of an _interrex_,
+without any prosecution, if by that of a dictator, without danger of
+conviction. He is not disliked by anyone. Hortensius's warm support will
+stand him in good stead. Gabinius's acquittal is looked upon as a
+general act of indemnity. _En passant_: nothing has, after all, been
+done as yet about a dictatorship. Pompey is out of town; Appius is
+intriguing darkly; Hirrus is paving the way: there are many tribunes
+calculated on to veto it: the people are indifferent: the leading men
+disinclined to it: I don't stir a finger. I am exceedingly obliged for
+your promises as to slaves, and I am indeed, as you say, short-handed
+both at Rome and on my estates. But pray do nothing for my convenience
+unless it entirely suits your own, and your means. About the letter of
+Vatinius I laughed heartily. But though I know I am being watched by
+him, I can swallow his hatred and digest it too. You urge me to
+"finish": well, I have finished what, in my own opinion at least, is a
+very pretty "epic" on Cæsar, but I am in search of a trustworthy
+letter-carrier, lest it should share the fate of your
+_Erigona_[684]--the only personage who has missed a safe journey from
+Gaul during Cæsar's governorship.
+
+What? because I had no good stone was I to pull down the whole
+building?--a building which I like better every day of my life: the
+lower court especially and the chambers attached to it are admirable. As
+to Arcanum, it is a building worthy of Cæsar, or, by heaven, of some one
+even more tasteful still. For your statues, _palæstra_, fish-pond, and
+conduit are worthy of many Philotimuses, and quite above your
+Diphiluses. But I will visit them personally, as well as sending men to
+look after them and giving orders about them. As to the will of Felix,
+you will complain more when you know all. For the document which he
+believed himself to have sealed, in which your name was most certainly
+entered as heir to a twelfth, this, by a mistake of his own and of his
+slave Sicura, he did not seal: while the one which he did not intend to
+seal he did seal. But let it go hang, so long as we keep well! I am as
+devoted to your son Cicero as you can wish, and as he deserves, and as I
+am bound to be. However, I am letting him leave me, both to avoid
+keeping him from his teachers, and because his mother is leaving,
+without whom I am very much alarmed as to the boy's large appetite. Yet,
+after all, we see a great deal of each other. I have now answered all
+your letters. Dearest and best of brothers, good-bye.
+
+[Footnote 682: _I.e._, rather than defend him. [Greek: tote moi chanoi
+(eureia chthôn)], Hom. _Il._ iv. 182.]
+
+[Footnote 683: [Greek: ho de mainetai ouk et' anektôs] (Hom. _Il._ viii.
+355). The numerals seem doubtful. According to some MSS. the amount
+would be 10,000,000, _i.e._, £80,000.]
+
+[Footnote 684: The tragedy written by Quintus and lost in transit.]
+
+
+
+
+CLX (F VII, 10)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I have read your letter which informs me that our Cæsar considers you a
+great lawyer. You must be glad to have found a country where you have
+the credit of knowing something. But if you had gone to Britain also, I
+feel sure that there would not have been in all that great island anyone
+more learned in the law than you. However--you won't mind my laughing,
+for you invited me to do so--I am becoming positively a little jealous
+of you! That you should have been actually sent for by a man whom other
+people--not because of his pride, but of his many engagements--cannot
+venture to approach!
+
+But in that letter you told me nothing about your success, which, by
+heaven, is of no less concern to me than my own. I am very much afraid
+you may be frozen in your winter quarters: and therefore I think you
+ought to use a good stove. Mucius and Manilius "concur" in this opinion,
+especially on the ground of your being short of military cloaks.
+However, I am told that you are having a sufficiently warm time of it
+where you are--news which made me much alarmed for you.[685] However, in
+military matters you are much more cautious than at the bar, seeing that
+you wouldn't take a swim in the ocean, fond of swimming as you are, and
+wouldn't take a look at the British charioteers, though in old time I
+could never cheat you even out of a blind-folded gladiator.[686] But
+enough of joking. You know how earnestly I have written to Cæsar about
+you; I know how often. Yet, in truth, I have lately ceased doing so,
+lest I should appear to distrust the kindness of a man who has been most
+liberal and affectionate to me. However, in the very last letter I wrote
+I thought he ought to be reminded. I did so. Please tell me what effect
+it had, and at the same time tell me about your position in general and
+all your plans. For I am anxious to know what you are doing, what you
+are expecting, how long your separation from us you think is to last. I
+would wish you to believe that the one consolation, enabling me to bear
+your absence, is the knowledge that it is for your advantage. But if
+that is not so, nothing can be more foolish than both the one and the
+other of us: me for not inducing you to come back to Rome--you for not
+flying thither. By heavens, our conversation, whether serious or
+jesting, will be worth more not only than the enemy, but even than our
+"brothers" the Hædui.[687] Wherefore let me know about everything as
+soon as possible:
+
+    "I'll be some use by comfort, rede, or pelf."[688]
+
+[Footnote 685: He seems to refer to the rising of the Nervii against the
+Roman winter quarters (Cæs. _B. G._ v. 39 _seq_).]
+
+[Footnote 686: _Andabatam_, a gladiator with a closed helmet covering
+the face, who thus fought without seeing his adversary.]
+
+[Footnote 687: A title granted to the Hædui by the senate (Cæs. _B. G._
+i. 33; Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25).]
+
+[Footnote 688: Terence, _Heautont_. 86.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXI (F I, 10)
+
+TO L. VALERIUS (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+M. Cicero wishes heath to L. Valerius, learned in the law. For why I
+should not pay you this compliment I don't know, especially considering
+that in these times one may employ impudence to supply the place of
+learning. I have written to our friend Lentulus, thanking him earnestly
+in your name. But I could wish that you would now cease using my letter
+of introduction and at last come back to us, and prefer a city where you
+are of some account, to a place where you appear to be the only man of
+legal learning. However, those who come from where you are either say
+you are proud because you give no "opinions," or insulting because you
+give bad ones.[689] But I am now longing to crack a joke with you face
+to face. So come as soon as ever you can, and don't go and visit your
+native Apulia, that we may have the joy of welcoming your safe return.
+For if you go there, like another Ulysses, you will not recognize any of
+your friends.[690]
+
+[Footnote 689: Cicero perhaps means that Valerius's "opinions" are too
+right to suit such a set as are to be found in the province. Valerius
+will not mind people there thinking him a bad lawyer. "At Rome you are
+considered a good lawyer, in Cilicia they don't think so!"]
+
+[Footnote 690: _Cognosces tuorum neminem._. Others read _cognoscere
+tuorum nemini_, "you will not be recognized by any of your friends,"
+which agrees better with Homer's account of the return of Ulysses. But
+perhaps the exact comparison is not to be pressed.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXII (F XIII, 49)
+
+TO M. CURIUS (A PROCONSUL)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+Q. Pompeius, son of Sextus, has become my intimate friend from many
+causes of long standing. As he has often in the past been accustomed to
+defend his material interests, as well as his reputation and influence,
+by my recommendations, so on the present occasion assuredly, with you as
+governor of the province, he ought to be able to feel that he has never
+had a warmer recommendation to anyone. Wherefore I beg you with more
+than ordinary earnestness that, as you ought in view of our close
+friendship to regard all my friends as your own, you would give the
+bearer so high a place in your regard, that he may feel that nothing
+could have been more to his interest and honour than my recommendation.
+Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+CLXIII (F XIII, 60)
+
+TO C. MUNATIUS (IN A PROVINCE)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+L. Livineius Trypho is to begin with a freedman of my most intimate
+friend L. Regulus (whose disaster makes me more than ever anxious to do
+him some service--for as far as feeling goes I could not be warmer): but
+I also am attached to his freedman on his own account, for he shewed me
+very great kindness at that time in my career, when I was best able to
+see men's real goodwill and fidelity. I recommend him to you with all
+the warmth that one who is grateful and not oblivious should use in
+recommending those who have done him good service. You will have greatly
+gratified me if he is made to feel that in confronting many dangers for
+my security, and often undertaking voyages in the depths of winter, he
+has also put you under an obligation in view of your kind feeling
+towards me.
+
+
+
+
+CLXIV (F XIII, 73)
+
+TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL OF ASIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, ÆT. 52]
+
+I congratulate you on your safe return to your family from your
+province, without loss to your reputation or to the state. But if I had
+seen you at Rome I should also have thanked you for having looked after
+L. Egnatius, my most intimate friend, who is still absent, and L.
+Oppius, who is here. With Antipater of Derbe I have become not merely on
+visiting terms, but really very intimate. I have been told that you are
+exceedingly angry with him, and I was very sorry to hear it. I have no
+means of judging the merits of the case, only I am persuaded that a man
+of your character has done nothing without good reason. However, I do
+beg of you again and again that, in consideration of our old friendship,
+you will, for my sake if for anyone's, grant his sons, who are in your
+power, their liberty, unless you consider that in doing so your
+reputation may be injured. If I had thought that, I would never have
+made the request, for your fame is of more importance in my eyes than
+any friendship with him. But I persuade myself--though I may possibly be
+mistaken--that this measure will bring you honour rather than abuse.
+What can be done in the matter, and what you _can_ do for my sake (for
+as to your willingness I feel no doubt), I should be obliged by your
+informing me, if it is not too much trouble to you.
+
+
+
+
+CLXV (F II, 1)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, Coss., M. Domitius Calvinus, M. Valerius Messalla.]
+
+     This was the year in which Crassus was defeated and killed in
+     Parthia, making thus the first break in the triumvirate, when
+     already the ties between Pompey and Cæsar were weakened by the
+     death of Iulia in the previous year. Cæsar, however, had been in
+     great difficulties in Gaul. At the end of the previous year a fresh
+     rising of the Nervii destroyed a Roman legion and put Q. Cicero in
+     great danger. In the present year Quintus met with his disaster at
+     the hands of the Sigambri. The chief event to Cicero personally was
+     his election into the college of augurs, in place of the younger
+     Crassus. Atticus appears to be in Rome, for there are no letters to
+     him. There was a series of _interregna_ this year owing to partisan
+     conflicts, lasting till July, and when the consuls were at length
+     appointed, they failed to hold the elections for B.C. 52.
+
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO[691] (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY OR FEBRUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Though I am sorry that you have suspected me of neglect, yet it was not
+so annoying to me to have my lack of attention found fault with, as
+delightful to have it missed by you; especially as in the particular
+point on which you accuse me I happen to be innocent, while in shewing
+that you miss a letter from me, you avow an affection for me, of which,
+indeed, I was fully aware, but which, nevertheless, is very soothing and
+gratifying to my feelings. The fact is that I have never let anyone go,
+so long, that is, as I thought him likely to reach you, without giving
+him a letter. Why, was there ever such an untiring correspondent as I?
+From you, however, I have received two, or at the most three
+letters--and those extremely brief. Wherefore, if you are a harsh judge
+of me, I shall find you guilty on precisely the same charge. But if you
+don't want me to do that, you will have to be considerate to me.
+However, enough about writing; for I am not afraid of failing to satiate
+you with my correspondence, especially if you shew a just appreciation
+of my zeal in that department. I have been grieved on the one hand at
+your long absence from us, because I have lost the advantage of a most
+delightful intimacy; and yet on the other hand I rejoice at it, because
+while on this foreign service you have gained all your objects with
+infinite credit to yourself, and because in all you have undertaken
+fortune has answered to my wishes. There is one injunction, a very short
+one, which my unspeakable affection for you compels me to give you. Such
+lofty expectations are entertained of your spirit, shall I say? or of
+your ability, that I cannot refrain from imploring and beseeching you to
+return to us with a character so finished, as to be able to support and
+maintain the expectations which you have excited. And since no loss of
+memory will ever obliterate my recollection of your services to me, I
+beg you not to forget that, whatever increase of fortune or position may
+befall you, you would not have been able to attain it, had you not as a
+boy obeyed my most faithful and affectionate counsels.[692] Wherefore it
+will be your duty to shew me such affection, that my age--now on the
+decline--may find repose in your devotion and youth.
+
+[Footnote 691: The younger Curio was now quæstor to C. Clodius, brother
+of Publius and Appius, in Asia. He was tribune in B.C. 50, when he
+suddenly changed sides and joined Cæsar, who purchased his adhesion by
+paying his immense debts.]
+
+[Footnote 692: Curio had supported Cicero against Clodius, and had
+worked for his recall. He seems to have attended at Cicero's house for
+the study of rhetoric or legal practice, as was the fashion for young
+men to do. He presently married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, who after
+his death in Africa (B.C. 48) married Antony.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXVI (F VII, 11)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JANUARY OR FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+If you had not left Rome before, you certainly would have left it now.
+For who wants a lawyer when there are so many _interregna_? I shall
+advise all defendants in civil suits to ask each _interrex_ for two
+adjournments for obtaining legal assistance.[693] Do you think that I
+have taken a pretty good hint from you as to civil procedure? But come!
+How are you? What is happening? For I notice in your letter a tendency
+to be even jocose. These are better signs than the _signa_ in my
+Tusculan villa.[694] But I want to know what it means. You say, indeed,
+that you are consulted by Cæsar, but I should have preferred his
+consulting _for_ you. If that is taking place, or you think it likely to
+take place, by all means persevere in your military service and stay on:
+I shall console myself for my loss of you by the hope that it will be
+your gain: but if, on the other hand, things are not paying with you,
+come back to us. For either something will turn up sooner or later here,
+or, if not, one conversation between you and me, by heaven, will be
+worth more than all the Samobrivæ[695] in the world. Finally, if you
+return speedily, there will be no talk about it; but if you stay away
+much longer without getting anything, I am in terror not only of
+Laberius, but of our comrade Valerius also. For it would make a capital
+character for a farce--a British lawyer![696] I am not laughing though
+you may laugh, but, as usual, when writing to you, I jest on the most
+serious subject. Joking apart, I advise you in the most friendly spirit,
+that if you hold a position for yourself worthy of my introduction, you
+should put up with the loss of my society and farther your own career
+and wealth: but if things are stagnant with you there, come back to us.
+In spite of everything you will get all you want, by your own good
+qualities certainly, but also by my extreme affection for you.
+
+[Footnote 693: The _interregna_ lasting this year till July. No legal
+business could be done, as the law courts were closed during an
+_interregnum_. But Cicero jestingly says that he advises clients to
+apply to each _interrex_ (who only held office for five days) for two
+adjournments, whereby he would get his case postponed indefinitely: for
+if each adjournment was to the third day, the two would cover each
+_interregnum_. Of course he is only jesting, for in any case the cause
+would not come on.]
+
+[Footnote 694: There is a play on the double meaning of _signa_, "signs"
+and "statues." Cicero did not like the statues in his Tusculanum. See
+Letter CXXV.]
+
+[Footnote 695: Samobriva (Amiens), where Trebatius was, or had been, in
+Cæsar's camp. Cæsar spells it Samarobriva.]
+
+[Footnote 696: Laberius is a rival jurisconsult, Valerius a writer of
+mimes. Though Cicero jests at the supposed comic character, "a lawyer in
+Britain" (as we might say, "a lawyer among the Zulus"), it does not
+appear that Trebatius went to Britain with Cæsar.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXVII (F II, 2)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+I have been deprived of a strong witness to my extreme affection for you
+in the person of your most illustrious father: who would have been
+fortunate above the common lot, both in his own memorable achievements
+and in the possession of such a son as yourself, had it been granted him
+to see you before his departure from life. But I hope our friendship
+stands in no need of witnesses. Heaven bless your inheritance to you!
+You will at least have in me one to whom you are as dear and as precious
+as you have been to your father.
+
+
+
+
+CLXVIII (F II, 3)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Rupa[697] was not backward in his wish to promise an exhibition of
+gladiators in your name, but neither I nor any of your friends approved
+of anything being done in your absence which would tie your hands when
+you returned. For my part, I will either write you my opinion at greater
+length later on, or, to give you no opportunity of preparing an answer
+to it, I will take you unprepared and state my view by word of mouth
+against yours. I shall thus either bring you over to my opinion, or at
+least leave in your mind a record of my view, so that, if at any time
+(which heaven forbid!) you may see cause to repent of your decision, you
+may be able to recall mine. Briefly, be assured that your return will
+find the state of things to be such, that you may gain the highest
+possible honours in the state more easily by the advantages with which
+you are endowed by nature, study, and fortune, than by gladiatorial
+exhibitions. The power of giving such things stirs no feeling of
+admiration in anyone; for it is wholly a question of means, and not of
+character; and there is nobody who is not by this time sick and tired of
+them. But I am not acting as I said I would do, for I am embarking on a
+statement of the reasons for my opinion. So I will put off this entire
+discussion to your arrival. Believe me, you are expected with the
+greatest interest, and hopes are entertained of you such as can only be
+entertained of the highest virtue and ability. If you are as prepared
+for this as you ought to be--and I feel certain you are--you will be
+bestowing on us, your friends, on the whole body of your fellow
+citizens, and on the entire state, the most numerous and most excellent
+of exhibitions. You will certainly become aware that no one can be
+dearer or more precious than you are to me.
+
+[Footnote 697: A freedman and agent of Curio's. The question is of
+funeral games and an exhibition of gladiators in honour of Curio's
+father. Curio gave them, and involved himself in huge debt in
+consequence.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXIX (F VII, 12)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+I was wondering what had made you cease writing to me. My friend
+Pansa[698] has informed me that you have become an Epicurean! What a
+wonderful camp yours must be! What would you have done if I had sent you
+to Tarentum[699] instead of Samobriva? I was already a little doubtful
+about you, when I found you supporting the same doctrine as my friend
+Selius![700] But on what ground will you support the principles of civil
+law, if you act always in your own interest and not in that of your
+fellow citizens? What, too, is to become of the legal formula in cases
+of trust, "as should be done among honest men"? For who can be called
+honest who does nothing except on his own behalf? What principle will
+you lay down "in dividing a common property," when nothing can be
+"common" among men who measure all things by their own pleasure?[701]
+How, again, can you ever think it right to swear by _Iupiter lapis_,
+when you know that Iupiter cannot be angry with anyone?[702] What is to
+become of the people of Ulubræ,[703] if you have decided that it is not
+right to take part in civic business? Wherefore, if you are really and
+truly a pervert from our faith, I am much annoyed; but if you merely
+find it convenient to humour Pansa, I forgive you. Only _do_ write and
+tell us how you are, and what you want me to do or to look after for
+you.
+
+[Footnote 698: C. Vibius Pansa had been in Gaul, and was now home to
+stand for the tribuneship, which he obtained for B.C. 52-51.]
+
+[Footnote 699: Where he would have been in luxury.]
+
+[Footnote 700: A follower of the new academy, with which Cicero was more
+in sympathy than with the Epicurean ethics, but apparently only partly
+so. The leading doctrine was the denial of the possibility of knowledge,
+and, applied to ethics, this might destroy all virtue.]
+
+[Footnote 701: All these jesting objections to a lawyer being an
+Epicurean are founded on the Epicurean doctrine that individual feeling
+is the standard of morals, and the _summum bonum_ is the good of the
+individual. The logical deduction that a man should therefore hold aloof
+from politics and social life, as involving social obligations and
+standards, was, of course, evaded in practice.]
+
+[Footnote 702: For the Epicureans believed the gods to exist, but not to
+trouble themselves with the affairs of men. In taking an oath by
+_Iupiter lapis_ the swearer took a stone in his hand and said, "If I
+abide by this oath may he bless me: but if I do otherwise in thought or
+deed, may all others be kept safe, each in his own country, under his
+own laws, in enjoyment of his own goods, household gods, and tombs--may
+I alone be cast out, even as this stone is now." Then he throws down the
+stone. This passage from Polybius (iii. 25) refers to treaties, but the
+same form seems to have been used in suits about land.]
+
+[Footnote 703: Ulubræ--like other _municipia_--had a _patronus_ at Rome
+to look after its interests. If Trebatius (who was its _patronus_) would
+take no part in politics, he would be of no use to the Ulubrani. [Greek:
+politeuesthai], "to act as a citizen," "to act as a member of a
+political body."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXX (F VII, 13)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, 4 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Did you suppose me to be so unjust as to be angry with you from the idea
+that you were not sufficiently persevering and were too eager to return,
+and do you think that that is the reason of my long silence? I was
+certainly annoyed by the uneasiness of your spirits, which your first
+letters conveyed to me; but there was absolutely no other reason for the
+interruption of my own, except my complete ignorance of your address.
+Are you still, at this time of day, finding fault with me, and do you
+refuse to accept my apology? Just listen to me, my dear Testa! Is it
+money that is making you prouder, or the fact that your
+commander-in-chief consults you? May I die if I don't believe that such
+is your vanity that you would rather be consulted by Cæsar than
+gilded[704] by him! But if both reasons are true, who will be able to
+put up with you except myself, who can put up with anything? But to
+return to our subject--I am exceedingly glad that you are content to be
+where you are, and as your former state of mind was vexatious, so your
+present is gratifying, to me. I am only afraid that your special
+profession may be of little advantage to you: for, as I am told, in your
+present abode
+
+    "They lay no claim by joining lawful hands,
+    But challenge right with steel."[705]
+
+But you are not wont[706] to be called in to assist at a "forcible
+entry." Nor have you any reason to be afraid of the usual proviso in the
+injunction, "into which you have not previously made entry by force and
+armed men," for I am well assured that you are not a man of violence.
+But to give you some hint as to what you lawyers call "securities," I
+opine that you should avoid the Treviri; I hear they are real _tresviri
+capitales_--deadly customers: I should have preferred their being
+_tresviri_ of the mint![707] But a truce to jesting for the present.
+Pray write to me in the fullest detail of all that concerns you.
+
+4 March.
+
+[Footnote 704:
+
+    "I will make fast the doors and _gild_ myself
+    With some more ducats."--SHAKESPEARE..
+]
+
+[Footnote 705: Ennius, _Ann._ 275. The phrase _manum consertum_ in legal
+language meant to make a joint claim by the symbolical act of each
+claimant laying a hand on the property (or some representation of it) in
+court. But it also meant "to join hands in war." Hence its equivocal use
+in this passage. _Consertum_ is a supine, and some such word as _eunt_
+must be understood before it.]
+
+[Footnote 706: Reading _at tu non soles_. I cannot explain Prof.
+Tyrrell's reading _et tu soles_ in connexion with what follows.]
+
+[Footnote 707: This elaborate joke is founded on a pun upon the name of
+the Gallic _Treviri_ and the commissioners in Rome: (1) the _III viri
+capitales_, who had charge of prisons, executions, etc.; (2) the _III
+viri auro argento æri flando feriundo_, "the commissioners for coining
+gold, silver, and bronze." Also there is a reference to the meaning of
+_capitalis_, "deadly," "affecting the life or citizenship."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXI (F VII, 14)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (? MARCH)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Chrysippus Vettius, a freedman of the architect Cyrus, made me think
+that you had not quite forgotten me; for he has brought me a greeting in
+your words. You have grown a mighty fine gentleman, that you can't take
+the trouble of writing a letter to me--a man, I might almost say, of
+your own family! But if you have forgotten how to write, all the fewer
+clients will lose their causes by having you as their advocate! If you
+have forgotten me, I will take the trouble of paying you a visit where
+you are, before I have quite faded out of your mind. If it is a terror
+of the summer camp that is disheartening you, think of some excuse to
+get off, as you did in the case of Britain. I was glad to hear one thing
+from that same Chrysippus, that you were on friendly terms with Cæsar.
+But, by Hercules, I should have preferred, as I might fairly have
+expected, to be informed of your fortunes as frequently as possible from
+your own letters. And this would certainly have been the case, if you
+had been more forward to learn the laws of friendship than of suits in
+court. But this is all jest in your own vein, and to some degree in mine
+also. I love you very dearly, and I both wish to be loved by you and
+feel certain that I am.
+
+
+
+
+CLXXII (F VII, 18)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+A VILLA IN THE AGER POMPTINUS, 8 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+I have received several letters from you at the same time, written at
+various times, in which everything else gave me great pleasure; for they
+shewed that you were now sustaining your military service with a brave
+spirit, and were a gallant and resolute man. These are qualities which
+for a short time I felt to be lacking in you, though I attributed your
+uneasiness not so much to any weakness of your own spirit, as to your
+feeling your absence from us. Therefore go on as you have begun: endure
+your service with a stout heart: believe me, the advantages you will
+gain are many; for I will reiterate my recommendation of you, though I
+shall wait for the right moment of doing so. Be assured that you are not
+more anxious that your separation from me should be as profitable as
+possible to yourself than I am. Accordingly, as your "securities" are
+somewhat weak, I have sent you one in my poor Greek, written by my own
+hand.[708] For your part, I should wish you to keep me informed of the
+course of the war in Gaul: for the less warlike my informant, the more
+inclined I am to believe him.
+
+But to return to your letters. Everything else (as I said) is prettily
+written, but I do wonder at this: who in the world sends several
+identical letters, when he writes them with his own hand? For your
+writing on paper that has been used before, I commend your economy: but
+I can't help wondering what it was that you preferred to rub out of this
+bit of paper rather than not write such poor stuff as this--unless it
+were, perhaps, some of your legal formulas. For I don't suppose you rub
+out my letters to replace them with your own. Can it mean that there is
+no business going on, that you are out of work, that you haven't even a
+supply of paper? Well, that is entirely your own fault, for taking your
+modesty abroad with you instead of leaving it behind here with us. I
+will commend you to Balbus, when he starts to join you, in the good old
+Roman style. Don't be astonished if there is a somewhat longer interval
+than usual between my letters: for I intend being out of town in April.
+I write this letter in the Pomptine district, having put up at the villa
+of M. Æmilius Philemo, from which I could hear the noise of my clients,
+I mean those you confided to me! For at Ulubræ it is certain that an
+enormous mass of frogs have bestirred themselves to do me honour. Take
+care of your health.[709]
+
+8 April, from the Ager Pomptinus.
+
+P.S.--Your letter which I received from L. Arruntius I have torn up,
+though it didn't deserve it; for it had nothing in it which might not
+have been safely read in a public meeting. But not only did Arruntius
+say that such were your orders, but you had appended a similar
+injunction to your letter. Well, be it so! I am surprised at your not
+having written anything to me since, especially as you are in the midst
+of such stirring events.[710]
+
+[Footnote 708: _Græculam tibi misi cautionem chirographi mei._ Various
+interpretations have been given to this: (1) "a truly Greek security,"
+_i.e._, "not to be depended on"; (2) referring to a poem in Greek,
+perhaps the one in praise of Cæsar's achievements, mentioned before (p.
+338), in which some compliment to Trebatius was introduced; (3) Prof.
+Tyrrell would make it refer to this letter itself, which he supposes to
+have been written in Greek, and afterwards translated by Tiro. But this
+letter does not read like a translation, and, after all, is not of a
+nature to shew as a "commendation." It is conceived in too jocular a
+vein. I have taken it to refer to some inclosure written in Greek which
+he might use in this way, and the mention of his "own handwriting" to
+refer to the fact that he would naturally have employed a Greek
+secretary to write Greek. The diminutive _Græculam_ I take to be
+apologetic for the Greek. But it is not at all certain.]
+
+[Footnote 709: On his journey along the _via Appia_ to one of his
+seaside villas Cicero has put up at a friend's house (a freedman of
+Lepidus), near the Pomptine marshes, as was his wont (_Att._ vii. 5). It
+was near Ulubræ, of which he was deputy _patronus_ in the absence of
+Trebatius, and he jestingly pretends that the frogs which he hears
+croaking in the marshes are frogs of Ulubræ turning out to do him
+honour, as though they were the citizens of the town. Ulubræ was a very
+dull and decaying town.]
+
+[Footnote 710: The great rising in Gaul in B.C. S4-53, and the second
+expedition across the Rhine.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIII (F VII, 15)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+How wayward people are who love may be gathered from this: I was
+formerly annoyed that you were discontented at being where you are: now,
+on the contrary, it stings me to the heart that you write that you are
+quite happy there. For I did not like your not being pleased at my
+recommendation, and now I am vexed that you can find anything pleasant
+without me. But, after all, I prefer enduring your absence to your not
+getting what I hope for you. However, I cannot say how pleased I am that
+you have become intimate with that most delightful man and excellent
+scholar, C. Matius.[711] Do your best to make him as fond of you as
+possible. Believe me, you can bring nothing home from your province that
+will give you greater pleasure. Take care of your health.
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIV (F II, 4)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+You are aware that letters are of many kinds; but there is one kind
+which is undeniable, for the sake of which, indeed, the thing was
+invented, namely, to inform the absent of anything that is to the
+interest of the writer or recipient that they should know. You, however,
+certainly don't expect a letter of that kind from me. For of your
+domestic concerns you have members of your family both to write and to
+act as messengers. Besides, in my personal affairs there is really
+nothing new. There are two other kinds of letters which give me great
+pleasure: the familiar and sportive, and the grave and serious. Which of
+these two I ought least to employ I do not understand. Am I to jest with
+you by letter? Upon my word, I don't think the man a good citizen who
+could laugh in times like these. Shall I write in a more serious style?
+What could be written of seriously by Cicero to Curio except public
+affairs? And yet, under this head, my position is such that I neither
+dare write what I think, nor choose to write what I don't think.
+Wherefore, since I have no subject left to write about, I will employ my
+customary phrase, and exhort you to the pursuit of the noblest glory.
+For you have a dangerous rival already in the field, and fully prepared,
+in the extraordinary expectation formed of you; and this rival you will
+vanquish with the greatest ease, only on one condition--that you make up
+your mind to put out your full strength in the cultivation of those
+qualities, by which the noble actions are accomplished, upon the glory
+of which you have set your heart. In support of this sentiment I would
+have written at greater length had not I felt certain that you were
+sufficiently alive to it of your own accord; and I have touched upon it
+even thus far, not in order to fire your ambition, but to testify my
+affection.
+
+[Footnote 711: The friendship between Trebatius and Matius remained as
+long as we know anything about them. Cicero afterwards acknowledges
+(_F._ ii. 27) the great services Matius had done him with Cæsar, to whom
+Matius remained attached to the end.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXV (F II, 5)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ON HIS WAY FROM ASIA)
+
+ROME (? JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+The state of business here I dare not tell even in a letter. And though,
+wherever you are, as I have told you before, you are in the same boat,
+yet I congratulate you on your absence, as well because you don't see
+what we see, as because your reputation is placed on a lofty and
+conspicuous pinnacle in the sight of multitudes both of citizens and
+allies; and it is conveyed to us by neither obscure nor uncertain talk,
+but by the loud and unanimous voice of all. There is one thing of which
+I cannot feel certain--whether to congratulate you, or to be alarmed for
+you on account of the surprising expectation entertained of your return;
+not because I am at all afraid of your not satisfying the world's
+opinion, but, by heaven, lest, when you do come, there may be nothing
+for you to preserve: so universal is the decline and almost extinction
+of all our institutions. But even thus much I am afraid I have been rash
+to trust to a letter: wherefore you shall learn the rest from
+others.[712] However, whether you have still some hope of the Republic,
+or have given it up in despair, see that you have ready, rehearsed and
+thought out in your mind, all that the citizen and the man should have
+at his command who is destined to restore to its ancient dignity and
+freedom a state crushed and overwhelmed by evil times and profligate
+morals.
+
+[Footnote 712: In these vague though ominous sentences Cicero is
+referring to the constant and violent hindrances to the election of
+magistrates, that is, to the orderly working of the constitution, which
+were occurring. No consuls were elected till September.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVI (F II, 6)
+
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ARRIVED IN ITALY)
+
+ROME (? JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+News had not yet reached me of your arrival in Italy when I sent Sext.
+Villius, an intimate of my friend Milo, with this letter to you. But
+nevertheless, since your arrival was thought to be approaching, and it
+was ascertained that you had already started from Asia Rome-wards, the
+importance of my subject made me dismiss any fear of being premature in
+sending you this letter, for I was exceedingly anxious that it should
+reach you as soon as possible. If the obligations, Curio, had only been
+on your side, and as great as they are usually proclaimed by you rather
+than as valued by me, I should have been more shy of coming to you for
+any request of importance which I might have to make. For it is very
+disagreeable to a modest man to ask a great favour from one whom he
+thinks under an obligation to himself, lest he should seem rather to
+demand than to ask what he is seeking, and to regard it more in the
+light of a debt than of a favour. But since your kindnesses to me were
+known to the whole world, or rather I should say were made especially
+prominent and valuable by the very novelty of my circumstances; and
+since it is the mark of a generous heart to be willing, when much is
+owed, to reckon the debt at its highest; I did not hesitate to prefer
+to you by letter a petition for what was of the highest importance and
+most vital consequence to me of anything in the world. For I was not
+afraid of being unable to support your kindnesses to me, even though
+they were beyond calculation: especially as I felt confident that there
+was no amount of favour for which my heart was incapable of finding room
+when receiving it, or for which in repayment it could not make a full
+and brilliant return. I have concentrated and embarked all my zeal, all
+my efforts, all the care and industry of which I am capable, my every
+thought, in fact, my whole heart and soul, on securing Milo's
+consulship; and I have made up my mind that in this matter I ought to
+look not merely for the profit arising from an act of kindness, but also
+for the credit of disinterested affection. Nor do I think that anyone
+was ever so anxious about his own personal safety and his own fortunes
+as I am for his election, on which I have made up my mind that all my
+interests depend. To him I see clearly that, if you choose, you can
+render such substantial help that we need ask for nothing else. We have
+on our side all these advantages: the favour of the loyalists won since
+his tribunate on account of his supporting me (as I hope you
+understand); that of the common multitude on account of the splendour of
+his gladiatorial exhibitions and the liberality of his disposition; the
+favour of the young men and of those influential in securing votes, won
+by his own eminent powers of captivation, shall I call it? or his
+diligence in that department; lastly, my own electoral support, which,
+if it is not very powerful, is at any rate regarded as only right, due
+and proper, and on that account is perhaps influential also. What we
+want is a leader, and what I may call a controller, or, so to speak, a
+pilot of those winds which I have described: and if we had to select one
+such out of the whole world, we should have no one to compare with you.
+Wherefore, if (as I am sure you can) you can regard me as a grateful, as
+an honest man, from the mere fact that I am thus eagerly exerting myself
+for Milo, if, in fine, you think me worthy of your kindness, I do ask
+you this favour--that you come to the rescue of this anxiety of mine and
+this crisis in my reputation, or, to put it with greater truth, that you
+will devote your zeal to what is all but a question of life and death to
+me. As to Titus Annius[713] himself, I promise you this much--that if
+you resolve to embrace his cause, you will never have anyone of greater
+spirit, solidity, firmness, or affection to yourself. While to me you
+will have given so much additional honour and prestige, that I shall
+have no difficulty in acknowledging you to have been as effective in
+supporting my reputation as you were in securing my safety.
+
+Did I not know that you must be fully aware, while writing this letter
+to you, under what a weight of obligation I am labouring, how strongly I
+am bound to work in this election for Milo, not only with every kind of
+exertion, but even with downright fighting, I should have written at
+greater length. As it is, I hand over and commit the business, the
+cause, and myself wholly and entirely into your hands. Of one thing be
+sure: if I obtain this help from you, I shall owe you almost more than I
+owe Milo himself; for my personal safety, in which I have been
+conspicuously aided by him, has not been as dear to me as the sacred
+duty of returning the favour will be delightful. That object I feel
+confident that your aid, and yours alone, will enable me to secure.
+
+[Footnote 713: Milo. His full name is T. Annius Milo Papianus;
+originally of the _gens Papia_, he had been adopted by his maternal
+grandfather, T. Annius.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVII (F XIII, 75)
+
+
+TO TITUS TITIUS, A LEGATUS[714]
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, ÆT. 53]
+
+Though I have no doubt that my first introduction retains its full value
+in your eyes, I yet yield to the request of a man with whom I am very
+intimate, C. Avianius Flaccus, for whose sake I not only desire, but am
+in duty bound to secure every possible favour. In regard to him I both
+spoke earnestly to you in a personal interview--on which occasion you
+answered me with the greatest kindness--and have written with full
+particulars to you on a previous occasion; but he thinks it to his
+interest that I should write to you as often as possible. Wherefore I
+would have you pardon me if, in compliance with his wishes, I shall
+appear to be at all forgetful of the stability of your character. What I
+beg of you is this--that you would accommodate Avianius as to the place
+and time for landing his corn: for which he obtained by my influence a
+three years' licence whilst Pompey was at the head of that business. The
+chief thing is--and you can therein lay me under the greatest
+obligation--that you should have convinced Avianius that I enjoy your
+affection, since he thinks himself secure of mine. You will greatly
+oblige me by doing this.
+
+[Footnote 714: Pompey was _præfectus annonæ_ B.C. 57-52. As such he had
+a number of _legati_, of whom this Titus Titius was one; but there is
+nothing to shew in which of the corn-supplying countries he was
+employed. Avianius is a corn merchant, and wants concessions as to the
+importation of his cargoes.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVIII (F V, 17)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52. Coss., from V. Kal, Mart., Cn. Pompeius Magnus
+(alone); from 1st August, with Q. Metellus Scipio.]
+
+     This year again, owing to the riots in the previous year excited by
+     Clodius to prevent the election of Milo, began with a series of
+     _interregna_ lasting nearly three months, January, February, and
+     the intercalary month. On the 17th of January Clodius was killed
+     near Bovillæ by Milo's servants, and by his order. Riots followed
+     in Rome, the body was burnt in the Curia, which caught fire and was
+     destroyed. Cicero undertook Milo's defence under a new law _de vi_
+     brought in by Pompey, but broke down, and Milo was condemned
+     (April). Later in the year he successfully prosecuted T. Munatius
+     Plancus Bursa, who as tribune had promoted the riots after the
+     death of Clodius, and who had also supported the plan of making
+     Pompey dictator.
+
+
+TO P. SITTIUS[715] (IN EXILE)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+It was not because I had forgotten our friendship, or had any intention
+of breaking off my correspondence, that I have not written to you of
+late years. The reason is that the earlier part of them was a period of
+depression owing to the disaster which had befallen the Republic and
+myself, while the later period, with your own most distressing and
+undeserved misfortune, has made me reluctant to write. Since, however, a
+sufficiently long period has now elapsed, and I have recalled with
+greater distinctness your high character and lofty courage, I thought it
+not inconsistent with my purposes to write this to you. For my part, my
+dear P. Sittius, I defended you originally, when an attempt was made in
+your absence to bring you into odium and under a criminal charge; and
+when a charge against you was involved in the accusation and trial of
+your most intimate friend,[716] I took the very greatest care to
+safeguard your position and justify you. And, again also, on this last
+occasion, soon after my return to Rome, though I found that your case
+had been put on a footing far different from what I should have advised,
+if I had been there, still I omitted nothing that could contribute to
+your security. And though on that occasion the ill-feeling arising from
+the price of corn, the hostility of certain persons, not only to
+yourself, but to all your friends as well, the unfairness of the whole
+trial, and many other abuses in the state, had greater influence than
+the merits of your case or than truth itself, I yet did not fail to
+serve your son Publius with active assistance, advice, personal
+influence, and direct testimony. Wherefore, as I have carefully and
+religiously fulfilled all the other offices of friendship, I thought I
+ought not to omit that of urging upon you and beseeching you to remember
+that you are a human being and a gallant man--that is, that you should
+bear philosophically accidents which are common to all and incalculable,
+which none of us mortals can shun or forestall by any means whatever:
+should confront with courage such grief as fortune brings: and should
+reflect that not in our state alone, but in all others that have
+acquired an empire, such disasters have in many instances befallen the
+bravest and best from unjust verdicts. Oh that I were writing untruly
+when I say, that you are exiled from a state in which no man of
+foresight can find anything to give him pleasure! As for your son,
+again, I fear that, if I write nothing to you, I may seem not to have
+borne testimony to his high qualities as they deserve; while on the
+other hand, if I write fully all I feel, I fear that my letter may
+irritate the smart of your regret. But, after all, your wisest course
+will be to regard his loyalty, virtue, and steady conduct as being in
+your possession, and as accompanying you wherever you may be: for, in
+truth, what we embrace in imagination is no less ours than what we see
+before our eyes. Wherefore not only ought his brilliant qualities and
+extreme affection for you afford you great consolation, but so also
+ought I and others of your friends who value you, and always will do so,
+not for your position, but your worth; and so, above all else, ought
+your own conscience, when you reflect that you have not deserved
+anything that has befallen you, and when you consider besides that the
+wise are distressed by guilt, not by mischance--by their own ill-doing,
+not by the misconduct of others. For my part, I shall omit no
+opportunity either of consoling or alleviating your present position;
+for the recollection of our old friendship, and the high character and
+respectful attentions of your son, will keep me in mind of that duty. If
+you, on your part, will mention by letter anything you want, I will take
+care that you shall not think that you have written in vain.
+
+[Footnote 715: The letter in some MSS. is inscribed to Sextius or
+Sestius. Of P. Sittius of Nuceria we hear in the speech _pro Sulla_, §§
+56, 58. Sulla (who was accused of assisting Catiline) had sent P.
+Sittius on a mission to Spain, as it was alleged, to raise a rebellion
+there in support of Catiline. It does not, however, appear that his
+condemnation took place then. It seems to have been just previous to
+Cicero's return from exile (August, B.C. 57), and it is suggested that
+it was after his ædileship of the previous year, when a scarcity of corn
+had contributed to his unpopularity. The date of the letter is
+uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote 716: P. Sulla. Sittius was not, it seems, brought to trial
+with Sulla, but his journey to Spain formed part of the allegations
+against Sulla.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIX (F V, 18)
+
+TO T. FADIUS[717] (IN EXILE)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+Although I too, who am desirous of consoling you, stand in need of
+consolation myself--for nothing for a long time past has so deeply
+afflicted me as your disaster--nevertheless I do strongly not only
+exhort, but even beg and implore you, with all the earnestness that my
+affection dictates, to summon all your energies, to shew a manly
+courage, and to reflect under what conditions all mortals, and in what
+times we particularly, have been born. Your virtue has given you more
+than fortune has taken away: for you have obtained what not many "new
+men" have obtained; you have lost what many men of the highest rank have
+lost. Finally, a state of legislation, law courts, and politics
+generally appears to be imminent, such that the man would seem to be the
+most fortunate who has quitted such a republic as ours with the lightest
+possible penalty. As for you, however--since you retain your fortune and
+children, with myself and others still very closely united to you,
+whether by relationship or affection--and since you are likely to have
+much opportunity of living with me and all your friends--and since,
+again, your condemnation is the only one out of so many that is
+impugned, because, having been passed by one vote (and that a doubtful
+one), it is regarded as a concession to a particular person's
+overwhelming[718] power--for all these reasons, I say, you ought to be
+as little distressed as possible at the inconvenience that has befallen
+you. My feeling towards yourself and your children will always be such
+as you wish, and such as it is in duty bound to be.
+
+[Footnote 717: Titus Fadius Gallus had been a quæstor in Cicero's
+consulship (B.C. 63), and a tribune in B.C. 58, when Cicero reckoned him
+among those on whom he depended to resist Clodius. He also, among
+others, had a motion prepared for Cicero's recall, of which Cicero
+speaks with approbation (p. 178). We do not know on what charge he had
+been condemned, but a number of prosecutions followed the death of
+Clodius and Pompey's legislation as to violence and corruption of
+juries.]
+
+[Footnote 718: Pompey. He uses the word _potentia_, as he generally
+does, in an invidious sense of "tyrannical, or, unconstitutional power,"
+as opposed to _auctoritas_, "legitimate influence."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXX (F III, 1)
+
+TO APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER[719] (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+Cicero to Appius, _imperator_. Could the Republic itself speak and tell
+you of its state, you would not learn it more easily from its own lips
+than from your freedman Phania: he is a man of such clear insight, as
+well as (in a good sense) of such keen curiosity! Wherefore he shall
+explain everything to you: for that will suit me best by enabling me to
+curtail my letter, and will be more prudent for me in view of other
+circumstances. But in regard to my good feeling towards you, though you
+can learn it from this same Phania, yet I think that I also have
+personally something I ought to say on the subject. For assure yourself
+of this--that you are exceedingly dear to me, from the many attractions
+of your character, your kindness, and the goodness of your heart, but
+also because from your letter, as well as from the remarks of many, I
+understand that all my conduct towards you has been most warmly
+appreciated by you. And since that is so, I will take means to make up
+for the great loss of time, which we have sustained from this
+interruption of our intercourse, by the liberality, the frequency, and
+the importance of my services; and that I think I shall do, since you
+would have it be so, by no means against the grain, or as the phrase is,
+"against the will of Minerva"--a goddess by the way whom, if I shall
+chance to get possession of a statue of her from your stock, I shall not
+simply designate "Pallas," but "Appias."[720] Your freedman Cilix was
+not well known to me before, but when he delivered me your kind and
+affectionate letter, he confirmed the courteous expressions of that
+letter by his own words. I was much gratified by his speech, when he
+described to me your feelings and the remarks which you were daily
+making about me. In short, within two days he became my intimate friend,
+without, however, my ceasing to regret Phania deeply. When you send the
+latter back to Rome, which I imagine you intend speedily to do, pray
+give him instructions as to all matters which you wish to be transacted
+or looked after by me.
+
+I commend L. Valerius the lawyer to you very strongly; not, however, in
+his capacity of lawyer: for I wish to take better precautions for him
+than he does for others. I am really fond of the man: he is one of my
+closest and most intimate friends. In a general way he expresses nothing
+but gratitude to you; but he also says that a letter from me will have
+very great influence with you. I beg you again and again that he may not
+find himself mistaken.
+
+[Footnote 719: Brother of Cicero's enemy, P. Clodius. He had been consul
+in B.C. 54, and was now proconsul in Cilicia, in which government Cicero
+was to succeed him. His relations with Cicero had been varied, and
+though Cicero speaks warmly to him, he does not do so often of him, and
+his compliments are evidently not really sincere.]
+
+[Footnote 720: "I shall, in compliment to your accomplishments, call the
+goddess of learning and wisdom 'Appias,'" _i.e._, the "Appian Goddess."
+But the meaning of the elaborate and dull joke or compliment is far from
+clear, especially the phrase _si forte de tuis sumpsero_. Was Cicero
+expecting a present of a bust of Minerva, or intending to purchase one
+from Appius's collection? Or does he allude, as has been suggested, to
+the Minerva he had himself dedicated before his exile, and which had
+probably fallen into the hands of the Appian family?]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXXI (F VII, 2)
+
+TO M. MARIUS (IN CAMPANIA)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, ÆT. 54]
+
+I will look after your commission carefully. But, sharp man that you
+are, you have given your commission to the very person above all others
+whose interest it is that the article should fetch the highest possible
+price! However, you have been far-sighted in fixing beforehand how far I
+am to go. But if you had left it to me, I am so much attached to you
+that I would have made a bargain with the heirs: as it is, since I know
+your price, I will put up some one to bid rather than let it go for
+less. But a truce to jesting! I will do your business with all care, as
+in duty bound. I feel sure you are glad about Bursa[721], but your
+congratulations are too half-hearted. For you suppose, as you say in
+your letter, that, owing to the fellow's meanness, I don't look upon it
+as a matter of much rejoicing. I would have you believe that I am more
+pleased with this verdict than with the death of my enemy. For, in the
+first place, I would rather win by legal process than by the sword; in
+the second place, by what brings credit to a friend than by what
+involves his condemnation.[722] And, above all, I was delighted that the
+support of the loyalists was given to me so decisively against the
+influence exerted to an incredible degree by a most illustrious and
+powerful personage. Finally--though, perhaps, you won't think it
+likely--I hated this man much more than the notorious Clodius himself.
+For the latter I had attacked, the former I had defended. The latter,
+too, though the very existence of the Republic was to be risked in my
+person, had yet a certain great object in view; nor was it wholly on his
+own initiative, but with the support of those who could not be safe as
+long as I was so. But this ape of a fellow, in sheer wantonness, had
+selected me as an object for his invectives, and had persuaded certain
+persons[723] who were jealous of me that he would always be a ready
+instrument for an attack upon me. Wherefore I bid you rejoice with all
+your heart: a great stroke has been struck. Never were any citizens more
+courageous than those who ventured to vote for his condemnation, in the
+teeth of the immense power of the man by whom the jurors had themselves
+been selected. And this they never would have done had not my grievance
+been theirs also. Here, in Rome, I am so distracted by the number of
+trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,[724] that I daily
+offer prayers that there may be no intercalation,[725] so that I may see
+you as soon as possible.
+
+[Footnote 721: The condemnation of T. Munatius Plancus Bursa, who, being
+tribune in B.C. 52, had promoted the riots following the death of
+Clodius, especially in regard to burning his body in the Curia, and had,
+after his office terminated (10th December), been prosecuted _de vi_ by
+Cicero successfully. Bursa, with others, had supported Pompey's wish for
+the dictatorship, as well as his legislation, and accordingly, in
+attacking him, Cicero had against him the weight of Pompey's influence.
+He therefore looks upon it as a great triumph.]
+
+[Footnote 722: The condemnation of Bursa was a point in favour of Milo,
+whereas Milo's murder of Clodius only brought his ultimate condemnation
+and exile. Milo's trial had taken place in April.]
+
+[Footnote 723: Pompey and his friends.]
+
+[Footnote 724: The new laws introduced by Pompey _de vi_, _de
+magistratibus_, _de pecunia ob iudicium_.]
+
+[Footnote 725: The intercalary month was inserted between the 23rd and
+24th of February. Whether it was to be inserted or not depended on the
+pontifices, who kept their secret jealously. If it is inserted, Cicero
+will be kept all the longer in town with senatorial and legal business,
+and so be prevented from seeing Marius, who lived near his Pompeian
+villa.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+DE PETITIONE CONSULATUS
+
+
+[This is rather an essay than a letter, and is not generally included in
+any of the books of the correspondence. To my mind there are indications
+of its being a later composition, the exercise of some one who wished to
+shew the nature of canvassing at the time. Still, there are many
+arguments in favour of regarding it as the composition of Quintus, and
+at any rate it is a contribution to the picture of the times.]
+
+
+Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER MARCUS (AT ROME)
+
+I. Although you have all the accomplishments within the reach of human
+genius, experience, or acuteness, yet I thought it only consistent with
+my affection to set down in writing what occurred to my mind while
+thinking, as I do, day and night on your canvass, not with the
+expectation that you would learn anything new from it, but that the
+considerations on a subject, which appeared to be disconnected and
+without system, might be brought under one view by a logical
+arrangement.
+
+Consider what the state is: what it is you seek: who you are that seek
+it. Almost every day as you go down to the forum you should say to
+yourself, "I am a _novus homo_," "I am a candidate for the consulship,"
+"This is Rome." For the "newness" of your name you will best compensate
+by the brilliancy of your oratory. That has ever carried with it very
+great political distinction. A man who is held worthy of defending
+consulars cannot be thought unworthy of the consulship. Wherefore, since
+your reputation in this is your starting-point, since whatever you are,
+you are from this, approach each individual case with the persuasion
+that on it depends as a whole your entire reputation. See that those
+aids to natural ability, which I know are your special gifts, are ready
+for use and always available; and remember what Demetrius wrote about
+the hard work and practice of Demosthenes; and, finally, take care that
+both the number and rank of your friends are unmistakable. For you have
+such as few _novi homines_ have had--all the _publicani_, nearly the
+whole equestrian order, many municipal towns specially devoted to you,
+many persons who have been defended by you, men of every order, many
+_collegia_, and, besides these, a large number of the rising generation
+who have become attached to you in their enthusiasm for rhetoric, and,
+finally, your friends who visit you daily in large numbers and with such
+constant regularity. See that you retain these advantages by reminding
+these persons, by appealing to them, and by using every means to make
+them understand that this, and this only, is the time for those who are
+in your debt to show their gratitude, and for those who wish for your
+services in the future to place you under an obligation. It also seems
+possible that a "new man" may be much assisted by the fact that he has
+the good wishes of men of high rank, and especially of consulars. It is
+a point in your favour that you should be thought worthy of this
+position and rank by the very men to whose position and rank you are
+wishing to attain. All these men must be canvassed with care, agents
+must be sent to them, and they must be convinced that we have always
+been at one with the Optimates in our political sentiments, that we have
+never been demagogues in the very least: that if we seem ever to have
+said anything in the spirit of that party, we did so with the view of
+attracting Cn. Pompeius, that we might have the man of the greatest
+influence either actively on our side in our canvass, or at least not
+opposed to us.[726] Farthermore, take pains to get on your side the
+young men of high rank, or retain the affection of those you already
+have. They will contribute much to your political position. You have
+very many; make them feel how much you think depends on them: if you
+induce those to be positively eager who are merely not disinclined, they
+will be of very great advantage to you.
+
+II. It is also a great set-off to your "newness," that the nobles who
+are your competitors are of a such a kind that no one can venture to say
+that their nobility ought to stand them in greater stead than your high
+character. For instance, who could think of P. Galba and L. Cassius,
+though by birth of the highest rank, as candidates for the consulship?
+You see, therefore, that there are men of the noblest families, who from
+defect of ability are not your equals. But, you will say, Catiline and
+Antonius are formidable. Rather I should say that a man of energy,
+industry, unimpeachable character, great eloquence, and high popularity
+with those who are the ultimate judges, should wish for such
+rivals--both from their boyhood stained with blood and lust, both of
+ruined fortunes. Of one of them we have seen the property put up for
+sale, and actually heard him declare on oath that at Rome he could not
+contend with a Greek or obtain an impartial tribunal.[727] We know that
+he was ejected from the senate by the judgment of genuine censors: in
+our prætorship we had him as a competitor, with such men as Sabidius and
+Panthera to back him, because he had no one else to appear for him at
+the scrutiny. Yet in this office he bought a mistress from the slave
+market whom he kept openly at his house. Moreover, in his canvass for
+the consulship, he has preferred to be robbing all the innkeepers, under
+the disgraceful pretext of a _libera legatio_, rather than to be in town
+and supplicate the Roman people. But the other! Good heavens! what is
+his distinction? Is he of equally noble birth? No. Is he richer? No. In
+manliness, then? How do you make that out? Why, because while the former
+fears his own shadow, this man does not even fear the laws!--A man born
+in the house of a bankrupt father, nurtured in the society of an
+abandoned sister, grown to manhood amidst the massacre of fellow
+citizens, whose first entrance to public life was made by the slaughter
+of Roman knights! For Sulla had specially selected Catiline to command
+that band of Gauls which we remember, who shore off the heads of the
+Titinii and Nannii and Tanusii: and while with them he killed with his
+own hands the best man of the day, his own sister's husband, Quintus
+Cæcilius, who was a Roman eques, a man belonging to no party, always
+quiet by inclination, and then so from age also.
+
+III. Why should I speak of him as a candidate for the consulship, who
+caused M. Marius, a man most beloved by the Roman people, to be beaten
+with vine-rods in the sight of that Roman people from one end of the
+city to the other--forced him up to the tomb--rent his frame with every
+kind of torture, and while he was still alive and breathing, cut off his
+head with his sword in his right hand, while he held the hairs on the
+crown of his head with his left, and carried off his head in his own
+hand with streams of blood flowing through his fingers?[728] A man who
+afterwards lived with actors and gladiators on such terms that the
+former ministered to his lust, the latter to his crimes--who never
+approached a place so sacred or holy as not to leave there, even if no
+actual crime were committed, some suspicion of dishonour founded on his
+abandoned character--a man whose closest friends in the senate were the
+Curii and the Annii, in the auction rooms the Sapalæ and Carrilii, in
+the equestrian order the Pompilii and Vettii--a man of such consummate
+impudence, such abandoned profligacy, in fine, such cunning and success
+in lasciviousness, that he corrupted young boys when almost in the
+bosoms of their parents? Why should I after this mention Africa to you,
+or the depositions of the witnesses? They are well known--read them
+again and again yourself. Nevertheless, I think that I should not omit
+to mention that he left that court in the first place as needy as some
+of the jurors were before the trial, and in the second place the object
+of such hatred, that another prosecution against him is called for every
+day. His position is such that he is more likely to be nervous even if
+you do nothing, than contemptuous if you start any proceedings.
+
+What much better fortune in your canvass is yours than that which not
+long ago fell to the lot of another "new man," Gaius Cælius![729] He had
+two men of the highest rank as competitors, but they were of such a
+character that their rank was the least of their recommendations--genius
+of the highest order, supreme modesty, very numerous public services,
+most excellent methods of conducting a canvass, and diligence in
+carrying them out. And yet Cælius, though much inferior in birth, and
+superior in hardly anything, beat one of them. Wherefore, if you do what
+your natural ability and studies, which you have always pursued, enable
+you to do, what the exigencies of your present position require, what
+you are capable of doing and are bound to do, you will not have a
+difficult struggle with competitors who are by no means so conspicuous
+for their birth as notorious for their vices. For what citizen can there
+be found so ill-affected as to wish by one vote to draw two daggers
+against the Republic?
+
+IV. Having thus set forth what advantages you have and might have to set
+against your "newness," I think I ought now to say a word on the
+importance of what you are trying for. You are seeking the consulship,
+an office of which no one thinks you unworthy, but of which there are
+many who will be jealous. For, while by birth of equestrian rank,[730]
+you are seeking the highest rank in the state, and yet one which, though
+the highest, reflects much greater splendour on a man of courage,
+eloquence, and pure life than on others. Don't suppose that those who
+have already held that office are blind to the political position you
+will occupy, when once you have obtained the same. I suspect, however,
+that those who, though born of consular families, have not attained the
+position of their ancestors, will, unless they happen to be strongly
+attached to you, feel some jealousy. Even "new men" who have been
+prætors I think, unless under great obligations to you, will not like to
+be surpassed by you in official rank. Lastly, in the populace itself, I
+am sure it will occur to you how many are envious, how many, from the
+precedents of recent years, are averse to "new men." It must also needs
+be that some are angry with you in consequence of the causes which you
+have pleaded. Nay, carefully consider this also, whether, seeing that
+you have devoted yourself with such fervour to the promotion of Pompey's
+glory, you can suppose certain men to be your friends on that
+account.[731] Wherefore, seeing that you are seeking the highest place
+in the state, and at the same time that there do exist sentiments
+opposed to you, you must positively employ every method, and all your
+vigilance, labour, and attention to business.
+
+V. Again, the canvass for office resolves itself into an activity of two
+kinds, of which one is concerned with the loyalty of friends, the other
+with the feelings of the people. The loyalty of friends must be secured
+by acts of kindness and attention, by length of time, and by an easy and
+agreeable temper. But this word "friends" has a wider application during
+a canvass than in other times of our life. For whosoever gives any sign
+of an inclination to you, or habitually visits at your house, must be
+put down in the category of friends. But yet the most advantageous thing
+is to be beloved and pleasant in the eyes of those who are friends on
+the more regular grounds of relationship by blood or marriage, of
+membership of the same club, or of some close tie or other. Farther, you
+must take great pains that, in proportion as a man is most intimate and
+most closely connected with your household, he should love you and
+desire your highest honour--as, for instance, your tribesmen,
+neighbours, clients, and finally your freedmen and even your slaves; for
+nearly all the talk which forms one's public reputation emanates from
+domestic sources. In a word, you must secure friends of every class: for
+show--men conspicuous for their office or name, who, even if they do not
+give any actual assistance in canvassing, yet add some dignity to the
+candidate; to maintain your just rights--magistrates, consuls first and
+then tribunes; to secure the votes of the centuries--men of eminent
+popularity. Those who either have gained or hope to gain the vote of a
+tribe or century, or any other advantage, through your influence, take
+all pains to collect and secure. For during recent years men of ambition
+have exerted themselves with all their might and main to become sure of
+getting from their tribesmen what they sought. Do you also do your very
+best, by every means in your power, to make such men attached to you
+from the bottom of their hearts and with the most complete devotion. If,
+indeed, men were as grateful as they ought to be, all this should be
+ready to your hand, as I trust in fact that it is. For within the last
+two years you have put under an obligation to you four clubs of men who
+have the very greatest influence in promoting an election, those of C.
+Fundanius, Q. Gallius, C. Cornelius, C. Orchivius.[732] When they
+committed the defence of these men to you, I am acquainted with what
+their clubsmen undertook and promised you to do, for I was present at
+the interview. Wherefore you must insist at the present juncture on
+exacting from them your due by reminding them, appealing to them,
+solemnly assuring them, and taking care that they thoroughly understand
+that they will never have any other opportunity of shewing their
+gratitude. I cannot doubt that these men, from hope of your services in
+the future as well as from the benefits recently received, will be
+roused to active exertions. And speaking generally, since your
+candidature is most strongly supported by that class of friendships
+which you have gained as a counsel for the defence, take care that to
+all those, whom you have placed under this obligation to you, their duty
+should in every case be clearly defined and set forth. And as you have
+never been in any matter importunate with them, so be careful that they
+understand that you have reserved for this occasion all that you
+consider them to owe you.
+
+VI. But since men are principally induced to shew goodwill and zeal at
+the hustings by three considerations--kindness received, hope of more,
+personal affection and good feeling--we must take notice how best to
+take advantage of each of these. By very small favours men are induced
+to think that they have sufficient reason for giving support at the
+poll, and surely those you have saved (and their number is very large)
+cannot fail to understand that, if at this supreme crisis they fail to
+do what you wish, they will never have anyone's confidence. And though
+this is so, nevertheless they must be appealed to, and must even be led
+to think it possible that they, who have hitherto been under an
+obligation to us, may now put us under an obligation to them. Those,
+again, who are influenced by hope (a class of people much more apt to be
+scrupulously attentive) you must take care to convince that your
+assistance is at their service at any moment, and to make them
+understand that you are carefully watching the manner in which they
+perform the duties they owe you, and to allow no mistake to exist as to
+your clearly perceiving and taking note of the amount of support coming
+from each one of them. The third class which I mentioned is that of
+spontaneous and sincere friends, and this class you will have to make
+more secure by expressions of your gratitude; by making your words tally
+with the motives which it shall appear to you influenced them in taking
+up your cause; by shewing that the affection is mutual; and by
+suggesting that your friendship with them may ripen into intimacy and
+familiar intercourse. In all these classes alike consider and weigh
+carefully the amount of influence each possesses, in order to know both
+the kind of attention to pay to each, and what you are to expect and
+demand from each. For certain men are popular in their own
+neighbourhoods and towns; there are others possessed of energy and
+wealth, who, even if they have not heretofore sought such popularity,
+can yet easily obtain it at the moment for the sake of one to whom they
+owe or wish to do a favour. Your attention to such classes of men must
+be such as to shew them that you clearly understand what is to be
+expected from each, that you appreciate what you are receiving, and
+remember what you have received. There are, again, others who either
+have no influence or are positively disliked by their tribesmen, and
+have neither the spirit nor the ability to exert themselves on the spur
+of the moment: be sure you distinguish between such men, that you may
+not be disappointed in your expectation of support by placing over-much
+hope on some particular person.
+
+VII. But although you ought to rely on, and be fortified by, friendships
+already gained and firmly secured, yet in the course of the canvass
+itself very numerous and useful friendships are acquired. For among its
+annoyances a candidature has this advantage: you can without loss of
+dignity, as you cannot in other affairs of life, admit whomsoever you
+choose to your friendship, to whom if you were at any other time to
+offer your society, you would be thought guilty of an eccentricity;
+whereas during a canvass, if you don't do so with many, and take pains
+about it besides, you would be thought to be no use as a candidate at
+all. Moreover, I can assure you of this, that there is no one, unless he
+happens to be bound by some special tie to some one of your rivals,
+whom you could not induce, if you took pains, to earn your affection by
+his good services, and to seize the opportunity of putting you under an
+obligation--let him but fully understand that you value him highly, that
+you really mean what you say, that he is making a good investment, and
+that there will accrue from it not only a brief and electioneering
+friendship, but a firm and lasting one. There will be no one, believe
+me, if he has anything in him at all, who will let slip this opportunity
+offered of establishing a friendship with you, especially when by good
+luck you have competitors whose friendship is one to be neglected or
+avoided, and who not only are unable to secure what I am urging you to
+secure, but cannot even make the first step towards it. For how should
+Antonius make the first step towards attaching people to himself, when
+he cannot even call them, unaided, by their proper names? I, for one,
+think that there can be no greater folly than to imagine a man
+solicitous to serve you whom you don't know by sight. Extraordinary
+indeed must be the fame, the political position and extent of the public
+services of that man whom entire strangers, without supporters to back
+him, would elect to office. That a man without principle or energy,
+without doing any good service, and without ability, lying under a cloud
+of discredit, and without friends, should beat a man fortified with the
+devotion of a numerous circle and by the good opinion of all, cannot
+possibly occur except from gross negligence.
+
+VIII. Wherefore see that you have the votes of all the centuries secured
+to you by the number and variety of your friends. The first and most
+obvious thing is that you should embrace the Roman senators and knights,
+and the active and popular men of all the other orders. There are many
+city men of good business habits, there are many freedmen engaged in the
+forum who are popular and energetic: these men try with all your might
+both personally and by common friends, as far as you can, to make eager
+in your behalf; seek them out, send agents to them, shew them that they
+are putting you under the greatest obligation. After that review the
+entire city, all colleges, districts, neighbourhoods. If you attach to
+yourself the leading men of these, you will by their means easily keep a
+hold upon the multitude. When you have done that, take care to have in
+your mind a chart of all Italy laid out according to the tribe of each
+town, and learn it by heart, so that you may not allow any _municipium_,
+colony, prefecture, or, in a word, any spot in Italy to exist, in which
+you have not a sufficient foothold. Inquire also for and trace out
+individuals in every region, inform yourself about them, seek them out,
+strengthen their resolution, secure that in their own neighbourhoods
+they shall canvass for you, and be as it were candidates in your
+interest. They will wish for you as a friend, if they once see that
+their friendship is an object with you. Make sure that they _do_
+understand this by directing your speech specially to this point. Men of
+country towns, or from the country, think themselves in the position of
+friends if we of the city know them by name: if, however, they think
+that they are besides securing some protection for themselves, they do
+not let slip the opportunity of being obliging. Of such people others in
+town, and above all your rivals, don't so much as know the existence:
+you know about them and will easily recognize them, without which
+friendship is impossible. Nor is such recognition enough (though it is a
+great thing) unless some hope of material advantage and active
+friendship follows, for your object is not to be looked upon as a mere
+"nomenclator," but as a sincere friend also. So when you have both got
+the favour of these same men in the centuries, who from the means they
+have taken to secure their personal objects enjoy most popularity among
+their fellow tribesmen; and have made those all desirous of your success
+who have influence in any section of their tribe, owing to
+considerations attaching to their municipality or neighbourhood or
+college, then you may allow yourself to entertain the highest hopes.
+
+Again, the centuries of the knights appear to me capable of being won
+over, if you are careful, with considerably more ease. Let your first
+care be to acquaint yourself with the knights; for they are
+comparatively few: then make advances to them, for it is much easier to
+gain the friendship of young men at their time of life. Then again, you
+have on your side the best of the rising generation, and the most
+devoted to learning. Moreover, as the equestrian order is yours, they
+will follow the example of that order, if only you take the trouble to
+confirm the support of those centuries, not only by the general good
+affection of the order, but also by the friendships of individuals.
+Finally, the hearty zeal of the young in canvassing for votes, appearing
+at various places, bringing intelligence, and being in attendance on you
+in public are surprisingly important as well as creditable.
+
+IX. And since I have mentioned "attendance," I may add that you should
+be careful to see large companies every day of every class and order;
+for from the mere number of these a guess may well be made as to the
+amount of support you are likely to have in the _campus_ itself. Such
+visitors are of three kinds: one consists of morning callers who come to
+your house, a second of those who escort you to the forum, a third of
+those who attend you on your canvass. In the case of the morning
+callers, who are less select and, according to the prevailing fashion,
+come in greater numbers, you must contrive to make them think that you
+value even this slight attention very highly. Let those who shall come
+to your house see that you notice it; shew your gratification to such
+of their friends as will repeat it to them; frequently mention it to the
+persons themselves. It often happens that people, when they visit a
+number of candidates, and observe that there is one who above the rest
+notices these attentions, devote themselves to him; leave off visiting
+the others; little by little become devoted to one instead of being
+neutral, and from sham turn out real supporters. Farthermore, carefully
+remember this, if you have been told or have discovered that a man who
+has given you his promise is "dressing for the occasion," as the phrase
+goes, make as though you had neither heard it nor knew it; if any offers
+to clear himself to you, because he thinks himself suspected, assert
+roundly that you have never doubted his sincerity and have no right to
+doubt it. For the man who thinks that he is not giving satisfaction can
+never be a friend. You ought, however, to know each man's real feeling,
+in order to settle how much confidence to place in him.
+
+Secondly, of those who escort you to the forum: since this is a greater
+attention than a morning call, indicate and make clear that it is still
+more gratifying to you, and as far as it shall lie in your power go down
+to the forum at fixed times. The daily escort by its numbers produces a
+great impression and confers great personal distinction. The third class
+is that of numbers perpetually attending you on your canvass. See that
+those who do so spontaneously understand that you regard yourself as for
+ever obliged by their extreme kindness: from those, on the other hand,
+who owe you this attention, frankly demand that, as far as their age and
+business allow, they should constantly be in personal attendance, and
+that those who are unable to accompany you in person should find
+relations to take their place in performing this duty. I am very
+anxious, and think it extremely important, that you should always be
+surrounded by large numbers. Besides, it confers a great reputation and
+great distinction to be accompanied by those who by your exertions have
+been defended, preserved, and acquitted in the law courts. Put this
+demand fairly before them, that, since by your means and without any
+payment some have retained their property, others their honour, others
+their civil existence and entire fortunes, and since there will never be
+any other time at which they can show their gratitude, they should
+remunerate you by this service.
+
+X. And since the point now in discussion is entirely a question of the
+loyalty of friends, I must not, I think, pass over one caution.
+Deception, intrigue, and treachery are everywhere. This is not the time
+for a formal disquisition on the indications by which a true friend may
+be distinguished from a false: all that is in place now is to give you a
+hint. Your exalted character has compelled many to pretend to be your
+friends while really jealous of you. Wherefore remember the saying of
+Epicharmus, "the muscle and bone of wisdom is to believe nothing
+rashly." Again, when you have got the feelings of your friends in a
+sound state, you must then acquaint yourself with the attitude and
+varieties of your detractors and opponents. There are three: first,
+those whom you have attacked; second, those who dislike you without
+definite reason; third, those who are warm friends of your competitors.
+As to those attacked by you while pleading a friend's cause against
+them, frankly excuse yourself; remind them of the ties constraining you;
+give them reason to hope that you will act with equal zeal and loyalty
+in their cases, if they become your friends. As for those who dislike
+you without reason, do your best to remove that prejudice either by some
+actual service, or by holding out hopes of it, or by indicating your
+kindly feeling towards them. As for those whose wishes are against you
+owing to friendship for your competitors, gratify them also by the same
+means as the former, and, if you can get them to believe it, shew that
+you are kindly disposed to the very men who are standing against you.
+
+XI. Having said enough about securing friendships, I must now speak on
+another department of a candidate's task, which is concerned with the
+conciliation of the people. This demands a knack of remembering names,
+insinuating manners, constant attendance, liberality, the power of
+setting a report afloat and creating a hopeful feeling in the state.
+First of all, make the faculty you possess of recognizing people
+conspicuous, and go on increasing and improving it every day. I don't
+think there is anything so popular or so conciliatory. Next, if nature
+has denied you some quality, resolve to assume it, so as to appear to be
+acting naturally. Although nature has great force, yet in a business
+lasting only a few months it seems probable that the artificial may be
+the more effective. For though you are not lacking in the courtesy which
+good and polite men should have, yet there is great need of a flattering
+manner which, however faulty and discreditable in other transactions of
+life, is yet necessary during a candidateship. For when it makes a man
+worse by truckling, it is wrong; but when only more friendly, it does
+not deserve so harsh a term; while it is absolutely necessary to a
+candidate, whose face and expression and style of conversation have to
+be varied and accommodated to the feelings and tastes of everyone he
+meets. As for "constant attendance," there is no need of laying down any
+rule, the phrase speaks for itself. It is, of course, of very great
+consequence not to go away anywhere; but the real advantage of such
+constant attendance is not only the being at Rome and in the forum, but
+the pushing one's canvass assiduously, the addressing oneself again and
+again to the same persons, the making it impossible (as far as your
+power goes) for anyone to say that he has not been asked by you, and
+earnestly and carefully asked. Liberality is, again, of wide
+application; it is shewn in regard to the management of your private
+property, which, even if it does not actually reach the multitude, yet,
+if spoken of with praise by friends, earns the favour of the multitude.
+It may also be displayed in banquets, which you must take care to attend
+yourself and to cause your friends to attend, whether open ones or those
+confined to particular tribes. It may, again, be displayed in giving
+practical assistance, which I would have you render available far and
+wide: and be careful therein to be accessible to all by day and night,
+and not only by the doors of your house, but by your face and
+countenance, which is the door of the mind; for, if that shews your
+feelings to be those of reserve and concealment, it is of little good to
+have your house doors open. For men desire not only to have promises
+made them, especially in their applications to a candidate, but to have
+them made in a liberal and complimentary manner. Accordingly, it is an
+easy rule to make, that you should indicate that whatever you are going
+to do you will do with heartiness and pleasure; it is somewhat more
+difficult, and rather a concession to the necessities of the moment than
+to your inclination, that when you cannot do a thing you should [either
+promise] or put your refusal pleasantly: the latter is the conduct of a
+good man, the former of a good candidate. For when a request is made
+which we cannot grant with honour or without loss to ourselves, for
+instance, if a man were to ask us to appear in a suit against a friend,
+a refusal must be given in a gentlemanly way: you must point out to him
+that your hands are tied, must shew that you are exceedingly sorry, must
+convince him that you will make up for it in other ways.
+
+XII. I have heard a man say about certain orators, to whom he had
+offered his case, "that he had been better pleased with the words of the
+one who declined, than of the one who accepted." So true it is that men
+are more taken by look and words than by actual services. [This latter
+course, however, you will readily approve: the former it is somewhat
+difficult to recommend to a Platonist like you, but yet I will have
+regard for your present circumstances.] For even those to whom you are
+forced by any other tie to refuse your advocacy may yet quit you
+mollified and with friendly feelings. But those to whom you only excuse
+a refusal by saying that you are hindered by the affairs of closer
+friends, or by cases more important or previously undertaken, quit you
+with hostile feelings, and are one and all disposed to prefer an
+insincere promise to a direct negative from you. C. Cotta, a master in
+the art of electioneering, used to say that, "so long as the request was
+not directly contrary to moral duty, he used to promise his assistance
+to all, to bestow it on those with whom he thought it would be most
+advantageously invested: he did not refuse anyone, because something
+often turned up to prevent the person whom he promised from availing
+himself of it, and it often also occurred that he himself was less
+engaged than he had thought at the time; nor could anyone's house be
+full of suitors who only undertook what he saw his way to perform: by
+some accident or other the unexpected often happens, while business,
+which you have believed to be actually in hand, from some cause or other
+does not come off: moreover, the worst that can happen is that the man
+to whom you have made a false promise is angry." This last risk,
+supposing you to make the promise, is uncertain, is prospective, and
+only affects a few; but, if you refuse, the offence given is certain,
+immediate, and more widely diffused. For many more ask to be allowed to
+avail themselves of the help of another than actually do so. Wherefore
+it is better that some of them should at times be angry with you in the
+forum, than all of them perpetually at your own house: especially as
+they are more inclined to be angry with those who refuse, than with a
+man whom they perceive to be prevented by so grave a cause as to be
+compatible with the desire to fulfil his promise if he possibly could.
+But that I may not appear to have abandoned my own classification, since
+the department of a candidate's work on which I am now dilating is that
+which refers to the populace, I insist on this, that all these
+observations have reference not so much to the feelings of friends as to
+popular rumour. Though there is something in what I say which comes
+under the former head--such as answering with kindness, and giving
+zealous assistance in the business and the dangers of friends--yet in
+this part of my argument I am speaking of the things which enable you to
+win over the populace: for instance, the having your house full of
+visitors before daybreak, the securing the affection of many by giving
+them hope of your support, the contriving that men should leave you with
+more friendly feelings than they came, the filling the ears of as many
+as possible with the most telling words.
+
+XIII. For my next theme must be popular report, to which very great
+attention must be paid. But what I have said throughout the foregoing
+discourse applies also to the diffusion of a favourable report: the
+reputation for eloquence; the favour of the _publicani_ and equestrian
+order; the goodwill of men of rank; the crowd of young men; the constant
+attendance of those whom you have defended; the number of those from
+municipal towns who have notoriously come to Rome on your account; the
+observations which men make in your favour--that you recognize them,
+address them politely, are assiduous and earnest in canvassing; that
+they speak and think of you as kind and liberal; the having your house
+full of callers long before daybreak; the presence of large numbers of
+every class; that your look and speech give satisfaction to all, your
+acts and deeds to many; that everything is done which can be done by
+hard work, skill, and attention, not to cause the fame arising from all
+these displays of feeling to reach the people, but to bring the people
+itself to share them. You have already won the city populace and the
+affections of those who control the public meetings by your panegyric of
+Pompey, by undertaking the cause of Manilius, by your defence of
+Cornelius.[733] We must not let those advantages be forgotten, which
+hitherto no one has had without possessing at the same time the favour
+of the great. We must also take care that everyone knows that Cn.
+Pompeius is strongly in your favour, and that it emphatically suits his
+purpose that you should win your election. Lastly, take care that your
+whole candidature is full of _éclat_, brilliant, splendid, suited to the
+popular taste, presenting a spectacle of the utmost dignity and
+magnificence. See also, if possible, that some new scandal is started
+against your competitors for crime or looseness of life or corruption,
+such as is in harmony with their characters.
+
+Above all in this election you must see that the Republic entertains a
+good hope and an honourable opinion of you. And yet you must not enter
+upon political measures in senate-house and public meeting while a
+candidate: you must hold such things in abeyance, in order that from
+your lifelong conduct the senate may judge you likely to be the
+supporter of their authority; the Roman knights, along with the
+loyalists and wealthy, judge you from your past to be eager for peace
+and quiet times; and the people think of you as not likely to be hostile
+to their interests from the fact that in your style of speaking in
+public meetings, and in your declared convictions, you have been on the
+popular side.
+
+XIV. This is what occurred to me to say on the subject of these two
+morning reflexions, which I said you ought to turn over in your mind
+every day as you went down to the forum: "I am a _novus homo_," "I am a
+candidate for the consulship." There remains the third, "This is Rome,"
+a city made up of a combination of nations, in which many snares, much
+deception, many vices enter into every department of life: in which you
+have to put up with the arrogant pretensions, the wrong-headedness, the
+ill-will, the hauteur, the disagreeable temper and offensive manners of
+many. I well understand that it requires great prudence and skill for a
+man, living among social vices of every sort, so many and so serious, to
+avoid giving offence, causing scandal, or falling into traps, and in his
+single person to adapt himself to such a vast variety of character,
+speech, and feeling. Wherefore, I say again and again, go on
+persistently in the path you have begun: put yourself above rivalry in
+eloquence; it is by this that people at Rome are charmed and attracted,
+as well as deterred from obstructing a man's career or inflicting an
+injury upon him. And since the chief plague spot of our state is that it
+allows the prospect of a bribe to blind it to virtue and worth, be sure
+that you are fully aware of your own strength, that is, understand that
+you are the man capable of producing in the minds of your rivals the
+strongest fear of legal proceeding and legal peril. Let them know that
+they are watched and scrutinized by you: they will be in terror of your
+energy, as well as of your influence and power of speech, and above all
+of the affection of the equestrian order towards you. But though I wish
+you to hold out this before them, I do not wish you to make it appear
+that you are already meditating an action, but to use this terror so as
+to facilitate the gaining of your object: and, in a word, in this
+contest strain every nerve and use every faculty in such a way as to
+secure what we seek. I notice that there are no elections so deeply
+tainted with corruption, but that some centuries return men closely
+connected with them without receiving money. Therefore, if we are as
+vigilant as the greatness of our object demands, and rouse our
+well-wishers to put forth all their energies; and if we allot to men of
+influence and zeal in our service their several tasks; if we put before
+our rivals the threat of legal proceedings; if we inspire their agents
+with fear, and by some means check the distributors, it is possible to
+secure either that there shall be no bribery or that it shall be
+ineffectual.
+
+These are the points that I thought, not that I knew better than you,
+but that I could more easily than you--in the pressing state of your
+present engagements--collect together and send you written out. And
+although they are written in such terms as not to apply to all
+candidates for office, but to your special case and to your particular
+election, yet I should be glad if you would tell me of anything that
+should be corrected or entirely struck out, or that has been omitted.
+For I wish this little essay "on the duties of a candidate" to be
+regarded as complete in every respect.
+
+[Footnote 726: It is to be observed that at this time Pompey is reckoned
+as inclined to the _populares_. His legislation in B.C. 70 had been
+somewhat in their favour; but he had not, as a fact, ever declared
+himself either way.]
+
+[Footnote 727: C. Antonius, impeached by Cæsar for plundering Macedonia,
+_appellavit tribunos iuravitque se forum eiurare, quod æquo iure uti non
+posset_ (Ascon. § 84). His offences in Macedonia, where he had been left
+by Sulla, were in B.C. 83-80; his impeachment, B.C. 76; his expulsion
+from the senate, B.C. 70.]
+
+[Footnote 728: M. Marius Gratidianus (Ascon. § 84). These denunciations
+of Antonius and Catiline seem to be taken from the oration _in toga
+candida_.]
+
+[Footnote 729: Cælius, consul B.C. 94 with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.]
+
+[Footnote 730: Cicero, of course, was now a senator, but he was the
+first of his family who had been so. The others who came forward for the
+consulship were two patricians, P. Sulpicius Galba, L. Sergius Catilina;
+four plebeians, C. Antonius, L. Cassius Longinus, whom Asconius calls
+_nobiles_, _i.e._, members of families who had held curule office; and
+Q. Cornificius and C. Licinius Sacerdos, whose families had only
+recently risen to this position, _tantum non primi ex familiis suis
+magistratum adepti erant_ (Asc.)]
+
+[Footnote 731: He hints, I think, at Cæsar, who supported Antonius and
+Catiline, and also the Luculli, who were opponents of Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 732: C. Fundanius, defended by Cicero B.C. 66, fr. p. 216. Q.
+Gallius, defended by Cicero on _ambitus_ B.C. 64, fr. p. 217 (_Brut._ §
+277). C. Cornelius, quæstor of Pompey, tr. pl. B.C. 67, defended by
+Cicero B.C. 65 (Ascon. § 56 _seq._) C. Orchivius, Cicero's colleague in
+prætorship B.C. 66 (_Or._ § 160). We don't know on what charge Cicero
+defended him. The passage in _pro Cluent._ § 147, does not mean that he
+was accused of _peculatus_, but that he presided over trials of
+_peculatus_ as prætor.]
+
+[Footnote 733: Manilius, tr. pl. B.C. 66, proposed the law for
+appointing Pompey to supersede Lucullus in the East. After his year of
+office he was accused of _maiestas_, and later on of _repetundæ_, but
+apparently neither case came on. C. Cornelius, tr. pl. B.C. 57, was
+accused of _maiestas_ in B.C. 55, and defended by Cicero. He had become
+alienated from the senate by its opposition to his legislation against
+usury in the provinces, and the case made a great sensation.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+L. VETTIUS (LETTER L, A II, 24)
+
+
+L. Vettius, a kind of Titus Oates, was like the witness in "Great
+Expectations," prepared to swear "mostly anything." The interest
+attaching to such a sordid person is confined to the question whether he
+was really acting with the connivance of, or under an agreement with,
+any of the leading politicians of the day. If the principle of _cui
+bono_ is applied, it is evident that the gainers were the party of the
+trumvirs, whose popularity would be increased by a belief being created
+that their opponents the Optimates were prepared to adopt extreme
+measures to get rid of them. It would give them just the advantage which
+the Rye House plot gave Charles II. This is Cicero's view, it seems, of
+the matter, as insinuated in this letter and in his speech against
+Vatinius (§§ 24-26; cp. _pro Sest._ § 132). In the letter, however, his
+insinuations seem directed against Cæsar: in the speech Vatinius is the
+scape-goat. But Vettius was not only a liar, but a bad liar. He made
+blunders; and when he brought in the name of Bibulus, he was not aware
+that Bibulus had got scent of something going on, and had secured
+himself by giving Pompey warning. He also did not tell consistent
+stories, mentioning names (such as that of Brutus) at one time, and
+withdrawing them at another. He was accordingly wholly discredited, and
+could therefore expect no protection from Cæsar, who had been careful
+not to commit himself; and he had nothing for it but suicide, like
+Pigott at the time of the Parnell Commission.
+
+Cicero, then, would have us believe that Vettius had been instigated by
+Vatinius (acting for Cæsar) to name Bibulus, L. Lucullus, Curio (father
+and son), L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Lentulus, L. Paullus, Cicero
+himself, his son-in-law Piso, and M. Laterensis, as having been all more
+or less privy to the plot to murder Pompey and Cæsar. That there was
+absolutely no such plot, and that Vettius broke down hopelessly when
+questioned. That the object was, (1) to irritate Pompey with the
+Optimates and so confirm him in his alliance with Cæsar, (2) to
+discredit the Optimates generally.
+
+It may be well to state briefly the views put forward by our other
+authorities for this period.
+
+(1.) Suetonius (_Cæs. 20_) appears to attribute the instigation of
+Vettius to Cæsar, as also the murder of Vettius in prison, after he
+broke down so flagrantly. The text of this passage, however, is somewhat
+doubtful.
+
+(2.) Appian (_B. C._ ii. 12) describes the scene as happening at the
+time that Cæsar's agrarian law was being passed, and Bibulus was hustled
+in the forum. Vettius, with a drawn dagger, rushed into the crowd crying
+out that he had been sent by Bibulus, Cicero, and Cato to assassinate
+Cæsar and Pompey, and that an attendant of Bibulus had given him the
+dagger. Vettius was arrested, put into prison to be questioned the next
+day, and was murdered during the night. Cæsar meanwhile addressed the
+people and excited their anger; but after the death of Vettius the
+matter was hushed up.
+
+(3.) Plutarch (_Lucull._ 42) says that the "Pompeians," annoyed at
+finding the union with Cæsar opposed by the leading Optimates, induced
+Vettius to accuse Lucullus and others of a plot to assassinate Pompey;
+and that the corpse of Vettius shewed evident signs of violence.
+
+(4.) Dio Cassius (38-39) says bluntly that Vettius was employed by
+Lucullus and Cicero to assassinate Pompey, and was got rid of in prison.
+He adds that Vettius was discredited by bringing in the name of Bibulus,
+who (as Cicero also says) had secured himself by giving Pompey warning.
+
+The conclusions seem to be (though in such a tangled skein of lies it is
+impossible to be sure), (1) that there was no plot, properly so called,
+though many of the Optimates, and Cicero among them, had used incautious
+language; (2) that Vettius was suborned by some person or party of
+persons to make the people believe that there was one; (3) that
+Cæsar--though there is not sufficient evidence to shew that he had been
+the instigator--was willing to take advantage of the prejudice created
+by the suspicions thus aroused; (4) that though Vettius had served
+Cicero in his capacity of spy in the days of the Catilinarian
+conspiracy, and was able to report words of his sufficiently
+characteristic, yet this letter to Atticus exonerates Cicero from
+suspicion, even if there were a plot, and even if we could believe that
+he could have brought himself to plot the death of Pompey.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+
+     The following letters to Tiro, with one from Quintus in regard to
+     his manumission, are given here because of the difficulty of dating
+     them. The indications of time are as follows. I. Those addressed to
+     Tiro are earlier than that of Quintus, because they refer to a
+     promised emancipation, while that of Quintus speaks of it as
+     accomplished. II. The letter of Quintus is after the emancipation
+     of his own freedman Statius, which apparently took place B.C. 59.
+     III. Quintus is at a distance from Italy, and is looking forward to
+     rejoin his brother and family. IV. Cicero is engaged on some more
+     than ordinary literary work. V. Pompey is visiting Cicero in his
+     Cuman villa. Now after his return from Asia (B.C. 58), Quintus was
+     only twice thus distant, in B.C. 57-56 in Sardinia, and in B.C.
+     54-53 in Britain and Gaul. In both of these periods Cicero was
+     engaged on literary work; in the former on the _de Oratore_, in the
+     latter on the _de Republica_. There is really no means of deciding
+     between these two. It is even possible that they might be placed
+     some time during the proprietorship of Quintus in Asia (B.C.
+     62-59), during which Cicero was engaged, among other things, on a
+     poem on his own times and a history of his consulship. Tiro--or M.
+     Tullius Tiro, as he was called after his emancipation--was not a
+     young man, and may well have been emancipated even in B.C. 59.
+     According to Hieronymus, he died in B.C. 5 in his hundredth year.
+     He was therefore little more than a year younger than Cicero
+     himself. The illness of Tiro must have been an earlier one than
+     that of which we shall hear much in B.C. 50-49.
+
+
+
+
+I (F XVI, 13)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMÆ) 10 APRIL
+
+
+I shall consider that I have everything possible from you, if I see you
+in good health. I am awaiting the arrival of Andricus, whom I sent to
+you, with the utmost anxiety. Do take pains to recover, if you love me:
+and as soon as you have thoroughly re-established your health, come to
+me. Good-bye.
+
+10 April.
+
+
+
+
+II (F XVI, 14)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMÆ) 11 APRIL
+
+
+Andricus arrived a day later than I expected him, and accordingly I had
+a night of terror and unhappiness. Your letter does not make me at all
+more certain of your state, and yet it did revive me. I can take
+pleasure in nothing; can employ myself in no literary work, which I
+cannot touch till I have seen you. Give orders to promise the doctor any
+fee he chooses to ask. I wrote to that effect to Ummidius. I am told
+that your mind is ill at ease, and that the doctor says this is what
+makes you ill. If you care for me, rouse from their sleep your studies
+and your culture, which make you the dearest object of my affection. It
+is your mind that requires strengthening now, in order that your body
+may also recover. Pray do it both for your own and my sake. Keep Acastus
+with you to help to nurse you. Preserve yourself for me. The day for the
+fulfilment of my promise is at hand, and I will be true to it, if you
+only come. Good-bye, good-bye!
+
+11 April, noon.
+
+
+
+
+III (F XVI, 15)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMÆ) 12 APRIL
+
+
+Ægypta arrived on the 12th of April. Though he brought the news that you
+were entirely without fever and were pretty well, yet he caused me
+anxiety by saying that you had not been able to write to me: and all the
+more so because Hermia, who ought to have arrived on the same day, has
+not done so. I am incredibly anxious about your health. If you will
+relieve me from that, I will _liberate_ you from every burden. I would
+have written at greater length, if I had thought that you were now
+capable of taking any pleasure in reading a letter. Concentrate your
+whole intelligence, which I value above everything, upon preserving
+yourself for your own and my benefit. Use your utmost diligence, I
+repeat, in nursing your health. Good-bye.
+
+P.S.--When I had finished the above Hermia arrived. I have your letter
+written in a shaky hand, and no wonder after so serious an illness. I am
+sending Ægypta back to stay with you, because he is by no means without
+feeling, and seems to me to be attached to you, and with him a cook for
+your especial use. Good-bye!
+
+
+
+
+IV (F XVI, 10)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+CUMÆ, 19 MAY
+
+
+I of course wish you to come to me, but I dread the journey for you. You
+have been most seriously ill: you have been much reduced by a low diet
+and purgatives, and the ravages of the disease itself. After dangerous
+illnesses, if some mistake is made, drawbacks are usually dangerous.
+Moreover, to the two days on the road which it will have taken you to
+reach Cumæ, there will have to be added at once five more for your
+return journey to Rome. I mean to be at Formiæ on the 30th: be sure, my
+dear Tiro, that I find you there strong and well. My poor studies, or
+rather _ours_, have been in a very bad way owing to your absence.
+However, they have looked up a little owing to this letter from you
+brought by Acastus. Pompey is staying with me at the moment of writing
+this, and seems to be cheerful and enjoying himself. He asks me to read
+him something of ours, but I told him that without you the oracle was
+dumb. Pray prepare to renew your services to our Muses. My promise shall
+be _performed_ on the day named: for I have taught you the etymology of
+_fides_.[734] Take care to make a complete recovery. I shall be with you
+directly. Good-bye.
+
+19 May.
+
+[Footnote 734: From _fio_, according to Cicero, _credamusque quia "fiat"
+quod dictum est, appellatam fidem_ (_de Off._ i. § 23). He is referring
+to his promise to emancipate Tiro on a particular day.]
+
+
+
+
+V (F XVI, 16)
+
+Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER
+
+(GAUL?)
+
+
+As I hope to see you again, my dear Marcus, and my own son Cicero, and
+your Tulliola and your son, I am delighted about Tiro. He was much too
+good for his position, and I am truly glad that you preferred that he
+should be our freedman and friend rather than our slave. Believe me,
+when I read your letter and his I jumped for joy, and I both thank and
+congratulate you: for if the fidelity and good character of my own
+Statius is a delight to me, how much more valuable must those same
+qualities be in your man, since there is added to them knowledge of
+literature, conversational powers, and culture, which have advantages
+even over those useful virtues! I have all sorts of most conclusive
+reasons for loving you: and here is another one, either for what you
+have done, or, if you choose, for your perfect manner of announcing it
+to me. Your letter shewed me your whole heart. I have promised Sabinus's
+servants all they asked, and I will perform my promise.
+
+
+END OF VOL. I.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by
+Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1
+       The Whole Extant Correspodence in Chronological Order
+
+Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+Translator: Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
+
+Release Date: April 22, 2007 [EBook #21200]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LETTERS OF CICERO, VOLUME 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h2>THE LETTERS OF</h2>
+
+<h1>CICERO</h1>
+
+<h3>THE WHOLE EXTANT CORRESPONDENCE<br />
+IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER</h3>
+
+
+<h4>TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH</h4>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+
+<h2>EVELYN S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A.</h2>
+
+<h4>LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE<br />
+AUTHOR OF A TRANSLATION OF POLYBIUS, A HISTORY OF ROME, ETC</h4>
+
+
+<h3>IN FOUR VOLUMES</h3>
+
+<h2><span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68-52</h2>
+
+
+<h4>LONDON<br />
+GEORGE BELL AND SONS<br />
+1899</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h5>CHISWICK PRESS:&mdash;CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.<br />
+TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.</h5>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>The object of this book is to give the English-speaking public, in a
+convenient form, as faithful and readable a copy as the translator was
+capable of making of a document unique in the literature of antiquity.
+Whether we regard the correspondence of Cicero from the point of view of
+the biographer and observer of character, the historian, or the lover of
+<i>belles lettres</i>, it is equally worthy of study. It seems needless to
+dwell on the immense historical importance of letters written by
+prominent actors in one of the decisive periods of the world's history,
+when the great Republic, that had spread its victorious arms, and its
+law and discipline, over the greater part of the known world, was in the
+throes of its change from the old order to the new. If we would
+understand&mdash;as who would not?&mdash;the motives and aims of the men who acted
+in that great drama, there is nowhere that we can go with better hope of
+doing so than to these letters. To the student of character also the
+personality of Cicero must always have a great fascination. Statesman,
+orator, man of letters, father, husband, brother, and friend&mdash;in all
+these capacities he comes before us with singular vividness. In every
+one of them he will doubtless rouse different feelings in different
+minds. But though he will still, as he did in his lifetime, excite
+vehement disapproval as well as strong admiration, he will never, I
+think, appear to anyone dull or uninteresting. In the greater part of
+his letters he is not posing or assuming a character; he lets us only
+too frankly into his weaknesses and his vanities, as well as his
+generous admirations and warm affections. Whether he is weeping, or
+angry, or exulting, or eager for compliments, or vain of his abilities
+and achievements, he is not a phantasm or a farceur, but a human being
+with fiercely-beating pulse and hot blood.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty of the task which I have been bold enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> to undertake
+is well known to scholars, and may explain, though perhaps not excuse,
+the defects of my work. One who undertakes to express the thoughts of
+antiquity in modern idiom goes to his task with his eyes open, and has
+no right at every stumbling-block or pitfall to bemoan his unhappy fate.
+So also with the particular difficulties presented by the great founder
+of Latin style&mdash;his constant use of superlatives, his doubling and
+trebling of nearly synonymous terms, the endless shades of meaning in
+such common words as <i>officium</i>, <i>fides</i>, <i>studium</i>, <i>humanitas</i>,
+<i>dignitas</i>, and the like&mdash;all these the translator has to take in the
+day's work. Finally, there are the hard nuts to crack&mdash;often very
+hard&mdash;presented by corruption of the text. Such problems, though,
+relatively with other ancient works, not perhaps excessively numerous,
+are yet sufficiently numerous and sufficiently difficult. But besides
+these, which are the natural incidents of such work, there is the
+special difficulty that the letters are frequently answers to others
+which we do not possess, and which alone can fully explain the meaning
+of sentences which must remain enigmatical to us; or they refer to
+matters by a word or phrase of almost telegraphic abruptness, with which
+the recipient was well acquainted, but as to which we are reduced to
+guessing. When, however, all such insoluble difficulties are allowed
+for, which after all in absolute bulk are very small, there should (if
+the present version is at all worthy) be enough that is perfectly plain
+to everyone, and generally of the highest interest.</p>
+
+<p>I had no intention of writing a commentary on the language of Cicero or
+his correspondents, and my translation must, as a rule, be taken for the
+only expression of my judgment formed after reading and weighing the
+arguments of commentators. I meant only to add notes on persons and
+things enabling the reader to use the letters for biographical, social,
+and historical study. I should have liked to dedicate it by the words
+<i>Boswellianus Boswellianis</i>. But I found that the difficulties of the
+text compelled me to add a word here and there as to the solution of
+them which I preferred, or had myself to suggest. Such notes are very
+rare, and rather meant as danger signals than critical discussions. I
+have followed in the main the chronological<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span> arrangement of the letters
+adopted by Messrs. Tyrrell and Purser, to whose great work my
+obligations are extremely numerous. If, as is the case, I have not
+always been able to accept their conclusions, it is none the less true
+that their brilliant labours have infinitely lightened my task, and
+perhaps made it even possible.</p>
+
+<p>I ought to mention that I have adopted the English mode of dating,
+writing, for instance, July and August, though Cicero repudiated the
+former and, of course, never heard of the latter. I have also refrained
+generally from attempting to represent his Greek by French, partly
+because I fear I should have done it ill, and partly because it is not
+in him as in an English writer who lards his sentences with French. It
+is almost confined to the letters to Atticus, to whom Greek was a second
+mother-tongue, and often, I think, is a quotation from him. It does not
+really represent Cicero's ordinary style.</p>
+
+<p>One excuse for my boldness in venturing upon the work is the fact that
+no complete translation exists in English. Mr. Jeans has published a
+brilliant translation of a selection of some of the best of the letters.
+But still it is not the whole. The last century versions of Melmoth and
+Herbenden have many excellences; but they are not complete either (the
+letters to Brutus, for instance, having been discovered since), and
+need, at any rate, a somewhat searching revision. Besides, with many
+graces of style, they may perhaps prove less attractive now than they
+did a century ago. At any rate it is done, and I must bear with what
+equanimity nature has given me the strictures of critics, who doubtless
+will find, if so minded, many blemishes to set off against, and perhaps
+outweigh, any merit my translation may have. I must bear that as well as
+I may. But no critic can take from me the days and nights spent in close
+communion with Rome's greatest intellect, or the endless pleasure of
+solving the perpetually recurring problem of how best to transfer a
+great writer's thoughts and feelings from one language to another:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"C&aelig;sar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LETTERS IN VOLUME I</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='center' colspan="2">Number<br />in this<br />Translation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. I.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCIV_F_I_1">94</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCV_F_I_2">95</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCVI_F_I_3">96</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCVII_F_I_4">97</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCVII_F_I_5">98</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'>b</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CII_F_I_5_b">102</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CIII_F_I_6">103</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXIII_F_I_7">113</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXVIII_F_I_8">152</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLII_F_I_9">152</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXI_F_I_10">161</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. II.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXV_F_II_1">165</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXVII_F_II_2">167</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXVIII_F_II_3">168</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXIV_F_II_4">174</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXV_F_II_5">175</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXVI_F_II_6">176</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. III.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXX_F_III_1">180</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. V.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XIII_F_V_I">13</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XIV_F_V_2">14</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXII_F_V_3">112</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXVIII_F_V_4">88</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XVII_F_V_5">17</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XV_F_V_6">15</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XII_F_V_7">12</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXX_F_V_8">130</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CVIII_F_V_12">108</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>17</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXVIII_F_V_17">178</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>18</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXIX_F_V_18">179</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. VII.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXVI_F_VII_1">126</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXXI_F_VII_2">181</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXIII_F_VII_5">133</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXV_F_VII_6">135</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXVI_F_VII_7">136</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXIX_F_VII_8">139</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLIV_F_VII_9">144</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLX_F_VII_10">160</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>11</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXVI_F_VII_11">166</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXIX_F_VII_12">169</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXX_F_VII_13">170</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXI_F_VII_14">171</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>15</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXIII_F_VII_15">173</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>16</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLVI_F_VII_16">156</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>17</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLV_F_VII_17">145</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>18</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXII_F_VII_18">172</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>23</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXV_F_VII_23">125</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>26</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCIII_F_VII_26">93</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. XIII.</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'>a</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXIV_F_XIII_6_a">114</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'>b</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXV_F_XIII_6_b">115</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>40</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXVIII_F_XIII_40">128</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>41</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LIV_F_XIII_41">54</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>42</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LIII_F_XIII_42">53</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>49</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXII_F_XIII_49">162</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>60</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXIII_F_XIII_60">163</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>73</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXIV_F_XIII_73">164</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>74</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXVII_F_XIII_74">127</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>75</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLXXVII_F_XIII_75">177</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. XIV.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXI_F_XIV_1">81</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXVIII_F_XIV_2">78</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXIII_F_XIV_3">83</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXI_F_XIV_4">61</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Fam. XVI.</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'>p. <a href="#Page_386">386</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'>p. <a href="#Page_384">384</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'>p. <a href="#Page_385">385</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>16</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'>p. <a href="#Page_387">387</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Q. Fr. I.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXIX_Q_FR_I_1">29</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LII_Q_FR_I_2">52</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXV_Q_FR_I_3">65</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXI_Q_FR_I_4">71</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Q. Fr. II.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCII_Q_FR_II_1">92</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCIX_Q_FR_II_2">99</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CI_Q_FR_II_3">101</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CIV_Q_FR_II_4">104</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CV_Q_FR_II_5">105</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXVI_Q_FR_II_6">116</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXIX_Q_FR_II_7">119</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXII_Q_FR_II_8">122</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXI_Q_FR_II_9">131</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXII_Q_FR_II_10">132</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>11</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXIV_Q_FR_II_11">134</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXVIII_Q_FR_II_12">138</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXL_Q_FR_II_13">140</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLI_Q_FR_II_14">141</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>15</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLVI_Q_FR_II_15">146</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Q. Fr III.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLVII_Q_FR_III_1">147</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLIX_Q_FR_III_2">149</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CL_Q_FR_III_3">150</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLI_Q_FR_III_4">151</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left' rowspan="2" class="large">}</td>
+  <td align='right' rowspan="2"><a href="#CLIV_Q_FR_III_5-6">154</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLV_Q_FR_III_7">155</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLVIII_Q_FR_III_8">158</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLIX_Q_FR_III_9">159</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Petit. Cons.</td>
+  <td align='right'></td>
+  <td align='right'></td>
+  <td align='right'>p. <a href="#Page_367">367</a></td>
+  <td align='right'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Att. I.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#X_A_I_1">10</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XI_A_I_2">11</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#VIII_A_I_3">8</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#IX_A_I_4">9</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#I_A_I_5">1</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#II_A_I_6">2</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#III_A_I_7">3</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#V_A_I_8">5</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#IV_A_I_9">4</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#VI_A_I_10">6</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>11</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#VII_A_I_11">7</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XVI_A_I_12">16</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XVIII_A_1_13">18</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XIX_A_I_14">19</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>15</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XX_A_I_15">20</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>16</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXI_A_I_16">21</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>17</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXII_A_I_17">22</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>18</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXIII_A_I_18">23</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>19</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXIV_A_I_19">24</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>20</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXV_A_I_20">25</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Att. II.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXVI_A_II_1">26</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXVII_A_II_2">27</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXVIII_A_II_3">28</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXX_A_II_4">30</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXI_A_II_5">31</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXII_A_II_6">32</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXIII_A_II_7">33</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXIV_A_II_8">34</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXV_A_II_9">35</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXVII_A_II_10">37</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>11</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXVIII_A_II_11">38</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXVI_A_II_12">36</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XXXIX_A_II_13">39</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XL_A_II_14">40</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>15</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLI_A_II_15">41</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>16</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLII_A_II_16">42</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>17</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLIII_A_II_17">43</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>18</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLIV_A_II_18">44</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>19</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLV_A_II_19">45</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>20</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLVI_A_II_20">46</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>21</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLVII_A_II_21">47</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>22</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLVIII_A_II_22">48</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>23</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XLIX_A_II_23">49</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>24</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#L_A_II_24">50</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>25</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LI_A_II_25">51</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Att. III.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LVIII_A_III_1">58</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LVI_A_III_2">56</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LV_A_III_3">55</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LVII_A_III_4">57</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LIX_A_III_5">59</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LX_A_III_6">60</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXII_A_III_7">62</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXIII_A_III_8">63</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXIV_A_III_9">64</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXVI_A_III_10">66</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>11</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXVII_A_III_11">67</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXVIII_A_III_12">68</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXX_A_III_13">70</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXIX_A_III_14">69</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>15</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXII_A_III_15">72</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>16</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXIII_A_III_16">73</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>17</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXIV_A_III_17">74</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>18</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXV_A_III_18">75</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>19</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXVI_A_III_19">76</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>20</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXVII_A_III_20">77</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>21</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXIX_A_III_21">79</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>22</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXX_A_III_22">80</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>23</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXII_A_III_23">82</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>24</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXIV_A_III_24">84</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>25</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXV_A_III_25">85</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>26</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXVI_A_III_26">86</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>27</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXVII_A_III_27">87</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='left'>Att. IV.</td>
+  <td align='right'>1</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#LXXXIX_A_IV_1">89</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>2</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XC_A_IV_2">90</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>3</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#XCI_A_IV_3">91</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'>a</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#C_A_IV_4_a">100</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>4</td>
+  <td align='left'>b</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CVI_A_IV_4_b">106</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>5</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CVII_A_IV_5">107</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>6</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CIX_A_IV_6">109</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>7</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CX_A_IV_7">110</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'>a</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXI_A_IV_8_a">111</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>8</td>
+  <td align='left'>b</td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXVII_A_IV_8_b">117</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>9</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXI_A_IV_9">121</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>10</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXX_A_IV_10">120</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>11</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXIII_A_IV_11">123</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>12</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXIV_A_IV_12">124</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>13</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXIX_A_IV_13">129</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>14</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXXXVII_A_IV_14">137</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>15</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CXLIII_A_IV_15">143</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>16</td>
+  <td align='left' rowspan="2" class="large">}</td>
+  <td align='right' rowspan="2"><a href="#CXLII_A_IV_16">142</a>,</td>
+  <td align='left' rowspan="2"><a href="#CXLVIII_A_IV_16_17">148</a>, <a href="#CLVII_A_IV_17">157</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>17</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td align='center'>"</td>
+  <td align='right'>18</td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+  <td align='right'><a href="#CLIII_A_IV_18">153</a></td>
+  <td align='left'></td>
+</tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ground covered by the Correspondence.</div>
+
+<p>The correspondence of Cicero, as preserved for us by his freedman Tiro,
+does not open till the thirty-ninth year of the orator's life, and is so
+strictly contemporary, dealing so exclusively with the affairs of the
+moment, that little light is thrown by it on his previous life. It does
+not become continuous till the year after his consulship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62).
+There are no letters in the year of the consulship itself or the year of
+his canvass for the consulship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64 and 63). It begins in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68,
+and between that date and <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65 there are only eleven letters. We
+have, therefore, nothing exactly contemporaneous to help us to form a
+judgment on the great event which coloured so much of his after life,
+the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy and the execution of the
+conspirators, in the last month of his consulship. But setting aside the
+first eleven letters, we have from that time forward a correspondence
+illustrating, as no other document in antiquity does, the hopes and
+fears, the doubts and difficulties, of a keen politician living through
+the most momentous period of Roman history, the period of the fall of
+the Republic, beginning with Pompey's return from the East in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62,
+and ending with the appearance of the young Octavian on the scene and
+the formation of the Triumvirate in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 43, of whose victims Cicero was
+one of the first and most illustrious. It is by his conduct and speeches
+during this period that Cicero's claim to be a statesman and a patriot
+must be judged, and by his writings in the same period that his place in
+literature must chiefly be assigned. Before <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63 his biography, if we
+had it, would be that of the advocate and the official, no doubt with
+certain general views on political questions as they occurred, but not
+yet committed definitely to a party, or inclined to regard politics as
+the absorbing interest of his life. In his early youth his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> hero had
+been his fellow townsman Marius, in whose honour he composed a poem
+about the time of taking the <i>toga virilis</i>. But it was as the
+successful general, and before the days of the civil war. And though he
+served in the army of Sulla in the Marsic war (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 90-88), he always
+regarded his cruelties with horror, however much he may have afterwards
+approved of certain points of his legislation. It was not till the
+consulship that he became definitely a party man<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and an Optimate, and
+even then his feelings were much distracted by a strong
+belief&mdash;strangely ill-founded&mdash;that Pompey would be as successful as a
+statesman as he had been fortunate as a general. For him he had also a
+warm personal attachment, which never seems to have wholly died out, in
+spite of much petulance of language. This partly accounts for the
+surrender of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, and his acquiescence in the policy of the
+triumvirs, an acquiescence never hearty indeed, as far as C&aelig;sar and
+Crassus were concerned, but in which he consoled himself with the belief
+that nothing very unconstitutional could be done while Pompey was
+practically directing affairs at Rome.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The various nature of the Correspondence.</div>
+
+<p>It is through this period of political change and excitement that the
+correspondence will take us, with some important gaps indeed, but on the
+whole fullest when it is most wanted to shew the feelings and motives
+guiding the active politicians of the day, or at any rate the effect
+which events had upon one eager and acute intellect and sensitive heart.
+One charm of the correspondence is variety. There is almost every sort
+of letter. Those to Atticus are unstudied, spontaneous, and reflect the
+varying moods of the writer. At times of special excitement they follow
+each other day by day, and sometimes more than once in the same day; and
+the writer seems to conceal nothing, however much it might expose him to
+ridicule, and to the charge of fickleness, weakness, or even cowardice.
+Those addressed to other friends are sometimes familiar and playful,
+some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>times angry and indignant. Some of them are careful and elaborate
+state papers, others mere formal introductions and recommendations.
+Business, literature, and philosophy all have their share in them; and,
+what is so rare in ancient literature, the family relations of the
+writer, his dealings with wife, son, and daughter, brother and nephew,
+and sons-in-law, are all depicted for us, often with the utmost
+frankness. After reading them we seem to know Cicero the man, as well as
+Cicero the statesman and orator. The eleven letters which precede the
+consulship are happily, from this point of view, addressed to Atticus.
+For it was to Atticus that he wrote with the least concealment, and with
+the confidence that any detail, however small, which concerned himself
+would be interesting to his correspondent. It is well, therefore, that,
+though we thus come into his life when it was more than half over, we
+should at once hear his genuine sentiments on whatever subjects he may
+be speaking. Besides his own, we have about ninety letters to Cicero
+from some of the chief men of the day&mdash;Pompey, C&aelig;sar, Cato, Brutus,
+Antony, and many others. They are of very various excellence. The best
+of them are by much less known men. Neither Pompey nor C&aelig;sar were good
+letter-writers, or, if the latter was so, he was too busy to use his
+powers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cicero's position previous to the beginning of the
+Correspondence in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68.</div>
+
+<p>The letters begin, then, in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68, when Cicero was in his
+thirty-seventh year. He was already a man of established reputation both
+as a pleader and a writer. Rhetorical treatises (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 86), translations
+from Xenophon and Plato (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 84), and from the poems of Aratus (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+81), had given evidence of a varied literary interest and a promise of
+future eminence, while his success as an advocate had led to the first
+step in the official <i>cursus honorum</i> by his becoming a qu&aelig;stor in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+75. The lot assigned Lilyb&aelig;um as his sphere of work, and though the
+duties of a qu&aelig;stor in Sicily were not such as to bring a man's name
+much before the Roman public, Cicero plumes himself, as was not unusual
+with him, on the integrity and energy which he displayed in his
+administration. He has indeed the honesty to tell against himself the
+story of the acquaintance who, meeting him at Puteoli on his return
+journey, asked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> <span class="sidenote">Qu&aelig;stor, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 75.</span> him what day he had left Rome and what was the news
+there. When he answered rather crossly that he had just come from
+Sicily, another acquaintance put in with "Why, of course. Didn't you
+know he has just been qu&aelig;stor <i>at Syracuse</i>!" At any rate he had done
+sufficiently well in Lilyb&aelig;um to give him his next step, the &aelig;dileship
+to which he was elected <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 70, and to induce the Sicilians to apply to
+him, when in that year they desired the prosecution of the extortionate
+Verres. His energy and success in this business raised him, without
+question, to the first rank of advocates, and pledged him to a righteous
+policy in regard to the government of the provinces.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cicero's Boyhood and Education.</div>
+
+<p>Still Cicero was a <i>novus homo</i>, and the jealous exclusiveness of the
+great families at Rome might yet prevent his attainment of the highest
+office of all. When the correspondence opens he is a candidate for the
+pr&aelig;torship, which he obtained without difficulty, at the head of the
+poll. But his birth might still be a bar to the consulship. His father,
+M. Tullius, lived at Arpinum, an ancient city of the Volscians and
+afterwards of the Samnites, which had long enjoyed a partial, and from
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 188 a complete, Roman franchise, and was included in the Cornelian
+tribe. Cicero's mother's name was Helvia, of whom we know nothing but
+the one anecdote told by Quintus (<i>Fam.</i> xvi. 26), who says that she
+used to seal the wine jars when they were emptied, so that none might be
+drained without her knowing it&mdash;a testimony to her economy and careful
+housewifery. His father had weak health and resided almost entirely in
+his villa at Arpinum, which he had considerably enlarged, much devoted
+to study and literature (<i>de Leg.</i> ii. 1). But though he apparently
+possessed considerable property, giving him equestrian rank, and though
+Cicero says that his family was very ancient, yet neither he nor any of
+his ancestors had held Roman magistracies. Marcus and his brother
+Quintus were the first of their family to do so, and both had to depend
+on character and ability to secure their elections. But though the
+father did nothing for his sons by holding curule office himself, he did
+the best for their education that was possible. Cicero calls him
+<i>optimus et prudentissimus</i>, and speaks with gratitude of what he had
+done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span> for his sons in this respect. They were sent early to Rome to the
+house of C. Aculeo, a learned jurisconsult, married to a sister of
+Helvia; and attended&mdash;with their cousins, the sons of Aculeo&mdash;the best
+schools in the city.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The young Marcus shewed extraordinary ability
+from the first, and that avidity for reading and study which never
+forsook him. As a young man he diligently attended the chambers of
+renowned jurisconsults, especially those of the elder and younger
+Sc&aelig;vola, Crassus, and Antonius, and soon found that his calling in life
+was oratory. It was not till he was twenty-eight years old,
+however&mdash;when he had already written much and pleaded many cases&mdash;that
+he went on a visit of between two and three years to Greece, Asia, and
+Rhodes, to study in the various schools of rhetoric and philosophy, and
+to view their famous cities (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 79-77). It was after his return from
+this tour that his age (he was now thirty-one) made the seeking of
+office at Rome possible. From that time his election to the several
+offices&mdash;qu&aelig;storship, &aelig;dileship, pr&aelig;torship, consulship&mdash;followed
+without any repulse, each in the first year of his age at which he was
+legally capable of being elected.</p>
+
+<p>He had doubtless made the acquaintance of Titus Pomponius, afterwards
+called Atticus, early in life. But it seems that it was their intimacy
+at Athens (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 79), where Atticus, who was three years his senior, had
+been residing for several years, that began the very close and warm
+friendship which lasted with nothing but the slightest and most passing
+of clouds till his death. His brother Quintus was married to Pomponia, a
+sister of Atticus; but the marriage turned out unfortunately, and was a
+strain upon the friendship of Cicero and Atticus rather than an
+additional bond. This source of uneasiness meets us in the very first
+letter of the correspondence, and crops up again and again till the
+final rupture of the ill-assorted union by divorce in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 44. Nothing,
+however, had apparently interrupted the correspondence of the two
+friends, which had been going on for a long time before the first letter
+which has been preserved.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cicero the successful Advocate.</div>
+
+<p>The eleven letters, then, which date before the consulship, shew us
+Cicero in full career of success as an advocate and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span> rising official,
+not as yet apparently much interested in party politics, but with his
+mind, in the intervals of forensic business, engaged on the adornment of
+the new villa at Tusculum, the first of the numerous country residences
+which his growing wealth or his heightened ideas of the dignity of his
+position prompted him to purchase. Atticus is commissioned to search in
+Athens and elsewhere for objects of art suitable for the residence of a
+wealthy Roman, who at the same time was a scholar and man of letters. He
+is beginning to feel the charm of at any rate a temporary retreat from
+the constant bustle and occupations of the city. Though Cicero loved
+Rome, and could hardly conceive of life unconnected with its business
+and excitements,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and eagerly looked for news of the city in his
+absence, yet there was another side to his character. His interest in
+literature and philosophy was quite as genuine as his interest in the
+forum and senate-house. When the season came for temporarily withdrawing
+from the latter, he returned to the former with eager passion. But
+Tusculum was too near Rome to secure him the quiet and solitude
+necessary for study and composition. Thus, though he says (vol. i., p.
+<a href="#Page_4">4</a>), "I am so delighted with my Tusculan villa that I never feel really
+happy till I get there," he often found it necessary, when engaged in
+any serious literary work, to seek the more complete retirement of
+Formi&aelig;, Cum&aelig;, or Pompeii, near all of which he acquired properties,
+besides an inheritance at Arpinum.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> But the important achievements in
+literature were still in the future. The few letters of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68-67 are
+full of directions to Atticus for the collection of books or works of
+art suitable to his house, and of matters of private interest. They are
+also short and sometimes abrupt. The famous allusion to his father's
+death in the second letter of this collection, contained in a single<span class="sidenote">Death of Cicero's Father.</span>
+line&mdash;<i>pater nobis decessit a.d.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span> 111 Kal. Decembris</i>&mdash;followed by
+directions to Atticus as to articles of <i>vertu</i> for his villa, has much
+exercised the minds of admirers, who do not like to think Cicero capable
+of such a cold-hearted sentence. It is certainly very unlike his usual
+manner.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> He is more apt to exaggerate than understate his emotions;
+and in the first letter extant he speaks with real feeling of the death
+of a cousin. Elsewhere&mdash;as we have seen&mdash;he refers to his father with
+respect and gratitude. How then are we to account for such a cold
+announcement? Several expedients have been hit upon. First, to change
+<i>decessit</i> to <i>discessit</i>, and to refer the sentence to the father's
+quitting Rome, and not life; in which case it is not easy to see why the
+information is given at all. Second, to suppose it to be a mere answer
+to a request for the information on the part of Atticus; in which case
+the date must refer to some previous year, or the letter must be placed
+considerably later, to allow of time for Atticus to hear of the death
+and to write his question. In favour of the first is the fact that
+Asconius (&sect; 82) says that Cicero lost his father when he was a candidate
+for the consulship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64). Some doubt has been thrown upon the
+genuineness of the passage in Asconius; and, if that is not trustworthy,
+we have nothing else to help us. On the whole I think we must leave the
+announcement as it stands in all its baldness. Cicero's father had long
+been an invalid, and Atticus may have been well aware that the end was
+expected. He would also be acquainted with the son's feelings towards
+his father, and Cicero may have held it unnecessary to enlarge upon
+them. It is possible, too, that he had already written to tell Atticus
+of the death and of his own feelings, but had omitted the date, which he
+here supplies. Whatever may be the true explanation&mdash;impossible now to
+recover&mdash;everything we know of Cicero forbids us to reckon insensibility
+among his faults, or reserve in expressing his feelings among his
+characteristics.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Pr&aelig;torship, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66.</div>
+
+<p>In the next year (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67) we find Cicero elected to the pr&aelig;torship,
+after at least two interruptions to the <i>comitia</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span> which, though not
+aimed at himself, gave him a foretaste of the political troubles to come
+a few years later. He is, however, at present simply annoyed at the
+inconvenience, not yet apprehensive of any harm to the constitution. The
+double postponement, indeed, had the effect of gratifying his vanity:
+for his own name was returned three times first of the list of eight.
+His pr&aelig;torship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66) passed without any startling event. The two
+somewhat meagre letters which remain belonging to this year tell us
+hardly anything. Still he began more or less to define his political
+position by advocating the <i>lex Manilia</i>, for putting the Mithridatic
+war into the hands of Pompey; and one of his most elaborate forensic
+speeches&mdash;that for Cluentius&mdash;was delivered in the course of the year:
+in which also his brother Quintus was elected to the &aelig;dileship.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65-64. Preparations for the Consulship.</div>
+
+<p>So far Cicero had risen steadily and without serious difficulty up the
+official ladder. But the stress was now to come. The old families seem
+not to have been so ready to oppose the rise of the <i>novus homo</i> to the
+pr&aelig;torship. It was the consulship on which they tried to keep a tight
+hand. Accordingly, immediately after the year of his pr&aelig;torship, we find
+him anxiously looking out for support and inquiring who are likely to be
+his competitors. The interesting point in regard to this is his
+connexion with Catiline. In his speech in the senate delivered in the
+following year (<i>in toga candida</i>, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64) he denounced Catiline in the
+most violent language, accusing him of every conceivable crime; yet in
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65 he not only contemplated being elected with him without any
+expression of disgust, but even considered whether he should not
+undertake his defence on some charge that was being brought against
+him&mdash;perhaps for his conduct during the Sullan proscriptions. To
+whitewash Catiline is a hopeless task; and it throws a lurid light upon
+the political and moral sentiments of the time to find Cicero even
+contemplating such a conjunction.</p>
+
+<p>After this, for two years, there is a break in the correspondence.
+Atticus had probably returned to Rome, and if there were letters to
+others (as no doubt there were) they have been lost. A certain light is
+thrown on the proceed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span>ings of the year of candidature (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64) by the
+essay "On the duties of a candidate," ascribed to his brother Quintus,
+who was himself to be a candidate for the pr&aelig;torship in the next year
+(<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63). We may see from this essay that Pompey was still regarded as
+the greatest and most influential man at Rome; that Catiline's character
+was so atrocious in the eyes of most, that his opposition was not to be
+feared; that Cicero's "newness" was a really formidable bar to his
+election, and that his chief support was to be looked for from the
+individuals and companies for whom he had acted as counsel, and who
+hoped to secure his services in the future. The support of the nobles
+was not a certainty. There had been a taint of <i>popularity</i> in some of
+Cicero's utterances, and the writer urges him to convince the consulars
+that he was at one with the Optimates, while at the same time aiming at
+the conciliation of the equestrian order. This was, in fact, to be
+Cicero's political position in the future. The party of the
+Optimates&mdash;in spite of his disgust at the indifference and frivolity of
+many of them&mdash;was to be his party: his favourite constitutional object
+was to be to keep the equites and the senate on good terms: and his
+greatest embarrassment was how to reconcile this position with his
+personal loyalty to Pompey, and his views as to the reforms necessary in
+the government of the provinces.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Consulship, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63.</div>
+
+<p>For the momentous year of the consulship we have no letters. His brother
+Quintus was in Rome as candidate and then pr&aelig;tor-designate; Atticus was
+also in Rome; and the business, as well as the dignity of a consul, were
+against anything like ordinary correspondence. Of the earlier part of
+the consulship we have little record. The speeches against Rullus were
+delivered at the beginning of the year, and commit Cicero pretty
+definitely to a policy as to the <i>ager publicus</i>&mdash;which was, to his
+disgust, entirely reversed by the triumvirs in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59&mdash;but they do not
+shew any sense of coming trouble. Cicero, however, throughout his
+consulship took a very definite line against the <i>populares</i>. Not only
+did he defend Rabirius Postumus, when accused by C&aelig;sar of the
+assassination of Saturninus, and address the people against offering
+violence to L. Roscius on account of the unpopular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span> <i>lex theatralis</i>,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+but he even resisted the restoration to their civil rights of the sons
+of the men proscribed by Sulla, avowedly on the ground of the necessity
+of maintaining the established order, though he knew and confessed the
+justice of the proposal.<a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Conspiracy of Catiline.</div>
+
+<p>Any movement, therefore, on the side of the popular party had now his
+opposition with which to reckon. He professes to have known very early
+in his year of office that some more than usually dangerous movement was
+in contemplation. We cannot well decide from the violent denunciation of
+Catiline contained&mdash;to judge from extant fragments&mdash;in the speech <i>in
+toga candida</i>, how far Cicero was really acquainted with any definite
+designs of his. Roman orators indulged in a violence of language so
+alien from modern ideas and habits, that it is difficult to draw
+definite conclusions. But it appears from Sallust that Catiline had in a
+secret meeting before the elections of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64, professed an intention
+of going all lengths in a revolutionary programme and, if that was the
+case, Cicero would be sure to have had some secret information on the
+subject. But his hands were partly tied by the fact that the <i>comitia</i>
+had given him a colleague&mdash;C. Antonius&mdash;deeply implicated in Catiline's
+policy, whatever it was. Pompey, whom he regarded as the champion of law
+and order, was in the East: and Catiline's candidature&mdash;and it was
+supposed his policy also&mdash;had had the almost open support of the richest
+man in Rome, M. Licinius Crassus, and of the most influential man of the
+<i>populares</i>, C. Iulius C&aelig;sar. In the house of one or the other of them,
+indeed, the meeting at which Catiline first unfolded his purposes was
+believed to have been held. Still Catiline had not been guilty of any
+overt act which enabled Cicero to attack him. He had, indeed, been
+informed, on very questionable authority, that Catiline had made a plot
+to assassinate him while holding the elections, and he made a
+considerable parade of taking precautions for his safety&mdash;letting it be
+seen that he wore a cuirass under his toga, and causing his house to be
+guarded by the younger members of his party. The elections,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span> according
+to Plutarch, had at least been once postponed from the ordinary time in
+July, though this has been denied.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> At any rate it was not till they
+had taken place and Catiline had been once more rejected, that any
+definite step is alleged to have been taken by him, such as Cicero could
+lay hold of to attack him. On the 20th of October, in the senate, Cicero
+made a speech warning the Fathers of the impending danger, and on the
+21st called upon Catiline for an explanation in their presence. But,
+after all, even the famous meeting of the 5th of November, in the house
+of M. Porcius L&aelig;ca, betrayed to Cicero by Fulvia, the mistress of Q.
+Curius, would not have sufficed as grounds for the denunciation of the
+first extant speech against Catiline (7th of November), if it had not
+been for something else. For some months past there had been rumours of
+risings in various parts of Italy; but by the beginning of November it
+was known that C. Manlius (or Mallius) had collected a band of
+desperadoes near F&aelig;sul&aelig;, and, having established there a camp on the
+27th of October, meant to advance on Rome. Manlius had been a centurion
+in Sulla's army, and had received an allotment of confiscated land in
+Etruria; but, like others, had failed to prosper. The movement was one
+born of discontent with embarrassments which were mostly brought about
+by extravagance or incompetence. But the rapidity with which Manlius was
+able to gather a formidable force round him seems to shew that there
+were genuine grievances also affecting the agricultural classes in
+Etruria generally. At any rate there was now no doubt that a formidable
+disturbance was brewing; the senate voted that there was a <i>tumultus</i>,
+authorized the raising of troops, and named commanders in the several
+districts affected. It was complicity in this rising that Cicero now
+sought to establish against Catiline and his partisans in Rome. The
+report of the meeting in the house of L&aelig;ca gave him the pretext for his
+first step&mdash;a fiery denunciation of Catiline in the senate on the 7th of
+November. Catiline left Rome, joined the camp of Manlius, and assumed
+the ensigns of <i>imperium</i>. That he was allowed thus to leave<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[Pg xxiv]</a></span> the city
+is a proof that Cicero had as yet no information enabling him to act at
+once. It was the right of every citizen to avoid standing a trial by
+going into exile. Catiline was now under notice of prosecution for
+<i>vis</i>, and when leaving Rome he professed to be going to Marseilles,
+which had the <i>ius exilii</i>. But when it was known that he had stopped
+short at F&aelig;sul&aelig;, the senate at once declared both him and Manlius
+<i>hostes</i>, and authorized the consuls to proceed against them. The
+expedition was intrusted to Antonius, in spite of his known sympathy
+with Catiline, while Cicero was retained with special powers to protect
+the city. The result is too well known to be more than glanced at here.
+Catiline's partisans were detected by letters confided to certain envoys
+of the Allobroges, which were held to convict them of the guilt of
+treason, as instigating Catiline to march on Rome, and the senate of the
+Allobroges to assist the invasion by sending cavalry to F&aelig;sul&aelig;.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Execution of the conspirators, December, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63. Its legal
+grounds and consequences.</div>
+
+<p>The decree of the senate, <i>videant consules, etc.</i>, had come to be
+considered as reviving the full <i>imperium</i> of the consul, and investing
+him with the power of life and death over all citizens. Cicero acted on
+this (questionable) constitutional doctrine. He endeavoured, indeed, to
+shelter himself under the authority of a senatorial vote. But the senate
+never had the power to try or condemn a citizen. It could only record
+its advice to the consul. The whole legal responsibility for the
+condemnation and death of the conspirators, arrested in consequence of
+these letters, rested on the consul. To our moral judgment as to
+Cicero's conduct it is of primary importance to determine whether or not
+these men were guilty: to his legal and constitutional position it
+matters not at all. Nor was that point ever raised against him. The
+whole question turns on whether the doctrine was true that the <i>senatus
+consultum ultimum</i> gave the consul the right of inflicting death upon
+citizens without trial, <i>i.e.</i>, without appeal to the people, on the
+analogy of the dictator <i>seditionis sedand&aelig; causa</i>, thus practically
+defeating that most ancient and cherished safeguard of Roman liberty,
+the <i>ius provocationis</i>. The precedents were few, and scarcely such as
+would appeal to popular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[Pg xxv]</a></span> approval. The murder of Tiberius Gracchus had
+been <i>ex post facto</i> approved by the senate in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 133-2. In the case
+of Gaius Gracchus, in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 121, the senate had voted <i>uti consul Opimius
+rempublicam defenderet</i>, and in virtue of that the consul had authorized
+the killing of Gaius and his friends: thus for the first time exercising
+<i>imperium sine provocatione</i>. Opimius had been impeached after his year
+of office, but acquitted, which the senate might claim as a confirmation
+of the right, in spite of the <i>lex</i> of Gaius Gracchus, which confirmed
+the right of <i>provocatio</i> in all cases. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 100 the tribune
+Saturninus and the pr&aelig;tor Glaucia were arrested in consequence of a
+similar decree, which this time joined the other magistrates to the
+consuls as authorized to protect the Republic: their death, however, was
+an act of violence on the part of a mob. Its legality had been impugned
+by C&aelig;sar's condemnation of Rabirius, as <i>duovir capitalis</i>, but to a
+certain extent confirmed by the failure to secure his conviction on the
+trial of his appeal to the people. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 88 and 83 this decree of the
+senate was again passed, in the first case in favour of Sulla against
+the tribune Sulpicius, who was in consequence put to death; and in the
+second case in favour of the consuls (partisans of Marius) against the
+followers of Sulla. Again in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 77 the decree was passed in
+consequence of the insurrection of the proconsul Lepidus, who, however,
+escaped to Sardinia and died there.</p>
+
+<p>In every case but one this decree had been passed against the popular
+party. The only legal sanction given to the exercise of the <i>imperium
+sine provocatione</i> was the acquittal of the consul Opimius in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 120.
+But the jury which tried that case probably consisted entirely of
+senators, who would not stultify their own proceedings by condemning
+him. To rely upon such precedents required either great boldness (never
+a characteristic of Cicero), or the most profound conviction of the
+essential righteousness of the measure, and the clearest assurance that
+the safety of the state&mdash;the supreme law&mdash;justified the breach of every
+constitutional principle. Cicero was not left long in doubt as to
+whether there would be any to question his proceeding. On the last day
+of the year, when about to address the people, as was customary, on
+laying down his consulship,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[Pg xxvi]</a></span> the tribune Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos
+forbade him to speak, on the express ground that he "had put citizens to
+death uncondemned"&mdash;<i>quod cives indemnatos necavisset</i>. Cicero consoled
+himself with taking the required oath as to having observed the laws,
+with an additional declaration that he had "saved the state."
+Nevertheless, he must have felt deeply annoyed and alarmed at the action
+of Metellus, for he had been a <i>legatus</i> of Pompey, and was supposed to
+represent his views, and it was upon the approbation and support of
+Pompey, now on the eve of his return from the East, that Cicero
+particularly reckoned.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Letters after <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63.</div>
+
+<p>The letters in our collection now recommence. The first of the year
+(<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62) is one addressed to Pompey, expressing some discontent at the
+qualified manner in which he had written on recent events, and affirming
+his own conviction that he had acted in the best interests of the state
+and with universal approval. But indeed the whole correspondence to the
+end of Cicero's exile is permeated with this subject directly or
+indirectly. His quarrel with Metellus Nepos brought upon him a
+remonstrance from the latter's brother (or cousin), Metellus Celer
+(Letters XIII, XIV), and when the correspondence for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61 opens, we
+find him already on the eve of the quarrel with Publius Clodius which
+was to bring upon him the exile of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Publius Clodius Pulcher.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. Clodius Pulcher</span> was an extreme instance of a character not uncommon
+among the nobility in the last age of the Republic. Of high birth, and
+possessed of no small amount of ability and energy, he belonged by
+origin and connexion to the Optimates; but he regarded politics as a
+game to be played for his personal aggrandizement, and public office as
+a means of replenishing a purse drained by boundless extravagance and
+self-indulgence. His record had been bad. He had accompanied his
+brother-in-law Lucullus, or had joined his staff, in the war with
+Mithridates, and had helped to excite a mutiny in his army in revenge
+for some fancied slight. He had then gone to Cilicia, where another
+brother-in-law, Q. Marcus Rex, was propr&aelig;tor, and while commanding a
+fleet under him had fallen into the hands of pirates, and when freed
+from them had gone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[Pg xxvii]</a></span>&mdash;apparently in a private capacity&mdash;to Antioch, where
+he again excited a mutiny of Syrian troops engaged in a war against the
+Arabians (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 70-65). On his return to Rome he attempted to make
+himself conspicuous by prosecuting Catiline, but accepted a bribe to
+withdraw. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64, on the staff of the governor of Gallia
+Narbonensis, he is accused of having enriched himself with plunder. For
+a time after that he was still acting as a member of the party of the
+Optimates; seems to have supported Cicero during the Catiline
+conspiracy; and in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62 stood for the qu&aelig;storship and was elected.
+His violation of the mysteries was alleged to have been committed in
+December of that year, and before he could go to the province allotted
+to him as qu&aelig;stor in Sicily he had to stand a trial for sacrilege. Such
+an offence&mdash;penetrating in disguise into the house of the Pontifex
+Maximus, when his wife was engaged in the secret rites of the Bona
+Dea&mdash;would place him under a curse, and not only prevent his entering
+upon his qu&aelig;storship, but would disfranchise and politically ruin him.
+Clodius would seem not to have been a person of sufficient character or
+importance to make this trial a political event. But not only had he
+powerful backers, but his opponents also, by proposing an innovation in
+the manner of selecting the jurors for trying him, had managed to give a
+spurious political importance to the case. One of the most brilliant of
+the early letters (<a href="#XV_F_V_6">XV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>) gives us a graphic picture of the trial.
+Clodius was acquitted and went to his province, but returned in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60,
+apparently prepared for a change of parties. Cicero and he had
+quarrelled over the trial. He had said sarcastic things about the sacred
+consulship, and Cicero had retaliated by bitter speeches in the senate,
+and by giving evidence at the trial of having seen Clodius in Rome three
+hours before he professed to have been at Interamna, on the day of the
+alleged sacrilege. It is perhaps possible that his alibi may have been
+true in substance, for he may have been well out of Rome on his way to
+Interamna after seeing Cicero. But, however that may be, he nourished a
+grudge against Cicero, which he presently had an opportunity of
+satisfying. The year of his return to Rome from Sicily (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60) was the
+same as that of C&aelig;sar's return from Spain. Pompey&mdash;who had returned the
+year<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[Pg xxviii]</a></span> before&mdash;was at enmity with the senate on account of the
+difficulties raised to the confirmation of his <i>acta</i> and the allotments
+for his veterans. C&aelig;sar had a grievance because of the difficulties put
+in the way of his triumph. The two coalesced, taking in the millionaire
+Crassus, to form a triumvirate or coalition of three, with a view to
+getting measures they desired passed, and offices for themselves or
+their partisans. This was a great blow to Cicero, who clung feverously
+to Pompey as a political leader, but could not follow him in a coalition
+with C&aelig;sar: for he knew that the object of it was a series of measures
+of which he heartily disapproved. His hope of seeing Pompey coming to
+act as acknowledged leader of the Optimates was dashed to the ground. He
+could not make up his mind wholly to abandon him, or, on the other hand,
+to cut himself adrift from the party of Optimates, to whose policy he
+had so deeply committed himself. Clodius was troubled by no such
+scruples. Perhaps C&aelig;sar had given him substantial reasons for his change
+of policy. At any rate, from this time forward he acts as an extreme
+<i>popularis</i>&mdash;much too extreme, as it turned out, for Pompey's taste. As
+a patrician his next step in the official ladder would naturally have
+been the &aelig;dileship. But that peaceful office did not suit his present
+purpose. The tribuneship would give him the right to bring forward
+measures in the <i>comitia tributa</i>, such as he desired to pass, and would
+in particular give him the opportunity of attacking Cicero. The
+difficulty was that to become tribune he must cease to be a patrician.
+He could only do that by being adopted into a plebeian gens. He had a
+plebeian ready to do it in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59. But for a man who was <i>sui iuris</i> to
+be adopted required a formal meeting of the old <i>comitia curiata</i>, and
+such a meeting required the presence of an augur, as well as some kind
+of sanction of the pontifices. C&aelig;sar was Pontifex Maximus, and Pompey
+was a member of the college of augurs. Their influence would be
+sufficient to secure or prevent this being done. Their consent was, it
+appears, for a time withheld. But C&aelig;sar was going to Gaul at the end of
+his consulship, and desired to have as few powerful enemies at Rome
+during his absence as possible. Still he had a personal feeling for
+Cicero, and when it was known that one of Clodius's objects<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[Pg xxix]</a></span> in seeking
+to become a plebeian and a tribune was to attack him, C&aelig;sar offered him
+two chances of honourable retreat&mdash;first as one of the commissioners to
+administer his land law, and again as one of his <i>legati</i> in Gaul. But
+Cicero would not accept the first, because he was vehemently opposed to
+the law itself: nor the second, because he had no taste for provincial
+business, even supposing the proconsul to be to his liking; and because
+he could not believe that P. Clodius would venture to attack him, or
+would succeed if he did. C&aelig;sar's consulship of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59 roused his worst
+fears for the Republic; and, though he thought little of the
+statesmanship or good sense of C&aelig;sar's hostile colleague Bibulus, he was
+thoroughly disgusted with the policy of the triumvirs, with the
+contemptuous treatment of the senate, with the high-handed disregard of
+the auspices&mdash;by means of which Bibulus tried to invalidate the laws and
+other <i>acta</i> of C&aelig;sar&mdash;and with the armed forces which Pompey brought
+into the <i>campus</i>, nominally to keep order, but really to overawe the
+<i>comitia</i>, and secure the passing of C&aelig;sar's laws. Nor was it in his
+nature to conceal his feelings. Speaking early in the year in defence of
+his former colleague, C. Antonius, accused of <i>maiestas</i> for his conduct
+in Macedonia, he expressed in no doubtful terms his view of the
+political situation. Within a few hours the words were reported to the
+triumvirs, and all formalities were promptly gone through for the
+adoption of Clodius. C&aelig;sar himself presided at the <i>comitia curiata</i>,
+Pompey attended as augur, and the thing was done in a few minutes. Even
+then Cicero does not appear to have been alarmed, or to have been fully
+aware of what the object of Publius was. While on his usual spring visit
+to his seaside villas in April (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59), he expressed surprise at
+hearing from the young Curio that Clodius was a candidate for the
+tribuneship (vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>). His surprise no doubt was more or less
+assumed: he must have understood that Clodius's object in the adoption
+was the tribunate, and must have had many uneasy reflexions as to the
+use which he would make of the office when he got it. Indeed there was
+not very much doubt about it, for Publius openly avowed his intentions.
+We have accordingly numerous references, in the letters to Atticus, to
+Cicero's doubts about the course he ought to adopt. Should he accept
+C&aelig;sar's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[Pg xxx]</a></span> offer of a legation in Gaul, or a free and votive legation?
+Should he stay in Rome and fight it out? The latter course was the one
+on which he was still resolved in July, when Clodius had been, or was on
+the point of being, elected tribune (p. <a href="#Page_110">110</a>). He afterwards wavered (p.
+<a href="#Page_113">113</a>), but was encouraged by the belief that all the "orders" were
+favourable to him, and were becoming alienated from the triumvirs (pp.
+<a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>), especially after the affair of Vettius (pp. <a href="#Page_122">122-124</a>), and by
+the friendly disposition of many of the colleagues of Clodius in the
+tribuneship. With such feelings of confidence and courage the letters of
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59 come to an end.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Exile, April, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58&mdash;August, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57.</div>
+
+<p>The correspondence only opens again in April of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, when the worst
+has happened. Clodius entered upon his tribuneship on the 10th of
+December, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, and lost little time in proposing a law to the
+<i>comitia</i> for the trial of any magistrate guilty of putting citizens to
+death without trial (<i>qui cives indemnatos necavisset</i>). The wording of
+the law thus left it open to plead that it applied only to such act as
+occurred after its enactment, for the pluperfect <i>necavisset</i> in the
+dependent clause answers to the future perfect in a direct one. And this
+was the interpretation that C&aelig;sar, while approving the law itself,
+desired to put upon it.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> He again offered Cicero a legation in Gaul,
+but would do nothing for him if he stayed in Rome; while Pompey, who had
+been profuse in promises of protection, either avoided seeing Cicero, or
+treated his abject entreaties with cold disdain.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Every citizen, by a
+humane custom at Rome, had the right of avoiding a prosecution by
+quitting the city and residing in some town which had the <i>ius exilii</i>.
+It is this course that we find Cicero already entered upon when the
+correspondence of the year begins. In the letters of this year of exile
+he continually reproaches himself with not having stayed and even
+supported the law, in full confidence that it could not be applied to
+himself. He attributes his having taken the less courageous course to
+the advice of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[Pg xxxi]</a></span> friends, who were actuated by jealousy and a desire
+to get rid of him. Even Atticus he thinks was timid, at the best, in
+advising his retirement. It is the only occasion in all the
+correspondence in which the least cloud seems to have rested on the
+perfect friendship of the two men. Atticus does not appear to have shewn
+any annoyance at the querulous remarks of his friend. He steadily
+continued to write, giving information and advice, and made no
+difficulty in supplying his friend with money. During Cicero's absence
+Atticus became still more wealthy than before by inheriting the estates
+of his cross-grained uncle C&aelig;cilius. But he was always careful as to the
+investment of his money and he would not, perhaps, have been so ready to
+trust Cicero, had he not felt confidence in the ultimate recovery of his
+civil status. Still his confidence was peculiarly welcome at a time
+which would have been otherwise one of great pressure. For Clodius had
+followed up Cicero's retirement with the usual <i>lex</i> in regard to
+persons leaving Rome to avoid a trial&mdash;a prohibition "of fire and water"
+within a fixed distance from Italy, which involved the confiscation of
+all his property in Italy. His villas were dismantled, his town house
+pulled down, and a vote of the people obtained by Clodius for the
+consecration of its site as a <i>templum</i> dedicated to Liberty, and a
+scheme was formed and the work actually commenced for occupying part of
+it by an extension of an existing porticus or colonnade (the <i>porticus
+Catuli</i>) to contain a statue of Liberty. That this consecration was
+regular is shewn by the pleas by which it was afterwards sought to
+reverse it.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> When Cicero was recalled the question came before the
+pontifices, who decided that the consecration was not valid unless it
+had been done by the "order of the people." It could not be denied on
+the face of it that there had been such an order. Cicero was obliged to
+resort to the plea that Clodius's adoption had been irregular and
+invalid, that therefore he was not legally a tribune, and could not take
+an order of the people. Finally, the senate seems to have decided that
+its restoration to Cicero was part of the general <i>restitutio in
+integrum</i> voted by the <i>comitia centuriata</i>; and a sum of money was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">[Pg xxxii]</a></span>
+assigned to him for the rebuilding of the house. Clodius refused to
+recognize the validity of this decree of the senate, and attempted by
+violence to interrupt the workmen engaged on the house. We have a lively
+picture of this in Letter <a href="#XCI_A_IV_3">XCI</a> (vol. i., pp. <a href="#Page_194">194-196</a>).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Letters of the Exile (Letters LV-LXXXVIII).</div>
+
+<p>The letters from Cicero as an exile are painful reading for those who
+entertain a regard for his character. It was not unnatural, indeed, that
+he should feel it grievously. He had so completely convinced himself of
+the extraordinary value of his services to the state, of the importance
+of his position in Roman politics, and of the view that the Optimates
+would take of the necessity of retaining him, that to see himself
+treated like a fraudulent or unsuccessful provincial governor, of no
+importance to anyone but himself, was a bitter blow to his self-esteem.
+The actual loss was immense. His only means were now the amount of money
+he had been able to take with him, or was able to borrow. All was gone
+except such property as his wife retained in her own right. He was a
+dependent upon her, instead of being her support and the master of his
+own household. The services of freedmen&mdash;readily rendered when he was
+prosperous&mdash;would now be a matter of favour and personal attachment,
+which was not always sufficient to retain them. The "life and light" of
+the city, in which no man ever took a more eager interest and delight,
+were closed to him. He was cut off from his family, and from familiar
+intercourse with friends, on both of which he was much dependent for
+personal happiness. Lastly, wherever he lived, he lived, as it were, on
+sufferance, no longer an object of respect as a statesman, or the source
+of help to others by his eloquence. But, disagreeable as all this was to
+a man of Cicero's sensitive vanity, there was something still worse.
+Even in towns which were the legal distance from Italy he could not
+safely stay, if they were within the jurisdiction of one of his personal
+enemies, or contained other exiles, who owed him an ill turn. He was
+protected by no law, and more than one instance of such a man's falling
+a victim to an enemy's dagger is recorded. Cicero's first idea was to go
+to Malta: but Malta was for some purposes in the jurisdiction of the
+governor of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxiii" id="Page_xxxiii">[Pg xxxiii]</a></span> Sicily, and the governor of Sicily (C. Vergilius<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>)
+objected to his passing through Sicily or staying at Malta. We have no
+reason for supposing Vergilius personally hostile to Cicero, but he may
+have thought that Cicero's services to the Sicilians in the case of
+Verres would have called out some expression of feeling on their part in
+his favour, which would have been awkward for a Roman governor. Cicero
+therefore crossed to Epirus, and travelled down the Egnatian road to
+Thessalonica. This was the official capital of the province of
+Macedonia, and the qu&aelig;stor in Macedonia, Gn&aelig;us Plancius, met Cicero at
+Dyrrachium, invited him to fix his residence there with him, and
+accompanied him on his journey. Here he stayed till November in a state
+of anxiety and distress, faithfully reflected in his letters, waiting to
+hear how far the elections for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57 would result in putting his
+friends in office, and watching for any political changes that would
+favour his recall: but prepared to go still farther to Cyzicus, if the
+incoming governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who, as consul in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58 with
+Gabinius, had shewn decided animus against him, should still retain that
+feeling in Macedonia. Events, however, in Rome during the summer and
+autumn of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58 gave him better hopes. Clodius, by his violent
+proceedings, as well as by his legislation, had alienated Pompey, and
+caused him to favour Cicero's recall. Of the new consuls Lentulus was
+his friend, and Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos (who as tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63-62
+had prevented his speech when laying down his consulship) consented to
+waive all opposition. A majority of the new tribunes were also
+favourable to him, especially P. Sestius and T. Annius Milo; and in
+spite of constant ups and downs in his feelings of confidence, he had on
+the whole concluded that his recall was certain to take place. Towards
+the end of November he therefore travelled back to Dyrrachium, a <i>libera
+civitas</i> in which he had many friends, and where he thought he might be
+safe, and from which he could cross to Italy as soon as he heard of the
+law for his recall having been passed. Here, however, he was kept
+waiting through many months of anxiety. Clodius had managed to make his
+recall as difficult as possible. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxiv" id="Page_xxxiv">[Pg xxxiv]</a></span> had, while tribune, obtained an
+order from the people forbidding the consuls to bring the subject before
+the senate, and Piso and Gabinius had during their year of office
+pleaded that law as a bar to introducing the question.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Recall, August, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57.</div>
+
+<p>The new consuls were not, or did not consider themselves, so bound, and
+Lentulus having brought the subject forward, the senate early passed a
+resolution that Cicero's recall was to take precedence of all other
+business. In accordance with the resolution of the senate, a law was
+proposed by the consul Lentulus in the <i>comitia centuriata</i>, and
+probably one by Milo to the <i>tributa</i>. But Clodius, though no longer
+armed with the tribuneship, was not yet beaten. He obtained the aid of
+some gladiators belonging to his brother Appius, and more than once
+interrupted and dispersed an assembly of the <i>comitia</i>. In the riots
+thus occasioned blood was shed on both sides, and Cicero's brother
+Quintus on one occasion nearly lost his life. This was the beginning of
+the series of violent contests between Clodius and Milo, only ended by
+the murder of the former on the Appian road in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52. But Clodius was
+a candidate for the &aelig;dileship in this year (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57), and could be
+barred from that office legally by a prosecution for <i>vis</i>, of which
+Milo gave notice against him. It was, perhaps, a desire to avoid this,
+as much as fear of Milo's counter exhibition of violence, that at length
+caused him to relax in his opposition, or at any rate to abstain from
+violently interrupting the <i>comitia</i>. Accordingly, on the 4th of August,
+the law proposed by both consuls, and supported by Pompey, was passed
+unanimously by the centuries. Cicero, we must presume, had received
+trustworthy information that this was to be the case (shewing that some
+understanding had been come to with Clodius, or there would have been no
+certainty of his not violently dispersing the <i>comitia</i> again), for on
+that same day he set sail from Dyrrachium and landed at Brundisium on
+the 5th. His triumphant return to Rome is described in the eighty-ninth
+letter of this collection. For Pompey's share in securing it he
+expressed, and seems really to have felt, an exaggerated gratitude,
+which still influenced him in the unhappy months of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49, when he was
+hesitating as to joining him beyond seas in the civil war.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxv" id="Page_xxxv">[Pg xxxv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But though Clodius had somehow been prevented from hindering his recall,
+he by no means relaxed his hostility. He not only tried to excite the
+populace against him by arguing that the scarcity and consequent high
+price of corn, from which the people were at that time suffering, was in
+some way attributable to Cicero's policy, but he also opposed the
+restoration of his house; and when a decree of the senate was passed in
+Cicero's favour on that point, brought his armed ruffians to prevent the
+workmen from going on with the rebuilding, as well as to molest Cicero
+himself (vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>). This was followed by a determined opposition
+by Milo to the holding of the elections for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, until his
+prosecution of Clodius <i>de vi</i> should have been tried. Clodius, however,
+was acquitted,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and, being elected &aelig;dile, immediately commenced a
+counter accusation against Milo for <i>vis</i>. He impeached him before the
+<i>comitia</i> in February (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56), on which occasion Pompey spoke in
+Milo's defence in the midst of a storm of interruptions got up by the
+friends of Clodius (vol. i., pp. <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>). Milo was also acquitted, and
+the rest of Clodius's &aelig;dileship seems to have passed without farther
+acts of open violence.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cicero and the Triumvirs.</div>
+
+<p>But Cicero had now other causes of anxiety. He had spoken in favour of
+the commission offered to Pompey in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57 for superintending the
+corn-supply of Rome (<i>cura annon&aelig;</i>). Pompey was to have fifteen legates,
+a good supply of ships and men, and considerable powers in all
+corn-growing countries in the Mediterranean. Cicero supported this,
+partly from gratitude to Pompey, but partly also from a wish to promote
+his power and influence against the ever-increasing influence and fame
+of C&aelig;sar. He secretly hoped that a jealousy might grow up between them;
+that Pompey would be drawn closer to the Optimates; and that the union
+of the triumvirate might be gradually weakened and finally disappear.
+Pompey was thoroughly offended and alarmed by the insults offered him by
+the Clodian mob, and by Clodius's own denunciations of him; and if he
+could be convinced that these were suggested or approved by C&aelig;sar or
+Crassus, it would go far to withdraw him from friendship<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxvi" id="Page_xxxvi">[Pg xxxvi]</a></span> with either of
+them. With Crassus, indeed, he had never been on cordial terms: it was
+only C&aelig;sar's influence that had caused him to form any union with him.
+C&aelig;sar, on the other hand, was likely to be uneasy at the great powers
+which the <i>cura annon&aelig;</i> put into Pompey's hands; and at the possible
+suggestion of offering him the dictatorship, if the Clodian riots became
+quite intolerable. On the whole, Cicero thought that he saw the element
+of a very pretty quarrel, from which he hoped that the result might be
+"liberty"&mdash;the orderly working of the constitution, that is, without the
+irregular supremacy of anyone, at any rate of anyone of the popular
+party. He had, however, a delicate part to play. He did not wish or dare
+to break openly with C&aelig;sar, or to speak too openly to Pompey; and he was
+conscious that the intemperance, folly, or indifference of many of the
+Optimates made it difficult to reckon on their support, and made that
+support a very questionable benefit if accorded. But though his letters
+of this period are full of expressions indicating doubt of Pompey and
+irritation with him, yet he seems still to have spoken of him with
+warmth on public occasions, while he avoided mentioning C&aelig;sar, or spoke
+of him only in cold terms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Renewal of the Triumvirate at Luca, April, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, and
+Cicero's change of policy.</div>
+
+<p>The hope, however, of detaching Pompey from C&aelig;sar was dashed by the
+meeting at Luca in April, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, at which a fresh arrangement was made
+for the mutual advantage of the triumvirs. C&aelig;sar got the promise of the
+introduction of a law giving him an additional five years of command in
+Gaul, with special privileges as to his candidature for the consulship
+of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48; while Pompey and Crassus bargained for a second consulship
+in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, and the reversion of the Spains (to be held as a single
+province) and Syria respectively, each for five years. The care taken
+that none of the three should have <i>imperium</i> overlapping that of the
+others was indeed a sign of mutual distrust and jealousy. But the
+bargain was made with sufficient approval of the members of the party
+crowding Luca to secure its being carried out by the <i>comitia</i>. The
+union seemed stronger than ever; and Cicero at length resolved on a
+great change of attitude. Opposition to the triumvirs had been
+abandoned, he saw,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxvii" id="Page_xxxvii">[Pg xxxvii]</a></span> by the very party for whom he had been incurring the
+enmity of Pompey and C&aelig;sar. Why should he hold out any longer? "Since
+those who have no power," he writes to Atticus in April, "refuse me
+their affection, let me take care to secure the affection of those who
+have power. You will say, 'I could have wished that you had done so
+before.' I know you did wish it, and that I have made a real ass of
+myself."<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> This is the first indication in the letters of the change.
+But it was soon to be publicly avowed. The opposition to the consulship
+of Pompey and Crassus was so violent that no election took place during
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, and they were only elected under the presidency of <i>interreges</i>
+at the beginning of February, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55. But by the <i>lex Sempronia</i> the
+senate was bound to name the consular provinces&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, the provinces
+to be governed by the incoming consuls after their year of
+office&mdash;before the elections, and in his speech on the subject (<i>de
+Provinciis Consularibus</i>), delivered apparently in July, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56,
+Cicero, while urging that Piso and Gabinius should have successors
+appointed to them in Macedonia and Syria, took occasion to announce and
+defend his own reconciliation with C&aelig;sar, and to support his continuance
+in the governorship of Gaul. Shortly afterwards, when defending the
+citizenship of L. Cornelius Balbus, he delivered a glowing panegyric on
+Pompey's character and services to the state. This was followed by a
+complete abstention from any farther opposition to the carrying out of
+C&aelig;sar's law for the allotment of the Campanian land&mdash;a subject which he
+had himself brought before the senate only a short time before, and on
+which he really continued to feel strongly.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Cicero's most elaborate
+defence of his change of front is contained in a long letter to P.
+Lentulus Spinther, written two years afterwards.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> The gist of it is
+much the same as the remark to Atticus already<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxviii" id="Page_xxxviii">[Pg xxxviii]</a></span> quoted. "Pompey and
+C&aelig;sar were all-powerful, and could not be resisted without civil
+violence, if not downright civil war. The Optimates were feeble and
+shifty, had shewn ingratitude to Cicero himself, and had openly favoured
+his enemy Clodius. Public peace and safety must be the statesman's chief
+object, and almost any concession was to be preferred to endangering
+these." Nevertheless, we cannot think that Cicero was ever heartily
+reconciled to the policy, or the unconstitutional preponderance of the
+triumvirs. He patched up some sort of reconciliation with Crassus, and
+his personal affection for Pompey made it comparatively easy for him to
+give him a kind of support. C&aelig;sar was away, and a correspondence filled
+on both sides with courteous expressions could be maintained without
+seriously compromising his convictions. But Cicero was never easy under
+the yoke. From <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55 to <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52 he sought several opportunities for a
+prolonged stay in the country, devoting himself&mdash;in default of
+politics&mdash;to literature. The fruits of this were the <i>de Oratore</i> and
+the <i>de Republica</i>, besides poems on his own times and on his
+consulship. Still he was obliged from time to time to appear in the
+forum and senate-house, and in various ways to gratify Pompey and C&aelig;sar.
+It must have been a great strain upon his loyalty to this new political
+friendship when, in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, Pompey called upon him to undertake the
+defence of P. Vatinius, whom he had not long before attacked so fiercely
+while defending Sestius. Vatinius had been a tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, acting
+entirely in C&aelig;sar's interests, and Cicero believed him to have been his
+enemy both in the matter of his exile and in the opposition to his
+recall. He had denounced him in terms that would have made it almost
+impossible, one would think, to have spoken in his defence in any cause
+whatever. At best he represented all that Cicero most disliked in
+politics; and on this very election, to the pr&aelig;torship, for which he was
+charged with bribery (<i>de sodalitiis</i>), Cicero had already spoken in
+strongly hostile terms in the senate. For now undertaking his defence he
+has, in fact, no explanation to give to Lentulus (vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_319">319</a>), and
+he was long sore at having been forced to do it. Through <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54 and 53
+he was busied with his <i>de Republica</i>, and was kept more in touch with
+C&aelig;sar by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xxxix" id="Page_xxxix">[Pg xxxix]</a></span><span class="sidenote">Quintus Cicero in Gaul.</span> the fact that his brother Quintus was serving as <i>legatus</i> to
+the latter in Britain and Gaul, and that his friend Trebatius
+(introduced by himself) was seeking for promotion and profit in C&aelig;sar's
+camp. But even his brother's service with C&aelig;sar did not eventually
+contribute to the formation of cordial feeling on his part towards
+C&aelig;sar, whom he could not help admiring, but never really liked. For
+Quintus, though he distinguished himself by his defence of his camp in
+the autumn of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, lost credit and subjected himself to grave rebuke
+by the disaster incurred in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, near Aduatuca (<i>Tongres</i>), brought
+about by disregarding an express order of C&aelig;sar's. There is no allusion
+to this in the extant correspondence, but a fragment of letter from
+C&aelig;sar to Cicero (<i>neque pro cauto ac diligente se castris
+continuit</i><a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>), seems to shew that C&aelig;sar had written sharply to Cicero
+on his brother's <i>faux pas</i>, and after this time, though Cicero met
+C&aelig;sar at Ravenna in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, and consented to support the bill allowing
+him to stand for the consulship in his absence,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> there is apparent in
+his references to him a return to the cold or critical tone of former
+times. But of course there were other reasons.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pompey's third Consulship and the trial of Milo, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52.</div>
+
+<p>Pompey's six months' sole consulship of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52 ("that divine third
+consulship"), the rumour of his dictatorship, and the growing
+determination of the Optimates to play off Pompey against C&aelig;sar (Crassus
+having disappeared) and to insist on C&aelig;sar resigning his province and
+army before the end of his ten years' tenure, and before standing for a
+second consulship, caused Cicero's hope of a final dissolution of the
+unconstitutional compact to revive again; and made him draw more and
+more closely to Pompey as the chief hope of the <i>boni</i>. In the beginning
+of the year he had found himself in opposition, or quasi-opposition, to
+Pompey in regard to the prosecution of Milo for the murder of Clodius.
+But though in the previous year he had declared that the election of
+Milo to the consulship was of the utmost importance to his own position
+and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xl" id="Page_xl">[Pg xl]</a></span> safety of the state,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> now that it was rendered impossible by
+Milo's condemnation, he seems to have placed all his hopes on Pompey.
+Unfortunately, there is here a break in the correspondence. There is no
+letter of the last six months of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, and only four (perhaps only
+three) of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> So that the riots which prevented Milo's
+election, the death of Clodius and the riots following it, and the
+consequent sole consulship of Pompey, with the latter's new legislation
+and the trial of Milo&mdash;all have to be sought for elsewhere. The last
+letter of this volume and of this year, addressed to M. Marius in
+December, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, alludes to the condemnation of Milo, and to the
+numerous prosecutions following it. "Here, in Rome, I am so distracted
+by the number of trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,
+that I daily offer prayers that there may be no intercalation."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cicero appointed Proconsul of Cilicia, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 51-50.</div>
+
+<p>When the correspondence opens again in the spring of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 51 an event
+has happened, of no particular importance in itself, but of supreme
+interest to Cicero, and very fortunate for the readers of the
+correspondence. One of Pompey's new laws ordained that no one was to
+take a province till the fifth year after laying down his consulship or
+pr&aelig;torship. Pompey broke his own law by keeping his province, the
+Spains&mdash;his position in regard to them was altogether exceptional&mdash;but,
+in order to carry out the law in other cases, the senate arranged that
+ex-consuls and ex-pr&aelig;tors who had not been to provinces should in turn
+draw lots for vacant governorships. Cicero and Bibulus appear to have
+been the senior <i>consulares</i> in that position, and with much reluctance
+Cicero allowed his name to be cast into the urn. He drew Cilicia and
+Bibulus Syria. He says that his motive was a desire to obey the wishes
+of the senate. Another motive may have been a desire to be away from
+Rome while the controversy as to C&aelig;sar's retirement from his province
+was settled, and to retrieve a position of some political importance,
+which he had certainly not increased during the last few years. When it
+came to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xli" id="Page_xli">[Pg xli]</a></span> actual start, however, he felt all the <i>g&ecirc;ne</i> of the
+business&mdash;the formation and control of his staff, the separation from
+friends, and the residence far from the "light and life" of Rome, among
+officials who were certainly commonplace and probably corrupt, and
+amidst a population, perhaps acute and accomplished, but certainly
+servile and ill content, and in some parts predatory and barbarous. At
+the best, they would be emphatically provincial, in a dreary sense of
+the word. He felt unequal to the worry and bore of the whole business,
+and reproached himself with the folly of the undertaking. Of course,
+this regret is mingled with his usual self-congratulation on the purity
+with which he means to manage his province. But even that feeling is not
+strong enough to prevent his longing earnestly to have the period of
+banishment as short as possible, or to prevent the alarm with which he
+hears of a probable invasion by the Parthians. One effect of his almost
+two years' absence from Rome was, I think, to deprive him of the power
+of judging clearly of the course of events. He had constant intelligence
+and excellent correspondents&mdash;especially C&aelig;lius&mdash;still he could not
+really grasp what was going on under the surface: and when he returned
+to find the civil war on the point of breaking out, he was, after all,
+taken by surprise, and had no plan of action ready. This, as well as his
+government of the province, will be fully illustrated in the next volume
+of the correspondence.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cicero's Correspondents.</div>
+
+<p>The persons to whom the chief letters are addressed in this volume,
+besides Atticus, are Cicero's brother Quintus and P. Lentulus Spinther.
+There are two excellent letters to M. Marius, and one very interesting,
+though rather surprising, epistle to L. Lucceius. Others of more than
+average interest are to Terentia, M. Fadius Gallus, C. Scribonius Curio,
+and Tiro.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Titus Pomponius Atticus.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Atticus</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 109-32) is a man of whom we should be glad to know more
+than we do. He was the friend of all the leading men of the day&mdash;Pompey,
+C&aelig;sar, Cicero, Antony, Brutus&mdash;father-in-law of Agrippa, and survived to
+be a constant correspondent of Augustus, between <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 43 and his death
+in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 32. He was spared and respected by both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xlii" id="Page_xlii">[Pg xlii]</a></span> sides in the civil
+wars, from Sulla to the Second Triumvirate. The secret of his success
+seems to have been that he was no man's rival. He resolutely declined
+all official employment, even on the staff of his brother-in-law Quintus
+Cicero. He committed himself to no side in politics, and, not being in
+the senate, had no occasion by vote or speech to wound the feelings of
+anyone. So, too, though he cared for literature, it was rather as a
+friendly critic of others than as an author. He did, it is true, compile
+some books on Roman history, on historical portraits, and certain family
+biographies; but they were not such as made him a rival of any of his
+contemporaries. They were rather the productions of a rich amateur, who
+had leisure to indulge a quasi-literary taste, without any thought of
+joining the ranks of professed writers. Thirdly, he had great wealth,
+partly inherited, partly acquired by prudent speculation in the purchase
+of town properties, or in loans to states or public bodies on fair
+terms: and this wealth was at the service of his friends, but not in the
+lavish or reckless manner, which often earns only ingratitude without
+being of any permanent service to the recipients. He lent money, but
+expected to be repaid even by his brother-in-law. And this prudence
+helped to retain the confidence, while his sympathetic temperament
+secured the liking, of most. Again, he had the valuable knack of
+constantly replenishing the number of his friends among men junior to
+himself. His character attracted the liking of Sulla, who was
+twenty-seven years his senior, and he remained the close friend of his
+contemporaries Hortensius and Cicero (the former five years his senior,
+the latter three years his junior) till the day of their death. But we
+also find him on intimate terms with Brutus, twenty-four, and Octavian,
+forty-six years junior to himself. Lastly, he was not too much at Rome.
+More than twenty years of his earlier manhood (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 87-65) were spent in
+Greece, principally at Athens, partly in study and partly in business.
+And Athens at this time, long deprived of political importance, had
+still the charm not only of its illustrious past, but also of its
+surviving character as the home of culture and refinement. When he at
+length returned to Rome in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65, he had already purchased a property
+in Epirus, near Buthrotum (see p. <a href="#Page_3">3</a>), where he built a villa, in which
+he continued to spend a considerable part of his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xliii" id="Page_xliii">[Pg xliii]</a></span> remaining years. This
+was sufficiently remote, not only from Rome, but from the summer
+residences of the Roman nobles, to secure his isolation from the
+intrigues and enmities of Roman society. He did not indeed&mdash;as who
+does?&mdash;always escape giving offence. At the very beginning of the
+correspondence we hear of his vain attempts to mollify the anger of L.
+Lucceius&mdash;how incurred we do not know; and Quintus Cicero, of whose
+sharp temper we hear so much, was on more than one occasion on the point
+of a rupture with him. But his family life was generally as pleasing as
+his connexion with his friends. With his mother, who lived to a great
+age, he boasted that he had never been reconciled, because he had never
+quarrelled. He was the only one who could get on with the crusty uncle
+C&aelig;cilius. In the delicate matter of his sister Pomponia's differences
+with her husband Quintus Cicero, he seems to have acted with kindness as
+well as prudence; and though he married late in life (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, when he
+was in his fifty-third year), he appears to have made an excellent
+husband to Pilia and a very affectionate father to his daughter. His
+unwearied sympathy with the varied moods of Cicero&mdash;whether of
+exultation, irritation, or despair&mdash;and the entire confidence which
+Cicero feels that he will have that sympathy in every case, are
+creditable to both. It is only between sincere souls that one can speak
+to the other as to a second self, as Cicero often alleges that he does
+to Atticus.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quintus Tullius Cicero.</div>
+
+<p>Of <span class="smcap">Quintus Cicero</span>, the next most important correspondent in this volume,
+we get a fairly clear picture. Four years younger than his famous
+brother (b. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 102), he followed him at the due distance up the ladder
+of official promotion to the pr&aelig;torship, to which he was elected in the
+year of his elder's consulship. There, however, Quintus stopped. He
+never seems to have stood for the consulship. He had no oratorical
+genius to give him reputation in the forum, nor were his literary
+productions of any value, either for style or originality. His abilities
+for administration, as shewn in his three years' government of Asia,
+appear to have been respectable, but were marred by faults of temper,
+which too often betrayed him into extreme violence of language. In
+military command he shewed courage and energy in defending his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xliv" id="Page_xliv">[Pg xliv]</a></span> camp in
+the rising of the Gauls in the winter of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54-53; but he spoilt the
+reputation thus gained by the mistake committed in the autumn of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+53, which cost the loss of a considerable number of troops, and all but
+allowed the roving Germans to storm his camp. He remained another year
+in Gaul, but did nothing to retrieve this mistake. In military affairs
+fortune rarely forgives. In politics he seems to have contented himself
+generally with saying ditto to his brother. And this continued to be the
+case up to Pharsalia. After that, finding himself on the losing side, he
+turned somewhat fiercely upon the brother, whom he regarded as having
+misled him; and for a time there was a miserable breach between them,
+which, however, did not last very long. When the end came it found the
+brothers united in heart as in misfortune. His private happiness was
+marred by an uncongenial marriage. Pomponia&mdash;sister of Atticus&mdash;seems to
+have been as high-tempered as her husband, and less placable. The
+constant quarrels between them exercised the patience both of Cicero and
+Atticus, and crops up all through the correspondence. One effect of them
+was the loss of all control over their son, who, being called upon to
+smooth over the differences between father and mother, naturally took up
+at an early age a line of his own, and shewed a disposition to act
+independently of his elders.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terentia.</div>
+
+<p>The letters to <span class="smcap">Terentia</span> do not fill much space in the correspondence,
+and are rarely interesting. Married about <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 80, Cicero seems to have
+lived in harmony with her at least till the time of his return from
+exile, during which unhappy period he acknowledges the activity of her
+exertions in support of his recall, and the drain which his ruin was
+making upon her resources. Terentia had a large private fortune, and
+apparently used it liberally in his service. Nevertheless, immediately
+on his return from exile, there seems to have been some cause of
+coldness between the husband and wife. He darkly alludes to certain
+domestic troubles in the first letter to Atticus written from Rome (vol
+i., p. <a href="#Page_189">189</a>), and repeats the hint in the next (p. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>). When he landed
+at Brundisium it was Tullia, not Terentia, who came to meet him (p.
+<a href="#Page_187">187</a>), and for some time after she appears to be presiding in his house
+rather than Terentia (see pp. <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>). Whatever the cause<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xlv" id="Page_xlv">[Pg xlv]</a></span> of this
+coldness was, however, it appears to have been removed for a time. He
+kept up a correspondence with her while he was in Cilicia (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 51-50),
+and though he does not seem pleased at her having arranged the marriage
+of Tullia with Dolabella, he addresses her warmly when about to return,
+and was met by her on landing. During the five or six months that
+followed, before Cicero left Italy to join Pompey, there is no
+indication of any alienation: but the short notes from Pompey's camp,
+and in the first half of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 47, are cold and conventional, and on his
+return to Brundisium after Pharsalia, and during his lengthened stay
+there, he appears to have declined to allow her to come and see him.
+Soon after his return to Rome, in September, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 47, matters came to a
+climax. Perhaps some of the mischief was caused by the mismanagement or
+dishonesty of Terentia's steward, Philotimus, of whom we hear a good
+deal in the letters from Cilicia: but whatever was the origin of the
+quarrel, Cicero asserts that on his return he found his affairs in a
+state of utter disorder. It may well have been that, like other
+adherents to the losing cause, he had to suffer from loss of any
+property that could be easily laid hands on in Rome, and that Terentia
+had had no power to save it. But Cicero, rightly or wrongly, attributed
+the embarrassment which he found awaiting him to his wife. He says in a
+letter to Gn&aelig;us Plancius:<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> "I should not have taken any new step at a
+time of such general disaster had I not on my return found my private
+affairs in as sorry a position as the public. The fact is, that when I
+saw that, owing to the criminal conduct of those to whom my life and
+fortunes ought, in return for my never-to-be-forgotten services, to have
+been their dearest object, there was nothing safe within the walls of my
+house, nothing that was not the subject of some intrigue, I made up my
+mind that I must arm myself by the faithful support of new marriage
+connexions against the perfidy of the old." This is a lame excuse for a
+man of sixty separating from the companion of his whole manhood, and in
+the eyes of Roman Society it was rendered still more questionable by a
+prompt marriage with a young girl, rich, and his own ward: from whom,
+however, he soon again divorced himself, angered, it is said, by her
+want of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xlvi" id="Page_xlvi">[Pg xlvi]</a></span> feeling at the death of Tullia. Terentia long survived her
+husband, living, we are told, to be over a hundred years old. Divorce
+was, of course, not regarded in these days of the Republic as it had
+once been, or as it is now among ourselves; still we should have been
+glad, both for his fame and his happiness, if the few years remaining to
+him had not had this additional cloud. A man of sixty embarking on such
+matrimonial enterprise is not a dignified spectacle, or one pleasing to
+gods and men.</p>
+
+<p>The other correspondents may be dismissed in few words.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther</span>, to whom some of the longest letters are
+addressed, represents the high aristocracy, to which Cicero wished to
+commend himself, though seeing keenly the weakness which underlay their
+magnificence. The part played by Lentulus in politics had been showy,
+but never founded on steadfast principle. He owed his earlier promotions
+to C&aelig;sar's influence, but in his consulship of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57 had taken the
+side of the aristocracy in promoting the recall of Cicero, though he had
+gone against their sentiment by supporting Pompey's appointment to the
+<i>cura annon&aelig;</i>. But as he was going to Cilicia in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, Lentulus
+wished to have the lucrative task of restoring Ptolemy Auletes to the
+throne of Egypt, from which he had been righteously driven by his
+subjects. Therefore it was all to the good that Pompey should have
+business at home preventing him from taking this in hand. How Lentulus
+was baulked in this desire will appear in the letters. He no doubt had
+his full share of the <i>Lentulitas</i> distinguishing his family. But all
+was forgiven by Cicero to a man who had promoted his recall, and he
+takes great pains to justify to Lentulus his own change of policy in
+regard to the triumvirs after <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56. When the civil war began Lentulus
+joined Domitius at Corfinium, and with him fell into C&aelig;sar's hands, and
+was dismissed unharmed. He afterwards joined Pompey in Epirus, intent on
+succeeding C&aelig;sar as Pontifex Maximus, as soon as the latter had been
+satisfactorily disposed of. After Pharsalia he sought refuge at Rhodes,
+but was refused sanctuary by the islanders, and was eventually put to
+death, though we do not know by whom (<i>Att.</i> xi. 13; <i>Fam.</i> ix. 18).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xlvii" id="Page_xlvii">[Pg xlvii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">M. Fadius Gallus, M. Marius, L. Lucceius, C. Scribonius
+Curio, C. Trebatius Testa.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">M. Fadius Gallus</span>, the Epicurean, and <span class="smcap">M. Marius</span>, the valetudinarian and
+wit, were among friends valued for their personal and agreeable
+qualities rather than for any public or political importance attaching
+to them. The same may be said of <span class="smcap">L. Lucceius</span>, of whose Roman history
+Cicero thought so well, that he wrote a remarkable letter begging for an
+honourable place in it for his consulship, as Pliny did to Tacitus.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+<span class="smcap">C. Scribonius Curio</span>, son of a great friend of Cicero, after a <i>jeunesse
+orageuse</i>, returned to Rome from his qu&aelig;storship in Asia, in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, to
+take up the inheritance of his father, which he quickly dissipated.
+Cicero seems to have had a high idea of his abilities, and to have
+believed him capable of taking the lead of the Optimates. But in his
+tribuneship of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 51-50 he disappointed all such hopes by openly
+joining C&aelig;sar's party, and resisting all attempts to recall him. He
+joined C&aelig;sar at Ravenna as soon as his tribuneship was out, and urged
+him to march on Rome. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49 he was sent to secure Sicily and
+Africa. The first he did, but in the second he perished in battle
+against the senatorial governor and king Iuba. Cicero's relation to <span class="smcap">C.
+Trebatius Testa</span>, a learned jurisconsult, was apparently that of a patron
+or tutor, who, thinking that he has found a young man of ability,
+endeavours to push him. He sent him with a letter of introduction to
+C&aelig;sar, who was good-natured, though rather sarcastic as to the scope for
+legal abilities to be found in Gaul. He gave him, however, a military
+tribuneship, without exacting military duties, and apparently kept on
+good terms with him, for he employed him in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49 to communicate his
+wish to Cicero as to his remaining at Rome. Cicero's letters to him,
+though numerous, are not among the most interesting. They are full of
+banter of a rather forced and dull kind; and Cicero was evidently
+annoyed to find that his scheme for advancing Trebatius in C&aelig;sar's
+province had not been very successful. The friendship, however, survived
+the civil war, and we find Cicero in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 44 dedicating his <i>Topica</i> to
+Trebatius.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"<span class="smcap">Tullius</span>, of all the sons of royal Rome<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That are, or have been, or are yet to come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Most skilled to plead, most learned in debate,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Catullus hails thee, small as thou art great.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Take thou from him his thanks, his fond regards,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The first of patrons from the least of bards."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 15em;"><span class="smcap">Catullus</span>, xlix. (J. E. S.)</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CICERO'S LETTERS</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h3>ERRATA IN VOL. I.</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Page 107, note 3, last line, <i>dele</i> note of interrogation after "expenses."<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"&nbsp;&nbsp;  193, note 4, last line, <i>for</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 45 <i>lege</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 46.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"&nbsp;&nbsp;  253, Letter CXXII, <i>for</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A IV</span>, 1, <i>lege</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A IV</span>, 2.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CICERO'S LETTERS</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="I_A_I_5" id="I_A_I_5"></a>I (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68. Coss., L. C&aelig;cilius Metellus, Q. Marcius Rex.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This opening of the correspondence finds Cicero, now in his
+thirty-ninth year, in the midst of his official career. He had
+already been qu&aelig;stor (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 75) and &aelig;dile (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 69), and was looking
+forward to his election to the pr&aelig;torship in the next year (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+67). He had already risen almost to the highest place in his
+profession as advocate, and had partly delivered, partly published
+his great indictment of Verres only a year ago. He is married to
+Terentia (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 80), and has one daughter, Tullia or Tulliola, born
+on August 5, probably the next year (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 79). His intimacy with T.
+Pomponius Atticus (three years his senior), perhaps begun at
+school, had lasted at least eleven years, from the time when he met
+him at Athens (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 79), and with him had been initiated in the
+Eleusinian mysteries (<i>de Leg.</i> 2, &sect; 36). There too they had both
+seen much of the writer's cousin Lucius, whose death he deplores in
+this letter (<i>de Fin.</i> 5, &sect; 1). Atticus had lived abroad in Athens
+and Epirus, with occasional visits home from <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 88 to <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65, in
+which latter year he seems to have returned for a more lengthened
+stay (Nep. <i>Att.</i> 4). The two friends have already corresponded
+frequently, but this is the first letter preserved.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 38</div>
+
+<p>We are such intimate friends that more than almost anyone else you can
+appreciate the grief as well as the actual public and private loss that
+the death of my cousin Lucius is to me. There is absolutely no
+gratification which any human being can receive from the kindly
+character of another that I have not been accustomed to receive from
+him. I am sure, therefore, that you will share my grief. For, in the
+first place, whatever affects me affects you; and in the second place,
+you have yourself lost in him a friend and connexion of the highest
+character and most obliging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> disposition, who was attached to you from
+personal inclination, as well as from my conversation.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you say in your letter about your sister,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> she will
+herself bear me witness what pains I have taken that my brother Quintus
+should show her proper affection. Thinking him somewhat inclined to be
+angry with her, I wrote to him in such a way as I thought would not hurt
+his feelings as a brother, while giving him some good advice as my
+junior, and remonstrating with him as being in the wrong. The result is
+that, from frequent letters since received from him, I feel confident
+that everything is as it ought and as we should wish it to be.</p>
+
+<p>As to the frequency of my letters you have no ground for your complaint.
+The fact is our good sister Pomponia never informed me of there being a
+courier ready to take a letter. Farthermore, I never chanced to know of
+anyone going to Epirus,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and I was not till recently informed of your
+being at Athens.</p>
+
+<p>Again, as to the business of Acutilius which you had left in my hands. I
+had settled it on my first visit to Rome after your departure. But it
+turned out that, in the first place, there was no urgency in the matter,
+and, in the second place, as I felt confidence in your judgment, I
+preferred that Peduc&aelig;us<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> rather than myself should advise you by
+letter on the subject. For having submitted my ears to Acutilius for
+several days (and I think you know his style), I should scarcely have
+regarded it as a hardship to write you a letter describing his
+grumblings after patiently enduring the bore (and it <i>was</i> rather a
+bore, I can tell you) of hearing them. Moreover, though you find fault
+with me, allow me to observe that I have had only one letter from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> you,
+though you had greater leisure for writing, and more opportunity of
+sending letters.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you say in your letter, "Even if anyone is inclined to be
+offended with you, I ought to bring him to a better mind"&mdash;I understand
+to what you allude, and I have not neglected the matter. But the truth
+is that the extent of his displeasure is something surprising. However,
+I have not omitted to say anything there was to say in your behalf: but
+on what points I am to hold out your wishes, I consider, ought to be my
+guide. If you will write me word distinctly what they are, you will find
+that I have had no desire to be more exacting, and in the future shall
+be no more yielding, than you wish.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>As to the business of Tadius. He tells me that you have written him word
+that there was no need of farther trouble, since the property is secured
+by prescription. I am surprised that you do not know that in the case of
+a statutory wardship of an unmarried girl prescription cannot be
+pleaded.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>I am glad you like your purchase in Epirus. What I commissioned you to
+get for me, and anything you see suitable to my Tusculan villa, I should
+be glad if you will, as you say in your letter, procure for me, only
+don't put yourself to any inconvenience. The truth is, there is no other
+place that gives me complete rest after all my worries and hard work.</p>
+
+<p>I am expecting my brother Quintus every day. Terentia has a severe
+attack of rheumatism. She is devoted to you, to your sister, and your
+mother, and adds her kindest regards in a postscript. So does my pet
+Tulliola. Love me, and be assured that I love you as a brother.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="II_A_I_6" id="II_A_I_6"></a>II (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, December</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 38</div>
+
+<p>I won't give you any excuse hereafter for accusing me of neglecting to
+write. It is you that must take care that with all your leisure you keep
+up with me.</p>
+
+<p>Rabirius's house at Naples,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>for the improvement of which you have
+designs drawn out and completed in imagination, has been bought by M.
+Fonteius<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> for 130,000 sesterces (about &pound;1,040). I wished you to know
+this in case you were still hankering after it.</p>
+
+<p>We may be quite satisfied, I think, with my brother's feelings towards
+Pomponia. He is with her at present in his villa at Arpinum, and has
+Decimus Turanius with him, who is great in <i>belles lettres</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The date of my father's death was the 28th of November.</p>
+
+<p>That is about all my news. If you light on any articles of <i>vertu</i>
+suitable for a gymnasium, which would look well in the place you wot
+of,<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> please don't let them slip. I am so delighted with my Tusculan
+villa that I never feel really happy till I get there. Let me know
+exactly what you are doing and intending to do about everything.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="III_A_I_7" id="III_A_I_7"></a>III (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, December</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 38</div>
+
+<p>All's well at your mother's,<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> and I keep an eye on her. I have
+undertaken to pay L. Cincius 20,400 sesterces<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> to your credit on the
+Ides of February. Pray see that I receive at the earliest possible
+opportunity what you say in your letters that you have bought and
+secured for me. I should also be very much obliged if you would, as you
+promised, think over the means of securing the library for me. My hope
+of getting the one enjoyment which I care for, when I come to retire,
+depends entirely on your kindness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV_A_I_9" id="IV_A_I_9"></a>IV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67. Coss., C. Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The year of Cicero's election to the pr&aelig;torship. It is the year
+also of Pompey's great commission by the <i>lex Gabinia</i> against the
+Pirates. But Cicero does not seem as yet much concerned with
+"foreign politics."</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 39</div>
+
+<p>I get letters from you far too seldom considering that you can much more
+easily find people starting for Rome than I to Athens: considering, too,
+that you are more certain of my being at Rome than I of your being at
+Athens. For instance, it is owing to this uncertainty on my part that
+this very letter is somewhat short, because not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> being sure as to where
+you are, I don't choose my confidential talk to fall into strange hands.
+The Megaric statues and the Herm&aelig;, which you mentioned in your letters,
+I am waiting for impatiently. Anything you have of the same kind which
+may strike you as worthy of my "Academia," do not hesitate to send, and
+have complete confidence in my money-chest. My present delight is to
+pick up anything particularly suitable to a "gymnasium." Lentulus
+promises the use of his ships. I beg you to be zealous in these matters.
+Thyillus begs you (and I also at his request) to get him some writings
+of the Eumolpid&aelig;.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="V_A_I_8" id="V_A_I_8"></a>V (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 39</div>
+
+<p>All well at your house. Your mother and sister are regarded with
+affection by me and my brother Quintus. I have spoken to Acutilius. He
+says that he has not heard from his agent, and professes surprise that
+you should make any difficulty of his having refused to guarantee you
+against farther demands. As to the business of Tadius, the announcement
+in your letter that you have settled the matter out of court I saw
+gratified and pleased him very much. That friend of mine<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>&mdash;a most
+excellent man, upon my honour, and most warmly attached to me&mdash;is very
+angry with you. If I could but know how much you care about it, I should
+be able to decide how much trouble I am to take in the matter. I have
+paid L. Cincius the 20,400 sesterces<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> for the Megaric statues in
+accordance with your letter to me. As to your Herm&aelig; of Pentelic marble
+with bronze heads, about which you wrote to me&mdash;I have fallen in love
+with them on the spot. So pray send both them and the statues, and
+anything else that may appear to you to suit the place you wot of, my
+passion, and your taste&mdash;as large a supply and as early as possible.
+Above all, anything you think appropriate to a gymnasium and terrace. I
+have such a passion for things of this sort that while I expect
+assistance from you, I must expect something like rebuke from others. If
+Lentulus has no vessel there, put them on board anyone you please. My
+pet Tulliola claims your present and duns me as your security. I am
+resolved, however, to disown the obligation rather than pay up for you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI_A_I_10" id="VI_A_I_10"></a>VI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T. 39</span></div>
+
+<p>"Being in my Tusculan villa" (that's for your "being in the
+Ceramicus")&mdash;however, I being there, a courier sent by your sister
+arrived from Rome and delivered me a letter from you, announcing at the
+same time that the courier who was going to you started that very
+afternoon. The result is that, though I do send <i>an</i> answer, I am forced
+by the shortness of the time to write only these few words. First, as to
+softening my friend's feeling towards you, or even reconciling him
+outright, I pledge you my word to do so. Though I have been attempting
+it already on my own account, I will now urge the point more earnestly
+and press him closer, as I think I gather from your letter that you are
+so set upon it. This much I should like you to realize, that he is very
+deeply offended; but since I cannot see any serious ground for it, I
+feel confident that he will do as I wish and yield to my influence. As
+for my statues and Hermeracles, pray put them on board, as you say in
+your letter, at your very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> earliest convenience, and anything else you
+light upon that may seem to you appropriate to the place you wot of,
+especially anything you think suitable to a pal&aelig;stra and gymnasium. I
+say this because I am sitting there as I write, so that the very place
+itself reminds me. Besides these, I commission you to get me some
+medallions to let into the walls of my little entrance-court, and two
+engraved stone-curbs. Mind you don't engage your library to anyone,
+however keen a lover you may find; for I am hoarding up my little
+savings expressly to secure that resource for my old age. As to my
+brother, I trust that all is as I have ever wished and tried to make it.
+There are many signs of that result&mdash;not least that your sister is
+<i>enceinte</i>. As for my election, I don't forget that I left the question
+entirely to you, and I have all along been telling our common friends
+that I have not only not asked you to come, but have positively
+forbidden you to do so, because I understood that it was much more
+important to you to carry through the business you have now in hand,
+than it is to me to have you at my election. I wish you therefore to
+feel as though you had been sent to where you are in my interests. Nay,
+you will find me feeling towards you, and hear of it from others,
+exactly as though my success were obtained not only in your presence,
+but by your direct agency.</p>
+
+<p>Tulliola gives notice of action against you. She is dunning me as your
+surety.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VII_A_I_11" id="VII_A_I_11"></a>VII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 11</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T. 39</span></div>
+
+<p>I was doing so before spontaneously, and have been since greatly stirred
+by your two letters, with their earnest expressions to the same effect.
+Besides, Sallustius has been always at my side to prompt me to spare no
+pains to induce Lucceius to be reconciled to you. But after doing
+every<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>thing that could be done, not only did I fail to renew his old
+feelings towards you, but I could not even succeed in eliciting the
+reason of his alienation. On his part, however, he keeps harping on that
+arbitration case of his, and the other matters which I knew very well
+before you left Rome were causing him offence. Still, he has certainly
+got something else fixed deeper in his mind; and this no letters <i>from</i>
+you, and no commissioning of me will obliterate as easily as you will do
+in a personal interview, I don't mean merely by your words, but by the
+old familiar expression of your face&mdash;if only you think it worth while,
+as you will if you will listen to me, and be willing to act with your
+habitual kindness. Finally, you need not wonder why it is that, whereas
+I intimated in my letters that I felt hopeful of his yielding to my
+influence, I now appear to have no such confidence; for you can scarcely
+believe how much more stubborn his sentiment appears to me than I
+expected, and how much more obstinate he is in this anger. However, all
+this will either be cured when you come, or will only be painful to the
+party in fault.</p>
+
+<p>As to the sentence in your letter, "you suppose by this time I am
+pr&aelig;tor-elect," let me tell you that there is no class of people at Rome
+so harassed by every kind of unreasonable difficulty as candidates for
+office; and that no one knows when the elections will be.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> However,
+you will hear all this from Philadelphus. Pray despatch at the earliest
+opportunity what you have bought for my "Academia." I am surprisingly
+delighted with the mere thought of that place, to say nothing of its
+actual occupation. Mind also not to let anyone else have your books.
+Reserve them, as you say in your letter, for me. I am possessed with the
+utmost longing for them, as I am with a loathing for affairs of every
+other kind, which you will find in an incredibly worse position than
+when you left them.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="VIII_A_I_3" id="VIII_A_I_3"></a>VIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66. Coss., M. &AElig;milius Lepidus, L. Volcatius Tullus.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In this year Cicero was pr&aelig;tor, and delivered his first extant
+public speech (<i>apud populum</i>) in support of the <i>lex Manilia</i>,
+which gave Pompey the command in the Mithridatic War with the
+provinces of Asia and Bithynia. The strict Optimates opposed it.
+Cicero supported it on the grounds of the importance of the war and
+the proofs Pompey had already given of military ability, courage,
+personal prestige, and good fortune. He takes occasion to point out
+the mischief done to the Roman name by oppressive or fraudulent
+governors and imperators. In this same year he delivered one of his
+ablest speeches in court in defending A. Cluentius Habitus on a
+charge of poisoning. At the consular elections this year the two
+first elected were disabled for bribery.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, January</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 40</div>
+
+<p>I have to inform you of the death of your grandmother from pining at
+your long absence, and at the same time because she was afraid that the
+Latin towns would revolt and fail to bring the victims up the Alban
+Mount. I presume that L. Saufeius will send you a letter of condolence
+on the subject.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> I am expecting you here in the course of January&mdash;is
+it a mere rumour or does it come from letters of yours to others? For to
+me you have not mentioned the subject. The statues which you got for me
+have been landed at Caieta. I haven't seen them, for I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> been unable
+to leave Rome. I have sent a man to clear the freightage. I am
+exceedingly obliged to you for having taken so much trouble to get them,
+and so reasonably. As to your frequent remarks in your letters about
+pacifying my friend, I have done everything I could and tried every
+expedient; but he is inveterate against you to a surprising degree, on
+what suspicions, though I think you have been told, you shall yet learn
+from me when you come. I failed to restore Sallustius<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> to his old
+place in his affections, and yet he was on the spot. I tell you this
+because the latter used to find fault with me in regard to you. Well, he
+has found by personal experience that <i>he</i> is not so easy to pacify, and
+that on my part no zeal has been lacking either on his or your behalf. I
+have betrothed Tulliola to C. Piso Frugi, son of Lucius.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IX_A_I_4" id="IX_A_I_4"></a>IX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 41</div>
+
+<p>You keep on making me expect you again and again. Only the other day,
+when I thought you on the point of arriving, I was suddenly put off by
+you till Quintilis (July). Now, however, I <i>do</i> think that you should
+come at the time you mention if you possibly can. You will thereby be in
+time for my brother Quintus's election, will pay me a long-deferred
+visit, and will settle the dispute with Acutilius. This latter Peduc&aelig;us
+also suggested my mentioning to you, for I think it is full time that
+you settled that affair. My good offices are at your service and always
+have been so. Here at Rome I have conducted the case of Gaius Macer with
+a popular approval surpassing belief and unparalleled. Though I had been
+inclined to take a lenient view of his case, yet I gained much more
+substantial advantage from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> the popular approval on his condemnation
+than I should have got from his gratitude if he had been acquitted.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>
+I am very glad to hear what you say about the Hermathena. It is an
+ornament appropriate to my "Academia" for two reasons: Hermes is a sign
+common to all gymnasia, Minerva specially of this particular one. So I
+would have you, as you say, adorn the place with the other objects also,
+and the more the better. The statues which you sent me before I have not
+yet seen. They are in my villa at Formi&aelig;, whither I am at this moment
+thinking of going. I shall get them all transferred to my Tusculan
+villa. If I find myself with more than I want there I shall begin
+adorning Caieta. Please reserve your books, and don't despair of my
+being able to make them mine. If I succeed in that, I am superior to
+Crassus in wealth and look down on everybody's manors and pastures.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="X_A_I_1" id="X_A_I_1"></a>X (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65. Coss., L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Manlius Torquatus.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The election to the consulship is not till the next year (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64),
+but Cicero is already making preparation for it, and looking out
+for support. In July his only son was born. He does not refer to
+the so-called "first Catilinarian conspiracy," but mentions
+Catiline as a possible competitor, and even contemplates defending
+him on some charge brought against him to prevent his standing for
+the consulship.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, July</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 41</div>
+
+<p>The state of things in regard to my candidature, in which I know that
+you are supremely interested, is this, as far as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> can be as yet
+conjectured. The only person actually canvassing is P. Sulpicius
+Galba.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> He meets with a good old-fashioned refusal without reserve or
+disguise. In the general opinion this premature canvass of his is not
+unfavourable to my interests; for the voters generally give as a reason
+for their refusal that they are under obligations to me. So I hope my
+prospects are to a certain degree improved by the report getting about
+that my friends are found to be numerous. My intention was to begin my
+own canvass just at the very time that Cincius<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> tells me that your
+servant starts with this letter, namely, in the <i>campus</i> at the time of
+the tribunician elections on the 17th of July. My fellow candidates, to
+mention only those who seem certain, are Galba and Antonius and Q.
+Cornificius.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> At this I imagine you smiling or sighing. Well, to make
+you positively smite your forehead, there <i>are</i> people who actually
+think that C&aelig;sonius<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> will stand. I don't think Aquilius will, for he
+openly disclaims it and has alleged as an excuse his health and his
+leading position at the bar. Catiline will certainly be a candidate, if
+you can imagine a jury finding that the sun does not shine at noon. As
+for Aufidius and Palicanus,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> I don't think you will expect to hear
+from me about them. Of the candidates for this year's election C&aelig;sar is
+considered certain. Thermus is looked upon as the rival of Silanus.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>
+These latter are so weak both in friends and reputation that it seems
+<i>pas impossible</i> to bring in Curius over their heads. But no one else
+thinks so. What seems most to my interests is that Thermus should get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+in with C&aelig;sar. For there is none of those at present canvassing who, if
+left over to my year, seems likely to be a stronger candidate, from the
+fact that he is commissioner of the <i>via Flaminia</i>, and when that has
+been finished, I shall be greatly relieved to have seen him elected
+consul this election.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Such in outline is the position of affairs in
+regard to candidates up to date. For myself I shall take the greatest
+pains to carry out all the duties of a candidate, and perhaps, as Gaul
+seems to have a considerable voting power, as soon as business at Rome
+has come to a standstill I shall obtain a <i>libera legatio</i> and make an
+excursion in the course of September to visit Piso,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> but so as not to
+be back later than January. When I have ascertained the feelings of the
+nobility I will write you word. Everything else I hope will go smoothly,
+at any rate while my competitors are such as are now in town. You must
+undertake to secure for me the <i>entourage</i> of our friend Pompey, since
+you are nearer than I. Tell him I shall not be annoyed if he doesn't
+come to my election.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> So much for that business. But there is a
+matter for which I am very anxious that you should forgive me. Your
+uncle C&aelig;cilius having been defrauded of a large sum of money by P.
+Varius, began an action against his cousin A. Caninius Satyrus for the
+property which (as he alleged) the latter had received from Varius by a
+collusive sale. He was joined in this action by the other creditors,
+among whom were Lucullus and P. Scipio, and the man whom they thought
+would be official receiver if the property was put up for sale, Lucius
+Pontius; though it is ridiculous to be talking about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> a receiver at this
+stage in the proceedings. C&aelig;cilius asked me to appear for him against
+Satyrus. Now, scarcely a day passes that Satyrus does not call at my
+house. The chief object of his attentions is L. Domitius,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> but I am
+next in his regard. He has been of great service both to myself and to
+my brother Quintus in our elections. I was very much embarrassed by my
+intimacy with Satyrus as well as that with Domitius, on whom the success
+of my election depends more than on anyone else. I pointed out these
+facts to C&aelig;cilius; at the same time I assured him that if the case had
+been one exclusively between himself and Satyrus, I would have done what
+he wished. As the matter actually stood, all the creditors being
+concerned&mdash;and that too men of the highest rank, who, without the aid of
+anyone specially retained by C&aelig;cilius, would have no difficulty in
+maintaining their common cause&mdash;it was only fair that he should have
+consideration both for my private friendship and my present situation.
+He seemed to take this somewhat less courteously than I could have
+wished, or than is usual among gentlemen; and from that time forth he
+has entirely withdrawn from the intimacy with me, which was only of a
+few day's standing.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> Pray forgive me, and believe that I was
+prevented by nothing but natural kindness from assailing the reputation
+of a friend in so vital a point at a time of such very great distress,
+considering that he had shewn me every sort of kindness and attention.
+But if you incline to the harsher view of my conduct, take it that the
+interests of my canvass prevented me. Yet, even granting that to be so,
+I think you should pardon me, "since not for sacred beast or oxhide
+shield."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> You see in fact the position I am in, and how necessary I
+regard it, not only to retain but even to acquire all possible sources
+of popularity. I hope I have justified myself in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> your eyes, I am at any
+rate anxious to have done so. The Hermathena you sent I am delighted
+with: it has been placed with such charming effect that the whole
+gymnasium seems arranged specially for it.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> I am exceedingly obliged
+to you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XI_A_I_2" id="XI_A_I_2"></a>XI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, July</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 41</div>
+
+<p>I have to inform you that on the day of the election of L. Iulius C&aelig;sar
+and C. Marcius Figulus to the consulship, I had an addition to my family
+in the shape of a baby boy. Terentia doing well.</p>
+
+<p>Why such a time without a letter from you? I have already written to you
+fully about my circumstances. At this present time I am considering
+whether to undertake the defence of my fellow candidate, Catiline.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>
+We have a jury to our minds with full consent of the prosecutor. I hope
+that if he is acquitted he will be more closely united with me in the
+conduct of our canvass; but if the result be otherwise I shall bear it
+with resignation. Your early return is of great importance to me, for
+there is a very strong idea<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> prevailing that some intimate friends of
+yours, persons of high rank, will be opposed to my election. To win me
+their favour I see that I shall want you very much. Wherefore be sure to
+be in Rome in January, as you have agreed to be.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62. Coss., D. Iunius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We have no letters to or from Cicero in the years <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64 and
+63,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> partly, no doubt, because Atticus was in Rome a great deal
+during these years. We take up the correspondence, therefore, after
+an interval of two years, which in many respects were the most
+important in Cicero's life. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64 he attained his chief
+ambition by being elected to the consulship, but we have little
+trace of his public actions that year, only the fragments of one
+speech remaining, in defence of Q. Gallius on a charge of
+<i>ambitus</i>. The animus of the popular party, however, is shewn by
+the prosecution of some surviving partisans of Sulla on charges of
+homicide, among them Catiline, who by some means escaped conviction
+(Dio, xxxvii. 10). In the year of the consulship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63) some of
+Cicero's most important speeches were delivered. The three on the
+agrarian proposals of Rullus present him to us for the first time
+as discussing an important question of home politics, the disposal
+of the <i>ager publicus</i>, a question which had become again prominent
+owing to the great additions made to it by the confiscations of
+Sulla. He also defended C. Rabirius, prosecuted by Iulius C&aelig;sar for
+the murder of Saturninus as long ago as <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 100, and later in the
+year defended Murena on a charge of <i>ambitus</i>. Finally, the three
+Catilinarian speeches illustrate the event which coloured the whole
+of Cicero's life. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62 his brother Quintus was pr&aelig;tor and
+Cicero defended in his court P. Sulla, accused of complicity with
+Catiline. On the 29th of December (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63) the tribune Q. C&aelig;cilius
+Metellus Nepos prevented Cicero from making a speech when laying
+down his consulship, and went on to propose summoning Pompey to
+Rome, "to protect the lives of the citizens." This led to scenes of
+violence, and Metellus fled to Pompey, who reached Italy late in
+the year <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62 from the East.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XII_F_V_7" id="XII_F_V_7"></a>XII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>M. Tullius Cicero, son of Marcus, greets Cn. Pompeius, son of Cneius,
+Imperator.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62. <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 44</div>
+
+<p>If you and the army are well I shall be glad. From your official
+despatch I have, in common with everyone else, received the liveliest
+satisfaction; for you have given us that strong hope of peace, of which,
+in sole reliance on you, I was assuring everyone. But I must inform you
+that your old enemies&mdash;now posing as your friends&mdash;have received a
+stunning blow by this despatch, and, being disappointed in the high
+hopes they were entertaining, are thoroughly depressed. Though your
+private letter to me contained a somewhat slight expression of your
+affection, yet I can assure you it gave me pleasure: for there is
+nothing in which I habitually find greater satisfaction than in the
+consciousness of serving my friends; and if on any occasion I do not
+meet with an adequate return, I am not at all sorry to have the balance
+of kindness in my favour. Of this I feel no doubt&mdash;even if my
+extraordinary zeal in your behalf has failed to unite you to me&mdash;that
+the interests of the state will certainly effect a mutual attachment and
+coalition between us. To let you know, however, what I missed in your
+letter I will write with the candour which my own disposition and our
+common friendship demand. I did expect <i>some</i> congratulation in your
+letter on my achievements, for the sake at once of the ties between us
+and of the Republic. This I presume to have been omitted by you from a
+fear of hurting anyone's feelings. But let me tell you that what I did
+for the salvation of the country is approved by the judgment and
+testimony of the whole world. You are a much greater man than Africanus,
+but I am not much inferior to L&aelig;lius either; and when you come home you
+will recognize that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> have acted with such prudence and spirit, that
+you will not be ashamed of being coupled with me in politics as well as
+in private friendship.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIII_F_V_I" id="XIII_F_V_I"></a>XIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, I</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>Q. METELLUS CELER TO CICERO</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cisalpine Gaul</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus, proconsul, greets M. Tullius
+Cicero.</i><a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62. <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 44</div>
+
+<p>If you are well I am glad. I had thought, considering our mutual regard
+and the reconciliation effected between us, that I was not likely to be
+held up to ridicule in my absence, nor my brother attacked by you in his
+civil existence and property for the sake of a mere word. If his own
+high character was not a sufficient protection to him, yet either the
+position of our family, or my own loyal conduct to you and the Republic,
+ought to have been sufficient to support him. As it is, I see that he
+has been ruined and I abandoned by the last people in the world who
+ought to have done so. I am accordingly in sorrow and wearing mourning
+dress, while actually in command of a province and army and conducting a
+war. And seeing that your conduct in this affair has neither been
+reasonable nor in accordance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> with the milder methods of old times, you
+must not be surprised if you live to repent it. I did not expect to find
+you so fickle towards me and mine. For myself, meanwhile, neither family
+sorrow nor ill-treatment by any individual shall withdraw me from the
+service of the state.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIV_F_V_2" id="XIV_F_V_2"></a>XIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO Q. METELLUS (IN CISALPINE GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>M. Tullius, son of Marcus, to Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus,
+proconsul, wishes health.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 44</div>
+
+<p>If you and the army are well I shall be glad. You say in your letter
+that you "thought, considering our mutual regard and the reconciliation
+effected between us, that you were not likely to be held up to ridicule
+by me." To what you refer I do not clearly understand, but I suspect
+that you have been informed that, while arguing in the senate that there
+were many who were annoyed at my having saved the state, I said that
+your relations, whose wishes you had been unable to withstand, had
+induced you to pass over in silence what you had made up your mind you
+ought to say in the senate in my praise. But while saying so I also
+added this&mdash;that the duty of supporting the Republic had been so divided
+between us that I was defending the city from internal treachery and the
+crime of its own citizens, you Italy from armed enemies and covert
+conspiracy;<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> yet that this association in a task so noble and so
+glorious had been imperilled by your relations, who, while you had been
+complimented by me in the fullest and most laudatory terms, had been
+afraid of any display of mutual regard on your part being put to my
+credit. As this sentence betrayed how much I had looked forward to your
+speech, and how mistaken I had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> been in that expectation, my speech
+caused some amusement, and was received with a moderate amount of
+laughter; but the laugh was not against you, it was rather at my
+mistake, and at the open and <i>na&iuml;ve</i> confession of my eagerness to be
+commended by you. Surely it cannot but be a compliment to you that in
+the hour of my greatest triumph and glory I yet wished for some
+testimony of approval from your lips. As to your expression,
+"considering our mutual regard"&mdash;I don't know your idea of what is
+"mutual" in friendship; mine is an equal interchange of good feeling.
+Now if I were to mention that I passed over a province for your sake,
+you might think me somewhat insincere; for, in point of fact, it suited
+my convenience, and I feel more and more every day of my life the
+advantage and pleasure which I have received from that decision. But
+this I do say&mdash;the moment I had announced in public meeting my refusal
+of a province, I began at once thinking how I might hand it on to you. I
+say nothing as to the circumstances of your allotment: I only wish you
+to suspect that nothing was done in that matter by my colleague without
+my cognizance. Recall the other circumstances: how promptly I summoned
+the senate on that day after the lots had been drawn, at what a length I
+spoke about you. You yourself said at the time that my speech was not
+merely complimentary to you, but absolutely a reflexion on your
+colleagues. Farther, the decree of the senate passed on that day has
+such a preamble that, so long as it is extant, there can never be any
+doubt of my services to you. Subsequently, when you had gone out of
+town, I would have you recall my motions in the senate, my speeches in
+public meetings, my letters to yourself. And having reviewed all these
+together, I would like you to judge yourself whether you think that your
+approach to Rome the last time you came quite shewed an adequate return
+for all these services.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> Again, as to your expression, "the
+reconciliation effected between us"&mdash;I do not understand why you speak
+of "reconciliation" in the case of a friendship that had never been
+broken. As to what you say, that your brother Metellus ought not "to
+have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> attacked by me for a mere word," in the first place I would
+like to assure you that your feeling and fraternal partiality&mdash;so full
+of human kindness and natural affection&mdash;meet with my warmest
+approbation; in the next place I must claim your indulgence if I have in
+any matter opposed your brother in the interests of the Republic, for my
+devotion to the Republic is paramount. If, however, it is my personal
+safety that I have defended against a most ruthless assault of his, I
+think you should be content that I make no complaint even to you of your
+brother's injurious conduct. Now, when I had become aware that he was
+deliberately making every preparation to use his tribunician office to
+my ruin, I appealed to your wife Claudia<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> and your sister Mucia<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>
+(of whose kindness to me for the sake of my friendship with Pompey I had
+satisfied myself by many instances) to deter him from that injurious
+conduct. And yet, as I am sure you have heard, on the last day of
+December he inflicted upon me&mdash;a consul and the preserver of my
+country&mdash;an indignity such as was never inflicted upon the most disloyal
+citizen in the humblest office: that is to say, he deprived me when
+laying down my office of the privilege of addressing the people&mdash;an
+indignity, however, which after all redounded to my honour. For, upon
+his forbidding me to do anything but take the oath, I pronounced an oath
+at once the most absolutely true and the most glorious in a loud
+voice&mdash;an oath which the people swore also in a loud voice to be
+absolutely true. Though I had actually suffered this signal indignity, I
+yet on that same day sent common friends to Metellus to persuade him to
+alter his resolution; to whom he answered that he was no longer free to
+do so. And, in fact, a short time previously he <i>had</i> said in a public
+meeting that a man who had punished others without trial ought not
+himself to be allowed the privilege of speech. What a model of
+consistency! What an admirable citizen! So he deemed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> man who had
+saved the senate from massacre, the city from the incendiary, Italy from
+war, deserving of the same penalty as that inflicted by the senate, with
+the unanimous approval of all loyal citizens, upon those who had
+intended to set fire to the city, butcher magistrates and senate, and
+stir up a formidable war! Accordingly, I did withstand your brother
+Metellus to his face: for on the 1st of January, in the senate, I
+maintained a debate with him on the state of the Republic, such as
+taught him that he had to contend with a man of courage and firmness. On
+the 3rd of January,<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> on again opening the debate, he kept harping on
+me and threatening me at every third word of his speech; nor could any
+intention be more deliberate than his was to overthrow me by any means
+in his power, not by calm and judicial argument, but by violence and
+mere browbeating. If I had not shewn some boldness and spirit in
+opposing his intemperate attack, would not everyone have concluded that
+the courage I had displayed in my consulship was the result of accident
+rather than design? If you did not know that Metellus was contemplating
+these measures in regard to me, you must consider that you have been
+kept in the dark by your brother on matters of the utmost importance:
+if, on the other hand, he did intrust any part of his designs to you,
+then surely I ought to be regarded by you as a man of placable and
+reasonable temper for not addressing a word of reproach to you even on
+such occurrences as these. Understanding then that it was by no "mere
+word" (as you express it) of Metellus that I was roused, but by his
+deliberate policy and extraordinary animosity towards me, next observe
+my forbearance&mdash;if "forbearance" is the name to be given to irresolution
+and laxity under a most galling indignity. I never once delivered a vote
+in a speech against your brother: every time a motion was before the
+house I assented without rising to those whose proposal appeared to me
+to be the mildest. I will also add that, though in the circumstances
+there was no obligation upon me to do so, yet so far from raising
+objections I actually did my best to secure that my enemy,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> because he
+was your brother, should be relieved from penalties by a decree of the
+senate.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> Wherefore I have not "attacked" your brother, but only
+defended myself from your brother's attack; nor have I been "fickle" (to
+quote your word), but, on the contrary, so constant, that I remained
+faithful to my friendship to you, though left without any sign of
+kindness from you. For instance, at this moment, though your letter
+amounts almost to a threat, I am writing back an answer such as you see.
+I not only pardon your vexation, I even applaud it in the highest
+degree; for my own heart tells me how strong is the influence of
+fraternal affection. I ask you in your turn to put a liberal
+construction upon my vexation, and to conclude that when attacked by
+your relatives with bitterness, with brutality, and without cause, I not
+only ought not to retract anything, but, in a case of that kind, should
+even be able to rely upon the aid of yourself and your army. I have
+always wished to have you as a friend: I have taken pains to make you
+understand that I am a warm friend to you. I abide by that sentiment,
+and shall abide by it as long as <i>you</i> will let me; and I shall more
+readily cease to be angry with your brother for love of you, than I
+shall from anger with him abate in the smallest degree my kindness for
+you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XV_F_V_6" id="XV_F_V_6"></a>XV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. SESTIUS<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> (IN MACEDONIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, December</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 44</div>
+
+<p>Decius the copyist has been to see me, and begged me to try and secure
+that no successor should be appointed to you this turn. Though I
+regarded him as a man of good<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> character and attached to you, yet,
+remembering the tenor of your previous letter to me, I could not feel
+certain that the wishes of a cautious man of the world like yourself had
+undergone so complete a change. But after your wife Cornelia had called
+on Terentia, and I had had a conversation with Q. Cornelius, I took care
+to be present at every meeting of the senate, and found that the
+greatest trouble was to make Fufius the tribune, and the others to whom
+you had written, believe me rather than your own letters. The whole
+business has, after all, been postponed till January, but there is no
+difficulty about it. Roused by your congratulations&mdash;for in a letter
+sometime ago you wished me good luck on the completion of my purchase of
+a house from Crassus&mdash;I have bought that very house for 3,500 sestertia
+(about &pound;28,000), a good while subsequent to your congratulation.
+Accordingly, you may now look upon me as being so deeply in debt as to
+be eager to join a conspiracy if anyone would admit me! But, partly from
+personal dislike they shut their doors in my face and openly denounce me
+as the punisher of conspiracy, partly are incredulous and afraid that I
+am setting a trap for them! Nor do they suppose that a man can be short
+of money who has relieved the money-lenders from a state of siege. In
+point of fact, money is plentiful at six per cent., and the success of
+my measures has caused me to be regarded as a good security. Your own
+house, and all the details of its construction, I have examined and
+strongly approve. As for Antonius,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> though everyone notices his want
+of attention to my interests, I have nevertheless defended him in the
+senate with the utmost earnestness and persistence, and have made a
+strong impression on the senate by my language as well as by my personal
+prestige. Pray write to me more frequently.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XVI_A_I_12" id="XVI_A_I_12"></a>XVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 12</span>)</h2>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 61. Coss., M. Papius Piso, M. Valerius Messalla.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The letters of this year are much concerned with the sacrilege of
+P. Clodius, who, it was alleged, had been detected in disguise in
+the house of the Pontifex Maximus Iulius C&aelig;sar, when his wife was
+celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, from which males were
+excluded. His trial was made the occasion of bitter party
+struggles, and by giving evidence in contradiction of Clodius's
+alibi Cicero incurred his enmity, and eventually, therefore, his
+own exile. Quintus is propr&aelig;tor in Asia, C&aelig;sar in Spain. Pompey
+reached Rome early this year. The <i>ordo equester</i> is much irritated
+with the senate on the question of the contracts for the collection
+of the Asiatic taxes.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 1 January</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 45</div>
+
+<p>The Teucris<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> business hangs fire, and Cornelius has not called on
+Terentia since. I suppose I must have recourse to Considius, Axius, and
+Selicius:<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> for his nearest relations can't get a penny out of
+C&aelig;cilius<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> under twelve per cent. But to return to my first remark: I
+never saw anything more shameless, artful, and dilatory. "I am on the
+point of sending my freedman," "I have commissioned Titus"&mdash;excuses and
+delays at every turn! But perhaps it is a case of <i>l'homme propose</i>,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a>
+for Pompey's advance couriers tell me that he means to move in the
+senate that a successor to Antonius ought to be named, and the pr&aelig;tor
+intends to bring the proposal before the people at the same time. The
+facts are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> such that I cannot defend him in view of the opinion either
+of the aristocrats or the people, and, what is more than anything else,
+that I have no wish to do so. For a thing has happened into the truth of
+which I charge you to look thoroughly. I have a freedman, who is a
+worthless fellow enough; I mean Hilarus, an accountant and a client of
+your own. The interpreter Valerius gives me this information about him,
+and Thyillus writes me word that he has been told the same story: that
+the fellow is with Antonius, and that Antonius, in exacting money
+payments, frequently remarks that a part is being collected for me, and
+that I have sent a freedman to look after our common interests. I felt
+exceedingly disturbed, and yet could not believe it; but at any rate
+there has been some gossip of the sort. Pray look into the whole matter,
+learn the truth, find out the author, and get the empty-headed idiot out
+of the country, if you possibly can. Valerius mentions Cn. Plancius as
+the origin of this gossip. I trust you thoroughly to investigate and
+find out what is at the bottom of it. I have good reason to believe that
+Pompey is most kindly disposed to me. His divorce of Mucia is strongly
+approved.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> I suppose you have heard that P. Clodius, son of Appius,
+was caught in woman's clothes at Gaius C&aelig;sar's house, while the state
+function was going on, and that he was saved and got out by means of a
+maid-servant; and that the affair is causing immense scandal. I feel
+sure you will be sorry for it.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> I have nothing else to tell you. And,
+indeed, at the moment of writing, I am in considerable distress: for a
+delightful youth, my reader Sosthenes, has just died, and his death has
+affected me more than that of a slave should, I think, do. Pray write
+often. If you have no news, write just what comes uppermost.</p>
+
+<p>1 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XVII_F_V_5" id="XVII_F_V_5"></a>XVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. ANTONIUS (IN MACEDONIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, January</span></h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>M. Cicero wishes health to Gaius Antonius, son of Marcus, Imperator.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 45</div>
+
+<p>Though I had resolved to write you nothing but formal letters of
+introduction (not because I felt that they had much weight with you, but
+to avoid giving those who asked me for them an idea that there had been
+any diminution in our friendship), yet since Titus Pomponius is starting
+for your province, who knows better than anyone else all that I feel and
+have done for you, who desires your friendship and is most devotedly
+attached to me, I thought I must write something, especially as I had no
+other way of satisfying Pomponius himself. Were I to ask from you
+services of the greatest moment, it ought not to seem surprising to
+anyone: for you have not wanted from me any that concerned your
+interests, honour, or position. That no return has been made by you for
+these you are the best witness: that something even of a contrary nature
+has proceeded from you I have been told by many. I say "told," for I do
+not venture to say "discovered,"<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> lest I should chance to use the
+word which people tell me is often falsely attributed to me by you. But
+the story which has reached my ears I would prefer your learning from
+Pomponius (who was equally hurt by it) rather than from my letter. How
+singularly loyal my feelings have been to you the senate and Roman
+people are both witnesses. How far you have been grateful to me you may
+yourself estimate: how much you owe me the rest of the world estimates.
+I was induced to do what I did for you at first by affection, and
+afterwards by consistency. Your future, believe me, stands in need of
+much greater zeal on my part,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> greater firmness and greater labour.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
+These labours, unless it shall appear that I am throwing away and
+wasting my pains, I shall support with all the strength I have; but if I
+see that they are not appreciated, I shall not allow you&mdash;the very
+person benefited<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>&mdash;to think me a fool for my pains. What the meaning
+of all this is you will be able to learn from Pomponius. In commending
+Pomponius to you, although I am sure you will do anything in your power
+for his own sake, yet I do beg that if you have any affection for me
+left, you will display it all in Pomponius's business. You can do me no
+greater favour than that.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XVIII_A_1_13" id="XVIII_A_1_13"></a>XVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A 1, 13</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 27 January</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 45</div>
+
+<p>I have now received three letters from you&mdash;one by the hands of M.
+Cornelius, which you gave him, I think, at Three Taverns; a second which
+your host at Canusium delivered to me; a third dated, according to you,
+from on board your pinnace, when the cable was already slipped.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> They
+were all three, to use a phrase from the schools of rhetoric flavoured
+with the salt of learning, and illumined with the marks of affection. In
+these letters, indeed, I am urgently pressed by you to send answers, but
+what renders me rather dilatory in this respect is the difficulty of
+finding a trustworthy carrier. How few of these gentry are able to
+convey a letter rather weightier than usual without lightening it by
+skimming its contents! Besides, I do not always care to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> send<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>
+whenever anyone is starting for Epirus: for I suppose that, having
+offered victims before your Amaltheia,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> you at once started for the
+siege of Sicyon. And yet I am not even certain when you start to visit
+Antonius or how much time you are devoting to Epirus. Accordingly, I
+don't venture to trust either Ach&aelig;ans or Epirotes with a letter somewhat
+more outspoken than usual. Now some events <i>have</i> occurred since you
+left me worth my writing to you, but they must not be trusted to the
+risk of a letter being lost, opened, or intercepted.</p>
+
+<p>Well, then, to begin with: I was not called upon to speak first, and the
+pacifier of the Allobroges<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> was preferred to me, and though this met
+with some murmurs of disapprobation from the senate, I was not sorry it
+was done. For I am thereby freed from any obligation to shew respect to
+an ill-conditioned man, and am at liberty to support my position in the
+Republic in spite of him. Besides, the second place has a dignity almost
+equal to that of <i>princeps senatus</i>, and does not put one under too much
+of an obligation to the consul. The third called on was Catulus; the
+fourth, if you want to go still farther, Hortensius. The consul
+himself<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> is a man of a small and ill-regulated mind, a mere buffoon
+of that splenetic kind which raises a laugh even in the absence of wit:
+it is his face rather than his facetiousness<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> that causes merriment:
+he takes practically no part in public business, and is quite alienated
+from the Optimates. You need expect no service to the state from him,
+for he has not the will to do any, nor<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> fear any damage, for he hasn't
+the courage to inflict it. His colleague, however, treats me with great
+distinction, and is also a zealous supporter of the loyalist party. For
+the present their disagreement has not come to much; but I fear that
+this taint may spread farther. For I suppose you have heard that when
+the state function was being performed in C&aelig;sar's house a man in woman's
+dress got in,<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> and that the Vestals having performed the rite again,
+mention was made of the matter in the senate by Q. Cornificius&mdash;he was
+the first, so don't think that it was one of us consulars&mdash;and that on
+the matter being referred by a decree of the senate to the [Virgins and]
+pontifices, they decided that a sacrilege had been committed: that then,
+on a farther decree of the senate, the consuls published a bill: and
+that C&aelig;sar divorced his wife. On this question Piso, from friendship for
+P. Clodius, is doing his best to get the bill promulgated by himself
+(though in accordance with a decree of the senate and on a point of
+religion) rejected. Messalla as yet is strongly for severe measures. The
+loyalists hold aloof owing to the entreaties of Clodius: bands of
+ruffians are being got together: I myself, at first a stern Lycurgus, am
+becoming daily less and less keen about it: Cato is hot and eager. In
+short, I fear that between the indifference of the loyalists and the
+support of the disloyal it may be the cause of great evils to the
+Republic. However, your great friend<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>&mdash;do you know whom I mean?&mdash;of
+whom you said in your letter that, "not venturing to blame me, he was
+beginning to be complimentary," is now to all appearance exceedingly
+fond of me, embraces me, loves and praises me in public, while in secret
+(though unable to disguise it) he is jealous of me. No good-breeding, no
+straightforwardness, no political morality, no distinction, no courage,
+no liberality! But on these points I will write to you more minutely at
+another time; for in the first place I am not yet quite sure about them,
+and in the next place I dare not intrust a letter on such weighty
+matters to such a casual nobody's son as this messenger.</p>
+
+<p>The pr&aelig;tors have not yet drawn their lots for the provinces. The matter
+remains just where you left it. The description<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> of the scenery of
+Misenum and Puteoli which you ask for I will include in my speech.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> I
+had already noticed the mistake in the date, 3rd of December. The points
+in my speeches which you praise, believe me, I liked very much myself,
+but did not venture to say so before. Now, however, as they have
+received your approval, I think them much more "Attic" than ever. To the
+speech in answer to Metellus<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> I have made some additions. The book
+shall be sent you, since affection for me gives you a taste for
+rhetoric. What news have I for you? Let me see. Oh, yes! The consul
+Messalla has bought Antonius's house for 3,400 sestertia (about
+&pound;27,200). What is that to me? you will say. Why, thus much. The price
+has convinced people that I made no bad bargain, and they begin to
+understand that in making a purchase a man may properly use his friends'
+means to get what suits his position. The Teucris affair drags on, yet I
+have hopes. Pray settle the business you have in hand. You shall have a
+more outspoken letter soon.</p>
+
+<p>27 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XIX_A_I_14" id="XIX_A_I_14"></a>XIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 14</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 13 February</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 45</div>
+
+<p>I fear it may seem affectation to tell you how occupied I have been; but
+I am so distracted with business that I have only just found time for
+this short letter, and that has been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> stolen from the most urgent
+engagements. I have already described to you Pompey's first public
+speech&mdash;it did not please the poor, nor satisfy the disloyal, nor find
+favour with the wealthy, nor appear sound to the loyalists; accordingly,
+he is down in the world.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> Presently, on the instigation of the consul
+Piso, that most insignificant of tribunes, Fufius, brought Pompey on to
+the platform. The meeting was in the <i>circus Flaminius</i>, and there was
+in the same place that day a crowd of market people&mdash;a kind of <i>tiers
+&eacute;tat</i>.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> He asked him to say whether he approved of the jurymen being
+selected by the pr&aelig;tor, to form a panel for the pr&aelig;tor himself to
+employ. That was the regulation made by the senate in the matter of
+Clodius's sacrilege. Thereupon Pompey made a highly "aristocratic"
+speech, and replied (and at great length) that in all matters the
+authority of the senate was of the greatest weight in his eyes and had
+always been so. Later on the consul Messalla in the senate asked Pompey
+his opinion as to the sacrilege and the bill that had been published.
+His speech in the senate amounted to a general commendation of all
+decrees of the house, and when he sat down he said to me, "I think my
+answer covers your case also."<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> When Crassus observed that Pompey had
+got a cheer from the idea in men's minds that he approved my consulship,
+he rose also to his feet and delivered a speech in the most
+complimentary terms on my consulship, going so far as to say that he
+owed it to me that he was still a senator, a citizen, nay, a free man;
+and that he never beheld wife, home, or country without beholding the
+fruits of my conduct. In short: that whole topic, which I am wont to
+paint in various colours in my speeches (of which you are the
+Aristarchus), the fire, the sword&mdash;you know my paint-pots&mdash;he elaborated
+to the highest pitch. I was sitting next to Pompey. I noticed that he
+was agitated, either at Crassus earning the gratitude which he had
+himself neglected, or to think that my achieve<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>ments were, after all, of
+such magnitude that the senate was so glad to hear them praised,
+especially by a man who was the less under an obligation to praise me,
+because in everything I ever wrote<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> my praise of Pompey was
+practically a reflexion on him. This day has brought me very close to
+Crassus, and yet in spite of all I accepted with pleasure any
+compliment&mdash;open or covert&mdash;from Pompey. But as for my own speech, good
+heavens! how I did "put it on" for the benefit of my new auditor Pompey!
+If I ever did bring every art into play, I did then&mdash;period, transition,
+enthymeme, deduction&mdash;everything. In short, I was cheered to the echo.
+For the subject of my speech was the dignity of the senate, its harmony
+with the equites, the unanimity of Italy, the dying embers of the
+conspiracy, the fall in prices, the establishment of peace. You know my
+thunder when these are my themes. It was so loud, in fact, that I may
+cut short my description, as I think you must have heard it even in
+Epirus. The state of things at Rome is this: the senate is a perfect
+Areopagus. You cannot conceive anything firmer, more grave, or more
+high-spirited. For when the day came for proposing the bill in
+accordance with the vote of the senate, a crowd of our dandies with
+their chin-tufts assembled, all the Catiline set, with Curio's girlish
+son at their head, and implored the people to reject it. Moreover, Piso
+the consul, who formally introduced the bill, spoke against it.
+Clodius's hired ruffians had filled up the entrances to the voting
+boxes. The voting tickets were so manipulated that no "ayes" were
+distributed. Hereupon imagine Cato hurrying to the rostra, delivering an
+admirable invective against the consul, if we can call that an
+"invective" which was really a speech of the utmost weight and
+authority, and in fact containing the most salutary advice.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> He is
+followed to the same effect by your friend Hortensius, and many
+loyalists besides, among whom, however, the contribution of Favonius was
+conspicuous. By this rally of the Optimates the <i>comitia</i> is dissolved,
+the senate summoned. On the question being put in a full house&mdash;in spite
+of the opposition of Piso, and in spite of Clodius throwing himself at
+the feet of the senators one after the other&mdash;that the consuls should
+exhort the people to pass the bill, about fifteen voted with Curio, who
+was against any decree being passed; on the other side there were fully
+four hundred. So the vote passed. The tribune Fufius then gave in.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>
+Clodius delivered some wretched speeches to the people, in which he
+bestowed some injurious epithets on Lucullus, Hortensius, C. Piso, and
+the consul Messalla; me he only charged with having "discovered"
+everything.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> In regard to the assignation of provinces to the
+pr&aelig;tors, the hearing legations, and other business, the senate voted
+that nothing should be brought before it till the bill had been brought
+before the people. There's the state of things at Rome for you. Yet pray
+listen to this one thing more which has surpassed my hopes. Messalla is
+a superlatively good consul, courageous, firm, painstaking; he praises,
+shows attachment to, and imitates me. That other one (Piso) is the less
+mischievous because of one vice&mdash;he is lazy, sleepy, unbusiness-like, an
+utter <i>fain&eacute;ant</i>, but in intention he is so disaffected that he has
+begun to loathe Pompey since he made the speech in which some praise was
+bestowed on the senate. Accordingly, he has alienated all the loyalists
+to a remarkable degree. And his action is not dictated by love for
+Clodius more than by a taste for a profligate policy and a profligate
+party. But he has nobody among the magistrates like himself, with the
+single exception of the tribune Fufius. The tribunes are excellent, and
+in Cornutus we have a quasi-Cato. Can I say more?</p>
+
+<p>Now to return to private matters. "Teucris" has ful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>filled her
+promise.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Pray execute the commission you undertook. My brother
+Quintus, who purchased the remaining three-fourths of the house in the
+Argiletum for 725 sestertia (about &pound;5,800), is now trying to sell his
+Tusculan property, in order to purchase, if he can, the town house of
+Pacilius. Make it up with Lucceius! I see that he is all agog to stand
+for the consulship. I will do my best. Be careful to let me know exactly
+how you are, where you are, and how your business goes on.</p>
+
+<p>13 February.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XX_A_I_15" id="XX_A_I_15"></a>XX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 15</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 15 March</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 45</div>
+
+<p>You have heard that my dearest brother Quintus has got Asia; for I do
+not doubt that rumour has conveyed the news to you quicker than a letter
+from any of us. Now then, considering how desirous of a good reputation
+he and I have ever been, and how unusually Philhellenic we are and have
+the reputation of being, and considering how many there are whose enmity
+we have incurred for the sake of the Republic, "call to mind all your
+valour,"<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> to secure us the praise and affection of all concerned. I
+will write at greater length to you on these points in the letter which
+I shall give to Quintus himself.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> Please let me know what you have
+done about the business I confided to you, and also in your own affair;
+for I have had no letter from you since you left Brundisium. I am very
+anxious to hear how you are.</p>
+
+<p>15 March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XXI_A_I_16" id="XXI_A_I_16"></a>XXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 16</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome (May)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 45</div>
+
+<p>You ask me what has happened about the trial, the result of which was so
+contrary to the general expectation, and at the same time you want to
+know how I came to make a worse fight of it than usual. I will answer
+the last first, after the manner of Homer.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The fact is that, so long
+as I had to defend the authority of the senate,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> I battled with such
+gallantry and vigour that there were shouts of applause and crowds round
+me in the house ringing with my praise. Nay, if you ever thought that I
+shewed courage in political business, you certainly would have admired
+my conduct in that cause. For when the culprit had betaken himself to
+public meetings, and had made an invidious use of my name, immortal
+gods! What battles! What havoc! What sallies I made upon Piso, Curio, on
+the whole of that set! How I fell upon the old men for their
+instability, on the young for their profligacy! Again and again, so help
+me heaven! I regretted your absence not only as the supporter of my
+policy, but as the spectator also of my admirable fighting. However,
+when Hortensius hit on the idea of a law as to the sacrilege being
+proposed by the tribune Fufius, in which there was no difference from
+the bill of the consul except as to the kind of jurymen&mdash;on that point,
+however, the whole question turned&mdash;and got it carried by sheer
+fighting, because he had persuaded himself and others that <i>he</i> could
+not get an acquittal no matter who were the jurymen, I drew in my sails,
+seeing the neediness of the jurors, and gave no evidence beyond what was
+so notorious and well attested that I could not omit it.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> Therefore,
+if you ask the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> reason of the acquittal&mdash;to return at length to the
+former of the two questions&mdash;it was entirely the poverty and low
+character of the jury. But that this was possible was entirely the
+result of Hortensius's policy. In his alarm lest Fufius should veto the
+law which was to be proposed in virtue of a senatorial decree, he failed
+to see that it was better that the culprit should be left under a cloud
+of disgrace and dishonour than that he should be trusted to the
+discretion of a weak jury. But in his passionate resentment he hastened
+to bring the case into court, saying that a leaden sword was good enough
+to cut <i>his</i> throat. But if you want to know the history of the trial,
+with its incredible verdict, it was such that Hortensius's policy is now
+blamed by other people after the event, though I disapproved of it from
+the first. When the rejection of jurors had taken place, amidst loud
+cheers and counter-cheers&mdash;the accuser like a strict censor rejecting
+the most worthless, the defendant like a kind-hearted trainer of
+gladiators all the best&mdash;as soon as the jury had taken their seats, the
+loyalists at once began to feel distrust. There never was a seedier lot
+round a table in a gambling hell. Senators under a cloud, equites out at
+elbows, tribunes who were not so much made of money as "collectors" of
+it, according to their official title.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> However, there were a few
+honest men in the panel, whom he had been unable to drive off it by
+rejection, and they took their seats among their uncongenial comrades
+with gloomy looks and signs of emotion, and were keenly disgusted at
+having to rub elbows with such rascals. Hereupon, as question after
+question was referred to the panel in the preliminary proceedings, the
+severity of the decisions passes belief: there was no disagreement in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+voting, the defendant carried none of his points, while the accuser got
+even more than he asked. He was triumphant. Need I say more? Hortensius
+would have it that he was the only one of us who had seen the truth.
+There was not a man who did not think it impossible for him to stand his
+trial without being condemned a thousand times over. Farther, when I was
+produced as a witness, I suppose you have been told how the shouts of
+Clodius's supporters were answered by the jury rising to their feet to
+gather round me, and openly to offer their throats to P. Clodius in my
+defence. This seemed to me a greater compliment than the well-known
+occasion when your fellow citizens<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> stopped Xenocrates from taking an
+oath in the witness-box, or when, upon the accounts of Metellus
+Numidicus<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> being as usual handed round, a Roman jury refused to look
+at them. The compliment paid me, I repeat, was much greater.
+Accordingly, as the jurymen were protecting me as the mainstay of the
+country, it was by their voices that the defendant was overwhelmed, and
+with him all his advocates suffered a crushing blow. Next day my house
+was visited by as great a throng as that which escorted me home when I
+laid down the consulship. Our eminent Areopagites then exclaimed that
+they would not come into court unless a guard was assigned them. The
+question was put to the whole panel: there was only one vote against the
+need of a guard. The question is brought before the senate: the decree
+is passed in the most solemn and laudatory terms: the jurymen are
+complimented: the magistrates are commissioned to carry it out: no one
+thought that the fellow would venture on a defence. "Tell me, ye Muses,
+now how first the fire befell!"<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> You know Bald-head, the Nanneian
+millionaire,<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> that panegyrist of mine, whose com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>plimentary oration
+I have already mentioned to you in a letter. In two days' time, by the
+agency of a single slave, and one, too, from a school of gladiators, he
+settled the whole business&mdash;he summoned them to an interview, made a
+promise, offered security, paid money down. Still farther, good heavens,
+what a scandal! even favours from certain ladies, and introductions to
+young men of rank, were thrown in as a kind of <i>pourboire</i> to some of
+the jurors. Accordingly, with the loyalists holding completely aloof,
+with the forum full of slaves, twenty-five jurors were yet found so
+courageous that, though at the risk of their lives, they preferred even
+death to producing universal ruin. There were thirty-one who were more
+influenced by famine than fame. On seeing one of these latter Catulus
+said to him, "Why did you ask us for a guard? Did you fear being robbed
+of the money?" There you have, as briefly as I could put it, the nature
+of the trial and the cause of the acquittal.</p>
+
+<p>Next you want to know the present state of public affairs and of my own.
+That settlement of the Republic&mdash;firmly established by my wisdom, as you
+thought, as I thought by God's&mdash;which seemed fixed on a sure foundation
+by the unanimity of all loyalists and the influence of my
+consulship&mdash;that I assure you, unless some God take compassion on us,
+has by this one verdict escaped from our grasp: if "verdict" it is to be
+called, when thirty of the most worthless and dissolute fellows in Rome
+for a paltry sum of money obliterate every principle of law and justice,
+and when that which every man&mdash;I had almost said every animal&mdash;knows to
+have taken place, a Thalna, a Plautus, and a Spongia, and other scum of
+that sort decide not to have taken place. However, to console you as to
+the state of the Republic, rascaldom is not as cheerful and exultant in
+its victory as the disloyal hoped after the infliction of such a wound
+upon the Republic. For they fully expected that when religion, morality,
+the honour of juries, and the prestige of the senate had sustained such
+a crushing fall, victorious profligacy and lawless lust would openly
+exact vengeance from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> all the best men for the mortification which the
+strictness of my consulship had branded in upon all the worst. And it is
+once more I&mdash;for I do not feel as if I were boasting vaingloriously when
+speaking of myself to you, especially in a letter not intended to be
+read by others&mdash;it was I once more, I say, who revived the fainting
+spirits of the loyalists, cheering and encouraging each personally.
+Moreover, by my denunciations and invectives against those corrupt
+jurors I left none of the favourers and supporters of that victory a
+word to say for themselves. I gave the consul Piso no rest anywhere, I
+got him deprived of Syria, which had been already plighted to him, I
+revived the fainting spirit of the senate and recalled it to its former
+severity. I overwhelmed Clodius in the senate to his face, both in a set
+speech, very weighty and serious, and also in an interchange of
+repartees, of which I append a specimen for your delectation. The rest
+lose all point and grace without the excitement of the contest, or, as
+you Greeks call it, the &#7936;&#947;&#8061;&#957;. Well, at the meeting of the
+senate on the 15th of May, being called on for my opinion, I spoke at
+considerable length on the high interests of the Republic, and brought
+in the following passage by a happy inspiration: "Do not, Fathers,
+regard yourselves as fallen utterly, do not faint, because you have
+received one blow. The wound is one which I cannot disguise, but which I
+yet feel sure should not be regarded with extreme fear: to fear would
+shew us to be the greatest of cowards, to ignore it the greatest of
+fools. Lentulus was twice acquitted, so was Catiline, a third such
+criminal has now been let loose by jurors upon the Republic. You are
+mistaken, Clodius: it is not for the city but for the prison that the
+jurors have reserved you, and their intention was not to retain you in
+the state, but to deprive you of the privilege of exile. Wherefore,
+Fathers, rouse up all your courage, hold fast to your high calling.
+There still remains in the Republic the old unanimity of the loyalists:
+their feelings have been outraged, their resolution has not been
+weakened: no fresh mischief has been done, only what was actually
+existing has been discovered. In the trial of one profligate many like
+him have been detected."&mdash;But what am I about? I have copied almost a
+speech into a letter. I return to the duel of words. Up gets our
+dandified young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> gentleman, and throws in my teeth my having been at
+Bai&aelig;. It wasn't true, but what did that matter to him? "It is as though
+you were to say," replied I, "that I had been in disguise!" "What
+business," quoth he, "has an Arpinate with hot baths?" "Say that to your
+patron," said I, "who coveted the watering-place of an Arpinate."<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a>
+For you know about the marine villa. "How long," said he, "are we to put
+up with this king?" "Do you mention a king," quoth I, "when Rex<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a>
+made no mention of you?" He, you know, had swallowed the inheritance of
+Rex in anticipation. "You have bought a house," says he. "You would
+think that he said," quoth I, "you have bought a jury." "They didn't
+trust you on your oath," said he. "Yes," said I, "twenty-five jurors did
+trust me, thirty-one didn't trust you, for they took care to get their
+money beforehand." Here he was overpowered by a burst of applause and
+broke down without a word to say.</p>
+
+<p>My own position is this: with the loyalists I hold the same place as
+when you left town, with the tagrag and bobtail of the city I hold a
+much better one than at your departure. For it does me no harm that my
+evidence appears not to have availed. Envy has been let blood without
+causing pain, and even more so from the fact that all the supporters of
+that flagitious proceeding confess that a perfectly notorious fact has
+been hushed up by bribing the jury. Besides, the wretched starveling
+mob, the blood-sucker of the treasury, imagines me to be high in the
+favour of Magnus&mdash;and indeed we have been mutually united by frequent
+pleasant intercourse to such an extent, that our friends the boon
+companions of the conspiracy, the young chin-tufts, speak of him in
+ordinary conversation as Gn&aelig;us Cicero. Accordingly, both in the circus
+and at the gladiatorial games, I received a remarkable ovation without a
+single cat-call. There is at present a lively anticipation of the
+elections, in which, contrary to everybody's wishes, our friend Magnus
+is pushing the claims of Aulus's son;<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> and in that matter his
+weapons are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> neither his prestige nor his popularity, but those by which
+Philip said that any fortress could be taken&mdash;if only an ass laden with
+gold could make its way up into it. Farthermore, that precious consul,
+playing as it were second fiddle to Pompey,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> is said to have
+undertaken the business and to have bribery agents at his house, which I
+don't believe. But two decrees have already passed the house of an
+unpopular character, because they are thought to be directed against the
+consul on the demand of Cato and Domitius<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>&mdash;one that search should
+be allowed in magistrates' houses, and a second, that all who had
+bribery agents in their houses were guilty of treason. The tribune Lurco
+also, having entered on his office irregularly in view of the &AElig;lian law,
+has been relieved from the provisions both of the &AElig;lian and Fufian laws,
+in order to enable him to propose his law on bribery, which he
+promulgated with correct auspices though a cripple.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Accordingly,
+the <i>comitia</i> have been postponed to the 27th of July. There is this
+novelty in his bill, that a man who has promised money among the tribes,
+but not paid it, is not liable, but, if he has paid, he is liable for
+life to pay 3,000 sesterces to each tribe. I remarked that P. Clodius
+had obeyed this law by anticipation, for he was accustomed to promise,
+and not pay. But observe! Don't you see that the consulship of which we
+thought so much, which Curio used of old to call an apotheosis, if this
+Afranius is elected, will become a mere farce and mockery? Therefore I
+think one should play the philosopher, as you in fact do, and not care a
+straw for your consulships!</p>
+
+<p>You say in your letter that you have decided not to go to Asia. For my
+part I should have preferred your going, and I fear that there may be
+some offence<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> given in that matter. Nevertheless, I am not the man
+to blame you, especially con<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>sidering that I have not gone to a province
+myself. I shall be quite content with the inscriptions you have placed
+in your Amaltheium,<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> especially as Thyillus has deserted me and
+Archias written nothing about me. The latter, I am afraid, having
+composed a Greek poem on the Luculli, is now turning his attention to
+the C&aelig;cilian drama.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> I have thanked Antonius on your account, and I
+have intrusted the letter to Mallius. I have heretofore written to you
+more rarely because I had no one to whom I could trust a letter, and was
+not sure of your address. I have puffed you well. If Cincius should
+refer any business of yours to me, I will undertake it. But at present
+he is more intent on his own business, in which I am rendering him some
+assistance. If you mean to stay any length of time in one place you may
+expect frequent letters from me: but pray send even more yourself. I
+wish you would describe your Amaltheium to me, its decoration and its
+plan; and send me any poems or stories you may have about
+Amaltheia.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> I should like to make a copy of it at Arpinum. I will
+forward you something of what I have written. At present there is
+nothing finished.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XXII_A_I_17" id="XXII_A_I_17"></a>XXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 17</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 5 December</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 45</div>
+
+<p>Your letter, in which you inclose copies of his letters, has made me
+realize that my brother Quintus's feelings have undergone many
+alternations, and that his opinions and judgments have varied widely
+from time to time.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> This has not only caused me all the pain which
+my extreme affection for both of you was bound to bring, but it has also
+made me wonder what can have happened to cause my brother Quintus such
+deep offence, or such an extraordinary change of feeling. And yet I was
+already aware, as I saw that you also, when you took leave of me, were
+beginning to suspect, that there was some lurking dissatisfaction, that
+his feelings were wounded, and that certain unfriendly suspicions had
+sunk deep into his heart. On trying on several previous occasions, but
+more eagerly than ever after the allotment of his province, to assuage
+these feelings, I failed to discover on the one hand that the extent of
+his offence was so great as your letter indicates; but on the other I
+did not make as much progress in allaying it as I wished. However, I
+consoled myself with thinking that there would be no doubt of his seeing
+you at Dyrrachium, or somewhere in your part of the country: and, if
+that happened, I felt sure and fully persuaded that everything would be
+made smooth between you, not only by conversation and mutual
+explanation, but by the very sight of each other in such an interview.
+For I need not say in writing to you, who know it quite well, how kind
+and sweet-tempered my brother is, as ready to forgive as he is sensitive
+in taking offence. But it most unfortunately happened that you did not
+see him anywhere. For the impression he had received from the artifices
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> others had more weight with him than duty or relationship, or the
+old affection so long existing between you, which ought to have been the
+strongest influence of all. And yet, as to where the blame for this
+misunderstanding resides, I can more easily conceive than write: since I
+am afraid that, while defending my own relations, I should not spare
+yours. For I perceive that, though no actual wound was inflicted by
+members of the family, they yet could at least have cured it. But the
+root of the mischief in this case, which perhaps extends farther than
+appears, I shall more conveniently explain to you when we meet. As to
+the letter he sent to you from Thessalonica,<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> and about the language
+which you suppose him to have used both at Rome among your friends and
+on his journey, I don't know how far the matter went, but my whole hope
+of removing this unpleasantness rests on your kindness. For if you will
+only make up your mind to believe that the best men are often those
+whose feelings are most easily irritated and appeased, and that this
+quickness, so to speak, and sensitiveness of disposition are generally
+signs of a good heart; and lastly&mdash;and this is the main thing&mdash;that we
+must mutually put up with each other's gaucheries (shall I call them?),
+or faults, or injurious acts, then these misunderstandings will, I hope,
+be easily smoothed away. I beg you to take this view, for it is the
+dearest wish of my heart (which is yours as no one else's can be) that
+there should not be one of my family or friends who does not love you
+and is not loved by you.</p>
+
+<p>That part of your letter was entirely superfluous, in which you mention
+what opportunities of doing good business in the provinces or the city
+you let pass at other times as well as in the year of my consulship: for
+I am thoroughly persuaded of your unselfishness and magnanimity, nor did
+I ever think that there was any difference between you and me except in
+our choice of a career. Ambition led me to seek official advancement,
+while another and perfectly laudable resolution led you to seek an
+honourable privacy. In the true glory, which is founded on honesty,
+industry, and piety, I place neither myself nor anyone else above you.
+In affection towards myself, next to my brother<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> and immediate family, I
+put you first. For indeed, indeed I have seen and thoroughly appreciated
+how your anxiety and joy have corresponded with the variations of my
+fortunes. Often has your congratulation added a charm to praise, and
+your consolation a welcome antidote to alarm. Nay, at this moment of
+your absence, it is not only your advice&mdash;in which you excel&mdash;but the
+interchange of speech&mdash;in which no one gives me so much delight as you
+do&mdash;that I miss most, shall I say in politics, in which circumspection
+is always incumbent on me, or in my forensic labour, which I formerly
+sustained with a view to official promotion, and nowadays to maintain my
+position by securing popularity, or in the mere business of my family?
+In all these I missed you and our conversations before my brother left
+Rome, and still more do I miss them since. Finally, neither my work nor
+rest, neither my business nor leisure, neither my affairs in the forum
+or at home, public or private, can any longer do without your most
+consolatory and affectionate counsel and conversation. The modest
+reserve which characterizes both of us has often prevented my mentioning
+these facts; but on this occasion it was rendered necessary by that part
+of your letter in which you expressed a wish to have yourself and your
+character "put straight" and "cleared" in my eyes. Yet, in the midst of
+all this unfortunate alienation and anger, there is one fortunate
+circumstance&mdash;that your determination of not going to a province was
+known to me and your other friends, and had been at various times before
+distinctly expressed by yourself; so that your not being his guest may
+be attributed to your personal tastes and judgments, not to the quarrel
+and rupture between you. And so those ties which have been broken will
+be restored, and ours which have been so religiously preserved will
+retain all their old inviolability.</p>
+
+<p>At Rome I find politics in a shaky condition; everything is
+unsatisfactory and foreboding change. For I have no doubt you have been
+told that our friends, the equites, are all but alienated from the
+senate. Their first grievance was the promulgation of a bill on the
+authority of the senate for the trial of such as had taken bribes for
+giving a verdict. I happened not to be in the house when that decree was
+passed, but when I found that the equestrian order was indignant at it,
+and yet refrained from openly saying so, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> remonstrated with the
+senate, as I thought, in very impressive language, and was very weighty
+and eloquent considering the unsatisfactory nature of my cause. But here
+is another piece of almost intolerable coolness on the part of the
+equites, which I have not only submitted to, but have even put in as
+good a light as possible! The companies which had contracted with the
+censors for Asia complained that in the heat of the competition they had
+taken the contract at an excessive price; they demanded that the
+contract should be annulled. I led in their support, or rather, I was
+second, for it was Crassus who induced them to venture on this demand.
+The case is scandalous, the demand a disgraceful one, and a confession
+of rash speculation. Yet there was a very great risk that, if they got
+no concession, they would be completely alienated from the senate. Here
+again I came to the rescue more than anyone else, and secured them a
+full and very friendly house, in which I, on the 1st and 2nd of
+December, delivered long speeches on the dignity and harmony of the two
+orders. The business is not yet settled, but the favourable feeling of
+the senate has been made manifest: for no one had spoken against it
+except the consul-designate, Metellus; while our hero Cato had still to
+speak, the shortness of the day having prevented his turn being reached.
+Thus I, in the maintenance of my steady policy, preserve to the best of
+my ability that harmony of the orders which was originally my joiner's
+work; but since it all now seems in such a crazy condition, I am
+constructing what I may call a road towards the maintenance of our
+power, a safe one I hope, which I cannot fully describe to you in a
+letter, but of which I will nevertheless give you a hint. <i>I cultivate
+close intimacy with Pompey</i>. I foresee what you will say. I will use all
+necessary precautions, and I will write another time at greater length
+about my schemes for managing the Republic. You must know that Lucceius
+has it in his mind to stand for the consulship at once; for there are
+said to be only two candidates in prospect. C&aelig;sar is thinking of coming
+to terms with him by the agency of Arrius, and Bibulus also thinks he
+may effect a coalition with him by means of C. Piso.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> smile?
+This is no laughing matter, believe me. What else shall I write to you?
+What? I have plenty to say, but must put it off to another time. If you
+mean to wait till you hear, let me know. For the moment I am satisfied
+with a modest request, though it is what I desire above everything&mdash;that
+you should come to Rome as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>5 December.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXIII_A_I_18" id="XXIII_A_I_18"></a>XXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 18</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60. Coss., Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Celer, L. Afranius.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This was the year in which C&aelig;sar, returning from his propr&aelig;torship
+in Spain, found Pompey in difficulties with the senate (1) as to
+the confirmation <i>en bloc</i> of his <i>acta</i> in the East, (2) as to the
+assignation of lands to his veterans; and being met with opposition
+himself as to the triumph that he claimed, and his candidatureship
+for the consulship, he formed with Pompey and Crassus the agreement
+known as the first triumvirate. Cicero saw his favourite political
+object, the <i>concordia ordinum</i>, threatened by any opposition to
+the triumvirate, which he yet distrusted as dangerous to the
+constitution. We shall find him, therefore, vacillating between
+giving his support to its policy or standing by the extreme
+Optimates. P. Clodius is taking measures to be adopted into a
+plebeian gens, in order to stand for the tribuneship. Quintus is
+still in Asia. Pompey's triumph had taken place in the previous
+September.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 20 January</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>Believe me there is nothing at this moment of which I stand so much in
+need as a man with whom to share all that causes me anxiety: a man to
+love me; a man of sense to whom I can speak without affectation,
+reserve, or conceal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>ment. For my brother is away&mdash;that most open-hearted
+and affectionate of men. Metellus is not a human being, but</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Mere sound and air, a howling wilderness."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>While you, who have so often lightened my anxiety and my anguish of soul
+by your conversation and advice, who are ever my ally in public affairs,
+my confidant in all private business, the sharer in all my conversations
+and projects&mdash;where are you? So entirely am I abandoned by all, that the
+only moments of repose left me are those which are spent with my wife,
+pet daughter, and sweet little Cicero. For as to those friendships with
+the great, and their artificial attractions, they have indeed a certain
+glitter in the outside world, but they bring no private satisfaction.
+And so, after a crowded morning <i>lev&eacute;e</i>, as I go down to the forum
+surrounded by troops of friends, I can find no one out of all that crowd
+with whom to jest freely, or into whose ear I can breathe a familiar
+sigh. Therefore I wait for you, I long for you, I even urge on you to
+come; for I have many anxieties, many pressing cares, of which I think,
+if I once had your ears to listen to me, I could unburden myself in the
+conversation of a single walk. And of my private anxieties, indeed, I
+shall conceal all the stings and vexations, and not trust them to this
+letter and an unknown letter-carrier. These, however&mdash;for I don't want
+you to be made too anxious&mdash;are not very painful: yet they are
+persistent and worrying, and are not put to rest by the advice or
+conversation of any friend. But in regard to the Republic I have still
+the same courage and purpose, though it has again and again of its own
+act eluded treatment.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> For should I put briefly what has occurred
+since you left, you would certainly exclaim that the Roman empire cannot
+be maintained much longer. Well, after your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> departure our first scene,
+I think, was the appearance of the Clodian scandal, in which having, as
+I thought, got an opportunity of pruning licentiousness and keeping our
+young men within bounds, I exerted myself to the utmost, and lavished
+all the resources of my intellect and genius, not from dislike to an
+individual, but from the hope of not merely correcting, but of
+completely curing the state. The Republic received a crushing blow when
+this jury was won over by money and the opportunity of debauchery. See
+what has followed! We have had a consul inflicted upon us, whom none
+except us philosophers can look at without a sigh. What a blow that is!
+Though a decree of the senate has been passed about bribery and the
+corruption of juries, no law has been carried; the senate has been
+harassed to death, the Roman knights alienated. So that one year has
+undermined two buttresses of the Republic, which owed their existence to
+me, and me alone; for it has at once destroyed the prestige of the
+senate and broken up the harmony of the orders. And now enter this
+precious year! It was inaugurated by the suspension of the annual rites
+of Iuventas;<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> for Memmius initiated M. Lucullus's wife in some rites
+of his own! Our Menelaus, being annoyed at that, divorced his wife. Yet
+the old Id&aelig;an shepherd had only injured Menelaus; our Roman Paris
+thought Agamemnon as proper an object of injury as Menelaus.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> Next
+there is a certain tribune named C. Herennius, whom you, perhaps, do not
+even know&mdash;and yet you may know him, for he is of your tribe, and his
+father Sextus used to distribute money to your tribesmen&mdash;this person is
+trying to transfer P. Clodius to the plebs, and is actually proposing a
+law to authorize the whole people to vote in Clodius's affair in the
+<i>campus</i>.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> I have given him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> a characteristic reception in the
+senate, but he is the thickest-skinned fellow in the world. Metellus is
+an excellent consul, and much attached to me, but he has lowered his
+influence by promulgating (though only for form's sake) an identical
+bill about Clodius. But the son of Aulus,<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> God in heaven! What a
+cowardly and spiritless fellow for a soldier! How well he deserves to be
+exposed, as he is, day after day to the abuse of Palicanus!<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>
+Farther, an agrarian law has been promulgated by Flavius, a poor
+production enough, almost identical with that of Plotius. But meanwhile
+a genuine statesman is not to be found, even "in a dream." The man who
+could be one, my friend Pompey&mdash;for such he is, as I would have you
+know&mdash;defends his twopenny embroidered toga<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> by saying nothing.
+Crassus never risks his popularity by a word. The others you know
+without my telling you. They are such fools that they seem to expect
+that, though the Republic is lost, their fish-ponds will be safe. There
+is one man who does take some trouble, but rather, as it seems to me,
+with consistency and honesty, than with either prudence or
+ability&mdash;Cato. He has been for the last three months worrying those
+unhappy <i>publicani</i>, who were formerly devoted to him, and refuses to
+allow of an answer being given them by the senate. And so we are forced
+to suspend all decrees on other subjects until the <i>publicani</i> have got
+their answer. For the same reason I suppose even the business of the
+foreign embassies will be postponed. You now understand in what stormy
+water we are: and as from what I have written to you in such strong
+terms you have a view also of what I have not written, come back to me,
+for it is time you did. And though the state of affairs to which I
+invite you is one to be avoided, yet let<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> your value for me so far
+prevail, as to induce you to come there even in these vexatious
+circumstances. For the rest I will take care that due warning is given,
+and a notice put up in all places, to prevent you being entered on the
+census as absent; and to get put on the census just before the
+lustration is the mark of your true man of business.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> So let me see
+you at the earliest possible moment. Farewell.</p>
+
+<p>20 January in the Consulship of Q. Metellus and L. Afranius.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXIV_A_I_19" id="XXIV_A_I_19"></a>XXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 19</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 15 March</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>It is not only if I had as much leisure as you, but also if I chose to
+send letters as short as yours usually are, should I easily beat you and
+be much the more regular in writing. But, in fact, it is only one more
+item in an immense and inconceivable amount of business, that I allow no
+letter to reach you from me without its containing some definite sketch
+of events and the reflexions arising from it. And in writing to you, as
+a lover of your country, my first subject will naturally be the state of
+the Republic; next, as I am the nearest object of your affection, I will
+also write about myself, and tell you what I think you will not be
+indisposed to know. Well then, in public affairs for the moment the
+chief subject of interest is the disturbance in Gaul. For the &AElig;dui&mdash;"our
+brethren"<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>&mdash;have recently fought a losing battle, and the Helvetii
+are undoubtedly in arms and making raids upon our<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> province.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> The
+senate has decreed that the two consuls should draw lots for the Gauls,
+that a levy should be held, all exemptions from service be suspended,
+and legates with full powers be sent to visit the states in Gaul, and
+see that they do not join the Helvetii. The legates are Quintus Metellus
+Creticus,<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> L. Flaccus,<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> and lastly&mdash;a case of "rich unguent on
+lentils"&mdash;Lentulus, son of Clodianus.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> And while on this subject I
+cannot omit mentioning that when among the consulars my name was the
+first to come up in the ballot, a full meeting of the senate declared
+with one voice that I must be kept in the city. The same occurred to
+Pompey after me; so that we two appeared to be kept at home as pledges
+of the safety of the Republic. Why should I look for the "bravos" of
+others when I get these compliments at home? Well, the state of affairs
+in the city is as follows. The agrarian law is being vehemently pushed
+by the tribune Flavius, with the support of Pompey, but it has nothing
+popular about it except its supporter. From this law I, with the full
+assent of a public meeting, proposed to omit all clauses which adversely
+affected private rights. I proposed to except from its operation such
+public land as had been so in the consulship of P. Mucius and L.
+Calpurnius.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> I proposed to confirm the titles of holders of those to
+whom Sulla had actually assigned lands. I proposed to retain the men of
+Volaterr&aelig; and Arretium&mdash;whose lands<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> Sulla had declared forfeited but
+had not allotted&mdash;in their holdings. There was only one section in the
+bill that I did not propose to omit, namely, that land should be
+purchased with this money from abroad, the proceeds of the new revenues
+for the next five years.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> But to this whole agrarian scheme the
+senate was opposed, suspecting that some novel power for Pompey was
+aimed at. Pompey, indeed, had set his heart on getting the law passed.
+I, however, with the full approval of the applicants for land,
+maintained the holdings of all private owners&mdash;for, as you know, the
+landed gentry form the bulk of our party's forces&mdash;while I nevertheless
+satisfied the people and Pompey (for I wanted to do that also) by the
+purchase clause; for, if that was put on a sound footing, I thought that
+two advantages would accrue&mdash;the dregs might be drawn from the city, and
+the deserted portions of Italy be repeopled. But this whole business was
+interrupted by the war, and has cooled off. Metellus is an exceedingly
+good consul, and much attached to me. That other one is such a ninny
+that he clearly doesn't know what to do with his purchase.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> This is
+all my public news, unless you regard as touching on public affairs the
+fact that a certain Herennius, a tribune, and a fellow tribesman of
+yours&mdash;a fellow as unprincipled as he is needy&mdash;has now begun making
+frequent proposals for transferring P. Clodius to the plebs; he is
+vetoed by many of his colleagues. That is really, I think, all the
+public news.</p>
+
+<p>For my part, ever since I won what I may call the splendid and immortal
+glory of the famous fifth of December<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> (though it was accompanied by
+the jealousy and hostility of many), I have never ceased to play my part
+in the Republic in the same lofty spirit, and to maintain the position I
+then inaugurated and took upon myself. But when, first, by the acquittal
+of Clodius I clearly perceived the insecurity and rotten state of the
+law courts; and, secondly, when I saw that it took so little to alienate
+my friends the <i>publicani</i> from the senate&mdash;though with me personally
+they had no quarrel;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> and, thirdly, that the rich (I mean your friends
+the fish-breeders) did not disguise their jealousy of me, I thought I
+must look out for some greater security and stronger support. So, to
+begin with, I have brought the man who had been too long silent on my
+achievements, Pompey himself, to such a frame of mind as not once only
+in the senate, but many times and in many words, to ascribe to me the
+preservation of this empire and of the world. And this was not so
+important to me&mdash;for those transactions are neither so obscure as to
+need testimony, nor so dubious as to need commendation&mdash;as to the
+Republic; for there were certain persons base enough to think that some
+misunderstanding would arise between me and Pompey from a difference of
+opinion on these measures. With him I have united myself in such close
+intimacy that both of us can by this union be better fortified in his
+own views, and more secure in his political position. However, the
+dislike of the licentious dandies, which had been roused against me, has
+been so far softened by a conciliatory manner on my part, that they all
+combine to show me marked attention. In fine, while avoiding
+churlishness to anyone, I do not curry favour with the populace or relax
+any principle; but my whole course of conduct is so carefully regulated,
+that, while exhibiting an example of firmness to the Republic, in my own
+private concerns&mdash;in view of the instability of the loyalists, the
+hostility of the disaffected, and the hatred of the disloyal towards
+me&mdash;I employ a certain caution and circumspection, and do not allow
+myself, after all, to be involved in these new friendships so far but
+that the famous refrain of the cunning Sicilian frequently sounds in my
+ears:<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Keep sober and distrust: these wisdom's sinews!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Of my course and way of life, therefore, you see, I think, what may be
+called a sketch or outline. Of your own business, however, you
+frequently write to me, but I cannot at the moment supply the remedy you
+require. For that decree of the senate was passed with the greatest
+unanimity on the part of the rank and file,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> though without the
+support of any of us consulars. For as to your seeing my name at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> the
+foot of the decree, you can ascertain from the decree itself that the
+subject put to the vote at the time was a different one, and that this
+clause about "free peoples" was added without good reason. It was done
+by P. Servilius the younger,<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> who delivered his vote among the last,
+but it cannot be altered after such an interval of time. Accordingly,
+the meetings, which at first were crowded, have long ceased to be held.
+If you have been able, notwithstanding, by your insinuating address to
+get a trifle of money out of the Sicyonians, I wish you would let me
+know.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> I have sent you an account of my consulship written in Greek.
+If there is anything in it which to a genuine Attic like yourself seems
+to be un-Greek or unscholarly, I shall not say as Lucullus said to you
+(at Panhormus, was it not?) about his own history, that he had
+interspersed certain barbarisms and solecisms for the express purpose of
+proving that it was the work of a Roman. No, if there is anything of
+that sort in my book, it will be without my knowledge and against my
+will. When I have finished the Latin version I will send it to you; and
+thirdly, you may expect a poem on the subject, for I would not have any
+method of celebrating my praise omitted by myself. In this regard pray
+do not quote "Who will praise his sire?"<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> For if there is anything
+in the world to be preferred to this, let it receive its due meed of
+praise, and I mine of blame for not selecting another theme for my
+praise. However, what I write is not panegyric but history. My brother
+Quintus clears himself to me in a letter, and asserts that he has never
+said a disparaging word of you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> to anyone. But this we must discuss face
+to face with the greatest care and earnestness: only <i>do</i> come to see me
+again at last! This Cossinius, to whom I intrust my letter, seems to me
+a very good fellow, steady, devoted to you, and exactly the sort of man
+which your letter to me had described.</p>
+
+<p>15 March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXV_A_I_20" id="XXV_A_I_20"></a>XXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A I, 20</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 13 May</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>On my return to Rome from my villa at Pompeii on the 12th of May, our
+friend Cincius handed me your letter dated 13th February. It is this
+letter of yours which I will now proceed to answer. And first let me say
+how glad I am that you have fully understood my appreciation of
+you;<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> and next how excessively rejoiced I am that you have been so
+extremely reasonable in regard to those particulars in which you
+thought<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> that I and mine had behaved unkindly, or with insufficient
+consideration for your feelings: and this I regard as a proof of no
+common affection, and of the most excellent judgment and wisdom.
+Wherefore, since you have written to me in a tone so delightful,
+considerate, friendly and kind, that I not only have no call to press
+you any farther, but can never even hope to meet from you or any other
+man with so much gentleness and good nature, I think the very best
+course I can pursue is not to say another word on the subject in my
+letters. When we meet, if the occasion should arise, we will discuss it
+together.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you say about politics, your suggestions indeed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> are both
+affectionate and wise, and the course you suggest does not differ
+substantially from my own policy&mdash;for I must neither budge an inch from
+the position imposed upon me by my rank, nor must I without forces of my
+own enter the lines of another, while that other, whom you mention in
+your letter, has nothing large-minded about him, nothing lofty, nothing
+which is not abject and time-serving. However, the course I took was,
+after all, perhaps not ill-calculated for securing the tranquillity of
+my own life; but, by heaven, I did greater service to the Republic than,
+by suppressing the attacks of the disloyal, I did to myself, when I
+brought conviction home to the wavering mind of a man of the most
+splendid fortune, influence and popularity, and induced him to
+disappoint the disloyal and praise my acts. Now if I had been forced to
+sacrifice consistency in this transaction, I should not have thought
+anything worth that price; but the fact is that I have so worked the
+whole business, that I did not seem to be less consistent from my
+complacency to him, but that he appeared to gain in character by his
+approbation of me. In everything else I am so acting, and shall continue
+so to act, as to prevent my seeming to have done what I did do by mere
+chance. My friends the loyalists, the men at whom you hint, and that
+"Sparta" which you say has fallen to my lot,<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> I will not only never
+desert, but even if I am deserted by her, I shall still stand by my
+ancient creed. However, please consider this, that since the death of
+Catulus I am holding this road for the loyalists without any garrison or
+company. For as Rhinton, I think, says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Some are stark naught, and some care not at all."<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>However, how our friends the fish-breeders<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> envy me I will write you
+word another time, or will reserve it till we meet. But from the
+senate-house nothing shall ever tear me: either because that course is
+the right one, or because it is most to my interests, or because I am
+far from being dissatisfied with the estimation in which I am held by
+the senate.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As to the Sicyonians, as I wrote to you before,<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> there is not much
+to be hoped for in the senate. For there is no one now to lay a
+complaint before it. Therefore, if you are waiting for that, you will
+find it a tedious business. Fight some other way if you can. At the time
+the decree was passed no one noticed who would be affected by it, and
+besides the rank and file of the senators voted in a great hurry for
+that clause. For cancelling the senatorial decree the time is not yet
+ripe, because there are none to complain of it, and because also many
+are glad to have it so, some from spite, some from a notion of its
+equity. Your friend Metellus is an admirable consul: I have only one
+fault to find with him&mdash;he doesn't receive the news from Gaul of the
+restoration of peace with much pleasure. He wants a triumph, I suppose.
+I could have wished a little less of that sort of thing: in other
+respects he is splendid. But the son of Aulus behaves in such a way,
+that his consulship is not a consulship but a stigma on our friend
+Magnus. Of my writings I send you my consulship in Greek completed. I
+have handed that book to L. Cossinius. My Latin works I think you like,
+but as a Greek you envy this Greek book. If others write treatises on
+the subject I will send them to you, but I assure you that, as soon as
+they have read mine, some how or other they become slack. To return to
+my own affairs, L. Papirius P&aelig;tus, an excellent man and an admirer of
+mine, has presented me with the books left him by Servius Claudius. As
+your friend Cincius told me that I could take them without breaking the
+<i>lex Cincia</i><a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>, I told him that I should have great pleasure in
+accepting them, if he brought them to Italy. Wherefore, as you love me,
+as you know that I love you, do try by means of friends, clients,
+guests, or even your freedmen or slaves, to prevent the loss of a single
+leaf. For I am in urgent need of the Greek books which I suspect, and of
+the Latin books which I know, that he left: and more and more every day
+I find repose in such studies every moment left to me from my labours in
+the forum. You will, I say, do me a very great favour, if you will be as
+zealous in this matter as you ever are in matters in which you suppose
+me to feel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> strongly; and P&aelig;tus's own affairs I recommend to your
+kindness for which he thanks you extremely. A prompt visit from yourself
+is a thing which I do not merely ask for, I advise it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXVI_A_II_1" id="XXVI_A_II_1"></a>XXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN GREECE)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, June</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>On the 1st of June, as I was on my way to Antium, and eagerly getting
+out of the way of M. Metellus's gladiators, your boy met me, and
+delivered to me a letter from you and a history of my consulship written
+in Greek.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> This made me glad that I had some time before delivered
+to L. Cossinius a book, also written in Greek, on the same subject, to
+take to you. For if I had read yours first you might have said that I
+had pilfered from you. Although your essay (which I have read with
+pleasure) seemed to me just a trifle rough and bald, yet its very
+neglect of ornament is an ornament in itself, as women were once thought
+to have the best perfume who used none. My book, on the other hand, has
+exhausted the whole of Isocrates's unguent case, and all the paint-boxes
+of his pupils, and even Aristotle's colours. This, as you tell me in
+another letter, you glanced over at Corcyra, and afterwards I suppose
+received it from Cossinius.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> I should not have ventured to send it
+to you until I had slowly and fastidiously revised it. However,
+Posidonius, in his letter of acknowledgment from Rhodes, says that as he
+read my memoir, which I had sent him with a view to his writing on the
+same subject with more elaboration, he was not only not incited to
+write, but absolutely made afraid to do so. In a word, I have routed the
+Greeks. Accordingly, as a general rule, those who were pressing me for
+material to work up, have now ceased to bother me. Pray, if you like the
+book, see to there being copies at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> Athens and other Greek towns;<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>
+for it may possibly throw some lustre on my actions. As for my poor
+speeches, I will send you both those you ask for and some more also,
+since what I write to satisfy the studious youth finds favour, it seems,
+with you also. [For it suited my purpose<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a>&mdash;both because it was in
+his Philippics that your fellow citizen Demosthenes gained his
+reputation, and because it was by withdrawing from the mere
+controversial and forensic style of oratory that he acquired the
+character of a serious politician&mdash;to see that I too should have
+speeches that may properly be called <i>consular</i>. Of these are, first,
+one delivered on the 1st of January in the senate, a second to the
+people on the agrarian law, a third on Otho, a fourth for Rabirius, a
+fifth on the Sons of the Proscribed, a sixth when I declined a province
+in public meeting, a seventh when I allowed Catiline to escape, which I
+delivered the day after Catiline fled, a ninth in public meeting on the
+day that the Allobroges made their revelation, a tenth in the senate on
+the 5th of December. There are also two short ones, which may be called
+fragments, on the agrarian law. This whole cycle I will see that you
+have. And since you like my writings as well as my actions, from these
+same rolls you will learn both what I have done and what I have said&mdash;or
+you should not have asked for them, for I did not make you an offer of
+them.]</p>
+
+<p>You ask me why I urge you to come home, and at the same time you
+intimate that you are hampered by business affairs, and yet say that you
+will nevertheless hasten back, not only if it is needful, but even if I
+desire it. Well, there is certainly no absolute necessity, yet I do
+think you might plan the periods of your tour somewhat more
+conveniently. Your absence is too prolonged, especially as you are in a
+neighbouring country, while yet I cannot enjoy your society,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> nor you
+mine. For the present there is peace, but if my young friend
+Pulcher's<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> madness found means to advance a little farther, I should
+certainly summon you from your present sojourn. But Metellus is offering
+him a splendid opposition and will continue to do so. Need I say more?
+He is a truly patriotic consul and, as I have ever thought, naturally an
+honest man. That person, however, makes no disguise, but avowedly
+desires to be elected tribune. But when the matter was mooted in the
+senate, I cut the fellow to pieces, and taunted him with his
+changeableness in seeking the tribuneship at Rome after having given out
+at Hera, in Sicily,<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> that he was a candidate for the &aelig;dileship; and
+went on to say that we needn't much trouble ourselves, for that he would
+not be permitted to ruin the Republic any more as a plebeian, than
+patricians like him had been allowed to do so in my consulship.
+Presently, on his saying that he had completed the journey from the
+straits in seven days, and that it was impossible for anyone to have
+gone out to meet him, and that he had entered the city by night,<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>
+and making a great parade of this in a public meeting, I remarked that
+that was nothing new for him: seven days from Sicily to Rome, three
+hours from Rome to Interamna!<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> Entered by night, did he? so he did
+before! No one went to meet him? neither did anyone on the other
+occasion, exactly when it should have been done! In short, I bring our
+young upstart to his bearings, not only by a set and serious speech, but
+also by repartees of this sort. Accordingly, I have come now to rally
+him and jest with him in quite a familiar manner. For instance, when we
+were escorting a candidate, he asked me "whether I had been accustomed
+to secure Sicilians places at the gladiatorial shows?" "No," said I.
+"Well, I intend to start the practice," said he, "as their new patron;
+but my sister,<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> who has the control of such a large part of the
+consul's space, wont give me more than a single foot." "Don't grumble,"
+said I, "about one of your sister's feet; you may lift the other also."
+A jest, you will say, unbecoming to a consular. I confess it, but I
+detest that woman&mdash;so unworthy of a consul. For</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A shrew she is and with her husband jars,<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>and not only with Metellus, but also with Fabius,<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> because she is
+annoyed at their interference in this business.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> You ask about the
+agrarian law: it has completely lost all interest, I think. You rather
+chide me, though gently, about my intimacy with Pompey. I would not have
+you think that I have made friends with him for my own protection; but
+things had come to such a pass that, if by any chance we had quarrelled,
+there would inevitably have been violent dissensions in the state. And
+in taking precautions and making provision against that, I by no means
+swerved from my well-known loyalist policy, but my object was to make
+him more of a loyalist and induce him to drop somewhat of his
+time-serving vacillation: and he, let me assure you, now speaks in much
+higher terms of my achievements (against which many had tried to incite
+him) than of his own. He testifies that while he served the state well,
+I preserved it. What if I even make a better citizen of C&aelig;sar,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> who
+has now the wind full in his sails&mdash;am I doing so poor a service to the
+Republic? Farthermore, if there was no one to envy me, if all, as they
+ought to be, were my supporters, nevertheless a preference should still
+be given to a treatment that would cure the diseased parts of the state,
+rather than to the use of the knife. As it is, however, since the
+knighthood, which I once stationed on the slope of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> the Capitoline,<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>
+with you as their standard-bearer and leader, has deserted the senate,
+and since our leading men think themselves in a seventh heaven, if there
+are bearded mullets in their fish-ponds that will come to hand for food,
+and neglect everything else, do not you think that I am doing no mean
+service if I secure that those who have the power, should not have the
+will, to do any harm? As for our friend Cato, you do not love him more
+than I do: but after all, with the very best intentions and the most
+absolute honesty, he sometimes does harm to the Republic. He speaks and
+votes as though he were in the Republic of Plato, not in the scum of
+Romulus. What could be fairer than that a man should be brought to trial
+who has taken a bribe for his verdict? Cato voted for this: the senate
+agreed with him. The equites declared war on the senate, not on me, for
+I voted against it. What could be a greater piece of impudence than the
+equites renouncing the obligations of their contract? Yet for the sake
+of keeping the friendship of the order it was necessary to submit to the
+loss. Cato resisted and carried his point. Accordingly, though we have
+now had the spectacle of a consul thrown into prison,<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> of riots
+again and again stirred up, not one of those moved a finger to help,
+with whose support I and the consuls that immediately followed me were
+accustomed to defend the Republic. "Well, but," say you, "are we to pay
+them for their support?" What are we to do if we can't get it on any
+other terms? Are we to be slaves to freedmen or even slaves? But, as you
+say, <i>assez de s&eacute;rieux!</i> Favonius<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> carried my tribe with better
+credit than his own; he lost that of Lucceius. His accusation of
+Nasica<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> was not creditable, but was conducted with moderation: he
+spoke so badly that he appeared when in Rhodes to have ground at the
+mills more than at the lessons of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> Molon.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> He was somewhat angry
+with me because I appeared for the defence: however, he is now making up
+to me again on public grounds. I will write you word how Lucceius is
+getting on when I have seen C&aelig;sar, who will be here in a couple of days.
+The injury done you by the Sicyonians you attribute to Cato and his
+imitator Servilius.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> Why? did not that blow reach many excellent
+citizens? But since the senate has so determined, let us commend it, and
+not be in a minority of one.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> My "Amaltheia"<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> is waiting and
+longing for you. My Tusculan and Pompeian properties please me
+immensely, except that they have overwhelmed me&mdash;me, the scourge of
+debt!&mdash;not exactly in Corinthian bronze, but in the bronze which is
+current in the market.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> In Gaul I hope peace is restored. My
+"Prognostics,"<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> along with my poor speeches, expect shortly. Yet
+write and tell me what your ideas are as to returning. For Pomponia sent
+a message to me that you would be at Rome some time in July. That does
+not agree with your letter which you wrote to me about your name being
+put on the census roll. P&aelig;tus, as I have already told you, has presented
+me with all books left by his brother. This gift of his depends upon
+your seeing to it with care. Pray, if you love me, take measures for
+their preservation and transmission to me. You could do me no greater
+favour, and I want the Latin books preserved with as much care as the
+Greek. I shall look upon them as virtually a present from yourself. I
+have written to Octavius:<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> I had not said anything to him about you
+by word of mouth; for I did not suppose that you carried on your
+business in that province, or look upon you in the light of general
+money-lender: but I have written, as in duty bound, with all
+seriousness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XXVII_A_II_2" id="XXVII_A_II_2"></a>XXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span> (<span class="smcap">December</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>Take care of my dear nephew Cicero, I beg of you. I seem to share his
+illness. I am engaged on the "Constitution of Pellene," and, by heaven,
+have piled up a huge heap of Dic&aelig;archus at my feet.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> What a great
+man! You may learn much more from him than from Procilius. His
+"Constitution of Corinth" and "Constitution of Athens" I have, I think,
+at Rome. Upon my word, you will say, if you read these, "What a
+remarkable man!" Herodes, if he had any sense, would have read him
+rather than write a single letter himself.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> He has attacked me by
+letter; with you I see he has come to close quarters. I would have
+joined a conspiracy rather than resisted one, if I had thought that I
+should have to listen to him as my reward. As to Lollius, you must be
+mad. As to the wine, I think you are right.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> But look here! Don't
+you see that the Kalends are approaching, and no Antonius?<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> That the
+jury is being empanelled? For so they send me word. That Nigidius<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>
+threatens in public meeting that he will personally cite any juror who
+does not appear? However, I should be glad if you would write me word
+whether you have heard anything about the return of Antonius; and since
+you don't mean to come here, dine with me in any case on the 29th. Mind
+you do this, and take care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XXVIII_A_II_3" id="XXVIII_A_II_3"></a>XXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">December</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>First, I have good news for you, as I think. Valerius has been
+acquitted. Hortensius was his counsel. The verdict is thought to have
+been a favour to Aulus's son; and "Epicrates,"<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> I suspect, has been
+up to some mischief. I didn't like his boots and his white
+leggings.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> What it is I shall know when you arrive. When you find
+fault with the narrow windows, let me tell you that you are criticising
+the Cyrop&aelig;deia.<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> For when I made the same remark, Cyrus used to
+answer that the views of the gardens through broad lights were not so
+pleasant. For let &#945; be the eye, &#946;&#947; the object seen,
+&#948; and &#949; the rays ... you see the rest.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> For if
+sight resulted from the impact of images,<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> the images would be in
+great difficulties with a narrow entrance: but, as it is, that
+"effusion" of rays gets on quite nicely. If you have any other fault to
+find you won't get off without an answer, unless it is something that
+can be put right without expense.</p>
+
+<p>I now come to January and my "political attitude," in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> which, after the
+manner of the Socratics, I shall put the two sides; at the end, however,
+as they were wont to do, the one which I approve. It is, indeed, a
+matter for profound reflexion. For I must either firmly oppose the
+agrarian law&mdash;which will involve a certain struggle, but a struggle full
+of glory&mdash;or I must remain altogether passive, which is about equivalent
+to retiring to Solonium<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> or Antium; or, lastly, I must actually
+assist the bill, which I am told C&aelig;sar fully expects from me without any
+doubt. For Cornelius has been with me (I mean Cornelius Balbus,<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a>
+C&aelig;sar's intimate), and solemnly assured me that he meant to avail
+himself of my advice and Pompey's in everything, and intended to
+endeavour to reconcile Crassus with Pompey.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> In this last course
+there are the following advantages: a very close union with Pompey, and,
+if I choose, with C&aelig;sar also; a reconciliation with my political
+enemies, peace with the common herd, ease for my old age. But the
+conclusion of the third book of my own poem has a strong hold on me:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Meanwhile the tenor of thy youth's first spring,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Which still as consul thou with all thy soul<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And all thy manhood heldest, see thou keep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And swell the chorus of all good men's praise."<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These verses Calliope herself dictated to me in that book, which
+contains much written in an "aristocratic" spirit, and I cannot,
+therefore, doubt that I shall always hold that</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The best of omens is our country's cause."<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But let us reserve all this for our walks during the Com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>pitalia<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>.
+Remember the day before the Compitalia. I will order the bath to be
+heated, and Terentia is going to invite Pomponia. We will add your
+mother to the party. Please bring me Theophrastus <i>de Ambitione</i> from my
+brother's library.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXIX_Q_FR_I_1" id="XXIX_Q_FR_I_1"></a>XXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR I, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Quintus Cicero was pr&aelig;tor in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61 (March) he went
+out to "Asia" as propr&aelig;tor; his first year of office would be up in
+March, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, but his governorship was, as was very common,
+extended till March, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59. Towards the end of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60 the senate
+seems to have arranged not to appoint his successor, that is, he
+would be left in office till about March, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58. It is in view of
+this third year of office that Cicero writes this essay-letter to
+him on the duties of a provincial governor. Apparently Quintus had
+faults of temper which had caused some scandals to reach Rome. We
+have seen how he was one of the few who managed to quarrel with
+Atticus; and in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48 we shall find how fiercely he resented the
+exercise of his brother's influence which had led him to take the
+losing side, which from his attachment to C&aelig;sar he may have been
+half inclined to think the wrong side. His constant squabbles with
+his wife (though the fault was evidently in great part hers) also
+go towards forming our conclusion about him that, with some ability
+and honesty, he was <i>un peu difficile</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">December</span>)</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 46</div>
+
+<p>I. Though I have no doubt that many messengers, and even common rumour,
+with its usual speed, will anticipate this letter, and that you will
+already have heard from others that a third year has been added to my
+loss and your labour, yet I thought you ought to receive from me also
+the news of this tiresome circumstance. For not in one, but in several
+of my previous letters, in spite of others having given up the idea in
+despair, I gave you hope of being able at an early date to quit your
+province, not only that I might as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> long as possible cheer you with a
+pleasurable belief, but also because I and the pr&aelig;tors took such pains
+in the matter, that I felt no misgiving as to the possibility of its
+being arranged. As it is, since matters have so turned out that neither
+the pr&aelig;tors by the weight of their influence, nor I by my earnest
+efforts, have been able to prevail, it is certainly difficult not to be
+annoyed, yet our minds, practised as they are in conducting and
+supporting business of the utmost gravity, ought not to be crushed or
+weakened by vexation. And since men ought to feel most vexed at what has
+been brought upon them by their own fault, it is I who ought in this
+matter to be more vexed than you. For it is the result of a fault on my
+part, against which you had protested both in conversation at the moment
+of your departure, and in letters since, that your successor was not
+named last year. In this, while consulting for the interests of our
+allies, and resisting the shameless conduct of some merchants, and while
+seeking the increase of our reputation by your virtues, I acted
+unwisely, especially as I made it possible for that second year to
+entail a third. And as I confess the mistake to have been mine, it lies
+with your wisdom and kindness to remedy it, and to see that my
+imprudence is turned to advantage by your careful performance of your
+duties. And truly, if you exert yourself in every direction to earn
+men's good word, not with a view to rival others, but henceforth to
+surpass yourself, if you rouse your whole mind and your every thought
+and care to the ambition of gaining a superior reputation in all
+respects, believe me, one year added to your labour will bring us, nay,
+our posterity also, a joy of many years' duration. Wherefore I begin by
+entreating you not to let your soul shrink and be cast down, nor to
+allow yourself to be overpowered by the magnitude of the business as
+though by a wave; but, on the contrary, to stand upright and keep your
+footing, or even advance to meet the flood of affairs. For you are not
+administering a department of the state, in which fortune reigns
+supreme, but one in which a well-considered policy and an attention to
+business are the most important things. But if I had seen you receiving
+the prolongation of a command in a great and dangerous war, I should
+have trembled in spirit, because I should have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> known that the dominion
+of fortune over us had been at the same time prolonged. As it is,
+however, a department of the state has been intrusted to you in which
+fortune occupies no part, or, at any rate, an insignificant one, and
+which appears to me to depend entirely on your virtue and self-control.
+We have no reason to fear, as far as I know, any designs of our enemies,
+any actual fighting in the field, any revolts of allies, any default in
+the tribute or in the supply of corn, any mutiny in the army: things
+which have very often befallen the wisest of men in such a way, that
+they have been no more able to get the better of the assault of fortune,
+than the best of pilots a violent tempest. You have been granted
+profound peace, a dead calm: yet if the pilot falls asleep, it may even
+so overwhelm him, though if he keeps awake it may give him positive
+pleasure. For your province consists, in the first place, of allies of a
+race which, of all the world, is the most civilized; and, in the second
+place, of citizens, who, either as being <i>publicani</i>, are very closely
+connected with me, or, as being traders who have made money, think that
+they owe the security of their property to my consulship.</p>
+
+<p>II. But it may be said that among even such men as these there occur
+serious disputes, many wrongful acts are committed, and hotly contested
+litigation is the result. As though I ever thought that you had no
+trouble to contend with! I know that the trouble is exceedingly great,
+and such as demands the very greatest prudence; but remember that it is
+prudence much more than fortune on which, in my opinion, the result of
+your trouble depends. For what trouble is it to govern those over whom
+you are set, if you do but govern yourself? That may be a great and
+difficult task to others, and indeed it is most difficult: to you it has
+always been the easiest thing in the world, and indeed ought to be so,
+for your natural disposition is such that, even without discipline, it
+appears capable of self-control; whereas a discipline has, in fact, been
+applied that might educate the most faulty of characters. But while you
+resist, as you do, money, pleasure, and every kind of desire yourself,
+there will, I am to be told, be a risk of your not being able to
+suppress some fraudulent banker or some rather over-extortionate
+tax-collector! For as to the Greeks, they will think, as they behold the
+innocence of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> your life, that one of the heroes of their history, or a
+demigod from heaven, has come down into the province. And this I say,
+not to induce you to act thus, but to make you glad that you are acting
+or have acted so. It is a splendid thing to have been three years in
+supreme power in Asia without allowing statue, picture, plate, napery,
+slave, anyone's good looks, or any offer of money&mdash;all of which are
+plentiful in your province&mdash;to cause you to swerve from the most
+absolute honesty and purity of life. What can be imagined so striking or
+so desirable as that a virtue, a command over the passions, a
+self-control such as yours, are not remaining in darkness and obscurity,
+but have been set in the broad daylight of Asia, before the eyes of a
+famous province, and in the hearing of all nations and peoples? That the
+inhabitants are not being ruined by your progresses, drained by your
+charges, agitated by your approach? That there is the liveliest joy,
+public and private, wheresoever you come, the city regarding you as a
+protector and not a tyrant, the private house as a guest and not a
+plunderer?</p>
+
+<p>III. But in these matters I am sure that mere experience has by this
+time taught you that it is by no means sufficient to have these virtues
+yourself, but that you must keep your eyes open and vigilant, in order
+that in the guardianship of your province you may be considered to vouch
+to the allies, the citizens, and the state, not for yourself alone, but
+for all the subordinates of your government. However, you have in the
+persons of your <i>legati</i> men likely to have a regard for their own
+reputation. Of these in rank, position, and age Tubero is first; who, I
+think, particularly as he is a writer of history, could select from his
+own Annals many whom he would like and would be able to imitate.
+Allienus, again, is ours, as well in heart and affection, as in his
+conformity to our principles. I need not speak of Gratidius: I am sure
+that, while taking pains to preserve his own reputation, his fraternal
+affection for us makes him take pains for ours also.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> Your qu&aelig;stor
+is not of your own selection, but the one assigned you by lot. He is
+bound both to act with pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>priety of his own accord, and to conform to
+the policy and principles which you lay down. But should any one of
+these adopt a lower standard of conduct, you should tolerate such
+behaviour, if it goes no farther than a breach, in his private capacity,
+of the rules by which he was bound, but not if it goes to the extent of
+employing for gain the authority which you granted him as a promotion.
+For I am far from thinking, especially since the moral sentiments of the
+day are so much inclined to excessive laxity and self-seeking, that you
+should investigate every case of petty misconduct, and thoroughly
+examine every one of these persons; but that you should regulate your
+confidence by the trustworthiness of its recipient. And among such
+persons you will have to vouch for those whom the Republic has itself
+given you as companions and assistants in public affairs, at least
+within the limits which I have before laid down.</p>
+
+<p>IV. In the case, however, of those of your personal staff or official
+attendants whom you have yourself selected to be about you&mdash;who are
+usually spoken of as a kind of pr&aelig;tor's cohort&mdash;we must vouch, not only
+for their acts, but even for their words. But those you have with you
+are the sort of men of whom you may easily be fond when they are acting
+rightly, and whom you may very easily check when they shew insufficient
+regard for your reputation. By these, when you were raw to the work,
+your frank disposition might possibly have been deceived&mdash;for the better
+a man is the less easily does he suspect others of being bad&mdash;now,
+however, let this third year witness an integrity as perfect as the two
+former, but still more wary and vigilant. Listen to that only which you
+are supposed to listen to; don't let your ears be open to whispered
+falsehoods and interested suggestions. Don't let your signet ring be a
+mere implement, but, as it were, your second self: not the minister of
+another's will, but a witness of your own. Let your marshal hold the
+rank which our ancestors wished him to hold, who, looking upon this
+place as not one of profit, but of labour and duty, scarcely ever
+conferred it upon any but their freedmen, whom they indeed controlled
+almost as absolutely as their slaves. Let the lictor be the dispenser of
+your clemency, not his own; and let the fasces and axes which they carry
+before you constitute ensigns rather of rank than of power. Let it, in
+fact,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> be known to the whole province that the life, children, fame, and
+fortunes of all over whom you preside are exceedingly dear to you.
+Finally, let it be believed that you will, if you detect it, be hostile
+not only to those who have accepted a bribe, but to those also who have
+given it. And, indeed, no one will give anything, if it is made quite
+clear that nothing is usually obtained from you through those who
+pretend to be very influential with you. Not, however, that the object
+of this discourse is to make you over-harsh or suspicious towards your
+staff. For if any of them in the course of the last two years has never
+fallen under suspicion of rapacity, as I am told about C&aelig;sius and
+Ch&aelig;rippus and Labeo&mdash;and think it true, because I know them&mdash;there is no
+authority, I think, which may not be intrusted to them, and no
+confidence which may not be placed in them with the utmost propriety,
+and in anyone else like them. But if there is anyone of whom you have
+already had reason to doubt, or concerning whom you have made some
+discovery, in such a man place no confidence, intrust him with no
+particle of your reputation.</p>
+
+<p>V. If, however, you have found in the province itself anyone, hitherto
+unknown to us, who has made his way into intimacy with you, take care
+how much confidence you repose in him; not that there may not be many
+good provincials, but, though we may hope so, it is risky to be
+positive. For everyone's real character is covered by many wrappings of
+pretence and is concealed by a kind of veil: face, eyes, expression very
+often lie, speech most often of all. Wherefore, how can you expect to
+find in that class<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> any who, while foregoing for the sake of money
+all from which we can scarcely tear ourselves away,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> will yet love
+you sincerely and not merely pretend to do so from interested motives? I
+think, indeed, it is a hard task to find such men, especially if we
+notice that the same persons care nothing for almost any man out of
+office, yet always with one consent shew affection for the pr&aelig;tors. But
+of this class, if by chance you have discovered any one to be fonder of
+you&mdash;for it may so happen&mdash;than of your office, such a man indeed gladly
+admit upon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> your list of friends: but if you fail to perceive that,
+there is no class of people you must be more on your guard against
+admitting to intimacy, just because they are acquainted with all the
+ways of making money, do everything for the sake of it, and have no
+consideration for the reputation of a man with whom they are not
+destined to pass their lives. And even among the Greeks themselves you
+must be on your guard against admitting close intimacies, except in the
+case of the very few, if such are to be found, who are worthy of ancient
+Greece. As things now stand, indeed, too many of them are untrustworthy,
+false, and schooled by long servitude in the arts of extravagant
+adulation. My advice is that these men should all be entertained with
+courtesy, but that close ties of hospitality or friendship should only
+be formed with the best of them: excessive intimacies with them are not
+very trustworthy&mdash;for they do not venture to oppose our wishes&mdash;and they
+are not only jealous of our countrymen, but of their own as well.</p>
+
+<p>VI. And now, considering the caution and care that I would shew in
+matters of this kind&mdash;in which I fear I may be somewhat
+over-severe&mdash;what do you suppose my sentiments are in regard to slaves?
+Upon these we ought to keep a hold in all places, but especially in the
+provinces. On this head many rules may be laid down, but this is at once
+the shortest and most easily maintained&mdash;that they should behave during
+your progresses in Asia as though you were travelling on the Appian way,
+and not suppose that it makes any difference whether they have arrived
+at Tralles or Formi&aelig;. But if, again, any one of your slaves is
+conspicuously trustworthy, employ him in your domestic and private
+affairs; but in affairs pertaining to your office as governor, or in any
+department of the state, do not let him lay a finger. For many things
+which may, with perfect propriety, be intrusted to slaves, must yet not
+be so intrusted, for the sake of avoiding talk and hostile remark. But
+my discourse, I know not how, has slipped into the didactic vein, though
+that is not what I proposed to myself originally. For what right have I
+to be laying down rules for one who, I am fully aware, in this subject
+especially, is not my inferior in wisdom, while in experience he is even
+my superior? Yet, after all, if your actions had the additional weight
+of my approval, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> thought that they would seem more satisfactory to
+yourself. Wherefore, let these be the foundations on which your public
+character rests: first and foremost your own honesty and self-control,
+then the scrupulous conduct of all your staff, the exceedingly cautious
+and careful selection in regard to intimacies with provincials and
+Greeks, the strict and unbending government of your slaves. These are
+creditable even in the conduct of our private and everyday business: in
+such an important government, where morals are so debased and the
+province has such a corrupting influence, they must needs seem divine.
+Such principles and conduct on your part are sufficient to justify the
+strictness which you have displayed in some acts of administration,
+owing to which I have encountered certain personal disputes with great
+satisfaction, unless, indeed, you suppose me to be annoyed by the
+complaints of a fellow like Paconius&mdash;who is not even a Greek, but in
+reality a Mysian or Phrygian&mdash;or by the words of Tuscenius, a madman and
+a knave, from whose abominable jaws you snatched the fruits of a most
+infamous piece of extortion with the most complete justice.</p>
+
+<p>VII. These and similar instances of your strict administration in your
+province we shall find difficulty in justifying, unless they are
+accompanied by the most perfect integrity: wherefore let there be the
+greatest strictness in your administration of justice, provided only
+that it is never varied from favour, but is kept up with impartiality.
+But it is of little avail that justice is administered by yourself with
+impartiality and care, unless the same is done by those to whom you have
+intrusted any portion of this duty. And, indeed, in my view there is no
+very great variety of business in the government of Asia: the entire
+province mainly depends on the administration of justice. In it we have
+the whole theory of government, especially of provincial government,
+clearly displayed: all that a governor has to do is to shew consistency
+and firmness enough, not only to resist favouritism, but even the
+suspicion of it. To this also must be added courtesy in listening to
+pleaders, consideration in pronouncing a decision, and painstaking
+efforts to convince suitors of its justice, and to answer their
+arguments. It is by such habits that C. Octavius has recently made
+himself<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> very popular;<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> in whose court, for the first time,<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> the
+lictor did not interfere, and the marshal kept silence, while every
+suitor spoke as often and as long as he chose. In which conduct he would
+perhaps have been thought over-lax, had it not been that this laxity
+enabled him to maintain the following instance of severity. The
+partisans of Sulla were forced to restore what they had taken by
+violence and terrorism. Those who had made inequitable decrees, while in
+office, were now as private citizens forced to submit to the principles
+they had established. This strictness on his part would have been
+thought harsh, had it not been rendered palatable by many sweetening
+influences of courtesy. But if this gentleness was sufficient to make
+him popular at Rome, where there is such haughtiness of spirit, such
+unrestrained liberty, such unlimited licence of individuals, and, in
+fine, so many magistrates, so many means of obtaining protection, such
+vast power in the hands of the popular assembly, and such influence
+exercised by the senate, how welcome must a pr&aelig;tor's courtesy be in
+Asia, in which there is such a numerous body of citizens and allies, so
+many cities, so many communities, all hanging on one man's nod, and in
+which there are no means of protection, no one to whom to make a
+complaint, no senate, no popular assembly! Wherefore it requires an
+exalted character, a man who is not only equitable from natural impulse,
+but who has also been trained by study and the refinements of a liberal
+education, so to conduct himself while in the possession of such immense
+power, that those over whom he rules should not feel the want of any
+other power.</p>
+
+<p>VIII. Take the case of the famous Cyrus, portrayed by Xenophon, not as
+an historical character, but as a model of righteous government, the
+serious dignity of whose character is represented by that philosopher as
+combined with a peculiar courtesy. And, indeed, it is not without reason
+that our hero Africanus used perpetually to have those books in his
+hands, for there is no duty pertaining to a careful and equitable
+governor which is not to be found in them. Well, if <i>he</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> cultivated
+those qualities, though never destined to be in a private station, how
+carefully ought those to maintain them to whom power is given with the
+understanding that it must be surrendered, and given by laws under whose
+authority they must once more come? In my opinion all who govern others
+are bound to regard as the object of all their actions the greatest
+happiness of the governed. That this is your highest object, and has
+been so since you first landed in Asia, has been published abroad by
+consistent rumour and the conversation of all. It is, let me add, not
+only the duty of one who governs allies and citizens, but even of one
+who governs slaves and dumb animals, to serve the interests and
+advantage of those under him. In this point I notice that everyone
+agrees that you take the greatest pains: no new debt is being contracted
+by the states, while many have been relieved by you from a heavy and
+long-standing one. Several cities that had become dilapidated and almost
+deserted&mdash;of which one was the most famous state in Ionia, the other in
+Caria, Samus and Halicarnassus&mdash;have been given a new life by you: there
+is no party fighting, no civil strife in the towns: you take care that
+the government of the states is administered by the best class of
+citizens: brigandage is abolished in Mysia; murder suppressed in many
+districts; peace is established throughout the province; and not only
+the robberies usual on highways and in country places, but those more
+numerous and more serious ones in towns and temples, have been
+completely stopped: the fame, fortunes, and repose of the rich have been
+relieved of that most oppressive instrument of pr&aelig;torial
+rapacity&mdash;vexatious prosecution; the expenses and tribute of the states
+are made to fall with equal weight on all who live in the territories of
+those states: access to you is as easy as possible: your ears are open
+to the complaints of all: no man's want of means or want of friends
+excludes him, I don't say from access to you in public and on the
+tribunal, but even from your house and chamber: in a word, throughout
+your government there is no harshness or cruelty&mdash;everywhere clemency,
+mildness, and kindness reign supreme.</p>
+
+<p>IX. What an immense benefit, again, have you done in having liberated
+Asia from the tribute exacted by the &aelig;diles a measure which cost me some
+violent controversies! For<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> if one of our nobles complains openly that
+by your edict, "No moneys shall be voted for the games," you have robbed
+him of 200 sestertia, what a vast sum of money would have been paid, had
+a grant been made to the credit of every magistrate who held games, as
+had become the regular custom! However, I stopped these complaints by
+taking up this position&mdash;what they think of it in Asia I don't know, in
+Rome it meets with no little approval and praise&mdash;I refused to accept a
+sum of money which the states had decreed for a temple and monument in
+our honour, though they had done so with the greatest enthusiasm in view
+both of my services and of your most valuable benefactions; and though
+the law contained a special and distinct exception in these words, "that
+it was lawful to receive for temple or monument"; and though again the
+money was not going to be thrown away, but would be employed on
+decorating a temple, and would thus appear to have been given to the
+Roman people and the immortal Gods rather than to myself&mdash;yet, in spite
+of its having desert, law, and the wishes of those who offered the gift
+in its favour, I determined that I must not accept it, for this reason
+among others, namely, to prevent those, to whom such an honour was
+neither due nor legal, from being jealous. Wherefore adhere with all
+your heart and soul to the policy which you have hitherto adopted&mdash;that
+of being devoted to those whom the senate and people of Rome have
+committed and intrusted to your honour and authority, of doing your best
+to protect them, and of desiring their greatest happiness. Even if the
+lot had made you governor of Africans, or Spaniards, or
+Gauls&mdash;uncivilized and barbarous nations&mdash;it would still have been your
+duty as a man of feeling to consult for their interests and advantage,
+and to have contributed to their safety. But when we rule over a race of
+men in which civilization not only exists, but from which it is believed
+to have spread to others, we are bound to repay them, above all things,
+what we received from them. For I shall not be ashamed to go so
+far&mdash;especially as my life and achievements have been such as to exclude
+any suspicion of sloth or frivolity&mdash;as to confess that, whatever I have
+accomplished, I have accomplished by means of those studies and
+principles which have been transmitted to us in Greek literature and
+schools of thought. Wherefore, over and above the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> general good faith
+which is due to all men, I think we are in a special sense under an
+obligation to that nation, to put in practice what it has taught us
+among the very men by whose maxims we have been brought out of
+barbarism.</p>
+
+<p>X. And indeed Plato, the fountain-head of genius and learning, thought
+that states would only be happy when scholars and philosophers began
+being their rulers, or when those who were their rulers had devoted all
+their attention to learning and philosophy. It was plainly this union of
+power and philosophy that in his opinion might prove the salvation of
+states. And this perhaps has at length fallen to the fortune of the
+whole empire: certainly it has in the present instance to your province,
+to have a man in supreme power in it, who has from boyhood spent the
+chief part of his zeal and time in imbibing the principles of
+philosophy, virtue, and humanity. Wherefore be careful that this third
+year, which has been added to your labour, may be thought a prolongation
+of prosperity to Asia. And since Asia was more fortunate in retaining
+you than I was in my endeavour to bring you back, see that my regret is
+softened by the exultation of the province. For if you have displayed
+the very greatest activity in earning honours such as, I think, have
+never been paid to anyone else, much greater ought your activity to be
+in preserving these honours. What I for my part think of honours of that
+kind I have told you in previous letters. I have always regarded them,
+if given indiscriminately, as of little value, if paid from interested
+motives, as worthless: if, however, as in this case, they are tributes
+to solid services on your part, I hold you bound to take much pains in
+preserving them. Since, then, you are exercising supreme power and
+official authority in cities, in which you have before your eyes the
+consecration and apotheosis of your virtues, in all decisions, decrees,
+and official acts consider what you owe to those warm opinions
+entertained of you, to those verdicts on your character, to those
+honours which have been rendered you. And what you owe will be to
+consult for the interests of all, to remedy men's misfortunes, to
+provide for their safety, to resolve that you will be both called and
+believed to be the "father of Asia."</p>
+
+<p>XI. However, to such a resolution and deliberate policy on your part the
+great obstacle are the <i>publicani</i>: for, if<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> we oppose them, we shall
+alienate from ourselves and from the Republic an order which has done us
+most excellent service, and which has been brought into sympathy with
+the Republic by our means; if, on the other hand, we comply with them in
+every case, we shall allow the complete ruin of those whose interests,
+to say nothing of their preservation, we are bound to consult. This is
+the one difficulty, if we look the thing fairly in the face, in your
+whole government. For disinterested conduct on one's own part, the
+suppression of all inordinate desires, the keeping a check upon one's
+staff, courtesy in hearing causes, in listening to and admitting
+suitors&mdash;all this is rather a question of credit than of difficulty: for
+it does not depend on any special exertion, but rather on a mental
+resolve and inclination. But how much bitterness of feeling is caused to
+allies by that question of the <i>publicani</i> we have had reason to know in
+the case of citizens who, when recently urging the removal of the
+port-dues in Italy, did not complain so much of the dues themselves, as
+of certain extortionate conduct on the part of the collectors.
+Wherefore, after hearing the grievances of citizens in Italy, I can
+comprehend what happens to allies in distant lands. To conduct oneself
+in this matter in such a way as to satisfy the <i>publicani</i>, especially
+when contracts have been undertaken at a loss, and yet to preserve the
+allies from ruin, seems to demand a virtue with something divine in it,
+I mean a virtue like yours. To begin with, that they are subject to tax
+at all, which is their greatest grievance, ought not to be thought so by
+the Greeks, because they were so subject by their own laws without the
+Roman government. Again, they cannot despise the word <i>publicanus</i>, for
+they have been unable to pay the assessment according to Sulla's
+poll-tax without the aid of the publican. But that Greek <i>publicani</i> are
+not more considerate in exacting the payment of taxes than our own may
+be gathered from the fact that the Caunii, and all the islands assigned
+to the Rhodians by Sulla, recently appealed to the protection of the
+senate, and petitioned to be allowed to pay their tax to us rather than
+to the Rhodians. Wherefore neither ought those to revolt at the name of
+a <i>publicanus</i> who have always been subject to tax, nor those to despise
+it who have been unable to make up the tribute by themselves,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> nor those
+to refuse his services who have asked for them. At the same time let
+Asia reflect on this, that if she were not under our government, there
+is no calamity of foreign war or internal strife from which she would be
+free. And since that government cannot possibly be maintained without
+taxes, she should be content to purchase perpetual peace and
+tranquillity at the price of a certain proportion of her products.</p>
+
+<p>XII. But if they will fairly reconcile themselves to the existence and
+name of publican, all the rest may be made to appear to them in a less
+offensive light by your skill and prudence. They may, in making their
+bargains with the <i>publicani</i>, not have regard so much to the exact
+conditions laid down by the censors as to the convenience of settling
+the business and freeing themselves from farther trouble. You also may
+do, what you have done splendidly and are still doing, namely, dwell on
+the high position of the <i>publicani</i>, and on your obligations to that
+order, in such a way as&mdash;putting out of the question all considerations
+of your <i>imperium</i> and the power of your official authority and
+dignity&mdash;to reconcile the Greeks with the <i>publicani</i>, and to beg of
+those, whom you have served eminently well, and who owe you everything,
+to suffer you by their compliance to maintain and preserve the bonds
+which unite us with the <i>publicani</i>. But why do I address these
+exhortations to you, who are not only capable of carrying them out of
+your own accord without anyone's instruction, but have already to a
+great extent thoroughly done so? For the most respectable and important
+companies do not cease offering me thanks daily, and this is all the
+more gratifying to me because the Greeks do the same. Now it is an
+achievement of great difficulty to unite in feeling things which are
+opposite in interests, aims, and, I had almost said, in their very
+nature. But I have not written all this to instruct you&mdash;for your wisdom
+requires no man's instruction&mdash;but it has been a pleasure to me while
+writing to set down your virtues, though I have run to greater length in
+this letter than I could have wished, or than I thought I should.</p>
+
+<p>XIII. There is one thing on which I shall not cease from giving you
+advice, nor will I, as far as in me lies, allow your praise to be spoken
+of with a reservation. For all who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> come from your province do make one
+reservation in the extremely high praise which they bestow on your
+virtue, integrity, and kindness&mdash;it is that of sharpness of temper. That
+is a fault which, even in our private and everyday life, seems to
+indicate want of solidity and strength of mind; but nothing, surely, can
+be more improper than to combine harshness of temper with the exercise
+of supreme power. Wherefore I will not undertake to lay before you now
+what the greatest philosophers say about anger, for I should not wish to
+be tedious, and you can easily ascertain it yourself from the writings
+of many of them: but I don't think I ought to pass over what is the
+essence of a letter, namely, that the recipient should be informed of
+what he does not know. Well, what nearly everybody reports to me is
+this: they usually say that, as long as you are not out of temper,
+nothing can be pleasanter than you are, but that when some instance of
+dishonesty or wrong-headedness has stirred you, your temper rises to
+such a height that no one can discover any trace of your usual kindness.
+Wherefore, since no mere desire for glory, but circumstances and fortune
+have brought us upon a path of life which makes it inevitable that men
+will always talk about us, let us be on our guard, to the utmost of our
+means and ability, that no glaring fault may be alleged to have existed
+in us. And I am not now urging, what is perhaps difficult in human
+nature generally, and at our time of life especially, that you should
+change your disposition and suddenly pluck out a deeply-rooted habit,
+but I give you this hint: if you cannot completely avoid this failing,
+because your mind is surprised by anger before cool calculation has been
+able to prevent it, deliberately prepare yourself beforehand, and daily
+reflect on the duty of resisting anger, and that, when it moves your
+heart most violently, it is just the time for being most careful to
+restrain your tongue. And that sometimes seems to me to be a greater
+virtue than not being angry at all. For the latter is not always a mark
+of superiority to weakness, it is sometimes the result of dullness; but
+to govern temper and speech, however angry you may be, or even to hold
+your tongue and keep your indignant feelings and resentment under
+control, although it may not be a proof of perfect wisdom, yet requires
+no ordinary force of character. And,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> indeed, in this respect they tell
+me that you are now much more gentle and less irritable. No violent
+outbursts of indignation on your part, no abusive words, no insulting
+language are reported to me: which, while quite alien to culture and
+refinement, are specially unsuited to high power and place. For if your
+anger is implacable, it amounts to extreme harshness; if easily
+appeased, to extreme weakness. The latter, however, as a choice of
+evils, is, after all, preferable to harshness.</p>
+
+<p>XIV. But since your first year gave rise to most talk in regard to this
+particular complaint&mdash;I believe because the wrong-doing, the
+covetousness, and the arrogance of men came upon you as a surprise, and
+seemed to you unbearable &mdash;while your second year was much milder,
+because habit and reflexion, and, as I think, my letters also, rendered
+you more tolerant and gentle, the third ought to be so completely
+reformed, as not to give even the smallest ground for anyone to find
+fault. And here I go on to urge upon you, not by way of exhortation or
+admonition, but by brotherly entreaties, that you would set your whole
+heart, care, and thought on the gaining of praise from everybody and
+from every quarter. If, indeed, our achievements were only the subject
+of a moderate amount of talk and commendation, nothing eminent, nothing
+beyond the practice of others, would have been demanded of you. As it
+is, however, owing to the brilliancy and magnitude of the affairs in
+which we have been engaged, if we do not obtain the very highest
+reputation from your province, it seems scarcely possible for us to
+avoid the most violent abuse. Our position is such that all loyalists
+support us, but demand also and expect from us every kind of activity
+and virtue, while all the disloyal, seeing that we have entered upon a
+lasting war with them, appear contented with the very smallest excuse
+for attacking us. Wherefore, since fortune has allotted to you such a
+theatre as Asia, completely packed with an audience, of immense size, of
+the most refined judgment, and, moreover, naturally so capable of
+conveying sound, that its expressions of opinion and its remarks reach
+Rome, put out all your power, I beseech you, exert all your energies to
+appear not only to have been worthy of the part we played here, but to
+have surpassed everything done there by your high qualities.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>XV. And since chance has assigned to me among the magistracies the
+conduct of public business in the city, to you that in a province, if my
+share is inferior to no one's, take care that yours surpasses others. At
+the same time think of this: we are not now working for a future and
+prospective glory, but are fighting in defence of what has been already
+gained; which indeed it was not so much an object to gain as it is now
+our duty to defend. And if anything in me could be apart from you, I
+should desire nothing more than the position which I have already
+gained. The actual fact, however, is that unless all your acts and deeds
+in your province correspond to my achievements, I shall think that I
+have gained nothing by those great labours and dangers, in all of which
+you have shared. But if it was you who, above all others, assisted me to
+gain a most splendid reputation, you will certainly also labour more
+than others to enable me to retain it. You must not be guided by the
+opinions and judgments of the present generation only, but of those to
+come also: and yet the latter will be a more candid judgment, for it
+will not be influenced by detraction and malice. Finally, you should
+think of this&mdash;that you are not seeking glory for yourself alone (and
+even if that were the case, you still ought not to be careless of it,
+especially as you had determined to consecrate the memory of your name
+by the most splendid monuments), but you have to share it with me, and
+to hand it down to our children. In regard to which you must be on your
+guard lest by any excess of carelessness you should seem not only to
+have neglected your own interests, but to have begrudged those of your
+family also.</p>
+
+<p>XVI. And these observations are not made with the idea of any speech of
+mine appearing to have roused you from your sleep, but to have rather
+"added speed to the runner." For you will continue to compel all in the
+future, as you have compelled them in the past, to praise your equity,
+self-control, strictness, and honesty. But from my extreme affection I
+am possessed with a certain insatiable greed for glory for you. However,
+I am convinced that, as Asia should now be as well-known to you as each
+man's own house is to himself, and since to your supreme good sense such
+great experience has now been added, there is nothing that affects
+reputation which you do not know as well as possible yourself, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+which does not daily occur to your mind without anybody's exhortation.
+But I, who when I read your writing seem to hear your voice, and when I
+write to you seem to be talking to you, am therefore always best pleased
+with your longest letter, and in writing am often somewhat prolix
+myself. My last prayer and advice to you is that, as good poets and
+painstaking actors always do, so you should be most attentive in the
+last scenes and conclusion of your function and business, so that this
+third year of your government, like a third act in a play, may appear to
+have been the most elaborated and most highly finished. You will do that
+with more ease if you will think that I, whom you always wished to
+please more than all the world besides, am always at your side, and am
+taking part in everything you say and do. It remains only to beg you to
+take the greatest care of your health, if you wish me and all your
+friends to be well also.</p>
+
+<p>Farewell.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXX_A_II_4" id="XXX_A_II_4"></a>XXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59. Coss., C. Iulius C&aelig;sar, M. Calpurnius Bibulus.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This year was a crucial one in the history of the Republic, and
+also of Cicero particularly. It witnessed the working of the
+agreement entered into in the previous year between Pompey, C&aelig;sar,
+and Crassus, to secure their several objects, commonly called the
+First Triumvirate. The determined enmity of the consuls to each
+other, the high-handed conduct of C&aelig;sar in regard to the senate,
+his ultimate appointment to the unusual period of five years'
+government of the Gauls and Illyricum, were so many blows at the
+old constitution; and scarcely less offensive to the Catonian
+Optimates were the agrarian laws passed in favour of Pompey's
+veterans, the forcing of his <i>acta</i> through the senate, and the
+arrangement whereby he too was eventually to have the consulship
+again, and an extended period of provincial government. Cicero was
+distracted by hesitation. He had pinned his faith on Pompey's
+ultimate opposition to C&aelig;sar, and yet did not wholly trust him, and
+was fully aware of the unpracticable nature of Cato and the
+weakness of the Optimates. The triumvirs had an instrument for
+rendering him helpless in Clodius, but Cicero could not believe
+that they would use it, or that his services to the state could be
+so far forgotten as to make danger possible. We shall find him,
+then, wholly absorbed in the question as to how far he is to give
+into or oppose the triumvirs. It is not till the end of the year
+that he begins to see the real danger ahead. We have one extant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+oration of this year&mdash;<i>pro Flacco</i>&mdash;which was not much to his
+credit, for Flaccus had evidently been guilty of extortion in Asia.
+He also defended the equally guilty C. Antonius in a speech which
+brought upon him the vengeance of the triumvirs, but it is happily
+lost.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I am exceedingly obliged to you for sending me Serapio's book, of which
+indeed, between you and me, I scarcely understood a thousandth part. I
+have ordered the money for it to be paid you at once, that you may not
+put it down to the cost of presentation copies. But as I have mentioned
+the subject of money, I will beg you to try to come to a settlement with
+Titinius in any way you can. If he doesn't stand by his own proposal,
+what I should like best is that what he bought at too dear a rate should
+be returned, if that can be done with Pomponia's consent: if that too is
+impossible, let the money be paid rather than have any difficulty. I
+should be very glad if you would settle this before you leave Rome, with
+your usual kindness and exactness.</p>
+
+<p>So Clodius, you say, is for Tigranes? I only wish he would go&mdash;on the
+same terms as the Skepsian!<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> But I don't grudge him the job; for a
+more convenient time for my taking a "free legation" is when my brother
+Quintus shall have settled down again, as I hope, into private life, and
+I shall have made certain how that "priest of the Bona Dea"<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> intends
+to behave. Meanwhile I shall find my pleasure in the Muses with a mind
+undisturbed, or rather glad and cheerful; for it will never occur to me
+to envy Crassus or to regret that I have not been false to myself. As to
+geography, I will try to satisfy you, but I promise nothing for
+certain.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> It is a difficult business, but nevertheless, as you bid
+me, I will take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> care that this country excursion produces something for
+you. Mind you let me know any news you have ferreted out, and especially
+who you think will be the next consuls. However, I am not very curious;
+for I have determined not to think about politics. I have examined
+Terentia's woodlands. What need I say? If there was only a Dodonean oak
+in them, I should imagine myself to be in possession of Epirus. About
+the 1st of the month I shall be either at Formi&aelig; or Pompeii.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> If I
+am not at Formi&aelig;, pray, an you love me, come to Pompeii. It will be a
+great pleasure to me and not much out of the way for you. About the
+wall, I have given Philotimus orders not to put any difficulty in the
+way of your doing whatever you please. I think, however, you had better
+call in Vettius.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> In these bad times, when the life of all the best
+men hangs on a thread, I value one summer's enjoyment of my Palatine
+<i>pal&aelig;stra</i> rather highly; but, of course, the last thing I should wish
+would be that Pomponia and her boy should live in fear of a falling
+wall.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXI_A_II_5" id="XXXI_A_II_5"></a>XXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I wish very much, and have long wished, to visit Alexandria, and at the
+same time to get away from here, where people are tired of me, and
+return when they have begun to feel my loss&mdash;but at such a time and at
+the bidding of such statesmen!<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I fear to face the men of Troy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And Trojan matrons with their trailing robes."<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>For what would my friends the Optimates say&mdash;if there are such persons
+left? That I had accepted a bribe to change my views?</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Polydamas the first would lay the charge."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I mean my friend Cato, who is as good as a hundred thousand in my eyes.
+What, too, will history say of me six hundred years hence? I am much
+more afraid of that than of the petty gossip of the men of to-day. But,
+I think, I had better lie low and wait. For if it is really offered to
+me, I shall be to a certain extent in a position of advantage, and then
+will be the time to weigh the matter. There is, upon my word, a certain
+credit even in refusing. Wherefore, if Theophanes<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> by chance has
+consulted you on the matter, do not absolutely decline. What I am
+expecting to hear from you is, what Arrius says, and how he endures
+being left in the lurch,<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> and who are intended to be consuls&mdash;is it
+Pompey and Crassus, or, as I am told in a letter, Servius Sulpicius with
+Gabinius?&mdash;and whether there are any new laws or anything new at all;
+and, since Nepos<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> is leaving Rome, who is to have the augurship&mdash;the
+one bait by which those personages could catch me! You see what a high
+price I put on myself! Why do I talk about such things, which I am eager
+to throw aside, and to devote myself heart and soul to philosophy. That,
+I tell you, is my intention. I could wish I had done so from the first.
+Now, however, that I have found by experience the hollowness of what I
+thought so splendid, I am thinking of doing business exclusively with
+the Muses. In spite of that, please give me in your next some more
+definite information about Curtius and who is intended to fill his
+place, and what is doing about P. Clodius, and, in fact, take your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> time
+and tell me everything as you promise; and pray write me word what day
+you think of leaving Rome, in order that I may tell you where I am
+likely to be: and send me a letter at once on the subjects of which I
+have written to you. I look forward much to hearing from you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXII_A_II_6" id="XXXII_A_II_6"></a>XXXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>As to my promise to you in a former letter that there should be some
+product of this country excursion, I cannot confirm it to any great
+extent: for I have become so attached to idleness that I cannot be torn
+from its arms. Accordingly, I either enjoy myself with books, of which I
+have a delightful stock at Antium, or I just count the waves&mdash;for the
+rough weather prevents my shrimping! From writing my mind positively
+recoils. For the geographical treatise, upon which I had settled, is a
+serious undertaking: so severely is Eratosthenes, whom I had proposed as
+my model, criticised by Serapio and Hipparchus: what think you will be
+the case if Tyrannio<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> is added to the critics? And, by Hercules, the
+subject is difficult of explanation and monotonous, and does not seem to
+admit of as much embellishment as I thought, and, in short&mdash;which is the
+chief point&mdash;any excuse for being idle seems to me a good one: for I am
+even hesitating as to settling at Antium and spending the rest of my
+life there, where, indeed, I would rather have been a duovir<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> than
+at Rome. You, indeed, have done more wisely in having made yourself a
+home at Buthrotum. But, believe me, next to that free town of yours
+comes the borough of the Antiates. Could you have believed that there
+could be a town so near Rome,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> where there are many who have never seen
+Vatinius? Where there is no one besides myself who cares whether one of
+the twenty commissioners<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> is alive and well? Where no one intrudes
+upon me, and yet all are fond of me? This, this is the place to play the
+statesman in! For yonder, not only am I not allowed to do so, but I am
+sick of it besides. Accordingly, I will compose a book of secret memoirs
+for your ear alone in the style of Theopompus, or a more acrid one
+still.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> Nor have I now any politics except to hate the disloyal, and
+even that without any bitterness, but rather with a certain enjoyment in
+writing. But to return to business: I have written to the city qu&aelig;stors
+about my brother's affair. See what they say to it, whether there is any
+hope of the cash in <i>denarii</i>, or whether we are to be palmed off with
+Pompeian <i>cistophori</i>.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> Farthermore, settle what is to be done about
+the wall. Is there anything else? Yes! Let me know when you are thinking
+of starting.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXIII_A_II_7" id="XXXIII_A_II_7"></a>XXXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>About the geography I will think again and again. But you ask for two of
+my speeches, one of which I did not care to write out because I had
+ended it abruptly, the other because I did not want to praise the man I
+did not like. But that, too, I will see about. At all events, something
+shall be forthcoming to prevent your thinking that I have been
+absolutely idle. I am quite delighted to hear what you tell me about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+Publius; pray ferret out the whole story, and bring it to me when you
+come, and meanwhile write anything you may make out or suspect, and
+especially as to what he is going to do about the legation. For my part,
+before reading your letter, I was anxious that the fellow should go,
+not, by heaven, in order to avoid his impeachment&mdash;for I am wonderfully
+keen to try issues with him&mdash;but it seemed to me that, if he had secured
+any popularity by becoming a plebeian, he would thereby lose it. "Well,
+why did you transfer yourself to the Plebs? Was it to make a call on
+Tigranes? Tell me: do the kings of Armenia refuse to receive
+patricians?" In a word, I had polished up my weapons to tear this
+embassy of his to pieces. But if he rejects it, and thus moves the anger
+of those proposers and augurs of the <i>lex curiata</i>,<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> it will be a
+fine sight! By Hercules, to speak the truth, our friend Publius is being
+treated a little contemptuously! In the first place, though he was once
+the only man at C&aelig;sar's house, he is not now allowed to be one in
+twenty:<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> in the next place, one legation had been promised him and
+another has been given. The former fine fat one<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> for the levying of
+money is reserved, I presume, for Drusus of Pisaurum or for the gourmand
+Vatinius: this latter miserable business, which might be very well done
+by a courier, is given to him, and his tribuneship deferred till it
+suits them. Irritate the fellow, I beg you, as much as you can. The one
+hope of safety is their mutual disagreement, the beginning of which I
+have got scent of from Curio. Moreover, Arrius is fuming at being
+cheated out of the consulship. Megabocchus and our blood-thirsty young
+men are most violently hostile. May there be added to this, I pray, may
+there be added, this quarrel about the augurate! I hope I shall often
+have some fine letters to send you on these subjects. But I want to know
+the meaning of your dark<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> hint that some even of the <i>quinqueviri</i><a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>
+are speaking out. What can it be? If there is anything in it, there is
+more hope than I had thought. And I would not have you believe that I
+ask you these questions "with any view to action,"<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> because my heart
+is yearning to take part in practical politics. I was long ago getting
+tired of being at the helm, even when it was in my power. And now that I
+am forced to quit the ship, and have not cast aside the tiller, but have
+had it wrenched out of my hands, my only wish is to watch their
+shipwreck from the shore: I desire, in the words of your favourite
+Sophocles,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">"And safe beneath the roof<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To hear with drowsy ear the plash of rain."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As to the wall, see to what is necessary. I will correct the mistake of
+Castricius, and yet Quintus had made it in his letter to me 15,000,
+while now to your sister he makes it 30,000.<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Terentia sends you her
+regards: my boy Cicero commissions you to give Aristodemus the same
+answer for him as you gave for his cousin, your sister's son.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> I
+will not neglect your reminder about your Amaltheia.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> Take care of
+your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XXXIV_A_II_8" id="XXXIV_A_II_8"></a>XXXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>When I had been eagerly expecting a letter from you as usual till
+evening, lo and behold a message that slaves have come from Rome. I
+summon them: I ask if they have any letters. "No," say they. "What do
+you say," said I, "nothing from Pomponius?" Frightened to death by my
+voice and look, they confessed that they had received one, and that it
+had been lost on the journey. Need I say more? I was intensely annoyed.
+For no letter has come from you for the last few days without something
+in it important and entertaining. In these circumstances, if there was
+anything in the letter, dated 15th April, worth telling, pray write at
+once, that I may not be left in ignorance; but if there was nothing but
+banter, repeat even that for my benefit. And let me inform you that
+young Curio has been to call on me. What he said about Publius agreed
+exactly with your letter. He himself, moreover, wonderfully "holds our
+proud kings in hate."<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> He told me that the young men generally were
+equally incensed, and could not put up with the present state of things.
+If there is hope in them, we are in a good way. My opinion is that we
+should leave things to take their course. I am devoting myself to my
+memoir. However, though you may think me a Saufeius,<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> I am really
+the laziest fellow in the world. But get into your head my several
+journeys, that you may settle where you intend to come and see me. I
+intend to arrive at my Formian house on the Parilia (21st April).<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> Next,
+since you think that at this time I ought to leave out luxurious
+Crater,<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> on the 1st of May I leave Formi&aelig;, intending to reach Antium
+on the 3rd of May. For there are games at Antium from the 4th to the 6th
+of May, and Tullia wants to see them. Thence I think of going to
+Tusculum, thence to Arpinum, and be at Rome on the 1st of June. Be sure
+that we see you at Formi&aelig; or Antium, or at Tusculum. Rewrite your
+previous letter for me, and add something new.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXV_A_II_9" id="XXXV_A_II_9"></a>XXXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium, May</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>C&aelig;cilius<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> the qu&aelig;stor having suddenly informed me that he was
+sending a slave to Rome, I write these hurried lines in order to get out
+of you the wonderful conversations with Publius, both those of which you
+write, and that one which you keep dark, and assert that it would be too
+long to write your answer to him; and, still farther, the one that has
+not yet been held, which that Iuno of a woman<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> is to report to you
+when she gets back from Solonium. I wish you to believe that there can
+be nothing I should like more. If, however, the compact made about me is
+not kept, I am in a seventh heaven to think that our friend the
+Jerusalemitish plebeian-maker<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> will learn what a fine return he has
+made to my brilliant speeches, of which you may expect a splendid
+recantation. For, as well as I can guess, if that profligate is in
+favour with our tyrants, he will be able to crow not only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> over the
+"cynic consular,"<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> but over your Tritons of the fish-ponds
+also.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> For I shall not possibly be an object of anybody's jealousy
+when robbed of power and of my influence in the senate. If, on the other
+hand, he should quarrel with them, it will not suit his purpose to
+attack me. However, let him attack. Charmingly, believe me, and with
+less noise than I had thought, has the wheel of the Republic revolved:
+more rapidly, anyhow, than it should have done owing to Cato's error,
+but still more owing to the unconstitutional conduct of those who have
+neglected the auspices, the &AElig;lian law, the Iunian, the Licinian, the
+C&aelig;cilian and Didian,<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> who have squandered all the safeguards of the
+constitution, who have handed over kingdoms as though they were private
+estates to tetrachs,<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> and immense sums of money to a small coterie.
+I see plainly now the direction popular jealousy is taking, and where it
+will finally settle. Believe that I have learnt nothing from experience,
+nothing from Theophrastus,<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> if you don't shortly see the time of our
+government an object of regret. For if the power of the senate was
+disliked, what do you think will be the case<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> when it has passed, not to
+the people, but to three unscrupulous men? So let them then make whom
+they choose consuls, tribunes, and even finally clothe Vatinius's wen
+with the double-dyed purple<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> of the priesthood, you will see before
+long that the great men will be not only those who have made no false
+step,<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> but even he who did make a mistake, Cato. For, as to myself,
+if your comrade Publius will let me, I think of playing the sophist: if
+he forces me, I shall at least defend myself, and, as is the trick of my
+trade, I publicly promise to</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Strike back at him who first is wroth with me."<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>May the country only be on my side: it has had from me, if not more than
+its due, at least more than it ever demanded. I would rather have a bad
+passage with another pilot than be a successful pilot to such ungrateful
+passengers. But this will do better when we meet. For the present take
+an answer to your questions. I think of returning to Antium from Formi&aelig;
+on the 3rd of May. From Antium I intend to start for Tusculum on the 7th
+of May. But as soon as I have returned from Formi&aelig; (I intend to be there
+till the 29th of April) I will at once inform you. Terentia sends
+compliments, and "Cicero the little greets Titus the Athenian."<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXVI_A_II_12" id="XXXVI_A_II_12"></a>XXXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 12</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tres Tabern&aelig;, 12 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>Are they going to deny that Publius has been made a plebeian? This is
+indeed playing the king, and is utterly intolerable. Let Publius send
+some men to witness and seal my affidavit: I will take an oath that my
+friend Gn&aelig;us,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> the colleague of Balbus, told me at Antium that he had
+been present as augur to take the auspices. Two delightful letters from
+you delivered at the same time! For which I do not know what I am to pay
+you by way of reward for good news. That I owe you for them I candidly
+confess. But observe the coincidence. I had just made my way from Antium
+on to the <i>via Appia</i> at Three Taverns,<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> on the very day of the
+Cerealia (18th April), when my friend Curio meets me on his way from
+Rome. At the same place and the same moment comes a slave from you with
+letters. The former asked me whether I hadn't heard the news? I said,
+"No." "Publius," says he, "is a candidate for the tribuneship." "You
+don't mean it?" "Yes, I do," says he, "and at daggers drawn with C&aelig;sar.
+His object is to rescind his acts." "What says C&aelig;sar?" said I. "He
+denies having proposed any <i>lex</i> for his adoption." Then he poured forth
+about his own hatred, and that of Memmius and Metellus Nepos. I embraced
+the youth and said good-bye to him, hastening to your letters. A fig for
+those who talk about a "living voice"! What a much clearer view I got of
+what was going on from your letters than from his talk! About the
+current rumours of the day, about the designs of Publius, about "Iuno's"
+trumpet calls, about Athenio who leads his roughs, about his letter to
+Gn&aelig;us, about the conversation of Theophanes and Memmius. Besides, how
+eager you have made me to hear about the "fast" dinner party which you
+mention! I am greedy in curiosity, yet I do not feel at all hurt at your
+not writing me a description of the symposium: I would rather hear it by
+word of mouth. As to your urging me to write something, my material
+indeed is growing, as you say, but the whole is still in a state of
+fermentation&mdash;"new wine in the autumn." When the liquor has settled down
+and become clarified, I shall know better what to write. And even if you
+cannot get it from me at once, you shall be the first to have it: only
+for some time you must keep it to yourself. You are quite right to like
+Dic&aelig;archus; he is an excellent writer, and a much better citizen than
+these rulers of ours who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> reverse his name.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> I write this letter at
+four o'clock in the afternoon of the Cerealia (12th April), immediately
+after reading yours, but I shall despatch it, I think, to-morrow, by
+anyone I may chance to meet on the road. Terentia is delighted with your
+letter, <i>et Cic&eacute;ron le philosophe salue Titus l'homme d'&eacute;tat</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXVII_A_II_10" id="XXXVII_A_II_10"></a>XXXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Appii Forum,<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>Please admire my consistency. I am determined not to be at the games at
+Antium: for it is somewhat of a solecism to wish to avoid all suspicion
+of frivolity, and yet suddenly to be shewn up as travelling for mere
+amusement, and that of a foolish kind. Wherefore I shall wait for you
+till the 7th of May at Formi&aelig;. So now let me know what day we shall see
+you. From Appii Forum, ten o'clock. I sent another a short time ago from
+Three Taverns.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXVIII_A_II_11" id="XXXVIII_A_II_11"></a>XXXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 11</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Formi&aelig;, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I tell you what it is: I feel myself a downright exile since arriving at
+Formi&aelig;. For at Antium there was never a day that I didn't know what was
+going on at Rome better than<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> those who were there. For your letters
+used to shew me not only what was doing at Rome, but the actual
+political situation also&mdash;and not only that, but also what was likely to
+happen. Now, unless I snatch a bit of news from some passing traveller,
+I can learn nothing at all. Wherefore, though I am expecting you in
+person, yet pray give this boy, whom I have ordered to hurry back to me
+at once, a bulky letter, crammed not only with all occurrences, but with
+what you think about them; and be careful to let me know the day you are
+going to leave Rome. I intend staying at Formi&aelig; till the 6th of May. If
+you don't come there by that day, I shall perhaps see you at Rome. For
+why should I invite you to Arpinum?</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A rugged soil, yet nurse of hardy sons:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No dearer land can e'er my eyes behold."<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>So much for this. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XXXIX_A_II_13" id="XXXIX_A_II_13"></a>XXXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 13</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Formi&aelig;, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>What an abominable thing! No one gave you my letter written on the spot
+at Three Taverns in answer to your delightful letters! But the fact is
+that the packet into which I had put it arrived at my town house on the
+same day as I wrote it, and has been brought back to me to Formi&aelig;.
+Accordingly, I have directed the letter meant for you to be taken back
+again, to shew you how pleased I was with yours. So you say that the
+talk has died out at Rome! I thought so: but, by Hercules, it hasn't
+died out in the country, and it has come to this, that the very country
+can't stand the despotism you have got at Rome. When you come to
+"L&aelig;strygonia of the distant gates"<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>&mdash;I mean Formi&aelig;&mdash;what loud<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+murmurs! what angry souls! what unpopularity for our friend Magnus! His
+surname is getting as much out of fashion as the "Dives" of Crassus.
+Believe me, I have met no one here to take the present state of things
+as quietly as I do. Wherefore, credit me, let us stick to philosophy. I
+am ready to take my oath that there is nothing to beat it. If you have a
+despatch to send to the Sicyonians,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> make haste to Formi&aelig;, whence I
+think of going on the 6th of May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XL_A_II_14" id="XL_A_II_14"></a>XL (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 14</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Formi&aelig;, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 47.</div>
+
+<p>How you rouse my curiosity as to what Bibulus says, as to your
+conversation with "Iuno," and even as to your "fast" dinner party!
+Therefore make haste to come, for my ears are thirsty for news. However,
+there is nothing which I think is now more to be dreaded by me than that
+our dear Sampsiceramus, finding himself belaboured by the tongues of
+all, and seeing these proceedings easy to upset, should begin striking
+out. For myself, I have so completely lost all nerve, that I prefer a
+despotism, with the existing peace, to a state of war with the best
+hopes in the world. As to literary composition, to which you frequently
+urge me, it is impossible! My house is a basilica rather than a villa,
+owing to the crowds of visitors from Formi&aelig;. But (you'll say) do I
+really compare the &AElig;milian tribe to the crowd in a basilica?<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> Well,
+I say nothing about the common ruck<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>&mdash;the rest of them don't bother me
+after ten o'clock: but C. Arrius is my next door neighbour, or rather,
+he almost lives in my house, and even declares that the reason for his
+not going to Rome is that he may spend whole days with me here
+philosophizing! And then, lo and behold, on my other side is Sebosus,
+that friend of Catulus! Which way am I to turn? By heaven, I would start
+at once for Arpinum, only that I see that the most convenient place to
+await your visit is Formi&aelig;: but only up to the 6th of May! For you see
+with what bores my ears are pestered. What a splendid opportunity, with
+such fellows in the house, if anyone wanted to buy my Formian
+property!<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> And in spite of all this am I to make good my words, "Let
+us attempt something great, and requiring much thought and leisure"?
+However, I <i>will</i> do something for you, and not spare my labour.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLI_A_II_15" id="XLI_A_II_15"></a>XLI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 15</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Formi&aelig;, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>As you say, things are as shifting (I see) in public affairs as in your
+letter; still, that very variety of talk and opinion has a charm for me.
+For I seem to be at Rome when I am reading your letter, and, as is the
+regular thing in questions of such importance, to hear something first
+on one side and then on the other. But what I can't make out is
+this&mdash;what he can possibly hit upon to settle the land question without
+encountering opposition. Again, as to Bibulus's firmness in putting off
+the <i>comitia</i>, it only conveys the expression of his own views, without
+really offering any remedy for the state of the Republic. Upon my word,
+my only hope is in Publius!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> Let him become, let him become a tribune by
+all means, if for no other reason, yet that you may be brought back from
+Epirus! For I don't see how you can possibly afford to miss him,
+especially if he shall elect to have a wrangle with me! But, seriously,
+if anything of the sort occurs, you would, I am certain, hurry back. But
+even supposing this not to be the case, yet whether he runs amuck or
+helps to raise the state, I promise myself a fine spectacle, if only I
+may enjoy it with you sitting by my side.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> Just as I was writing
+these words, enter Sebosus! I had scarcely got out a sigh when "Good
+day," says Arrius. This is what you call going out of town! I shall
+really be off to</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"My native mountains and my childhood's haunts."<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In fine, if I can't be alone I would rather be with downright
+countryfolk than with such ultra-cockneys. However, I shall, since you
+don't say anything for certain, wait for you up to the 5th of May.
+Terentia is much pleased with the attention and care you have bestowed
+on her controversy with Mulvius. She is not aware that you are
+supporting the common cause of all holders of public land. Yet, after
+all, <i>you</i> do pay something to the <i>publicani</i>; she declines to pay even
+that,<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> and, accordingly, she and Cicero&mdash;most conservative of
+boys&mdash;send their kind regards.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XLII_A_II_16" id="XLII_A_II_16"></a>XLII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 16</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Formi&aelig;, 29 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>On the day before the Kalends of May, when I had dined and was just
+going to sleep, the letter was delivered to me containing your news
+about the Campanian land. You needn't ask: at first it gave me such a
+shock that there was no more sleep for me, though that was the result of
+thought rather than pain. On reflexion, however, the following ideas
+occurred to me. In the first place, from what you had said in your
+previous letter&mdash;"that you had heard from a friend of his<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> that a
+proposal was going to be made which would satisfy everybody"&mdash;I had
+feared some very sweeping measure, but I don't think this is anything of
+the sort. In the next place, by way of consolation, I persuaded myself
+that the hope of a distribution of land is now all centred on the
+Campanian territory.<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> That land cannot support more than 5,000, so
+as to give ten <i>iugera</i> apiece:<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> the rest of the crowd of expectants
+must necessarily be alienated from them. Besides, if there is anything
+that more than another could inflame the feeling of the aristocrats, who
+are, I notice, already irritated, it is this; and all the more that with
+port-dues in Italy abolished,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> and the Campanian land divided, what
+home revenue is there except the five per cent. on manumissions? And
+even that, I think, it will only take a single trumpery harangue,
+cheered by our lackeys, to throw away<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> also. What our friend Gn&aelig;us can
+be thinking of I can't imagine&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For still he blows, and with no slender pipe,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But furious blasts by no mouth-band restrained"&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>to be induced to countenance such a measure as that. For hitherto he has
+fenced with these questions: "he approved C&aelig;sar's laws, but C&aelig;sar must
+be responsible for his proceedings in carrying them"; "he himself was
+satisfied with the agrarian law"; "whether it could be vetoed by a
+tribune or no was nothing to do with him"; "he thought the time had come
+for the business of the Alexandrine king to be settled"; "it was no
+business of his to inquire whether Bibulus had been watching the sky on
+that occasion or no"; "as to the <i>publicani</i>, he had been willing to
+oblige that order"; "what was going to happen if Bibulus came down to
+the forum at that time he could not have guessed."<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> But now, my
+Sampsiceramus, what will you say to this? That you have secured us a
+revenue from the Antilibanus and removed that from the Campanian land?
+Well, how do you mean to vindicate that? "I shall coerce you," says he,
+"by means of C&aelig;sar's army." You won't coerce me, by Hercules, by your
+army so much as by the ingratitude of the so-called <i>boni</i>, who have
+never made me any return, even in words, to say nothing of substantial
+rewards. But if I had put out my strength against that coterie, I should
+certainly have found some way of holding my own against them. As things
+are, in view of the controversy between your friend Dic&aelig;archus and my
+friend Theophrastus&mdash;the former recommending the life of action, the
+latter the life of contemplation&mdash;I think I have already obeyed both.
+For as to Dic&aelig;archus, I think I have satisfied his requirements; at
+present my eyes are fixed on the school which not only allows of my
+abstaining from business, but blames me for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> not having always done so.
+Wherefore let me throw myself, my dear Titus, into those noble studies,
+and let me at length return to what I ought never to have left.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you say about Quintus's letter, when he wrote to me he was
+also "in front a lion and behind a &mdash;&mdash;."<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> I don't know what to say
+about it; for in the first lines of his letter he makes such a
+lamentation over his continuance in his province, that no one could help
+being affected: presently he calms down sufficiently to ask me to
+correct and edit his Annals. However, I would wish you to have an eye to
+what you mention, I mean the duty on goods transferred from port to
+port. He says that by the advice of his council he has referred the
+question to the senate. He evidently had not read my letter, in which
+after having considered and investigated the matter, I had sent him a
+written opinion that they were not payable.<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> If any Greeks have
+already arrived at Rome from Asia on that business, please look into it
+and, if you think it right, explain to them my opinion on the subject.
+If, to save the good cause in the senate, I can retract, I will gratify
+the <i>publicani</i>: but if not, to be plain with you, I prefer in this
+matter the interests of all Asia and the merchants; for it affects the
+latter also very seriously. I think it is a matter of great importance
+to us. But you will settle it. Are the qu&aelig;stors, pray, still hesitating
+on the <i>cistophorus</i> question?<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> If nothing better is to be had,
+after trying everything in our power, I should be for not refusing even
+the lowest offer. I shall see you at Arpinum and offer you country
+entertainment, since you have despised this at the seaside.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XLIII_A_II_17" id="XLIII_A_II_17"></a>XLIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 17</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Formi&aelig;, May</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I quite agree with your letter. Sampsiceramus is getting up a
+disturbance. We have everything to fear. He is preparing a despotism and
+no mistake about it. For what else is the meaning of that sudden
+marriage union,<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> the Campanian land affair, the lavish expenditure
+of money? If these measures were final, even then the mischief had been
+very great; but the nature of the case makes finality impossible. For
+how could these measures possibly give them any pleasure in themselves?
+They would never have gone so far as this unless they had been paving
+the way for other fatal steps. Immortal Gods!&mdash;But, as you say, at
+Arpinum about the 10th of May we will not weep over these questions,
+lest the hard work and midnight oil I have spent over my studies shall
+turn out to have been wasted, but discuss them together calmly. For I am
+not so much consoled by a sanguine disposition as by philosophic
+"indifference,"<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> which I call to my aid in nothing so much as in our
+civil and political business. Nay, more, whatever vanity or sneaking
+love of reputation there is lurking in me&mdash;for it is well to know one's
+faults&mdash;is tickled by a certain pleasurable feeling. For it used to
+sting me to the heart to think that centuries hence the services of
+Sampsiceramus to the state would loom larger than my own. That anxiety,
+at least, is now put to rest. For he is so utterly fallen that, in
+comparison with him, Curius might seem to be standing erect after his
+fall.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> But all this when we meet. Yet, as far as I can see, you will
+be at Rome when I come. I shall not be at all sorry for that, if you
+can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> conveniently manage it. But if you come to see me, as you say in
+your letter, I wish you would fish out of Theophanes how
+"Arabarches"<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> is disposed to me. You will, of course, inquire with
+your usual zeal, and bring me the result to serve as a kind of
+suggestion for the line of conduct I am to adopt. From his conversation
+we shall be able to get an inkling of the whole situation.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLIV_A_II_18" id="XLIV_A_II_18"></a>XLIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 18</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I have received several letters from you, which shewed me with what
+eagerness and anxiety you desired to know the news. We are bound hard
+and fast on every side, and are no longer making any difficulty as to
+being slaves, but fearing death and exile as though greater evils,
+though they are in fact much smaller ones. Well, this is the
+position&mdash;one unanimously groaned over, but not relieved by a word from
+anyone. The object, I surmise, of the men in power is to leave nothing
+for anyone to lavish. The only man who opens his mouth and openly
+disapproves is the young Curio. He is loudly cheered, and greeted in the
+forum in the most complimentary manner, and many other tokens of
+goodwill are bestowed on him by the loyalists; while Fufius<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> is
+pursued with shouts, jeers, and hisses. From such circumstances it is
+not hope but indignation that is increased, for you see the citizens
+allowed to express their sentiments, but debarred from carrying them out
+with any vigour. And to omit details, the upshot is that there is now no
+hope, I don't say of private persons, but even of the magistrates being
+ever free again. Nevertheless, in spite of this policy of repression,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+conversation, at least in society and at dinner tables, is freer than it
+was. Indignation is beginning to get the better of fear, though that
+does not prevent a universal feeling of despair. For this Campanian
+law<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> contains a clause imposing an oath to be taken by candidates in
+public meeting, that they will not suggest any tenure of public land
+other than that provided in the Julian laws. All the others take the
+oath without hesitation: Laterensis<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> is considered to have shewn
+extraordinary virtue in retiring from his canvass for the tribuneship to
+avoid the oath. But I don't care to write any more about politics. I am
+dissatisfied with myself, and cannot write without the greatest pain. I
+hold my own position with some dignity, considering the general
+repression, but considering my achievements in the past, with less
+courage than I should like. I am invited by C&aelig;sar in a very gentlemanly
+manner to accept a legation, to act as <i>legatus</i> to himself, and even an
+"open votive legation" is offered me. But the latter does not give
+sufficient security, since it depends too much on the scrupulousness of
+Pulchellus<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> and removes me just when my brother is returning;<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>
+the former offers better security and does not prevent my returning when
+I please. I am retaining the latter, but do not think I shall use it.
+However, nobody knows about it. I don't like running away; I am itching
+to fight. There is great warmth of feeling for me. But I don't say
+anything positive: you will please not to mention it. I am, in fact,
+very anxious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> about the manumission of Statius<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> and some other
+things, but I have become hardened by this time. I could wish, or rather
+ardently desire, that you were here: then I should not want advice or
+consolation. But anyhow, be ready to fly hither directly I call for you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLV_A_II_19" id="XLV_A_II_19"></a>XLV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 19</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I have many causes for anxiety, both from the disturbed state of
+politics and from the personal dangers with which I am threatened. They
+are very numerous; but nothing gives me more annoyance than the
+manumission of Statius: "To think that he should have no reverence for
+my authority! But of authority I say nothing&mdash;that he should have no
+fear of a quarrel with me, to put it mildly!"<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> But what I am to do I
+don't know, nor indeed is there so much in the affair as you would think
+from the talk about it. For myself, I am positively incapable of being
+angry with those I love deeply. I only feel vexed, and that to a
+surprising degree. Other vexations are on really important matters. The
+threats of Clodius and the conflicts before me touch me only slightly.
+For I think I can either confront them with perfect dignity or decline
+them without any embarrassment. You will say, perhaps, "Enough of
+dignity, like the proverb, 'Enough of the oak':<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> an you love me,
+take thought for safety!" Ah, dear me, dear me, why are you not here?
+Nothing, certainly, could have escaped you. I, perhaps, am somewhat
+blinded, and too much affected by my high ideal. I assure you there
+never<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> was anything so scandalous, so shameful, so offensive to all
+sorts, conditions and ages of men alike, as the present state of
+affairs. It is more so, by Hercules, than I could have wished, but not
+more than I had expected. Your <i>populares</i> have now taught even usually
+quiet men to hiss. Bibulus is praised to the skies: I don't know why,
+but he has the same sort of applause as his</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Who by delays restored alone our State."<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Pompey&mdash;the man I loved&mdash;has, to my infinite sorrow, ruined his own
+reputation. They hold no one by affection, and I fear they will be
+forced to use terror. I, however, refrain from hostility to their cause
+owing to my friendship for him, and yet I cannot approve, lest I should
+stultify my own past. The feeling of the people was shewn as clearly as
+possible in the theatre and at the shows. For at the gladiators both
+master and supporters were overwhelmed with hisses. At the games of
+Apollo the actor Diphilus made a pert allusion to Pompey, in the words:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"By our misfortunes thou art&mdash;Great."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He was encored countless times. When he delivered the line,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The time will come when thou wilt deeply mourn<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That self-same valour,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>the whole theatre broke out into applause, and so on with the rest. For
+the verses do seem exactly as though they were written by some enemy of
+Pompey's to hit the time. "If neither laws nor customs can control,"
+etc., caused great sensation and loud shouts. C&aelig;sar having entered as
+the applause died away, he was followed by the younger Curio. The latter
+received an ovation such as used to be given to Pompey when the
+constitution was still intact. C&aelig;sar was much annoyed. A despatch is
+said to have been sent flying off to Pompey at Capua.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> <i>They</i> are
+offended with the equites, who rose to their feet and cheered Curio, and
+are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> at war with everybody. They are threatening the Roscian law,<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a>
+and even the corn law.<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> There has been a great hubbub altogether.
+For my part, I should have preferred their doings being silently
+ignored; but that, I fear, won't be allowed. Men are indignant at what
+nevertheless must, it seems, be put up with. The whole people have
+indeed now one voice, but its strength depends rather on exasperation
+than anything to back it up. Farthermore, our Publius is threatening me:
+he is hostile, and a storm is hanging over my head which should bring
+you post haste to town. I believe that I am still firmly supported by
+the same phalanx of all loyal or even tolerably loyal men which
+supported me when consul. Pompey displays no common affection for me. He
+also asserts that Clodius is not going to say a word about me. In which
+he is not deceiving me, but is himself deceived. Cosconius having died,
+I am invited to fill his place.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> That would indeed be a case of
+"invited to a dead man's place." I should have been beneath contempt in
+the eyes of the world, and nothing could be conceived less likely to
+secure that very "personal safety" of which you speak. For those
+commissioners are disliked by the loyalists, and so I should have
+retained my own unpopularity with the disloyal, with the addition of
+that attaching to others. C&aelig;sar wishes me to accept a legateship under
+him. This is a more honourable method of avoiding the danger. But I
+don't wish to avoid it. What do I want, then? Why, I prefer fighting.
+However, I have not made up my mind. Again I say, Oh that you were here!
+However, if it is absolutely necessary I will summon you. What else is
+there to say? What else? This, I think: I am certain that all is lost.
+For why mince matters any longer? But I write this in haste, and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> by
+Hercules, in rather a nervous state. On some future occasion I will
+either write to you at full length, if I find a very trustworthy person
+to whom to give a letter, or if I write darkly you will understand all
+the same. In these letters I will be L&aelig;lius, you Furius; the rest shall
+be in riddles. Here I cultivate C&aelig;cilius,<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> and pay him assiduous
+attention. I hear Bibulus's edicts have been sent to you. Our friend
+Pompey is hot with indignation and wrath at them.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLVI_A_II_20" id="XLVI_A_II_20"></a>XLVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 20</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I have done everything I could for Anicatus, as I understood was your
+wish. Numestius, in accordance with your earnestly expressed letter, I
+have adopted as a friend. C&aelig;cilius I look after diligently in all ways
+possible. Varro<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> does all I could expect for me. Pompey loves me and
+regards me as a dear friend. "Do you believe that?" you will say. I do:
+he quite convinces me. But seeing that men of the world in all
+histories, precepts, and even verses, are for ever bidding one be on
+one's guard and forbidding belief, I carry out the former&mdash;"to be on my
+guard"&mdash;the latter&mdash;"to disbelieve"<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a>&mdash;I cannot carry out. Clodius is
+still threatening me with danger. Pompey asserts that there is no
+danger. He swears it. He even adds that he will himself be murdered by
+him sooner than I injured.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> The negotiation is going on. As soon as
+anything is settled I will write you word. If I have to fight, I will
+summon you to share in the work. If I am let alone, I won't rout you out
+of your "Amaltheia." About politics I will write briefly: for I am now
+afraid lest the very paper should betray me. Accordingly, in future, if
+I have anything more to write to you, I shall clothe it in covert
+language. For the present the state is dying of a novel disorder; for
+although everybody disapproves of what has been done, complains, and is
+indignant about it, and though there is absolutely no difference of
+opinion on the subject, and people now speak openly and groan aloud, yet
+no remedy is applied: for we do not think resistance possible without a
+general slaughter, nor see what the end of concession is to be except
+ruin. Bibulus is exalted to the skies as far as admiration and affection
+go. His edicts and speeches are copied out and read. He has reached the
+summit of glory in a novel way. There is now nothing so popular as the
+dislike of the popular party. I have my fears as to how this will end.
+But if I ever see my way clearly in anything, I will write to you more
+explicitly. For yourself, if you love me as much as I am sure you do,
+take care to be ready to come in all haste as soon as I call for you.
+But I do my best, and shall do so, to make it unnecessary. I said I
+would call you Furius in my letters, but it is not necessary to change
+your name. I'll call myself L&aelig;lius and you Atticus, but I will use
+neither my own handwriting nor seal, if the letter happens to be such as
+I should not wish to fall into the hands of a stranger. Diodotus is
+dead; he has left me perhaps 1,000 sestertia. Bibulus has postponed the
+elections to the 18th of October, in an edict expressed in the vein of
+Archilochus.<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> I have received the books from Vibius: he is a
+miserable poet,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> but yet he is not without some knowledge nor wholly
+useless. I am going to copy the book out and send it back.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XLVII_A_II_21" id="XLVII_A_II_21"></a>XLVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 21</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>Why should I write to you on the Republic in detail? It is utterly
+ruined; and is, so far, in a worse state than when you left it, that
+then a despotism seemed to be oppressing it which was popular with the
+multitude, and though offensive to the loyalists, yet short of actual
+mischief; but now all on a sudden they have become so universally hated,
+that I tremble to think what will be the end of it. For we have had
+experience of those men's resentment and violence, who have ruined
+everything in their anger against Cato; yet they were employing such
+slow poisons, that it seemed as though our end might be painless. Now,
+however, I fear they have been exasperated by the hisses of the crowd,
+the talk of the respectable classes, and the murmurs of Italy. For my
+part, I was in hopes, as I often used actually to say to you, that the
+wheel of the state chariot had made its revolution with scarcely any
+noise and leaving scarcely any visible rut; and it would have been so,
+if people could only have waited till the storm had blown over. But
+after sighing in secret for a long time they all began, first to groan,
+and at last to talk and shout. Accordingly, that friend of ours,
+unaccustomed to being unpopular, always used to an atmosphere of praise,
+and revelling in glory, now disfigured in body and broken in spirit,
+does not know which way to turn; sees that to go on is dangerous, to
+return a betrayal of vacillation; has the loyalists his enemies, the
+disloyal themselves not his friends. Yet see how soft-hearted I am. I
+could not refrain from tears when, on the 25th of July, I saw him making
+a speech on the edicts of Bibulus. The man who in old times had been
+used to bear himself in that place with the utmost confidence and
+dignity, surrounded by the warmest affection of the people, amidst
+universal favour&mdash;how humble, how cast down he was then! How ill-content
+with himself, to say<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> nothing of how unpleasing to his audience! Oh,
+what a spectacle! No one could have liked it but Crassus&mdash;no one else in
+the world! Not I, for considering his headlong descent from the stars,
+he seemed to me to have lost his footing rather than to have been
+deliberately following a path; and, as Apelles, if he had seen his
+Venus, or Protogenes his Ialysus daubed with mud, would, I presume, have
+felt great sorrow, so neither could I behold without great sorrow a man,
+portrayed and embellished with all the colours of my art, suddenly
+disfigured. Although no one thought, in view of the Clodius business,
+that I was bound to be his friend, yet so great was my affection for
+him, that no amount of injury was capable of making it run dry. The
+result is that those Archilochian edicts of Bibulus against him are so
+popular, that one can't get past the place where they are put up for the
+crowd of readers, and so deeply annoying to himself that he is pining
+with vexation. To me, by Hercules, they are distressing, both because
+they give excessive pain to a man whom I have always loved, and because
+I fear lest one so impulsive and so quick to strike, and so unaccustomed
+to personal abuse, may, in his passionate resentment, obey the dictates
+of indignation and anger. I don't know what is to be the end of Bibulus.
+As things stand at present he is enjoying a wonderful reputation. For on
+his having postponed the <i>comitia</i> to October, as that is a measure
+which is always against the popular feeling, C&aelig;sar had imagined that the
+assembly could be induced by a speech of his to go to Bibulus's house;
+but after a long harangue full of seditious suggestions, he failed to
+extract a word from anyone. In short, they feel that they do not possess
+the cordial goodwill of any section: all the more must we fear some act
+of violence. Clodius is hostile to us. Pompey persists in asserting that
+he will do nothing against me. It is risky for me to believe that, and I
+am preparing myself to meet his attack. I hope to have the warmest
+feelings of all orders on my side. I have personally a longing for you,
+and circumstances also demand your presence at that time. I shall feel
+it a very great addition to my policy, to my courage, and, in a word, to
+my safety, if I see you in time. Varro does all I can expect. Pompey
+talks like an angel. I have hopes that I shall come off with flying
+colours, or at any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> rate without being molested. Be sure and tell me how
+you are, how you are amusing yourself, and what settlement you have come
+to with the Sicyonians.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLVIII_A_II_22" id="XLVIII_A_II_22"></a>XLVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 22</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>How I wished you had stayed at Rome! I am sure you would have stayed if
+you had foreseen what was going to happen. For then we should have had
+no difficulty in keeping "Pulchellus" in order, or at least should have
+known what he was going to do. As things are, he darts about, talks like
+a madman, never sticks to anything: threatens now this one and now that:
+seems likely, in reality, to do whatever turns up. When he sees how
+unpopular the present state of things is, he seems to intend an attack
+upon the authors of it; but when he again recalls their power and
+armies, he transfers his hostility to the loyalists. Me personally he
+threatens at one time with violence, at another with impeachment. With
+him Pompey has remonstrated, and, as he tells me himself&mdash;for I have no
+other evidence&mdash;has urgently remonstrated, pointing out that he would
+himself lie under the extreme imputation of perfidy and unprincipled
+conduct, if any danger to me were created by the man whom he had himself
+armed by acquiescing in his becoming a plebeian: that both he and
+Appius<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> had pledged themselves in regard to me: if Clodius did not
+respect that, he should shew such annoyance that everyone would
+understand that he valued my friendship above everything. Having said
+this and much else to the same effect, he told me that the fellow at
+first argued against it at great length and for a long time, but
+eventually gave way and declared that he would do nothing against his
+wishes. Nevertheless, he has not ceased since then speaking of me with
+the greatest bitterness. But even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> if he had not done so, I should have
+felt no confidence in him, but should have been making every
+preparation, as in fact I am doing. As it is, I am so conducting myself
+that every day the affections of people towards me and the strength of
+my position are enhanced. I don't touch politics in any shape or way; I
+employ myself with the greatest assiduity in pleading causes and in my
+regular forensic business.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> And this I feel is extremely gratifying,
+not only to those who enjoy my services, but also to the people
+generally. My house is crowded; I am met by processions; the memory of
+my consulship is renewed; men's feelings are clearly shewn: my hopes are
+so raised, that the struggle hanging over me seems at times one from
+which I need not shrink. Now is the time that I need your advice, your
+love and fidelity. Wherefore come post haste! Everything will be easy
+for me if I have you. I can carry on many negotiations through our
+friend Varro, which will be on firmer ground with you to back them up; a
+great deal can be elicited from Publius himself, and be brought to my
+knowledge, which cannot possibly be kept concealed from you; a great
+deal also&mdash;but it is absurd to enumerate particulars, when I want you
+for everything. I would like you to be convinced of this above all, that
+everything will be simplified for me if I see you: but it all turns on
+this coming to pass <i>before</i> he enters on his office. I think that if
+you are here while Crassus is egging on Pompey&mdash;as you can get out of
+Clodius himself, by the agency of "Iuno,"<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> how far they are acting
+in good faith&mdash;we shall escape molestation, or at any rate not be left
+under a delusion. You don't stand in need of entreaties or urgency from
+me. You understand what my wish is, and what the hour and the importance
+of the business demand. As to politics, I can tell you nothing except
+that everybody<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> entertains the greatest detestation for those who are
+masters of everything. There is, however, no hope of a change. But, as
+you easily understand, Pompey himself is discontented and extremely
+dissatisfied with himself. I don't see clearly what issue to expect: but
+certainly such a state of affairs seems likely to lead to an outbreak of
+some sort. Alexander's books<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a>&mdash;a careless writer and a poor poet,
+and yet not without some useful information&mdash;I have sent back to you. I
+have had pleasure in admitting Numerius Numestius to my friendship, and
+I find him a man of character and good sense, worthy of your
+recommendation.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XLIX_A_II_23" id="XLIX_A_II_23"></a>XLIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 23</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July or August</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>I don't think you have ever before read a letter of mine not written by
+my own hand. You will be able to gather from that how I am distracted
+with business. For as I had not a moment to spare and was obliged to
+take a walk in order to refresh my poor voice, I have dictated this
+while walking. The first thing, then, which I wish you to know is that
+our friend "Sampsiceramus" is exceedingly dissatisfied with his
+position, and desires to be restored to the place from which he has
+fallen; that he confides his annoyance to me, and is without disguise
+seeking for a remedy&mdash;which I don't think can be found. The second thing
+is that all on that side, whether promoters or mere hangers-on, are
+falling out of fashion, though no one opposes them: there never was a
+greater unanimity of feeling or talk everywhere. For myself (for I am
+sure you wish to know it) I take part in no political deliberations, and
+have devoted myself entirely to my forensic business and work. Thereby,
+as may easily be understood, I have frequent occasion to refer to my
+past achievements and to express my regret. But the brother of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> our
+"Iuno" is giving utterance to all kinds of alarming threats, and, while
+disclaiming them to "Sampsiceramus," makes an open avowal and parade of
+them to others. Wherefore, loving me as much as I know you do, if you
+are asleep, wake up; if you are standing, start walking; if you are
+walking, set off running; if you are running, take wings and fly. You
+can scarcely believe how much I confide in your advice and wisdom, and
+above all in your affection and fidelity. The importance of the
+interests involved perhaps demands a long disquisition, but the close
+union of our hearts is contented with brevity. It is of very great
+importance to me that, if you can't be at Rome at the elections, you
+should at least be here after his election is declared.<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> Take care
+of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="L_A_II_24" id="L_A_II_24"></a>L (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 24</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July or August</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>In the letter which I delivered to Numestius I begged you to come back,
+in the most urgent and vehement terms it was possible to use. To the
+speed which I then enjoined even add something if you possibly can. And
+yet do not be agitated, for I know you well, and am not ignorant of "how
+love is all compact of thought and fear." But the matter, I hope, is
+going to be less formidable in the end than it was at its beginning.
+That fellow Vettius, our old informer, promised C&aelig;sar, as far as I can
+make out, that he would secure young Curio being brought under some
+suspicion of guilt. Accordingly, he wormed his way into intimacy with
+the young man, and having, as is proved, often met him, at last went the
+length of telling him that he had resolved by the help of his slaves to
+make an attack upon Pompey and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> assassinate him. Curio reported this to
+his father, the latter to Pompey. The matter was reported to the senate.
+Vettius, on being brought in, at first denied that he had ever had any
+appointment with Curio. However, he did not long stick to that, but
+immediately claimed the protection of the state as giving information.
+There was a shout of "no" to this;<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> but he went on to state that
+there had been a confederacy of young men under the leadership of Curio,
+to which Paullus had at first belonged, and Q. C&aelig;pio (I mean
+Brutus<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a>) and Lentulus, son of the flamen, with the privity of his
+father: that afterwards C. Septimius, secretary to Bibulus, had brought
+him a dagger from Bibulus. That made the whole thing ridiculous, as
+though Vettius would have been at a loss for a dagger unless the consul
+had given him one; and it was all the more scouted because on the 5th of
+May Bibulus had told Pompey to be on his guard against plots; on which
+occasion Pompey had thanked him. Young Curio, being brought into the
+senate, spoke in answer to the allegations of Vettius; and on this
+particular occasion the strongest thing against Vettius was his having
+said that the plan of the young men was to attack Pompey in the forum,
+with the help of Gabinius's gladiators,<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> and that in this the
+ring-leader was Paullus, who was ascertained to have been in Macedonia
+at that time. A decree of the senate is passed that "Vettius, having
+confessed to having 'worn a dagger,'<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> should be cast into prison;
+that anyone releasing him would be guilty of treason to the state." The
+opinion generally held is that the whole affair had been arranged.
+Vettius was to be caught in the forum with a dagger, and his slaves also
+with weapons, and he was then to offer to lay an information; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> this
+would have been carried out, had not the Curios given Pompey previous
+information. Presently the decree of the senate was read in public
+assembly. Next day, however, C&aelig;sar&mdash;the man who formerly as pr&aelig;tor had
+bidden Q. Catulus<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> speak on the ground below&mdash;now brought Vettius on
+to the rostra, and placed him on an elevation to which Bibulus, though
+consul, was prevented from aspiring. Here that fellow said exactly what
+he chose about public affairs, and, having come there primed and
+instructed, first struck C&aelig;pio's name out of his speech, though he had
+named him most emphatically in the senate, so that it was easy to see
+that a night and a nocturnal intercession<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> had intervened: next he
+named certain men on whom he had not cast even the slightest suspicion
+in the senate: L. Lucullus, by whom he said that C. Fannius was usually
+sent to him&mdash;the man who on a former occasion had backed a prosecution
+of Clodius; L. Domitius, whose house had been agreed on as the
+headquarters of the conspirators. Me he did not <i>name</i>, but he said that
+"an eloquent consular, who lived near the consul, had said to him that
+there was need of some Servilius Ahala or Brutus being found."<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> He
+added at the very end, on being recalled by Vatinius after the assembly
+had been dismissed, that he had been told by Curio that my son-in-law
+Piso was privy to these proceedings, as M. Laterensis also. At present
+Vettius is on trial for "violence" before Crassus Dives,<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> and when
+condemned he intends to claim the impunity of an informer; and if he
+obtains that, there seem likely to be some prosecutions. I don't despise
+the danger, for I never despise any danger, but neither do I much fear
+it. People indeed shew very great affection for me, but I am quite tired
+of life: such<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> a scene of misery is it all. It was only the other day
+that we were fearing a massacre, which the speech of that gallant old
+man Q. Considius prevented:<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> now this one, which we might have
+feared any day, has suddenly turned up. In short, nothing can be more
+unfortunate than I, or more fortunate than Catulus, both in the
+splendour of his life and in the time of his death. However, in the
+midst of these miseries I keep my spirit erect and undismayed, and
+maintain my position in a most dignified manner and with great caution.
+Pompey bids me have no anxiety about Clodius, and shews the most cordial
+goodwill to me in everything he says. I desire to have you to suggest my
+policy, to be the partner in my anxieties, and to share my every
+thought. Therefore I have commissioned Numestius to urge you, and I now
+entreat you with the same or, if possible, greater earnestness, to
+literally fly to us. I shall breathe again when I once see you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LI_A_II_25" id="LI_A_II_25"></a>LI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A II, 25</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July or August</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>When I have praised any one of your friends to you I should like you
+tell him that I have done so. For instance, you know I lately wrote to
+you about Varro's kindness to me, and that you wrote me back word that
+the circumstance gave you the greatest delight. But I should have
+preferred your writing to him and saying that he was doing all I could
+expect&mdash;not because he was, but in order that he might do so. For he is
+a man of astonishing whims, as you know, "tortuous and no
+wise&mdash;&mdash;."<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> But I stick to the rule "Follies of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> those in power,"
+etc.<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> But, by Hercules, that other friend of yours, Hortalus&mdash;with
+what a liberal hand, with what candour, and in what ornate language has
+he praised me to the skies, when speaking of the pr&aelig;torship of Flaccus
+and that incident of the Allobroges.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> I assure you nothing could
+have been more affectionate, complimentary, or more lavishly expressed.
+I very much wish that you would write and tell him that I sent you word
+of it. Yet why write? I think you are on your way and are all but here.
+For I have urged you so strongly to come in my previous letters. I am
+expecting you with great impatience, longing for you very much; nor do I
+call for you more than circumstances themselves and the state of the
+times. Nothing can be more desperate than the position of politics,
+nothing more unpopular than the authors of it, I&mdash;as I think, hope, and
+imagine&mdash;am safe behind a rampart of goodwill of the strongest kind.
+Wherefore fly to me: you will either relieve me from all annoyance or
+will share it. My letter is all the shorter because, as I hope, I shall
+be able in a very short time to talk over what I want to say face to
+face. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LII_Q_FR_I_2" id="LII_Q_FR_I_2"></a>LII (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR I, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span>, 26 <span class="smcap">October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>Statius arrived at my house on the 25th October. His arrival gave me
+uneasiness, because you said in your letter that you would be plundered
+by your household in his absence. However, I thought it a very happy
+circumstance that he anticipated the expectation of his arrival, and the
+company that would have assembled to meet him, if he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> left the
+province with you, and had not appeared before. For people have
+exhausted their remarks, and many observations have been made and done
+with of the "Nay, but I looked for a mighty man"<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> kind, which I am
+glad to have all over before you come. But as for the motive for your
+sending him&mdash;that he might clear himself with me&mdash;that was not at all
+necessary. For, to begin with, I had never suspected him, nor in what I
+wrote to you about him was I expressing my own judgment; but since the
+interest and safety of all of us who take part in public business
+depends, not on truth alone, but on report also, I wrote you word of
+what people were saying, not what I thought myself. How prevalent and
+how formidable that talk was Statius ascertained himself on his arrival.
+For he was present when certain persons at my house gave vent to some
+complaints on that very subject, and had the opportunity of perceiving
+that the observations of the malevolent were being directed at himself
+especially. But it used to annoy me most when I was told that he had
+greater influence with you, than your sober time of life and the wisdom
+of a governor required. How many people, do you suppose, have solicited
+me to give them a letter of introduction to Statius? How often, do you
+suppose, has he himself, while talking without reserve to me, made such
+observations as, "I never approved of that," "I told him so," "I tried
+to persuade him," "I warned him not to"? And even if these things shew
+the highest fidelity, as I believe they do, since that is your judgment,
+yet the mere appearance of a freedman or slave enjoying such influence
+cannot but lower your dignity: and the long and short of it is&mdash;for I am
+in duty bound not to say anything without good grounds, nor to keep back
+anything from motives of policy&mdash;that Statius has supplied all the
+material for the gossip of those who wished to decry you; that formerly
+all that could be made out was that certain persons were angry at your
+strictness; but that after his manumission the angry had something to
+talk about.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Now I will answer the letters delivered to me by L. C&aelig;sius, whom, as I
+see you wish it, I will serve in every way I can. One of them is about
+Zeuxis of Blaundus, whom you say was warmly recommended to you by me
+though a most notorious matricide. In this matter, and on this subject
+generally, please listen to a short statement, lest you should by chance
+be surprised at my having become so conciliatory towards Greeks. Seeing,
+as I did, that the complaints of Greeks, because they have a genius for
+deceit, were allowed an excessive weight, whenever I was told of any of
+them making complaint of you, I appeased them by every means in my
+power. First, I pacified the Dionysopolitans, who were very bitter:
+whose chief man, Hermippus, I secured not only by my conversation, but
+by treating him as a friend. I did the same to Heph&aelig;stus of Apameia; the
+same to that most untrustworthy fellow, Megaristus of Antandrus; the
+same to Nicias of Smyrna; I also embraced with all the courtesy I
+possessed the most trumpery of men, even Nymph&ocirc;n of Coloph&ocirc;n. And all
+this I did from no liking for these particular people, or the nation as
+a whole: I was heartily sick of their fickleness and obsequiousness, of
+feelings that are not affected by our kindness, but by our position.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to Zeuxis. When he was telling me the same story as you
+mention in your letter about what M. Cascellius had said to him in
+conversation, I stopped him from farther talk, and admitted him to my
+society. I cannot, however, understand your virulence when you say that,
+having sewn up in the parricide's-sack two Mysians at Smyrna, you
+desired to display a similar example of your severity in the upper part
+of your province, and that, therefore, you had wished to inveigle Zeuxis
+into your hands by every possible means. For if he had been brought into
+court, he ought perhaps not to have been allowed to escape: but there
+was no necessity for his being hunted out and inveigled by soft words to
+stand a trial, as you say in your letter&mdash;especially as he is one whom I
+learn daily, both from his fellow citizens and from many others, to be a
+man of higher character than you would expect from such an obscure town
+as his.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> But, you will say, it is only Greeks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> to whom I am
+indulgent. What! did not I do everything to appease L. C&aelig;cilius? What a
+man! how irritable! how violent! In fact, who is there except
+Tuscenius,<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> whose case admitted of no cure, have I not softened? See
+again, I have now on my hands a shifty, mean fellow, though of
+equestrian rank, called Catienus: even he is going to be smoothed down.
+I don't blame you for having been somewhat harsh to his father, for I am
+quite sure you have acted with good reason: but what need was there of a
+letter of the sort which you sent to the man himself? "That the man was
+rearing the cross for himself from which you had already pulled him off
+once; that you would take care to have him smoked to death, and would be
+applauded by the whole province for it." Again, to a man named C.
+Fabius&mdash;for that letter also T. Catienus is handing round&mdash;"that you
+were told that the kidnapper Licinius, with his young kite of a son, was
+collecting taxes." And then you go on to ask Fabius to burn both father
+and son alive if he can; if not, to send them to you, that they may be
+burnt to death by legal sentence. That letter sent by you in jest to C.
+Fabius, if it really is from you, exhibits to ordinary readers a
+violence of language very injurious to you. Now, if you will refer to
+the exhortations in all my letters, you will perceive that I have never
+found fault with you for anything except harshness and sharpness of
+temper, and occasionally, though rarely, for want of caution in the
+letters you write. In which particulars, indeed, if my influence had had
+greater weight with you than a somewhat excessive quickness of
+disposition, or a certain enjoyment in indulging temper, or a faculty
+for epigram and a sense of humour, we should certainly have had no cause
+for dissatisfaction. And don't you suppose that I feel no common
+vexation when I am told how Vergilius is esteemed, and your neighbour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+C. Octavius?<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> For if you only excel your neighbours farther up
+country, in Cilicia and Syria, that is a pretty thing to boast of! And
+that is just the sting of the matter, that though the men I have named
+are not more blameless than yourself, they yet outdo you in the art of
+winning favour, though they know nothing of Xenophon's Cyrus or
+Agesilaus; from which kings, in the exercise of their great office, no
+one ever heard an irritable word. But in giving you this advice, as I
+have from the first, I am well aware how much good I have done.<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a></p>
+
+<p>Now, however, as you are about to quit your province, pray do leave
+behind you&mdash;as I think you are now doing&mdash;as pleasant a memory as
+possible. You have a successor of very mild manners; in other respects,
+on his arrival, you will be much missed. In sending letters of
+requisition, as I have often told you, you have allowed yourself to be
+too easily persuaded. Destroy, if you can, all such as are inequitable,
+or contrary to usage, or contradictory to others. Statius told me that
+they were usually put before you ready written, read by himself, and
+that, if they were inequitable, he informed you of the fact: but that
+before he entered your service there had been no sifting of letters;
+that the result was that there were volumes containing a selection of
+letters, which were usually adversely criticised.<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> On this subject I
+am not going to give you any advice at this time of day, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> it is too
+late; and you cannot but be aware that I have often warned you in
+various ways and with precision. But I have, on a hint from Theopompus,
+intrusted him with this message to you: do see by means of persons
+attached to you, which you will find no difficulty in doing, that the
+following classes of letters are destroyed&mdash;first, those that are
+inequitable; next, those that are contradictory; then those expressed in
+an eccentric or unusual manner; and lastly, those that contain
+reflexions on anyone. I don't believe all I hear about these matters,
+and if, in the multiplicity of your engagements, you have let certain
+things escape you, now is the time to look into them and weed them out.
+I have read a letter said to have been written by your nomenclator Sulla
+himself, which I cannot approve: I have read some written in an angry
+spirit. But the subject of letters comes in pat: for while this sheet of
+paper was actually in my hands, L. Flavius, pr&aelig;tor-designate and a very
+intimate friend, came to see me. He told me that you had sent a letter
+to his agents, which seemed to me most inequitable, prohibiting them
+from taking anything from the estate of the late L. Octavius Naso, whose
+heir L. Flavius is, until they had paid a sum of money to C. Fundanius;
+and that you had sent a similar letter to the Apollonidenses, not to
+allow any payment on account of the estate of the late Octavius till the
+debt to Fundanius had been discharged. It seems to me hardly likely that
+you have done this; for it is quite unlike your usual good sense. The
+heir not to take anything? What if he disowns the debt? What if he
+doesn't owe it at all? Moreover, is the pr&aelig;tor wont to decide whether a
+debt is due?<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> Don't I, again, wish well to Fundanius? Am I not his
+friend? Am I not touched with compassion? No one more so: but in certain
+matters the course of law is so clear as to leave no place for personal
+feeling. And Flavius told me that expressions were used in the letter,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+which he said was yours, to the effect that you would "either thank them
+as friends, or make yourself disagreeable to them as enemies." In short,
+he was much annoyed, complained of it to me in strong terms, and begged
+me to write to you as seriously as I could. This I am doing, and I do
+strongly urge you again and again to withdraw your injunction to
+Flavius's agents about taking money from the estate, and not to lay any
+farther injunction on the Apollonidenses contrary to the rights of
+Flavius. Pray do everything you can for the sake of Flavius and, indeed,
+of Pompey also. I would not, upon my honour, have you think me liberal
+to him at the expense of any inequitable decision on your part: but I do
+entreat you to leave behind you some authority, and some memorandum of a
+decree or of a letter under your hand, so framed as to support the
+interests and cause of Flavius. For the man, who is at once very
+attentive to me, and tenacious of his own rights and dignity, is feeling
+extremely hurt that he has not prevailed with you either on the grounds
+of personal friendship or of legal right; and, to the best of my belief,
+both Pompey and C&aelig;sar have, at one time or another, commended the
+interests of Flavius to you, and Flavius has written to you personally,
+and certainly I have. Wherefore, if there is anything which you think
+you ought to do at my request, let it be this. If you love me, take
+every care, take every trouble, and insure Flavius's cordial thanks both
+to yourself and myself. I cannot use greater earnestness in making any
+request than I use in this.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you say about Hermias, it has been in truth a cause of much
+vexation to me. I wrote you a letter in a rather unbrotherly spirit,
+which I dashed off in a fit of anger and now wish to recall, having been
+irritated by what Lucullus's freedman told me, immediately after hearing
+of the bargain. For this letter, which was not expressed in a brotherly
+way, you ought to have brotherly feeling enough to make allowance. As to
+Censorinus, Antonius, the Cassii, Sc&aelig;vola&mdash;I am delighted to hear from
+you that you possess their friendship. The other contents of that same
+letter of yours were expressed more strongly than I could have wished,
+such as your "with my ship at least well trimmed"<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> and your "die<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+once for all."<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> You will find those expressions to be unnecessarily
+strong. My scoldings have always been very full of affection. They
+mention certain things for complaint,<a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> but these are not important,
+or rather, are quite insignificant. For my part, I should never have
+thought you deserving of the least blame in any respect, considering the
+extreme purity of your conduct, had it not been that our enemies are
+numerous. Whatever I have written to you in a tone of remonstrance or
+reproach I have written from a vigilant caution, which I maintain, and
+shall maintain; and I shall not cease imploring you to do the same.
+Attalus of Hyp&aelig;pa has begged me to intercede with you that you should
+not prevent his getting the money paid which has been decreed for a
+statue of Q. Publicius. In which matter I both ask as a favour and urge
+as a duty, that you should not consent to allow the honour of a man of
+his character, and so close a friend of mine, to be lowered or hindered
+by your means. Farthermore, Licinius, who is known to you, a slave of my
+friend &AElig;sopus, has run away. He has been at Athens, living in the house
+of Patron the Epicurean as a free man. Thence he has made his way to
+Asia. Afterwards a certain Plato of Sardis, who is often at Athens, and
+happened to be at Athens at the time that Licinius arrived there, having
+subsequently learnt by a letter from &AElig;sopus that he was an escaped
+slave, arrested the fellow, and put him into confinement at Ephesus; but
+whether into the public prison, or into a slave mill, we could not
+clearly make out from his letter. But since he is at Ephesus, I should
+be obliged if you would trace him in any manner open to you, and with
+all care<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> either [send him] or bring him home with you. Don't take into
+consideration the fellow's value: such a good-for-nothing is worth very
+little; but &AElig;sopus is so much vexed at his slave's bad conduct and
+audacity, that you can do him no greater favour than by being the means
+of his recovering him.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the news that you chiefly desire. We have so completely lost the
+constitution that Cato,<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> a young man of no sense, but yet a Roman
+citizen and a Cato, scarcely got off with his life because, having
+determined to prosecute Gabinius for bribery, when the pr&aelig;tors could not
+be approached for several days, and refused to admit anyone to their
+presence, he mounted the rostra in public meeting and called Pompey an
+"unofficial dictator." No one ever had a narrower escape of being
+killed. From this you may see the state of the whole Republic. People,
+however, shew no inclination to desert my cause. They make wonderful
+professions, offers of service, and promises: and, indeed, I have the
+highest hopes and even greater spirit&mdash;so that I hope to get the better
+in the struggle, and feel confident in my mind that, in the present
+state of the Republic, I need not fear even an accident. However, the
+matter stands thus: if Clodius gives notice of an action against me, the
+whole of Italy will rush to my support, so that I shall come off with
+many times greater glory than before; but if he attempts the use of
+violence, I hope, by the zeal not only of friends but also of opponents,
+to be able to meet force with force. All promise me the aid of
+themselves, their friends, clients, freedmen, slaves, and, finally, of
+their money. Our old regiment of loyalists is warm in its zeal and
+attachment to me. If there were any who had formerly been comparatively
+hostile or lukewarm, they are now uniting themselves with the loyalists
+from hatred to these despots. Pompey makes every sort of promise, and so
+does C&aelig;sar: but my confidence in them is not enough to induce me to drop
+any of my preparations. The tribunes-designate are friendly to us. The
+consuls-designate make excellent professions. Some of the new pr&aelig;tors
+are very friendly and very brave citizens&mdash;Domitius, Nigidius, Mem<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>mius,
+Lentulus<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a>&mdash;the others are loyalists also, but these are eminently
+so. Wherefore keep a good heart and high hopes. However, I will keep you
+constantly informed on particular events as they occur from day to day.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIII_F_XIII_42" id="LIII_F_XIII_42"></a>LIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 42</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span><a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>My friend L. Lucceius,<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a> the most delightful fellow in the world, has
+expressed in my presence amazingly warm thanks to you, saying that you
+have given most complete and liberal promises to his agents. Since your
+words have roused such gratitude in him, you may imagine how grateful he
+will be for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> the thing itself, when, as I hope, you will have performed
+your promise. In any case the people of Bullis have shewn that they
+intend to do Lucceius right according to the award of Pompey. But we
+have very great need of the additional support of your wishes,
+influence, and pr&aelig;torian authority. That you should give us these I beg
+you again and again. And this will be particularly gratifying to me,
+because Lucceius's agents know, and Lucceius himself gathered from your
+letter to him, that no one's influence has greater weight with you than
+mine. I ask you once more, and reiterate my request, that he may find
+that to be the case by practical experience.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIV_F_XIII_41" id="LIV_F_XIII_41"></a>LIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 41</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 47</div>
+
+<p>In what you have done for the sake of L. Lucceius, I wish you to be
+fully aware that you have obliged a man who will be exceedingly
+grateful; and that, while this is very much the case with Lucceius
+himself, so also Pompey as often as he sees me&mdash;and he sees me very
+often&mdash;thanks you in no common terms. I add also, what I know will be
+exceedingly gratifying to you, that I am myself immensely delighted with
+your kindness to Lucceius. For the rest, though I have no doubt that as
+you acted before for my sake, so now, for the sake of your own
+consistency, you will abide by your liberal intentions, yet I reiterate
+my request to you with all earnestness, that what you first gave us
+reason to hope, and then actually carried out, you would be so good as
+to see extended and brought to a final completion by your means. I
+assure you, and I pledge my credit to it, that such a course will be
+exceedingly gratifying to both Lucceius and Pompey, and that you will be
+making a most excellent investment with them. About politics, and about
+the business going on here, and what we are all thinking about, I wrote
+to you in full detail a few days ago, and delivered the letter to your
+servants. Farewell.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+<h2>LETTERS IN EXILE</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58. Coss., L. Piso, A. Gabinius.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We have no record in Cicero's correspondence of the final measures
+taken by Clodius against him. We find him when the correspondence
+for this year opens on his way to exile: all his boasts of staying
+and fighting have been thrown to the winds. Clodius, indeed, had
+not simply done what Cicero expected at the worst&mdash;impeached him.
+He had gone more systematically to work. Among other measures
+calculated to win popularity, he proposed a modification of the
+<i>lex &AElig;lia Fufia</i>, declaring it illegal for a magistrate to stop
+legislative <i>comitia</i> by "watching the sky." Thus freed from one
+hindrance, he next proposed and carried a law for the prosecution
+of any magistrate who had put a citizen to death without trial
+(<i>qui indemnatos cives necavisset</i>). Cicero at once recognized his
+danger: if the people voted this law, a jury could scarcely fail to
+condemn. The triumvirs would do nothing. Pompey, after all his
+promises, avoided seeing Cicero as much as possible: C&aelig;sar offered
+him a <i>legatio</i> again; and though he spoke against giving the law a
+retrospective effect, he could not consistently object to the law
+itself, and shewed no sign of desiring to shelter Cicero, except on
+his consenting to leave Rome. Cicero then adopted the course which
+was open to all citizens threatened with a prosecution&mdash;that of
+going away from Rome&mdash;and started apparently with the view of going
+to Malta. Whether it was wise or not, Cicero afterwards lamented
+having taken this course, and thought that he had better have
+braved the danger and stood his trial. It at any rate facilitated
+the next move of Clodius, who proposed and carried a bill
+forbidding Cicero "fire and water" within 500 (afterwards reduced
+to 400) miles of Italy, and confiscating his property. Accordingly,
+Cicero had to go much farther than he had intended. He crossed from
+Brundisium to Dyrrachium, and proceeded along the <i>via Egnatia</i> to
+its terminus at Thessalonica, where he spent the autumn, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58.
+In November, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, he returned to Dyrrachium, ready for the
+recall which he heard was imminent. Meanwhile his town house was
+destroyed, its site made a <i>templum</i>, and a statue of Liberty set
+up in it, and his villas at Tusculum and Antium dismantled. The
+dangers of his position are not exaggerated in his letters, and may
+account for much of their melancholy tone. He had lost the
+protection of the laws, and any one of his many enemies meeting him
+might have killed him with practical impunity. He seems to have
+left Rome in April.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LV_A_III_3" id="LV_A_III_3"></a>LV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Vibo, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I hope I may see the day when I shall thank you for having compelled me
+to remain alive! At present I thoroughly repent it. But I beg you to
+come and see me at Vibo at once, to which town I have for several
+reasons directed my journey.<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> But if you will only come there, I
+shall be able to consult you about my entire journey and exile. If you
+don't do so, I shall be surprised, but I feel sure you will.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LVI_A_III_2" id="LVI_A_III_2"></a>LVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Nares Lucan&aelig;,<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>The reason for having come this journey is that there was no place where
+I could be independent except on Sica's estate,<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> especially till the
+bill is emended,<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> and at the same time because I find that from this
+spot I can reach Brundisium, if you were only with me, but without you I
+cannot stay in those parts owing to Autronius.<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a> At present, as I
+said in my previous letter, if you will come to me, we shall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> be able to
+form a plan for the whole business. I know the journey is troublesome,
+but the whole calamity is full of troubles. I cannot write more, I am so
+heart-broken and dejected. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+<p>From Nares Lucan&aelig;, 8 April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LVII_A_III_4" id="LVII_A_III_4"></a>LVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Near Vibo, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I hope you will attribute my sudden departure from Vibo, whither I had
+asked you come, to my unhappiness rather than to fickleness. A copy of
+the bill for my ruin was brought to me, in which the correction of which
+I had been told was to the effect that I might legally remain anywhere
+beyond 400 miles. Since I was not allowed to go yonder,<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a> I set out
+towards Brundisium before the day for carrying the bill had come, both
+to prevent Sica, in whose house I was staying, from being ruined,<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a>
+and because I was prevented from residing at Malta. So now make haste to
+catch me up, if only I shall find any welcome there.<a name="FNanchor_306_306" id="FNanchor_306_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a> At present I
+receive kind invitations. But about the rest of my journey I am nervous.
+Truly, my dear Pomponius, I am very sorry I consented to live: in which
+matter you exercised the chief influence with me. But of these things
+when we meet. Only be sure and come.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LVIII_A_III_1" id="LVIII_A_III_1"></a>LVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">From the neighbourhood of Thurium, on the way to Brundisium, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I always thought that it was of great importance to me that you should
+be with me: but when I read the bill, then, indeed, I understood that
+there could be nothing more desirable for me than that you should
+overtake me as soon as possible, in order that, if after quitting Italy
+I should have to travel through Epirus, I might avail myself of your
+protection and that of your friends; or, if I had to adopt any other
+plan, I might come to some definite resolution in accordance with your
+opinion. Wherefore I beg you to do your best to overtake me promptly,
+which will be easier for you to do since the law about the province of
+Macedonia has now been passed.<a name="FNanchor_307_307" id="FNanchor_307_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> I would urge you at greater length
+were it not that with you facts speak for me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LIX_A_III_5" id="LIX_A_III_5"></a>LIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thurium, 10 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>Terentia thanks you frequently and very warmly. That is a great comfort
+to me. I am the most miserable man alive, and am being worn out with the
+most poignant sorrow. I don't know what to write to you. For if you are
+at Rome, it is now too late for you to reach me; but if you are on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+road, we shall discuss together all that needs to be discussed when you
+have overtaken me. All I ask you is to retain the same affection for me,
+since it was always myself you loved. For I am the same man: my enemies
+have taken what was mine, they have not taken myself. Take care of your
+health.</p>
+
+<p>From Thurium, 10 April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LX_A_III_6" id="LX_A_III_6"></a>LX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">On the way to Tarentum, 18 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I had felt certain of seeing you at Tarentum or Brundisium, and that was
+of importance to me in many respects: among others, as to my being able
+to stay in Epirus and consult you about the future. My disappointment in
+this is only another item in the long list of my misfortunes.<a name="FNanchor_308_308" id="FNanchor_308_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a> I
+mean to go to Asia, to Cyzicus for choice. I commend my family to you. I
+am very wretched and can scarcely support my life.</p>
+
+<p>From near Tarentum, 17 April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXI_F_XIV_4" id="LXI_F_XIV_4"></a>LXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIV, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TERENTIA, TULLIOLA, AND YOUNG CICERO (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Brundisium, 29 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>Yes, I do write to you less often than I might, because, though I am
+always wretched, yet when I write to you or read a letter from you, I am
+in such floods of tears that I cannot endure it. Oh, that I had clung
+less to life! I should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> at least never have known real sorrow, or not
+much of it, in my life. Yet if fortune has reserved for me <i>any</i> hope of
+recovering at any time any position again, I was not utterly wrong to do
+so: if these miseries are to be permanent, I only wish, my dear, to see
+you as soon as possible and to die in your arms, since neither gods,
+whom you have worshipped with such pure devotion, nor men, whom I have
+ever served, have made us any return. I have been thirteen days at
+Brundisium in the house of M. L&aelig;nius Flaccus, a very excellent man, who
+has despised the risk to his fortunes and civil existence in comparison
+to keeping me safe, nor has been induced by the penalty of a most
+iniquitous law to refuse me the rights and good offices of hospitality
+and friendship. May I some time have the opportunity of repaying him!
+Feel gratitude I always shall. I set out from Brundisium on the 29th of
+April,<a name="FNanchor_309_309" id="FNanchor_309_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> and intend going through Macedonia to Cyzicus. What a fall!
+What a disaster! What can I say? Should I ask you to come&mdash;a woman of
+weak health and broken spirit? Should I refrain from asking you? Am I to
+be without you, then? I think the best course is this: if there is any
+hope of my restoration, stay to promote it and push the thing on: but
+if, as I fear, it proves hopeless, pray come to me by any means in your
+power. Be sure of this, that if I have you I shall not think myself
+wholly lost. But what is to become of my darling Tullia? You must see to
+that now: I can think of nothing. But certainly, however things turn
+out, we must do everything to promote that poor little girl's married
+happiness and reputation. Again, what is my boy Cicero to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> do? Let him,
+at any rate, be ever in my bosom and in my arms.<a name="FNanchor_310_310" id="FNanchor_310_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> I can't write
+more. A fit of weeping hinders me. I don't know how you have got on;
+whether you are left in possession of anything, or have been, as I fear,
+entirely plundered. Piso, as you say, I hope will always be our friend.
+As to the manumission of the slaves you need not be uneasy. To begin
+with, the promise made to yours was that you would treat them according
+as each severally deserved. So far Orpheus has behaved well, besides him
+no one very markedly so. With the rest of the slaves the arrangement is
+that, if my property is forfeited, they should become my freedmen,
+supposing them to be able to maintain at law that status.<a name="FNanchor_311_311" id="FNanchor_311_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> But if my
+property remained in my ownership, they were to continue slaves, with
+the exception of a very few. But these are trifles. To return to your
+advice, that I should keep up my courage and not give up hope of
+recovering my position, I only wish that there were any good grounds for
+entertaining such a hope. As it is, when, alas! shall I get a letter
+from you? Who will bring it me? I would have waited for it at
+Brundisium, but the sailors would not allow it, being unwilling to lose
+a favourable wind. For the rest, put as dignified a face on the matter
+as you can, my dear Terentia. Our life is over: we have had our day: it
+is not any fault of ours that has ruined us, but our virtue. I have made
+no false step, except in not losing my life when I lost my honours. But
+since our children preferred my living, let us bear everything else,
+however intolerable. And yet I, who encourage you, cannot encourage
+myself. I have sent that faithful fellow Clodius Philhet&aelig;rus home,
+because he was hampered with weakness of the eyes. Sallustius seems
+likely to outdo everybody in his attentions. Pescennius is exceedingly
+kind to me; and I have hopes that he will always be attentive to you.
+Sica had said that he would accompany me; but he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> has left Brundisium.
+Take the greatest possible care of your health, and believe me that I am
+more affected by your distress than my own. My dear Terentia, most
+faithful and best of wives, and my darling little daughter, and that
+last hope of my race, Cicero, good-bye!</p>
+
+<p>29 April, from Brundisium.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXII_A_III_7" id="LXII_A_III_7"></a>LXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Brundisium, 29 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I arrived at Brundisium on the 17th of April. On that day your slaves
+delivered me your letter, and some other slaves, on the next day but
+one, brought me another. As to your invitation and advice to stay at
+your house in Epirus, your kindness is most gratifying, and far from
+being a novelty. It is a plan that would have exactly suited my wishes,
+if I might have spent all my time there: for I loathe a crowd of
+visitors, I can scarcely bear the light, and that solitude, especially
+in a spot so familiar, would have been the reverse of disagreeable. But
+to put up there as a mere stage in my journey! In the first place it is
+far out of my way, and in the next it is only four days from Autronius
+and the rest, and in the third place you are not there. Had I been going
+to reside permanently, a fortified castle would have been an advantage,
+but to one only passing through it is unnecessary. Why, if I had not
+been afraid, I should have made for Athens<a name="FNanchor_312_312" id="FNanchor_312_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a>&mdash;there were
+circumstances that made me much wish to go&mdash;but as it is, I have enemies
+in the neighbourhood, you are not there, and I fear they<a name="FNanchor_313_313" id="FNanchor_313_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> might hold
+even that town not to be the legal distance from Italy, nor do you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+mention by what day I am to expect you. As to your urging me to remain
+alive, you carry one point&mdash;that I should not lay violent hands upon
+myself: the other you cannot bring to pass&mdash;that I should not regret my
+policy and my continuance in life. For what is there to attach me to it,
+especially if the hope which accompanied me on my departure is
+non-existent? I will not attempt to enumerate all the miseries into
+which I have fallen through the extreme injustice and unprincipled
+conduct, not so much of my enemies, as of those who were jealous of me,
+because I do not wish to stir up a fresh burst of grief in myself, or
+invite you to share the same sorrow. I say this deliberately&mdash;that no
+one was ever afflicted with so heavy a calamity, that no one had ever
+greater cause to wish for death; while I have let slip the time when I
+might have sought it most creditably. Henceforth death can never heal,
+it can only end my sorrow.<a name="FNanchor_314_314" id="FNanchor_314_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> In politics I perceive that you collect
+all circumstances that you think may inspire me with a hope of a change:
+and though they are insignificant, yet, since you will have it so, let
+us have patience. In spite of what you say, you will catch us up if you
+make haste. For I will either come into Epirus to be near you, or I will
+travel slowly through Candavia.<a name="FNanchor_315_315" id="FNanchor_315_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> My hesitation about Epirus is not
+caused by vacillation on my part, but by the fact that I do not know
+where I am likely to see my brother. As to him, I neither know how I am
+to see him, nor how I shall let him go. That is the greatest and most
+distressing of all my distresses. I would indeed have written to you
+oftener, and at greater length, had it not been that sorrow, while it
+has affected all parts of my intellect, has above all entirely destroyed
+my faculty for this kind of writing. I long to see you. Take care of
+your health.</p>
+
+<p>Brundisium, 29 April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXIII_A_III_8" id="LXIII_A_III_8"></a>LXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 29 May</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I wrote to you at Brundisium, when on the point of starting, the reasons
+for my not going to Epirus: namely, the proximity of Achaia, which was
+full of enemies of the most unscrupulous character, and secondly, the
+difficulty of leaving it when I wished to resume my journey. Added to
+this, while I was at Dyrrachium two messages reached me: the first, that
+my brother was coming from Ephesus to Athens by ship; the second, that
+he was coming through Macedonia by land. Accordingly, I sent a message
+to meet him at Athens, telling him to come thence to Thessalonica. I
+myself continued my journey, and arrived at Thessalonica on the 23rd of
+May, but have no certain intelligence about his journey except that he
+had left Ephesus some time ago. At present I am feeling very nervous as
+to what steps are being taken at Rome. Although you say in one of your
+letters, dated the 15th of May, that you hear that he will be vigorously
+prosecuted, in another you say that things are calming down. But then
+the latter is dated a day before the former; which makes me all the more
+anxious. So while my own personal sorrow is every day tearing my heart
+and wearing out my strength, this additional anxiety indeed scarcely
+leaves me any life at all. However, the voyage itself was very
+difficult, and he perhaps, being uncertain where I was, has taken some
+other course. For my freedman Phaetho saw nothing of him. Phaetho was
+driven by the wind from Ilium<a name="FNanchor_316_316" id="FNanchor_316_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> to Macedonia, and met me at Pella.
+How formidable other circumstances are I am fully aware, and I don't
+know what to say to you. I fear everything, nor is there any misery
+which would not seem possible in my present unfortunate position.
+Miserable as I still am in the midst of my heavy trials and sorrows, now
+that this anxiety<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> is added to them, I remain at Thessalonica in a state
+of suspense without venturing upon any step whatever.</p>
+
+<p>Now to answer you. I have not seen C&aelig;cilius Trypho. I comprehend from
+your letter what you and Pompey have been saying. That any movement in
+politics is impending I cannot see as clearly as you either see, or
+perhaps only suggest for my consolation. For, as the case of Tigranes
+was passed over, all hope of a rupture is at an end.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> You bid me
+thank Varro: I will do so; also Hyps&aelig;us.<a name="FNanchor_318_318" id="FNanchor_318_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> As to your advice not to
+go farther off till the <i>acta</i><a name="FNanchor_319_319" id="FNanchor_319_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a> of the month of May reach me, I
+think I shall do as you suggest. But where to stay? I have not yet come
+to any decision. And indeed my mind is so uneasy about Quintus, that I
+can determine on nothing. However, I will let you know immediately. From
+the incoherent nature of my letters I think you will understand the
+agitation of my mind, caused not so much by my misery, though I have
+been overwhelmed by an incredible and unparalleled calamity, as by the
+recollection of my blunder. For by whose unprincipled advice I was egged
+on and betrayed you certainly now perceive,<a name="FNanchor_320_320" id="FNanchor_320_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> and oh that you had
+perceived it before, and had not given your whole mind to lamentation
+along with me! Wherefore, when you are told that I am prostrate and
+unmanned with grief, consider that I am more distressed at my own folly
+than at the result of it, in having believed a man whom I did not think
+to be treacherous. My writing is impeded both by the re<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>collection of my
+own disasters, and by my alarm about my brother. Yes, pray look after
+and direct all the affairs you mention. Terentia expresses the warmest
+gratitude to you. I have sent you a copy of the letter which I have
+written to Pompey.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 29 May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXIV_A_III_9" id="LXIV_A_III_9"></a>LXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 13 June</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>My brother Quintus having quitted Asia before the 1st of May, and
+arrived at Athens on the 15th, he would have to make great haste to
+prevent proceedings being commenced against him in his absence,
+supposing there to be some one who was not content with the misfortunes
+we have already sustained. Accordingly, I preferred that he should hurry
+on to Rome rather than come to me; and at the same time&mdash;for I will tell
+you the truth, and it will give you a notion of the extent of my
+wretchedness&mdash;I could not make up my mind to see him, devotedly attached
+to me as he is, and a man of most tender feelings, or to obtrude upon
+him my miseries and ruin in all their wretchedness, or to endure their
+being seen by him. And I was besides afraid of what certainly would have
+happened&mdash;that he would not have had the resolution to leave me. I had
+ever before my eyes the time when he would either have to dismiss his
+lictors,<a name="FNanchor_321_321" id="FNanchor_321_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a> or be violently torn from my arms. The prospect of this
+bitter pain I have avoided by the other bitter pain of not seeing my
+brother. It is all you, who advised me to continue living, that have
+forced me into this distressful position. Accordingly, I am paying the
+penalty of my error. However, I am sustained by your letter, from which
+I easily perceive how high your own hopes are. This did give me some
+consolation, but only, after all, till you passed from the mention of
+Pompey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> to the passage beginning "Now try and win over Hortensius and
+men of that sort." In heaven's name, my dear Pomponius, don't you yet
+perceive by whose means, by whose treachery, by whose dishonest advice,
+I have been ruined? But all this I will discuss with you when we meet. I
+will only say this much, which I think you know: it is not my enemies,
+but my jealous rivals, that have ruined me. Now, however, if things are
+really as you hope, I will keep up my spirits, and will rely upon the
+hope on which you bid me rely. But if, as I myself think, this proves
+illusory, what I was not allowed to do at the best time shall be done at
+a worse.<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> Terentia often expresses her gratitude to you. For myself
+one of my miseries also consists in fear&mdash;the business of my unhappy
+brother. If I could only know how it stands, I should know what I ought
+to do. Personally, the hope of the advantages and of the letters you
+mention keeps me still, as you advise, at Thessalonica. If I get any
+news, I shall know what I ought to do about the rest. Yes, if, as you
+say in your letter, you left Rome on the 1st of June, you will soon see
+us. I have sent you a letter which I wrote to Pompey.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 15 June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXV_Q_FR_I_3" id="LXV_Q_FR_I_3"></a>LXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR I, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 15 June</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>Brother! Brother! Brother! did you really fear that I had been induced
+by some angry feeling to send slaves to you without a letter? Or even
+that I did not wish to see you? I to be angry with you! Is it possible
+for me to be angry with you? Why, one would think that it was you that
+brought me low! Your enemies, your unpopularity, that miserably ruined
+me, and not I that unhappily ruined you! The fact is, the much-praised
+consulate of mine has deprived me of you, of children, country, fortune;
+from you I should hope it will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> have taken nothing but myself. Certainly
+on your side I have experienced nothing but what was honourable and
+gratifying: on mine you have grief for my fall and fear for your own,
+regret, mourning, desertion. <i>I</i> not wish to see you? The truth is
+rather that I was unwilling to be seen by you. For you would not have
+seen your brother&mdash;not the brother you had left, not the brother you
+knew, not him to whom you had with mutual tears bidden farewell as he
+followed you on your departure for your province: not a trace even or
+faint image of him, but rather what I may call the likeness of a living
+corpse. And oh that you had sooner seen me or heard of me as a corpse!
+Oh that I could have left you to survive, not my life merely, but my
+undiminished rank! But I call all the gods to witness that the one
+argument which recalled me from death was, that all declared that to
+some extent your life depended upon mine. In which matter I made an
+error and acted culpably. For if I had died, that death itself would
+have given clear evidence of my fidelity and love to you. As it is, I
+have allowed you to be deprived of my aid, though I am alive, and with
+me still living to need the help of others; and my voice, of all others,
+to fail when dangers threatened my family, which had so often been
+successfully used in the defence of the merest strangers. For as to the
+slaves coming to you without a letter, the real reason (for you see that
+it was not anger) was a deadness of my faculties, and a seemingly
+endless deluge of tears and sorrows. How many tears do you suppose these
+very words have cost me? As many as I know they will cost you to read
+them! Can I ever refrain from thinking of you or ever think of you
+without tears? For when I miss you, is it only a brother that I miss?
+Rather it is a brother of almost my own age in the charm of his
+companionship, a son in his consideration for my wishes, a father in the
+wisdom of his advice! What pleasure did I ever have without you, or you
+without me? And what must my case be when at the same time I miss a
+daughter: How affectionate! how modest! how clever! The express image of
+my face, of my speech, of my very soul! Or again a son, the prettiest
+boy, the very joy of my heart? Cruel inhuman monster that I am, I
+dismissed him from my arms better schooled in the world than I could
+have wished: for the poor child began to understand<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> what was going on.
+So, too, your own son, your own image, whom my little Cicero loved as a
+brother, and was now beginning to respect as an elder brother! Need I
+mention also how I refused to allow my unhappy wife&mdash;the truest of
+helpmates&mdash;to accompany me, that there might be some one to protect the
+wrecks of the calamity which had fallen on us both, and guard our common
+children? Nevertheless, to the best of my ability, I did write a letter
+to you, and gave it to your freedman Philogonus, which, I believe, was
+delivered to you later on; and in this I repeated the advice and
+entreaty, which had been already transmitted to you as a message from me
+by my slaves, that you should go on with your journey and hasten to
+Rome. For, in the first place, I desired your protection, in case there
+were any of my enemies whose cruelty was not yet satisfied by my fall.
+In the next place, I dreaded the renewed lamentation which our meeting
+would cause: while I could not have borne your departure, and was afraid
+of the very thing you mention in your letter&mdash;that you would be unable
+to tear yourself away. For these reasons the supreme pain of not seeing
+you&mdash;and nothing more painful or more wretched could, I think, have
+happened to the most affectionate and united of brothers&mdash;was a less
+misery than would have been such a meeting followed by such a parting.
+Now, if you can, though I, whom you always regarded as a brave man,
+cannot do so, rouse yourself and collect your energies in view of any
+contest you may have to confront. I hope, if my hope has anything to go
+upon, that your own spotless character and the love of your fellow
+citizens, and even remorse for my treatment, may prove a certain
+protection to you. But if it turns out that you are free from personal
+danger, you will doubtless do whatever you think can be done for me. In
+that matter, indeed, many write to me at great length and declare that
+they have hopes; but I personally cannot see what hope there is, since
+my enemies have the greatest influence, while my friends have in some
+cases deserted, in others even betrayed me, fearing perhaps in my
+restoration a censure on their own treacherous conduct. But how matters
+stand with you I would have you ascertain and report to me. In any case
+I shall continue to live as long as you shall need me, in view of any
+danger you may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> have to undergo: longer than that I cannot go on in this
+kind of life. For there is neither wisdom nor philosophy with sufficient
+strength to sustain such a weight of grief. I know that there has been a
+time for dying, more honourable and more advantageous; and this is not
+the only one of my many omissions, which, if I should choose to bewail,
+I should merely be increasing your sorrow and emphasizing my own
+stupidity. But one thing I am not bound to do, and it is in fact
+impossible&mdash;remain in a life so wretched and so dishonoured any longer
+than your necessities, or some well-grounded hope, shall demand. For I,
+who was lately supremely blessed in brother, children, wife, wealth, and
+in the very nature of that wealth, while in position, influence,
+reputation, and popularity, I was inferior to none, however
+distinguished&mdash;I cannot, I repeat, go on longer lamenting over myself
+and those dear to me in a life of such humiliation as this, and in a
+state of such utter ruin. Wherefore, what do you mean by writing to me
+about negotiating a bill of exchange? As though I were not now wholly
+dependent on your means! And that is just the very thing in which I see
+and feel, to my misery, of what a culpable act I have been guilty in
+squandering to no purpose the money which I received from the treasury
+in your name,<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a> while you have to satisfy your creditors out of the
+very vitals of yourself and your son. However, the sum mentioned in your
+letter has been paid to M. Antonius, and the same amount to C&aelig;pio. For
+me the sum at present in my hands is sufficient for what I contemplate
+doing. For in either case&mdash;whether I am restored or given up in
+despair&mdash;I shall not want any more money. For yourself, if you are
+molested, I think you should apply to Crassus and Calidius. I don't know
+how far Hortensius is to be trusted. Myself, with the most elaborate
+pretence of affection and the closest daily intimacy, he treated with
+the most utter want of principle and the most consummate treachery, and
+Q. Arrius helped him in it: acting under whose advice, promises, and
+injunctions, I was left helpless to fall into this disaster. But this
+you will keep dark for fear they might injure you. Take care also&mdash;and
+it is on this account that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> think you should cultivate Hortensius
+himself by means of Pomponius&mdash;that the epigram on the <i>lex
+Aurelia</i><a name="FNanchor_324_324" id="FNanchor_324_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> attributed to you when candidate for the &aelig;dileship is not
+proved by false testimony to be yours. For there is nothing that I am so
+afraid of as that, when people understand how much pity for me your
+prayers and your acquittal will rouse, they may attack you with all the
+greater violence. Messalla I reckon as really attached to you: Pompey I
+regard as still pretending only. But may you never have to put these
+things to the test! And that prayer I would have offered to the gods had
+they not ceased to listen to prayers of mine. However, I do pray that
+they may be content with these endless miseries of ours; among which,
+after all, there is no discredit for any wrong thing done&mdash;sorrow is the
+beginning and end, sorrow that punishment is most severe when our
+conduct has been most unexceptionable. As to my daughter and yours and
+my young Cicero, why should I recommend them to you, my dear brother?
+Rather I grieve that their orphan state will cause you no less sorrow
+than it does me. Yet as long as you are uncondemned they will not be
+fatherless. The rest, by my hopes of restoration and the privilege of
+dying in my fatherland, my tears will not allow me to write! Terentia
+also I would ask you to protect, and to write me word on every subject.
+Be as brave as the nature of the case admits.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 13 June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXVI_A_III_10" id="LXVI_A_III_10"></a>LXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 17 June</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>The public transactions up to the 25th of May I have learnt from your
+letter. I am waiting for the rest, as you advised, at Thessalonica; and
+when they arrive I shall be better able to decide where to be. For if
+there is any reason, if any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> action is being taken, if I shall see any
+hopes, I shall either wait in the same place or go to your house; but
+if, as you say, these hopes have vanished into air, I shall look out for
+something else. At present you do not give me any indication except the
+disagreement of those friends of yours, which, however, arises between
+them on every kind of subject rather than myself. Therefore I don't see
+what good it is to me. However, as long as you all will have me hope, I
+shall obey you. For as to your scoldings so frequent and so severe, and
+your saying that I am faint-hearted, I would ask you what misery is
+there so heavy as not to be included in my disfranchisement? Did anyone
+ever fall from such a high position, in so good a cause, with such
+endowments of genius, wisdom and popularity, with such powerful supports
+from all loyalists? Can I forget what I was, and not feel what I am? Of
+what honour, of what glory, of what children, of what means, of what a
+brother I am deprived? This last, indeed, to draw your attention to a
+new kind of disaster&mdash;though I valued him, and always had done so, more
+than myself&mdash;I have avoided seeing, lest I should behold his grief and
+mourning, or lest I&mdash;whom he had left in the highest prosperity&mdash;should
+obtrude myself upon him in a state of ruin and humiliation. I pass over
+the other particulars that are past bearing: for I am prevented by my
+tears. And here, let me ask, am I to be blamed for my grief, or for the
+unfortunate mistake of not retaining these advantages (and I could
+easily have done so, had not a plot for my destruction been hatched
+within my own walls), or at least of not losing them without losing my
+life at the same time? My purpose in writing these words is that you
+should rather console me, as you do, than think me deserving of
+correction or chiding; and the reason of the comparative brevity of my
+letters is, in the first place, that I am hindered by outbursts of
+sorrow, and, in the second place, that I have news to expect from Rome
+rather than any to communicate myself. But when that news arrives I will
+let you know my plans. Pray, as you have done hitherto, write<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> to me on
+as many subjects as possible, that I may not be ignorant of any possible
+thing there is to know.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 17 June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXVII_A_III_11" id="LXVII_A_III_11"></a>LXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 11</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 27 June</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I have been kept at Thessalonica up to this time as well by your letter
+and some good news (which, however, did not rest on the best authority),
+and the expectation of hearing from you all at Rome, as by the fact that
+you advised my doing so. When I receive the letters which I expect, if
+there turns out to be the hope which rumour brings me, I shall go to
+your house;<a name="FNanchor_325_325" id="FNanchor_325_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a> if otherwise, I will inform you of what I have done.
+Pray go on, as you are doing, and help me by your exertions, advice, and
+influence. Cease now consoling me, but yet don't chide me; for when you
+do that, I fail to recognize your affection and regret! Yet I believe
+you to be so distressed yourself at my wretchedness, that it is not
+within anyone's power to console you. Give your support to Quintus, my
+best and kindest of brothers. Pray write to me fully on everything.</p>
+
+<p>27 June.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXVIII_A_III_12" id="LXVIII_A_III_12"></a>LXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 12</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 17 July</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>Well, you argue earnestly as to what hope is to be entertained, and
+especially through the action of the senate, and yet you mention that
+the clause of the bill is being posted up, in virtue of which the
+subject is forbidden to be men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>tioned in the senate. Accordingly, not a
+word is said about it. In these circumstances you find fault with me for
+distressing myself, when the fact is I am already more distressed than
+anybody ever was, as you know very well. You hold out hope as a
+consequence of the elections. What hope can there be with the same man
+tribune, and a consul-designate who is my enemy?<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> But you have dealt
+me a blow in what you say about my speech having got abroad.<a name="FNanchor_327_327" id="FNanchor_327_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> Pray
+do your best to heal that wound, as you express it. I did indeed write
+one some time ago, in a fit of anger at what he had first composed
+against me; but I had taken such pains to suppress it, that I thought it
+would never get into circulation. How it has leaked out I cannot think.
+But since the occasion never arose for my having a word of dispute with
+him, and since it appears to me to be more carelessly written than my
+other speeches, I think it might be maintained not to be by me. Pray
+look after this if you think I can do anything to remedy the mischief;
+but if my ruin is inevitable, I don't so much care about it. I am still
+lying idle in the same place, without conversation, without being able
+to think. Though, as you say, I have "intimated" to you my desire that
+you should come to me, yet it is now clear to me<a name="FNanchor_328_328" id="FNanchor_328_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> that you are doing
+me useful service where you are, but could not give me even a word of
+relief here. I cannot write any more, nor have I anything to say: I am
+rather waiting to hear from you all.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 17 July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXIX_A_III_14" id="LXIX_A_III_14"></a>LXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 14</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 21 July</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>From your letter I am full of anxiety to hear what Pompey's view is of
+my case, or what he professes to be his view. The elections, I presume,
+are over; and when they were over you say that he was of opinion that my
+case should be mooted. If I seem foolish to you for entertaining hopes,
+it is at your bidding that I do so: yet I know that you have in your
+letters been usually inclined rather to check me and my hopes. Now pray
+write distinctly what your view is. I know that I have fallen into this
+distress from numerous errors of my own. If certain accidents have in
+any degree corrected those errors, I shall be less sorry that I
+preserved my life then and am still living. Owing to the constant
+traffic along the road<a name="FNanchor_329_329" id="FNanchor_329_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> and the daily expectation of political
+change, I have as yet not removed from Thessalonica. But now I am being
+forced away, not by Plancius&mdash;for he, indeed, wishes to keep me
+here&mdash;but by the nature of the place, which is not at all calculated for
+the residence of a disfranchised man in such a state of sorrow. I have
+not gone to Epirus, as I had said I would, because all of a sudden the
+messages and letters that arrived have all indicated it to be
+unnecessary for me to be in the immediate neighbourhood of Italy. From
+this place, as soon as I have heard something about the elections, I
+shall set my face towards Asia, but to what particular part I am not yet
+certain: however, you shall know.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 21 July.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXX_A_III_13" id="LXX_A_III_13"></a>LXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 13</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 5 August</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>As to my having written you word that I meant to go to Epirus, I changed
+my plan when I saw that my hope was vanishing and fading away, and did
+not remove from Thessalonica. I resolved to remain there until I heard
+from you on the subject mentioned in your last letter, namely, that
+there was going to be some motion made in the senate on my case
+immediately after the elections, and that Pompey had told you so.
+Wherefore, as the elections are over and I have no letter from you, I
+shall consider it as though you had written to say that nothing has come
+of it, and I shall not feel annoyed at having been buoyed up by a hope
+which did not keep me long in suspense. But the movement, which you said
+in your letter that you foresaw as likely to be to my advantage, people
+arriving here tell me will not occur.<a name="FNanchor_330_330" id="FNanchor_330_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a> My sole remaining hope is in
+the tribunes-designate: and if I wait to see how that turns out, you
+will have no reason to think of me as having been wanting to my own
+cause or the wishes of my friends. As to your constantly finding fault
+with me for being so overwhelmed by my misfortune, you ought to pardon
+me when you see that I have sustained a more crushing blow than anyone
+you have ever seen or heard of. As to your saying that you are told that
+my intellect in even affected by grief, that is not so; my intellect is
+quite sound. Oh that it had been as much so in the hour of danger! when
+I found those, to whom I thought my safety was the dearest object of
+their life, most bitterly and unfeelingly hostile: who, when they saw
+that I had somewhat lost my balance from fear, left nothing undone which
+malice and treachery could suggest in giving me the final push, to my
+utter ruin. Now, as I must go to Cyzicus,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> where I shall get letters
+more rarely, I beg you to write me word all the more carefully of
+everything you may think I ought to know. Be sure you are affectionate
+to my brother Quintus: if in all my misery I still leave him with rights
+undiminished, I shall not consider myself utterly ruined.</p>
+
+<p>5 August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXI_Q_FR_I_4" id="LXXI_Q_FR_I_4"></a>LXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR I, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, August</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>I beg you, my dear brother, if you and all my family have been ruined by
+my single misfortune, not to attribute it to dishonesty and bad conduct
+on my part, rather than to short-sightedness and the wretched state I
+was in. I have committed no fault except in trusting those whom I
+believed to be bound by the most sacred obligation not to deceive me, or
+whom I thought to be even interested in not doing so. All my most
+intimate, nearest and dearest friends were either alarmed for themselves
+or jealous of me: the result was that all I lacked was good faith on the
+part of my friends and caution on my own.<a name="FNanchor_331_331" id="FNanchor_331_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a> But if your own blameless
+character and the compassion of the world prove sufficient to preserve
+you at this juncture from molestation, you can, of course, observe
+whether any hope of restoration is left for me. For Pomponius, Sestius,
+and my son-in-law Piso have caused me as yet to stay at Thessalonica,
+forbidding me, on account of certain impending movements, to increase my
+distance. But in truth I am awaiting the result more on account of their
+letters than from any firm hope of my own. For what can I hope with an
+enemy possessed of the most formidable power, with my detractors masters
+of the state, with friends unfaithful, with numbers of people jealous?
+However, of the new tribunes there is one, it is true, most warmly
+attached to me&mdash;Sestius&mdash;and I hope Curius, Milo, Fadius,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> Fabricius;
+but still there is Clodius in violent opposition, who even when out of
+office will be able to stir up the passions of the mob by the help of
+that same gang, and then there will be found some one also to veto the
+bill.</p>
+
+<p>Such a state of things was not put before me when I was leaving Rome,
+but I often used to be told that I was certain to return in three days
+with the greatest <i>&eacute;clat</i>. "What made you go, then?" you will say. What,
+indeed! Many circumstances concurred to throw me off my balance&mdash;the
+defection of Pompey, the hostility of the consuls, and of the pr&aelig;tors
+also, the timidity of the <i>publicani</i>, the armed bands. The tears of my
+friends prevented me seeking refuge in death, which would certainly have
+been the best thing for my honour, the best escape from unbearable
+sorrows. But I have written to you on this subject in the letter I gave
+to Phaetho. Now that you have been plunged into griefs and troubles,
+such as no one ever was before, if the compassion of the world can
+lighten our common misfortune, you will, it seems, score a success
+beyond belief! But if we are both utterly ruined&mdash;ah me!&mdash;I shall have
+been the absolute destruction of my whole family, to whom I used to be
+at least no discredit! But pray, as I said in a previous letter to you,
+look into the business, test it thoroughly, and write to me with the
+candour which our situation demands, and not as your affection for me
+would dictate. I shall retain my life as long as I shall think that it
+is in your interest for me to do so, or that it ought to be preserved
+with a view to future hope. You will find Sestius most friendly to us,
+and I believe that Lentulus, the coming consul, will also be so for your
+sake. However, deeds are not so easy as words. You will see what is
+wanted and what the truth is. On the whole, supposing that no one takes
+advantage of your unprotected position and our common calamity, it is by
+your means, or not at all, that something may be effected. But even if
+your enemies have begun to annoy you, don't flinch: for <i>you</i> will be
+attacked by legal process, not by swords. However, I hope that this may
+not occur. I beg you to write me back word on all subjects, and to
+believe that though I have less spirit and resource than in old times, I
+have quite as much affection and loyalty.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXII_A_III_15" id="LXXII_A_III_15"></a>LXXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 15</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 17 August</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>On the 13th of August I received four letters from you: one in which you
+urge me in a tone of reproof to be less weak; a second, in which you say
+that Crassus's freedman has told you about my anxiety and leanness; a
+third, in which you describe the proceedings in the senate; a fourth on
+the subject of Varro's assurances to you as to the friendly feelings of
+Pompey.</p>
+
+<p>To the first my answer is this: though I do grieve, yet I keep all my
+mental faculties, and it is precisely that which vexes me&mdash;I have no
+opportunity and no one with whom to employ so sound an intellect. For if
+you cannot find yourself separated from one individual like myself
+without sorrow, what do you think must be my case, who am deprived both
+of you and of everyone else? And if you, while still in possession of
+all your rights, miss me, to what an extent do you think those rights
+are missed by me? I will not enumerate the things of which I have been
+despoiled, not only because you are not ignorant of them, but also lest
+I should reopen my own sorrow. I only assert this, that never did anyone
+in an unofficial position possess such great advantages, or fall into
+such great miseries. Moreover, lapse of time not only does not soften
+this grief, it even enhances it. For other sorrows are softened by age,
+this one cannot but be daily increased both by my sense of present
+misery and the recollection of my past life. For it is not only property
+or friends that I miss, but myself. For what am I? But I will not allow
+myself either to wring your soul with my complaints, or to place my
+hands too often on my wounds. For as to your defence of those whom I
+said had been jealous of me, and among them Cato, I indeed think that he
+was so far removed from that crime, that I am above all things sorry
+that the pretended zeal of others had more influence with me than his
+honesty. As for your excuses<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> for the others, they ought to be excused
+in my eyes if they are so in yours. But all this is an old story now.
+Crassus's freedman, I think, spoke without any real sincerity. In the
+senate you say that the debate was satisfactory. But what about Curio?
+Hasn't he read that speech? I can't make out how it got into
+circulation! But Axius, in describing the proceedings of the same day,
+does not speak so highly of Curio.<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> But he may be omitting
+something; I know you have certainly not written anything except what
+actually occurred. Varro's talk gives me some hope of C&aelig;sar, and would
+that Varro himself would throw himself into the cause! Which he
+certainly will do, both of his own accord and under pressure from you.
+For myself, if fortune ever grants me the enjoyment of you all and of my
+country, I will at least take care that you shall, above all the rest of
+my friends, have cause to be glad: and I will so discharge all the
+duties of affection and friendship, which (to confess the truth) have
+not heretofore been conspicuous, that you shall regard me as restored to
+yourself as much as to my brother and my children. If I have in any way
+sinned in my conduct to you, or rather since I have done so, pardon me.
+For I have sinned more grievously against myself. And I do not write
+this to you because I know you not to feel deeply for my misfortune: but
+certainly if it had been a matter of <i>obligation</i> with you, and had
+always been so, to love me as much as you do and have done, you would
+never have allowed me to lack that judgment with which you are so well
+supplied,<a name="FNanchor_333_333" id="FNanchor_333_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> nor would you have allowed me to be persuaded that the
+passing of the bill for the "colleges" was to our advantage.<a name="FNanchor_334_334" id="FNanchor_334_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> But
+you did nothing but weep over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> my sorrow, as though you were my second
+self. This was indeed a sign of your affection: but what might have been
+done, if I had earned it at your hands&mdash;the spending by you of days and
+nights in thinking out the course I ought to have pursued&mdash;that was
+omitted, owing to my own culpable imprudence, not yours. Now if, I don't
+say you only, but if there had been anyone to urge me, when alarmed at
+Pompey's ungenerous answer,<a name="FNanchor_335_335" id="FNanchor_335_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> not to adopt that most degrading
+course&mdash;and you are the person that, above all others, could have done
+it&mdash;I should either have died honourably, or we should have been living
+to-day triumphant. In this you must forgive me. For I find much greater
+fault with myself, and only call you in question afterwards, as at once
+my second self and the sharer in my error; and, besides, if I am ever
+restored, our mistake will seem still less in my eyes, and to you at
+least I shall be endeared by your own kindness, since there is none on
+my side.<a name="FNanchor_336_336" id="FNanchor_336_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> There is something in the suggestion you mentioned as
+having been made in your conversation with Culleo as to a
+<i>privilegium</i>,<a name="FNanchor_337_337" id="FNanchor_337_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> but by far the better course is to have the law
+repealed. For if no one vetoes it, what course can be safer? But if
+anyone is found to prohibit its passing, he will be equally able to veto
+a decree of the senate. Nor is there need for the repeal of anything
+else. For the previous law did not touch me: and if, on its publication,
+I had chosen to speak in its favour, or to ignore it, as it ought to
+have been ignored, it could not have done me any harm at all.<a name="FNanchor_338_338" id="FNanchor_338_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a> It
+was at this point<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> first that my judgment failed to assist me, nay, even
+did me harm. Blind, blind, I say, was I in laying aside my senator's
+toga, and in entreating the people; it was a fatal step to take before
+some attack had been begun upon me by name.<a name="FNanchor_339_339" id="FNanchor_339_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> But I am harping on the
+past: it is, however, for the purpose of advising you, if any action is
+to be taken, not to touch that law, in which there are many provisions
+in the interests of the people. But it is foolish for me to be laying
+down rules as to what you are to do and how. I only wish that something
+may be done! And it is on that point that your letter displays much
+reserve: I presume, to prevent my being too much agitated by despair.
+For what action do you see possible to be taken, or in what way? Through
+the senate? But you yourself told me that Clodius had fixed upon the
+doorpost of the senate-house a certain clause in the law, "that it might
+neither be put to the house nor mentioned."<a name="FNanchor_340_340" id="FNanchor_340_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> How could
+Domitius,<a name="FNanchor_341_341" id="FNanchor_341_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> therefore, say that he would bring it before the house?
+How came it about also that Clodius held his tongue, when those you
+mention in your letter both spoke on the subject and demanded that a
+motion should be brought in? But if you go to the people&mdash;can it be
+carried except with the unanimous approval of the tribunes? What about
+my property? What about my house? Will it be possible to have it
+restored? Or, if that cannot, how can I be? Unless you see these
+difficulties on the way to be solved, what is the hope to which you
+invite me? But if, again, there is no hope, what sort of life is there
+for me? So I await at Thessalonica the gazette of the proceedings of the
+1st of August, in accordance with which I shall decide whether to take
+refuge on your estate, in order at once to avoid seeing people I don't
+want to see, to see you, according to your letter, and to be nearer at
+hand in case of any motion being made (and this I understand is in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+accordance with your view and that of my brother Quintus), or to depart
+for Cyzicus. Now, my dear Pomponius, since you imparted to me none of
+your wisdom in time to save me, either because you had made up your mind
+that I had judgment enough of my own, or that you owed me nothing beyond
+being by my side; and since, betrayed, beguiled, and hurried into a
+snare as I was, I neglected all my defences, abandoned and left Italy,
+which was everywhere on the <i>qui vive</i> to defend me, and surrendered
+myself and mine into the hands of enemies while you looked on and said
+nothing, though, even if you were not my superior in mental power, you
+were at least in less of a fright: now, if you can, raise the fallen,
+and in that way assist me! But if every avenue is barred, take care that
+I know that also, and cease at length either to scold me or to offer
+your kindly-meant consolations. If I had meant to impeach your good
+faith, I should not have chosen your roof, of all others, to which to
+trust myself: it is my own folly that I blame for having thought that
+your love for me was exactly what I could have wished it to be:<a name="FNanchor_342_342" id="FNanchor_342_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> for
+if that had been so, you would have displayed the same good faith, but
+greater circumspection; at least, you would have held me back when
+plunging headlong into ruin, and would not have had to encounter the
+labours which you are now enduring in saving the wrecks of my fortunes.
+Wherefore do be careful to look into, examine thoroughly, and write
+fully everything that occurs, and resolve (as I am sure you do) that I
+shall be <i>some one</i>, since I cannot now be the man I was and the man I
+might have been; and lastly, believe that in this letter it is not you,
+but myself that I have accused. If there are any people to whom you
+think that letters ought to be delivered in my name, pray compose them
+and see them delivered.</p>
+
+<p>17 August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXIII_A_III_16" id="LXXIII_A_III_16"></a>LXXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 16</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 19 August</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>My whole journey is in suspense till I receive letters from you all of
+the 1st of August. For if there turns out to be any hope, I am for
+Epirus: if not, I shall make for Cyzicus or some other place. Your
+letter is cheerful<a name="FNanchor_343_343" id="FNanchor_343_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a> indeed, but at the same time, the oftener I read
+it, the more it weakens the suggested ground for hope, so that it is
+easy to see that you are trying to minister at once to consolation and
+to truth. Accordingly, I beg you to write to me exactly what you know
+and exactly what you think.</p>
+
+<p>19 August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXIV_A_III_17" id="LXXIV_A_III_17"></a>LXXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 17</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 4 September</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>News of my brother Quintus of an invariably gloomy nature reached me
+from the 3rd of June up to the 29th of August. On that day, however,
+Livineius, a freedman of Lucius Regulus, came to me by the direction of
+Regulus himself.<a name="FNanchor_344_344" id="FNanchor_344_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> He announced that absolutely no notice whatever
+had been given of a prosecution, but that there had, nevertheless, been
+some talk about the son of C. Clodius.<a name="FNanchor_345_345" id="FNanchor_345_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a> He also<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> brought me a letter
+from my brother Quintus. But next day came the slaves of Sestius, who
+brought me a letter from you not so positive in regard to this alarm as
+the conversation of Livineius had been. I am rendered very anxious in
+the midst of my own endless distress, and the more so as Appius<a name="FNanchor_346_346" id="FNanchor_346_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> has
+the trial of the case. As to other circumstances mentioned in the same
+letter by you in connexion with my hopes, I understand that things are
+going less well than other people represent them. I, however, since we
+are now not far from the time at which the matter will be decided, will
+either go to your house or will still remain somewhere in this
+neighbourhood. My brother writes me word that his interests are being
+supported by you more than by anyone else. Why should I urge you to do
+what you are already doing? or offer you thanks which you do not expect?
+I only pray that fortune may give us the opportunity of enjoying our
+mutual affection in security. I am always very anxious to get your
+letters, in which I beg you not to be afraid of your minuteness boring
+me, or your plain speaking giving me pain.</p>
+
+<p>4 September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXV_A_III_18" id="LXXV_A_III_18"></a>LXXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 18</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica</span> (<span class="smcap">September</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>You raised no little flutter in my mind when you said in your letter
+that Varro had assured you as a friend that Pompey would certainly take
+up my case, and that as soon as he had received a letter from C&aelig;sar,
+which he was expecting, he would even name some one to formally carry
+out the business. Was that all mere talk, or was the letter from C&aelig;sar
+hostile? Is there some ground for hope? You mentioned, too, that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> Pompey
+had also used the expression "after the elections." Pray, as you can
+conceive the severity of the troubles by which I am prostrated, and as
+you must think it natural to your kindness to do so, inform me fully as
+to the whole state of my case. For my brother Quintus, dear good fellow,
+who is so much attached to me, fills his letters with hopeful
+expressions, fearing, I suppose, my entirely losing heart. Whereas your
+letters vary in tone; for you won't have me either despair or cherish
+rash hopes. I beseech you to let me know everything as far as you can
+detect the truth.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXVI_A_III_19" id="LXXVI_A_III_19"></a>LXXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 19</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 15 September</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>As long as my letters from you all continued to be of such a nature as
+to keep expectation alive, I was bound to Thessalonica by hope and eager
+longing: afterwards, when all political measures for this year appeared
+to me to be over, I yet determined not to go to Asia, both because a
+crowd of people is disagreeable to me, and because, in case any movement
+was set on foot by the new magistrates, I was unwilling to be far off.
+Accordingly, I resolved to go to your house in Epirus, not because the
+natural features of the country mattered to me, shunning as I do the
+light of day altogether, but because it will be most grateful to my
+feelings to set out from a harbour of yours to my restoration; and, if
+that restoration is denied me, there is no place where I shall with
+greater ease either support this most wretched existence or (which is
+much better) rid myself of it. I shall be in a small society: I shall
+shake off the crowd. Your letters have never raised me to such a pitch
+of hope as those of others; and yet my hopes have always been less warm
+than your letters. Nevertheless, since a beginning has been made in the
+case, of whatever sort and from whatever motive, I will not disappoint
+the sad and touching entreaties of my best and only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> brother, nor the
+promises of Sestius and others, nor the hopes of my most afflicted wife,
+nor the entreaties of my most unhappy Tulliola, as well as your own
+loyal letter. Epirus will furnish me with a road to restoration or to
+that other alternative mentioned above. I beg and entreat of you, Titus
+Pomponius, as you see that I have been despoiled by the treachery of men
+of all that most adds splendour to life, of all that can most gratify
+and delight the soul, as you see that I have been betrayed and cast away
+by my own advisers, as you understand that I have been forced to ruin
+myself and my family&mdash;help me by your compassion, and support my brother
+Quintus, who is still capable of being saved; protect Terentia and my
+children. For myself, if you think it possible that you may see me at
+Rome, wait for me; if not, come to see me if you can, and make over to
+me just so much of your land as may be covered by my corpse. Finally,
+send slaves to me with letters as soon and as often as possible.</p>
+
+<p>15 September.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXVII_A_III_20" id="LXXVII_A_III_20"></a>LXXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 20</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 4 October</span></h4>
+
+<p><i>Cicero greets Q. C&aelig;cilius Pomponianus Atticus, son of Quintus.</i><a name="FNanchor_347_347" id="FNanchor_347_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>That this is now the case, and that your uncle has done what he ought to
+have done, I approve in the strongest manner possible: I will say I am
+"glad," when circumstances shall admit of my using such a word. Ah me!
+how<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> well everything would have been going if my own spirit, my own
+judgment, and the good faith of those on whom I relied had not failed
+me! But I won't review these circumstances lest I increase my sorrow.
+Yet I feel sure that it occurs to your mind what a life ours was, how
+delightful, how dignified. To recover this, in the name of fortune,
+bestow all your energies, as I know you do, and take care that I keep
+the birthday of my return in your delightful house with you and my
+family. For this hope and expectation, though now put before me as being
+very strong, I yet wished to wait in your home in Epirus; but my letters
+are such as to make me think it better not to be in the same
+neighbourhood. What you say in your letter about my town house and about
+Curio's speech is exactly true. Under the general act of restoration, if
+only that is accorded me, everything will be included, of which I care
+for nothing more than for my house. But I don't give you any precise
+injunction, I trust myself wholly to your affection and honour. I am
+very glad to hear that you have extricated yourself from every
+embarrassment in view of so large an inheritance. As to your promise to
+employ your means in securing my restoration, though I am in all points
+assisted by you above all others, yet I quite see what a support that
+is, and I fully understand that you are undertaking and can carry on
+many departments of my cause, and do not need to be asked to do so. You
+tell me not to suspect that your feelings have been at all affected by
+acts of commission or omission on my part towards you&mdash;well, I will obey
+you and will get rid of that anxiety; yet I shall owe you all the more
+from the fact that your kind consideration for me has been on a higher
+level than mine for you. Please tell me in your letters whatever you
+see, whatever you make out, whatever is being done in my case, and
+exhort all your friends to help in promoting my recall. The bill of
+Sestius<a name="FNanchor_348_348" id="FNanchor_348_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> does not shew sufficient regard for my dignity or
+sufficient caution.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> For the proposed law ought to mention me by name,
+and to contain a carefully expressed clause about my property. Pray see
+to it.</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 4 October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXVIII_F_XIV_2" id="LXXVIII_F_XIV_2"></a>LXXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIV, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 5 October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 48</div>
+
+<p>Greetings to Terentia, and Tulliola, and Cicero. Don't suppose that I
+write longer letters to anyone else, unless some one has written at
+unusual length to me, whom I think myself bound to answer. For I have
+nothing to write about, and there is nothing at such a time as this that
+I find it more difficult to do. Moreover, to you and my dear Tulliola I
+cannot write without many tears. For I see you reduced to the greatest
+misery&mdash;the very people whom I desired to be ever enjoying the most
+complete happiness, a happiness which it was my bounden duty to secure,
+and which I should have secured if I had not been such a coward. Our
+dear Piso I love exceedingly for his noble conduct. I have to the best
+of my ability encouraged him by letter to proceed, and thanked him, as I
+was bound to do. I gather that you entertain hopes in the new tribunes.
+We shall have reason to depend on that, if we may depend on Pompey's
+goodwill, but yet I am nervous about Crassus. I gather that you have
+behaved in every respect with the greatest courage and most loyal
+affection, nor am I surprised at it; but I grieve that the position
+should be such that my miseries are relieved by such heavy ones on your
+part. For a kind friend of ours, Publius Valerius, has told me in a
+letter which I could not read without violent weeping, how you had been
+dragged from the temple of Vesta to the Valerian bank.<a name="FNanchor_349_349" id="FNanchor_349_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a> To think of
+it, my dear, my love!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> You from whom everybody used to look for
+help!<a name="FNanchor_350_350" id="FNanchor_350_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> That you, my Terentia, should now be thus harassed, thus
+prostrate in tears and humiliating distress! And that this should be
+brought about by my fault, who have preserved the rest of the citizens
+only to perish myself! As to what you say about our town house, or
+rather its site, I shall not consider myself fully restored, until it
+has also been restored for me. However, these things are not yet within
+our grasp. I am only sorry that you, impoverished and plundered as you
+are, should be called upon to bear any part of the present expenses. Of
+course, if the business is successfully accomplished we shall get
+everything back: but if the same evil fortune keeps us down, will you be
+so foolish as to throw away even the poor remains of your fortune?<a name="FNanchor_351_351" id="FNanchor_351_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a>
+I beseech you, my life, as far as expense goes, allow others to bear it,
+who are well able if they are only willing to do so; and do not, as you
+love me, try your delicate constitution. For I have you day and night
+before my eyes: I see you eagerly undertaking labours of every kind: I
+fear you cannot endure them. Yet I see that everything depends on you!
+Wherefore, to enable us to attain what you hope and are striving for,
+attend carefully to your health. <i>I</i> don't know to whom to write except
+to those who write to me, or to those about whom you say something in
+your letters. I will not go farther off, since that is your wish, but
+pray send me a letter as often as possible, especially if there is
+anything on which we may safely build our hope. Good-bye, my loves,
+good-bye!</p>
+
+<p>Thessalonica, 5 October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXIX_A_III_21" id="LXXIX_A_III_21"></a>LXXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 21</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica, 28 October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 48</div>
+
+<p>It is exactly thirty days to the writing of this letter since I have
+heard from you. Well, my present intention is, as I have told you, to go
+into Epirus and there by preference to await whatever may turn up. I beg
+you to write to me with the utmost openness whatever you perceive to be
+the state of the case, and whether it is for good or evil, and also to
+send a letter, as you say, in my name to whomsoever you think it
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>28 October.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXX_A_III_22" id="LXXX_A_III_22"></a>LXXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 22</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Thessalonica and Dyrrachium, 27 November</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span>. 48</div>
+
+<p>Though my brother Quintus and Piso have given me a careful account of
+what has been done, yet I could have wished that your engagements had
+not hindered you from writing fully to me, as has been your custom, what
+was on foot and what you understood to be the facts. Up to the present,
+Plancius<a name="FNanchor_352_352" id="FNanchor_352_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> keeps me here by his generous treatment, though I have
+several times already made an effort to go to Epirus. He has conceived a
+hope, which I do not share, that we may possibly quit the province
+together: he hopes that that may redound greatly to his credit. But as
+soon as news shall come that soldiers are on their way hither,<a name="FNanchor_353_353" id="FNanchor_353_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> I
+shall have to insist on quitting him. And as soon<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> as I do that I will
+at once send you word, that you may know where I am. Lentulus,<a name="FNanchor_354_354" id="FNanchor_354_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> in
+his own peculiar zeal for my cause, which he manifests by action and
+promises and writings, gives me some hope of Pompey's friendly feelings.
+For you have often told me in your letters that the latter was wholly
+devoted to him. As to Metellus,<a name="FNanchor_355_355" id="FNanchor_355_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a> my brother has written me word that
+by your agency as much has been accomplished as he had hoped. My dear
+Pomponius, fight hard that I may be allowed to live with you and my own
+family, and write me everything that occurs. I am heavy with sorrow and
+regret for all my dear ones, who have always been dearer to me than
+myself. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Dyrrachium, 27 November. As, if I went through Thessaly into Epirus, I
+should have been likely to be a very long time without any intelligence,
+and as I have warm friends in the people of Dyrrachium, I have come to
+them, after writing the former part of this letter at Thessalonica. When
+I turn my face from this town towards your house I will let you know,
+and for your part I would have you write me everything with the utmost
+particularity, whatever its nature. I am now expecting some definite
+step or the abandonment of all hope.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXI_F_XIV_1" id="LXXXI_F_XIV_1"></a>LXXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIV, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TERENTIA</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Partly Written at Thessalonica, partly at Dyrrachium, 28 November</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote">B.C. 58, &AElig;T. 48</div>
+
+<p>Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I learn, both from the
+letters of many and the conversation of all whom I meet, that you are
+shewing a virtue and courage surpassing belief; and that you give no
+sign of fatigue<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> in mind or body from your labours. Ah me! To think that
+a woman of your virtue, fidelity, uprightness, and kindness should have
+fallen into such troubles on my account! And that my little Tullia
+should reap such a harvest of sorrow from the father, from whom she used
+to receive such abundant joys! For why mention my boy Cicero, who from
+the first moment of conscious feeling has been made aware of the
+bitterest sorrows and miseries? And if, as you say, I had thought these
+things the work of destiny, I could have borne them somewhat more
+easily, but they were really all brought about by my own fault, in
+thinking myself beloved by those who were really jealous of me, and in
+not joining those who really wanted me.<a name="FNanchor_356_356" id="FNanchor_356_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a> But if I had followed my
+own judgment, and had not allowed the observations of friends, who were
+either foolish or treacherous, to have such great influence with me, we
+should have been living at the height of bliss. As it is, since friends
+bid us hope, I will do my best to prevent my weakness of health from
+failing to second your efforts. I fully understand the magnitude of the
+difficulty, and how much easier it will turn out to have been to stay at
+home than to get back. However, if we have all the tribunes on our side,
+if we find Lentulus as zealous as he appears to be, if, finally, we have
+Pompey and C&aelig;sar, there is no reason to despair. About our slaves,<a name="FNanchor_357_357" id="FNanchor_357_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a>
+we will do what you say is the opinion of our friends. As to this place,
+by this time the epidemic has taken its departure; but while it lasted,
+it did not touch me. Plancius, the kindest of men, desires me to stay
+with him and still keeps me from departing. I wanted to be in a less
+frequented district in Epirus, to which neither Hispo<a name="FNanchor_358_358" id="FNanchor_358_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> nor soldiers
+would come, but as yet Plancius keeps me from going; he hopes that he
+may possibly quit his province for Italy in my company. And if ever I
+see that day, and come once more into your arms, and if I ever recover
+you all and myself, I shall consider that I have reaped a sufficient
+harvest both of your piety and my own. Piso's<a name="FNanchor_359_359" id="FNanchor_359_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> kindness, virtue, and
+affection toward us all are so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> great that nothing can surpass them. I
+hope his conduct may be a source of pleasure to him, a source of glory I
+see clearly that it will be. I did not mean to find fault with you about
+my brother Quintus, but I wished that you all, especially considering
+how few there are of you, should be as closely united as possible. Those
+whom you wished me to thank I have thanked, and told them that my
+information came from you. As to what you say in your letter, my dear
+Terentia, about your intention of selling the village, alas! in heaven's
+name, what will become of you? And if the same ill-fortune continues to
+pursue us, what will become of our poor boy? I cannot write the rest&mdash;so
+violent is my outburst of weeping, and I will not reduce you to the same
+tearful condition. I only add this: if my friends remain loyal to me,
+there will be no lack of money; if not, you will not be able to effect
+our object out of your own purse. In the name of our unhappy fortunes,
+beware how we put the finishing stroke to the boy's ruin. If he has
+something to keep him from absolute want, he will need only moderate
+character and moderate luck to attain the rest. See to your health, and
+mind you send me letter-carriers, that I may know what is going on and
+what you are all doing. I have in any case only a short time to wait.
+Give my love to Tulliola and Cicero. Good-bye.</p>
+
+<p>Dyrrachium,<a name="FNanchor_360_360" id="FNanchor_360_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> 27 November.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I have come to Dyrrachium both because it is a free state, very
+kindly disposed to me, and the nearest point to Italy.<a name="FNanchor_361_361" id="FNanchor_361_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> But if the
+crowded condition of the place offends me, I shall take myself elsewhere
+and I will write you word.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXXII_A_III_23" id="LXXXII_A_III_23"></a>LXXXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 23</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium, 29 November</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>On the 26th of November I received three letters from you, one dated
+25th of October, in which you exhort me to await the month of January
+with a good heart, and write at length on such topics as you think tend
+to encourage my hopes&mdash;as to the zeal of Lentulus, the goodwill of
+Metellus, and the general policy of Pompey. In the second letter,
+contrary to your usual custom, you append no date, but give sufficient
+indication of the time of its writing. For the law having been published
+by the eight tribunes, you mention that you wrote this letter on the
+very same day, that is, the 29th of October,<a name="FNanchor_362_362" id="FNanchor_362_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> and you say what good
+you think that publication has done. In regard to which, if my
+restoration is to be despaired of along with this law, I would have you
+think in your affection for me that my fruitless exertions are pitiable
+rather than foolish: but if there is any ground for hope, try and secure
+that my cause may be hereafter supported with greater attention to
+details by the new magistrates. For this bill of the old tribunes<a name="FNanchor_363_363" id="FNanchor_363_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a>
+had three clauses, of which the one relating to my return was carelessly
+drafted. For nothing is restored to me except my citizenship and
+senatorial rank: which, in the circumstances of my position, suffices
+me, but it does not escape your observation what special provisions will
+have to be made, and in what manner. The second clause is the usual
+one&mdash;"If anything be done in virtue of this law against other
+laws."<a name="FNanchor_364_364" id="FNanchor_364_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> But observe, my dear Pomponius, what the object of the third
+clause is, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> by whom it has been put in. For you know that Clodius
+provided that it should be scarcely possible, or rather altogether
+impossible, for his law to be deprived of validity either by senate or
+people. But you must see that the penal provisions of such laws as are
+repealed have never been observed. For in that case hardly any law could
+be repealed at all&mdash;for there is no law which does not hedge itself in
+by trying to make repeal difficult&mdash;but when a law is repealed, so is
+the clause meant to prevent its repeal. Now, though this is in truth the
+case, since it has been the universal doctrine and practice, our eight
+tribunes introduced the following clause: <i>If any provision is contained
+in this bill which, in view of existing laws or plebiscites</i> (<i>i.e.</i>,
+Clodius's law), <i>it is not lawful without incurring penalty, now or
+heretofore, whether to publish, repeal, amend, or supersede, or whereby
+he who has so published or amended would be liable to penalty or
+fine&mdash;such provision is not enacted by this law</i>. And observe that this
+contingency did not touch the case of those eight tribunes, for they
+were not bound by a law emanating from their own body.<a name="FNanchor_365_365" id="FNanchor_365_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> Which makes
+one the more suspicious of some evil intention, since they have added a
+clause which did not affect themselves, but was against my interests: so
+that the new tribunes, if they happened to be somewhat timid, would
+think it still more necessary to employ the clause.<a name="FNanchor_366_366" id="FNanchor_366_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a> And Clodius did
+not fail to notice this. For he said in the public meeting of November
+the third, that by this clause a limit to their legal powers was laid
+down for the tribunes-designate; and yet it cannot escape your notice
+that in no law is there a clause of the sort: whereas, if it had been
+necessary, everybody would have employed it in repealing a law. How this
+point came to escape Ninnius<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> and the rest, pray find out, and who
+introduced the clause, and how it was that the eight tribunes did not
+hesitate to bring my case before the senate&mdash;which implies that they did
+not think that clause of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> the law binding&mdash;and were yet so cautious in
+their proposal for its repeal, as to be afraid (though not personally
+liable) of what need not be taken into consideration, even by those who
+are bound by the law. This clause I would not have the new tribunes
+propose; however, let them only carry something, no matter what: I shall
+be content with the single clause recalling me, so long only as the
+business is done. I have for some time been feeling ashamed of writing
+at such length; for I fear by the time you read this it will be all up
+with any hopes, so that this minute criticism of mine may seem pitiable
+to you and ridiculous to others. But if there is any ground for hope,
+pray look at the law which Visellius<a name="FNanchor_368_368" id="FNanchor_368_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> drafted for T. Fadius. I like
+it very much: for that of our friend Sestius, which you say has your
+approbation, I don't like.</p>
+
+<p>The third letter is dated 12th of November, in which you explain with
+wisdom and care what the circumstances are which seem to cause a
+postponement of my affair, and about Crassus, Pompey, and the rest.
+Accordingly, I beg you, if there is any hope that the matter can be
+settled by the zeal of the loyalists, by the exertion of influence, and
+by getting numbers on our side, to endeavour to break through all
+difficulties at a rush, to throw your whole weight into the attempt, and
+incite others to do the same. But if, as I perceive from your
+conjectures as well as my own, there is no hope left, I beg and implore
+you to cherish my brother Quintus, whom I to our mutual misery have
+ruined, and not allow him to do anything to himself which would be to
+the detriment of your sister's son. My little Cicero, to whom, poor boy!
+I leave nothing but prejudice and the blot upon my name, pray protect to
+the best of your power. Terentia, that most afflicted of women, sustain
+by your kindness. I shall start for Epirus as soon as I have received
+news of the first days of the new tribunate.<a name="FNanchor_369_369" id="FNanchor_369_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> Pray describe fully to
+me in your next letter what sort of a beginning is made.</p>
+
+<p>29 November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXXIII_F_XIV_3" id="LXXXIII_F_XIV_3"></a>LXXXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIV, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium, 29 November</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I have received three
+letters from the hands of Aristocritus, which I almost obliterated with
+tears. For I am thoroughly weakened with sorrow, my dear Terentia, and
+it is not my own miseries that torture me more than yours&mdash;and yours, my
+children! Moreover, I am more miserable than you in this, that whereas
+the disaster is shared by us both, yet the fault is all my own. It was
+my duty to have avoided the danger by accepting a legation,<a name="FNanchor_370_370" id="FNanchor_370_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a> or to
+resist it by careful management and the resources at my command, or to
+fall like a brave man. Nothing was more pitiful, more base, or more
+unworthy of myself than the line I actually took. Accordingly, it is
+with shame as well as grief that I am overpowered. For I am ashamed of
+not having exhibited courage and care to a most excellent wife and most
+darling children. I have, day and night, before my eyes the mourning
+dresses, the tears of you all, and the weakness of your own health,
+while the hope of recall presented to me is slender indeed. Many are
+hostile, nearly all jealous. To expel me had been difficult, to keep me
+out is easy. However, as long as you entertain any hope, I will not give
+way, lest all should seem lost by my fault. As to your anxiety for my
+personal safety, that is now the easiest thing in the world for me, for
+even my enemies desire me to go on living in this utter wretchedness. I
+will, however, do as you bid me. I have thanked the friends you desired
+me to thank, and I have delivered the letters to Dexippus, and have
+mentioned that you had informed me of their kindness. That our Piso has
+shewn surprising zeal and kindness to us I can see for myself, but
+everybody also tells me of it. God grant that I may be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> allowed, along
+with you and our children, to enjoy the actual society of such a
+son-in-law! For the present our one remaining hope is in the new
+tribunes, and that, too, in the first days of their office; if the
+matter is allowed to get stale, it is all over with us. It is for that
+reason that I have sent Aristocritus back to you at once, in order that
+you may be able to write to me on the spot as to the first official
+steps taken, and the progress of the whole business; although I have
+also given Dexippus orders to hurry back here at once, and I have sent a
+message to my brother to despatch letter-carriers frequently. For the
+professed object of my being at Dyrrachium at the present juncture is
+that I may hear as speedily as possible what is being done; and I am in
+no personal danger, for this town has always been defended by me. When I
+am told that enemies are on their way here I shall retire into Epirus.
+As to your coming to me, as you say you will if I wish it&mdash;for my part,
+knowing that a large part of this burden is supported by you, I should
+like you to remain where you are. If you succeed in your attempt I must
+come to you: but if, on the other hand&mdash;but I needn't write the rest.
+From your first, or at most, your second letter, I shall be able to
+decide what I must do. Only be sure you tell me everything with the
+greatest minuteness, although I ought now to be looking out for some
+practical step rather than a letter. Take care of your health, and
+assure yourself that nothing is or has ever been dearer to me than you
+are. Good-bye, my dear Terentia, whom I seem to see before my eyes, and
+so am dissolved in tears. Good-bye!</p>
+
+<p>29 November.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXXIV_A_III_24" id="LXXXIV_A_III_24"></a>LXXXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 24</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium, 10 December</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>When, some time ago, I received letters from you all stating that with
+your consent the vote for the expenses of the consular provinces had
+been taken, though I was nervous as to the result of the measure, I yet
+hoped that you saw some good reason for it beyond what I could see: but
+when I was informed by word of mouth and by letters that this policy of
+yours was strongly censured, I was much disturbed, because the hope
+which I had cherished, faint as it was, seemed completely destroyed. For
+if the tribunes are angry with us, what hope can there be? And, indeed,
+they seem to have reason to be angry, since they, who had undertaken my
+cause, have not been consulted on the measure; while by your assenting
+to it they have been deprived of all the legitimate influence of their
+office: and that though they profess that it was for my sake that they
+wished to have the vote for the outfit of the consuls under their
+control, not in order to curtail their freedom of action, but in order
+to attach them to my cause:<a name="FNanchor_371_371" id="FNanchor_371_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> that as things stand now, supposing
+the consuls to choose to take part against me, they can do so without
+let or hindrance, but if they wish to do anything in my favour they are
+powerless if the tribunes object. For as to what you say in your letter,
+that, if your party had not consented, they would have obtained their
+object by a popular vote&mdash;that would have been impossible against the
+will of the tribunes.<a name="FNanchor_372_372" id="FNanchor_372_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> So I fear, on the one hand, that I have lost
+the favour of the tribunes; and on the other, even supposing that favour
+to remain, that the tie has been lost by which the consuls were to be
+attached. Added to this is another disadvantage, the abandonment of the
+weighty resolution&mdash;as, indeed, it was reported to me&mdash;that the senate
+should pass no decree until my case had been decided, and that, too, in
+the case of a measure which was not only not urgent, but even contrary
+to custom and unprecedented. For I think there is no precedent for
+voting the provincial outfit of magistrates when still only designate:
+so that, since in a matter like this the firm line<a name="FNanchor_373_373" id="FNanchor_373_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> on which my
+cause had been taken up has been infringed, there is now no reason why
+any decree should not be passed. It is not surprising that those friends
+to whom the question was referred assented, for it was difficult to find
+anyone to express an opinion openly against proposals so advantageous to
+two consuls. It would in any case have been difficult not to be
+complaisant to such a warm friend as Lentulus, or to Metellus after the
+exceedingly kind way in which he put aside his quarrel with me. But I
+fear that, while failing to keep a hold on them, we have lost the
+tribunes. How this matter has occurred, and in what position the whole
+business stands, I would have you write to me, and in the same spirit as
+before: for your outspoken candour, even if not altogether pleasant, is
+yet what I prefer.</p>
+
+<p>10 December.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXXV_A_III_25" id="LXXXV_A_III_25"></a>LXXXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 25</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS<a name="FNanchor_374_374" id="FNanchor_374_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium (December)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T</span> 48</div>
+
+<p>After you left me I received a letter from Rome, from which I see
+clearly that I must rot away in this state of disfranchisement: for I
+can't believe (don't be offended at my saying so) that you would have
+left town at this juncture, if there had been the least hope left of my
+restoration. But I pass over this, that I may not seem to be ungrateful
+and to wish everything to share my own ruin. All I ask of you is what
+you have faithfully promised, that you will appear before the 1st of
+January wherever I may be.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXVI_A_III_26" id="LXXXVI_A_III_26"></a>LXXXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 26</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57. Coss., P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Q. C&aelig;cilius
+Metellus Nepos.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The new year found Cicero still at Dyrrachium, waiting for the law
+to pass for his recall, which (owing chiefly to the riotous
+opposition of Clodius) did not pass till the 5th of August. We have
+no letters in the interval between January and August, but a few
+lively ones recounting the nature of his return (4th of September),
+and four speeches dealing with his position and that of his
+property. He seems at once to have attached himself to Pompey, and
+to have promoted his appointment as <i>pr&aelig;fectus annon&aelig;</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS<a href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a>)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium, January</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>I have received a letter from my brother Quintus inclosing the decree of
+the senate passed concerning me. My intention is to await the time for
+legislation, and, if the law is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> defeated, I shall avail myself of the
+resolution of the senate,<a name="FNanchor_375_375" id="FNanchor_375_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a> and prefer to be deprived of my life
+rather than of my country. Make haste, I beg, to come to me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXVII_A_III_27" id="LXXXVII_A_III_27"></a>LXXXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A III, 27</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (? AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium (After 25 January)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>From your letter and from the bare facts I see that I am utterly
+ruined.<a name="FNanchor_376_376" id="FNanchor_376_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> I implore you, in view of my deplorable position, to stand
+by my family in whatever respect they shall need your help. I shall, as
+you say, see you soon.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="LXXXVIII_F_V_4" id="LXXXVIII_F_V_4"></a>LXXXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO Q. METELLUS THE CONSUL (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Dyrrachium (January)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>A letter from my brother Quintus, and one from my friend Titus
+Pomponius, had given me so much hope, that I depended on your assistance
+no less than on that of your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> colleague. Accordingly, I at once sent you
+a letter in which, as my present position required, I offered you thanks
+and asked for the continuance of your assistance. Later on, not so much
+the letters of my friends, as the conversation of travellers by this
+route, indicated that your feelings had undergone a change; and that
+circumstance prevented my venturing to trouble you with letters. Now,
+however, my brother Quintus has sent me a copy which he had made of your
+exceedingly kind speech delivered in the senate. Induced by this I have
+attempted to write to you, and I do ask and beg of you, as far as I may
+without giving you offence, to preserve your own friends along with me,
+rather than attack me to satisfy the unreasonable vindictiveness of your
+connexions. You have, indeed, conquered yourself so far as to lay aside
+your own enmity for the sake of the Republic: will you be induced to
+support that of others <i>against</i> the interests of the Republic? But if
+you will in your clemency now give me assistance, I promise you that I
+will be at your service henceforth: but if neither magistrates, nor
+senate, nor people are permitted to aid me, owing to the violence which
+has proved too strong for me, and for the state as well, take care
+lest&mdash;though you may wish the opportunity back again for retaining all
+and sundry in their rights&mdash;you find yourself unable to do so, because
+there will be nobody to be retained.<a name="FNanchor_377_377" id="FNanchor_377_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="LXXXIX_A_IV_1" id="LXXXIX_A_IV_1"></a>LXXXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome (September)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>Directly I arrived at Rome, and there was anyone to whom I could safely
+intrust a letter for you, I thought the very first thing I ought to do
+was to congratulate you in your absence on my return. For I knew, to
+speak candidly, that though in giving me advice you had not been more
+courageous or far-seeing than myself, nor&mdash;considering my devotion to
+you in the past&mdash;too careful in protecting me from disaster, yet that
+you&mdash;though sharing in the first instance in my mistake, or rather
+madness, and in my groundless terror&mdash;had nevertheless been deeply
+grieved at our separation, and had bestowed immense pains, zeal, care,
+and labour in securing my return. Accordingly, I can truly assure you of
+this, that in the midst of supreme joy and the most gratifying
+congratulations, the one thing wanting to fill my cup of happiness to
+the brim is the sight of you, or rather your embrace; and if I ever
+forfeit that again, when I have once got possession of it, and if, too,
+I do not exact the full delights of your charming society that have
+fallen into arrear in the past, I shall certainly consider myself
+unworthy of this renewal of my good fortune.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to my political position, I have resumed what I thought there
+would be the utmost difficulty in recovering&mdash;my brilliant standing at
+the bar, my influence in the senate, and a popularity with the loyalists
+even greater than I desired. In regard, however, to my private
+property&mdash;as to which you are well aware to what an extent it has been
+crippled, scattered, and plundered&mdash;I am in great difficulties, and
+stand in need, not so much of your means (which I look upon as my own),
+as of your advice for collecting and restoring to a sound state the
+fragments that remain. For the present, though I believe everything
+finds its way to you in the letters of your friends, or even by
+messengers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> rumour, yet I will write briefly what I think you would
+like to learn from my letters above all others. On the 4th of August I
+started from Dyrrachium, the very day on which the law about me was
+carried. I arrived at Brundisium on the 5th of August. There my dear
+Tulliola met me on what was her own birthday, which happened also to be
+the name-day of the colony of Brundisium and of the temple of Safety,
+near your house. This coincidence was noticed and celebrated with warm
+congratulations by the citizens of Brundisium. On the 8th of August,
+while still at Brundisium, I learnt by a letter from Quintus that the
+law had been passed at the <i>comitia centuriata</i> with a surprising
+enthusiasm on the part of all ages and ranks, and with an incredible
+influx of voters from Italy. I then commenced my journey, amidst the
+compliments of the men of highest consideration at Brundisium, and was
+met at every point by legates bearing congratulations. My arrival in the
+neighbourhood of the city was the signal for every soul of every order
+known to my nomenclator coming out to meet me, except those enemies who
+could not either dissemble or deny the fact of their being such. On my
+arrival at the Porta Capena, the steps of the temples were already
+thronged from top to bottom<a name="FNanchor_378_378" id="FNanchor_378_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> by the populace; and while their
+congratulations were displayed by the loudest possible applause, a
+similar throng and similar applause accompanied me right up to the
+Capitol, and in the forum and on the Capitol itself there was again a
+wonderful crowd. Next day, in the senate, that is, the 5th of September,
+I spoke my thanks to the senators. Two days after that&mdash;there having
+been a very heavy rise in the price of corn, and great crowds having
+flocked first to the theatre and then to the senate-house, shouting out,
+at the instigation of Clodius, that the scarcity of corn was my
+doing&mdash;meetings of the senate being held on those days to discuss the
+corn question, and Pompey being called upon to undertake the management
+of its supply in the common talk not only of the plebs, but of the
+aristocrats also, and being himself desirous of the commission, when the
+people at large called upon me by name to support a decree to that
+effect,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> I did so, and gave my vote in a carefully-worded speech. The
+other consulars, except Messalla and Afranius, having absented
+themselves on the ground that they could not vote with safety to
+themselves, a decree of the senate was passed in the sense of my motion,
+namely, that Pompey should be appealed to to undertake the business, and
+that a law should be proposed to that effect. This decree of the senate
+having been publicly read, and the people having, after the senseless
+and new-fangled custom that now prevails, applauded the mention of my
+name,<a name="FNanchor_379_379" id="FNanchor_379_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a> I delivered a speech. All the magistrates present, except one
+pr&aelig;tor and two tribunes, called on me to speak.<a name="FNanchor_380_380" id="FNanchor_380_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> Next day a full
+senate, including all the consulars, granted everything that Pompey
+asked for. Having demanded fifteen legates, he named me first in the
+list, and said that he should regard me in all things as a second self.
+The consuls drew up a law by which complete control over the corn-supply
+for five years throughout the whole world was given to Pompey. A second
+law is drawn up by Messius,<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> granting him power over all money, and
+adding a fleet and army, and an <i>imperium</i> in the provinces superior to
+that of their governors. After that our consular law seems moderate
+indeed: that of Messius is quite intolerable. Pompey professes to prefer
+the former; his friends the latter. The consulars led by Favonius
+murmur: I hold my tongue, the more so that the pontifices have as yet
+given no answer in regard to my house.<a name="FNanchor_382_382" id="FNanchor_382_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> If they annul the
+consecration I shall have a splendid site. The consuls, in accordance
+with a decree of the senate, will value the cost of the building that
+stood upon it; but if the pontifices decide otherwise, they will pull
+down the Clodian building, give out a contract in their own name (for a
+temple), and value to me the cost of a site and house. So our affairs
+are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."<a name="FNanchor_383_383" id="FNanchor_383_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In regard to money matters I am, as you know, much embarrassed. Besides,
+there are certain domestic troubles, which I do not intrust to writing.
+My brother Quintus I love as he deserves for his eminent qualities of
+loyalty, virtue, and good faith. I am longing to see you, and beg you to
+hasten your return, resolved not to allow me to be without the benefit
+of your advice. I am on the threshold, as it were, of a second life.
+Already certain persons who defended me in my absence begin to nurse a
+secret grudge at me now that I am here, and to make no secret of their
+jealousy. I want you very much.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XC_A_IV_2" id="XC_A_IV_2"></a>XC (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome (October)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>If by any chance you get letters less frequently from me than from
+others, I beg you not to put it down to my negligence, or even to my
+engagements; for though they are very heavy, there can be none
+sufficient to stop the course of our mutual affection and of the
+attention I owe to you. The fact is that, since my return to Rome, this
+is only the second time that I have been told of anyone to whom I could
+deliver a letter, and accordingly this is my second letter to you. In my
+former I described the reception I had on my return, what my political
+position was, and how my affairs were.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The despatch of that letter was followed by a great controversy about my
+house. I delivered a speech before the pontifices on the 29th of
+September. I pleaded my cause with care, and if I ever was worth
+anything as a speaker, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> even if I never was on any other occasion, on
+this one at any rate my indignation at the business, and the importance
+of it, did add a certain vigour to my style.<a name="FNanchor_384_384" id="FNanchor_384_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> Accordingly, the
+rising generation must not be left without the benefit of this speech,
+which I shall send you all the same, even if you don't want it.<a name="FNanchor_385_385" id="FNanchor_385_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> The
+decree of the pontifices was as follows: "If neither by order of the
+people nor vote of the plebs the party alleging that he had dedicated
+had been appointed by name to that function, nor by order of the people
+or vote of the plebs had been commanded to do so, we are of opinion that
+the part of the site in question may be restored to M. Tullius without
+violence to religion." Upon this I was at once congratulated&mdash;for no one
+doubted that my house was thereby adjudged to me&mdash;when all on a sudden
+that fellow mounts the platform to address a meeting, invited to speak
+by Appius,<a name="FNanchor_386_386" id="FNanchor_386_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a> and announces at once to the people that the pontifices
+had decided in his favour,<a name="FNanchor_387_387" id="FNanchor_387_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a> but that I was endeavouring to take
+forcible possession; he exhorts them to follow himself and Appius to
+defend their own shrine of Liberty.<a name="FNanchor_388_388" id="FNanchor_388_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a> Hereupon, when even those
+credulous hearers partly wondered and partly laughed at the fellow's mad
+folly, I resolved not to go near the place until such time as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+consuls by decree of the senate had given out the contract for restoring
+the colonnade of Catulus.<a name="FNanchor_389_389" id="FNanchor_389_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a> On the 1st of October there was a full
+meeting of the senate. All the pontifices who were senators were invited
+to attend, and Marcellinus,<a name="FNanchor_390_390" id="FNanchor_390_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> who is a great admirer of mine, being
+called on to speak first, asked them what was the purport of their
+decree. Then M. Lucullus, speaking for all his colleagues, answered that
+the pontifices were judges of a question of religion, the senate of the
+validity of a law: that he and his colleagues had given a decision on a
+point of religion; in the senate they would with the other senators
+decide on the law. Accordingly, each of them, when asked in their proper
+order for their opinion, delivered long arguments in my favour. When it
+came to Clodius's turn, he wished to talk out the day, and he went on
+endlessly; however, after he had spoken for nearly three hours, he was
+forced by the loud expression of the senate's disgust to finish his
+speech at last. On the decree in accordance with the proposal of
+Marcellinus passing the senate against a minority of one, Serranus
+interposed his veto.<a name="FNanchor_391_391" id="FNanchor_391_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> At once both consuls referred the question of
+Serranus's veto to the senate. After some very resolute speeches had
+been delivered&mdash;"that it was the decision of the senate that the house
+should be restored to me": "that a contract should be given out for the
+colonnade of Catulus": "that the resolution of the house should be
+supported by all the magistrates": "that if any violence occurred, the
+senate would consider it to be the fault of the magistrate who vetoed
+the decree of the senate"&mdash;Serranus became thoroughly frightened, and
+Cornicinus repeated his old farce: throwing off his toga, he flung
+himself at his son-in-law's feet.<a name="FNanchor_392_392" id="FNanchor_392_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> The former demanded a night for
+consideration.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> They would not grant it: for they remembered the 1st of
+January. It was, however, at last granted with difficulty on my
+interposition. Next day the decree of the senate was passed which I send
+you. Thereupon the consuls gave out a contract for the restoration of
+the colonnade of Catulus: the contractors immediately cleared that
+portico of his away to the satisfaction of all.<a name="FNanchor_393_393" id="FNanchor_393_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> The buildings of my
+house the consuls, by the advice of their assessors, valued at 2,000,000
+sesterces (about &pound;16,000).<a name="FNanchor_394_394" id="FNanchor_394_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> The rest was valued very stingily. My
+Tusculan villa at 500,000 sesterces (about &pound;4,000): my villa at Formi&aelig;
+at 250,000 sesterces (about &pound;2,000)&mdash;an estimate loudly exclaimed
+against not only by all the best men, but even by the common people. You
+will say, "What was the reason?" They for their part say it was my
+modesty&mdash;because I would neither say no, nor make any violent
+expostulation. But that is not the real cause: for that indeed in itself
+would have been in my favour.<a name="FNanchor_395_395" id="FNanchor_395_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> But, my dear Pomponius, those very
+same men, I tell you, of whom you are no more ignorant than myself,
+having clipped my wings, are unwilling that they should grow again to
+their old size. But, as I hope, they are already growing again. Only
+come to me! But this, I fear, may be retarded by the visit of your and
+my friend Varro. Having now heard the actual course of public business,
+let me inform you of what I have in my thoughts besides. I have allowed
+myself to be made <i>legatus</i> to Pompey, but only on condition that
+nothing should stand in the way of my being entirely free either to
+stand, if I choose, for the censorship&mdash;if the next consuls hold a
+censorial election&mdash;or to assume<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> a "votive commission" in connexion
+with nearly any fanes or sacred groves.<a name="FNanchor_396_396" id="FNanchor_396_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a> For this is what falls in
+best with our general policy and my particular occasions. But I wished
+the power to remain in my hands of <i>either</i> standing for election, <i>or</i>
+at the beginning of the summer of going out of town: and meanwhile I
+thought it not disadvantageous to keep myself before the eyes of the
+citizens who had treated me generously. Well, such are my plans in
+regard to public affairs; my domestic affairs are very intricate and
+difficult. My town house is being built: you know how much expense and
+annoyance the repair of my Formian villa occasions me, which I can
+neither bear to relinquish nor to look at. I have advertised my Tusculan
+property for sale; I don't much care for a suburban residence.<a name="FNanchor_397_397" id="FNanchor_397_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a> The
+liberality of friends has been exhausted in a business which brought me
+nothing but dishonour: and this you perceived though absent, as did
+others on the spot, by whose zeal and wealth I could easily have
+obtained all I wanted, had only my supporters allowed it.<a name="FNanchor_398_398" id="FNanchor_398_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> In this
+respect I am now in serious difficulty. Other causes of anxiety are
+somewhat more of the <i>tacenda</i> kind.<a name="FNanchor_399_399" id="FNanchor_399_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a> My<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> brother and daughter treat
+me with affection. I am looking forward to seeing you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCI_A_IV_3" id="XCI_A_IV_3"></a>XCI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 24 November</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>I am very well aware that you long to know what is going on here, and
+also to know it from me, not because things done before the eyes of the
+whole world are better realized when narrated by my hand than when
+reported to you by the pens or lips of others, but because it is from my
+letters that you get what you want&mdash;a knowledge of <i>my</i> feelings in
+regard to the occurrences, and what at such a juncture is the state of
+my mind, or, in a word, the conditions in which I am living. On the 3rd
+of November the workmen were driven from the site of my house by armed
+ruffians: the <i>porticus Catuli</i>,<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> which was being rebuilt on a
+contract given out by the consuls, in accordance with a decree of the
+senate, and had nearly reached the roof, was battered down: the house of
+my brother Quintus<a name="FNanchor_401_401" id="FNanchor_401_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a> was first smashed with volleys of stones thrown
+from my site, and then set on fire by order of Clodius, firebrands
+having been thrown into it in the sight of the whole town, amidst loud
+exclamations of indignation and sorrow, I will not say of the
+loyalists&mdash;for I rather think there <i>are</i> none&mdash;but of simply every
+human being. That madman runs riot: thinks after this mad prank of
+nothing short of murdering his opponents: canvasses the city street by
+street: makes open offers of freedom to slaves. For the fact is that up
+to this time, while trying to avoid prosecution,<a name="FNanchor_402_402" id="FNanchor_402_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> he had a case,
+difficult indeed to support, and obviously bad, but still a case: he
+might have denied the facts, he might have shifted the blame on others,
+he might even have pleaded that some part of his proceedings had been
+legal. But after such wrecking of buildings, incendiaries, and wholesale
+robberies as these, being abandoned by his supporters, he hardly retains
+on his side Decimus the marshal,<a name="FNanchor_403_403" id="FNanchor_403_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> or Gellius; takes slaves into his
+confidence; sees that, even if he openly assassinates everyone he wishes
+to, he will not have a worse case before a court of law than he has at
+present. Accordingly, on the 11th of November, as I was going down the
+Sacred Way, he followed me with his gang. There were shouts,
+stone-throwing, brandishing of clubs and swords, and all this without a
+moment's warning. I and my party stepped aside into Tettius Damio's
+vestibule: those accompanying me easily prevented his roughs from
+getting in. He might have been killed himself.<a name="FNanchor_404_404" id="FNanchor_404_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> But I am now on a
+system of cure by regimen: I am tired of surgery. The fellow, seeing
+that what everybody called for was not his prosecution but his instant
+execution, has since made all your Catilines seem models of
+respectability.<a name="FNanchor_405_405" id="FNanchor_405_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> For on the 12th of November he tried to storm and
+set fire to Milo's house, I mean the one on Germalus:<a name="FNanchor_406_406" id="FNanchor_406_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> and so openly
+was this done, that at eleven o'clock in the morning he brought men
+there armed with shields and with their swords drawn, and others with
+lighted torches. He had himself occupied the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> house of P. Sulla<a name="FNanchor_407_407" id="FNanchor_407_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a> as
+his headquarters from which to conduct the assault upon Milo's.
+Thereupon Q. Flaccus led out some gallant fellows from Milo's other
+house (the <i>Anniana</i>): killed the most notorious bravoes of all
+Clodius's gang: wanted to kill Clodius himself; but my gentleman took
+refuge in the inner part of Sulla's house. The next thing was a meeting
+of the senate on the 14th. Clodius stayed at home: Marcellinus<a name="FNanchor_408_408" id="FNanchor_408_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> was
+splendid: all were keen. Metellus<a name="FNanchor_409_409" id="FNanchor_409_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> talked the business out by an
+obstructive speech, aided by Appius, and also, by Hercules! by your
+friend on whose firmness you wrote me such a wonderfully true letter!
+Sestius<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> was fuming. Afterwards the fellow vows vengeance on the
+city if his election is stopped. Marcellinus's resolution having been
+exposed for public perusal (he had read it from a written copy, and it
+embraced our entire case&mdash;the prosecution was to include his violent
+proceedings on the site of my house, his arson, his assault on me
+personally, and was to take place before the elections), he put up a
+notice that he intended to watch the sky during all comitial days.<a name="FNanchor_411_411" id="FNanchor_411_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a>
+Public speeches of Metellus disorderly,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> of Appius hot-headed, of
+Publius stark mad. The upshot, however, was that, had not Milo served
+his notice of bad omens in the <i>campus</i>, the elections would have been
+held. On the 19th of November Milo arrived on the <i>campus</i> before
+midnight with a large company. Clodius, though he had picked gangs of
+runaway slaves, did not venture into the <i>campus</i>. Milo stopped there
+till midday,<a name="FNanchor_412_412" id="FNanchor_412_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a> to everybody's great delight and his own infinite
+credit: the movement of the three brethren<a name="FNanchor_413_413" id="FNanchor_413_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> ended in their own
+disgrace; their violence was crushed, their madness made ridiculous.
+However, Metellus demands that the obstructive notice should be served
+on him next day in the forum: "there was no need to come to the <i>campus</i>
+before daybreak: he would be in the <i>comitium</i> at the first hour of the
+day."<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a> Accordingly, on the 20th Milo came to the forum before
+sunrise. Metellus at the first sign of dawn was stealthily hurrying to
+the <i>campus</i>, I had almost said by by-lanes: Milo catches our friend up
+"between the groves"<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> and serves his notice. The latter returned
+greeted with loud and insulting remarks by Q. Flaccus. The 21st was a
+market day.<a name="FNanchor_416_416" id="FNanchor_416_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> For two days no public meeting. I am writing this
+letter on the 23rd at three o'clock in the morning. Milo is already in
+possession of the <i>campus</i>. The candidate Marcellus<a name="FNanchor_417_417" id="FNanchor_417_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> is snoring so
+loud that I can hear him next door. I am told that Clodius's vestibule
+is completely deserted: there are a few ragged fellows there and a
+canvas lantern.<a name="FNanchor_418_418" id="FNanchor_418_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a> His party complains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> that I am the adviser of the
+whole business: they little know the courage and wisdom of that hero!
+His gallantry is astonishing. Some recent instances of his superhuman
+excellence I pass over; but the upshot is this: I don't think the
+election will take place. I think Publius will be brought to trial by
+Milo&mdash;unless he is killed first. If he once puts himself in his way in a
+riot, I can see that he will be killed by Milo himself. The latter has
+no scruple about doing it; he avows his intention; he isn't at all
+afraid of what happened to me, for <i>he</i> will never listen to the advice
+of a jealous and faithless friend, nor trust a feeble aristocrat. In
+spirit, at any rate, I am as vigorous as in my zenith, or even more so;
+in regard to money I am crippled. However, the liberality of my brother
+I have, in spite of his protests, repaid (as the state of my finances
+compelled) by the aid of my friends, that I might not be drained quite
+dry myself. What line of policy to adopt in regard to my position as a
+whole, I cannot decide in your absence: wherefore make haste to town.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCII_Q_FR_II_1" id="XCII_Q_FR_II_1"></a>XCII (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA<a name="FNanchor_419_419" id="FNanchor_419_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a>)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">10 December</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>The letter which you have already read I had sent off in the morning.
+But Licinius was polite enough to call on me in the evening after the
+senate had risen, that, in case of any business having been done there,
+I might, if I thought good, write an account of it to you. The senate
+was fuller than I had thought possible in the month of December just<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
+before the holidays. Of us consulars there were P. Servilius, M.
+Lucullus, Lepidus, Volcatius, Glabrio: the two consuls-designate; the
+pr&aelig;tors. We were a really full house: two hundred in all.<a name="FNanchor_420_420" id="FNanchor_420_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a> Lupus had
+excited some interest.<a name="FNanchor_421_421" id="FNanchor_421_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> He raised the question of the Campanian land
+in considerable detail. He was listened to in profound silence. You are
+not unaware what material that subject affords. He omitted none of the
+points which I had made in this business.<a name="FNanchor_422_422" id="FNanchor_422_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a> There were some sharp
+thrusts at C&aelig;sar, some denunciations of Gellius, some appeals to the
+absent Pompey. After concluding his speech at a late hour, he said that
+he would not ask for our votes lest he might burden us with a personal
+controversy; he quite understood the sentiments of the senate from the
+denunciations of past times and the silence on the present occasion.
+Milo spoke. Lupus begins the formula of dismissal,<a name="FNanchor_423_423" id="FNanchor_423_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> when Marcellinus
+says: "Don't infer from our silence, Lupus, what we approve or
+disapprove of at this particular time. As far as I am concerned, and I
+think it is the same with the rest, I am only silent because I do not
+think it suitable that the case of the Campanian land should be debated
+in Pompey's absence." Then Lupus said that he would not detain the
+senate.<a href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a> Racilius rose and began bringing before the house the case
+of the proposed prosecutions. He calls upon Marcellinus, of course,
+first;<a name="FNanchor_424_424" id="FNanchor_424_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> who, after complaining in serious tones of the Clodian
+incendiaries, massacres, and stonings, proposed a resolution that
+"Clodius himself should, under the superintendence of the pr&aelig;tor
+urbanus, have his jury allotted to him; that the elections should be
+held only when the allotment of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> jurors<a name="FNanchor_425_425" id="FNanchor_425_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> had been completed; that
+whoever stopped the trials would be acting against the interests of the
+state."<a name="FNanchor_426_426" id="FNanchor_426_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a> The proposal having been received with warm approval, Gaius
+Cato<a name="FNanchor_427_427" id="FNanchor_427_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a>&mdash;as did also Cassius&mdash;spoke against it, with very emphatic
+murmurs of disapprobation on the part of the senate, when he proposed to
+hold the elections before the trials. Philippus supported Lentulus.<a name="FNanchor_428_428" id="FNanchor_428_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a>
+After that Racilius called on me first of the unofficial senators for my
+opinion.<a name="FNanchor_429_429" id="FNanchor_429_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a> I made a long speech upon the whole story of P. Clodius's
+mad proceedings and murderous violence: I impeached him as though he
+were on his trial, amidst frequent murmurs of approbation from the whole
+senate. My speech was praised at considerable length, and, by Hercules!
+with no little oratorical skill by Antistius Vetus, who also supported
+the priority of the legal proceedings, and declared that he should
+consider it of the first importance. The senators were crossing the
+floor in support of this view,<a name="FNanchor_430_430" id="FNanchor_430_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> when Clodius, being called on, began
+trying to talk out the sitting. He spoke in furious terms of having been
+attacked by Racilius in an unreasonable and discourteous manner. Then
+his roughs on the Gr&aelig;costasis<a name="FNanchor_431_431" id="FNanchor_431_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a> and the steps of the house suddenly
+raised<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> a pretty loud shout, in wrath, I suppose, against Q. Sextilius
+and the other friends of Milo. At this sudden alarm we broke up with
+loud expressions of indignation on all sides. Here are the transactions
+of one day for you: the rest, I think, will be put off to January. Of
+all the tribunes I think Racilius is by far the best: Antistius also
+seems likely to be friendly to me: Plancius, of course, is wholly ours.
+Pray, if you love me, be careful and cautious about sailing in December.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCIII_F_VII_26" id="XCIII_F_VII_26"></a>XCIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 26</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO M. FADIUS GALLUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span><a name="FNanchor_432_432" id="FNanchor_432_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a> (? <span class="smcap">December</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 49</div>
+
+<p>Having been suffering for nine days past from a severe disorder of the
+bowels, and being unable to convince those who desired my services that
+I was ill because I had no fever, I fled to my Tusculan villa, after
+having, in fact, observed for two days so strict a fast as not even to
+drink a drop of water. Accordingly, being thoroughly reduced by weakness
+and hunger, I was more in want of your services than I thought mine
+could be required by you. For myself, while shrinking from all
+illnesses, I especially shrink from that in regard to which the Stoics
+attack your friend Epicurus for saying that "he suffered from strangury
+and pains in the bowels"&mdash;the latter of which complaints they attribute
+to gluttony, the former to a still graver indulgence. I had been really
+much afraid of dysentery. But either the change of residence, or the
+mere relaxation of anxiety, or perhaps the natural abatement of the
+complaint from lapse of time, seems to me to have done me good. However,
+to prevent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> your wondering how this came about, or in what manner I let
+myself in for it, I must tell you that the sumptuary law, supposed to
+have introduced plain living, was the origin of my misfortune. For
+whilst your epicures wish to bring into fashion the products of the
+earth, which are not forbidden by the law, they flavour mushrooms,
+<i>petits choux</i>, and every kind of pot-herb so as to make them the most
+tempting dishes possible.<a name="FNanchor_433_433" id="FNanchor_433_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> Having fallen a victim to these in the
+augural banquet at the house of Lentulus, I was seized with a violent
+diarrh&#339;a, which, I think, has been checked to-day for the first time.
+And so I, who abstain from oysters and lampreys without any difficulty,
+have been beguiled by beet and mallows. Henceforth, therefore, I shall
+be more cautious. Yet, having heard of it from Anicius<a name="FNanchor_434_434" id="FNanchor_434_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a>&mdash;for he saw
+me turning sick&mdash;you had every reason not only for sending to inquire,
+but even for coming to see me. I am thinking of remaining here till I am
+thoroughly restored, for I have lost both strength and flesh. However,
+if I can once get completely rid of my complaint, I shall, I hope,
+easily recover these.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCIV_F_I_1" id="XCIV_F_I_1"></a>XCIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56. Coss., Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, L.
+Marcius Philippus.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In the year <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56 the growing differences between the triumvirs
+were temporarily composed at the meeting at Luca, and Cicero made
+up his mind that the only course for him to pursue was to attach
+himself to them, as the party of the <i>boni</i> had not, as he hoped,
+taken advantage of those differences to attach Pompey to themselves
+as a leader against C&aelig;sar. His recantation is indicated in the
+speeches <i>de Provinciis Consularibus</i> and <i>pro Balbo</i>, in which he
+practically supports part, at least, of the arrangements of Luca.</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER<a name="FNanchor_435_435" id="FNanchor_435_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a> (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 13 January</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Whatever attention or affection I may shew you, though it may seem
+sufficient in the eyes of others, can never seem sufficient in my own.
+For such has been the magnitude of your services to me that, inasmuch as
+you never rested till my affair was brought to a conclusion, while I
+cannot effect the same in your cause,<a name="FNanchor_436_436" id="FNanchor_436_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> I regard my life as a burden.
+The difficulties are these. The king's agent, Hammonius, is openly
+attacking us by bribery. The business is being carried out by means of
+the same money-lenders as it was when you were in town. Such people as
+wish it done for the king's sake&mdash;and they are few&mdash;are all for
+intrusting the business to Pompey. The senate supports the trumped-up
+religious scruple, not from any respect to religion, but from
+ill-feeling towards him, and disgust at the king's outrageous bribery. I
+never cease advising and instigating Pompey&mdash;even frankly finding fault
+with and admonishing him&mdash;to avoid what would be a most discreditable
+imputation.<a name="FNanchor_437_437" id="FNanchor_437_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> But he really leaves no room for either entreaties or
+admonitions from me. For, whether in everyday conversation or in the
+senate, no one could support your cause with greater eloquence,
+seriousness, zeal, and energy than he has done, testifying in the
+highest terms to your services<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> to himself and his affection for you.
+Marcellinus, you know, is incensed with his flute-playing majesty.<a name="FNanchor_438_438" id="FNanchor_438_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a>
+In everything, saving and excepting this case of the king, he professes
+the intention of being your champion. We take what he gives: nothing can
+move him from his motion as to the religious difficulty, which he made
+up his mind to bring, and has, in fact, brought several times before the
+senate. The debate up to the Ides (for I am writing early in the morning
+of the Ides<a name="FNanchor_439_439" id="FNanchor_439_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a>) has been as follows: Hortensius and I and Lucullus
+voted for yielding to the religious scruple as far as concerned the
+army,<a name="FNanchor_440_440" id="FNanchor_440_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a> for otherwise there was no possibility of getting the matter
+through, but, in accordance with the decree already passed on your own
+motion, were for directing you to restore the king, "so far as you may
+do so without detriment to the state": so that while the religious
+difficulty prohibits the employment of an army, the senate might still
+retain you as the person authorized. Crassus votes for sending three
+legates, not excluding Pompey: for he would allow them to be selected
+even from such as are at present in possession of <i>imperium</i>.<a name="FNanchor_441_441" id="FNanchor_441_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a>
+Bibulus is for three legates selected from men without <i>imperium</i>. The
+other consulars agree with the latter, except Servilius, who says that
+he ought not to be restored at all: and Volcatius, who on the motion of
+Lupus votes for giving the business to Pompey: and Afranius, who agrees
+with Volcatius. This last fact increases the suspicion as to Pompey's
+wishes: for it was noticed that Pompey's intimates agreed with
+Volcatius. We are in a very great difficulty: the day seems going
+against us. The notorious colloguing and eagerness of Libo and Hyps&aelig;us,
+and the earnestness displayed by Pompey's intimates, have produced an
+impression that Pompey desires it; and those who don't want him to have
+it are at the same time annoyed with your having put power into his
+hands.<a name="FNanchor_442_442" id="FNanchor_442_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> I have the less influence in the case<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> because I am under an
+obligation to you. Moreover, whatever influence I might have had is
+extinguished by the idea people entertain as to Pompey's wishes, for
+they think they are gratifying him. We are in much the same position as
+we were long before your departure: now, as then, the sore has been
+fomented secretly by the king himself and by the friends and intimates
+of Pompey, and then openly irritated by the consulars, till the popular
+prejudice has been excited to the highest pitch. All the world shall
+recognize my loyalty, and your friends on the spot shall see my
+affection for you though you are absent. If there were any good faith in
+those most bound to shew it, we should be in no difficulty at all.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCV_F_I_2" id="XCV_F_I_2"></a>XCV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 15 January</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Nothing was done on the 13th of January in the senate, because the day
+was to a great extent spent in an altercation between the consul
+Lentulus and the tribune Caninius. On that day I also spoke at
+considerable length, and thought that I made a very great impression on
+the senate by dwelling on your affection for the house. Accordingly,
+next day we resolved that we would deliver our opinions briefly: for it
+appeared to us that the feelings of the senate had been softened towards
+us&mdash;the result not only of my speech, but of my personal appeal and
+application to individual senators. Accordingly, the first proposition,
+that of Bibulus, having been delivered, that three legates should
+restore the king: the second, that of Hortensius, that you should
+restore him without an army: the third, that of Volcatius, that Pompey
+should do it, a demand was made that the proposal of Bibulus should be
+taken in two parts.<a name="FNanchor_443_443" id="FNanchor_443_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> As far as he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> dealt with the religious
+difficulty&mdash;a point which was now past being opposed&mdash;his motion was
+carried; his proposition as to three legates was defeated by a large
+majority. The next was the proposition of Hortensius. Thereupon the
+tribune Lupus, on the ground that he had himself made a proposal about
+Pompey, starts the contention that he ought to divide the house before
+the consuls. His speech was received on all sides by loud cries of "No":
+for it was both unfair and unprecedented. The consuls would not give in,
+and yet did not oppose with any vigour. Their object was to waste the
+day, and in that they succeeded:<a name="FNanchor_444_444" id="FNanchor_444_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> for they saw very well that many
+times the number would vote for the proposal of Hortensius, although
+they openly professed their agreement with Volcatius. Large numbers were
+called upon for their opinion, and that, too, with the assent of the
+consuls: for they wanted the proposal of Bibulus carried. This dispute
+was protracted till nightfall, and the senate was dismissed. I happened
+to be dining with Pompey on that day, and I seized the opportunity&mdash;the
+best I have ever had, for since your departure I have never occupied a
+more honourable position in the senate than I had on that day&mdash;of
+talking to him in such a way, that I think I induced him to give up
+every other idea and resolve to support your claims. And, indeed, when I
+actually hear him talk, I acquit him entirely of all suspicion of
+personal ambition: but when I regard his intimates of every rank, I
+perceive, what is no secret to anybody, that this whole business has
+been long ago corruptly manipulated by a certain coterie, not without
+the king's own consent and that of his advisers.</p>
+
+<p>I write this on the 15th of January, before daybreak. To-day there is to
+be a meeting of the senate. We shall maintain, as I hope, our position
+in the senate as far as it is possible to do so in such an age of
+perfidy and unfair deal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>ing. As to an appeal to the people on the
+subject, we have, I think, secured that no proposition can be brought
+before them without neglect of the auspices or breach of the laws, or,
+in fine, without downright violence.<a name="FNanchor_445_445" id="FNanchor_445_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a> The day before my writing
+these words a resolution of the senate on these matters of the most
+serious character was passed, and though Cato and Caninius vetoed it, it
+was nevertheless written out.<a name="FNanchor_446_446" id="FNanchor_446_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> I suppose it has been sent to you. On
+all other matters I will write and tell you what has been done, whatever
+it is, and I will see that everything is carried out with the most
+scrupulous fairness as far as my caution, labour, attention to details,
+and influence can secure it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCVI_F_I_3" id="XCVI_F_I_3"></a>XCVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">January</span>)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>M. Cicero presents his compliments to P. Lentulus, proconsul.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Aulus Trebonius, who has important business in your province, both of
+wide extent and sound, is an intimate friend of mine of many years'
+standing. As before this he has always, both from his brilliant position
+and the recommendations of myself and his other friends, enjoyed the
+highest popularity in the province, so at the present time, trusting to
+your affection for me and our close ties, he feels sure that this letter
+of mine will give him a high place in your esteem. That he may not be
+disappointed in that hope I earnestly beg of you, and I commend to you
+all his business concerns, his freedmen, agents, and servants; and
+specially<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> that you will confirm the decrees made by T. Ampius in his
+regard, and treat him in all respects so as to convince him that my
+recommendation is no mere ordinary one.<a name="FNanchor_447_447" id="FNanchor_447_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447_447" class="fnanchor">[447]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCVII_F_I_4" id="XCVII_F_I_4"></a>XCVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, January</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Though in the senate of the 15th of January we made a most glorious
+stand, seeing that on the previous day we had defeated the proposal of
+Bibulus about the three legates, and the only contest left was with the
+proposal of Volcatius, yet the business was spun out by our opponents by
+various obstructive tactics. For we were carrying our view in a full
+senate, in spite of the multifarious devices and inveterate jealousy of
+those who were for transferring the cause of the king from you to some
+one else. That day we found Curio very bitterly opposed, Bibulus much
+more fair, almost friendly even. Caninius and Cato declared that they
+would not propose any law before the elections. By the <i>lex Pupia</i>, as
+you know, no senate could be held before the 1st of February, nor in
+fact during the whole of February,<a name="FNanchor_448_448" id="FNanchor_448_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448_448" class="fnanchor">[448]</a> unless the business of the
+legations were finished or adjourned. How<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>ever, the Roman people are
+generally of opinion that the pretext of a trumped-up religious scruple
+has been introduced by your jealous detractors, not so much to hinder
+you, as to prevent anyone from wishing to go to Alexandria with a view
+of getting the command of an army. However, everyone thinks that the
+senate has had a regard for your position. For there is no one that is
+ignorant of the fact that it was all the doing of your opponents that no
+division took place: and if they, under the pretext of a regard for the
+people, but really from the most unprincipled villainy, attempt to carry
+anything, I have taken very good care that they shall not be able to do
+so without violating the auspices or the laws, or, in fact, without
+absolute violence. I don't think I need write a word either about my own
+zeal or the injurious proceedings of certain persons. For why should I
+make any display myself&mdash;since, if I were even to shed my blood in
+defence of your position, I should think that I had not covered a tithe
+of your services to me? Or why complain of the injurious conduct of
+others, which I cannot do without the deepest pain? I cannot at all
+pledge myself to you as to the effect of open violence, especially with
+such feeble magistrates; but, open violence out of the question, I can
+assure you that you will retain your high position, if the warmest
+affections both of the senate and the Roman people can secure it to you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="XCVII_F_I_5" id="XCVII_F_I_5"></a>XCVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, February</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Though the first wish of my heart is that my warmest gratitude to you
+should be recognized first of all by yourself and then by everybody
+else, yet I am deeply grieved that such a state of things has followed
+your departure as to give you occasion, in your absence, to test the
+loyalty and good disposition towards you both of myself and others. That
+you see and feel that men are shewing the same loyalty in main<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>taining
+your position as I experienced in the matter of my restoration, I have
+understood from your letter. Just when I was depending most securely on
+my policy, zeal, activity and influence in the matter of the king, there
+was suddenly sprung on us the abominable bill of Cato's,<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> to hamper
+all our zeal and withdraw our thoughts from a lesser anxiety to a most
+serious alarm. However, in a political upset of that kind, though there
+is nothing that is not a source of terror yet the thing to be chiefly
+feared is treachery: and Cato, at any rate, whatever happens, we have no
+hesitation in opposing. As to the business of Alexandria and the cause
+of the king, I can only promise you thus much, that I will to the utmost
+of my power satisfy both you, who are absent, and your friends who are
+here. But I fear the king's cause may either be snatched from our hands
+or abandoned altogether, and I cannot easily make up my mind which of
+the two alternatives I would least wish. But if the worst comes to the
+worst, there is a third alternative, which is not wholly displeasing
+either to Selicius<a name="FNanchor_450_450" id="FNanchor_450_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450_450" class="fnanchor">[450]</a> or myself&mdash;namely, that we should not let the
+matter drop, and yet should not allow the appointment, in spite of our
+protests, to be transferred to the man to whom it is now regarded as
+practically transferred.<a name="FNanchor_451_451" id="FNanchor_451_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451_451" class="fnanchor">[451]</a> We will take the utmost care not to omit
+struggling for any point that it seems possible to maintain, and not to
+present the appearance of defeat if we have in any case failed to
+maintain it. You must shew your wisdom and greatness of mind by
+regarding your fame and high position as resting on your virtue, your
+public services, and the dignity of your character, and by believing
+that, if the perfidy of certain individuals has deprived you of any of
+those honours which fortune has lavished on you, it will be more
+injurious to them than to you. I never let any opportunity slip either
+of acting or thinking for your interests. I avail myself of the aid of
+Q. Selicius in everything: nor do I think that there is any one of all
+your friends either shrewder, or more faithful, or more attached to you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="XCIX_Q_FR_II_2" id="XCIX_Q_FR_II_2"></a>XCIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 18 January</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>It was not from the multiplicity of business, though I am very much
+engaged, but from a slight inflammation of the eyes that I was induced
+to dictate this letter, and not, as is my usual habit, write it with my
+own hand. And, to begin with, I wish to excuse myself to you on the very
+point on which I accuse you. For no one up to now has asked me "whether
+I have any commands for Sardinia"&mdash;I think you often have people who
+say, "Have you any commands for Rome?" As to what you have said in your
+letters to me about the debt of Lentulus and Sestius, I have spoken with
+Cincius.<a name="FNanchor_452_452" id="FNanchor_452_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452_452" class="fnanchor">[452]</a> However the matter stands, it is not the easiest in the
+world. But surely Sardinia must have some special property for recalling
+one's memory of the past. For just as the famous Gracchus&mdash;as
+augur&mdash;after arriving in that province remembered something that had
+happened to him, when holding the elections in the Campus Martius, in
+violation of the auspices, so you appear to me to have recalled at your
+ease in Sardinia the design of Numisius and the debts due to Pomponius.
+As yet I have made no purchase. Culleo's auction has taken place: there
+was no purchaser for his Tusculan property. If very favourable terms
+were to be offered, I should perhaps not let it slip. About your
+building I do not fail to press Cyrus.<a name="FNanchor_453_453" id="FNanchor_453_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453_453" class="fnanchor">[453]</a> I hope he will do his duty.
+But everything goes on somewhat slowly, owing to the prospect of that
+madman's &aelig;dileship.<a name="FNanchor_454_454" id="FNanchor_454_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a> For it seems that the legislative assembly will
+take place without delay: it has been fixed for the 20th of January.
+However, I would not have you uneasy. Every precaution shall be taken by
+me. In regard to the Alexandrine king, a decree of the senate was passed
+declaring<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> it dangerous to the Republic that he should be restored "with
+a host." The point remaining to be decided in the senate being whether
+Lentulus or Pompey should restore him, Lentulus seemed on the point of
+carrying the day. In that matter I did justice to my obligations to
+Lentulus marvellously well, while at the same time splendidly gratifying
+Pompey's wishes: but the detractors of Lentulus contrived to talk the
+matter out by obstructive speeches. Then followed the comitial days, on
+which a meeting of the senate was impossible. What the villainy of the
+tribunes is going to accomplish I cannot guess; I suspect, however, that
+Caninius will carry his bill by violence.<a name="FNanchor_455_455" id="FNanchor_455_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455_455" class="fnanchor">[455]</a> In this business I cannot
+make out what Pompey really wishes. What his <i>entourage</i> desire
+everybody sees. Those who are financing the king are openly advancing
+sums of money against Lentulus. There seems no doubt that the commission
+has been taken out of Lentulus's hands, to my very great regret,
+although he has done many things for which I might, if it were not for
+superior considerations, be justly angry with him. I hope, if it is
+consistent with your interests, that you will embark as soon as
+possible, when the weather is fair and settled, and come to me. For
+there are countless things, in regard to which I miss you daily in every
+possible way. Your family and my own are well.</p>
+
+<p>18 January.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="C_A_IV_4_a" id="C_A_IV_4_a"></a>C (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 4</span> a)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 28 January</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>I was charmed to see Cincius when he called on me on the 28th of January
+before daybreak. For he told me that you were in Italy and that he was
+sending slaves to you. I did not like them to go without a letter from
+me; not that I had anything to say to you, especially as you are all but
+here, but that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> I might express merely this one thing&mdash;that your arrival
+is most delightful and most ardently wished for by me. Wherefore fly to
+us with the full assurance that your affection for me is fully
+reciprocated. The rest shall be reserved for our meeting. I write in
+great haste. The day you arrive, mind, you and your party are to dine
+with me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CI_Q_FR_II_3" id="CI_Q_FR_II_3"></a>CI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 12 February</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>I have already told you the earlier proceedings; now let me describe
+what was done afterwards. The legations were postponed from the 1st of
+February to the 13th. On the former day our business was not brought to
+a settlement. On the 2nd of February Milo appeared for trial. Pompey
+came to support him. Marcellus spoke on being called upon by me.<a name="FNanchor_456_456" id="FNanchor_456_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456_456" class="fnanchor">[456]</a> We
+came off with flying colours. The case was adjourned to the 7th.
+Meanwhile (in the senate), the legations having been postponed to the
+13th, the business of allotting the qu&aelig;stors and furnishing the outfit
+of the pr&aelig;tors was brought before the house. But nothing was done,
+because many speeches were interposed denouncing the state of the
+Republic. Gaius Cato published his bill for the recall of Lentulus,
+whose son thereupon put on mourning. On the 7th Milo appeared. Pompey
+spoke, or rather wished to speak. For as soon as he got up Clodius's
+ruffians raised a shout, and throughout his whole speech he was
+interrupted, not only by hostile cries, but by personal abuse and
+insulting remarks. However, when he had finished his speech&mdash;for he
+shewed great courage in these circumstances, he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> not cowed, he said
+all he had to say, and at times had by his commanding presence even
+secured silence for his words&mdash;well, when he had finished, up got
+Clodius. Our party received him with such a shout&mdash;for they had
+determined to pay him out&mdash;that he lost all presence of mind, power of
+speech, or control over his countenance. This went on up to two
+o'clock&mdash;Pompey having finished his speech at noon&mdash;and every kind of
+abuse, and finally epigrams of the most outspoken indecency were uttered
+against Clodius and Clodia. Mad and livid with rage Clodius, in the very
+midst of the shouting, kept putting the questions to his claque: "Who
+was it who was starving the commons to death?" His ruffians answered,
+"Pompey." "Who wanted to be sent to Alexandria?" They answered,
+"Pompey." "Who did they wish to go?" They answered, "Crassus." The
+latter was present at the time with no friendly feelings to Milo. About
+three o'clock, as though at a given signal, the Clodians began spitting
+at our men. There was an outburst of rage. They began a movement for
+forcing us from our ground. Our men charged: his ruffians turned tail.
+Clodius was pushed off the rostra: and then we too made our escape for
+fear of mischief in the riot. The senate was summoned into the Curia:
+Pompey went home. However, I did not myself enter the senate-house, lest
+I should be obliged either to refrain from speaking on matters of such
+gravity, or in defending Pompey (for he was being attacked by Bibulus,
+Curio, Favonius, and Servilius the younger) should give offence to the
+loyalists. The business was adjourned to the next day. Clodius fixed the
+Quirinalia (17 of February) for his prosecution. On the 8th the senate
+met in the temple of Apollo, that Pompey might attend. Pompey made an
+impressive speech. That day nothing was concluded. On the 9th in the
+temple of Apollo a decree passed the senate "that what had taken place
+on the 7th of February was treasonable." On this day Cato warmly
+inveighed against Pompey, and throughout his speech arraigned him as
+though he were at the bar. He said a great deal about me, to my disgust,
+though it was in very laudatory terms. When he attacked Pompey's perfidy
+to me, he was listened to in profound silence on the part of my enemies.
+Pompey answered him boldly with a palpable allusion to Crassus, and said
+outright that "he would take<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> better precautions to protect his life
+than Africanus had done, whom C. Carbo had assassinated."<a name="FNanchor_457_457" id="FNanchor_457_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457_457" class="fnanchor">[457]</a>
+Accordingly, important events appear to me to be in the wind. For Pompey
+understands what is going on, and imparts to me that plots are being
+formed against his life, that Gaius Cato is being supported by Crassus,
+that money is being supplied to Clodius, that both are backed by Crassus
+and Curio, as well as by Bibulus and his other detractors: that he must
+take extraordinary precautions to prevent being overpowered by that
+demagogue&mdash;with a people all but wholly alienated, a nobility hostile, a
+senate ill-affected, and the younger men corrupt. So he is making his
+preparations and summoning men from the country. On his part, Clodius is
+rallying his gangs: a body of men is being got together for the
+Quirinalia. For that occasion we are considerably in a majority, owing
+to the forces brought up by Pompey himself: and a large contingent is
+expected from Picenum and Gallia, to enable us to throw out Cato's bills
+also about Milo and Lentulus.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th of February an indictment was lodged against Sestius for
+bribery by the informer Cn. Nerius, of the Pupinian tribe, and on the
+same day by a certain M. Tullius for riot.<a name="FNanchor_458_458" id="FNanchor_458_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458_458" class="fnanchor">[458]</a> He was ill. I went at
+once, as I was bound to do, to his house, and put myself wholly at his
+service: and that was more than people expected, who thought that I had
+good cause for being angry with him. The result is that my extreme
+kindness and grateful disposition are made manifest both to Sestius
+himself and to all the world, and I shall be as good as my word. But
+this same informer Nerius also named Cn. Lentulus Vatia and C. Cornelius
+to the commissioners.<a name="FNanchor_459_459" id="FNanchor_459_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459_459" class="fnanchor">[459]</a> On the same day a decree passed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> senate
+"that political clubs and associations should be broken up, and that a
+law in regard to them should be brought in, enacting that those who did
+not break off from them should be liable to the same penalty as those
+convicted of riot."</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of February I spoke in defence of Bestia<a name="FNanchor_460_460" id="FNanchor_460_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a> on a charge of
+bribery before the pr&aelig;tor Cn. Domitius,<a name="FNanchor_461_461" id="FNanchor_461_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> in the middle of the forum
+and in a very crowded court; and in the course of my speech I came to
+the incident of Sestius, after receiving many wounds in the temple of
+Castor, having been preserved by the aid of Bestia. Here I took occasion
+to pave the way beforehand for a refutation of the charges which are
+being got up against Sestius, and I passed a well-deserved encomium upon
+him with the cordial approval of everybody. He was himself very much
+delighted with it. I tell you this because you have often advised me in
+your letters to retain the friendship of Sestius. I am writing this on
+the 12th of February before daybreak: the day on which I am to dine with
+Pomponius on the occasion of his wedding.</p>
+
+<p>Our position in other respects is such as you used to cheer my
+despondency by telling me it would be&mdash;one of great dignity and
+popularity: this is a return to old times for you and me effected, my
+brother, by your patience, high character, loyalty, and, I may also add,
+your conciliatory manners. The house of Licinius, near the grove of
+Piso,<a name="FNanchor_462_462" id="FNanchor_462_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a> has been taken for you. But, as I hope, in a few months'
+time, after the 1st of July, you will move into your own. Some excellent
+tenants, the Lami&aelig;, have taken your house in Carin&aelig;.<a name="FNanchor_463_463" id="FNanchor_463_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a> I have
+received no letter from you since the one dated Olbia. I am anxious to
+hear how you are and what you find to amuse you, but above all to see
+you yourself as soon as possible. Take care of your health, my dear<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+brother, and though it is winter time, yet reflect that after all it is
+Sardinia that you are in.<a name="FNanchor_464_464" id="FNanchor_464_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a></p>
+
+<p>15 February.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CII_F_I_5_b" id="CII_F_I_5_b"></a>CII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 5</span> b)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>What is being done and has been done here I imagine you know from
+letters of numerous correspondents and from messengers: but what are
+still matters for conjecture, and seem likely to take place, I think I
+ought to write and tell you. After Pompey had been roughly treated with
+shouts and insulting remarks, while speaking before the people on the
+7th of February in defence of Milo, and had been accused in the senate
+by Cato in exceedingly harsh and bitter terms amidst profound silence,
+he appeared to me to be very much upset in his mind. Accordingly, he
+seems to me to have quite given up any idea of the Alexandrine
+business&mdash;which, as far as we are concerned, remains exactly where it
+was, for the senate has taken nothing from you except what, owing to the
+same religious difficulty, cannot be granted to anyone else. My hope and
+my earnest endeavour now is that the king, when he understands that he
+cannot obtain what he had in his mind&mdash;restoration by Pompey&mdash;and that,
+unless restored by you, he will be abandoned, and neglected, should pay
+you a visit.<a name="FNanchor_465_465" id="FNanchor_465_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a> This he will do without any hesitation, if Pompey
+gives the least hint of his approval. But you know that man's deliberate
+ways and obstinate reserve. However, I will omit nothing that may
+contribute to that result. The other injurious proceedings instituted by
+Cato I shall, I hope, have no difficulty in resisting. I perceive that
+none of the consulars are friendly to you except Hortensius and
+Lucullus; the rest are either hostile,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> without openly shewing it, or
+undisguisedly incensed. Keep a brave and high spirit, and feel confident
+that the result will be to utterly repulse the attack of a most
+contemptible fellow, and to retain your high position and fame.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CIII_F_I_6" id="CIII_F_I_6"></a>CIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>What is going on you will learn from Pollio,<a name="FNanchor_466_466" id="FNanchor_466_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> who not only was
+engaged in all the transactions, but was the leader in them. In my own
+deep distress, occasioned by the course your business has taken,<a name="FNanchor_467_467" id="FNanchor_467_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a> I
+am chiefly consoled by the hope which makes me strongly suspect that the
+dishonest practices of men will be defeated both by the measures of your
+friends and by mere lapse of time, which must have a tendency to weaken
+the plans of your enemies and of traitors. In the second place, I derive
+a ready consolation from the memory of my own dangers, of which I see a
+reflexion in your fortunes. For though your position is attacked in a
+less important particular than that which brought mine to the ground,
+yet the analogy is so strong, that I trust you will pardon me if I am
+not frightened at what you did not yourself consider ought to cause
+alarm. But shew yourself the man I have known you to be, to use a Greek
+expression, "since your nails were soft."<a name="FNanchor_468_468" id="FNanchor_468_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468_468" class="fnanchor">[468]</a> The injurious conduct of
+men will, believe me, only make your greatness more conspicuous. Expect
+from me the greatest zeal and devotion in everything: I will not falsify
+your expectation.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CIV_Q_FR_II_4" id="CIV_Q_FR_II_4"></a>CIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 4 AND PART OF 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, March</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Our friend Sestius was acquitted on the 11th of March, and, what was of
+great importance to the Republic&mdash;that there should be no appearance of
+difference of opinion in a case of that sort&mdash;was acquitted unanimously.
+As to what I had often gathered from your letters, that you were anxious
+about&mdash;that I should not leave any loophole for abuse to an unfriendly
+critic on the score of my being ungrateful, if I did not treat with the
+utmost indulgence his occasional wrong-headedness&mdash;let me tell you that
+in this trial I established my character for being the most grateful of
+men. For in conducting the defence I satisfied in the fullest manner
+possible a man of difficult temper, and, what he above all things
+desired, I cut up Vatinius (by whom he was being openly attacked) just
+as I pleased, with the applause of gods and men. And, farther, when our
+friend Paullus<a name="FNanchor_469_469" id="FNanchor_469_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> was brought forward as a witness against Sestius, he
+affirmed that he would lay an information against Vatinius<a name="FNanchor_470_470" id="FNanchor_470_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> if
+Licinius Macer hesitated to do so, and Macer, rising from Sestius's
+benches, declared that he would not fail. Need I say more? That impudent
+swaggering fellow Vatinius was overwhelmed with confusion and thoroughly
+discredited.</p>
+
+<p>That most excellent boy, your son Quintus, is getting on splendidly with
+his education. I notice this the more because Tyrannio<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> gives his
+lessons in my house. The building of both your house and mine is being
+pushed on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> energetically. I have caused half the money to be paid to
+your contractor. I hope before winter we may be under the same roof. As
+to our Tullia, who, by Hercules, is very warmly attached to you, I hope
+I have settled her engagement with Crassipes.<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> There are two days
+after the Latin festival which are barred by religion.<a name="FNanchor_473_473" id="FNanchor_473_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a> Otherwise
+the festival of Iuppiter Latiaris has come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>The affluence which you often mention I feel the want of to a certain
+extent; but while I welcome it if it comes to me, I am not exactly
+beating the covert for it.<a name="FNanchor_474_474" id="FNanchor_474_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474_474" class="fnanchor">[474]</a> I am building in three places, and am
+patching up my other houses. I live somewhat more lavishly than I used
+to do. I am obliged to do so. If I had you with me I should give the
+builders full swing for a while.<a name="FNanchor_475_475" id="FNanchor_475_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475_475" class="fnanchor">[475]</a> But this too (as I hope) we shall
+shortly talk over together.</p>
+
+<p>The state of affairs at Rome is this: Lentulus Marcellinus is splendid
+as consul, and his colleague does not put any difficulty in his way: he
+is so good, I repeat, that I have never seen a better. He deprived them
+of all the comitial days; for even the Latin festival is being
+repeated,<a name="FNanchor_476_476" id="FNanchor_476_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476_476" class="fnanchor">[476]</a> nor were thanksgiving days wanting.<a name="FNanchor_477_477" id="FNanchor_477_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a> In this way the
+passing of most mischievous laws is prevented, especially that of
+Cato,<a name="FNanchor_478_478" id="FNanchor_478_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478_478" class="fnanchor">[478]</a> on whom, however, our friend Milo played a very pretty trick.
+For that defender of the employment of gladiators and beast-fighters had
+bought some beast-fighters from Cosconius and Pomponius, and had never
+appeared in public without them in their full armour. He could not
+afford to maintain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> them, and accordingly had great difficulty in
+keeping them together. Milo found this out. He commissioned an
+individual, with whom he was not intimate, to buy this troop from Cato
+without exciting his suspicion. As soon as it had been removed,
+Racilius&mdash;at this time quite the only real tribune&mdash;revealed the truth,
+acknowledged that the men had been purchased for himself&mdash;for this is
+what they had agreed&mdash;and put up a notice that he intended to sell
+"Cato's troop." This notice caused much laughter. Accordingly, Lentulus
+has prevented Cato from going on with his laws, and also those who
+published bills of a monstrous description about C&aelig;sar, with no tribune
+to veto them. Caninius's proposal, indeed, about Pompey has died a
+natural death. For it is not approved of in itself, and our friend
+Pompey is also spoken of with great severity for the breach of his
+friendship with Publius Lentulus. He is not the man he was. The fact is
+that to the lowest dregs of the populace his support of Milo gives some
+offence, while the aristocrats are dissatisfied with much that he omits
+to do, and find fault with much that he does. This is the only point,
+however, in which I am not pleased with Marcellinus&mdash;that he handles him
+too roughly. Yet in this he is not going counter to the wishes of the
+senate: consequently I am the more glad to withdraw from the
+senate-house and from politics altogether. In the courts I have the same
+position as I ever had: never was my house more crowded. One untoward
+circumstance has occurred owing to Milo's rashness&mdash;the acquittal of
+Sext. Clodius<a name="FNanchor_479_479" id="FNanchor_479_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479_479" class="fnanchor">[479]</a>&mdash;whose prosecution at this particular time, and by a
+weak set of accusers, was against my advice. In a most corrupt panel his
+conviction failed by only three votes. Consequently the people clamour
+for a fresh trial, and he must surely be brought back into court. For
+people will not put up with it, and seeing that, though pleading before
+a panel of his own kidney, he was all but condemned, they look upon him
+as practically condemned. Even in this matter the unpopularity of Pompey
+was an obstacle in our path. For the votes of the senators were largely
+in his favour, those of the knights were equally divided, while the
+<i>tribuni &aelig;rarii</i> voted for his condemna<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>tion. But for this <i>contretemps</i>
+I am consoled by the daily condemnations of my enemies, among whom, to
+my great delight, Servius<a name="FNanchor_480_480" id="FNanchor_480_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480_480" class="fnanchor">[480]</a> got upon the rocks: the rest are utterly
+done for. Gaius Cato declared in public meeting that he would not allow
+the elections to be held, if he were deprived of the days for doing
+business with the people. Appius has not yet returned from his visit to
+C&aelig;sar. I am looking forward with extraordinary eagerness to a letter
+from you. Although I know the sea is still closed, yet they tell me that
+certain persons have, nevertheless, arrived from Olbia full of your
+praises, and declaring you to be very highly thought of in the province.
+They said also that these persons reported that you intended to cross as
+soon as navigation became possible. That is what I desire: but although
+it is yourself, of course, that I most look forward to, yet meanwhile I
+long for a letter. Farewell, my dear brother.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CV_Q_FR_II_5" id="CV_Q_FR_II_5"></a>CV (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 5 AND PARTS OF 6 AND 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 8 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>I have already sent you a letter containing the information of my
+daughter Tullia having been betrothed to Crassipes on the 4th of April,
+and other intelligence public and private. The following are the events
+since then. On the 5th of April, by a decree of the senate, a sum of
+money amounting to 40,000 sestertia (about &pound;320,000) was voted to Pompey
+for the business of the corn-supply. But on the same day there was a
+vehement debate on the Campanian land, the senators making almost as
+much noise as a public meeting. The shortness of money and the high
+price of corn increased the exasperation. Nor will I omit the following:
+the members of the colleges of the Capitolini and the Mercuriales<a name="FNanchor_481_481" id="FNanchor_481_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481_481" class="fnanchor">[481]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+expelled from their society a Roman knight named M. Furius Flaccus, a
+man of bad character: the expulsion took place when he was at the
+meeting, and though he threw himself at the feet of each member.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of April, the eve of my departure from town, I gave a
+betrothal party to Crassipes. That excellent boy, your and my Quintus,
+was not at the banquet owing to a very slight indisposition. On the 7th
+of April I visited Quintus and found him quite restored. He talked a
+good deal and with great feeling about the quarrels between our wives.
+What need I say more? Nothing could have been pleasanter. Pomponia,
+however, had some complaints to make of you also: but of this when we
+meet. After leaving your boy I went to the site of your house: the
+building was going on with a large number of workmen. I urged the
+contractor Longilius to push on. He assured me that he had every wish to
+satisfy us. The house will be splendid, for it can be better seen now
+than we could judge from the plan: my own house is also being built with
+despatch. On this day I dined with Crassipes. After dinner I went in my
+sedan to visit Pompey at his suburban villa. I had not been able to call
+on him in the daytime as he was away from home. However, I wished to see
+him, because I am leaving Rome to-morrow, and he is on the point of
+starting for Sardinia. I found him at home and begged him to restore you
+to us as soon as possible. "Immediately," he said. He is going to start,
+according to what he said, on the 11th of April, with the intention of
+embarking at Livorno or Pisa.<a name="FNanchor_482_482" id="FNanchor_482_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482_482" class="fnanchor">[482]</a> Mind, my dear brother, that, as soon
+as he arrives, you seize the first opportunity of setting sail, provided
+only that the weather is favourable. I write this on the 8th of April
+before daybreak, and am on the point of starting on my journey, with the
+intention of stopping to-day with Titus Titius at Anagnia. To-morrow I
+think of being at Laterium,<a name="FNanchor_483_483" id="FNanchor_483_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483_483" class="fnanchor">[483]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> thence, after five days in Arpinum,
+going to my Pompeian house, just looking in upon my villa at Cum&aelig; on my
+return journey, with the view&mdash;since Milo's trial has been fixed for the
+7th of May&mdash;of being at Rome on the 6th, and of seeing you on that day,
+I hope, dearest and pleasantest of brothers. I thought it best that the
+building at Arcanum<a name="FNanchor_484_484" id="FNanchor_484_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484_484" class="fnanchor">[484]</a> should be suspended till your return. Take good
+care, my dear brother, of your health, and come as soon as possible.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CVI_A_IV_4_b" id="CVI_A_IV_4_b"></a>CVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 4</span> b)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>It will be delightful if you come to see us here. You will find that
+Tyrannio has made a wonderfully good arrangement of my books, the
+remains of which are better than I had expected. Still, I wish you would
+send me a couple of your library slaves for Tyrannio to employ as
+gluers, and in other subordinate work, and tell them to get some fine
+parchment to make title-pieces, which you Greeks, I think, call
+"sillybi." But all this is only if not inconvenient to you. In any case,
+be sure you come yourself, if you can halt for a while in such a place,
+and can persuade Pilia<a name="FNanchor_485_485" id="FNanchor_485_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485_485" class="fnanchor">[485]</a> to accompany you. For that is only fair, and
+Tullia is anxious that she should come. My word! You have purchased a
+fine troop! Your gladiators, I am told, fight superbly. If you had
+chosen to let them out you would have cleared your expenses by the last
+two spectacles. But we will talk about this later on. Be sure to come,
+and, as you love me, see about the library slaves.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CVII_A_IV_5" id="CVII_A_IV_5"></a>CVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Do you really mean it? Do you think that there is anyone by whom I
+prefer to have what I write read and approved of before yourself? "Why,
+then, did I send it to anyone before you?" I was pressed by the man to
+whom I sent it, and had no copy. And&mdash;well! I am nibbling at what I
+must, after all, swallow&mdash;my "recantation"<a name="FNanchor_486_486" id="FNanchor_486_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486_486" class="fnanchor">[486]</a> did seem to me a trifle
+discreditable! But good-bye to straightforward, honest, and high-minded
+policy! One could scarcely believe the amount of treachery there is in
+those leaders of the state, as they wish to be, and might be, if they
+had any principle of honour in them. I had felt it, known it&mdash;taken in,
+abandoned, and cast aside by them, as I had been! and yet my purpose
+still was to stick by them in politics. They were the same men as they
+ever had been. At last, on your advice, my eyes have been opened. You
+will say that your advice only extended to action, not to writing also.
+The truth is that I wanted to bind myself to this new combination, that
+I might have no excuse for slipping back to those who, even at a time
+when I could claim their compassion, never cease being jealous of me.
+However, I kept within due limits in my subject, when I did put pen to
+paper. I shall launch out more copiously if <i>he</i> shews that he is glad
+to receive it, and those make wry faces who are angry at my possessing
+the villa which once belonged to Catulus, without reflecting that I
+bought it from Vettius: who say that I ought not to have built a town
+house, and declare that I ought to have sold.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> But what is all this to
+the fact that, when I have delivered senatorial speeches in agreement
+with their own views, their chief pleasure has yet been that I spoke
+contrary to Pompey's wishes? Let us have an end of it. Since those who
+have no power refuse me their affection, let us take care to secure the
+affection of those who have power. You will say, "I could have wished
+that you had done so before." I know you did wish it, and that I have
+made a real ass of myself. But now the time has come to shew a little
+affection for myself, since I can get none from them on any terms.</p>
+
+<p>I am much obliged to you for frequently going to see my house.
+Crassipes<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a> swallows up my money for travelling. Tullia will go
+straight to your suburban villa.<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> That seems the more convenient
+plan. Consequently she will be at your town house the next day: for what
+can it matter to you? But we shall see. Your men have beautified my
+library by making up the books and appending title-slips. Please thank
+them.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CVIII_F_V_12" id="CVIII_F_V_12"></a>CVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 12</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO L. LUCCEIUS<a name="FNanchor_489_489" id="FNanchor_489_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Arpinum</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>I have often tried to say to you personally what I am about to write,
+but was prevented by a kind of almost clownish bashfulness. Now that I am
+not in your presence I shall speak out more boldly: a letter does not
+blush. I am inflamed with an inconceivably ardent desire, and one, as I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+think, of which I have no reason to be ashamed, that in a history
+written by <i>you</i> my name should be conspicuous and frequently mentioned
+with praise. And though you have often shewn me that you meant to do so,
+yet I hope you will pardon my impatience. For the style of your
+composition, though I had always entertained the highest expectations of
+it, has yet surpassed my hopes, and has taken such a hold upon me, or
+rather has so fired my imagination, that I was eager to have my
+achievements as quickly as possible put on record in your history. For
+it is not only the thought of being spoken of by future ages that makes
+me snatch at what seems a hope of immortality, but it is also the desire
+of fully enjoying in my lifetime an authoritative expression of your
+judgment, or a token of your kindness for me, or the charm of your
+genius. Not, however, that while thus writing I am unaware under what
+heavy burdens you are labouring in the portion of history you have
+undertaken, and by this time have begun to write. But because I saw that
+your history of the Italian and Civil Wars was now all but finished, and
+because also you told me that you were already embarking upon the
+remaining portions of your work, I determined not to lose my chance for
+the want of suggesting to you to consider whether you preferred to weave
+your account of me into the main context of your history, or whether, as
+many Greek writers have done&mdash;Callisthenes, the Phocian War; Tim&aelig;us, the
+war of Pyrrhus; Polybius, that of Numantia; all of whom separated the
+wars I have named from their main narratives&mdash;you would, like them,
+separate the civil conspiracy from public and external wars. For my
+part, I do not see that it matters much to my reputation, but it does
+somewhat concern my impatience, that you should not wait till you come
+to the proper place, but should at once anticipate the discussion of
+that question as a whole and the history of that epoch. And at the same
+time, if your whole thoughts are engaged on one incident and one person,
+I can see in imagination how much fuller your material will be, and how
+much more elaborately worked out. I am quite aware, however, what little
+modesty I display, first, in imposing on you so heavy a burden (for your
+engagements may well prevent your compliance with my request), and in
+the second place, in asking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> you to shew me off to advantage. What if
+those transactions are not in your judgment so very deserving of
+commendation? Yet, after all, a man who has once passed the border-line
+of modesty had better put a bold face on it and be frankly impudent. And
+so I again and again ask you outright, both to praise those actions of
+mine in warmer terms than you perhaps feel, and in that respect to
+neglect the laws of history. I ask you, too, in regard to the personal
+predilection, on which you wrote in a certain introductory chapter in
+the most gratifying and explicit terms&mdash;and by which you shew that you
+were as incapable of being diverted as Xenophon's Hercules by
+Pleasure&mdash;not to go against it, but to yield to your affection for me a
+little more than truth shall justify. But if I can induce you to
+undertake this, you will have, I am persuaded, matter worthy of your
+genius and your wealth of language. For from the beginning of the
+conspiracy to my return from exile it appears to me that a
+moderate-sized monograph might be composed, in which you will, on the
+one hand, be able to utilize your special knowledge of civil
+disturbances, either in unravelling the causes of the revolution or in
+proposing remedies for evils, blaming meanwhile what you think deserves
+denunciation, and establishing the righteousness of what you approve by
+explaining the principles on which they rest: and on the other hand, if
+you think it right to be more outspoken (as you generally do), you will
+bring out the perfidy, intrigues, and treachery of many people towards
+me. For my vicissitudes will supply you in your composition with much
+variety, which has in itself a kind of charm, capable of taking a strong
+hold on the imagination of readers, when you are the writer. For nothing
+is better fitted to interest a reader than variety of circumstance and
+vicissitudes of fortune, which, though the reverse of welcome to us in
+actual experience, will make very pleasant reading: for the untroubled
+recollection of a past sorrow has a charm of its own. To the rest of the
+world, indeed, who have had no trouble themselves, and who look upon the
+misfortunes of others without any suffering of their own, the feeling of
+pity is itself a source of pleasure. For what man of us is not
+delighted, though feeling a certain compassion too, with the death-scene
+of Epaminondas at Mantinea? He, you know, did not allow<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> the dart to be
+drawn from his body until he had been told, in answer to his question,
+that his shield was safe, so that in spite of the agony of his wound he
+died calmly and with glory. Whose interest is not roused and sustained
+by the banishment and return of Themistocles?<a name="FNanchor_490_490" id="FNanchor_490_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> Truly the mere
+chronological record of the annals has very little charm for us&mdash;little
+more than the entries in the <i>fasti</i>: but the doubtful and varied
+fortunes of a man, frequently of eminent character, involve feelings of
+wonder, suspense, joy, sorrow, hope, fear: if these fortunes are crowned
+with a glorious death, the imagination is satisfied with the most
+fascinating delight which reading can give. Therefore it will be more in
+accordance with my wishes if you come to the resolution to separate from
+the main body of your narrative, in which you embrace a continuous
+history of events, what I may call the drama of my actions and fortunes:
+for it includes varied acts, and shifting scenes both of policy and
+circumstance. Nor am I afraid of appearing to lay snares for your favour
+by flattering suggestions, when I declare that I desire to be
+complimented and mentioned with praise by you above all other writers.
+For you are not the man to be ignorant of your own powers, or not to be
+sure that those who withhold their admiration of you are more to be
+accounted jealous, than those who praise you flatterers. Nor, again, am
+I so senseless as to wish to be consecrated to an eternity of fame by
+one who, in so consecrating me, does not also gain for himself the glory
+which rightfully belongs to genius. For the famous Alexander himself did
+not wish to be painted by Apelles, and to have his statue made by
+Lysippus above all others, merely from personal favour to them, but
+because he thought that their art would be a glory at once to them and
+to himself. And, indeed, those artists used to make images of the person
+known to strangers: but if such had never existed, illustrious men would
+yet be no less illustrious. The Spartan Agesilaus, who would not allow a
+portrait of himself to be painted or a statue made, deserves to be
+quoted as an example quite as much as those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> who have taken trouble
+about such representations: for a single pamphlet of Xenophon's in
+praise of that king has proved much more effective than all the
+portraits and statues of them all. And, moreover, it will more redound
+to my present exultation and the honour of my memory to have found my
+way into your history, than if I had done so into that of others, in
+this, that I shall profit not only by the genius of the writer&mdash;as
+Timoleon did by that of Tim&aelig;us, Themistocles by that of Herodotus&mdash;but
+also by the authority of a man of a most illustrious and
+well-established character, and one well known and of the first repute
+for his conduct in the most important and weighty matters of state; so
+that I shall seem to have gained not only the fame which Alexander on
+his visit to Sigeum said had been bestowed on Achilles by Homer, but
+also the weighty testimony of a great and illustrious man. For I like
+that saying of Hector in N&aelig;vius, who not only rejoices that he is
+"praised," but adds, "and by one who has himself been praised." But if I
+fail to obtain my request from you, which is equivalent to saying, if
+you are by some means prevented&mdash;for I hold it to be out of the question
+that you would <i>refuse</i> a request of mine&mdash;I shall perhaps be forced to
+do what certain persons have often found fault with, write my own
+panegyric, a thing, after all, which has a precedent of many illustrious
+men. But it will not escape your notice that there are the following
+drawbacks in a composition of that sort: men are bound, when writing of
+themselves, both to speak with greater reserve of what is praiseworthy,
+and to omit what calls for blame. Added to which such writing carries
+less conviction, less weight; many people, in fine, carp at it, and say
+that the heralds at the public games are more modest, for after having
+placed garlands on the other recipients and proclaimed their names in a
+loud voice, when their own turn comes to be presented with a garland
+before the games break up, they call in the services of another herald,
+that they may not declare themselves victors with their own voice. I
+wish to avoid all this, and, if you undertake my cause, I shall avoid
+it: and, accordingly, I ask you this favour. But why, you may well ask,
+when you have already often assured me that you intended to record in
+your book with the utmost minuteness the policy and events of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> my
+consulship, do I now make this request to you with such earnestness and
+in so many words? The reason is to be found in that burning desire, of
+which I spoke at the beginning of my letter, for something <i>prompt</i>:
+because I am in a flutter of impatience, both that men should learn what
+I am from your books, while I am still alive, and that I may myself in
+my lifetime have the full enjoyment of my little bit of glory. What you
+intend doing on this subject I should like you to write me word, if not
+troublesome to you. For if you do undertake the subject, I will put
+together some notes of all occurrences: but if you put me off to some
+future time, I will talk the matter over with you. Meanwhile, do not
+relax your efforts, and thoroughly polish what you have already on the
+stocks, and&mdash;continue to love me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CIX_A_IV_6" id="CIX_A_IV_6"></a>CIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">From the Country</span> (<span class="smcap">April-May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Of course I am as sorry about Lentulus as I am bound to be: we have lost
+a good patriot and a great man, one who to great strength of character
+united a culture equally profound. My consolation is a miserable one,
+but still it is a consolation&mdash;that I do not grieve on his account: I
+don't mean in the sense of Saufeius and your Epicurean friends, but, by
+Hercules, because he loved his country so deeply, that he seems to me to
+have been snatched away by a special favour of providence from its
+conflagration. For what could be more humiliating than the life we are
+living, especially mine? For as to yourself, though by nature a
+politician, you have yet avoided having any servitude peculiar to
+yourself: you merely come under an appellation common to us all.<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a>
+But <i>I</i>, who, if I say what I ought about the Republic, am looked on as
+mad, if what expediency<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> dictates, as a slave, and if I say nothing, as
+utterly crushed and helpless&mdash;what must I be suffering? Suffer, indeed,
+I do, and all the more keenly that I cannot even shew my pain without
+appearing ungrateful. Again: what if I should choose a life of
+inactivity and take refuge in the harbour of retired leisure?
+Impossible! Rather war and the camp! Am I to serve in the ranks after
+refusing to be a general? I suppose I must. For I perceive you, too,
+think so, you whom I wish that I had always obeyed. All that is left to
+me now is, "You have drawn Sparta: make the best of it!" But, by
+heavens, I can't: and I feel for Philoxenus,<a name="FNanchor_492_492" id="FNanchor_492_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> who preferred a return
+to gaol. However, in my present retirement I am thinking over how to
+express my rejection of the old policy, and when we meet you will
+strengthen me in it.</p>
+
+<p>I notice that you have written to me at frequent intervals, but I
+received all the letters at once. This circumstance increased my grief.
+For I had read three to begin with, in which the report of Lentulus was
+that he was a little better. Then came the thunderbolt of the fourth.
+But it is not he, as I said, who is to be pitied, but we who are so
+callous as to live on.<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> You remind me to write that essay on
+Hortensius: I have digressed into other subjects, but have not forgotten
+your charge. But, by heaven, at the first line I shrank from the task,
+lest I, who seem to have acted foolishly in resenting his intemperate
+conduct as a friend, should once more be foolishly rendering his
+injurious treatment of me conspicuous, if I wrote anything; and at the
+same time lest my high <i>morale</i>, manifested in my actions, should be
+somewhat obscured in my writing, and this mode of taking satisfaction<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
+should seem to imply a certain instability. But we shall see. Only be
+sure to write me something as often as possible. I sent a letter to
+Lucceius asking him to write the history of my consulship: be sure you
+get it from him, for it is a very pretty bit of writing, and urge him to
+use despatch, and thank him for having written me an answer saying that
+he would do so. Go and see my house as often as you can. Say something
+to Vestorius:<a name="FNanchor_494_494" id="FNanchor_494_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494_494" class="fnanchor">[494]</a> for he is acting very liberally in regard to me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CX_A_IV_7" id="CX_A_IV_7"></a>CX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Arpinum</span> (<span class="smcap">April-May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>Nothing could be better timed than your letter, which much relieved the
+anxiety I was feeling about that excellent boy, our Quintus. Two hours
+earlier Ch&aelig;rippus had arrived: his news was simply awful. As to what you
+say about Apollonius, why, heaven confound him! a Greek and turn
+bankrupt! Thinks he may do what Roman knights do! For, of course,
+Terentius is within his rights! As to Metellus&mdash;<i>de mortuis</i>,
+etc.<a name="FNanchor_495_495" id="FNanchor_495_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495_495" class="fnanchor">[495]</a>&mdash;yet there has been no citizen die these many years past who
+----. Well, I am willing to warrant your getting the money: for what
+have you to fear, whomsoever he made his heir, unless it were Publius?
+But he has, in fact, made a respectable man his heir, though he was
+himself &mdash;&mdash;! Wherefore in this business you will not have to open your
+money-chest: another time you will be more cautious. Please see to my
+instructions about my house: hire some guards: give Milo a hint.<a name="FNanchor_496_496" id="FNanchor_496_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496_496" class="fnanchor">[496]</a>
+The Arpinates<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> grumble amazingly about Laterium.<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> Well, what can I
+say? I was much annoyed myself, but "to words of mine he gave no
+heed."<a name="FNanchor_498_498" id="FNanchor_498_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498_498" class="fnanchor">[498]</a> For the rest, take care of young Cicero and love him as
+always.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXI_A_IV_8_a" id="CXI_A_IV_8_a"></a>CXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 8</span> a)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Antium (April-May)</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>There were many things in your letter which pleased me, but nothing more
+than your "dish of cheese and salt fish"!<a name="FNanchor_499_499" id="FNanchor_499_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499_499" class="fnanchor">[499]</a> For as to what you say
+about the sale,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Boast not yourself before you see the end."<a name="FNanchor_500_500" id="FNanchor_500_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500_500" class="fnanchor">[500]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I can find nothing in the way of a building for you in the
+neighbourhood. In the town there is something of the sort, though it is
+doubtful whether it is for sale, and, in fact, close to my own house.
+Let me tell you that Antium is the Buthrotum of Rome, just what your
+Buthrotum is to Corcyra. Nothing can be quieter, cooler, or
+prettier&mdash;"be this mine own dear home."<a name="FNanchor_501_501" id="FNanchor_501_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501_501" class="fnanchor">[501]</a> Moreover, since Tyrannio
+has arranged my books for me, my house seems to have had a soul added to
+it; in which matter your Dionysius and Menophilus were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> of wonderful
+service. Nothing can be more charming than those bookcases of yours,
+since the title-slips have shewn off the books. Good-bye. I should like
+you to write me word about the gladiators, but only if they fight well,
+I don't want to know about them if they were failures.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXII_F_V_3" id="CXII_F_V_3"></a>CXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>FROM Q. METELLUS NEPOS (IN SPAIN)</h3>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>The insults of a most outrageous person, with which he loads me in
+frequent public speeches, are alleviated by your kind services to me;
+and as they are of little weight as coming from a man of that character,
+they are regarded by me with contempt, and I am quite pleased by an
+interchange of persons to regard you in the light of a cousin.<a name="FNanchor_502_502" id="FNanchor_502_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a> Him
+I don't wish even to remember, though I have twice saved his life in his
+own despite. Not to be too troublesome to you about my affairs, I have
+written to Lollius as to what I want done about my provincial accounts,
+with a view to his informing and reminding you. If you can, I hope you
+will preserve your old goodwill to me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXIII_F_I_7" id="CXIII_F_I_7"></a>CXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">October</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>I have read your letter in which you say that you are obliged for the
+frequent information I give you about all current events, and for the
+clear proof you have of my kindness to yourself. The latter&mdash;the
+regarding you with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> warm affection&mdash;it is my duty to do, if I wish to
+maintain the character which you desired for me; the former it is a
+pleasure to do, namely, separated as we are by length of space and time,
+to converse with you as frequently as possible by means of letters. But
+if this shall occur less frequently than you expect, the reason will be
+that my letters are of such a kind that I dare not trust them to
+everybody promiscuously. As often as I get hold of trustworthy persons
+to whom I may safely deliver them, I will not omit to do so. As to your
+question about each particular person's loyalty and friendly feelings
+towards you, it is difficult to speak in regard to individuals. I can
+venture on this one assertion, which I often hinted to you before, and
+now write from close observation and knowledge&mdash;that certain persons,
+and those, above all others, who were most bound and most able to help
+you, have been exceedingly jealous of your claims: and that, though the
+point in question is different, your present position is exceedingly
+like what mine was some time ago in this, that those whom you had
+attacked on public grounds now openly assail you, while those whose
+authority, rank, and policy you had defended, are not so much mindful of
+your kindness as enemies to your reputation. In these circumstances, as
+I wrote you word before, I perceive that Hortensius is very warmly your
+friend, Lucullus anxious to serve you: while of the magistrates L.
+Racilius shews special loyalty and affection. For my taking up the
+cudgels for you, and advocating your claims, would seem in the eyes of
+most people to be the measure of my obligation to you rather than of my
+deliberate opinion. Besides these I am, in fact, not able to bear
+witness to any one of the consulars shewing zeal or kindness or friendly
+feeling towards you. For you are aware that Pompey, who is very
+frequently accustomed, not on my instigation but of his own accord, to
+confide in me about you, did not often attend the senate during these
+discussions. It is true your last letter, as I could easily conceive,
+was very gratifying to him. To me, indeed, your reasonableness, or
+rather your extreme wisdom, seemed not only charming, but simply
+admirable. For by that letter you retained your hold on a man of lofty
+character, who was bound to you by the signal generosity of your conduct
+towards him, but who was entertaining some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> suspicions that, owing to
+the impression prevailing among certain persons as to his own ambitious
+desires, you were alienated from him. I always thought that he wished to
+support your reputation, even in that very dubious episode of Caninius's
+proposal;<a name="FNanchor_503_503" id="FNanchor_503_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a> but when he had read your letter, I could plainly see
+that he was thinking with his whole soul of you, your honours, and your
+interests. Wherefore look upon what I am going to write as written after
+frequent discussions with him, in accordance with his opinion, and with
+the weight of his authority. It is this: "That, since no senatorial
+decree exists taking the restoration of the Alexandrine king out of your
+hands, and since the resolution written out upon that restoration
+(which, as you are aware, was vetoed) to the effect that no one was to
+restore the king at all,<a name="FNanchor_504_504" id="FNanchor_504_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504_504" class="fnanchor">[504]</a> has rather the weight of a measure adopted
+by men in anger than of a deliberate decision of the senate&mdash;you can
+yourself see, since you are in possession of Cilicia and Cyprus,<a name="FNanchor_505_505" id="FNanchor_505_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505_505" class="fnanchor">[505]</a>
+what it is within your power to effect and secure; and that, if
+circumstances seem to make it possible for you to occupy Alexandria and
+Egypt, it is for your own dignity and that of the empire that, after
+having first placed the king at Ptolemais or some neighbouring place,
+you should proceed with fleet and army to Alexandria, in order that,
+when you have secured it by restoring peace and placing a garrison in
+it, Ptolemy may go back to his kingdom: thus it will be brought about
+that he is restored at once by your agency, as the senate originally
+voted, and without a 'host,' as those who are scrupulous about religion
+said was the order of the Sibyl."</p>
+
+<p>But though both he and I agreed in this decision, we yet thought that
+men would judge of your policy by its result: if it turns out as we wish
+and desire, everybody will say that you acted wisely and courageously;
+if any hitch occurs, those same men will say that you acted ambitiously
+and rashly. Wherefore what you really can do it is not so easy for us to
+judge as for you, who have Egypt almost within sight. For us, our view
+is this: if you are certain that you can get<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> possession of that
+kingdom, you should not delay: if it is doubtful, you should not make
+the attempt. I can guarantee you this, that, if you succeed, you will be
+applauded by many while abroad, by all when you return. I see great
+danger in any failure, on account of the senatorial resolution and the
+religious scruple that have been introduced into the question. But for
+me, as I exhort you to snatch at what is certain to bring you credit, so
+I warn you against running any risks, and I return to what I said at the
+beginning of my letter&mdash;that men will judge all you do, not so much from
+the policy which prompted it as from its result. But if this method of
+procedure appears to you to be dangerous, our opinion is that, if the
+king fulfils his obligations to those of your friends, who throughout
+your province and sphere of government have lent him money, you should
+assist him both with troops and supplies: such is the nature and
+convenient situation of your province, that you either secure his
+restoration by giving him aid, or hinder it by neglecting to do so. In
+carrying out this policy you will perceive better and more easily than
+anyone else what the actual state of affairs, the nature of the case,
+and the circumstances of the hour admit: what our opinion was I thought
+that I was the person, above all others, to tell you.</p>
+
+<p>As to your congratulations to myself on my present position, on my
+intimacy with Milo, on the frivolity and impotency of Clodius&mdash;I am not
+at all surprised that, like a first-rate artist, you take pleasure in
+the brilliant works of your own hands. However, people's
+wrong-headedness&mdash;I don't like to use a harsher word&mdash;surpasses belief;
+they might have secured me by their sympathy in a cause in which they
+were all equally interested, yet they have alienated me by their
+jealousy: for by their carping and most malicious criticisms I must tell
+you that I have been all but driven from that old political standpoint
+of mine, so long maintained, not, it is true, so far as to forget my
+position, but far enough to admit at length some consideration for my
+personal safety also. Both might have been amply secured if there had
+been any good faith, any solidity in our consulars: but such is the
+frivolity of most of them, that they do not so much take pleasure in my
+political consistency, as offence at my brilliant position. I am the
+more outspoken in writing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> this to you, because you lent your support,
+not only to my present position, which I obtained through you, but also
+long ago to my reputation and political eminence, when they were, so to
+speak, but just coming into existence; and at the same time because I
+see that it was not, as I used formerly to think, my want of curule
+pedigree that excited prejudice: for I have noticed in your case, one of
+the noblest of the land, a similar exhibition of base jealousy, and
+though they did not object to class you among the <i>noblesse</i>, they were
+unwilling that you should take any higher flight. I rejoice that your
+fortune has been unlike mine: for there is a great difference between
+having one's reputation lowered and one's personal safety abandoned to
+the enemy. In my case it was your noble conduct that prevented me from
+being too much disgusted with my own; for you secured that men should
+consider more to have been added to my future glory than had been taken
+from my present fortune. As for you&mdash;instigated both by your kindness to
+myself and my affection for you, I urge you to use all your care and
+industry to obtain the full glory, for which you have burned with such
+generous ardour from boyhood, and never, under anyone's injurious
+conduct, to bend that high spirit of yours, which I have always admired
+and always loved. Men have a high opinion of you; they loudly praise
+your liberality; they vividly remember your consulship. You must surely
+perceive how much more marked, and how much more prominent these
+sentiments will be, if backed up by some considerable repute from your
+province and your government. However, in every administrative act which
+you have to perform by means of your army and in virtue of your
+<i>imperium</i>, I would have you reflect on these objects long before you
+act, prepare yourself with a view to them, turn them over in your mind,
+train yourself to obtain them, and convince yourself that you can with
+the greatest ease maintain the highest and most exalted position in the
+state. This you have always looked for, and I am sure you understand
+that you have attained it. And that you may not think this exhortation
+of mine meaningless or adopted without reason, I should explain that the
+consideration which has moved me to make it was the conviction that you
+required to be warned by the incidents, which our careers<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> have had in
+common, to be careful for the rest of your life as to whom to trust and
+against whom to be on your guard.</p>
+
+<p>As to your question about the state of public affairs&mdash;there is the most
+profound difference of opinion, but the energy is all on one side. For
+those who are strong in wealth, arms, and material power, appear to me
+to have scored so great a success from the stupidity and fickleness of
+their opponents, that they are now the stronger in moral weight as well.
+Accordingly, with very few to oppose them, they have got everything
+through the senate, which they never expected to get even by the popular
+vote without a riot: for a grant for military pay and ten legates have
+been given to C&aelig;sar by decree,<a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> and no difficulty has been made of
+deferring the nomination of his successor, as required by the Sempronian
+law.<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> I say the less to you on this point, because this position of
+public affairs is no pleasure to me: I mention it, however, in order to
+urge you to learn, while you can do so without suffering for it, the
+lesson which I myself, though devoted from boyhood to every kind of
+reading, yet learnt rather from bitter experience than from study, that
+we must neither consider our personal safety to the exclusion of our
+dignity, nor our dignity to the exclusion of our safety.</p>
+
+<p>In your congratulations as to my daughter and Crassipes I am obliged to
+you for your kindness, and do indeed expect and hope that this connexion
+may be a source of pleasure to us. Our dear Lentulus, a young man who
+gives such splendid promise of the highest qualities, be sure you
+instruct both in those accomplishments which you have yourself ever been
+forward in pursuing, and also, above all, in the imitation of yourself:
+he can study in no better school than that. He holds a very high place
+in my regard and affection, as well because he is yours, as because he
+is worthy of such a father, and because he is devoted to me, and has
+always been so.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXIV_F_XIII_6_a" id="CXIV_F_XIII_6_a"></a>CXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 6</span> a)</h2>
+
+<h3>Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>If you are well I shall be glad. I am quite well. I presume that you
+will remember that, when escorting you on the commencement of your
+official journey,<a name="FNanchor_508_508" id="FNanchor_508_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a> I mentioned to you in the presence of Publius
+Cuspius, and also afterwards urged you privately at some length, that
+whomsoever I might recommend to you as connexions of his, you should
+regard as among connexions of my own. You, as was to be expected from
+your extreme regard and uninterrupted attentions to me, undertook to do
+this for me with the utmost liberality and kindness. Cuspius, who is
+most careful in his duties towards all connected with him, takes a
+surprising interest in the well-being of certain persons of your
+province, because he has been twice in Africa when presiding over the
+very large concerns of his revenue-company. Accordingly, this patronage
+of his, which he exercises on their behalf, I am accustomed as far as I
+can to back up by such means and influence as I possess. Wherefore I
+thought it necessary to explain to you in this letter why I give letters
+of introduction to all the friends of Cuspius. In future letters I will
+merely append the mark<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> agreed upon between you and me, and at the
+same time indicate that he is one of Cuspius's friends. But the
+recommendation which I have resolved to subscribe to in this present
+letter, let me tell you, is more serious than any of them. For P.
+Cuspius has pressed me with particular earnestness to recommend Lucius
+Iulius to you as warmly as possible. I appear to be barely able to
+satisfy his eagerness by using the words which I generally use when most
+in earnest. He asks for something<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> out of the common way from me, and
+thinks I have a special knack in that style of writing. I have promised
+him to produce a masterpiece of commendation&mdash;a specimen of my choicest
+work. Since I cannot reach that standard, however, I would beg you to
+make him think that some astonishing effect has been produced by the
+style of my letter. You will secure that, if you treat him with all the
+liberality which your kindness can suggest and your official power make
+feasible&mdash;I don't mean merely in the way of material assistance, but
+also in words and even in looks: and what influence such things have in
+a province I could have wished that you had already learnt by
+experience, though I have an idea that you soon will do so. This man
+himself, whom I am recommending to you, I believe to be thoroughly
+worthy of your friendship, not only because Cuspius says so (though that
+should be enough), but because I know the keenness of his judgment of
+men and in the selection of his friends. I shall soon be able to judge
+what has been the effect of this letter, and shall, I feel certain, have
+reason to thank you. For myself, I shall with zeal and care see to all
+that I think to be your wish or to concern your interests. Take care of
+your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXV_F_XIII_6_b" id="CXV_F_XIII_6_b"></a>CXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 6</span> b)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>P. Cornelius, who delivers you this letter, has been recommended to me
+by P. Cuspius, for whose sake you are thoroughly informed from me how
+much I desire and am bound to do. I earnestly beg you that Cuspius may
+have as great, early, and frequent occasion as possible to thank me for
+this introduction.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXVI_Q_FR_II_6" id="CXVI_Q_FR_II_6"></a>CXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (RETURNING FROM SARDINIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, May</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 50</div>
+
+<p>How delighted I was to get your letter! It had been expected by me at
+first, it is true, only with longing, but recently with alarm also. And,
+in fact, let me tell you that this is the only letter which has reached
+me since the one brought me by your sailor and dated Olbia. But let
+everything else, as you say, be reserved till we can talk it over
+together. One thing, however, I cannot put off: on the 15th of May the
+senate covered itself with glory by refusing Gabinius a <i>supplicatio</i>.
+Procilius<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> vows that such a slight was never inflicted on anyone.
+Out of doors there is much applause. To me, gratifying as it is on its
+own account, it is even more so because it was done when I was not in
+the house. For it was an unbiassed<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a> judgment of the senate, without
+any attack or exercise of influence on my part. The debate previously
+arranged for the 15th and 16th, namely, the question of the Campanian
+land, did not come on. In this matter I don't quite see way.<a name="FNanchor_512_512" id="FNanchor_512_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512_512" class="fnanchor">[512]</a> But I
+have said more than I meant to say: for it is best reserved till we
+meet. Goodbye, best and most longed-for of brothers! Fly to me. Our boys
+both share my prayer: of course, you will dine with me the day of your
+arrival.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXVII_A_IV_8_b" id="CXVII_A_IV_8_b"></a>CXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 8</span> b)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55. Coss., Cu. Pompeius Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In this year Cicero devoted much of his time and energy to the
+composition of the <i>de Oratore</i>. He was glad to be away from Rome,
+for though he had resolved to give up his opposition to the
+triumvirs, he was never really happy in supporting or even
+witnessing their policy, and the first letter betrays his
+sentiments as to the way in which the consuls had secured their
+election. His fear of an autocracy, however, seems now to be
+directed rather to Pompey than C&aelig;sar; nor was he at all charmed by
+the splendour of the games given at the opening of Pompey's new
+theatre. The only extant speech is that against L. Calpurnius Piso
+(consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58) who had been recalled from Macedonia.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span><a name="FNanchor_513_513" id="FNanchor_513_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513_513" class="fnanchor">[513]</a> (<span class="smcap">January</span>)</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>Apenas had scarcely left me, when your letter came. Really? Do you
+suppose he won't propose his law?<a name="FNanchor_514_514" id="FNanchor_514_514"></a><a href="#Footnote_514_514" class="fnanchor">[514]</a> Pray speak a little louder: I
+seem scarcely to have caught what you said. But let me know it at once,
+if it is all the same to you, that is! Well, since an additional day has
+been assigned to the games, I am all the more content to spend that day
+with Dionysius. About Trebonius I cordially agree with you. About
+Domitius,<a name="FNanchor_515_515" id="FNanchor_515_515"></a><a href="#Footnote_515_515" class="fnanchor">[515]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I swear by Ceres that no single fig<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was e'er so like another,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>as his case to mine, either in the sameness of persons, the
+unexpectedness of it, or the futility of the loyalists. There is one
+difference&mdash;he has brought it upon himself. For as to the misfortune
+itself, I rather think mine is the less grievous. For what could be more
+mortifying than that a man, who has been consul-designate, so to speak,
+ever since he was born, should fail in securing his election? Especially
+when he is the only (plebeian) candidate, or at most had but one
+opponent. If it is also the fact, which I rather think it is, that
+<i>he</i><a name="FNanchor_516_516" id="FNanchor_516_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a> has in the register of his pocket-book some equally long pages
+of future, no less than of past consuls, what more humiliating position
+than our friend's, except that of the Republic? My first information
+about Natta<a name="FNanchor_517_517" id="FNanchor_517_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a> was from your letter: I couldn't bear the man. As to
+your question about my poem: what if it is all agog to escape from my
+hands? Well? Would you permit it? About Fabius Luscus&mdash;I was just going
+to speak of him: the man was always very cordial to me, and I never had
+any cause to dislike him; for he is intelligent, very well-behaved, and
+serviceable enough. As I was seeing nothing of him, I supposed him to be
+out of town: but was told by this fellow Gavius of Firmum, that he was
+at Rome, and had never been away. It made a disagreeable impression on
+me. "Such a trifle as that?" you will say. Well, he had told me a good
+deal of which there could be no doubt as to these brothers of Firmum.
+What it is that has made him hold aloof from me, if he has done so, I
+have no idea.</p>
+
+<p>As to your advice to me to act "diplomatically" and keep to the "outside
+course"&mdash;I will obey you. But I want still more worldly wisdom, for
+which, as usual, I shall come to you. Pry small things out from
+Fabius,<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> if you can get at him, and pick the brains of your guest,
+and write me word on these points and all others every day. When there
+is nothing for you to write, write and say so. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXVIII_F_I_8" id="CXVIII_F_I_8"></a>CXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">January</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>What debates have taken place in the senate, what determination has been
+come to in your business, and what Pompey has undertaken to do, all this
+you will best learn from Marcus Pl&aelig;torius, who has not only been engaged
+in these matters, but has even taken the lead in them, and left nothing
+undone which the greatest affection for you, the greatest good sense,
+and the greatest care could do. From the same man you will ascertain the
+general position of public affairs, which are of such a nature as is not
+easy to put in writing. They are, it is true, all in the power of our
+friends, and to such an extent that it does not seem probable that the
+present generation will witness a change. For my part, as in duty bound,
+as you advised, and as personal affection and expediency compel, I am
+attaching myself to the fortunes of the man whose alliance you thought
+you must court when my fortunes were in question. But you must feel how
+difficult it is to put away a political conviction, especially when it
+happens to be right and proved up to the hilt. However, I conform myself
+to the wishes of him from whom I cannot dissent with any dignity: and
+this I do not do, as perhaps some may think, from insincerity; for
+deliberate purpose and, by heaven! affection for Pompey are so powerful
+with me, that whatever is to his interest, and whatever he wishes,
+appears to me at once to be altogether right and reasonable. Nor, as I
+think, would even his opponents be wrong if, seeing that they cannot
+possibly be his equals, they were to cease to struggle against him. For
+myself I have another consolation&mdash;my character is such that all the
+world thinks me justified beyond all others, whether I support Pompey's
+views, or hold my tongue, or even, what is above everything else to my
+taste, return to my literary pursuits. And this last I certainly shall
+do, if my friendship for this same man permits it. For those objects
+which I had at one time in view, after having held the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> highest offices
+and endured the greatest fatigues&mdash;the power of intervening with dignity
+in the debates of the senate, and a free hand in dealing with public
+affairs&mdash;these have been entirely abolished, and not more for me than
+for all. For we all have either to assent to a small clique, to the
+utter loss of our dignity, or to dissent to no purpose. My chief object
+in writing to you thus is that you may consider carefully what line you
+will also take yourself. The whole position of senate, law courts, and
+indeed of the entire constitution has undergone a complete change. The
+most we can hope for is tranquillity: and this the men now in supreme
+power seem likely to give us, if certain persons<a name="FNanchor_519_519" id="FNanchor_519_519"></a><a href="#Footnote_519_519" class="fnanchor">[519]</a> shew somewhat more
+tolerance of their despotism. The old consular prestige, indeed, of a
+courageous and consistent senator we must no longer think of: that has
+been lost by the fault of those who have alienated from the senate both
+an order once very closely allied to it, and an individual of the most
+illustrious character. But to return to what more immediately affects
+your interests&mdash;I have ascertained that Pompey is warmly your friend,
+and with him as consul, to the best of my knowledge and belief, you will
+get whatever you wish. In this he will have me always at his elbow, and
+nothing which affects you shall be passed over by me. Nor, in fact,
+shall I be afraid of boring him, for he will be very glad for his own
+sake to find me grateful to him. I would have you fully persuaded that
+there is nothing, however small, affecting your welfare that is not
+dearer to me than every interest of my own. And entertaining these
+sentiments, I can satisfy myself indeed, as far as assiduity is
+concerned, but in actual achievement I cannot do so, just because I
+cannot reach any proportion of your services to me, I do not say by
+actual return in kind, but by any return even of feeling. There a report
+that you have won a great victory.<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href="#Footnote_520_520" class="fnanchor">[520]</a> Your despatch is anxiously
+awaited, and I have already talked to Pompey about it. When it arrives,
+I will shew my zeal by calling on the magistrates and members of the
+senate: and in everything else which may concern you, though I shall
+strive for more than I can achieve, I shall yet do less than I ought.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXIX_Q_FR_II_7" id="CXIX_Q_FR_II_7"></a>CXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>I thought you would like my book:<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a> that you like it as much as you
+say I am greatly delighted. As to your hint about my Urania and your
+advice to remember the speech of Iupiter,<a name="FNanchor_522_522" id="FNanchor_522_522"></a><a href="#Footnote_522_522" class="fnanchor">[522]</a> which comes at the end of
+that book, I do indeed remember it, and that whole passage was aimed at
+myself rather than at the rest of the world. Nevertheless, the day after
+you started I went long before daybreak with Vibullius to call on
+Pompey; and upon addressing him on the subject of the works and
+inscriptions in your honour,<a name="FNanchor_523_523" id="FNanchor_523_523"></a><a href="#Footnote_523_523" class="fnanchor">[523]</a> he answered me very kindly, gave me
+great hopes, said he would like to talk to Crassus about it, and advised
+me to do so too. I joined in escorting Crassus to his house on his
+assuming the consulate: he undertook the affair, and said that Clodius
+would at this juncture have something that he wanted to get by means of
+himself and Pompey: he thought that, if I did not baulk Clodius's views,
+I might get what I wanted without any opposition. I left the matter
+entirely in his hands and told him that I would do exactly as he wished.
+Publius Crassus the younger was present at this conversation, who, as
+you know, is very warmly attached to me. What Clodius wants is an
+honorary mission (if not by decree of the senate, then by popular vote)
+to Byzantium or to Brogitarus, or to both.<a name="FNanchor_524_524" id="FNanchor_524_524"></a><a href="#Footnote_524_524" class="fnanchor">[524]</a> There is a good deal of
+money in it. It is a thing I don't trouble myself about much, even if I
+don't get what I am trying to get. Pompey, however, has spoken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> to
+Crassus. They seem to have taken the business in hand. If they carry it
+through, well and good: if not, let us return to my "Iupiter."</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of February a decree passed the senate as to bribery on the
+motion of Afranius, against which I had spoken when you were in the
+house. To the loudly expressed disapprobation of the senate the consuls
+did not go on with the proposals of those who, while agreeing with
+Afranius's motion, added a rider that after their election the pr&aelig;tors
+were to remain private citizens for sixty days.<a name="FNanchor_525_525" id="FNanchor_525_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a> On that day they
+unmistakably threw over Cato. In short, they manage everything their own
+way, and wish all the world to understand it to be so.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXX_A_IV_10" id="CXX_A_IV_10"></a>CXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;, 20 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>At Puteoli there is a great report that Ptolemy has been restored. If
+you have any more certain news, I should like to know it. I am here
+devouring the library of Faustus.<a name="FNanchor_526_526" id="FNanchor_526_526"></a><a href="#Footnote_526_526" class="fnanchor">[526]</a> Perhaps you thought I was
+feasting on the beauties of Puteoli and the Lucrine lake. Well, I have
+them too. But I declare to heaven that the more I am debarred from the
+enjoyment of ordinary pleasures, owing to the political situation, the
+more do I find support and refreshment in literature; and I would rather
+be sitting in that charming seat of yours, under your bust of Aristotle,
+than in <i>their</i><a name="FNanchor_527_527" id="FNanchor_527_527"></a><a href="#Footnote_527_527" class="fnanchor">[527]</a> curule<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> chair, and be taking a stroll with you
+rather than with the great man<a name="FNanchor_528_528" id="FNanchor_528_528"></a><a href="#Footnote_528_528" class="fnanchor">[528]</a> with whom I see I shall have to
+walk. But as to that walk, let fortune look to it, or god, if there is
+any god who cares for such things. I wish, when possible, you would come
+and see my walk and Spartan bath, and the buildings planned by Cyrus,
+and would urge Philotimus to make haste, that I may have something to
+match with yours in that department.<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> Pompey came to his Cuman
+property on the Parilia (19th April). He at once sent a man to me with
+his compliments. I am going to call on him on the morning of the 20th,
+as soon as I have written this letter.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXI_A_IV_9" id="CXXI_A_IV_9"></a>CXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;, 28 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>I should much like to know whether the tribunes are hindering the census
+by stopping business with their bad omens<a name="FNanchor_530_530" id="FNanchor_530_530"></a><a href="#Footnote_530_530" class="fnanchor">[530]</a> (for there is a rumour to
+that effect), and what they are doing and contriving as to the
+censorship altogether. I have had an interview with Pompey here. He
+talked a good deal to me about politics. He is not at all satisfied with
+himself, to judge from what he says&mdash;one is obliged to put in that
+proviso in his case. He thinks very little of Syria as a province; talks
+a good deal about Spain&mdash;here, too, I must add, "to judge from what he
+says," and, I think, his whole conversation requires that reservation,
+and to be ticketed as Phocylides did his verses&mdash;&#954;&#945;&#8054; &#964;&#8057;&#948;&#949;
+&#934;&#969;&#954;&#965;&#955;&#8055;&#948;&#959;&#965;.<a name="FNanchor_531_531" id="FNanchor_531_531"></a><a href="#Footnote_531_531" class="fnanchor">[531]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> He expressed gratitude to you for undertaking to
+arrange the statues:<a name="FNanchor_532_532" id="FNanchor_532_532"></a><a href="#Footnote_532_532" class="fnanchor">[532]</a> towards myself he was, by Hercules, most
+effusively cordial. He even came to my Cuman house to call on me.
+However, the last thing he seemed to wish was that Messalla should stand
+for the consulship: that is the very point on which I should like to
+hear what you know. I am much obliged by your saying that you will
+recommend my fame to Lucceius, and for your frequent inspection of my
+house. My brother Quintus has written to tell me that, as you have that
+dear boy, his son Quintus, staying with you, he intends coming to your
+house on the 7th of May. I left my Cuman villa on the 26th of April.
+That night I spent at Naples with P&aelig;tus. I write this very early on the
+27th, on my road to my Pompeian house.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXII_Q_FR_II_8" id="CXXII_Q_FR_II_8"></a>CXXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>Afraid that you will interrupt me&mdash;you? In the first place, if I were as
+busy as you think, do you know what interruption means? Have you taken a
+lesson from Ateius?<a name="FNanchor_533_533" id="FNanchor_533_533"></a><a href="#Footnote_533_533" class="fnanchor">[533]</a> So help me heaven, in my eyes you give <i>me</i> a
+lesson in a kind of learning which I never enjoy unless you are with me.
+Why, that you should talk to me, interrupt me, argue against me, or
+converse with me, is just what I should like. Nothing could be more
+delightful! Never, by Hercules, did any crazy poet read with greater
+zest his last composition than I listen to you, no matter what business
+is in hand, public or private, rural or urban. But it was all owing to
+my foolish scrupulousness that I did not carry you off with me when I
+was leaving town. You confronted me the first time with an unanswerable
+excuse&mdash;the health of my son: I was silenced. The second time it was
+both boys, yours and mine: I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> acquiesced.<a name="FNanchor_534_534" id="FNanchor_534_534"></a><a href="#Footnote_534_534" class="fnanchor">[534]</a> Now comes a delightful
+letter, but with this drop of gall in it&mdash;that you seem to have been
+afraid, and still to be afraid, that you might bore me. I would go to
+law with you if it were decent to do so; but, by heaven! if ever I have
+a suspicion of such a feeling on your part, I can only say that I shall
+begin to be afraid of boring <i>you</i> at times, when in your company. [I
+perceive that you have sighed at this. 'Tis the way of the world: "But
+if you lived on earth" ...I will never finish the quotation and say,
+"Away with all care!"<a name="FNanchor_535_535" id="FNanchor_535_535"></a><a href="#Footnote_535_535" class="fnanchor">[535]</a> Marius,<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> again, I should certainly have
+forced into my sedan&mdash;I don't mean that famous one of Ptolemy that
+Anicius got hold of:<a name="FNanchor_537_537" id="FNanchor_537_537"></a><a href="#Footnote_537_537" class="fnanchor">[537]</a> for I remember when I was conveying him from
+Naples to Bai&aelig; in Anicius's eight-bearer sedan, with a hundred armed
+guards in our train, I had a real good laugh when Marius, knowing
+nothing of his escort, suddenly drew back the curtains of the sedan&mdash;he
+was almost dead with fright and I with laughing; well, this same friend,
+I say, I should at least have carried off, to secure, at any rate, the
+delicate charm of that old-fashioned courtesy, and of a conversation
+which is the essence of culture. But I did not like to invite a man of
+weak health to a villa practically without a roof, and which even now it
+would be a compliment to describe as unfinished. It would indeed be a
+special treat to me to have the enjoyment of him here also. For I assure
+you that the neighbourhood of Marius makes the sunshine of that other
+country residence of mine.<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a> I will see about getting him put up in
+the house of Anicius. For I myself, though a student, can live with
+workpeople in the house. I get this philosophy, not from Hymettus, but
+from Arpinum.<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> Marius is feebler in health<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> and constitution. As to
+interrupting my book<a name="FNanchor_540_540" id="FNanchor_540_540"></a><a href="#Footnote_540_540" class="fnanchor">[540]</a>&mdash;I shall take from you just so much time for
+writing as you may leave me. I only hope you'll leave me none at all,
+that my want of progress may be set down to your encroachment rather
+than to my idleness! In regards to politics, I am sorry that you worry
+yourself too much, and are a better citizen than Philoctetes, who, on
+being wronged himself, was anxious for the very spectacle<a name="FNanchor_541_541" id="FNanchor_541_541"></a><a href="#Footnote_541_541" class="fnanchor">[541]</a> that I
+perceive gives you pain. Pray hasten hither: I will console you and wipe
+all sorrow from your eyes: and, as you love me, bring Maruis. But haste,
+haste, both of you! There is a garden at my house.<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXIII_A_IV_11" id="CXXIII_A_IV_11"></a>CXXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 11</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>I was delighted with your two letters which I received together on the
+26th. Go on with the story. I long to know all the facts of what you
+write about. Also I should like you to find out what this means: you can
+do so from Demetrius. Pompey told me that he was expecting Crassus in
+his Alban villa on the 27th: that as soon as he arrived, they were going
+at once to Rome to settle accounts with the <i>publicani</i>. I asked,
+"During the gladiatorial exhibitions?" He answered, "Before they were
+begun." What that means I wish you would send me word either at once, if
+you know, or when he has reached Rome. I am engaged here in devouring
+books with the aid of that wonderful fellow Dionysius,<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> for, by
+Hercules, that is what he seems to me to be. He sends compliments to you
+and all your party.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"No bliss so great as knowing all that is."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Wherefore indulge my thirst for knowledge by telling what happened on
+the first and on the second day of the shows: what about the
+censors,<a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a> what about Appius,<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a> what about that she-Appuleius of
+the people?<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a> Finally, pray write me word what you are doing
+yourself. For, to tell the truth, revolutions don't give me so much
+pleasure as a letter from you. I took no one out of town with me except
+Dionysius: yet I am in no fear of wanting conversation&mdash;so delightful do
+I find that youth. Pray give my book to Lucceius.<a name="FNanchor_547_547" id="FNanchor_547_547"></a><a href="#Footnote_547_547" class="fnanchor">[547]</a> I send you the
+book of Demetrius of Magnesia,<a name="FNanchor_548_548" id="FNanchor_548_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> that there may be a messenger on the
+spot to bring me back a letter from you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXIV_A_IV_12" id="CXXIV_A_IV_12"></a>CXXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 12</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;, April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>Egnatius<a name="FNanchor_549_549" id="FNanchor_549_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a> is at Rome. But I spoke strongly to him at Antium about
+Halimetus's business. He assured me that he would speak seriously to
+Aquilius.<a name="FNanchor_550_550" id="FNanchor_550_550"></a><a href="#Footnote_550_550" class="fnanchor">[550]</a> You will see the man therefore, if you please. I think I
+can scarcely be ready for Macro:<a name="FNanchor_551_551" id="FNanchor_551_551"></a><a href="#Footnote_551_551" class="fnanchor">[551]</a> for I see that the auction at
+Larinum is on the Ides and the two days following. Pray forgive me for
+that, since you think so much of Macro. But, as you love me, dine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> with
+me on the 2nd, and bring Pilia. You must absolutely do so. On the 1st I
+think of dining at Crassipes' suburban villa as a kind of inn. I thus
+elude the decree of the senate. Thence to my town house after dinner, so
+as to be ready to be at Milo's in the morning.<a name="FNanchor_552_552" id="FNanchor_552_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a> There, then, I shall
+see you, and shall march you on with me. My whole household sends you
+greeting.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXV_F_VII_23" id="CXXV_F_VII_23"></a>CXXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 23</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO M. FADIUS GALLUS</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>I had only just arrived from Arpinum when your letter was delivered to
+me; and from the same bearer I received a letter from Arrianus,<a name="FNanchor_553_553" id="FNanchor_553_553"></a><a href="#Footnote_553_553" class="fnanchor">[553]</a> in
+which there was this most liberal offer, that when he came to Rome he
+would enter my debt to him on whatever day I chose. Pray put yourself in
+my place: is it consistent with your modesty or mine, first to prefer a
+request as to the day, and then to ask more than a year's credit? But,
+my dear Gallus, everything would have been easy, if you had bought the
+things I wanted, and only up to the price that I wished. However, the
+purchases which, according to your letter, you have made shall not only
+be ratified by me, but with gratitude besides: for I fully understand
+that you have displayed zeal and affection in purchasing (because you
+thought them worthy of me) things which pleased yourself&mdash;a man, as I
+have ever thought, of the most fastidious judgment in all matters of
+taste. Still, I should like Damasippus<a name="FNanchor_554_554" id="FNanchor_554_554"></a><a href="#Footnote_554_554" class="fnanchor">[554]</a> to abide by his decision:
+for there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> is absolutely none of those purchases that I care to have.
+But you, being unacquainted with my habits, have bought four or five of
+your selection at a price at which I do not value any statues in the
+world. You compare your Bacch&aelig; with Metellus's Muses. Where is the
+likeness? To begin with, I should never have considered the Muses worth
+all that money, and I think all the Muses would have approved my
+judgment: still, it would have been appropriate to a library, and in
+harmony with my pursuits. But Bacch&aelig;! What place is there in my house
+for them? But, you will say, they are pretty. I know them very well and
+have often seen them. I would have commissioned you definitely in the
+case of statues known to me, if I had decided on them. The sort of
+statues that I am accustomed to buy are such as may adorn a place in a
+<i>pal&aelig;stra</i> after the fashion of gymnasia.<a name="FNanchor_555_555" id="FNanchor_555_555"></a><a href="#Footnote_555_555" class="fnanchor">[555]</a> What, again, have I, the
+promoter of peace, to do with a statue of Mars? I am glad there was not
+a statue of Saturn also: for I should have thought these two statues had
+brought me debt! I should have preferred some representation of Mercury:
+I might then, I suppose, have made a more favourable bargain with
+Arrianus. You say you meant the table-stand<a name="FNanchor_556_556" id="FNanchor_556_556"></a><a href="#Footnote_556_556" class="fnanchor">[556]</a> for yourself; well, if
+you like it, keep it. But if you have changed your mind I will, of
+course, have it. For the money you have laid out, indeed, I would rather
+have purchased a place of call at Tarracina,<a name="FNanchor_557_557" id="FNanchor_557_557"></a><a href="#Footnote_557_557" class="fnanchor">[557]</a> to prevent my being
+always a burden on my host. Altogether I perceive that the fault is with
+my freedman, whom I had distinctly commissioned to purchase certain
+definite things, and also with Iunius, whom I think you know, an
+intimate friend of Arrianus. I have constructed some new sitting-rooms
+in a miniature colonnade on my Tusculan property. I want to ornament
+them with pictures: for if I take pleasure in anything of that sort it
+is in painting. However, if I am to have what you have bought, I should
+like you to inform me where they are, when hey are to be fetched, and by
+what<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> kind of conveyance. For if Damasippus doesn't abide by his
+decision, I shall look for some would-be Damasippus,<a name="FNanchor_558_558" id="FNanchor_558_558"></a><a href="#Footnote_558_558" class="fnanchor">[558]</a> even at a
+loss.</p>
+
+<p>As to what you say about the house, as I was going out of town I
+intrusted the matter to my daughter Tullia:<a name="FNanchor_559_559" id="FNanchor_559_559"></a><a href="#Footnote_559_559" class="fnanchor">[559]</a> for it was at the very
+hour of my departure that I got your letter. I also discussed the matter
+with your friend Nicias, because he is, as you know, intimate with
+Cassius. On my return, however, before I got your last letter, I asked
+Tullia what she had done. She said that she had approached Licinia<a name="FNanchor_560_560" id="FNanchor_560_560"></a><a href="#Footnote_560_560" class="fnanchor">[560]</a>
+(though I think Cassius is not very intimate with his sister), and that
+she at once said that she could not venture, in the absence of her
+husband (Dexius is gone to Spain), to change houses without his being
+there and knowing about it. I am much gratified that you should value
+association with me and my domestic life so highly, as, in the first
+place, to take a house which would enable you to live not only near me,
+but absolutely with me, and, in the second place, to be in such a hurry
+to make this change of residence. But, upon my life, I do not yield to
+you in eagerness for that arrangement. So I will try every means in my
+power. For I see the advantage to myself, and, indeed, the advantages to
+us both. If I succeed in doing anything, I will let you know. Mind you
+also write me word back on everything, and let me know, if you please,
+when I am to expect you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXXVI_F_VII_1" id="CXXVI_F_VII_1"></a>CXXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO M. MARIUS (AT CUM&AElig;)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">October?</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>If some bodily pain or weakness of health has prevented your coming to
+the games, I put it down to fortune rather than your own wisdom: but if
+you have made up your mind that these things which the rest of the world
+admires are only worthy of contempt, and, though your health would have
+allowed of it, you yet were unwilling to come, then I rejoice at both
+facts&mdash;that you were free from bodily pain, and that you had the sound
+sense to disdain what others causelessly admire. Only I hope that some
+fruit of your leisure may be forthcoming, a leisure, indeed, which you
+had a splendid opportunity of enjoying to the full, seeing that you were
+left almost alone in your lovely country. For I doubt not that in that
+study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian
+waters of the bay, and obtained a view of Misenum, you have spent the
+morning hours of those days in light reading, while those who left you
+there were watching the ordinary farces<a name="FNanchor_561_561" id="FNanchor_561_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a> half asleep. The remaining
+parts of the day, too, you spent in the pleasures which you had yourself
+arranged to suit your own taste, while we had to endure whatever had met
+with the approval of Spurius M&aelig;cius.<a name="FNanchor_562_562" id="FNanchor_562_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a> On the whole, if you care to
+know, the games were most splendid, but not to your taste. I judge from
+my own. For, to begin with, as a special honour to the occasion, those
+actors had come back to the stage who, I thought, had left it for their
+own. Indeed, your favourite, my friend &AElig;sop, was in such a state that no
+one could say a word against his retiring from the profession. On the
+beginning to recite the oath his voice failed him at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> words "If I
+knowingly deceive." Why should I go on with the story? You know all
+about the rest of the games, which hadn't even that amount of charm
+which games on a moderate scale generally have: for the spectacle was so
+elaborate as to leave no room for cheerful enjoyment, and I think you
+need feel no regret at having missed it. For what is the pleasure of a
+train of six hundred mules in the "Clytemnestra," or three thousand
+bowls in the "Trojan Horse," or gay-coloured armour of infantry and
+cavalry in some battle? These things roused the admiration of the
+vulgar; to you they would have brought no delight. But if during those
+days you listened to your reader Protogenes, so long at least as he read
+anything rather than my speeches, surely you had far greater pleasure
+than any one of us. For I don't suppose you wanted to see Greek or Oscan
+plays, especially as you can see Oscan farces in your senate-house over
+there, while you are so far from liking Greeks, that you generally won't
+even go along the Greek road to your villa. Why, again, should I suppose
+you to care about missing the athletes, since you disdained the
+gladiators? in which even Pompey himself confesses that he lost his
+trouble and his pains. There remain the two wild-beast hunts, lasting
+five days, magnificent&mdash;nobody denies it&mdash;and yet, what pleasure can it
+be to a man of refinement, when either a weak man is torn by an
+extremely powerful animal, or a splendid animal is transfixed by a
+hunting spear? Things which, after all, if worth seeing, you have often
+seen before; nor did I, who was present at the games, see anything the
+least new. The last day was that of the elephants, on which there was a
+great deal of astonishment on the part of the vulgar crowd, but no
+pleasure whatever. Nay, there was even a certain feeling of compassion
+aroused by it, and a kind of belief created that that animal has
+something in common with mankind.<a name="FNanchor_563_563" id="FNanchor_563_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a> However, for my part, during this
+day, while the theatrical exhibitions were on, lest by chance you should
+think me too blessed, I almost split my lungs in defending your friend
+Caninius Gallus.<a name="FNanchor_564_564" id="FNanchor_564_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a> But if the people were as in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>dulgent to me as they
+were to &AElig;sop, I would, by heaven, have been glad to abandon my
+profession and live with you and others like us. The fact is I was tired
+of it before, even when both age and ambition stirred me on, and when I
+could also decline any defence that I didn't like; but now, with things
+in the state that they are, there is no life worth having. For, on the
+one hand, I expect no profit of my labour; and, on the other, I am
+sometimes forced to defend men who have been no friends to me, at the
+request of those to whom I am under obligations. Accordingly, I am on
+the look-out for every excuse for at last managing my life according to
+my own taste, and I loudly applaud and vehemently approve both you and
+your retired plan of life: and as to your infrequent appearances among
+us, I am the more resigned to that because, were you in Rome, I should
+be prevented from enjoying the charm of your society, and so would you
+of mine, if I have any, by the overpowering nature of my engagements;
+from which, if I get any relief&mdash;for entire release I don't expect&mdash;I
+will give even you, who have been studying nothing else for many years,
+some hints as to what it is to live a life of cultivated enjoyment. Only
+be careful to nurse your weak health and to continue your present care
+of it, so that you may be able to visit my country houses and make
+excursions with me in my litter. I have written you a longer letter than
+usual, from superabundance, not of leisure, but of affection, because,
+if you remember, you asked me in one of your letters to write you
+something to prevent you feeling sorry at having missed the games. And
+if I have succeeded in that, I am glad: if not, I yet console myself
+with this reflexion, that in future you will both come to the games and
+come to see me, and will not leave your hope of enjoyment dependent on
+my letters.<a name="FNanchor_565_565" id="FNanchor_565_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXXVII_F_XIII_74" id="CXXVII_F_XIII_74"></a>CXXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 74</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>Though, considering your attention to me and our close ties, I have no
+doubt of your remembering my recommendation, yet I again and again
+recommend to you the same L. Oppius, my intimate friend who is now in
+Rome, and the business of L. Egnatius, my very intimate friend who is
+now abroad. With the latter my connexion and intimacy are so strong,
+that I could not be more anxious if the business were my own. Wherefore
+I shall be highly gratified if you take the trouble too make him feel
+that I have as high a place in your affections as I think I have. You
+cannot oblige me more than by doing so: and I beg you warmly to do it.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXVIII_F_XIII_40" id="CXXVIII_F_XIII_40"></a>CXXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 40</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO Q. ANCHARIUS (PROCONSUL IN MACEDONIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>Lucius and Gaius, sons of Lucius Aurelius, with whom, as with their
+excellent father, I am most intimately acquainted, I recommend to you
+with more than usual earnestness, as young men endowed with the best
+qualities, as being very closely allied to myself, and as being in the
+highest degree worthy of your friendship. If any recommendations of mine
+have ever had influence with you, as I know that many have had much, I
+beg you to let this one have it. If you treat them with honour and
+kindness, you will not only have attached to yourself two very grateful
+and excellent young men, but you will also have done me the very
+greatest favour.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXXIX_A_IV_13" id="CXXIX_A_IV_13"></a>CXXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 13</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum, 15 November</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 51</div>
+
+<p>I see that you know of my arrival at Tusculum on the 14th of November. I
+found Dionysius there. I wish to be at Rome on the 17th. Why do I say
+"wish"? Rather I am forced to be so. Milo's wedding. There is some idea
+of an election. Even supposing that to be confirmed,<a name="FNanchor_566_566" id="FNanchor_566_566"></a><a href="#Footnote_566_566" class="fnanchor">[566]</a> I am glad to
+have been absent from the wrangling debates which I am told have taken
+place in the senate. For I should either have defended him, which would
+have been against my opinion, or have deserted him whom I was bound to
+defend. But, by Hercules, describe to me to the utmost of your power
+those events, and the present state of politics, and how the consuls
+stand this bother. I am very ravenous for news, and, to tell you the
+truth, I feel no confidence in anything. Our friend Crassus indeed,
+people say, started in his official robes with less dignity than in the
+old times did L. Paullus,<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> at the same time of life as he is, and,
+like him, in his second consulship. What a sorry fellow! About my
+oratorical books, I have been working hard. They have been long in hand
+and much revised: you can get them copied.<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a> I again beg of you an
+outline sketch of the present situation, that I may not arrive in Rome
+quite a stranger.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXXX_F_V_8" id="CXXX_F_V_8"></a>CXXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54. Coss., L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Ap. Claudius
+Pulcher.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>During this year politics were comparatively uneventful. Crassus
+was gone to Syria. Pompey should have gone to Spain, but at the
+request of the senate he stayed near Rome, and in the autumn his
+wife Iulia died, thus breaking one strong tie between him and
+C&aelig;sar. Quintus Cicero went as <i>legatus</i> to C&aelig;sar and accompanied
+him to Britain. Cicero himself kept up a correspondence with C&aelig;sar,
+and seems to nurse his friendship with him with an almost feverish
+eagerness, which, however, lacks spontaneity. He was engaged this
+year in composing his treatise on the Republic.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO M. LICINIUS CRASSUS (ON HIS WAY TO SYRIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">January</span>)</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>I have no doubt all your friends have written to tell you what zeal I
+displayed on the &mdash;&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_569_569" id="FNanchor_569_569"></a><a href="#Footnote_569_569" class="fnanchor">[569]</a> in the defence, or you might call it the
+promotion, of your official position. For it was neither half-hearted
+nor inconspicuous, nor of a sort that could be passed over in silence.
+In fact, I maintained a controversy against both the consuls and many
+consulars with a vehemence such as I have never shewn in any cause
+before, and I took upon myself the standing defence of all your honours,
+and paid the duty I owed to our friendship&mdash;long in arrear, but
+interrupted by the great complexity of events&mdash;to the very utmost. Not,
+believe me, that the will to shew you attention and honour was ever
+wanting to me; but certain pestilent persons&mdash;vexed at another's
+fame&mdash;did at times alienate you from me, and sometimes changed my
+feelings towards you. But I have got the opportunity, for which I had
+rather wished than hoped, of shewing you in the very height of your
+prosperity that I remember our mutual kindness and am faithful to our
+friendship. For I have secured not only that your whole family, but that
+the entire city should know that you have no warmer friend than myself.
+Accordingly, that most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> noble of women, your wife, as well as your two
+most affectionate, virtuous, and popular sons, place full confidence in
+my counsel, advice, zeal, and public actions; and the senate and Roman
+people understand that in your absence there is nothing upon which you
+can so absolutely count and depend as upon my exertions, care,
+attention, and influence in all matters which affect your interests.
+What has been done and is being done in the senate I imagine that you
+are informed in the letters from members of your family. For myself, I
+am very anxious that you should think and believe that I did not stumble
+upon the task of supporting your dignity from some sudden whim or by
+chance, but that from the first moment of my entering on public life I
+have always looked out to see how I might be most closely united to you.
+And, indeed, from that hour I never remember either my respect for you,
+or your very great kindness and liberality to me, to have failed. If
+certain interruptions of friendship have occurred, based rather on
+suspicion than fact, let them, as groundless and imaginary, be uprooted
+from our entire memory and life. For such is your character, and such I
+desire mine to be, that, fate having brought us face to face with the
+same condition of public affairs, I would fain hope that our union and
+friendship will turn out to be for the credit of us both. Wherefore how
+much consideration should in your judgment be shewn to me, you will
+yourself decide, and that decision, I hope, will be in accordance with
+my position in the state. I, for my part, promise and guarantee a
+special and unequalled zeal in every service which may tend to your
+honour and reputation. And even if in this I shall have many rivals, I
+shall yet easily surpass them all in the judgment of the rest of the
+world as well as that of your sons, for both of whom I have a particular
+affection; but while equally well-disposed to Marcus, I am more entirely
+devoted to Publius for this reason, that, though he always did so from
+boyhood, he is at this particular time treating me with the respect and
+affection of a second father.</p>
+
+<p>I would have you believe that this letter will have the force of a
+treaty, not of a mere epistle; and that I will most sacredly observe and
+most carefully perform what I hereby promise and undertake. The defence
+of your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> political position which I have taken up in your absence I will
+abide by, not only for the sake of our friendship, but also for the sake
+of my own character for consistency. Therefore I thought it sufficient
+at this time to tell you this&mdash;that if there was anything which I
+understood to be your wish or for your advantage or for your honour, I
+should do it without waiting to be asked; but that if I received a hint
+from yourself or your family on any point, I should take care to
+convince you that no letter of your own or any request from any of your
+family has been in vain. Wherefore I would wish you to write to me on
+all matters, great, small, or indifferent, as to a most cordial friend;
+and to bid your family so to make use of my activity, advice, authority,
+and influence in all business matters&mdash;public or private, forensic or
+domestic, whether your own or those of your friends, guests, or
+clients&mdash;that, as far as such a thing is possible, the loss of your
+presence may be lessened by my labour.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXI_Q_FR_II_9" id="CXXXI_Q_FR_II_9"></a>CXXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Your note by its strong language has drawn out this letter. For as to
+what actually occurred on the day of your start, it supplied me with
+absolutely no subject for writing. But as when we are together we are
+never at a loss for something to say, so ought our letters at times to
+digress into loose chat. Well then, to begin, the liberty of the
+Tenedians has received short shrift,<a name="FNanchor_570_570" id="FNanchor_570_570"></a><a href="#Footnote_570_570" class="fnanchor">[570]</a> no one speaking for them
+except myself, Bibulus, Calidius, and Favonius. A complimentary
+reference to you was made by the legates from Magnesia and Sipylum, they
+saying that you were the man who alone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> had resisted the demand of L.
+Sestius Pansa.<a name="FNanchor_571_571" id="FNanchor_571_571"></a><a href="#Footnote_571_571" class="fnanchor">[571]</a> On the remaining days of this business in the
+senate, if anything occurs which you ought to know, or even if there is
+nothing, I will write you something every day. On the 12th I will not
+fail you or Pomponius. The poems of Lucretius are as you say&mdash;with many
+flashes of genius, yet very technical.<a name="FNanchor_572_572" id="FNanchor_572_572"></a><a href="#Footnote_572_572" class="fnanchor">[572]</a> But when you return, ... if
+you succeed in reading the <i>Empedoclea</i> of Sallustius, I shall regard
+you as a hero, yet scarcely human.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXII_Q_FR_II_10" id="CXXXII_Q_FR_II_10"></a>CXXXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>I am glad you like my letter: however, I should not even now have had
+anything to write about, if I had not received yours. For on the 12th,
+when Appius had got together a thinly-attended meeting of the senate,
+the cold was so great that he was compelled by the general clamour<a name="FNanchor_573_573" id="FNanchor_573_573"></a><a href="#Footnote_573_573" class="fnanchor">[573]</a>
+to dismiss us. As to the Commagenian, because I have blown that
+proposition to the winds, Appius makes wonderful advances to me both
+personally and through Pomponius; for he sees that if I adopt a similar
+style of discussion in the other business, February will not bring him
+anything in. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> certainly I did chaff him pretty well, and not only
+wrenched from his grasp that petty township of his&mdash;situated in the
+territory of Zeugma on the Euphrates<a name="FNanchor_574_574" id="FNanchor_574_574"></a><a href="#Footnote_574_574" class="fnanchor">[574]</a>&mdash;but also raised a loud laugh
+by my satire on the man's purple-edged toga, which he had been granted
+when C&aelig;sar was consul.<a name="FNanchor_575_575" id="FNanchor_575_575"></a><a href="#Footnote_575_575" class="fnanchor">[575]</a> "His wish," said I, "for a renewal of the
+same honour, to save the yearly re-dying of his purple-edged toga, I do
+not think calls for any decree of the house; but you, my lords, who
+could not endure that the Bostrian<a name="FNanchor_576_576" id="FNanchor_576_576"></a><a href="#Footnote_576_576" class="fnanchor">[576]</a> should wear the <i>toga pr&aelig;texta</i>,
+will you allow the Commagenian to do so?" You see the style of chaff,
+and the line I took. I spoke at length against the petty princeling,
+with the result that he was utterly laughed out of court. Alarmed by
+this exhibition, as I said, Appius is making up to me. For nothing could
+be easier than to explode the rest of his proposals. But I will not go
+so far as to trip him up, lest he appeal to the god of hospitality, and
+summon all his Greeks&mdash;it is they who make us friends again. I will do
+what Theopompus wants. I had forgotten to write to you about C&aelig;sar: for
+I perceive what sort of letter you have been expecting. But the fact is,
+he has written word to Balbus that the little packet of letters, in
+which mine and Balbus's were packed, had been so drenched with rain that
+he was not even aware that there was a letter from me. He had, however,
+made out a few words of Balbus's letter, to which he answered as
+follows: "I perceive that you have written something about Cicero, which
+I have not fully made out: but, as far I could guess, it was of a kind
+that I thought was more to be wished than hoped for." Accordingly, I
+afterwards sent C&aelig;sar a duplicate copy of the letter. Don't be put off
+by that passage<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> about his want of means. In answer to it I wrote back
+saying that he must not stop payment from any reliance on my money
+chest, and descanted playfully on that subject, in familiar terms and
+yet without derogating from my dignity. His good feeling towards us,
+however, according to all accounts, is marked. The letter, indeed, on
+the point of which you expect to hear, will almost coincide with your
+return:<a name="FNanchor_577_577" id="FNanchor_577_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a> the other business of each day I will write on condition of
+your furnishing me with letter-carriers. However, such cold weather is
+threatening,<a name="FNanchor_578_578" id="FNanchor_578_578"></a><a href="#Footnote_578_578" class="fnanchor">[578]</a> that there is very great danger that Appius may find
+his house frost-bitten and deserted!<a name="FNanchor_579_579" id="FNanchor_579_579"></a><a href="#Footnote_579_579" class="fnanchor">[579]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXIII_F_VII_5" id="CXXXIII_F_VII_5"></a>CXXXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C&AElig;SAR (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Cicero greets C&aelig;sar, <i>imperator</i>. Observe how far I have convinced
+myself that you are my second self, not only in matters which concern me
+personally, but even in those which concern my friends. It had been my
+intention to take Gaius Trebatius with me for whatever destination I
+should be leaving town, in order to bring him home again honoured as
+much as my zeal and favour could make him. But when Pompey remained at
+home longer than I expected, and a certain hesitation on my part (with
+which you are not unacquainted) appeared to hinder, or at any rate to
+retard, my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> departure,<a name="FNanchor_580_580" id="FNanchor_580_580"></a><a href="#Footnote_580_580" class="fnanchor">[580]</a> I presumed upon what I will now explain to
+you. I begin to wish that Trebatius should look to you for what he had
+hoped from me, and, in fact, I have been no more sparing of my promises
+of goodwill on your part than I had been wont to be of my own. Moreover,
+an extraordinary coincidence has occurred which seems to support my
+opinion and to guarantee your kindness. For just as I was speaking to
+our friend Balbus<a name="FNanchor_581_581" id="FNanchor_581_581"></a><a href="#Footnote_581_581" class="fnanchor">[581]</a> about this very Trebatius at my house, with more
+than usual earnestness, a letter from you was handed to me, at the end
+of which you say: "Miscinius Rufus,<a name="FNanchor_582_582" id="FNanchor_582_582"></a><a href="#Footnote_582_582" class="fnanchor">[582]</a> whom you recommend to me, I
+will make king of Gaul, or, if you choose, put him under the care of
+Lepta. Send me some one else to promote." I and Balbus both lifted our
+hands in surprise: it came so exactly in the nick of time, that it
+appeared to be less the result of mere chance than something
+providential. I therefore send you Trebatius, and on two grounds, first
+that it was my spontaneous idea to send him, and secondly because you
+have invited me to do so. I would beg you, dear C&aelig;sar, to receive him
+with such a display of kindness as to concentrate on his single person
+all that you can be possibly induced to bestow for my sake upon my
+friends. As for him I guarantee&mdash;not in the sense of that hackneyed
+expression of mine, at which, when I used it in writing to you about
+Milo, you very properly jested, but in good Roman language such as sober
+men use&mdash;that no honester, better, or more modest man exists. Added to
+this, he is at the top of his profession as a jurisconsult, possesses an
+unequalled memory, and the most profound learning. For such a man I ask
+neither a tribuneship, prefecture, nor any definite office, I ask only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
+your goodwill and liberality: and yet I do not wish to prevent your
+complimenting him, if it so please you, with even these marks of
+distinction. In fact, I transfer him entirely from my hand, so to speak,
+to yours, which is as sure a pledge of good faith as of victory. Excuse
+my being somewhat importunate, though with a man like you there can
+hardly be any pretext for it&mdash;however, I feel that it will be allowed to
+pass. Be careful of your health and continue to love me as ever.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXIV_Q_FR_II_11" id="CXXXIV_Q_FR_II_11"></a>CXXXIV (<span class="smcap">Q FR II, 11 [13]</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">15 February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Your "black snow"<a name="FNanchor_583_583" id="FNanchor_583_583"></a><a href="#Footnote_583_583" class="fnanchor">[583]</a> made me laugh, and I am very glad that you are in
+a cheerful frame of mind and ready for a joke. As to Pompey, I agree
+with you, or rather you agree with me. For, as you know, I have long
+been singing the praises of your C&aelig;sar. Believe me, he is very close to
+my heart, and I am not going to let him slip from his place. Now for the
+history of the Ides (13th). It was C&aelig;lius's tenth day.<a name="FNanchor_584_584" id="FNanchor_584_584"></a><a href="#Footnote_584_584" class="fnanchor">[584]</a> Domitius had
+not obtained a full panel. I am afraid that foul ruffian, Servius Pola,
+will appear for the prosecution. For our friend C&aelig;lius has a dead set
+made at him by the Clodian gens. There is nothing certain as yet, but I
+am afraid. On the same day there was a full house for the case of the
+Tyrians: the <i>publicani</i> of Syria appeared in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> large numbers against
+them. Gabinius was abused roundly:<a name="FNanchor_585_585" id="FNanchor_585_585"></a><a href="#Footnote_585_585" class="fnanchor">[585]</a> the <i>publicani</i> were also
+denounced by (the consul) Domitius for having escorted him on his start
+on horseback. Our friend Lucius Lamia was somewhat insolent: for on
+Domitius saying, "It is your fault, equites of Rome, that such things
+have happened: for you give verdicts laxly," he said, "Yes, we give
+verdicts, but you senators give evidence of character."<a name="FNanchor_586_586" id="FNanchor_586_586"></a><a href="#Footnote_586_586" class="fnanchor">[586]</a> Nothing was
+done that day: the house stood adjourned at nightfall. On the comitial
+days which follow the Quirinalia (17th February), Appius holds the view
+that he is not prevented by the <i>lex Pupia</i> from holding a meeting of
+the senate, and that by the <i>lex Gabinia</i> he is even compelled to have a
+meeting for the legations from the 1st of February to the 1st of
+March.<a name="FNanchor_587_587" id="FNanchor_587_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a> And so the elections are supposed to be put off till March.
+Nevertheless, on these comitial days the tribunes say that they will
+bring forward the case of Gabinius.<a name="FNanchor_588_588" id="FNanchor_588_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a> I collect every item of
+intelligence, that I may have some news to tell you: but, as you see, I
+am short of material. Accordingly, I return to Callisthenes and
+Philistus, in whom I see that you have been wallowing. Callisthenes is a
+commonplace and hackneyed piece of business, like a good many Greeks.
+The Sicilian is a first-rate writer, terse, sagacious, concise, almost a
+minor Thucydides;<a name="FNanchor_589_589" id="FNanchor_589_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a> but which of his two books you have&mdash;for these
+are two works&mdash;I don't know. That about Dionysius is my favourite. For
+Dionysius himself is a magnificent intriguer, and was familiarly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> known
+to Philistus. But as to your postscript&mdash;are you really going in for
+writing history? You have my blessing on your project: and since you
+furnish me with letter-carriers, you shall hear to-day's transactions on
+the Lupercalia (15th February). Enjoy yourself with our dear boy to your
+heart's content.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXV_F_VII_6" id="CXXXV_F_VII_6"></a>CXXXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;</span> (<span class="smcap">April</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>In all my letters to C&aelig;sar or Balbus there is a sort of statutory
+appendix containing a recommendation of you, and not one of the ordinary
+kind, but accompanied by some signal mark of my warm feeling towards
+you. See only that you get rid of that feeble regret of yours for the
+city and city ways, and carry out with persistence and courage what you
+had in your mind when you set out. We, your friends, shall pardon your
+going away for that purpose as much as</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The wealthy noble dames who held the Corinthian peak"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>pardoned Medea, whom, with hands whitened to the utmost with chalk, she
+persuaded not to think ill of her for being absent from her fatherland:
+for</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Many have served themselves abroad and served the state as well;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Many have spent their lives at home to be but counted fools."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In which latter category you would have certainly been, had I not forced
+you abroad. But I will write more another time. You who learnt to look
+out for others, look out, while in Britain, that you are not yourself
+taken in by the charioteers; and, since I have begun quoting the
+<i>Medea</i>, remember this line:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The sage who cannot serve himself is vainly wise I ween."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Take care of your health.<a name="FNanchor_590_590" id="FNanchor_590_590"></a><a href="#Footnote_590_590" class="fnanchor">[590]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXXXVI_F_VII_7" id="CXXXVI_F_VII_7"></a>CXXXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (ON HIS WAY TO GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;</span> (<span class="smcap">April or May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>For my part, I never cease recommending you, but I am eager to know from
+you how far my recommendation is of service. My chief hope is in Balbus,
+to whom I write about you with the greatest earnestness and frequency.
+It often excites my wonder that I don't hear from you as often as
+from my brother Quintus. In Britain I am told there is no gold or
+silver. If that turns out to be the case, I advise you to capture a
+war-chariot and hasten back to us at the earliest opportunity. But
+if&mdash;letting Britain alone&mdash;we can still obtain what we want, take care
+to get on intimate terms with C&aelig;sar. In that respect my brother will be
+of much use to you, so will Balbus, but most of all, believe me, your
+own modesty and industry. You have an <i>imperator</i> of the most liberal
+character, your age is exactly the best one for employment, and your
+recommendation at any rate is quite unique, so that all you have to fear
+is not doing yourself full justice.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXVII_A_IV_14" id="CXXXVII_A_IV_14"></a>CXXXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 14</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (ON A JOURNEY)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;</span> (<span class="smcap">May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Our friend Vestorius<a name="FNanchor_591_591" id="FNanchor_591_591"></a><a href="#Footnote_591_591" class="fnanchor">[591]</a> has informed me by letter that you are
+believed to have left Rome on the 10th of May&mdash;later<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> than you said that
+you intended&mdash;because you had not been very well. If you are now better
+I rejoice indeed. I wish you would write to your town house, ordering
+your books to be at my service just as if you were at home, especially
+those of Varro. For I have occasion to use some passages of those books
+in reference to those which I have in hand, and which, I hope, will meet
+with your strong approval.<a name="FNanchor_592_592" id="FNanchor_592_592"></a><a href="#Footnote_592_592" class="fnanchor">[592]</a> Pray, if by chance you have any news,
+principally from my brother Quintus, next from C&aelig;sar, and, finally,
+anything about the elections or about politics&mdash;for you have an
+excellent nose for such things&mdash;write and tell me about them: if you
+have no news, nevertheless write something. For a letter from you never
+yet seemed to me either ill-timed or too long-winded. But above all I
+beg that, when your business and your whole tour has been concluded to
+your mind, you will come back to us as soon as possible. Give my
+compliments to Dionysius. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXVIII_Q_FR_II_12" id="CXXXVIII_Q_FR_II_12"></a>CXXXVIII (<span class="smcap">Q FR II, 12 [14]</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;</span> (<span class="smcap">May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>I have up to now received two letters from you, one just as I was
+leaving town, the other dated Ariminum: others which you say in your
+letter that you have sent I have not received. I am having a fairly
+pleasant time (except that you are not here) at Cum&aelig; and Pompeii, and
+intend staying in these parts till the 1st of June. I am writing the
+treatise of which I spoke to you, "On the Republic," a very bulky and
+laborious work. But if it turns out as I wish, it will be labour well
+bestowed, and if not I shall toss it into the very sea which I have
+before my eyes as I write, and set to work on something else; since to
+do nothing is beyond my power. I will carefully observe your instruction
+both as to attaching certain persons to myself and not alienating
+certain others.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> But my chief care will be to see your son, or rather
+our son, if possible, every day at any rate, and to watch the progress
+of his education as often as possible; and, unless he declines my help,
+I will even offer to be his instructor, a practice to which I have
+become habituated in the leisure of these days while bringing my own
+boy, the younger Cicero, on. Yes, do as you say in your letter, what,
+even if you had not said so, I know you do with the greatest
+care&mdash;digest, follow up, and carry out my instructions. For my part,
+when I get to Rome, I will let no letter-carrier of C&aelig;sar go without a
+letter for you. During these days you must excuse me: there has been no
+one to whom I could deliver a letter until the present bearer M. Orfius,
+a Roman knight, a man that is my friend as well from personal
+consideration as because he comes from the <i>municipium</i> of Atella,<a name="FNanchor_593_593" id="FNanchor_593_593"></a><a href="#Footnote_593_593" class="fnanchor">[593]</a>
+which you know is under my patronage. Accordingly, I recommend him to
+you with more than common warmth, as a man in a brilliant position in
+his own town and looked up to even beyond it. Pray attach him to
+yourself by your liberal treatment of him: he is a military tribune in
+your army. You will find him grateful and attentive. I earnestly beg you
+to be very friendly to Trebatius.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXXXIX_F_VII_8" id="CXXXIX_F_VII_8"></a>CXXXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">June</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar has written me a very courteous letter saying that he has not yet
+seen as much of you as he could wish, owing to his press of business,
+but that he certainly will do so. I have answered his letter and told
+him how much obliged I shall be if he bestows on you as much attention,
+kindness, and liberality as he can. But I gathered from your letters
+that you are in somewhat too great a hurry: and at the same time I
+wondered why you despised the profits of a military<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> tribuneship,
+especially as you are exempted from the labour of military duty. I shall
+express my discontent to Vacerra and Manilius: for I dare not say a word
+to Cornelius,<a name="FNanchor_594_594" id="FNanchor_594_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a> who is responsible for your unwise conduct, since you
+profess to have learnt legal wisdom from him. Rather press on your
+opportunity and the means put into your hands, than which none better
+will ever be found. As to what you say of the jurist Precianus, I never
+cease recommending you to him; for he writes me word that you owe him
+thanks. Be sure to let me know to what that refers. I am waiting for a
+letter from you dated "Britain."<a name="FNanchor_595_595" id="FNanchor_595_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXL_Q_FR_II_13" id="CXL_Q_FR_II_13"></a>CXL (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 13</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">3 June</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>On the 2nd of June, the day of my return to Rome, I received your letter
+dated Placentia: then next day another dated Blandeno, along with a
+letter from C&aelig;sar filled full of courteous, earnest, and pleasant
+expressions. These expressions are indeed valuable, or rather <i>most</i>
+valuable, as tending very powerfully to secure our reputation and
+exalted position in that state. But believe me&mdash;for you know my
+heart&mdash;that what I value most in all this I already possess, that is,
+first of all, your active contribution to our common position; and,
+secondly, all that warm affection of C&aelig;sar for me, which I prefer to all
+the honours which he desires me to expect at his hands. His letter too,
+despatched at the same time as your own&mdash;which begins by saying what
+pleasure your arrival and the renewed memory of our old affection had
+given him, and goes on to say that he will take care that, in the midst
+of my sorrow and regret at losing you, I shall have reason to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> glad
+that you are with him of all people&mdash;gave me extraordinary delight.
+Wherefore you, of course, are acting in a truly brotherly spirit when
+you exhort me, though, by heaven, I am now indeed forward enough to do
+so, to concentrate all my attentions upon him alone. Yes, I will do so,
+indeed, with a burning zeal: and perhaps I shall manage to accomplish
+what is frequently the fortune of travellers when they make great haste,
+who, if they have got up later than they intended, have, by increasing
+their speed, arrived at their destination sooner than if they had waked
+up before daylight. Thus I, since I have long overslept myself in
+cultivating that great man, though you, by heaven, often tried to wake
+me up, will make up for my slowness with horses and (as you say he likes
+my poem) a poet's chariots. Only let me have Britain to paint in colours
+supplied by yourself, but with my own brush. But what am I saying? What
+prospect of leisure have I, especially as I remain at Rome in accordance
+with his request? But I will see. For perhaps, as usual, my love for you
+will overcome all difficulties. For my having sent Trebatius to him he
+even thanks me in very witty and polite terms, remarking that there was
+no one in the whole number of his staff who knew how to draw up a
+recognizance. I have asked him for a tribuneship for M. Curtius&mdash;since
+Domitius (the consul) would have thought that he was being laughed at,
+if my petition had been addressed to him, for his daily assertion is
+that he hasn't the appointment of so much as a military tribune: he even
+jested in the senate at his colleague Appius as having gone to visit
+C&aelig;sar,<a name="FNanchor_596_596" id="FNanchor_596_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a> that he might get from him at least one tribuneship. But my
+request was for next year, for that was what Curtius wished. Whatever
+line you think I ought to take in politics and in treating my opponents,
+be sure I shall take, and shall be "gentler than any ear-lap." Affairs
+at Rome stand thus; there is some hope of the elections taking place,
+but it is an uncertain one. There is some latent idea of a
+dictatorship,<a name="FNanchor_597_597" id="FNanchor_597_597"></a><a href="#Footnote_597_597" class="fnanchor">[597]</a> but neither is that confirmed. There is profound calm
+in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> forum, but it is rather the calm of decrepitude than content.
+The opinions I express in the senate are of a kind to win the assent of
+others rather than my own:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Such the effects of miserable war."<a name="FNanchor_598_598" id="FNanchor_598_598"></a><a href="#Footnote_598_598" class="fnanchor">[598]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXLI_Q_FR_II_14" id="CXLI_Q_FR_II_14"></a>CXLI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 14</span> [15 b])</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">July</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Well! this time I'll use a good pen, well-mixed ink, and superfine
+paper. For you say you could hardly read my previous letter, for which,
+my dear brother, the reason was none of those which you suppose. For I
+was not busy, nor agitated, nor out of temper with some one: but it is
+always my way to take the first pen that turns up and use it as if it
+were a good one. But now attend, best and dearest of brothers, to my
+answer to what you wrote in this same short letter in such a very
+business-like way. On this subject you beg that I should write back to
+you with brotherly candour, without concealment, or reserve, or
+consideration for your feelings&mdash;I mean whether you are to hasten home,
+as we had talked of, or to stay where you are, if there is any excuse
+for doing so, in order to extricate yourself from your embarrassments.
+If, my dear Quintus, it were some small matter on which you were asking
+my opinion, though I should have left it to you to do what you chose, I
+should yet have shewn you what mine was. But on this subject your
+question amounts to this&mdash;what sort of year I expect the next to be?
+Either quite undisturbed as far as we are concerned, or at any rate one
+that will find us in the highest state of preparation for defence. This
+is shewn by the daily throng at my house, my reception in the forum, the
+cheers which greet me in the theatre. My friends feel no anxiety,
+because they know the strength of my position in my hold upon the
+favour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> both of C&aelig;sar and Pompey. These things give me entire
+confidence. But if some furious outbreak of that madman occurs,
+everything is ready for crushing him. This is my feeling, my deliberate
+opinion: I write to you with entire confidence. I bid you have no
+doubts, and I do so with no intention of pleasing you, but with
+brotherly frankness. Therefore, while I should wish you to come at the
+time you arranged, for the sake of the pleasure we should have in each
+other's society, yet I prefer the course you yourself think the better
+one. I, too, think these objects of great importance&mdash;ample means for
+yourself and extrication from your load of debt. Make up your mind to
+this, that, free from embarrassments, we should be the happiest people
+alive if we keep well. For men of our habits the deficiency is small,
+and such as can be supplied with the greatest ease, granted only that we
+keep our health.</p>
+
+<p>There is an enormous recrudescence of bribery. Never was there anything
+equal to it. On the 15th of July the rate of interest rose from four to
+eight per cent., owing to the compact made by Memmius with the consul
+Domitius:<a name="FNanchor_599_599" id="FNanchor_599_599"></a><a href="#Footnote_599_599" class="fnanchor">[599]</a> I wish Scaurus could get the better of it. Messalla is
+very shaky. I am not exaggerating&mdash;they arrange to offer as much as
+10,000 sestertia (about &pound;80,000) for the vote of the first century. The
+matter is a burning scandal. The candidates for the tribuneship have
+made a mutual compact&mdash;having deposited 500 sesteria (about &pound;4,000)
+apiece with Cato, they agree to conduct their canvass according to his
+direction, with the understanding that anyone offending against it is to
+be condemned by him. If this election then turns out to be pure, Cato
+will have been of more avail than all laws and jurors put together.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXLII_A_IV_16" id="CXLII_A_IV_16"></a>CXLII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 16 AND PART OF 17</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS OR ON HIS JOURNEY TO ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">24 June</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>The bare fact of my letter being by the hand of an amanuensis will be a
+sign of the amount of my engagements. I have no fault to find with you
+as to the number of your letters, but most of them told me nothing
+except where you were, or at most shewed by the fact that they came from
+you that no harm had happened to you. Of this class of letters there
+were two which gave me very great pleasure, dated by you from Buthrotum
+almost at the same time: for I was anxious to know that you had had a
+favourable crossing. But this constant supply of your letters did not
+give me so much pleasure by the richness of their contents as by their
+frequency. The one which your guest, M. Paccius, delivered to me was
+important and full of matter. I will therefore answer it. And this is
+the first thing I have to say: I have shewn Paccius, both by word and
+deed, what weight a recommendation from you has: accordingly, he is
+among my intimate friends, though unknown to me before. Now for the
+rest. Varro, of whom you write, shall be got in somewhere, if I can but
+find a place for him.<a name="FNanchor_600_600" id="FNanchor_600_600"></a><a href="#Footnote_600_600" class="fnanchor">[600]</a> But you know the style of my Dialogues: just
+as in those "On the Orator," which you praise to the skies, a mention of
+anyone by the interlocutors was impossible, unless he had been known to
+or heard of by them, so in the "Dialogue on the Republic," which I have
+begun, I have put the discussion in the mouths of Africanus, Philus,
+L&aelig;lius, and Manilius. I have added two young men, Q. Tubero and P.
+Rutilius, and the two sons-in-law of L&aelig;lius, Sc&aelig;vola and Fannius. So I
+am thinking how (since I employ introductions to each book, as
+Aristotle<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> does in what he calls his "Exoterics") to contrive some
+pretext for naming your friend in a natural way, as I understand is your
+wish. May I only be enabled to carry out my attempt! For, as you cannot
+but observe, I have undertaken a subject wide, difficult, and requiring
+the utmost leisure&mdash;the very thing that, above all others, I lack. In
+those books which you commend you complain of the absence of Sc&aelig;vola
+among the speakers. Well, I did not withdraw him without a set purpose,
+but I did exactly what that god of our idolatry, Plato, did in his
+Republic. When Socrates had come to the Pir&aelig;us on a visit to Cephalus, a
+wealthy and cheerful old man, during all the introductory conversation
+the old man takes part in the discussion; then, after having himself
+made a speech very much to the point, he says that he wants to go away
+to attend on the religious rites, and does not return again. I believe
+Plato hardly thought that it would be quite natural, if he kept a man of
+that age any longer in a conversation so protracted. I thought that I
+was bound to be still more careful in the case of Sc&aelig;vola, who was at
+the age and with the broken health as you remember he then was, and who
+had enjoyed such high offices, that it was scarcely in accordance with
+etiquette for him to be staying several days in the Tusculan villa of
+Crassus. Besides, the conversation in the first book was not unconnected
+with Sc&aelig;vola's special pursuits: the other books, as you know, contain a
+technical discussion. In such I was unwilling that that facetious
+veteran, as you know he was, should take part.</p>
+
+<p>As to Pilia's business, which you mention, I will see to it. For the
+matter is quite clear, as you say, from the information supplied by
+Aurelianus, and in managing it I shall have also an opportunity of
+glorifying myself in my Tullia's eyes. I am supporting Vestorius: for I
+know that it gratifies you, and I am careful that he would understand
+that to be the case. But do you know the sort of man he is? Though he
+has two such good-natured people to deal with, nothing can exceed his
+impracticability. Now as to what you ask about Gaius Cato. You know that
+he was acquitted under the <i>lex Iunia Licinia</i>:<a name="FNanchor_601_601" id="FNanchor_601_601"></a><a href="#Footnote_601_601" class="fnanchor">[601]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> I have to tell you
+that he will be acquitted under the <i>lex Fufia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_602_602" id="FNanchor_602_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a> and not so much to
+the satisfaction of his defenders as of his accusers. However, he has
+become reconciled to myself and Milo. Drusus has had notice of
+prosecution by Lucretius. The 3rd of July is the day fixed for
+challenging his jurors. About Procilius<a name="FNanchor_603_603" id="FNanchor_603_603"></a><a href="#Footnote_603_603" class="fnanchor">[603]</a> there are sinister
+rumours&mdash;but you know what the courts are. Hirrus is on good terms with
+Domitius.<a name="FNanchor_604_604" id="FNanchor_604_604"></a><a href="#Footnote_604_604" class="fnanchor">[604]</a> The senatorial decree which the present consuls have
+carried about the provinces&mdash;"whoever henceforth, etc."&mdash;does not seem
+to me likely to have any effect.</p>
+
+<p>As to your question about Messalla, I don't know what to say: I have
+never seen candidates so closely matched. Messalla's means of support
+you know. Scaurus has had notice of prosecution from Triarius. If you
+ask me, no great feeling of sympathy for him has been roused. Still, his
+&aelig;dileship is remembered with some gratitude, and he has a certain hold
+on the country voters from the memory of his father. The two remaining
+plebeian candidates have compensating advantages which make them about
+equal: Domitius Calvinus is strong in friends, and is farther supported
+by his very popular exhibition of gladiators; Memmius finds favour with
+C&aelig;sar's veterans and relies on Pompey's client towns in Gaul. If this
+does not avail him, people think that some tribune will be found to push
+off the elections till C&aelig;sar comes back, especially since Cato has been
+acquitted.</p>
+
+<p>I have answered your letter brought by Paccius: now for the rest. From
+my brother's letter I gather surprising indications of C&aelig;sar's affection
+for me, and they have been confirmed by a very cordial letter from C&aelig;sar
+himself. The result of the British war is a source of anxiety. For it is
+ascertained that the approaches to the island are protected by
+astonishing masses of cliff. Moreover, it is now known that there isn't
+a pennyweight of silver in that island, nor any hope of booty except
+from slaves, among whom I don't<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> suppose you can expect any instructed
+in literature or music.</p>
+
+<p>Paullus has almost brought his basilica in the forum to the roof, using
+the same columns as were in the ancient building: the part for which he
+gave out a contract he is building on the most magnificent scale.<a name="FNanchor_605_605" id="FNanchor_605_605"></a><a href="#Footnote_605_605" class="fnanchor">[605]</a>
+Need I say more? Nothing could be more gratifying or more to his glory
+than such a monument. Accordingly, the friends of C&aelig;sar&mdash;I mean myself
+and Oppius, though you burst with anger&mdash;have thought nothing of 60,000
+sestertia (about &pound;480,000) for that monument, which you used to speak of
+in such high terms, in order to enlarge the forum and extend it right up
+to the Hall of Liberty. The claims of private owners could not be
+satisfied for less. We will make it a most glorious affair. For in the
+Campus Martius we are about to erect voting places for the <i>comitia
+tributa</i>, of marble and covered, and to surround them with a lofty
+colonnade a mile in circumference: at the same time the <i>Villa Publica</i>
+will also be connected with these erections.<a name="FNanchor_606_606" id="FNanchor_606_606"></a><a href="#Footnote_606_606" class="fnanchor">[606]</a> You will say: "What
+good will this monument do me?" But why should I trouble myself about
+that? I have told you all the news at Rome: for I don't suppose you want
+to know about the lustrum, of which there is now no hope,<a name="FNanchor_607_607" id="FNanchor_607_607"></a><a href="#Footnote_607_607" class="fnanchor">[607]</a> or about
+the trials which are being held under the (Cincian) law.<a name="FNanchor_608_608" id="FNanchor_608_608"></a><a href="#Footnote_608_608" class="fnanchor">[608]</a></p>
+
+<p>Now allow yourself to be scolded, if you deserve it. For you say in the
+letter from Buthrotum, delivered to me by C. Decimus, that you think you
+will have to go to Asia. There did not, by Hercules, seem to me to be
+anything that made it matter in the least whether you did the business
+by agents or in person; or anything to make you go so often and so far
+from your friends. But I could have wished that I had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> urged this on you
+before you had taken any step. For I certainly should have had some
+influence on you. As things are, I will suppress the rest of my
+scolding. May it only have some effect in hastening your return! The
+reason of my not writing oftener to you is the uncertainty I am in as to
+where you are or are going to be. However, I thought I ought to give
+this letter to a chance messenger, because he seemed to be likely to see
+you. Since you think you really will go to Asia, pray tell me by what
+time we may expect you back, and what you have done about Eutychides.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXLIII_A_IV_15" id="CXLIII_A_IV_15"></a>CXLIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 15</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 27 July</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>I am glad about Eutychides, who, using your old <i>pr&aelig;nomen</i> and your new
+<i>nomen</i>, will be called Titus C&aelig;cilius, just as Dionysius, from a
+combination of your names and mine, is Marcus Pomponius. I am, by
+Hercules, exceedingly gratified that Eutychides has had cause to know
+your kindness to me, and that the sympathy he shewed me in the time of
+my sorrow was neither unnoticed at the time nor afterwards forgotten by
+me. I suppose you were obliged to undertake your journey to Asia. For
+you never would have been willing, without the most urgent cause, to be
+so far from so many persons and things which you love so much, and which
+give you so much delight. But the speed of your return will shew your
+kindness and love for your friends. Yet I fear lest the rhetorician
+Clodius, by his charms, and Pituanius, that excellent scholar, as he is
+said to be, and now, indeed, so wholly devoted to Greek letters, may
+detain you. But if you would shew the feelings of a man, come back to us
+at the time you promised. You will, after all, be able to enjoy their
+society at Rome, when they get there safe. You say you desire something
+in the way of a letter from me: I have written, and, indeed, on many
+subjects&mdash;everything detailed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> like a journal&mdash;but, as I conjecture from
+your not having, as it seems, remained long in Epirus, I suppose it has
+not reached you. Moreover, my letters to <i>you</i> are generally of such a
+kind, that I don't like to put them in anyone's hands, unless I can feel
+certain that he will deliver them to you.</p>
+
+<p>Now for affairs at Rome. On the 4th of July Sufenas and Cato were
+acquitted, Procilius condemned. From which we have learnt that our
+treble-distilled Areopagites care not a rush for bribery, elections,
+<i>interregnum, l&egrave;se majest&eacute;</i>, or, in fact, for the state generally; but
+that they would rather that a father of a family were not murdered on
+his own hearth-stone&mdash;and even that preference not very decided. There
+were twenty-two votes for acquittal, twenty-nine for condemnation!<a name="FNanchor_609_609" id="FNanchor_609_609"></a><a href="#Footnote_609_609" class="fnanchor">[609]</a>
+Publius, no doubt by an eloquent peroration in his speech for the
+prosecution, had quickened the feelings of the jurors! Herbalus<a name="FNanchor_610_610" id="FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a> was
+in the case, and behaved as usual. I said never a word. For my little
+girl, who is unwell, was afraid of offending Publius's feelings. After
+this was over the people of Reate conducted me to their Temple, to plead
+their cause against the people of Interamna before the consul and ten
+commissioners, because the Veline Lake, which had been drained by Manius
+Curius by cutting away the mountain, flowed into the Nar, by which means
+the famous Rosia has been reclaimed from the swamp, though still fairly
+moist.<a name="FNanchor_611_611" id="FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a> I lived with Axius, who took me also to visit Seven Waters.
+I returned to Rome on the 9th of July for the sake of Fonteius. I
+entered the theatre. At first I was greeted with loud and general
+applause&mdash;but don't take any notice of that, I was a fool to mention
+it&mdash;then I turned my attention to Antiphon. He had been manumitted
+before being brought on to the stage. Not to keep you in suspense, he
+bore away the palm. But there never was anything so dwarfish, so
+destitute of voice, so&mdash;&mdash; But keep<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> this to yourself. However, in the
+<i>Andromache</i> he was just taller than Astyanax: among the rest he had not
+one of his own height. You next ask about Arbuscula: she had a great
+success. The games were splendid and much liked. The wild-beast hunt was
+put off to a future occasion. Next follow me into the <i>campus</i>. Bribery
+is raging: "and I a sign to you will tell."<a name="FNanchor_612_612" id="FNanchor_612_612"></a><a href="#Footnote_612_612" class="fnanchor">[612]</a> The rate of interest
+from being four percent, on the 15th of July has gone up to eight
+percent. You will say, "Well, <i>I</i> don't mind that."<a name="FNanchor_613_613" id="FNanchor_613_613"></a><a href="#Footnote_613_613" class="fnanchor">[613]</a> What a man!
+What a citizen! Memmius is supported by all C&aelig;sar's influence. The
+consuls have formed a coalition between him and Domitius (Calvinus) on
+terms which I dare not commit to paper. Pompey rages, remonstrates,
+backs Scaurus, but whether only ostensibly or from the heart people
+don't feel sure. No one takes the lead: money reduces all to the same
+level. Messalla's chance is at a low ebb: not because he is wanting in
+spirit or friends, but because this coalition of the consuls, as well as
+Pompey's opposition, stands in his way. I think the result will be a
+postponement of the elections. The tribunician candidates have taken an
+oath to conduct their canvass according to the direction of Cato. They
+have deposited with him 500 sestertia apiece, on condition that whoever
+Cato condemns should forfeit it, and that it should be paid over to his
+competitors. I write this the day before the elections are to take
+place. But on the 28th of July, if they have taken place, and if the
+letter-carrier has not started, I will write you an account of the whole
+<i>comitia</i>: and, if they are conducted without corruption, Cato by
+himself will have been more efficacious than all laws and jurors put
+together. I have undertaken to defend Messius, who has been recalled
+from his legation: for Appius had named him <i>legatus</i> to C&aelig;sar.
+Servilius ordered his attendance in an edict. His jurors are to be from
+the tribes Pomptina, Velina, and M&aelig;cia. It is a sharp fight: however, it
+is going fairly well. After that I have to prepare myself for Drusus,
+then for Scaurus. Very high-sounding title-slips are being prepared for
+my speeches! Perhaps even the consuls-designate will be added to the
+list of my clients: and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> if Scaurus is not one of them, he will find
+himself in serious difficulties in this trial. Judging from my brother
+Quintus's letter, I suspect that by this time he is in Britain. I await
+news of him with anxiety. We have certainly gained one advantage&mdash;many
+unmistakable indications enable us to feel sure that we are in the
+highest degree liked and valued by C&aelig;sar. Please give my compliments to
+Dionysius, and beg and exhort him to come as soon as possible, that he
+may continue the instruction of my son and of myself as well.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXLIV_F_VII_9" id="CXLIV_F_VII_9"></a>CXLIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">September</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>It is a long time since I heard how you were getting on: for you don't
+write, nor have I written to you for the last two months. As you were
+not with my brother Quintus I did not know where to send a letter, or to
+whom to give it. I am anxious to know how you are and where you mean to
+winter. For my part, my opinion is that you should do so with C&aelig;sar; but
+I have not ventured to write to him owing to his mourning.<a name="FNanchor_614_614" id="FNanchor_614_614"></a><a href="#Footnote_614_614" class="fnanchor">[614]</a> I would
+rather you put off your return to us, so long as you come with fuller
+pockets. There is nothing to make you hurry home, especially since
+"Battara"<a name="FNanchor_615_615" id="FNanchor_615_615"></a><a href="#Footnote_615_615" class="fnanchor">[615]</a> is dead. But you are quite capable of thinking for
+yourself. I desire to know what you have settled. There is a certain Cn.
+Octavius or Cn. Cornelius, a friend of yours,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Of highest race begot, a son of Earth."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He has frequently asked me to dinner, because he knows that you are an
+intimate friend of mine. At present he has not succeeded in getting me:
+however, I am much obliged to him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXLV_F_VII_17" id="CXLV_F_VII_17"></a>CXLV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 17</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">September</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>From what I gather from your letter I have thanked my brother Quintus,
+and can besides at last heartily commend you, because you at length seem
+to have come to some fixed resolution. For I was much put out by your
+letters in the first months of your absence, because at times you seemed
+to me&mdash;pardon the expression&mdash;to be light-minded in your longing for the
+city and city life, at others timid in undertaking military work, and
+often even a little inclined to presumption&mdash;a thing as unlike your
+usual self as can be. For, as though you had brought a bill of exchange,
+and not a letter of recommendation to your commander-in-chief, you were
+all in a hurry to get your money and return home; and it never occurred
+to you that those who went to Alexandria<a name="FNanchor_616_616" id="FNanchor_616_616"></a><a href="#Footnote_616_616" class="fnanchor">[616]</a> with real bills of
+exchange have as yet not been able to get a farthing. If I looked only
+to my own interests, I should wish, above all things, to have you with
+me: for I used to find not only pleasure of no ordinary kind in your
+society, but also much advantage from your advice and active assistance.
+But since from your earliest manhood you had devoted yourself to my
+friendship and protection, I thought it my duty not only to see that you
+came to no harm, but to advance your fortunes and secure your promotion.
+Accordingly, as long as I thought I should be going abroad to a
+province, I am sure you remember the voluntary offers I made you. After
+that plan had been changed, perceiving that I was being treated by C&aelig;sar
+with the highest consideration, and was regarded by him with unusual
+affection, and knowing as I did his incredible liberality and
+unsurpassed loyalty to his word, I recommended you to him in the
+weightiest and most earnest words at my com<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>mand. And he accepted this
+recommendation in a gratifying manner, and repeatedly indicated to me in
+writing, and shewed you by word and deed, that he had been powerfully
+affected by my recommendation. Having got such a man as your patron, if
+you believe me to have any insight, or to be your well-wisher, do not
+let him go; and if by chance something at times has annoyed you, when
+from being busy or in difficulties he has seemed to you somewhat slow to
+serve you, hold on and wait for the end, which I guarantee will be
+gratifying and honourable to you. I need not exhort you at any greater
+length: I only give you this warning, that you will never find a better
+opportunity, if you let this slip, either of securing the friendship of
+a most illustrious and liberal man, or of enjoying a wealthier province
+or a more suitable time of life. "Quintus Cornelius concurred," as you
+say in your law books. I am glad you didn't go to Britain, because you
+have been saved some hard work, and I the necessity of listening to your
+stories about that expedition. Pray write to me at full length as to
+where you are going to winter, and what your hopes and present position
+are.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXLVI_Q_FR_II_15" id="CXLVI_Q_FR_II_15"></a>CXLVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR II, 15</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">September</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>When you receive a letter from me by the hand of an amanuensis, you may
+be sure that I have not even a little leisure; when by my own&mdash;a little.
+For let me tell you that in regard to causes and trials in court, I have
+never been closer tied, and that, too, at the most unhealthy season of
+the year, and in the most oppressively hot weather. But these things,
+since you so direct me, I must put up with, and must not seem to have
+come short of the ideas and expectations which you and C&aelig;sar entertain
+of me, especially since, even if it were somewhat difficult not to do
+that, I am yet likely from this labour to reap great popularity and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
+prestige. Accordingly, as you wish me to do, I take great pains not to
+hurt anyone's feelings, and to secure being liked even by those very men
+who are vexed at my close friendship with C&aelig;sar, while by those who are
+impartial, or even inclined to this side, I may be warmly courted and
+loved. When some very violent debates took place in the senate on the
+subject of bribery for several days, because the candidates for the
+consulship had gone to such lengths as to be past all bearing, I was not
+in the house. I have made up my mind not to attempt any cure of the
+political situation without powerful protection. The day I write this
+Drusus has been acquitted on a charge of collusion by the <i>tribuni
+&aelig;rarii</i>, in the grand total by four votes, for the majority of senators
+and equites were for condemnation. On the same day I am to defend
+Vatinius. That is an easy matter. The <i>comitia</i> have been put off to
+September. Scaurus's trial will take place immediately, and I shall not
+fail to appear for him. I don't like your "Sophoclean Banqueters" at
+all, though I see that you played your part with a good grace.<a name="FNanchor_617_617" id="FNanchor_617_617"></a><a href="#Footnote_617_617" class="fnanchor">[617]</a> I
+come now to a subject which, perhaps, ought to have been my first. How
+glad I was to get your letter from Britain! I was afraid of the ocean,
+afraid of the coast of the island. The other parts of the enterprise I
+do not underrate; but yet they inspire more hope than fear, and it is
+the suspense rather than any positive alarm that renders me uneasy. You,
+however, I can see, have a splendid subject for description, topography,
+natural features of things and places, manners, races, battles, your
+commander himself&mdash;what themes for your pen! I will gladly, as you
+request, assist you in the points you mention, and will send you the
+verses you ask for, that is, "An owl to Athens."<a name="FNanchor_618_618" id="FNanchor_618_618"></a><a href="#Footnote_618_618" class="fnanchor">[618]</a> But, look you! I
+think you are keeping me in the dark. Tell me, my dear brother, what
+C&aelig;sar thinks of my verses. For he wrote before to tell me he had read my
+first book. Of the first part, he said that he had never read anything
+better even in Greek: the rest, up to a particular passage, somewhat
+"careless"<a name="FNanchor_619_619" id="FNanchor_619_619"></a><a href="#Footnote_619_619" class="fnanchor">[619]</a>&mdash;that is his word. Tell me the truth&mdash;is it the
+subject-matter or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> the "style" that he does not like? You needn't be
+afraid: I shall not admire myself one whit the less. On this subject
+speak like a lover of truth, and with your usual brotherly frankness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXLVII_Q_FR_III_1" id="CXLVII_Q_FR_III_1"></a>CXLVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Arpinum and Rome, 28 September</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>After extraordinarily hot weather&mdash;I never remember greater heat&mdash;I have
+refreshed myself at Arpinum, and enjoyed the extreme loveliness of the
+river during the days of the games, having left my tribesmen under the
+charge of Philotimus.<a name="FNanchor_620_620" id="FNanchor_620_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a> I was at Arcanum on the 10th of September.
+There I found Mescidius and Philoxenus, and saw the water, for which
+they were making a course not far from your villa, running quite nicely,
+especially considering the extreme drought, and they said that they were
+going to collect it in much greater abundance. Everything is right with
+Herus. In your Manilian property I came across Diphilus outdoing himself
+in dilatoriness. Still, he had nothing left to construct, except baths,
+and a promenade, and an aviary. I liked that villa very much, because
+its paved colonnade<a name="FNanchor_621_621" id="FNanchor_621_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a> gives it an air of very great dignity. I never
+appreciated this till now that the colonnade itself has been all laid
+open, and the columns have been polished. It all depends&mdash;and this I
+will look to&mdash;upon the stuccoing being prettily done. The pavements
+seemed to be being well laid. Certain of the ceilings I did not like,
+and ordered them to be changed. As to the place in which they say that
+you write word that a small entrance hall is to be built&mdash;namely, in the
+colonnade&mdash;I liked it better as it is. For I did not think there was
+space sufficient for an entrance hall; nor is it usual to have one,
+except in those buildings which have a larger court; nor could it have
+bedrooms and apartments of that kind attached<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> to it. As it is, from the
+very beauty of its arched roof, it will serve as an admirable summer
+room. However, if you think differently, write back word as soon as
+possible. In the bath I have moved the hot chamber to the other corner
+of the dressing-room, because it was so placed that its steampipe was
+immediately under the bedrooms. A fair-sized bedroom and a lofty winter
+one I admired very much, for they were both spacious and
+well-situated&mdash;on the side of the promenade nearest to the bath.
+Diphilus had placed the columns out of the perpendicular, and not
+opposite each other. These, of course, he shall take down; he will learn
+some day to use the plumb-line and measure. On the whole, I hope
+Diphilus's work will be completed in a few months: for C&aelig;sius, who was
+with me at the time, keeps a very sharp look-out upon him.</p>
+
+<p>Thence I started straight along the <i>via Vitularia</i> to your Fufidianum,
+the estate which we bought for you a few weeks ago at Arpinum for
+100,000 sesterces (about &pound;800). I never saw a shadier spot in
+summer&mdash;water springs in many parts of it, and abundant into the
+bargain. In short, C&aelig;sius thought that you would easily irrigate fifty
+<i>iugera</i> of the meadow land. For my part, I can assure you of this,
+which is more in my line, that you will have a villa marvellously
+pleasant, with the addition of a fish-pond, spouting fountains, a
+<i>pal&aelig;stra</i>, and a shrubbery. I am told that you wish to keep this
+Bovill&aelig; estate. You will determine as you think good. Calvus said that,
+even if the control of the water were taken from you, and the right of
+drawing it off were established by the vendor, and thus an easement were
+imposed on that property, we could yet maintain the price in case we
+wished to sell. He said that he had agreed with you to do the work at
+three sesterces a foot, and that he had stepped it, and made it three
+miles. It seemed to me more. But I will guarantee that the money could
+nowhere be better laid out. I had sent for Cillo from Venafrum, but on
+that very day four of his fellow servants and apprentices had been
+crushed by the falling in of a tunnel at Venafrum. On the 13th of
+September I was at Laterium. I examined the road, which appeared to me
+to be so good as to seem almost like a high road, except a hundred and
+fifty paces&mdash;for I measured it myself from the little bridge at the
+temple of Furina, in the direction of Satricum. There they had put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> down
+dust, not gravel (this shall be changed), and that part of the road is a
+very steep incline. But I understood that it could not be taken in any
+other direction, particularly as you did not wish it to go through the
+property of Locusta or Varro. The latter alone had made the road very
+well where it skirted his own property. Locusta hadn't touched it; but I
+will call on him at Rome, and think I shall be able to stir him up, and
+at the same time I shall ask M. Taurus, who is now at Rome, and whom I
+am told promised to allow you to do so, about making a watercourse
+through his property. I much approved of your steward Nicephorius, and I
+asked him what orders you had given about that small building at
+Laterium, about which you spoke to me. He told me in answer that he had
+himself contracted to do the work for sixteen sestertia (about &pound;128),
+but that you had afterwards made many additions to the work, but nothing
+to the price, and that he had therefore given it up. I quite approve, by
+Hercules, of your making the additions you had determined upon; although
+the villa as it stands seems to have the air of a philosopher, meant to
+rebuke the extravagance of other villas. Yet, after all, that addition
+will be pleasing. I praised your landscape gardener: he has so covered
+everything with ivy, both the foundation-wall of the villa and the
+spaces between the columns of the walk, that, upon my word, those Greek
+statues seemed to be engaged in fancy gardening, and to be shewing off
+the ivy. Finally, nothing can be cooler or more mossy than the
+dressing-room of the bath. That is about all I have to say about country
+matters. The gardener, indeed, as well as Philotimus and Cincius are
+pressing on the ornamentation of your town house; but I also often look
+in upon it myself, as I can do without difficulty. Wherefore don't be at
+all anxious about that.</p>
+
+<p>As to your always asking me about your son, of course I "excuse you";
+but I must ask you to "excuse" me also, for I don't allow that you love
+him more than I do. And oh that he had been with me these last few days
+at Arpinum, as he had himself set his heart on being, and as I had no
+less done! As to Pomponia, please write and say that, when I go out of
+town anywhere, she is to come with me and bring the boy. I'll do wonders
+with him, if I get him to myself when I am at leisure: for at Rome there
+is no time to breathe. You<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> know I formerly promised to do so for
+nothing. What do you expect with such a reward as you promise me? I now
+come to your letters which I received in several packets when I was at
+Arpinum. For I received three from you in one day, and, indeed, as it
+seemed, despatched by you at the same time&mdash;one of considerable length,
+in which your first point was that my letter to you was dated earlier
+than that to C&aelig;sar. Oppius at times cannot help this: the reason is
+that, having settled to send letter-carriers, and having received a
+letter from me, he is hindered by something turning up, and obliged to
+despatch them later than he had intended; and I don't take the trouble
+to have the day altered on a letter which I have once handed to him. You
+write about C&aelig;sar's extreme affection for us. This affection you must on
+your part keep warm, and I for mine will endeavour to increase it by
+every means in my power. About Pompey, I am carefully acting, and shall
+continue to act, as you advise. That my permission to you to stay longer
+is a welcome one, though I grieve at your absence and miss you
+exceedingly, I am yet partly glad. What you can be thinking of in
+sending for such people as Hippodamus and some others, I do not
+understand. There is not one of those fellows that won't expect a
+present from you equal to a suburban estate. However, there is no reason
+for your classing my friend Trebatius with them. I sent him to C&aelig;sar,
+and C&aelig;sar has done all I expected. If he has not done quite what <i>he</i>
+expected himself, I am not bound to make it up to him, and I in like
+manner free and absolve you from all claims on his part. Your remark,
+that you are a greater favourite with C&aelig;sar every day, is a source of
+undying satisfaction to me. As to Balbus, who, as you say, promotes that
+state of things, he is the apple of my eye. I am indeed glad that you
+and my friend Trebonius like each other. As to what you say about the
+military tribuneship, I, indeed, asked for it definitely for Curtius,
+and C&aelig;sar wrote back definitely to say that there was one at Curtius's
+service, and chided me for my modesty in making the request. If I have
+asked one for anyone else&mdash;as I told Oppius to write and tell C&aelig;sar&mdash;I
+shall not be at all annoyed by a refusal, since those who pester me for
+letters <i>are</i> annoyed at a refusal from me. I like Curtius, as I have
+told him, not only<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span> because you asked me to do so, but from the
+character you gave of him; for from your letter I have gathered the zeal
+he shewed for my restoration. As for the British expedition, I conclude
+from your letter that we have no occasion either for fear or exultation.
+As to public affairs, about which you wish Tiro to write to you, I have
+written to you hitherto somewhat more carelessly than usual, because I
+knew that all events, small or great, were reported to C&aelig;sar. I have now
+answered your longest letter.</p>
+
+<p>Now hear what I have to say to your small one. The first point is about
+Clodius's letter to C&aelig;sar. In that matter I approve of C&aelig;sar's policy,
+in not having given way to your request so far as to write a single word
+to that Fury. The next thing is about the speech of Calventius
+"Marius."<a name="FNanchor_622_622" id="FNanchor_622_622"></a><a href="#Footnote_622_622" class="fnanchor">[622]</a> I am surprised at your saying that you think I ought to
+answer it, particularly as, while no one is likely to read that speech,
+unless I write an answer to it, every schoolboy learns mine against him
+as an exercise. My books, all of which you are expecting, I have begun,
+but I cannot finish them for some days yet. The speeches for Scaurus and
+Plancius which you clamour for I have finished. The poem to C&aelig;sar, which
+I had begun, I have cut short. I will write what you ask me for, since
+your poetic springs are running dry, as soon as I have time.</p>
+
+<p>Now for the third letter. It is very pleasant and welcome news to hear
+from you that Balbus is soon coming to Rome, and so well
+accompanied!<a name="FNanchor_623_623" id="FNanchor_623_623"></a><a href="#Footnote_623_623" class="fnanchor">[623]</a> and will stay with me continuously till the 15th of
+May. As to your exhorting me in the same letter, as in many previous
+ones, to ambition and labour, I shall, of course, do as you say: but
+when am I to enjoy any real life?</p>
+
+<p>Your fourth letter reached me on the 13th of September,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> dated on the
+10th of August from Britain. In it there was nothing new except about
+your <i>Erigona</i>, and if I get that from Oppius I will write and tell you
+what I think of it. I have no doubt I shall like it.<a name="FNanchor_624_624" id="FNanchor_624_624"></a><a href="#Footnote_624_624" class="fnanchor">[624]</a> Oh yes! I had
+almost forgotten to remark as to the man who, you say in your letter,
+had written to C&aelig;sar about the applause given to Milo&mdash;I am not
+unwilling that C&aelig;sar should think that it was as warm as possible. And
+in point of fact it was so, and yet that applause, which is given to
+him, seems in a certain sense to be given to me.<a name="FNanchor_625_625" id="FNanchor_625_625"></a><a href="#Footnote_625_625" class="fnanchor">[625]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have also received a very old letter, but which was late in coming
+into my hands, in which you remind me about the temple of Tellus and the
+colonnade of Catulus. Both of these matters are being actively carried
+out. At the temple of Tellus I have even got your statue placed. So,
+again, as to your reminder about a suburban villa and gardens, I was
+never very keen for one, and now my town house has all the charm of such
+a pleasure-ground. On my arrival in Rome on the 18th of September I
+found the roof on your house finished: the part over the sitting-rooms,
+which you did not wish to have many gables, now slopes gracefully
+towards the roof of the lower colonnade. Our boy, in my absence, did not
+cease working with his rhetoric master. You have no reason for being
+anxious about his education, for you know his ability, and I see his
+application. Everything else I take it upon myself to guarantee, with
+full consciousness that I am bound to make it good.</p>
+
+<p>As yet there are three parties prosecuting Gabinius: first, L. Lentulus,
+son of the <i>flamen</i>, who has entered a prosecution for <i>l&egrave;se
+majest&eacute;</i>;<a name="FNanchor_626_626" id="FNanchor_626_626"></a><a href="#Footnote_626_626" class="fnanchor">[626]</a> secondly, Tib. Nero, with good names at the back of his
+indictment; thirdly, C. Memmius the tribune in conjunction with L.
+Capito. He came to the walls of the city on the 19th of September,
+undignified and neglected to the last degree. But in the present state
+of the law courts I do not venture to be confident of anything. As Cato
+is unwell, he has not yet been formally indicted for extortion. Pompey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>
+is trying hard to persuade me to be reconciled to him, but as yet he has
+not succeeded at all, nor, if I retain a shred of liberty, will he
+succeed. I am very anxious for a letter from you. You say that you have
+been told that I was a party to the coalition of the consular
+candidates&mdash;it is a lie. The compacts made in that coalition, afterwards
+made public by Memmius, were of such a nature that no loyal man ought to
+have been a party to them;<a name="FNanchor_627_627" id="FNanchor_627_627"></a><a href="#Footnote_627_627" class="fnanchor">[627]</a> nor at the same time was it possible for
+me to be a party to a coalition from which Messalla was excluded, who is
+thoroughly satisfied with my conduct in every particular, as also, I
+think, is Memmius. To Domitius himself I have rendered many services,
+which he desired and asked of me. I have put Scaurus under a heavy
+obligation by my defence of him. It is as yet very uncertain both when
+the elections will be and who will be consuls.</p>
+
+<p>Just as I was folding up this epistle letter-carriers arrived from you
+and C&aelig;sar (20th September) after a journey of twenty days. How anxious I
+was! How painfully I was affected by C&aelig;sar's most kind letter!<a name="FNanchor_628_628" id="FNanchor_628_628"></a><a href="#Footnote_628_628" class="fnanchor">[628]</a> But
+the kinder it was, the more sorrow did his loss occasion me. But to turn
+to your letter. To begin with, I reiterate my approval of your staying
+on, especially as, according to your account, you have consulted C&aelig;sar
+on the subject. I wonder that Oppius has anything to do with Publius,
+for I advised against it. Farther on in your letter you say that I am
+going to be made <i>legatus</i> to Pompey on the 13th of September: I have
+heard nothing about it, and I wrote to C&aelig;sar to tell him that neither
+Vibullius nor Oppius had delivered his message to Pompey about my
+remaining at home. Why, I know not. However, it was I who restrained
+Oppius from doing so, because it was Vibullius who should take the
+leading part in that matter: for with him C&aelig;sar had communicated
+personally, with Oppius only by letter. I indeed can have no "second
+thoughts"<a name="FNanchor_629_629" id="FNanchor_629_629"></a><a href="#Footnote_629_629" class="fnanchor">[629]</a> in matters connected with C&aelig;sar. He comes next after you
+and our children in my regard, and not much after. I think I act in this
+with deliberate<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> judgment, for I have by this time good cause for it,
+yet warm personal feeling no doubt does influence me also.</p>
+
+<p>Just as I had written these last words&mdash;which are by my own hand&mdash;your
+boy came in to dine with me, as Pomponia was dining out. He gave me your
+letter to read, which he had received shortly before&mdash;a truly
+Aristophanic mixture of jest and earnest, with which I was greatly
+charmed.<a name="FNanchor_630_630" id="FNanchor_630_630"></a><a href="#Footnote_630_630" class="fnanchor">[630]</a> He gave me also your second letter, in which you bid him
+cling to my side as a mentor. How delighted he was with those letters!
+And so was I. Nothing could be more attractive than that boy, nothing
+more affectionate to me!&mdash;This, to explain its being in another
+handwriting, I dictated to Tiro while at dinner.</p>
+
+<p>Your letter gratified Annalis very much, as shewing that you took an
+active interest in his concerns, and yet assisted him with exceedingly
+candid advice. Publius Servilius the elder, from a letter which he said
+he had received from C&aelig;sar, declares himself highly obliged to you for
+having spoken with the greatest kindness and earnestness of his devotion
+to C&aelig;sar. After my return to Rome from Arpinum I was told that
+Hippodamus had started to join you. I cannot say that I was surprised at
+his having acted so discourteously as to start to join you without a
+letter from me: I only say this, that I was annoyed. For I had long
+resolved, from an expression in your letter, that if I had anything I
+wished conveyed to you with more than usual care, I should give it to
+him: for, in truth, into a letter like this, which I send you in an
+ordinary way, I usually put nothing that, if it fell into certain hands,
+might be a source of annoyance. I reserve myself for Minucius and
+Salvius and Labeo. Labeo will either be starting late or will stay here
+altogether. Hippodamus did not even ask me whether he could do anything
+for me. T. Penarius sends me a kind letter about you: says that he is
+exceedingly charmed with your literary pursuits, conversation, and above
+all by your dinners. He was always a favourite of mine, and I see a good
+deal of his brother. Wherefore continue, as you have begun, to admit the
+young man to your intimacy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From the fact of this letter having been in hand during many days, owing
+to the delay of the letter-carriers, I have jotted down in it many
+various things at odd times, as, for instance, the following. Titus
+Anicius has mentioned to me more than once that he would not hesitate to
+buy a suburban property for you, if he found one. In these remarks of
+his I find two things surprising: first, that when you write to him
+about buying a suburban property, you not only don't write to me to that
+effect, but write even in a contrary sense; and, secondly, that in
+writing to him you totally forget his letters which you shewed me at
+Tusculum, and as totally the rule of Epicharmus, "Notice how he has
+treated another":<a name="FNanchor_631_631" id="FNanchor_631_631"></a><a href="#Footnote_631_631" class="fnanchor">[631]</a> in fact, that you have quite forgotten, as I
+think, the lesson conveyed by the expression of his face, his
+conversation, and his spirit. But this is your concern. As to a suburban
+property, be sure to let me know your wishes, and at the same time take
+care that that fellow doesn't get you into trouble. What else have I to
+say? Anything? Yes, there is this: Gabinius entered the city by night on
+the 27th of September, and to-day, at two o'clock, when he ought to have
+appeared on his trial for <i>l&egrave;se majest&eacute;</i>, in accordance with the edict
+of C. Alfius, he was all but crushed to the earth by a great and
+unanimous demonstration of the popular hatred. Nothing could exceed his
+humiliating position. However, Piso comes next to him. So I think of
+introducing a marvellous episode into my second book<a name="FNanchor_632_632" id="FNanchor_632_632"></a><a href="#Footnote_632_632" class="fnanchor">[632]</a>&mdash;Apollo
+declaring in the council of the gods what sort of return that of the two
+commanders was to be, one of whom had lost, and the other sold his army.
+From Britain I have a letter of C&aelig;sar's dated the 1st of September,
+which reached me on the 27th, satisfactory enough as far as the British
+expedition is concerned, in which, to prevent my wondering at not
+getting one from you, he tells me that you were not with him when he
+reached the coast. To that letter I made no reply, not even a formal
+congratulation, on account of his mourning. Many, many wishes, dear
+brother, for your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CXLVIII_A_IV_16_17" id="CXLVIII_A_IV_16_17"></a>CXLVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 17 AND PARTS OF 16</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (ABROAD)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 1 October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>You think I imagine that I write more rarely to you than I used to do
+from having forgotten my regular habit and purpose, but the fact is
+that, perceiving your locality and journeys to be equally uncertain, I
+have never intrusted a letter to anyone&mdash;either for Epirus, or Athens,
+or Asia, or anywhere else&mdash;unless he was going expressly to you. For my
+letters are not of the sort to make their non-delivery a matter of
+indifference; they contain so many confidential secrets that I do not as
+a rule trust them even to an amanuensis, for fear of some jest leaking
+out in some direction or another.</p>
+
+<p>The consuls are in a blaze of infamy because Gaius Memmius, one of the
+candidates, read out in the senate a compact which he and his fellow
+candidate, Domitius Calvinus, had made with the consuls&mdash;that both were
+to forfeit to the consuls 40 sestertia apiece (in case they were
+themselves elected consuls), if they did not produce three augurs to
+depose that they had been present at the passing of a <i>lex curiata</i>,
+which, in fact, had not been passed; and two consulars to depose to
+having helped to draft a decree for furnishing the consular provinces,
+though there had not even been a meeting of the senate at all.<a name="FNanchor_633_633" id="FNanchor_633_633"></a><a href="#Footnote_633_633" class="fnanchor">[633]</a> As
+this compact was alleged not to have been a mere verbal one, but to
+have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> been drawn up with the sums to be paid duly entered, formal orders
+for payment, and written attestations of many persons, it was, on the
+suggestion of Pompey, produced by Memmius, but with the names
+obliterated. It has made no difference to Appius&mdash;he had no character to
+lose! To the other consul it was a real knock-down blow, and he is, I
+assure you, a ruined man. Memmius, however, having thus dissolved the
+coalition, has lost all chance of election, and is by this time in a
+worse position than ever, because we are now informed that his
+revelation is strongly disapproved of by C&aelig;sar. Our friend Messalla and
+his fellow candidate, Domitius Calvinus, have been very liberal to the
+people. Nothing can exceed their popularity. They are certain to be
+consuls. But the senate has passed a decree that a "trial with closed
+doors" should be held before the elections in respect to each of the
+candidates severally by the panels already allotted to them all. The
+candidates are in a great fright. But certain jurors&mdash;among them
+Opimius, Veiento, and Rantius&mdash;appealed to the tribunes to prevent their
+being called upon to act as jurors without an order of the people<a name="FNanchor_634_634" id="FNanchor_634_634"></a><a href="#Footnote_634_634" class="fnanchor">[634]</a>.
+The business goes on. The <i>comitia</i> are post<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span>poned by a decree of the
+senate till such time as the law for the "trial with closed doors" is
+carried. The day for passing the law arrived. Terentius vetoed it. The
+consuls, having all along conducted this business in a half-hearted kind
+of way, referred the matter back to the senate. Hereupon&mdash;Bedlam! my
+voice being heard with the rest. "Aren't you wise enough to keep quiet,
+after all?" you will say. Forgive me: I can hardly restrain myself. But,
+nevertheless, was there ever such a farce? The senate had voted that the
+elections should not be held till the law was passed: that, in case of a
+tribunician veto, the whole question should be referred to them afresh.
+The law is introduced in a perfunctory manner: is vetoed, to the great
+relief of the proposers: the matter is referred to the senate. Upon that
+the senate voted that it was for the interest of the state that the
+elections should be held at the earliest possible time!</p>
+
+<p>Scaurus, who had been acquitted a few days before,<a name="FNanchor_635_635" id="FNanchor_635_635"></a><a href="#Footnote_635_635" class="fnanchor">[635]</a> after a most
+elaborate speech from me on his behalf&mdash;when all the days up to the 29th
+of September (on which I write this) had one after the other been
+rendered impossible for the <i>comitia</i> by notices of ill omens put in by
+Sc&aelig;vola&mdash;paid the people what they expected at his own house, tribe by
+tribe. But all the same, though his liberality was more generous, it was
+not so acceptable as that of the two mentioned above, who had got the
+start of him. I could have wished to see your face when you read
+this;<a name="FNanchor_636_636" id="FNanchor_636_636"></a><a href="#Footnote_636_636" class="fnanchor">[636]</a> for I am certain you entertain some hope that these
+transactions will occupy a great many weeks! But there is to be a
+meeting of the senate to-day, that is, the 1st of October&mdash;for day is
+already breaking. There no one will speak his mind except Antius and
+Favonius,<a name="FNanchor_637_637" id="FNanchor_637_637"></a><a href="#Footnote_637_637" class="fnanchor">[637]</a> for Cato is ill. Don't be afraid<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> about me: nevertheless,
+I make no promises. Is there anything else you want to know? Anything?
+Yes, the trials, I think. Drusus and Scaurus<a name="FNanchor_638_638" id="FNanchor_638_638"></a><a href="#Footnote_638_638" class="fnanchor">[638]</a> are believed not to
+have been guilty. Three candidates are thought likely to be prosecuted:
+Domitius Calvinus by Memmius, Messalla by Q. Pompeius Rufus,
+Scaurus<a name="FNanchor_639_639" id="FNanchor_639_639"></a><a href="#Footnote_639_639" class="fnanchor">[639]</a> by Triarius or by L. C&aelig;sar. "What will you be able to say
+for them?" quoth you. May I die if I know! In those books<a name="FNanchor_640_640" id="FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a>
+certainly, of which you speak so highly, I find no suggestion.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CXLIX_Q_FR_III_2" id="CXLIX_Q_FR_III_2"></a>CXLIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>In the evening of the 10th of October Salvius started on board ship for
+Ostia with the things you wished sent to you from home. On that same day
+Memmius<a name="FNanchor_641_641" id="FNanchor_641_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a> gave Gabinius such a splendid warning in public meeting
+that Calidius couldn't say a word for him. To-morrow (which is strictly
+the day after to-morrow, for I am writing before daybreak) there is a
+trial before Cato for the selection of his prosecutor between Memmius,
+Tiberius Nero, and Gaius and Lucius, sons of M. Antonius. I think the
+result will be in favour of Memmius, though a strong case is being made
+out for Nero. In short, he is in a fairly tight fix, unless our friend
+Pompey, to the disgust of gods and men, upsets the whole concern. Let me
+give you a specimen of the fellow's impudence, and extract <i>something</i>
+amusing from the public disasters. Gabinius having given out wherever he
+came that he was demanding a triumph, and having suddenly, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>
+excellent general! invaded the city of his enemies by night,<a name="FNanchor_642_642" id="FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a> did
+not venture to enter the senate. Meanwhile, exactly on the tenth day, on
+which he was bound to report the number of the enemy and of his own
+soldiers who had been killed, he slunk into the house, which was very
+thinly attended. When he made as if to go out, he was stopped by the
+consuls. The <i>publicani</i> were introduced. The fellow was assailed on
+every side, and my words stinging him more than all, he lost patience,
+and in a voice quivering with anger called me "Exile."
+Thereupon&mdash;Heavens! I never had such a compliment paid me in all my
+life!&mdash;the senate rose up to a man with a loud shout and made a menacing
+movement in his direction: the <i>publicani</i> made an equal noise and a
+similar movement. In fine, they all behaved exactly as you would have
+done. It is the leading topic of conversation out of the house. However,
+I refrain from prosecuting, with difficulty, by Hercules! yet refrain I
+do: either because I don't want to quarrel with Pompey&mdash;the impending
+question of Milo is enough in that direction&mdash;or because we have no
+jurors worthy of the name. I fear a fiasco: besides, there is the
+ill-will of certain persons to me, and I am afraid my conducting the
+prosecution might give him some advantage: besides, I do not despair of
+the thing being done both without me and yet partly through my
+assistance. All the candidates for the consulships have had prosecutions
+for bribery lodged against them: Domitius Calvinus by Memmius (the
+tribune), Memmius (the candidate) by Q. Acutius, an excellent young man
+and a good lawyer, Messalla by Q. Pompeius, Scaurus by Triarius. The
+affair causes great commotion, because it is a plain alternative between
+shipwreck for the men concerned or for the laws. Pressure is being
+applied to prevent the trials taking place. It looks like an
+<i>interregnum</i> again. The consuls desire to hold the <i>comitia</i>: the
+accused don't wish it, and especially Memmius, because he hopes that
+C&aelig;sar's approach<a name="FNanchor_643_643" id="FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> may secure him the consulship. But he is at a
+very low ebb. Domitius, with Messalla as his colleague, I think is a
+certainty. Scaurus has lost his chance. Appius declares that he will
+relieve Lentulus even without a curiate law,<a name="FNanchor_644_644" id="FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a> and, indeed, he
+distinguished himself amazingly that day (I almost forgot to mention it)
+in an attack upon Gabinius. He accused him of <i>l&egrave;se majest&eacute;</i>, and gave
+the names of his witnesses without Gabinius answering a word. That is
+all the public news. At home all is well: your house itself is being
+proceeded with by the contractors with fair expedition.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CL_Q_FR_III_3" id="CL_Q_FR_III_3"></a>CL (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">October</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>The writing of an amanuensis must shew you the amount of my engagements.
+I assure you that no day passes without my appearing for the defence of
+some one. Accordingly, all composition or reflexion I reserve for the
+hour of my walk. So stands my business: matters at home, however, are
+everything I could wish. Our boys are well, diligent in their studies,
+and affectionate to me and each other. The decoration of both of our
+houses is still in hand: but your rural works at Arcanum and Laterium
+are now completed. For the rest, as to the water and the road, I went
+into the case thoroughly, in a certain letter of mine, without omitting
+any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>thing. But, in truth, the anxiety which is now giving me great
+uneasiness and pain is that for a period of fifty days I have heard
+nothing from you or from C&aelig;sar&mdash;nothing has found its way from those
+parts, either in the shape of a letter, or even of a rumour. Moreover,
+both the sea and land out there make me uneasy, and I never cease
+imagining, as one does when one's affections are deeply involved, all
+that I least desire. Wherefore I do not, indeed, for the present ask you
+to write me an account of yourself and your doings, for that you never
+omit doing when possible, but I wish you to know this&mdash;that I have
+scarcely ever been so anxious for anything as at the moment of writing I
+am for a letter from you. Now for what is going on in politics. One day
+after another for the <i>comitia</i> is struck out by notices of bad omens,
+to the great satisfaction of all the loyalists: so great is the scandal
+in which the consuls are involved, owing to the suspicion of their
+having bargained for a bribe from the candidates. The four candidates
+for the consulship are all arraigned: their cases are difficult of
+defence, but I shall do my best to secure the safety of our friend
+Messalla&mdash;and that is inseparable from the acquittal of the others.
+Publius Sulla has accused Gabinius of bribery&mdash;his stepson Memmius, his
+cousin C&aelig;cilius, and his son Sulla backing the indictment. L. Torquatus
+put in his claim to the conduct of the prosecution, and, to everybody's
+satisfaction, failed to establish it. You ask, "What will become of
+Gabinius?" We shall know in three days' time about the charge of <i>l&egrave;se
+majest&eacute;</i>. In that case he is at a disadvantage from the hatred
+entertained by all classes for him; witnesses against him as damaging as
+can be: accusers in the highest degree inefficient: the panel of jurors
+of varied character: the president a man of weight and decision&mdash;Alfius:
+Pompey active in soliciting the jurors on his behalf. What the result
+will be I don't know; I don't see, however, how he can maintain a
+position in the state. I shew no rancour in promoting his destruction,
+and await the result with the utmost good temper. That is nearly all the
+news. I will add this one item: your boy (who is mine also) is
+exceedingly devoted to his rhetoric master P&aelig;onius, a man, I think, of
+great experience in his profession, and of very good character. But you
+are aware that my method of instruction aims at a somewhat more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
+scholarly and philosophical style.<a name="FNanchor_645_645" id="FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> Accordingly I, for my part, am
+unwilling that his course of training should be interrupted, and the boy
+himself seems to be more drawn to that declamatory style, and to like it
+better; and as that was the style in which I was myself initiated, let
+us allow him to follow in my path, for I feel sure it will eventually
+bring him to the same point; nevertheless, if I take him with me
+somewhere in the country, I shall guide him to the adoption of my system
+and practice. For you have held out before me a great reward, which it
+certainly shall not be my fault if I fail to fully obtain. I hope you
+will write and tell me most carefully in what district you are going to
+pass the winter, and what your prospects are.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLI_Q_FR_III_4" id="CLI_Q_FR_III_4"></a>CLI (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 24 October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Gabinius has been acquitted. Nothing could be more absolutely futile
+than his accuser, Lentulus, and the backers of the indictment, or more
+corrupt than the jury. Yet, after all, had it not been for incredible
+exertions and entreaties on Pompey's part, and even an alarming rumour
+of a dictatorship, he would not have been able to answer even Lentulus;
+for even as it was, with such an accuser and such a jury, he had
+thirty-two votes out of seventy recorded against him. This trial is
+altogether so scandalous, that he seems certain to be convicted in the
+other suits, especially in that for extortion. But you must see that the
+Republic, the senate, the law courts are mere cyphers, and that not one
+of us has any constitutional position at all. What else should I tell
+you about the jurors? Two men of pr&aelig;torian rank were on the
+panel&mdash;Domitius Calvinus, who voted for acquittal so openly that
+everybody could see; and Cato, who, as soon as the voting tablets had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>
+been counted, withdrew from the ring of people, and was the first to
+tell Pompey the news. Some people&mdash;for instance, Sallust&mdash;say that I
+ought to have been the prosecuting counsel. Was I to have exposed myself
+to such a jury as this? What would have been my position, if he had
+escaped when I conducted the case? But there were other considerations
+which influenced me. Pompey would have looked upon it as a contest with
+me, not for that man's safety, but for his own position: he would have
+entered the city;<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a> it would have become a downright quarrel; I
+should have seemed like a Pacideianus matched with the Samnite
+&AElig;serninus<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a>&mdash;he would, perhaps, have bitten off my ear,<a name="FNanchor_648_648" id="FNanchor_648_648"></a><a href="#Footnote_648_648" class="fnanchor">[648]</a> and at
+least he would have become reconciled to Clodius. For my part,
+especially if you do not disapprove of it, I strongly approve my own
+policy. That great man, though his advancement had been promoted by
+unparalleled exertions on my part, and though I owed him nothing, while
+he owed me all, yet could not endure that I should differ from him in
+politics&mdash;to put it mildly&mdash;and, when in a less powerful position,
+shewed me what he could do against me when in my zenith. At this time of
+day, when I don't even care to be influential, and the Republic
+certainly has no power to do anything, while he is supreme in
+everything, was I to enter upon a contest with him? For that is what I
+should have had to have done. I do not think that you hold me bound to
+have undertaken it. "Then, as an alternative," says the grave Sallust,
+"you should have defended him, and have made that concession to Pompey's
+earnest wish, for he begged you very hard to do so." An ingenious friend
+is Sallust, to give me the alternative of a dangerous quarrel or undying
+infamy! I, however, am quite pleased with the middle course which I have
+steered; and another gratifying circumstance is that, when I had given
+my evidence with the utmost solemnity, in accordance with my honour and
+oath, the defendant said that, if he retained his right to remain in the
+city, he would repay me, and did not attempt to cross-question me.</p>
+
+<p>As to the verses which you wish me to compose, it is true<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> that I am
+deficient in industry in regard to them, which requires not only time,
+but also a mind free from all anxiety, but I am also wanting in
+inspiration. For I am not altogether without anxiety as to the coming
+year, though without fear. At the same time, and, upon my word, I speak
+without irony, I consider you a greater master of that style of writing
+than myself. As to filling up your Greek library, effecting interchanges
+of books, and purchasing Latin books, I should be very glad that your
+wishes should be carried out, especially as they would be very useful to
+me. But I have no one to employ for myself in such a business: for such
+books as are really worth getting are not for sale, and purchases cannot
+be effected except by an agent who is both well-informed and active.
+However, I will give orders to Chrysippus and speak to Tyrannio. I will
+inquire what Scipio has done about the treasury. I will see that what
+seems to be the right thing is done. As to Ascanio, do what you like: I
+shall not interfere. As to a suburban property, I commend your not being
+in a hurry, but I advise your having one. I write this on the 24th of
+October, the day of the opening of the games, on the point of starting
+for my Tusculan villa, and taking my dear young Cicero with me as though
+to school (a school not for sport, but for learning), since I did not
+wish to be at any greater distance from town, because I purposed
+supporting Pomptinus's<a name="FNanchor_649_649" id="FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a> claim of a triumph on the 3rd of November.
+For there will be, in fact, some little difficulty; as the pr&aelig;tors, Cato
+and Servilius,<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a> threaten to forbid it, though I don't know what they
+can do. For he will have on his side Appius the consul, some pr&aelig;tors and
+tribunes. Still, they do threaten&mdash;and among the foremost Q. Sc&aelig;vola,
+"breathing war."<a name="FNanchor_651_651" id="FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> Most delightful and dearest of brothers, take good
+care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLII_F_I_9" id="CLII_F_I_9"></a>CLII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">October</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>M. Cicero desires his warmest regards to P. Lentulus, <i>imperator</i>.<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a>
+Your letter was very gratifying to me, from which I gathered that you
+fully appreciated my devotion to you: for why use the word kindness,
+when even the word "devotion" itself, with all its solemn and holy
+associations, seems too weak to express my obligations to you? As for
+your saying that my services to you are gratefully accepted, it is you
+who in your overflowing affection make things, which cannot be omitted
+without criminal negligence, appear deserving of even gratitude.
+However, my feelings towards you would have been much more fully known
+and conspicuous, if, during all this time that we have been separated,
+we had been together, and together at Rome. For precisely in what you
+declare your intention of doing&mdash;what no one is more capable of doing,
+and what I confidently look forward to from you&mdash;that is to say, in
+speaking in the senate, and in every department of public life and
+political activity, we should together have been in a very strong
+position (what my feelings and position are in regard to politics I will
+explain shortly, and will answer the questions you ask), and at any rate
+I should have found in you a supporter, at once most warmly attached and
+endowed with supreme wisdom, while in me you would have found an
+adviser, perhaps not the most unskilful in the world, and at least both
+faithful and devoted to your interests. However, for your own sake, of
+course, I rejoice, as I am bound to do, that you have been greeted with
+the title of <i>imperator</i>, and are holding your province and victorious
+army after a successful campaign. But certainly, if you had been here,
+you would have enjoyed to a fuller extent and more directly the benefit
+of the services which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> I am bound to render you. Moreover, in taking
+vengeance on those whom you know in some cases to be your enemies,
+because you championed the cause of my recall, in others to be jealous
+of the splendid position and renown which that measure brought you, I
+should have done you yeoman's service as your associate. However, that
+perpetual enemy of his own friends, who, in spite of having been
+honoured with the highest compliments on your part, has selected you of
+all people for the object of his impotent and enfeebled violence, has
+saved me the trouble by punishing himself. For he has made attempts, the
+disclosure of which has left him without a shred, not only of political
+position, but even of freedom of action.<a name="FNanchor_653_653" id="FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a> And though I should have
+preferred that you should have gained your experience in my case alone,
+rather than in your own also, yet in the midst of my regret I am glad
+that you have learnt what the fidelity of mankind is worth, at no great
+cost to yourself, which I learnt at the price of excessive pain. And I
+think that I have now an opportunity presented me, while answering the
+questions you have addressed to me, of also explaining my entire
+position and view. You say in your letter that you have been informed
+that I have become reconciled to C&aelig;sar and Appius, and you add that you
+have no fault to find with that. But you express a wish to know what
+induced me to defend and compliment Vatinius. In order to make my
+explanation plainer I must go a little farther back in the statement of
+my policy and its grounds.</p>
+
+<p>Well, Lentulus! At first&mdash;after the success of your efforts for my
+recall&mdash;I looked upon myself as having been restored not alone to my
+friends, but to the Republic also; and seeing that I owed you an
+affection almost surpassing belief, and every kind of service, however
+great and rare, that could be bestowed on your person, I thought that to
+the Republic, which had much assisted you in restoring me, I at least
+was bound to entertain the feeling which I had in old times<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> shewed
+merely from the duty incumbent on all citizens alike, and not as an
+obligation incurred by some special kindness to myself. That these were
+my sentiments I declared to the senate when you were consul, and you had
+yourself a full view of them in our conversations and discussions. Yet
+from the very first my feelings were hurt by many circumstances, when,
+on your mooting the question of the full restoration of my position, I
+detected the covert hatred of some and the equivocal attachment of
+others. For you received no support from them either in regard to my
+monuments, or the illegal violence by which, in common with my brother,
+I had been driven from my house; nor, by heaven, did they shew the
+goodwill which I had expected in regard to those matters which, though
+necessary to me owing to the shipwreck of my fortune, were yet regarded
+by me as least valuable&mdash;I mean as to indemnifying me for my losses by
+decree of the senate. And though I saw all this&mdash;for it was not
+difficult to see&mdash;yet their present conduct did not affect me with so
+much bitterness as what they had done for me did with gratitude. And
+therefore, though according to your own assertion and testimony I was
+under very great obligation to Pompey, and though I loved him not only
+for his kindness, but also from my own feelings, and, so to speak, from
+my unbroken admiration of him, nevertheless, without taking any account
+of his wishes, I abode by all my old opinions in politics.<a name="FNanchor_654_654" id="FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a> With
+Pompey sitting in court,<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a> upon his having entered the city to give
+evidence in favour of Sestius, and when the witness Vatinius had
+asserted that, moved by the good fortune and success of C&aelig;sar, I had
+begun to be his friend, I said that I preferred the fortune of Bibulus,
+which he thought a humiliation, to the triumphs and victories of
+everybody else; and I said during the examination of the same witness,
+in another part of my speech, that the same men had prevented Bibulus
+from leaving his house as had forced me from mine: my whole
+cross-examination, indeed, was nothing but a denunciation of his
+tribuneship;<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> and in it I spoke throughout with the greatest
+freedom and spirit about violence, neglect of omens, grants of royal
+titles. Nor, indeed, in the support of this view is it only of late that
+I have spoken: I have done so consistently on several occasions in the
+senate. Nay, even in the consulship of Marcellinus and Philippus,<a name="FNanchor_657_657" id="FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a>
+on the 5th of April the senate voted on my motion that the question of
+the Campanian land should be referred to a full meeting of the senate on
+the 15th of May. Could I more decidedly invade the stronghold of his
+policy, or shew more clearly that I forgot my own present interests, and
+remembered my former political career? On my delivery of this proposal a
+great impression was made on the minds not only of those who were bound
+to have been impressed, but also of those of whom I had never expected
+it. For, after this decree had passed in accordance with my motion,
+Pompey, without shewing the least sign of being offended with me,
+started for Sardinia and Africa, and in the course of that journey
+visited C&aelig;sar at Luca. There C&aelig;sar complained a great deal about my
+motion, for he had already seen Crassus at Ravenna also, and had been
+irritated by him against me. It was well known that Pompey was much
+vexed at this, as I was told by others, but learnt most definitely from
+my brother. For when Pompey met him in Sardinia, a few days after
+leaving Luca, he said: "You are the very man I want to see; nothing
+could have happened more conveniently. Unless you speak very strongly to
+your brother Marcus, you will have to pay up what you guaranteed on his
+behalf."<a name="FNanchor_658_658" id="FNanchor_658_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a> I need not go on. He grumbled a great deal: mentioned his
+own services to me: recalled what he had again and again said to my
+brother himself about the "acts" of C&aelig;sar, and what my brother had
+undertaken in regard to me; and called my brother himself to witness
+that what he had done in regard to my recall he had done with the
+consent of C&aelig;sar: and asked him to commend to me the latter's policy and
+claims, that I should not attack, even if I would not or could not
+support them. My brother having conveyed these remarks<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> to me, and
+Pompey having, nevertheless, sent Vibullius to me with a message,
+begging me not to commit myself on the question of the Campanian land
+till his return, I reconsidered my position and begged the state itself,
+as it were, to allow me, who had suffered and done so much for it, to
+fulfil the duty which gratitude to my benefactors and the pledge which
+my brother had given demanded, and to suffer one whom it had ever
+regarded as an honest citizen to shew himself an honest man. Moreover,
+in regard to all those motions and speeches of mine which appeared to be
+giving offence to Pompey, the remarks of a particular set of men, whose
+names you must surely guess, kept on being reported to me; who, while in
+public affairs they were really in sympathy with my policy, and had
+always been so, yet said that they were glad that Pompey was
+dissatisfied with me, and that C&aelig;sar would be very greatly exasperated
+against me. This in itself was vexatious to me: but much more so was the
+fact that they used, before my very eyes, so to embrace, fondle, make
+much of, and kiss my enemy&mdash;mine do I say? rather the enemy of the laws,
+of the law courts, of peace, of his country, of all loyal men!&mdash;that
+they did not indeed rouse my bile, for I have utterly lost all that, but
+imagined they did. In these circumstances, having, as far as is possible
+for human prudence, thoroughly examined my whole position, and having
+balanced the items of the account, I arrived at a final result of all my
+reflexions, which, as well as I can, I will now briefly put before you.</p>
+
+<p>If I had seen the Republic in the hands of bad or profligate citizens,
+as we know happened during the supremacy of Cinna, and on some other
+occasions, I should not under the pressure, I don't say of rewards,
+which are the last things to influence me, but even of danger, by which,
+after all, the bravest men are moved, have attached myself to their
+party, not even if their services to me had been of the very highest
+kind. As it is, seeing that the leading statesman in the Republic was
+Pompey, a man who had gained this power and renown by the most eminent
+services to the state and the most glorious achievements, and one of
+whose position I had been a supporter from my youth up, and in my
+pr&aelig;torship and consulship an active promoter also, and seeing that this
+same statesman had assisted me, in his own person by the weight<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> of his
+influence and the expression of his opinion, and, in conjunction with
+you, by his counsels and zeal, and that he regarded my enemy as his own
+supreme enemy in the state&mdash;I did not think that I need fear the
+reproach of inconsistency, if in some of my senatorial votes I somewhat
+changed my standpoint, and contributed my zeal to the promotion of the
+dignity of a most distinguished man, and one to whom I am under the
+highest obligations. In this sentiment I had necessarily to include
+C&aelig;sar, as you see, for their policy and position were inseparably
+united. Here I was greatly influenced by two things&mdash;the old friendship
+which you know that I and my brother Quintus have had with C&aelig;sar, and
+his own kindness and liberality, of which we have recently had clear and
+unmistakable evidence both by his letters and his personal attentions. I
+was also strongly affected by the Republic itself, which appeared to me
+to demand, especially considering C&aelig;sar's brilliant successes, that
+there should be no quarrel maintained with these men, and indeed to
+forbid it in the strongest manner possible. Moreover, while entertaining
+these feelings, I was above all shaken by the pledge which Pompey had
+given for me to C&aelig;sar, and my brother to Pompey. Besides, I was forced
+to take into consideration the state maxim so divinely expressed by our
+master Plato&mdash;"Such as are the chief men in a republic, such are ever
+wont to be the other citizens." I called to mind that in my consulship,
+from the very 1st of January, such a foundation was laid of
+encouragement for the senate, that no one ought to have been surprised
+that on the 5th of December there was so much spirit and such commanding
+influence in that house. I also remember that when I became a private
+citizen up to the consulship of C&aelig;sar and Bibulus, when the opinions
+expressed by me had great weight in the senate, the feeling among all
+the loyalists was invariable. Afterwards, while you were holding the
+province of hither Spain with <i>imperium</i> and the Republic had no genuine
+consuls, but mere hucksters of provinces, mere slaves and agents of
+sedition, an accident threw my head as an apple of discord into the
+midst of contending factions and civil broils. And in that hour of
+danger, though a unanimity was displayed on the part of the senate that
+was surprising, on the part of all Italy surpassing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> belief, and of all
+the loyalists unparalleled, in standing forth in my defence, I will not
+say what happened&mdash;for the blame attaches to many, and is of various
+shades of turpitude&mdash;I will only say briefly that it was not the rank
+and file, but the leaders, that played me false. And in this matter,
+though some blame does attach to those who failed to defend me, no less
+attaches to those who abandoned me: and if those who were frightened
+deserve reproach, if there are such, still more are those to be blamed
+who pretended to be frightened. At any rate, my policy is justly to be
+praised for refusing to allow my fellow citizens (preserved by me and
+ardently desiring to preserve me) to be exposed while bereft of leaders
+to armed slaves, and for preferring that it should be made manifest how
+much force there might be in the unanimity of the loyalists, if they had
+been permitted to champion my cause before I had fallen, when after that
+fall they had proved strong enough to raise me up again. And the real
+feelings of these men you not only had the penetration to see, when
+bringing forward my case, but the power to encourage and keep alive. In
+promoting which measure&mdash;I will not merely not deny, but shall always
+remember also and gladly proclaim it&mdash;you found certain men of the
+highest rank more courageous in securing my restoration than they had
+been in preserving me from my fall: and, if they had chosen to maintain
+that frame of mind, they would have recovered their own commanding
+position along with my salvation. For when the spirit of the loyalists
+had been renewed by your consulship, and they had been roused from their
+dismay by the extreme firmness and rectitude of your official conduct;
+when, above all, Pompey's support had been secured; and when C&aelig;sar, too,
+with all the prestige of his brilliant achievements, after being
+honoured with unique and unprecedented marks of distinction and
+compliments by the senate, was now supporting the dignity of the house,
+there could have been no opportunity for a disloyal citizen of outraging
+the Republic.</p>
+
+<p>But now notice, I beg, what actually ensued. First of all, that intruder
+upon the women's rites, who had shewn no more respect for the Bona Dea
+than for his three sisters, secured immunity by the votes of those men
+who, when a tribune wished by a legal action to exact penalties from a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>
+seditious citizen by the agency of the loyalists, deprived the Republic
+of what would have been hereafter a most splendid precedent for the
+punishment of sedition. And these same persons, in the case of the
+monument, which was not mine, indeed&mdash;for it was not erected from the
+proceeds of spoils won by me, and I had nothing to do with it beyond
+giving out the contract for its construction&mdash;well, they allowed this
+monument of the senate's to have branded upon it the name of a public
+enemy, and an inscription written in blood. That those men wished my
+safety rouses my liveliest gratitude, but I could have wished that they
+had not chosen to take my bare safety into consideration, like doctors,
+but, like trainers, my strength and complexion also! As it is, just as
+Apelles perfected the head and bust of his Venus with the most elaborate
+art, but left the rest of her body in the rough, so certain persons only
+took pains with my head, and left the rest of my body unfinished and
+unworked. Yet in this matter I have falsified the expectation, not only
+of the jealous, but also of the downright hostile, who formerly
+conceived a wrong opinion from the case of Quintus Metellus, son of
+Lucius&mdash;the most energetic and gallant man in the world, and in my
+opinion of surpassing courage and firmness&mdash;who, people say, was much
+cast down and dispirited after his return from exile.<a name="FNanchor_659_659" id="FNanchor_659_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a> Now, in the
+first place, we are asked to believe that a man who accepted exile with
+entire willingness and remarkable cheerfulness, and never took any pains
+at all to get recalled, was crushed in spirit about an affair in which
+he had shewn more firmness and constancy than anyone else, even than the
+pre-eminent M. Scaurus himself!<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a> But, again, the account they had
+received, or rather the conjectures they were indulging in about him,
+they now transferred to me, imagining that I should be more than usually
+broken in spirit: whereas, in fact, the Republic was inspiring me with
+even greater courage than I had ever had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> before, by making it plain
+that I was the one citizen it could not do without; and by the fact that
+while a bill proposed by only one tribune had recalled Metellus, the
+whole state had joined as one man in recalling me&mdash;the senate leading
+the way, the whole of Italy following after, eight of the tribunes
+publishing the bill, a consul putting the question at the centuriate
+assembly, all orders and individuals pressing it on, in fact, with all
+the forces at its command. Nor is it the case that I afterwards made any
+pretension, or am making any at this day, which can justly offend
+anyone, even the most malevolent: my only effort is that I may not fail
+either my friends or those more remotely connected with me in either
+active service, or counsel, or personal exertion. This course of life
+perhaps offends those who fix their eyes on the glitter and show of my
+professional position, but are unable to appreciate its anxieties and
+laboriousness.</p>
+
+<p>Again, they make no concealment of their dissatisfaction on the ground
+that in the speeches which I make in the senate in praise of C&aelig;sar I am
+departing from my old policy. But while giving explanations on the
+points which I put before you a short time ago, I will not keep till the
+last the following, which I have already touched upon. You will not
+find, my dear Lentulus, the sentiments of the loyalists the same as you
+left them&mdash;strengthened by my consulship, suffering relapse at intervals
+afterwards, crushed down before your consulship, revived by you: they
+have now been abandoned by those whose duty it was to have maintained
+them: and this fact they, who in the old state of things as it existed
+in our day used to be called <i>Optimates</i>, not only declare by look and
+expression of countenance, by which a false pretence is easiest
+supported, but have proved again and again by their actual sympathies
+and votes. Accordingly, the entire view and aim of wise citizens, such
+as I wish both to be and to be reckoned, must needs have undergone a
+change. For that is the maxim of that same great Plato, whom I
+emphatically regard as my master: "Maintain a political controversy only
+so far as you can convince your fellow citizens of its justice: never
+offer violence to parent or fatherland."<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a> He, it is true, alleges
+this as his motive for having abstained from politics, because,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> having
+found the Athenian people all but in its dotage, and seeing that it
+could not be ruled by persuasion, or by anything short of compulsion,
+while he doubted the possibility of persuasion, he looked upon
+compulsion as criminal. My position was different in this: as the people
+was not in its dotage, nor the question of engaging in politics still an
+open one for me, I was bound hand and foot. Yet I rejoiced that I was
+permitted in one and the same cause to support a policy at once
+advantageous to myself and acceptable to every loyalist. An additional
+motive was C&aelig;sar's memorable and almost superhuman kindness to myself
+and my brother, who thus would have deserved my support whatever he
+undertook; while as it is, considering his great success and his
+brilliant victories, he would seem, even if he had not behaved to me as
+he has, to claim a panegyric from me. For I would have you believe that,
+putting you aside, who were the authors of my recall, there is no one by
+whose good offices I would not only confess, but would even rejoice, to
+have been so much bound.</p>
+
+<p>Having explained this matter to you, the questions you ask about
+Vatinius and Crassus are easy to answer. For, since you remark about
+Appius, as about C&aelig;sar, "that you have no fault to find," I can only say
+that I am glad you approve my policy. But as to Vatinius, in the first
+place there had been in the interval a reconciliation effected through
+Pompey, immediately after his election to the pr&aelig;torship, though I had,
+it is true, impugned his canditature in some very strong speeches in the
+senate, and yet not so much for the sake of attacking him as of
+defending and complimenting Cato. Again, later on, there followed a very
+pressing request from C&aelig;sar that I should undertake his defence. But my
+reason for testifying to his character I beg you will not ask, either in
+the case of this defendant or of others, lest I retaliate by asking you
+the same question when you come home: though I can do so even before you
+return: for remember for whom you sent a certificate of character from
+the ends of the earth. However, don't be afraid, for those same persons
+are praised by myself, and will continue to be so. Yet, after all, there
+was also the motive spurring me on to undertake his defence, of which,
+during the trial, when I appeared for him, I remarked that I was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> doing
+just what the parasite in the <i>Eunuchus</i> advised the captain to do:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"As oft as she names Ph&aelig;dria, you retort<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With Pamphila. If ever she suggest,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Do let us have in Ph&aelig;dria to our revel:'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Quoth you, 'And let us call on Pamphila<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To sing a song.' If she shall praise <i>his</i> looks,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do you praise <i>hers</i> to match them: and, in fine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Give tit for tat, that you may sting her soul."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>So I asked the jurors, since certain men of high rank, who had also done
+me very great favours, were much enamoured of my enemy, and often under
+my very eyes in the senate now took him aside in grave consultation, now
+embraced him familiarly and cheerfully&mdash;since these men had their
+Publius, to grant me another Publius, in whose person I might repay a
+slight attack by a moderate retort.<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a> And, indeed, I am often as good
+as my word, with the applause of gods and men. So much for Vatinius. Now
+about Crassus. I thought I had done much to secure his gratitude in
+having, for the sake of the general harmony, wiped out by a kind of
+voluntary act of oblivion all his very serious injuries, when he
+suddenly undertook the defence of Gabinius, whom only a few days before
+he had attacked with the greatest bitterness. Nevertheless, I should
+have borne that, if he had done so without casting any offensive
+reflexions on me. But on his attacking me, though I was only arguing and
+not inveighing against him, I fired up not only, I think, with the
+passion of the moment&mdash;for that perhaps would not have been so hot&mdash;but
+the smothered wrath at his many wrongs to me, of which I thought I had
+wholly got rid, having, unconsciously to myself, lingered in my soul, it
+suddenly shewed itself in full force. And it was at this precise time
+that certain persons (the same whom I frequently indicate by a sign or
+hint), while declaring that they had much enjoyed my outspoken style,
+and had never before fully realized that I was restored to the Republic
+in all my old character, and when my conduct of that controversy had
+gained me much credit outside the house also, began saying that they
+were glad both that he was now<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> my enemy, and that those who were
+involved with him would never be my friends. So when their ill-natured
+remarks were reported to me by men of most respectable character, and
+when Pompey pressed me as he had never done before to be reconciled to
+Crassus, and C&aelig;sar wrote to say that he was exceedingly grieved at that
+quarrel, I took into consideration not only my circumstances, but my
+natural inclination: and Crassus, that our reconciliation might, as it
+were, be attested to the Roman people, started for his province, it
+might almost be said, from my hearth. For he himself named a day and
+dined with me in the suburban villa of my son-in-law Crassipes. On this
+account, as you say that you have been told, I supported his cause in
+the senate, which I had undertaken on Pompey's strong recommendation, as
+I was bound in honour to do.</p>
+
+<p>I have now told you with what motives I have supported each measure and
+cause, and what my position is in politics as far as I take any part in
+them: and I would wish you to make sure of this&mdash;that I should have
+entertained the same sentiments, if I had been still perfectly
+uncommitted and free to choose. For I should not have thought it right
+to fight against such overwhelming power, nor to destroy the supremacy
+of the most distinguished citizens, even if it had been possible; nor,
+again, should I have thought myself bound to abide by the same view,
+when circumstances were changed and the feelings of the loyalists
+altered, but rather to bow to circumstances. For the persistence in the
+same view has never been regarded as a merit in men eminent for their
+guidance of the helm of state; but as in steering a ship one secret of
+the art is to run before the storm, even if you cannot make the harbour;
+yet, when you can do so by tacking about, it is folly to keep to the
+course you have begun rather than by changing it to arrive all the same
+at the destination you desire: so while we all ought in the
+administration of the state to keep always in view the object I have
+very frequently mentioned, peace combined with dignity, we are not bound
+always to use the same language, but to fix our eyes on the same object.
+Wherefore, as I laid down a little while ago, if I had had as free a
+hand as possible in everything, I should yet have been no other than I
+now am in politics. When, moreover, I am at once<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> induced to adopt these
+sentiments by the kindness of certain persons, and driven to do so by
+the injuries of others, I am quite content to think and speak about
+public affairs as I conceive best conduces to the interests both of
+myself and of the Republic. Moreover, I make this declaration the more
+openly and frequently, both because my brother Quintus is C&aelig;sar's
+legate, and because no word of mine, however trivial, to say nothing of
+any act, in support of C&aelig;sar has ever transpired, which he has not
+received with such marked gratitude, as to make me look upon myself as
+closely bound to him. Accordingly, I have the advantage of his
+popularity, which you know to be very great, and his material resources,
+which you know to be immense, as though they were my own. Nor do I think
+that I could in any other way have frustrated the plots of unprincipled
+persons against me, unless I had now combined with those protections,
+which I have always possessed, the goodwill also of the men in power. I
+should, to the best of my belief, have followed this same line of policy
+even if I had had you here. For I well know the reasonableness and
+soberness of your judgment: I know your mind, while warmly attached to
+me, to be without a tinge of malevolence to others, but on the contrary
+as open and candid as it is great and lofty. I have seen certain persons
+conduct themselves towards you as you might have seen the same persons
+conduct themselves towards me. The same things that have annoyed me
+would certainly have annoyed you. But whenever I shall have the
+enjoyment of your presence, you will be the wise critic of all my plans:
+you who took thought for my safety will also do so for my dignity. Me,
+indeed, you will have as the partner and associate in all your actions,
+sentiments, wishes&mdash;in fact, in everything; nor shall I ever in all my
+life have any purpose so steadfastly before me, as that you should
+rejoice more and more warmly every day that you did me such eminent
+service.</p>
+
+<p>As to your request that I would send you any books I have written since
+your departure, there are some speeches, which I will give Menocritus,
+not so very many, so don't be afraid! I have also written&mdash;for I am now
+rather withdrawing from oratory and returning to the gentler Muses,
+which now give me greater delight than any others, as they have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> done
+since my earliest youth&mdash;well, then, I have written in the Aristotelian
+style, at least that was my aim, three books in the form of a discussion
+in dialogue "On the Orator," which, I think, will be of some service to
+your Lentulus. For they differ a good deal from the current maxims, and
+embrace a discussion on the whole oratorical theory of the ancients,
+both that of Aristotle and Isocrates. I have also written in verse three
+books "On my own Times," which I should have sent you some time ago, if
+I had thought they ought to be published&mdash;for they are witnesses, and
+will be eternal witnesses, of your services to me and of my
+affection&mdash;but I refrained because I was afraid, not of those who might
+think themselves attacked, for I have been very sparing and gentle in
+that respect, but of my benefactors, of whom it were an endless task to
+mention the whole list. Nevertheless, the books, such as they are, if I
+find anyone to whom I can safely commit them, I will take care to have
+conveyed to you: and as far as that part of my life and conduct is
+concerned, I submit it entirely to your judgment. All that I shall
+succeed in accomplishing in literature or in learning&mdash;my old favourite
+relaxations&mdash;I shall with the utmost cheerfulness place before the bar
+of your criticism, for you have always had a fondness for such things.
+As to what you say in your letter about your domestic affairs, and all
+you charge me to do, I am so attentive to them that I don't like being
+reminded, can scarcely bear, indeed, to be asked without a very painful
+feeling. As to your saying, in regard to Quintus's business, that you
+could not do anything last summer, because you were prevented by illness
+from crossing to Cilicia, but that you will now do everything in your
+power to settle it, I may tell you that the fact of the matter is that,
+if he can annex this property, my brother thinks that he will owe to you
+the consolidation of this ancestral estate. I should like you to write
+about all your affairs, and about the studies and training of your son
+Lentulus (whom I regard as mine also) as confidentially and as
+frequently as possible, and to believe that there never has been anyone
+either dearer or more congenial to another than you are to me, and that
+I will not only make you feel that to be the case, but will make all the
+world and posterity itself to the latest generation aware of it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Appius used some time back to repeat in conversation, and afterwards
+said openly, even in the senate, that if he were allowed to carry a law
+in the <i>comitia curiata</i>, he would draw lots with his colleague for
+their provinces; but if no curiatian law were passed, he would make an
+arrangement with his colleague and succeed you: that a curiatian law was
+a proper thing for a consul, but was not a necessity: that since he was
+in possession of a province by a decree of the senate, he should have
+<i>imperium</i> in virtue of the Cornelian law until such time as he entered
+the city. I don't know what your several connexions write to you on the
+subject: I understand that opinion varies. There are some who think that
+you can legally refuse to quit your province, because your successor is
+named without a curiatian law: some also hold that, even if you do quit
+it, you may leave some one behind you to conduct its government. For
+myself, I do not feel so certain about the point of law&mdash;although there
+is not much doubt even about that&mdash;as I do of this, that it is for your
+greatest honour, dignity, and independence, which I know you always
+value above everything, to hand over your province to a successor
+without any delay, especially as you cannot thwart his greediness
+without rousing suspicion of your own. I regard my duty as twofold&mdash;to
+let you know what I think, and to defend what you have done.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I had written the above when I received your letter about the
+<i>publicani</i>, to whom I could not but admire the justice of your conduct.
+I could have wished that you had been able by some lucky chance to avoid
+running counter to the interests and wishes of that order, whose honour
+you have always promoted. For my part, I shall not cease to defend your
+decrees: but you know the ways of that class of men; you are aware how
+bitterly hostile they were to the famous Q. Sc&aelig;vola himself. However, I
+advise you to reconcile that order to yourself, or at least soften its
+feelings, if you can by any means do so. Though difficult, I think it
+is, nevertheless, not beyond the reach of your sagacity.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLIII_A_IV_18" id="CLIII_A_IV_18"></a>CLIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 18</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, October</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>... As it is,<a name="FNanchor_663_663" id="FNanchor_663_663"></a><a href="#Footnote_663_663" class="fnanchor">[663]</a> to tell you my opinion of affairs, we must put up
+with it. You ask me how I have behaved. With firmness and dignity. "What
+about Pompey," you will say, "how did he take it?" With great
+consideration, and with the conviction that he must have some regard for
+my position, until a satisfactory atonement had been made to me. "How,
+then," you will say, "was the acquittal secured?" It was a case of mere
+dummies,<a name="FNanchor_664_664" id="FNanchor_664_664"></a><a href="#Footnote_664_664" class="fnanchor">[664]</a> and incredible incompetence on the part of the
+accusers&mdash;that is to say, of L. Lentulus, son of Lucius, who, according
+to the universal murmur, acted collusively. In the next place, Pompey
+was extraordinarily urgent; and the jurors were a mean set of fellows.
+Yet, in spite of everything, there were thirty-two votes for conviction,
+thirty-eight for acquittal. There are the other prosecutions hanging
+over his head: he is by no means entirely free yet. You will say, "Well,
+then, how do <i>you</i> bear it?" With the best air possible, by heaven! and
+I really do plume myself on my behaviour. We have lost, my dear
+Pomponius, not only all the healthy sap and blood of our old
+constitution, but even its colour and outward show. There is no Republic
+to give a moment's pleasure or a feeling of security. "And is that,
+then," you will say, "a satisfaction to you?" Precisely that. For I
+recall what a fair course the state had for a short time, while I was at
+the helm, and what a return has been made me! It does not give me a pang
+that one man absorbs all power. The men to burst with envy are those who
+were indignant at my having had some power. There are many things which
+console me, without my departing an inch from my regular position; and I
+am returning to the life best suited to my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> natural disposition&mdash;to
+letters and the studies that I love. My labour in pleading I console by
+my delight in oratory. I find delight in my town house and my country
+residences. I do not recall the height from which I have fallen, but the
+humble position from which I have risen. As long as I have my brother
+and you with me, let those fellows be hanged, drawn, and quartered for
+all I care: I can play the philosopher with you. That part of my soul,
+in which in old times irritability had its home, has grown completely
+callous. I find no pleasure in anything that is not private and
+domestic. You will find me in a state of magnificent repose, to which
+nothing contributes more than the prospect of your return. For there is
+no one in the wide world whose feelings are so much in sympathy with my
+own. But now let me tell you the rest. Matters are drifting on to an
+<i>interregnum</i>; and there is a dictatorship in the air, in fact a good
+deal of talk about it, which did Gabinius also some service with timid
+jurors. All the candidates for the consulship are charged with bribery.
+You may add to them Gabinius, on whom L. Sulla had served notice,
+feeling certain that he was in a hopeless position&mdash;Torquatus having,
+without success, demanded to have the prosecution. But they will all be
+acquitted, and henceforth no one will be condemned for anything except
+homicide. This last charge is warmly pressed, and accordingly informers
+are busy. M. Fulvius Nobilior has been convicted. Many others have had
+the wit to abstain from even putting in an appearance. Is there any more
+news? Yes! After Gabinius's acquittal another panel of jurors, in a fit
+of irritation, an hour later condemned Antiochus Gabinius, some fellow
+from the studio of Sopolis, a freedman and orderly officer of Gabinius,
+under the <i>lex Papia</i>. Consequently he at once remarked, "So the
+Republic will not acquit me under the law of treason as it did
+you!"<a name="FNanchor_665_665" id="FNanchor_665_665"></a><a href="#Footnote_665_665" class="fnanchor">[665]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Pomptinus wants to celebrate a triumph on the 2nd of November. He is
+openly opposed by the pr&aelig;tors Cato and Servilius and the tribune Q.
+Mucius. For they say that no law for his <i>imperium</i> was ever
+carried:<a name="FNanchor_666_666" id="FNanchor_666_666"></a><a href="#Footnote_666_666" class="fnanchor">[666]</a> and this one too was carried, by heaven, in a stupid way.
+But Pomptinus will have the consul Appius on his side.<a name="FNanchor_667_667" id="FNanchor_667_667"></a><a href="#Footnote_667_667" class="fnanchor">[667]</a> Cato,
+however, declares that he shall never triumph so long as he is alive. I
+think this affair, like many of the same sort, will come to nothing.
+Appius thinks of going to Cilicia without a law, and at his own
+expense.<a name="FNanchor_668_668" id="FNanchor_668_668"></a><a href="#Footnote_668_668" class="fnanchor">[668]</a> I received a letter on the 24th of October from my brother
+and from C&aelig;sar, dated from the nearest coasts of Britain on the 26th of
+September. Britain done with ... hostages taken ... no booty ... a
+tribute, however, imposed; they were on the point of bringing back the
+army. Q. Pilius has just set out to join C&aelig;sar. If you have any love for
+me or your family, or any truth in you, or even if you have any taste
+left, and any idea of enjoying all your blessings, it is really time for
+you to be on your way home, and, in fact, almost here. I vow I cannot
+get on without you. And what wonder that I can't get on without <i>you</i>,
+when I miss Dionysius so much? The latter, in fact, as soon as the day
+comes, both I and my young Cicero will demand of you. The last letter I
+had from you was dated Ephesus, 9th of August.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLIV_Q_FR_III_5-6" id="CLIV_Q_FR_III_5-6"></a>CLIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 5-6</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span> (<span class="smcap">October</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>You ask me what I have done about the books which I begun to write when
+in my Cuman villa: I have not been idle and am not being idle now; but I
+have frequently changed the whole plan and arrangement of the work. I
+had already completed two books, in which I represented a conversation
+taking place on the Novendialia held in the consulship of Tuditanus and
+Aquilius,<a name="FNanchor_669_669" id="FNanchor_669_669"></a><a href="#Footnote_669_669" class="fnanchor">[669]</a> between Africanus, shortly before his death, and L&aelig;lius,
+Philus, Manilius, P. Rutilius, Q. Tubero, and L&aelig;lius's sons-in-law,
+Fannius and Sc&aelig;vola; a conversation which was extended to nine days and
+the same number of books "On the best Constitution of the State" and "On
+the best Citizen." The work was excellently composed, and the rank of
+the speakers added considerable weight to the style. But when these
+books were read to me in the presence of Sallustius at Tusculum, it was
+suggested to me by him that a discourse on such subjects would come with
+much greater force if I were myself the speaker on the Republic,
+especially as I was a no mere Heraclides Ponticus,<a name="FNanchor_670_670" id="FNanchor_670_670"></a><a href="#Footnote_670_670" class="fnanchor">[670]</a> but an
+ex-consul, and one who had been engaged in the most important affairs in
+the state: that when I put them in the mouth of men of such ancient date
+they would have an air of unreality: that I had shewn good taste in my
+books about the science of rhetoric in keeping the dialogue of the
+orators apart from myself, and yet had attributed it to men whom I had
+personally seen: and, finally, that Aristotle delivers in the first
+person his essays "On the Republic" and "On the Eminent Man." I was
+influenced the more by this from the fact that I was unable to touch on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>
+the most important commotions in our state, because they were subsequent
+to the age of the speakers. Moreover, my express object then was not to
+offend anyone by launching into the events of my own time: as it is, I
+shall avoid that and at the same time be the speaker with you.
+Nevertheless, when I come to Rome I will send you the dialogues as they
+originally stood. For I fancy that those books will convince you that
+they have not been abandoned by me without some chagrin.</p>
+
+<p>I am extremely gratified by C&aelig;sar's affection of which you write to me.
+The offers which he holds out I do not much reckon on, nor have I any
+thirst for honours or longing for glory; and I look forward more to the
+continuation of his kindness than to the fulfilment of his promises.
+Still, I live a life so prominent and laborious that I might seem to be
+expecting the very thing that I deprecate. As to your request that I
+should compose some verses, you could hardly believe, my dear brother,
+how short of time I am: nor do I feel much moved in spirit to write
+poetry on the subject you mention. Do you really come to me for
+disquisitions on things that I can scarcely conceive even in
+imagination&mdash;you who have distanced everybody in that style of vivid and
+descriptive writing? Yet I would have done it if I could, but, as you
+will assuredly not fail to notice, for writing poetry there is need of a
+certain freshness of mind of which my occupations entirely deprive me. I
+withdraw myself, it is true, from all political anxiety and devote
+myself to literature; still, I will hint to you what, by heaven, I
+specially wished to have concealed from you. It cuts me to the heart, my
+dearest brother, to the heart, to think that there is no Republic, no
+law courts, and that my present time of life, which ought to have been
+in the full bloom of senatorial dignity, is distracted with the labours
+of the forum or eked out by private studies, and that the object on
+which from boyhood I had set my heart,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Far to excel, and tower above the crowd,"<a name="FNanchor_671_671" id="FNanchor_671_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671_671" class="fnanchor">[671]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>is entirely gone: that my opponents have in some cases been left
+unattacked by me, in others even defended: that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> not only my sympathies,
+but my very dislikes, are not free: and that C&aelig;sar is the one man in the
+world who has been found to love me to my heart's content, or even, as
+others think, the only one who was inclined to do so. However, there is
+none of all these vexations of such a kind as to be beyond the reach of
+many daily consolations; but the greatest of consolations will be our
+being together. As it is, to those other sources of vexation there is
+added my very deep regret for your absence. If I had defended Gabinius,
+which Pansa thought I ought to have done, I should have been quite
+ruined: those who hate him&mdash;and that is entire orders&mdash;would have begun
+to hate me for the sake of their hatred for him. I confined myself, as I
+think with great dignity, to doing only that which all the world saw me
+do. And to sum up the whole case, I am, as you advise, devoting all my
+efforts to tranquillity and peace. As to the books: Tyrannio is a
+slow-coach: I will speak to Chrysippus, but it is a laborious business
+and requires a man of the utmost industry. I find it in my own case,
+for, though I am as diligent as possible, I get nothing done. As to the
+Latin books, I don't know which way to turn&mdash;they are copied and exposed
+for sale with such a quantity of errors! However, whatever can possibly
+be done I will not neglect to do. Gaius Rebilus, as I wrote to you
+before, is at Rome. He solemnly affirms his great obligations to you,
+and reports well of your health.<a name="FNanchor_672_672" id="FNanchor_672_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a> I think the question of the
+treasury was settled in my absence. When you speak of having finished
+four tragedies in sixteen days, I presume you are borrowing from some
+one else? And do <i>you</i> deign to be indebted to others after writing the
+<i>Electra</i>, and the <i>Troades</i>? Don't be idle; and don't think the
+proverbial &#947;&#957;&#8182;&#952;&#953; &#963;&#949;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#8057;&#957; was only meant to discourage vanity:
+it means also that we should be aware of our own qualities. But pray
+send me these tragedies as well as the <i>Erigona</i>. I have now answered
+your last two letters.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLV_Q_FR_III_7" id="CLV_Q_FR_III_7"></a>CLV (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 7</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Tusculum</span> (<span class="smcap">November</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>At Rome, and especially on the Appian road as far as the temple of Mars,
+there is a remarkable flood. The promenade of Crassipes has been washed
+away, pleasure grounds, a great number of shops. There is a great sheet
+of water right up to the public fish-pond. That doctrine of Homer's is
+in full play:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The days in autumn when in violent flood<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Zeus pours his waters, wroth at sinful men"&mdash;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>for it falls in with the acquittal of Gabinius&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Who wrench the law to suit their crooked ends<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And drive out justice, recking naught of Gods."<a name="FNanchor_673_673" id="FNanchor_673_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But I have made up my mind not to care about such things. When I get
+back to Rome I will write and tell you my observations, and especially
+about the dictatorship, and I will also send a letter to Labienus and
+one to Ligurius. I write this before daybreak by the carved wood
+lamp-stand, in which I take great delight, because they tell me that you
+had it made when you were at Samos. Good-bye, dearest and best of
+brothers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLVI_F_VII_16" id="CLVI_F_VII_16"></a>CLVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 16</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">November</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>In the "Trojan Horse," just at the end, you remember the words, "Too
+late they learn wisdom."<a name="FNanchor_674_674" id="FNanchor_674_674"></a><a href="#Footnote_674_674" class="fnanchor">[674]</a> You, however, old man, were wise in time.
+Those first snappy letters of yours were foolish enough, and then&mdash;&mdash;! I
+don't at all blame you for not being over-curious in regard to Britain.
+For the present, however, you seem to be in winter quarters somewhat
+short of warm clothing, and therefore not caring to stir out:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Not here and there, but everywhere,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be wise and ware:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">No sharper steel can warrior bear."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>If I had been by way of dining out, I would not have failed your friend
+Cn. Octavius; to whom, however, I did remark upon his repeated
+invitations, "Pray, who are you?" But, by Hercules, joking apart, he is
+a pretty fellow: I could have wished you had taken him with you! Let me
+know for certain what you are doing and whether you intend coming to
+Italy at all this winter. Balbus has assured me that you will be rich.
+Whether he speaks after the simple Roman fashion, meaning that you will
+be well supplied with money, or according to the Stoic dictum, that "all
+are rich who can enjoy the sky and the earth," I shall know hereafter.
+Those who come from your part accuse you of pride, because they say you
+won't answer men who put questions to you. However, there is one thing
+that will please you: they all agree in saying that there is no better
+lawyer than you at Samarobriva!<a name="FNanchor_675_675" id="FNanchor_675_675"></a><a href="#Footnote_675_675" class="fnanchor">[675]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLVII_A_IV_17" id="CLVII_A_IV_17"></a>CLVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">A IV, 17</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">November</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>At last the long-expected letter from you! Back to Italy, how
+delightful! What wonderful fidelity to your promise! What a charming
+voyage! About this last, by Hercules, I was very nervous, remembering
+the fur wrappers of your former crossing. But, unless I am mistaken, I
+shall see you sooner than you say in your letter. For I believe you
+thought that your ladies were in Apulia, and when you find that not to
+be the case, what can there be to detain you there? Are you bound to
+give Vestorius some days, and must you go through the stale banquet of
+his Latin Atticism again after an interval? Nay, fly hither and visit
+(the remains) of that genuine Republic of ours!...<a name="FNanchor_676_676" id="FNanchor_676_676"></a><a href="#Footnote_676_676" class="fnanchor">[676]</a> Observe my
+strength of mind and my supreme indifference to the Felician<a name="FNanchor_677_677" id="FNanchor_677_677"></a><a href="#Footnote_677_677" class="fnanchor">[677]</a>
+one-twelfth legacy, and also, by heaven, my very gratifying connexion
+with C&aelig;sar&mdash;for this delights me as the one spar left me from the
+present shipwreck&mdash;C&aelig;sar, I say, who treats your and my Quintus,
+heavens! with what honour, respect, and favours! It is exactly as if I
+were the <i>imperator</i>. The choice was just lately offered him of
+selecting any of the winter quarters, as he writes me word. Wouldn't you
+be fond of such a man as that? Of which of your friends would you, if
+not of him? But look you! did I write you word that I was <i>legatus</i> to
+Pompey, and should be outside the city from the 13th of January onwards?
+This appeared to me to square with many things. But why say more? I
+will, I think, reserve the rest till we meet,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> that you may, after all,
+have something to look forward to. My very best regards to Dionysius,
+for whom, indeed, I have not merely kept a place, but have even built
+one. In fine, to the supreme joy of your return, a finishing stroke will
+be added by his arrival. The day you arrive, you and your party will, I
+entreat you, stay with me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLVIII_Q_FR_III_8" id="CLVIII_Q_FR_III_8"></a>CLVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 8</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">November</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>The earlier of your two letters is full of irritability and
+complainings, and you say you gave another of the same sort the day
+before to Labienus, who has not yet arrived&mdash;but I have nothing to say
+in answer to it, for your more recent letter has obliterated all trace
+of vexation from my mind. I will only give you this hint and make this
+request, that in the midst of your vexations and labours you should
+recall what our notion was as to your going to C&aelig;sar. For our object was
+not the acquisition of certain small and unimportant gains. For what was
+there of that kind which we should have thought worth the price of our
+separation? What we sought was the strongest possible security for the
+maintenance of our entire political position by the countenance of a man
+of the highest character and most commanding influence. Our interest is
+not so much in the acquisition of sums of money, as in the realization
+of this hope: all else that you get is to be regarded only as a security
+against actual loss.<a name="FNanchor_678_678" id="FNanchor_678_678"></a><a href="#Footnote_678_678" class="fnanchor">[678]</a> Wherefore, if you will frequently turn your
+thoughts back upon what we originally proposed to ourselves and hoped to
+do, you will bear with less impatience the labours of military service
+of which you speak and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> other things which annoy you, and,
+nevertheless, will resign them whenever you choose. But the right moment
+for that step is not yet come, though it is now not far off.
+Farthermore, I give you this hint&mdash;don't commit anything at all to
+writing, the publication of which would be annoying to us. There are
+many things that I would rather not know than learn at some risk. I
+shall write at greater length to you with a mind less preoccupied, when
+my boy Cicero is, as I hope he will be, in a good state of health. Pray
+be careful to let me know to whom I should give the letter which I shall
+then send you&mdash;to C&aelig;sar's letter-carriers, for him to forward them
+direct to you, or to those of Labienus? For where your Nervii dwell, and
+how far off, I have no idea.<a name="FNanchor_679_679" id="FNanchor_679_679"></a><a href="#Footnote_679_679" class="fnanchor">[679]</a> I derived great pleasure from your
+letter describing the courage and dignity displayed (as you say) by
+C&aelig;sar in his extreme sorrow. You bid me finish the poem in his honour
+which I had begun; and although I have been diverted from it by
+business, and still more by my feelings, yet, since C&aelig;sar knows that I
+did begin something, I will return to my design, and will complete in
+these leisure days of the "supplications,"<a name="FNanchor_680_680" id="FNanchor_680_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a> during which I greatly
+rejoice that our friend Messalla and the rest are at last relieved from
+worry. In reckoning on him as certain to be consul with Domitius, you
+are quite in agreement with my own opinion. I will guarantee Messalla to
+C&aelig;sar: but Memmius cherishes a hope, founded on C&aelig;sar's return to Italy,
+in which I think he is under a mistake. He is, indeed, quite out of it
+here. Scaurus, again, has been long ago thrown over by Pompey. The
+business has been put off: the <i>comitia</i> postponed and postponed, till
+we may expect an <i>interregnum</i>. The rumour of a dictator is not pleasing
+to the aristocrats; for myself, I like still less what they say. But the
+proposal, as a whole, is looked upon with alarm, and grows unpopular.
+Pompey says outright that he doesn't wish it: to me previously he used
+not personally to deny the wish. Hirrus seems likely to be the proposer.
+Ye gods! what folly!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> How in love with himself and without&mdash;a rival! He
+has commissioned me to choke off C&aelig;lius Vinicianus, a man much attached
+to me. Whether Pompey wishes it or not, it is difficult to be sure.
+However, if it is Hirrus who makes the proposal, he will not convince
+people that he does not wish it. There is nothing else being talked
+about in politics just now; at any rate, nothing else is being done. The
+funeral of the son of Serranus Domesticus took place in very melancholy
+circumstances on the 23rd of November. His father delivered the funeral
+oration which I composed for him. Now about Milo. Pompey gives him no
+support, and is all for Gutta, saying also that he will secure C&aelig;sar on
+his side. Milo is alarmed at this, and no wonder, and almost gives up
+hope if Pompey is created dictator. If he assists anyone who vetoes the
+dictatorship by his troop and bodyguard,<a name="FNanchor_681_681" id="FNanchor_681_681"></a><a href="#Footnote_681_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a> he fears he may excite
+Pompey's enmity: if he doesn't do so, he fears the proposal may be
+carried by force. He is preparing games on a most magnificent scale, at
+a cost, I assure you, that no one has ever exceeded. It is foolish, on
+two or even three accounts, to give games that were not demanded&mdash;he has
+already given a magnificent show of gladiators: he cannot afford it: he
+is only an executor, and might have reflected that he is now an
+executor, not an &aelig;dile. That is about all I had to write. Take care of
+yourself, dearest brother.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLIX_Q_FR_III_9" id="CLIX_Q_FR_III_9"></a>CLIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">Q FR III, 9</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">November or December</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>In regard to Gabinius, I had not to carry out any of the measures which
+you suggested with such affectionate solicitude. "May the earth swallow
+me rather, etc.!"<a name="FNanchor_682_682" id="FNanchor_682_682"></a><a href="#Footnote_682_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a> I acted with very great dignity and also with the
+greatest consideration.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> I neither bore hardly on him nor helped him. I
+gave strong evidence, in other respects I did not stir. The disgraceful
+and mischievous result of the trial I bore with the utmost serenity. And
+this is the advantage which, after all that has happened, has accrued to
+me&mdash;that I am not even affected in the least by those evils in the state
+and the licentious conduct of the shameless, which used formerly to make
+me burst with indignation: for anything more abandoned than the men and
+the times in which we are living there cannot be. Accordingly, as no
+pleasure can possibly be got from politics, I don't know why I should
+lose my temper. Literature and my favourite studies, along with the
+retirement of my country houses, and above all our two boys, furnish my
+enjoyments. The one man who vexes me is Milo. But I hope an end will be
+put to my anxieties by his getting the consulship: and to obtain this
+for him I shall struggle as hard as I did for my own, and you, I am
+sure, will continue to give assistance from over there. In his case
+other things are all secure, unless it is snatched from his grasp by
+downright violence: it is about his means that I am frightened:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"For he is now beyond all bearing mad,"<a name="FNanchor_683_683" id="FNanchor_683_683"></a><a href="#Footnote_683_683" class="fnanchor">[683]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>to spend 1,000,000 sesterces (about &pound;8,000) on his games. His want of
+prudence in this one particular I shall put up with as well as I can,
+and you should be strong-minded enough to do the same. In mentioning the
+changes to be expected next year, I didn't mean you to understand me to
+refer to domestic alarms: the reference was wholly to the state of the
+Republic, in which, though not charged with any actual duty, I can
+scarcely discharge myself from all anxiety. Yet how cautious I would
+have you be in writing you may guess from the fact that I do not mention
+in my letters to you even open acts of disorder in the state, lest my
+letter should be intercepted and give offence to the feelings of anyone.
+Wherefore, as far as domestic affairs are concerned, I would have you be
+quite easy: in politics I know how anxious you always are. I can see
+that our friend Messalla will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> be consul, if by means of an <i>interrex</i>,
+without any prosecution, if by that of a dictator, without danger of
+conviction. He is not disliked by anyone. Hortensius's warm support will
+stand him in good stead. Gabinius's acquittal is looked upon as a
+general act of indemnity. <i>En passant</i>: nothing has, after all, been
+done as yet about a dictatorship. Pompey is out of town; Appius is
+intriguing darkly; Hirrus is paving the way: there are many tribunes
+calculated on to veto it: the people are indifferent: the leading men
+disinclined to it: I don't stir a finger. I am exceedingly obliged for
+your promises as to slaves, and I am indeed, as you say, short-handed
+both at Rome and on my estates. But pray do nothing for my convenience
+unless it entirely suits your own, and your means. About the letter of
+Vatinius I laughed heartily. But though I know I am being watched by
+him, I can swallow his hatred and digest it too. You urge me to
+"finish": well, I have finished what, in my own opinion at least, is a
+very pretty "epic" on C&aelig;sar, but I am in search of a trustworthy
+letter-carrier, lest it should share the fate of your
+<i>Erigona</i><a name="FNanchor_684_684" id="FNanchor_684_684"></a><a href="#Footnote_684_684" class="fnanchor">[684]</a>&mdash;the only personage who has missed a safe journey from
+Gaul during C&aelig;sar's governorship.</p>
+
+<p>What? because I had no good stone was I to pull down the whole
+building?&mdash;a building which I like better every day of my life: the
+lower court especially and the chambers attached to it are admirable. As
+to Arcanum, it is a building worthy of C&aelig;sar, or, by heaven, of some one
+even more tasteful still. For your statues, <i>pal&aelig;stra</i>, fish-pond, and
+conduit are worthy of many Philotimuses, and quite above your
+Diphiluses. But I will visit them personally, as well as sending men to
+look after them and giving orders about them. As to the will of Felix,
+you will complain more when you know all. For the document which he
+believed himself to have sealed, in which your name was most certainly
+entered as heir to a twelfth, this, by a mistake of his own and of his
+slave Sicura, he did not seal: while the one which he did not intend to
+seal he did seal. But let it go hang, so long as we keep well! I am as
+devoted to your son Cicero as you can wish, and as he deserves, and as I
+am bound to be. However, I am letting him leave me, both to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> avoid
+keeping him from his teachers, and because his mother is leaving,
+without whom I am very much alarmed as to the boy's large appetite. Yet,
+after all, we see a great deal of each other. I have now answered all
+your letters. Dearest and best of brothers, good-bye.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLX_F_VII_10" id="CLX_F_VII_10"></a>CLX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">November</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>I have read your letter which informs me that our C&aelig;sar considers you a
+great lawyer. You must be glad to have found a country where you have
+the credit of knowing something. But if you had gone to Britain also, I
+feel sure that there would not have been in all that great island anyone
+more learned in the law than you. However&mdash;you won't mind my laughing,
+for you invited me to do so&mdash;I am becoming positively a little jealous
+of you! That you should have been actually sent for by a man whom other
+people&mdash;not because of his pride, but of his many engagements&mdash;cannot
+venture to approach!</p>
+
+<p>But in that letter you told me nothing about your success, which, by
+heaven, is of no less concern to me than my own. I am very much afraid
+you may be frozen in your winter quarters: and therefore I think you
+ought to use a good stove. Mucius and Manilius "concur" in this opinion,
+especially on the ground of your being short of military cloaks.
+However, I am told that you are having a sufficiently warm time of it
+where you are&mdash;news which made me much alarmed for you.<a name="FNanchor_685_685" id="FNanchor_685_685"></a><a href="#Footnote_685_685" class="fnanchor">[685]</a> However, in
+military matters you are much more cautious than at the bar, seeing that
+you wouldn't take a swim in the ocean, fond of swimming as you are, and
+wouldn't take a look at the British charioteers, though in old time I
+could never cheat you even out of a blind-folded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span> gladiator.<a name="FNanchor_686_686" id="FNanchor_686_686"></a><a href="#Footnote_686_686" class="fnanchor">[686]</a> But
+enough of joking. You know how earnestly I have written to C&aelig;sar about
+you; I know how often. Yet, in truth, I have lately ceased doing so,
+lest I should appear to distrust the kindness of a man who has been most
+liberal and affectionate to me. However, in the very last letter I wrote
+I thought he ought to be reminded. I did so. Please tell me what effect
+it had, and at the same time tell me about your position in general and
+all your plans. For I am anxious to know what you are doing, what you
+are expecting, how long your separation from us you think is to last. I
+would wish you to believe that the one consolation, enabling me to bear
+your absence, is the knowledge that it is for your advantage. But if
+that is not so, nothing can be more foolish than both the one and the
+other of us: me for not inducing you to come back to Rome&mdash;you for not
+flying thither. By heavens, our conversation, whether serious or
+jesting, will be worth more not only than the enemy, but even than our
+"brothers" the H&aelig;dui.<a name="FNanchor_687_687" id="FNanchor_687_687"></a><a href="#Footnote_687_687" class="fnanchor">[687]</a> Wherefore let me know about everything as
+soon as possible:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I'll be some use by comfort, rede, or pelf."<a name="FNanchor_688_688" id="FNanchor_688_688"></a><a href="#Footnote_688_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXI_F_I_10" id="CLXI_F_I_10"></a>CLXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F I, 10</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO L. VALERIUS (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>M. Cicero wishes heath to L. Valerius, learned in the law. For why I
+should not pay you this compliment I don't know, especially considering
+that in these times one may employ impudence to supply the place of
+learning. I have written to our friend Lentulus, thanking him earnestly
+in your name. But I could wish that you would now cease using my letter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>
+of introduction and at last come back to us, and prefer a city where you
+are of some account, to a place where you appear to be the only man of
+legal learning. However, those who come from where you are either say
+you are proud because you give no "opinions," or insulting because you
+give bad ones.<a name="FNanchor_689_689" id="FNanchor_689_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a> But I am now longing to crack a joke with you face
+to face. So come as soon as ever you can, and don't go and visit your
+native Apulia, that we may have the joy of welcoming your safe return.
+For if you go there, like another Ulysses, you will not recognize any of
+your friends.<a name="FNanchor_690_690" id="FNanchor_690_690"></a><a href="#Footnote_690_690" class="fnanchor">[690]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXII_F_XIII_49" id="CLXII_F_XIII_49"></a>CLXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 49</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO M. CURIUS (A PROCONSUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>Q. Pompeius, son of Sextus, has become my intimate friend from many
+causes of long standing. As he has often in the past been accustomed to
+defend his material interests, as well as his reputation and influence,
+by my recommendations, so on the present occasion assuredly, with you as
+governor of the province, he ought to be able to feel that he has never
+had a warmer recommendation to anyone. Wherefore I beg you with more
+than ordinary earnestness that, as you ought in view of our close
+friendship to regard all my friends as your own, you would give the
+bearer so high a place in your regard, that he may feel that nothing
+could have been more to his interest and honour than my recommendation.
+Farewell.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLXIII_F_XIII_60" id="CLXIII_F_XIII_60"></a>CLXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 60</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. MUNATIUS (IN A PROVINCE)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>L. Livineius Trypho is to begin with a freedman of my most intimate
+friend L. Regulus (whose disaster makes me more than ever anxious to do
+him some service&mdash;for as far as feeling goes I could not be warmer): but
+I also am attached to his freedman on his own account, for he shewed me
+very great kindness at that time in my career, when I was best able to
+see men's real goodwill and fidelity. I recommend him to you with all
+the warmth that one who is grateful and not oblivious should use in
+recommending those who have done him good service. You will have greatly
+gratified me if he is made to feel that in confronting many dangers for
+my security, and often undertaking voyages in the depths of winter, he
+has also put you under an obligation in view of your kind feeling
+towards me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXIV_F_XIII_73" id="CLXIV_F_XIII_73"></a>CLXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 73</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL OF ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 52</div>
+
+<p>I congratulate you on your safe return to your family from your
+province, without loss to your reputation or to the state. But if I had
+seen you at Rome I should also have thanked you for having looked after
+L. Egnatius, my most intimate friend, who is still absent, and L.
+Oppius, who is here. With Antipater of Derbe I have become not merely on
+visiting terms, but really very intimate. I have been told that you are
+exceedingly angry with him, and I was very sorry to hear it. I have no
+means of judging the merits of the case, only I am persuaded that a man
+of your character has done<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> nothing without good reason. However, I do
+beg of you again and again that, in consideration of our old friendship,
+you will, for my sake if for anyone's, grant his sons, who are in your
+power, their liberty, unless you consider that in doing so your
+reputation may be injured. If I had thought that, I would never have
+made the request, for your fame is of more importance in my eyes than
+any friendship with him. But I persuade myself&mdash;though I may possibly be
+mistaken&mdash;that this measure will bring you honour rather than abuse.
+What can be done in the matter, and what you <i>can</i> do for my sake (for
+as to your willingness I feel no doubt), I should be obliged by your
+informing me, if it is not too much trouble to you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXV_F_II_1" id="CLXV_F_II_1"></a>CLXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F II, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, Coss., M. Domitius Calvinus, M. Valerius Messalla.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This was the year in which Crassus was defeated and killed in
+Parthia, making thus the first break in the triumvirate, when
+already the ties between Pompey and C&aelig;sar were weakened by the
+death of Iulia in the previous year. C&aelig;sar, however, had been in
+great difficulties in Gaul. At the end of the previous year a fresh
+rising of the Nervii destroyed a Roman legion and put Q. Cicero in
+great danger. In the present year Quintus met with his disaster at
+the hands of the Sigambri. The chief event to Cicero personally was
+his election into the college of augurs, in place of the younger
+Crassus. Atticus appears to be in Rome, for there are no letters to
+him. There was a series of <i>interregna</i> this year owing to partisan
+conflicts, lasting till July, and when the consuls were at length
+appointed, they failed to hold the elections for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO<a name="FNanchor_691_691" id="FNanchor_691_691"></a><a href="#Footnote_691_691" class="fnanchor">[691]</a> (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">January or February</span>)</h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>Though I am sorry that you have suspected me of neglect, yet it was not
+so annoying to me to have my lack of atten<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>tion found fault with, as
+delightful to have it missed by you; especially as in the particular
+point on which you accuse me I happen to be innocent, while in shewing
+that you miss a letter from me, you avow an affection for me, of which,
+indeed, I was fully aware, but which, nevertheless, is very soothing and
+gratifying to my feelings. The fact is that I have never let anyone go,
+so long, that is, as I thought him likely to reach you, without giving
+him a letter. Why, was there ever such an untiring correspondent as I?
+From you, however, I have received two, or at the most three
+letters&mdash;and those extremely brief. Wherefore, if you are a harsh judge
+of me, I shall find you guilty on precisely the same charge. But if you
+don't want me to do that, you will have to be considerate to me.
+However, enough about writing; for I am not afraid of failing to satiate
+you with my correspondence, especially if you shew a just appreciation
+of my zeal in that department. I have been grieved on the one hand at
+your long absence from us, because I have lost the advantage of a most
+delightful intimacy; and yet on the other hand I rejoice at it, because
+while on this foreign service you have gained all your objects with
+infinite credit to yourself, and because in all you have undertaken
+fortune has answered to my wishes. There is one injunction, a very short
+one, which my unspeakable affection for you compels me to give you. Such
+lofty expectations are entertained of your spirit, shall I say? or of
+your ability, that I cannot refrain from imploring and beseeching you to
+return to us with a character so finished, as to be able to support and
+maintain the expectations which you have excited. And since no loss of
+memory will ever obliterate my recollection of your services to me, I
+beg you not to forget that, whatever increase of fortune or position may
+befall you, you would not have been able to attain it, had you not as a
+boy obeyed my most faithful and affectionate counsels.<a name="FNanchor_692_692" id="FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a> Wherefore it
+will be your duty to shew me such affection, that my age&mdash;now on the
+decline&mdash;may find repose in your devotion and youth.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLXVI_F_VII_11" id="CLXVI_F_VII_11"></a>CLXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 11</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">January or February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>If you had not left Rome before, you certainly would have left it now.
+For who wants a lawyer when there are so many <i>interregna</i>? I shall
+advise all defendants in civil suits to ask each <i>interrex</i> for two
+adjournments for obtaining legal assistance.<a name="FNanchor_693_693" id="FNanchor_693_693"></a><a href="#Footnote_693_693" class="fnanchor">[693]</a> Do you think that I
+have taken a pretty good hint from you as to civil procedure? But come!
+How are you? What is happening? For I notice in your letter a tendency
+to be even jocose. These are better signs than the <i>signa</i> in my
+Tusculan villa.<a name="FNanchor_694_694" id="FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a> But I want to know what it means. You say, indeed,
+that you are consulted by C&aelig;sar, but I should have preferred his
+consulting <i>for</i> you. If that is taking place, or you think it likely to
+take place, by all means persevere in your military service and stay on:
+I shall console myself for my loss of you by the hope that it will be
+your gain: but if, on the other hand, things are not paying with you,
+come back to us. For either something will turn up sooner or later here,
+or, if not, one conversation between you and me, by heaven, will be
+worth more than all the Samobriv&aelig;<a name="FNanchor_695_695" id="FNanchor_695_695"></a><a href="#Footnote_695_695" class="fnanchor">[695]</a> in the world. Finally, if you
+return speedily, there will be no talk about it; but if you stay away
+much longer without getting anything, I am in terror not only of
+Laberius, but of our comrade Valerius also. For it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> would make a capital
+character for a farce&mdash;a British lawyer!<a name="FNanchor_696_696" id="FNanchor_696_696"></a><a href="#Footnote_696_696" class="fnanchor">[696]</a> I am not laughing though
+you may laugh, but, as usual, when writing to you, I jest on the most
+serious subject. Joking apart, I advise you in the most friendly spirit,
+that if you hold a position for yourself worthy of my introduction, you
+should put up with the loss of my society and farther your own career
+and wealth: but if things are stagnant with you there, come back to us.
+In spite of everything you will get all you want, by your own good
+qualities certainly, but also by my extreme affection for you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXVII_F_II_2" id="CLXVII_F_II_2"></a>CLXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F II, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>I have been deprived of a strong witness to my extreme affection for you
+in the person of your most illustrious father: who would have been
+fortunate above the common lot, both in his own memorable achievements
+and in the possession of such a son as yourself, had it been granted him
+to see you before his departure from life. But I hope our friendship
+stands in no need of witnesses. Heaven bless your inheritance to you!
+You will at least have in me one to whom you are as dear and as precious
+as you have been to your father.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLXVIII_F_II_3" id="CLXVIII_F_II_3"></a>CLXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F II, 3</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>Rupa<a name="FNanchor_697_697" id="FNanchor_697_697"></a><a href="#Footnote_697_697" class="fnanchor">[697]</a> was not backward in his wish to promise an exhibition of
+gladiators in your name, but neither I nor any of your friends approved
+of anything being done in your absence which would tie your hands when
+you returned. For my part, I will either write you my opinion at greater
+length later on, or, to give you no opportunity of preparing an answer
+to it, I will take you unprepared and state my view by word of mouth
+against yours. I shall thus either bring you over to my opinion, or at
+least leave in your mind a record of my view, so that, if at any time
+(which heaven forbid!) you may see cause to repent of your decision, you
+may be able to recall mine. Briefly, be assured that your return will
+find the state of things to be such, that you may gain the highest
+possible honours in the state more easily by the advantages with which
+you are endowed by nature, study, and fortune, than by gladiatorial
+exhibitions. The power of giving such things stirs no feeling of
+admiration in anyone; for it is wholly a question of means, and not of
+character; and there is nobody who is not by this time sick and tired of
+them. But I am not acting as I said I would do, for I am embarking on a
+statement of the reasons for my opinion. So I will put off this entire
+discussion to your arrival. Believe me, you are expected with the
+greatest interest, and hopes are entertained of you such as can only be
+entertained of the highest virtue and ability. If you are as prepared
+for this as you ought to be&mdash;and I feel certain you are&mdash;you will be
+bestowing on us, your friends, on the whole body of your fellow
+citizens, and on the entire state, the most numerous<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> and most excellent
+of exhibitions. You will certainly become aware that no one can be
+dearer or more precious than you are to me.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXIX_F_VII_12" id="CLXIX_F_VII_12"></a>CLXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 12</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">February</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>I was wondering what had made you cease writing to me. My friend
+Pansa<a name="FNanchor_698_698" id="FNanchor_698_698"></a><a href="#Footnote_698_698" class="fnanchor">[698]</a> has informed me that you have become an Epicurean! What a
+wonderful camp yours must be! What would you have done if I had sent you
+to Tarentum<a name="FNanchor_699_699" id="FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a> instead of Samobriva? I was already a little doubtful
+about you, when I found you supporting the same doctrine as my friend
+Selius!<a name="FNanchor_700_700" id="FNanchor_700_700"></a><a href="#Footnote_700_700" class="fnanchor">[700]</a> But on what ground will you support the principles of civil
+law, if you act always in your own interest and not in that of your
+fellow citizens? What, too, is to become of the legal formula in cases
+of trust, "as should be done among honest men"? For who can be called
+honest who does nothing except on his own behalf? What principle will
+you lay down "in dividing a common property," when nothing can be
+"common" among men who measure all things by their own pleasure?<a name="FNanchor_701_701" id="FNanchor_701_701"></a><a href="#Footnote_701_701" class="fnanchor">[701]</a>
+How, again, can you ever think it right to swear by <i>Iupiter lapis</i>,
+when you know that Iupiter can<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>not be angry with anyone?<a name="FNanchor_702_702" id="FNanchor_702_702"></a><a href="#Footnote_702_702" class="fnanchor">[702]</a> What is to
+become of the people of Ulubr&aelig;,<a name="FNanchor_703_703" id="FNanchor_703_703"></a><a href="#Footnote_703_703" class="fnanchor">[703]</a> if you have decided that it is not
+right to take part in civic business? Wherefore, if you are really and
+truly a pervert from our faith, I am much annoyed; but if you merely
+find it convenient to humour Pansa, I forgive you. Only <i>do</i> write and
+tell us how you are, and what you want me to do or to look after for
+you.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXX_F_VII_13" id="CLXX_F_VII_13"></a>CLXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 13</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome, 4 March</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>Did you suppose me to be so unjust as to be angry with you from the idea
+that you were not sufficiently persevering and were too eager to return,
+and do you think that that is the reason of my long silence? I was
+certainly annoyed by the uneasiness of your spirits, which your first
+letters conveyed to me; but there was absolutely no other reason for the
+interruption of my own, except my complete ignorance of your address.
+Are you still, at this time of day, finding fault with me, and do you
+refuse to accept my apology? Just listen to me, my dear Testa! Is it
+money that is making you prouder, or the fact that your
+commander-in-chief consults you? May I die if I don't believe that such
+is your vanity<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> that you would rather be consulted by C&aelig;sar than
+gilded<a name="FNanchor_704_704" id="FNanchor_704_704"></a><a href="#Footnote_704_704" class="fnanchor">[704]</a> by him! But if both reasons are true, who will be able to
+put up with you except myself, who can put up with anything? But to
+return to our subject&mdash;I am exceedingly glad that you are content to be
+where you are, and as your former state of mind was vexatious, so your
+present is gratifying, to me. I am only afraid that your special
+profession may be of little advantage to you: for, as I am told, in your
+present abode</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"They lay no claim by joining lawful hands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But challenge right with steel."<a name="FNanchor_705_705" id="FNanchor_705_705"></a><a href="#Footnote_705_705" class="fnanchor">[705]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But you are not wont<a name="FNanchor_706_706" id="FNanchor_706_706"></a><a href="#Footnote_706_706" class="fnanchor">[706]</a> to be called in to assist at a "forcible
+entry." Nor have you any reason to be afraid of the usual proviso in the
+injunction, "into which you have not previously made entry by force and
+armed men," for I am well assured that you are not a man of violence.
+But to give you some hint as to what you lawyers call "securities," I
+opine that you should avoid the Treviri; I hear they are real <i>tresviri
+capitales</i>&mdash;deadly customers: I should have preferred their being
+<i>tresviri</i> of the mint!<a name="FNanchor_707_707" id="FNanchor_707_707"></a><a href="#Footnote_707_707" class="fnanchor">[707]</a> But a truce to jesting for the present.
+Pray write to me in the fullest detail of all that concerns you.</p>
+
+<p>4 March.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLXXI_F_VII_14" id="CLXXI_F_VII_14"></a>CLXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 14</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">March</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>Chrysippus Vettius, a freedman of the architect Cyrus, made me think
+that you had not quite forgotten me; for he has brought me a greeting in
+your words. You have grown a mighty fine gentleman, that you can't take
+the trouble of writing a letter to me&mdash;a man, I might almost say, of
+your own family! But if you have forgotten how to write, all the fewer
+clients will lose their causes by having you as their advocate! If you
+have forgotten me, I will take the trouble of paying you a visit where
+you are, before I have quite faded out of your mind. If it is a terror
+of the summer camp that is disheartening you, think of some excuse to
+get off, as you did in the case of Britain. I was glad to hear one thing
+from that same Chrysippus, that you were on friendly terms with C&aelig;sar.
+But, by Hercules, I should have preferred, as I might fairly have
+expected, to be informed of your fortunes as frequently as possible from
+your own letters. And this would certainly have been the case, if you
+had been more forward to learn the laws of friendship than of suits in
+court. But this is all jest in your own vein, and to some degree in mine
+also. I love you very dearly, and I both wish to be loved by you and
+feel certain that I am.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXII_F_VII_18" id="CLXXII_F_VII_18"></a>CLXXII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 18</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">A villa in the Ager Pomptinus, 8 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>I have received several letters from you at the same time, written at
+various times, in which everything else gave me great pleasure; for they
+shewed that you were now sustaining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> your military service with a brave
+spirit, and were a gallant and resolute man. These are qualities which
+for a short time I felt to be lacking in you, though I attributed your
+uneasiness not so much to any weakness of your own spirit, as to your
+feeling your absence from us. Therefore go on as you have begun: endure
+your service with a stout heart: believe me, the advantages you will
+gain are many; for I will reiterate my recommendation of you, though I
+shall wait for the right moment of doing so. Be assured that you are not
+more anxious that your separation from me should be as profitable as
+possible to yourself than I am. Accordingly, as your "securities" are
+somewhat weak, I have sent you one in my poor Greek, written by my own
+hand.<a name="FNanchor_708_708" id="FNanchor_708_708"></a><a href="#Footnote_708_708" class="fnanchor">[708]</a> For your part, I should wish you to keep me informed of the
+course of the war in Gaul: for the less warlike my informant, the more
+inclined I am to believe him.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to your letters. Everything else (as I said) is prettily
+written, but I do wonder at this: who in the world sends several
+identical letters, when he writes them with his own hand? For your
+writing on paper that has been used before, I commend your economy: but
+I can't help wondering what it was that you preferred to rub out of this
+bit of paper rather than not write such poor stuff as this&mdash;unless it
+were, perhaps, some of your legal formulas. For I don't suppose you rub
+out my letters to replace them with your own. Can it mean that there is
+no business going on, that you are out of work, that you haven't even a
+supply of paper? Well, that is entirely your own fault, for taking your
+modesty abroad with you instead of leaving it behind here with us. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>
+will commend you to Balbus, when he starts to join you, in the good old
+Roman style. Don't be astonished if there is a somewhat longer interval
+than usual between my letters: for I intend being out of town in April.
+I write this letter in the Pomptine district, having put up at the villa
+of M. &AElig;milius Philemo, from which I could hear the noise of my clients,
+I mean those you confided to me! For at Ulubr&aelig; it is certain that an
+enormous mass of frogs have bestirred themselves to do me honour. Take
+care of your health.<a name="FNanchor_709_709" id="FNanchor_709_709"></a><a href="#Footnote_709_709" class="fnanchor">[709]</a></p>
+
+<p>8 April, from the Ager Pomptinus.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Your letter which I received from L. Arruntius I have torn up,
+though it didn't deserve it; for it had nothing in it which might not
+have been safely read in a public meeting. But not only did Arruntius
+say that such were your orders, but you had appended a similar
+injunction to your letter. Well, be it so! I am surprised at your not
+having written anything to me since, especially as you are in the midst
+of such stirring events.<a name="FNanchor_710_710" id="FNanchor_710_710"></a><a href="#Footnote_710_710" class="fnanchor">[710]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXIII_F_VII_15" id="CLXXIII_F_VII_15"></a>CLXXIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 15</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>How wayward people are who love may be gathered from this: I was
+formerly annoyed that you were discontented at being where you are: now,
+on the contrary, it stings me to the heart that you write that you are
+quite happy there. For I did not like your not being pleased at my
+recom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>mendation, and now I am vexed that you can find anything pleasant
+without me. But, after all, I prefer enduring your absence to your not
+getting what I hope for you. However, I cannot say how pleased I am that
+you have become intimate with that most delightful man and excellent
+scholar, C. Matius.<a name="FNanchor_711_711" id="FNanchor_711_711"></a><a href="#Footnote_711_711" class="fnanchor">[711]</a> Do your best to make him as fond of you as
+possible. Believe me, you can bring nothing home from your province that
+will give you greater pleasure. Take care of your health.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXIV_F_II_4" id="CLXXIV_F_II_4"></a>CLXXIV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F II, 4</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">May</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>You are aware that letters are of many kinds; but there is one kind
+which is undeniable, for the sake of which, indeed, the thing was
+invented, namely, to inform the absent of anything that is to the
+interest of the writer or recipient that they should know. You, however,
+certainly don't expect a letter of that kind from me. For of your
+domestic concerns you have members of your family both to write and to
+act as messengers. Besides, in my personal affairs there is really
+nothing new. There are two other kinds of letters which give me great
+pleasure: the familiar and sportive, and the grave and serious. Which of
+these two I ought least to employ I do not understand. Am I to jest with
+you by letter? Upon my word, I don't think the man a good citizen who
+could laugh in times like these. Shall I write in a more serious style?
+What could be written of seriously by Cicero to Curio except public
+affairs? And yet, under this head, my position is such that I neither
+dare write what I think, nor choose to write what I don't think.
+Wherefore, since I have no subject left to write about, I will employ my
+customary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> phrase, and exhort you to the pursuit of the noblest glory.
+For you have a dangerous rival already in the field, and fully prepared,
+in the extraordinary expectation formed of you; and this rival you will
+vanquish with the greatest ease, only on one condition&mdash;that you make up
+your mind to put out your full strength in the cultivation of those
+qualities, by which the noble actions are accomplished, upon the glory
+of which you have set your heart. In support of this sentiment I would
+have written at greater length had not I felt certain that you were
+sufficiently alive to it of your own accord; and I have touched upon it
+even thus far, not in order to fire your ambition, but to testify my
+affection.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXV_F_II_5" id="CLXXV_F_II_5"></a>CLXXV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F II, 5</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ON HIS WAY FROM ASIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">June</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>The state of business here I dare not tell even in a letter. And though,
+wherever you are, as I have told you before, you are in the same boat,
+yet I congratulate you on your absence, as well because you don't see
+what we see, as because your reputation is placed on a lofty and
+conspicuous pinnacle in the sight of multitudes both of citizens and
+allies; and it is conveyed to us by neither obscure nor uncertain talk,
+but by the loud and unanimous voice of all. There is one thing of which
+I cannot feel certain&mdash;whether to congratulate you, or to be alarmed for
+you on account of the surprising expectation entertained of your return;
+not because I am at all afraid of your not satisfying the world's
+opinion, but, by heaven, lest, when you do come, there may be nothing
+for you to preserve: so universal is the decline and almost extinction
+of all our institutions. But even thus much I am afraid I have been rash
+to trust to a letter: wherefore you shall learn the rest from
+others.<a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a> However, whether you have still some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> hope of the Republic,
+or have given it up in despair, see that you have ready, rehearsed and
+thought out in your mind, all that the citizen and the man should have
+at his command who is destined to restore to its ancient dignity and
+freedom a state crushed and overwhelmed by evil times and profligate
+morals.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXVI_F_II_6" id="CLXXVI_F_II_6"></a>CLXXVI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F II, 6</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<h3>TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ARRIVED IN ITALY)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (? <span class="smcap">July</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>News had not yet reached me of your arrival in Italy when I sent Sext.
+Villius, an intimate of my friend Milo, with this letter to you. But
+nevertheless, since your arrival was thought to be approaching, and it
+was ascertained that you had already started from Asia Rome-wards, the
+importance of my subject made me dismiss any fear of being premature in
+sending you this letter, for I was exceedingly anxious that it should
+reach you as soon as possible. If the obligations, Curio, had only been
+on your side, and as great as they are usually proclaimed by you rather
+than as valued by me, I should have been more shy of coming to you for
+any request of importance which I might have to make. For it is very
+disagreeable to a modest man to ask a great favour from one whom he
+thinks under an obligation to himself, lest he should seem rather to
+demand than to ask what he is seeking, and to regard it more in the
+light of a debt than of a favour. But since your kindnesses to me were
+known to the whole world, or rather I should say were made especially
+prominent and valuable by the very novelty of my circumstances; and
+since it is the mark of a generous heart to be willing, when much is
+owed, to reckon the debt at its highest;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> I did not hesitate to prefer
+to you by letter a petition for what was of the highest importance and
+most vital consequence to me of anything in the world. For I was not
+afraid of being unable to support your kindnesses to me, even though
+they were beyond calculation: especially as I felt confident that there
+was no amount of favour for which my heart was incapable of finding room
+when receiving it, or for which in repayment it could not make a full
+and brilliant return. I have concentrated and embarked all my zeal, all
+my efforts, all the care and industry of which I am capable, my every
+thought, in fact, my whole heart and soul, on securing Milo's
+consulship; and I have made up my mind that in this matter I ought to
+look not merely for the profit arising from an act of kindness, but also
+for the credit of disinterested affection. Nor do I think that anyone
+was ever so anxious about his own personal safety and his own fortunes
+as I am for his election, on which I have made up my mind that all my
+interests depend. To him I see clearly that, if you choose, you can
+render such substantial help that we need ask for nothing else. We have
+on our side all these advantages: the favour of the loyalists won since
+his tribunate on account of his supporting me (as I hope you
+understand); that of the common multitude on account of the splendour of
+his gladiatorial exhibitions and the liberality of his disposition; the
+favour of the young men and of those influential in securing votes, won
+by his own eminent powers of captivation, shall I call it? or his
+diligence in that department; lastly, my own electoral support, which,
+if it is not very powerful, is at any rate regarded as only right, due
+and proper, and on that account is perhaps influential also. What we
+want is a leader, and what I may call a controller, or, so to speak, a
+pilot of those winds which I have described: and if we had to select one
+such out of the whole world, we should have no one to compare with you.
+Wherefore, if (as I am sure you can) you can regard me as a grateful, as
+an honest man, from the mere fact that I am thus eagerly exerting myself
+for Milo, if, in fine, you think me worthy of your kindness, I do ask
+you this favour&mdash;that you come to the rescue of this anxiety of mine and
+this crisis in my reputation, or, to put it with greater truth, that you
+will devote your zeal to what is all but a question of life and death to
+me. As to Titus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> Annius<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> himself, I promise you this much&mdash;that if
+you resolve to embrace his cause, you will never have anyone of greater
+spirit, solidity, firmness, or affection to yourself. While to me you
+will have given so much additional honour and prestige, that I shall
+have no difficulty in acknowledging you to have been as effective in
+supporting my reputation as you were in securing my safety.</p>
+
+<p>Did I not know that you must be fully aware, while writing this letter
+to you, under what a weight of obligation I am labouring, how strongly I
+am bound to work in this election for Milo, not only with every kind of
+exertion, but even with downright fighting, I should have written at
+greater length. As it is, I hand over and commit the business, the
+cause, and myself wholly and entirely into your hands. Of one thing be
+sure: if I obtain this help from you, I shall owe you almost more than I
+owe Milo himself; for my personal safety, in which I have been
+conspicuously aided by him, has not been as dear to me as the sacred
+duty of returning the favour will be delightful. That object I feel
+confident that your aid, and yours alone, will enable me to secure.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXVII_F_XIII_75" id="CLXXVII_F_XIII_75"></a>CLXXVII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XIII, 75</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<h3>TO TITUS TITIUS, A LEGATUS<a name="FNanchor_714_714" id="FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a></h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 53, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 53</div>
+
+<p>Though I have no doubt that my first introduction retains its full value
+in your eyes, I yet yield to the request of a man with whom I am very
+intimate, C. Avianius Flaccus, for whose sake I not only desire, but am
+in duty bound to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> secure every possible favour. In regard to him I both
+spoke earnestly to you in a personal interview&mdash;on which occasion you
+answered me with the greatest kindness&mdash;and have written with full
+particulars to you on a previous occasion; but he thinks it to his
+interest that I should write to you as often as possible. Wherefore I
+would have you pardon me if, in compliance with his wishes, I shall
+appear to be at all forgetful of the stability of your character. What I
+beg of you is this&mdash;that you would accommodate Avianius as to the place
+and time for landing his corn: for which he obtained by my influence a
+three years' licence whilst Pompey was at the head of that business. The
+chief thing is&mdash;and you can therein lay me under the greatest
+obligation&mdash;that you should have convinced Avianius that I enjoy your
+affection, since he thinks himself secure of mine. You will greatly
+oblige me by doing this.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXVIII_F_V_17" id="CLXXVIII_F_V_17"></a>CLXXVIII (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 17</span>)</h2>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52. Coss., from V. Kal, Mart., Cn. Pompeius Magnus
+(alone); from 1st August, with Q. Metellus Scipio.</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>This year again, owing to the riots in the previous year excited by
+Clodius to prevent the election of Milo, began with a series of
+<i>interregna</i> lasting nearly three months, January, February, and
+the intercalary month. On the 17th of January Clodius was killed
+near Bovill&aelig; by Milo's servants, and by his order. Riots followed
+in Rome, the body was burnt in the Curia, which caught fire and was
+destroyed. Cicero undertook Milo's defence under a new law <i>de vi</i>
+brought in by Pompey, but broke down, and Milo was condemned
+(April). Later in the year he successfully prosecuted T. Munatius
+Plancus Bursa, who as tribune had promoted the riots after the
+death of Clodius, and who had also supported the plan of making
+Pompey dictator.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>TO P. SITTIUS<a name="FNanchor_715_715" id="FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a> (IN EXILE)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 54</div>
+
+<p>It was not because I had forgotten our friendship, or had any intention
+of breaking off my correspondence, that I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> not written to you of
+late years. The reason is that the earlier part of them was a period of
+depression owing to the disaster which had befallen the Republic and
+myself, while the later period, with your own most distressing and
+undeserved misfortune, has made me reluctant to write. Since, however, a
+sufficiently long period has now elapsed, and I have recalled with
+greater distinctness your high character and lofty courage, I thought it
+not inconsistent with my purposes to write this to you. For my part, my
+dear P. Sittius, I defended you originally, when an attempt was made in
+your absence to bring you into odium and under a criminal charge; and
+when a charge against you was involved in the accusation and trial of
+your most intimate friend,<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a> I took the very greatest care to
+safeguard your position and justify you. And, again also, on this last
+occasion, soon after my return to Rome, though I found that your case
+had been put on a footing far different from what I should have advised,
+if I had been there, still I omitted nothing that could contribute to
+your security. And though on that occasion the ill-feeling arising from
+the price of corn, the hostility of certain persons, not only to
+yourself, but to all your friends as well, the unfairness of the whole
+trial, and many other abuses in the state, had greater influence than
+the merits of your case or than truth itself, I yet did not fail to
+serve your son Publius with active assistance, advice, personal
+influence, and direct testimony. Wherefore, as I have carefully and
+religiously fulfilled all the other offices of friendship, I thought I
+ought not to omit that of urging upon you and beseeching you to remember
+that you are a human being and a gallant man&mdash;that is, that you should
+bear philosophically accidents which are common to all and incalculable,
+which none of us mortals can shun or forestall<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> by any means whatever:
+should confront with courage such grief as fortune brings: and should
+reflect that not in our state alone, but in all others that have
+acquired an empire, such disasters have in many instances befallen the
+bravest and best from unjust verdicts. Oh that I were writing untruly
+when I say, that you are exiled from a state in which no man of
+foresight can find anything to give him pleasure! As for your son,
+again, I fear that, if I write nothing to you, I may seem not to have
+borne testimony to his high qualities as they deserve; while on the
+other hand, if I write fully all I feel, I fear that my letter may
+irritate the smart of your regret. But, after all, your wisest course
+will be to regard his loyalty, virtue, and steady conduct as being in
+your possession, and as accompanying you wherever you may be: for, in
+truth, what we embrace in imagination is no less ours than what we see
+before our eyes. Wherefore not only ought his brilliant qualities and
+extreme affection for you afford you great consolation, but so also
+ought I and others of your friends who value you, and always will do so,
+not for your position, but your worth; and so, above all else, ought
+your own conscience, when you reflect that you have not deserved
+anything that has befallen you, and when you consider besides that the
+wise are distressed by guilt, not by mischance&mdash;by their own ill-doing,
+not by the misconduct of others. For my part, I shall omit no
+opportunity either of consoling or alleviating your present position;
+for the recollection of our old friendship, and the high character and
+respectful attentions of your son, will keep me in mind of that duty. If
+you, on your part, will mention by letter anything you want, I will take
+care that you shall not think that you have written in vain.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CLXXIX_F_V_18" id="CLXXIX_F_V_18"></a>CLXXIX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F V, 18</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO T. FADIUS<a name="FNanchor_717_717" id="FNanchor_717_717"></a><a href="#Footnote_717_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a> (IN EXILE)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 54</div>
+
+<p>Although I too, who am desirous of consoling you, stand in need of
+consolation myself&mdash;for nothing for a long time past has so deeply
+afflicted me as your disaster&mdash;nevertheless I do strongly not only
+exhort, but even beg and implore you, with all the earnestness that my
+affection dictates, to summon all your energies, to shew a manly
+courage, and to reflect under what conditions all mortals, and in what
+times we particularly, have been born. Your virtue has given you more
+than fortune has taken away: for you have obtained what not many "new
+men" have obtained; you have lost what many men of the highest rank have
+lost. Finally, a state of legislation, law courts, and politics
+generally appears to be imminent, such that the man would seem to be the
+most fortunate who has quitted such a republic as ours with the lightest
+possible penalty. As for you, however&mdash;since you retain your fortune and
+children, with myself and others still very closely united to you,
+whether by relationship or affection&mdash;and since you are likely to have
+much opportunity of living with me and all your friends&mdash;and since,
+again, your condemnation is the only one out of so many that is
+impugned, because, having been passed by one vote (and that a doubtful
+one), it is regarded as a concession to a particular person's
+overwhelming<a name="FNanchor_718_718" id="FNanchor_718_718"></a><a href="#Footnote_718_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a> power&mdash;for all these reasons, I say, you ought<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> to be
+as little distressed as possible at the inconvenience that has befallen
+you. My feeling towards yourself and your children will always be such
+as you wish, and such as it is in duty bound to be.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXX_F_III_1" id="CLXXX_F_III_1"></a>CLXXX (<span class="smcap lowercase">F III, 1</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER<a name="FNanchor_719_719" id="FNanchor_719_719"></a><a href="#Footnote_719_719" class="fnanchor">[719]</a> (IN CILICIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span></h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 54</div>
+
+<p>Cicero to Appius, <i>imperator</i>. Could the Republic itself speak and tell
+you of its state, you would not learn it more easily from its own lips
+than from your freedman Phania: he is a man of such clear insight, as
+well as (in a good sense) of such keen curiosity! Wherefore he shall
+explain everything to you: for that will suit me best by enabling me to
+curtail my letter, and will be more prudent for me in view of other
+circumstances. But in regard to my good feeling towards you, though you
+can learn it from this same Phania, yet I think that I also have
+personally something I ought to say on the subject. For assure yourself
+of this&mdash;that you are exceedingly dear to me, from the many attractions
+of your character, your kindness, and the goodness of your heart, but
+also because from your letter, as well as from the remarks of many, I
+understand that all my conduct towards you has been most warmly
+appreciated by you. And since that is so, I will take means to make up
+for the great loss of time, which we have sustained from this
+interruption of our intercourse, by the liberality, the frequency, and
+the importance of my services; and that I think I shall do, since you
+would have it be so, by no means against the grain, or as the phrase is,
+"against the will of Minerva"&mdash;a goddess by the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> way whom, if I shall
+chance to get possession of a statue of her from your stock, I shall not
+simply designate "Pallas," but "Appias."<a name="FNanchor_720_720" id="FNanchor_720_720"></a><a href="#Footnote_720_720" class="fnanchor">[720]</a> Your freedman Cilix was
+not well known to me before, but when he delivered me your kind and
+affectionate letter, he confirmed the courteous expressions of that
+letter by his own words. I was much gratified by his speech, when he
+described to me your feelings and the remarks which you were daily
+making about me. In short, within two days he became my intimate friend,
+without, however, my ceasing to regret Phania deeply. When you send the
+latter back to Rome, which I imagine you intend speedily to do, pray
+give him instructions as to all matters which you wish to be transacted
+or looked after by me.</p>
+
+<p>I commend L. Valerius the lawyer to you very strongly; not, however, in
+his capacity of lawyer: for I wish to take better precautions for him
+than he does for others. I am really fond of the man: he is one of my
+closest and most intimate friends. In a general way he expresses nothing
+but gratitude to you; but he also says that a letter from me will have
+very great influence with you. I beg you again and again that he may not
+find himself mistaken.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CLXXXI_F_VII_2" id="CLXXXI_F_VII_2"></a>CLXXXI (<span class="smcap lowercase">F VII, 2</span>)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO M. MARIUS (IN CAMPANIA)</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Rome</span> (<span class="smcap">December</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<div class="sidenote"><span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, <span class="smcap lowercase">&AElig;T.</span> 54</div>
+
+<p>I will look after your commission carefully. But, sharp man that you
+are, you have given your commission to the very person above all others
+whose interest it is that the article<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> should fetch the highest possible
+price! However, you have been far-sighted in fixing beforehand how far I
+am to go. But if you had left it to me, I am so much attached to you
+that I would have made a bargain with the heirs: as it is, since I know
+your price, I will put up some one to bid rather than let it go for
+less. But a truce to jesting! I will do your business with all care, as
+in duty bound. I feel sure you are glad about Bursa<a name="FNanchor_721_721" id="FNanchor_721_721"></a><a href="#Footnote_721_721" class="fnanchor">[721]</a>, but your
+congratulations are too half-hearted. For you suppose, as you say in
+your letter, that, owing to the fellow's meanness, I don't look upon it
+as a matter of much rejoicing. I would have you believe that I am more
+pleased with this verdict than with the death of my enemy. For, in the
+first place, I would rather win by legal process than by the sword; in
+the second place, by what brings credit to a friend than by what
+involves his condemnation.<a name="FNanchor_722_722" id="FNanchor_722_722"></a><a href="#Footnote_722_722" class="fnanchor">[722]</a> And, above all, I was delighted that the
+support of the loyalists was given to me so decisively against the
+influence exerted to an incredible degree by a most illustrious and
+powerful personage. Finally&mdash;though, perhaps, you won't think it
+likely&mdash;I hated this man much more than the notorious Clodius himself.
+For the latter I had attacked, the former I had defended. The latter,
+too, though the very existence of the Republic was to be risked in my
+person, had yet a certain great object in view; nor was it wholly on his
+own initiative, but with the support of those who could not be safe as
+long as I was so. But this ape of a fellow, in sheer wantonness, had
+selected me as an object for his invectives, and had persuaded certain
+persons<a name="FNanchor_723_723" id="FNanchor_723_723"></a><a href="#Footnote_723_723" class="fnanchor">[723]</a> who were jealous of me that he would always be a ready
+instrument for an attack upon me. Wherefore I bid you rejoice with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> all
+your heart: a great stroke has been struck. Never were any citizens more
+courageous than those who ventured to vote for his condemnation, in the
+teeth of the immense power of the man by whom the jurors had themselves
+been selected. And this they never would have done had not my grievance
+been theirs also. Here, in Rome, I am so distracted by the number of
+trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,<a name="FNanchor_724_724" id="FNanchor_724_724"></a><a href="#Footnote_724_724" class="fnanchor">[724]</a> that I daily
+offer prayers that there may be no intercalation,<a name="FNanchor_725_725" id="FNanchor_725_725"></a><a href="#Footnote_725_725" class="fnanchor">[725]</a> so that I may see
+you as soon as possible.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX A</h2>
+
+<h3>DE PETITIONE CONSULATUS</h3>
+
+
+<p>[This is rather an essay than a letter, and is not generally included in
+any of the books of the correspondence. To my mind there are indications
+of its being a later composition, the exercise of some one who wished to
+shew the nature of canvassing at the time. Still, there are many
+arguments in favour of regarding it as the composition of Quintus, and
+at any rate it is a contribution to the picture of the times.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER MARCUS (AT ROME)</h3>
+
+<p>I. Although you have all the accomplishments within the reach of human
+genius, experience, or acuteness, yet I thought it only consistent with
+my affection to set down in writing what occurred to my mind while
+thinking, as I do, day and night on your canvass, not with the
+expectation that you would learn anything new from it, but that the
+considerations on a subject, which appeared to be disconnected and
+without system, might be brought under one view by a logical
+arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>Consider what the state is: what it is you seek: who you are that seek
+it. Almost every day as you go down to the forum you should say to
+yourself, "I am a <i>novus homo</i>," "I am a candidate for the consulship,"
+"This is Rome." For the "newness" of your name you will best compensate
+by the brilliancy of your oratory. That has ever carried with it very
+great political distinction. A man who is held worthy of defending
+consulars cannot be thought unworthy of the consulship. Wherefore, since
+your reputation in this is your starting-point, since whatever you are,
+you are from this, approach each individual case with the persuasion
+that on it depends as a whole your entire reputation. See that those
+aids to natural ability, which I know are your special gifts, are ready
+for use and always available; and remember what Demetrius wrote about
+the hard work and practice of Demosthenes; and, finally, take care that
+both the number and rank of your friends are unmistakable. For you have
+such as few <i>novi homines</i> have had&mdash;all the <i>publicani</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> nearly the
+whole equestrian order, many municipal towns specially devoted to you,
+many persons who have been defended by you, men of every order, many
+<i>collegia</i>, and, besides these, a large number of the rising generation
+who have become attached to you in their enthusiasm for rhetoric, and,
+finally, your friends who visit you daily in large numbers and with such
+constant regularity. See that you retain these advantages by reminding
+these persons, by appealing to them, and by using every means to make
+them understand that this, and this only, is the time for those who are
+in your debt to show their gratitude, and for those who wish for your
+services in the future to place you under an obligation. It also seems
+possible that a "new man" may be much assisted by the fact that he has
+the good wishes of men of high rank, and especially of consulars. It is
+a point in your favour that you should be thought worthy of this
+position and rank by the very men to whose position and rank you are
+wishing to attain. All these men must be canvassed with care, agents
+must be sent to them, and they must be convinced that we have always
+been at one with the Optimates in our political sentiments, that we have
+never been demagogues in the very least: that if we seem ever to have
+said anything in the spirit of that party, we did so with the view of
+attracting Cn. Pompeius, that we might have the man of the greatest
+influence either actively on our side in our canvass, or at least not
+opposed to us.<a name="FNanchor_726_726" id="FNanchor_726_726"></a><a href="#Footnote_726_726" class="fnanchor">[726]</a> Farthermore, take pains to get on your side the
+young men of high rank, or retain the affection of those you already
+have. They will contribute much to your political position. You have
+very many; make them feel how much you think depends on them: if you
+induce those to be positively eager who are merely not disinclined, they
+will be of very great advantage to you.</p>
+
+<p>II. It is also a great set-off to your "newness," that the nobles who
+are your competitors are of a such a kind that no one can venture to say
+that their nobility ought to stand them in greater stead than your high
+character. For instance, who could think of P. Galba and L. Cassius,
+though by birth of the highest rank, as candidates for the consulship?
+You see, therefore, that there are men of the noblest families, who from
+defect of ability are not your equals. But, you will say, Catiline and
+Antonius are formidable. Rather I should say that a man of energy,
+industry, unimpeachable character, great eloquence, and high popularity
+with those who are the ultimate judges, should wish for such
+rivals&mdash;both from their boyhood stained<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> with blood and lust, both of
+ruined fortunes. Of one of them we have seen the property put up for
+sale, and actually heard him declare on oath that at Rome he could not
+contend with a Greek or obtain an impartial tribunal.<a name="FNanchor_727_727" id="FNanchor_727_727"></a><a href="#Footnote_727_727" class="fnanchor">[727]</a> We know that
+he was ejected from the senate by the judgment of genuine censors: in
+our pr&aelig;torship we had him as a competitor, with such men as Sabidius and
+Panthera to back him, because he had no one else to appear for him at
+the scrutiny. Yet in this office he bought a mistress from the slave
+market whom he kept openly at his house. Moreover, in his canvass for
+the consulship, he has preferred to be robbing all the innkeepers, under
+the disgraceful pretext of a <i>libera legatio</i>, rather than to be in town
+and supplicate the Roman people. But the other! Good heavens! what is
+his distinction? Is he of equally noble birth? No. Is he richer? No. In
+manliness, then? How do you make that out? Why, because while the former
+fears his own shadow, this man does not even fear the laws!&mdash;A man born
+in the house of a bankrupt father, nurtured in the society of an
+abandoned sister, grown to manhood amidst the massacre of fellow
+citizens, whose first entrance to public life was made by the slaughter
+of Roman knights! For Sulla had specially selected Catiline to command
+that band of Gauls which we remember, who shore off the heads of the
+Titinii and Nannii and Tanusii: and while with them he killed with his
+own hands the best man of the day, his own sister's husband, Quintus
+C&aelig;cilius, who was a Roman eques, a man belonging to no party, always
+quiet by inclination, and then so from age also.</p>
+
+<p>III. Why should I speak of him as a candidate for the consulship, who
+caused M. Marius, a man most beloved by the Roman people, to be beaten
+with vine-rods in the sight of that Roman people from one end of the
+city to the other&mdash;forced him up to the tomb&mdash;rent his frame with every
+kind of torture, and while he was still alive and breathing, cut off his
+head with his sword in his right hand, while he held the hairs on the
+crown of his head with his left, and carried off his head in his own
+hand with streams of blood flowing through his fingers?<a name="FNanchor_728_728" id="FNanchor_728_728"></a><a href="#Footnote_728_728" class="fnanchor">[728]</a> A man who
+afterwards lived with actors and gladiators on such terms that the
+former ministered to his lust, the latter to his crimes&mdash;who never
+approached a place so sacred or holy as not to leave there, even if no
+actual crime were committed, some suspicion<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> of dishonour founded on his
+abandoned character&mdash;a man whose closest friends in the senate were the
+Curii and the Annii, in the auction rooms the Sapal&aelig; and Carrilii, in
+the equestrian order the Pompilii and Vettii&mdash;a man of such consummate
+impudence, such abandoned profligacy, in fine, such cunning and success
+in lasciviousness, that he corrupted young boys when almost in the
+bosoms of their parents? Why should I after this mention Africa to you,
+or the depositions of the witnesses? They are well known&mdash;read them
+again and again yourself. Nevertheless, I think that I should not omit
+to mention that he left that court in the first place as needy as some
+of the jurors were before the trial, and in the second place the object
+of such hatred, that another prosecution against him is called for every
+day. His position is such that he is more likely to be nervous even if
+you do nothing, than contemptuous if you start any proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>What much better fortune in your canvass is yours than that which not
+long ago fell to the lot of another "new man," Gaius C&aelig;lius!<a name="FNanchor_729_729" id="FNanchor_729_729"></a><a href="#Footnote_729_729" class="fnanchor">[729]</a> He had
+two men of the highest rank as competitors, but they were of such a
+character that their rank was the least of their recommendations&mdash;genius
+of the highest order, supreme modesty, very numerous public services,
+most excellent methods of conducting a canvass, and diligence in
+carrying them out. And yet C&aelig;lius, though much inferior in birth, and
+superior in hardly anything, beat one of them. Wherefore, if you do what
+your natural ability and studies, which you have always pursued, enable
+you to do, what the exigencies of your present position require, what
+you are capable of doing and are bound to do, you will not have a
+difficult struggle with competitors who are by no means so conspicuous
+for their birth as notorious for their vices. For what citizen can there
+be found so ill-affected as to wish by one vote to draw two daggers
+against the Republic?</p>
+
+<p>IV. Having thus set forth what advantages you have and might have to set
+against your "newness," I think I ought now to say a word on the
+importance of what you are trying for. You are seeking the consulship,
+an office of which no one thinks you unworthy, but of which there are
+many who will be jealous. For, while by birth of equestrian rank,<a name="FNanchor_730_730" id="FNanchor_730_730"></a><a href="#Footnote_730_730" class="fnanchor">[730]</a>
+you are seeking the highest rank in the state, and yet one which, though
+the highest,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> reflects much greater splendour on a man of courage,
+eloquence, and pure life than on others. Don't suppose that those who
+have already held that office are blind to the political position you
+will occupy, when once you have obtained the same. I suspect, however,
+that those who, though born of consular families, have not attained the
+position of their ancestors, will, unless they happen to be strongly
+attached to you, feel some jealousy. Even "new men" who have been
+pr&aelig;tors I think, unless under great obligations to you, will not like to
+be surpassed by you in official rank. Lastly, in the populace itself, I
+am sure it will occur to you how many are envious, how many, from the
+precedents of recent years, are averse to "new men." It must also needs
+be that some are angry with you in consequence of the causes which you
+have pleaded. Nay, carefully consider this also, whether, seeing that
+you have devoted yourself with such fervour to the promotion of Pompey's
+glory, you can suppose certain men to be your friends on that
+account.<a name="FNanchor_731_731" id="FNanchor_731_731"></a><a href="#Footnote_731_731" class="fnanchor">[731]</a> Wherefore, seeing that you are seeking the highest place
+in the state, and at the same time that there do exist sentiments
+opposed to you, you must positively employ every method, and all your
+vigilance, labour, and attention to business.</p>
+
+<p>V. Again, the canvass for office resolves itself into an activity of two
+kinds, of which one is concerned with the loyalty of friends, the other
+with the feelings of the people. The loyalty of friends must be secured
+by acts of kindness and attention, by length of time, and by an easy and
+agreeable temper. But this word "friends" has a wider application during
+a canvass than in other times of our life. For whosoever gives any sign
+of an inclination to you, or habitually visits at your house, must be
+put down in the category of friends. But yet the most advantageous thing
+is to be beloved and pleasant in the eyes of those who are friends on
+the more regular grounds of relationship by blood or marriage, of
+membership of the same club, or of some close tie or other. Farther, you
+must take great pains that, in proportion as a man is most intimate and
+most closely connected with your household, he should love you and
+desire your highest honour&mdash;as, for instance, your tribesmen,
+neighbours, clients, and finally your freedmen and even your slaves; for
+nearly all the talk which forms one's public reputation emanates from
+domestic sources. In a word, you must secure friends of every class: for
+show&mdash;men conspicuous for their office or name, who, even if they do not
+give any actual assistance in canvassing, yet add some dignity to the
+candidate; to maintain your just rights&mdash;magistrates, consuls first and
+then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> tribunes; to secure the votes of the centuries&mdash;men of eminent
+popularity. Those who either have gained or hope to gain the vote of a
+tribe or century, or any other advantage, through your influence, take
+all pains to collect and secure. For during recent years men of ambition
+have exerted themselves with all their might and main to become sure of
+getting from their tribesmen what they sought. Do you also do your very
+best, by every means in your power, to make such men attached to you
+from the bottom of their hearts and with the most complete devotion. If,
+indeed, men were as grateful as they ought to be, all this should be
+ready to your hand, as I trust in fact that it is. For within the last
+two years you have put under an obligation to you four clubs of men who
+have the very greatest influence in promoting an election, those of C.
+Fundanius, Q. Gallius, C. Cornelius, C. Orchivius.<a name="FNanchor_732_732" id="FNanchor_732_732"></a><a href="#Footnote_732_732" class="fnanchor">[732]</a> When they
+committed the defence of these men to you, I am acquainted with what
+their clubsmen undertook and promised you to do, for I was present at
+the interview. Wherefore you must insist at the present juncture on
+exacting from them your due by reminding them, appealing to them,
+solemnly assuring them, and taking care that they thoroughly understand
+that they will never have any other opportunity of shewing their
+gratitude. I cannot doubt that these men, from hope of your services in
+the future as well as from the benefits recently received, will be
+roused to active exertions. And speaking generally, since your
+candidature is most strongly supported by that class of friendships
+which you have gained as a counsel for the defence, take care that to
+all those, whom you have placed under this obligation to you, their duty
+should in every case be clearly defined and set forth. And as you have
+never been in any matter importunate with them, so be careful that they
+understand that you have reserved for this occasion all that you
+consider them to owe you.</p>
+
+<p>VI. But since men are principally induced to shew goodwill and zeal at
+the hustings by three considerations&mdash;kindness received, hope of more,
+personal affection and good feeling&mdash;we must take notice how best to
+take advantage of each of these. By very small favours men are induced
+to think that they have sufficient reason for giving support at the
+poll, and surely those you have saved (and their number is very large)
+cannot fail to understand that, if at this supreme crisis they fail to
+do what you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> wish, they will never have anyone's confidence. And though
+this is so, nevertheless they must be appealed to, and must even be led
+to think it possible that they, who have hitherto been under an
+obligation to us, may now put us under an obligation to them. Those,
+again, who are influenced by hope (a class of people much more apt to be
+scrupulously attentive) you must take care to convince that your
+assistance is at their service at any moment, and to make them
+understand that you are carefully watching the manner in which they
+perform the duties they owe you, and to allow no mistake to exist as to
+your clearly perceiving and taking note of the amount of support coming
+from each one of them. The third class which I mentioned is that of
+spontaneous and sincere friends, and this class you will have to make
+more secure by expressions of your gratitude; by making your words tally
+with the motives which it shall appear to you influenced them in taking
+up your cause; by shewing that the affection is mutual; and by
+suggesting that your friendship with them may ripen into intimacy and
+familiar intercourse. In all these classes alike consider and weigh
+carefully the amount of influence each possesses, in order to know both
+the kind of attention to pay to each, and what you are to expect and
+demand from each. For certain men are popular in their own
+neighbourhoods and towns; there are others possessed of energy and
+wealth, who, even if they have not heretofore sought such popularity,
+can yet easily obtain it at the moment for the sake of one to whom they
+owe or wish to do a favour. Your attention to such classes of men must
+be such as to shew them that you clearly understand what is to be
+expected from each, that you appreciate what you are receiving, and
+remember what you have received. There are, again, others who either
+have no influence or are positively disliked by their tribesmen, and
+have neither the spirit nor the ability to exert themselves on the spur
+of the moment: be sure you distinguish between such men, that you may
+not be disappointed in your expectation of support by placing over-much
+hope on some particular person.</p>
+
+<p>VII. But although you ought to rely on, and be fortified by, friendships
+already gained and firmly secured, yet in the course of the canvass
+itself very numerous and useful friendships are acquired. For among its
+annoyances a candidature has this advantage: you can without loss of
+dignity, as you cannot in other affairs of life, admit whomsoever you
+choose to your friendship, to whom if you were at any other time to
+offer your society, you would be thought guilty of an eccentricity;
+whereas during a canvass, if you don't do so with many, and take pains
+about it besides, you would be thought to be no use as a candidate at
+all. Moreover, I can assure you of this, that there is no one, unless he
+happens to be bound by some special tie to some one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> of your rivals,
+whom you could not induce, if you took pains, to earn your affection by
+his good services, and to seize the opportunity of putting you under an
+obligation&mdash;let him but fully understand that you value him highly, that
+you really mean what you say, that he is making a good investment, and
+that there will accrue from it not only a brief and electioneering
+friendship, but a firm and lasting one. There will be no one, believe
+me, if he has anything in him at all, who will let slip this opportunity
+offered of establishing a friendship with you, especially when by good
+luck you have competitors whose friendship is one to be neglected or
+avoided, and who not only are unable to secure what I am urging you to
+secure, but cannot even make the first step towards it. For how should
+Antonius make the first step towards attaching people to himself, when
+he cannot even call them, unaided, by their proper names? I, for one,
+think that there can be no greater folly than to imagine a man
+solicitous to serve you whom you don't know by sight. Extraordinary
+indeed must be the fame, the political position and extent of the public
+services of that man whom entire strangers, without supporters to back
+him, would elect to office. That a man without principle or energy,
+without doing any good service, and without ability, lying under a cloud
+of discredit, and without friends, should beat a man fortified with the
+devotion of a numerous circle and by the good opinion of all, cannot
+possibly occur except from gross negligence.</p>
+
+<p>VIII. Wherefore see that you have the votes of all the centuries secured
+to you by the number and variety of your friends. The first and most
+obvious thing is that you should embrace the Roman senators and knights,
+and the active and popular men of all the other orders. There are many
+city men of good business habits, there are many freedmen engaged in the
+forum who are popular and energetic: these men try with all your might
+both personally and by common friends, as far as you can, to make eager
+in your behalf; seek them out, send agents to them, shew them that they
+are putting you under the greatest obligation. After that review the
+entire city, all colleges, districts, neighbourhoods. If you attach to
+yourself the leading men of these, you will by their means easily keep a
+hold upon the multitude. When you have done that, take care to have in
+your mind a chart of all Italy laid out according to the tribe of each
+town, and learn it by heart, so that you may not allow any <i>municipium</i>,
+colony, prefecture, or, in a word, any spot in Italy to exist, in which
+you have not a sufficient foothold. Inquire also for and trace out
+individuals in every region, inform yourself about them, seek them out,
+strengthen their resolution, secure that in their own neighbourhoods
+they shall canvass for you, and be as it were candidates in your
+interest. They will wish for you as a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> friend, if they once see that
+their friendship is an object with you. Make sure that they <i>do</i>
+understand this by directing your speech specially to this point. Men of
+country towns, or from the country, think themselves in the position of
+friends if we of the city know them by name: if, however, they think
+that they are besides securing some protection for themselves, they do
+not let slip the opportunity of being obliging. Of such people others in
+town, and above all your rivals, don't so much as know the existence:
+you know about them and will easily recognize them, without which
+friendship is impossible. Nor is such recognition enough (though it is a
+great thing) unless some hope of material advantage and active
+friendship follows, for your object is not to be looked upon as a mere
+"nomenclator," but as a sincere friend also. So when you have both got
+the favour of these same men in the centuries, who from the means they
+have taken to secure their personal objects enjoy most popularity among
+their fellow tribesmen; and have made those all desirous of your success
+who have influence in any section of their tribe, owing to
+considerations attaching to their municipality or neighbourhood or
+college, then you may allow yourself to entertain the highest hopes.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the centuries of the knights appear to me capable of being won
+over, if you are careful, with considerably more ease. Let your first
+care be to acquaint yourself with the knights; for they are
+comparatively few: then make advances to them, for it is much easier to
+gain the friendship of young men at their time of life. Then again, you
+have on your side the best of the rising generation, and the most
+devoted to learning. Moreover, as the equestrian order is yours, they
+will follow the example of that order, if only you take the trouble to
+confirm the support of those centuries, not only by the general good
+affection of the order, but also by the friendships of individuals.
+Finally, the hearty zeal of the young in canvassing for votes, appearing
+at various places, bringing intelligence, and being in attendance on you
+in public are surprisingly important as well as creditable.</p>
+
+<p>IX. And since I have mentioned "attendance," I may add that you should
+be careful to see large companies every day of every class and order;
+for from the mere number of these a guess may well be made as to the
+amount of support you are likely to have in the <i>campus</i> itself. Such
+visitors are of three kinds: one consists of morning callers who come to
+your house, a second of those who escort you to the forum, a third of
+those who attend you on your canvass. In the case of the morning
+callers, who are less select and, according to the prevailing fashion,
+come in greater numbers, you must contrive to make them think that you
+value even this slight attention very highly. Let those who shall come
+to your house see that you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> notice it; shew your gratification to such
+of their friends as will repeat it to them; frequently mention it to the
+persons themselves. It often happens that people, when they visit a
+number of candidates, and observe that there is one who above the rest
+notices these attentions, devote themselves to him; leave off visiting
+the others; little by little become devoted to one instead of being
+neutral, and from sham turn out real supporters. Farthermore, carefully
+remember this, if you have been told or have discovered that a man who
+has given you his promise is "dressing for the occasion," as the phrase
+goes, make as though you had neither heard it nor knew it; if any offers
+to clear himself to you, because he thinks himself suspected, assert
+roundly that you have never doubted his sincerity and have no right to
+doubt it. For the man who thinks that he is not giving satisfaction can
+never be a friend. You ought, however, to know each man's real feeling,
+in order to settle how much confidence to place in him.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, of those who escort you to the forum: since this is a greater
+attention than a morning call, indicate and make clear that it is still
+more gratifying to you, and as far as it shall lie in your power go down
+to the forum at fixed times. The daily escort by its numbers produces a
+great impression and confers great personal distinction. The third class
+is that of numbers perpetually attending you on your canvass. See that
+those who do so spontaneously understand that you regard yourself as for
+ever obliged by their extreme kindness: from those, on the other hand,
+who owe you this attention, frankly demand that, as far as their age and
+business allow, they should constantly be in personal attendance, and
+that those who are unable to accompany you in person should find
+relations to take their place in performing this duty. I am very
+anxious, and think it extremely important, that you should always be
+surrounded by large numbers. Besides, it confers a great reputation and
+great distinction to be accompanied by those who by your exertions have
+been defended, preserved, and acquitted in the law courts. Put this
+demand fairly before them, that, since by your means and without any
+payment some have retained their property, others their honour, others
+their civil existence and entire fortunes, and since there will never be
+any other time at which they can show their gratitude, they should
+remunerate you by this service.</p>
+
+<p>X. And since the point now in discussion is entirely a question of the
+loyalty of friends, I must not, I think, pass over one caution.
+Deception, intrigue, and treachery are everywhere. This is not the time
+for a formal disquisition on the indications by which a true friend may
+be distinguished from a false: all that is in place now is to give you a
+hint. Your exalted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> character has compelled many to pretend to be your
+friends while really jealous of you. Wherefore remember the saying of
+Epicharmus, "the muscle and bone of wisdom is to believe nothing
+rashly." Again, when you have got the feelings of your friends in a
+sound state, you must then acquaint yourself with the attitude and
+varieties of your detractors and opponents. There are three: first,
+those whom you have attacked; second, those who dislike you without
+definite reason; third, those who are warm friends of your competitors.
+As to those attacked by you while pleading a friend's cause against
+them, frankly excuse yourself; remind them of the ties constraining you;
+give them reason to hope that you will act with equal zeal and loyalty
+in their cases, if they become your friends. As for those who dislike
+you without reason, do your best to remove that prejudice either by some
+actual service, or by holding out hopes of it, or by indicating your
+kindly feeling towards them. As for those whose wishes are against you
+owing to friendship for your competitors, gratify them also by the same
+means as the former, and, if you can get them to believe it, shew that
+you are kindly disposed to the very men who are standing against you.</p>
+
+<p>XI. Having said enough about securing friendships, I must now speak on
+another department of a candidate's task, which is concerned with the
+conciliation of the people. This demands a knack of remembering names,
+insinuating manners, constant attendance, liberality, the power of
+setting a report afloat and creating a hopeful feeling in the state.
+First of all, make the faculty you possess of recognizing people
+conspicuous, and go on increasing and improving it every day. I don't
+think there is anything so popular or so conciliatory. Next, if nature
+has denied you some quality, resolve to assume it, so as to appear to be
+acting naturally. Although nature has great force, yet in a business
+lasting only a few months it seems probable that the artificial may be
+the more effective. For though you are not lacking in the courtesy which
+good and polite men should have, yet there is great need of a flattering
+manner which, however faulty and discreditable in other transactions of
+life, is yet necessary during a candidateship. For when it makes a man
+worse by truckling, it is wrong; but when only more friendly, it does
+not deserve so harsh a term; while it is absolutely necessary to a
+candidate, whose face and expression and style of conversation have to
+be varied and accommodated to the feelings and tastes of everyone he
+meets. As for "constant attendance," there is no need of laying down any
+rule, the phrase speaks for itself. It is, of course, of very great
+consequence not to go away anywhere; but the real advantage of such
+constant attendance is not only the being at Rome and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> the forum, but
+the pushing one's canvass assiduously, the addressing oneself again and
+again to the same persons, the making it impossible (as far as your
+power goes) for anyone to say that he has not been asked by you, and
+earnestly and carefully asked. Liberality is, again, of wide
+application; it is shewn in regard to the management of your private
+property, which, even if it does not actually reach the multitude, yet,
+if spoken of with praise by friends, earns the favour of the multitude.
+It may also be displayed in banquets, which you must take care to attend
+yourself and to cause your friends to attend, whether open ones or those
+confined to particular tribes. It may, again, be displayed in giving
+practical assistance, which I would have you render available far and
+wide: and be careful therein to be accessible to all by day and night,
+and not only by the doors of your house, but by your face and
+countenance, which is the door of the mind; for, if that shews your
+feelings to be those of reserve and concealment, it is of little good to
+have your house doors open. For men desire not only to have promises
+made them, especially in their applications to a candidate, but to have
+them made in a liberal and complimentary manner. Accordingly, it is an
+easy rule to make, that you should indicate that whatever you are going
+to do you will do with heartiness and pleasure; it is somewhat more
+difficult, and rather a concession to the necessities of the moment than
+to your inclination, that when you cannot do a thing you should [either
+promise] or put your refusal pleasantly: the latter is the conduct of a
+good man, the former of a good candidate. For when a request is made
+which we cannot grant with honour or without loss to ourselves, for
+instance, if a man were to ask us to appear in a suit against a friend,
+a refusal must be given in a gentlemanly way: you must point out to him
+that your hands are tied, must shew that you are exceedingly sorry, must
+convince him that you will make up for it in other ways.</p>
+
+<p>XII. I have heard a man say about certain orators, to whom he had
+offered his case, "that he had been better pleased with the words of the
+one who declined, than of the one who accepted." So true it is that men
+are more taken by look and words than by actual services. [This latter
+course, however, you will readily approve: the former it is somewhat
+difficult to recommend to a Platonist like you, but yet I will have
+regard for your present circumstances.] For even those to whom you are
+forced by any other tie to refuse your advocacy may yet quit you
+mollified and with friendly feelings. But those to whom you only excuse
+a refusal by saying that you are hindered by the affairs of closer
+friends, or by cases more important or previously undertaken, quit you
+with hostile feelings, and are one and all disposed to prefer an
+insincere promise to a direct<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> negative from you. C. Cotta, a master in
+the art of electioneering, used to say that, "so long as the request was
+not directly contrary to moral duty, he used to promise his assistance
+to all, to bestow it on those with whom he thought it would be most
+advantageously invested: he did not refuse anyone, because something
+often turned up to prevent the person whom he promised from availing
+himself of it, and it often also occurred that he himself was less
+engaged than he had thought at the time; nor could anyone's house be
+full of suitors who only undertook what he saw his way to perform: by
+some accident or other the unexpected often happens, while business,
+which you have believed to be actually in hand, from some cause or other
+does not come off: moreover, the worst that can happen is that the man
+to whom you have made a false promise is angry." This last risk,
+supposing you to make the promise, is uncertain, is prospective, and
+only affects a few; but, if you refuse, the offence given is certain,
+immediate, and more widely diffused. For many more ask to be allowed to
+avail themselves of the help of another than actually do so. Wherefore
+it is better that some of them should at times be angry with you in the
+forum, than all of them perpetually at your own house: especially as
+they are more inclined to be angry with those who refuse, than with a
+man whom they perceive to be prevented by so grave a cause as to be
+compatible with the desire to fulfil his promise if he possibly could.
+But that I may not appear to have abandoned my own classification, since
+the department of a candidate's work on which I am now dilating is that
+which refers to the populace, I insist on this, that all these
+observations have reference not so much to the feelings of friends as to
+popular rumour. Though there is something in what I say which comes
+under the former head&mdash;such as answering with kindness, and giving
+zealous assistance in the business and the dangers of friends&mdash;yet in
+this part of my argument I am speaking of the things which enable you to
+win over the populace: for instance, the having your house full of
+visitors before daybreak, the securing the affection of many by giving
+them hope of your support, the contriving that men should leave you with
+more friendly feelings than they came, the filling the ears of as many
+as possible with the most telling words.</p>
+
+<p>XIII. For my next theme must be popular report, to which very great
+attention must be paid. But what I have said throughout the foregoing
+discourse applies also to the diffusion of a favourable report: the
+reputation for eloquence; the favour of the <i>publicani</i> and equestrian
+order; the goodwill of men of rank; the crowd of young men; the constant
+attendance of those whom you have defended; the number of those from
+municipal towns who have notoriously come to Rome on your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> account; the
+observations which men make in your favour&mdash;that you recognize them,
+address them politely, are assiduous and earnest in canvassing; that
+they speak and think of you as kind and liberal; the having your house
+full of callers long before daybreak; the presence of large numbers of
+every class; that your look and speech give satisfaction to all, your
+acts and deeds to many; that everything is done which can be done by
+hard work, skill, and attention, not to cause the fame arising from all
+these displays of feeling to reach the people, but to bring the people
+itself to share them. You have already won the city populace and the
+affections of those who control the public meetings by your panegyric of
+Pompey, by undertaking the cause of Manilius, by your defence of
+Cornelius.<a name="FNanchor_733_733" id="FNanchor_733_733"></a><a href="#Footnote_733_733" class="fnanchor">[733]</a> We must not let those advantages be forgotten, which
+hitherto no one has had without possessing at the same time the favour
+of the great. We must also take care that everyone knows that Cn.
+Pompeius is strongly in your favour, and that it emphatically suits his
+purpose that you should win your election. Lastly, take care that your
+whole candidature is full of <i>&eacute;clat</i>, brilliant, splendid, suited to the
+popular taste, presenting a spectacle of the utmost dignity and
+magnificence. See also, if possible, that some new scandal is started
+against your competitors for crime or looseness of life or corruption,
+such as is in harmony with their characters.</p>
+
+<p>Above all in this election you must see that the Republic entertains a
+good hope and an honourable opinion of you. And yet you must not enter
+upon political measures in senate-house and public meeting while a
+candidate: you must hold such things in abeyance, in order that from
+your lifelong conduct the senate may judge you likely to be the
+supporter of their authority; the Roman knights, along with the
+loyalists and wealthy, judge you from your past to be eager for peace
+and quiet times; and the people think of you as not likely to be hostile
+to their interests from the fact that in your style of speaking in
+public meetings, and in your declared convictions, you have been on the
+popular side.</p>
+
+<p>XIV. This is what occurred to me to say on the subject of these two
+morning reflexions, which I said you ought to turn over in your mind
+every day as you went down to the forum: "I am a <i>novus homo</i>," "I am a
+candidate for the consulship." There remains the third, "This is Rome,"
+a city made up of a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> combination of nations, in which many snares, much
+deception, many vices enter into every department of life: in which you
+have to put up with the arrogant pretensions, the wrong-headedness, the
+ill-will, the hauteur, the disagreeable temper and offensive manners of
+many. I well understand that it requires great prudence and skill for a
+man, living among social vices of every sort, so many and so serious, to
+avoid giving offence, causing scandal, or falling into traps, and in his
+single person to adapt himself to such a vast variety of character,
+speech, and feeling. Wherefore, I say again and again, go on
+persistently in the path you have begun: put yourself above rivalry in
+eloquence; it is by this that people at Rome are charmed and attracted,
+as well as deterred from obstructing a man's career or inflicting an
+injury upon him. And since the chief plague spot of our state is that it
+allows the prospect of a bribe to blind it to virtue and worth, be sure
+that you are fully aware of your own strength, that is, understand that
+you are the man capable of producing in the minds of your rivals the
+strongest fear of legal proceeding and legal peril. Let them know that
+they are watched and scrutinized by you: they will be in terror of your
+energy, as well as of your influence and power of speech, and above all
+of the affection of the equestrian order towards you. But though I wish
+you to hold out this before them, I do not wish you to make it appear
+that you are already meditating an action, but to use this terror so as
+to facilitate the gaining of your object: and, in a word, in this
+contest strain every nerve and use every faculty in such a way as to
+secure what we seek. I notice that there are no elections so deeply
+tainted with corruption, but that some centuries return men closely
+connected with them without receiving money. Therefore, if we are as
+vigilant as the greatness of our object demands, and rouse our
+well-wishers to put forth all their energies; and if we allot to men of
+influence and zeal in our service their several tasks; if we put before
+our rivals the threat of legal proceedings; if we inspire their agents
+with fear, and by some means check the distributors, it is possible to
+secure either that there shall be no bribery or that it shall be
+ineffectual.</p>
+
+<p>These are the points that I thought, not that I knew better than you,
+but that I could more easily than you&mdash;in the pressing state of your
+present engagements&mdash;collect together and send you written out. And
+although they are written in such terms as not to apply to all
+candidates for office, but to your special case and to your particular
+election, yet I should be glad if you would tell me of anything that
+should be corrected or entirely struck out, or that has been omitted.
+For I wish this little essay "on the duties of a candidate" to be
+regarded as complete in every respect.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX B</h2>
+
+<h3>L. VETTIUS (<span class="smcap">Letter L, a ii</span>, 24)</h3>
+
+
+<p>L. Vettius, a kind of Titus Oates, was like the witness in "Great
+Expectations," prepared to swear "mostly anything." The interest
+attaching to such a sordid person is confined to the question whether he
+was really acting with the connivance of, or under an agreement with,
+any of the leading politicians of the day. If the principle of <i>cui
+bono</i> is applied, it is evident that the gainers were the party of the
+trumvirs, whose popularity would be increased by a belief being created
+that their opponents the Optimates were prepared to adopt extreme
+measures to get rid of them. It would give them just the advantage which
+the Rye House plot gave Charles II. This is Cicero's view, it seems, of
+the matter, as insinuated in this letter and in his speech against
+Vatinius (&sect;&sect; 24-26; cp. <i>pro Sest.</i> &sect; 132). In the letter, however, his
+insinuations seem directed against C&aelig;sar: in the speech Vatinius is the
+scape-goat. But Vettius was not only a liar, but a bad liar. He made
+blunders; and when he brought in the name of Bibulus, he was not aware
+that Bibulus had got scent of something going on, and had secured
+himself by giving Pompey warning. He also did not tell consistent
+stories, mentioning names (such as that of Brutus) at one time, and
+withdrawing them at another. He was accordingly wholly discredited, and
+could therefore expect no protection from C&aelig;sar, who had been careful
+not to commit himself; and he had nothing for it but suicide, like
+Pigott at the time of the Parnell Commission.</p>
+
+<p>Cicero, then, would have us believe that Vettius had been instigated by
+Vatinius (acting for C&aelig;sar) to name Bibulus, L. Lucullus, Curio (father
+and son), L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Lentulus, L. Paullus, Cicero
+himself, his son-in-law Piso, and M. Laterensis, as having been all more
+or less privy to the plot to murder Pompey and C&aelig;sar. That there was
+absolutely no such plot, and that Vettius broke down hopelessly when
+questioned. That the object was, (1) to irritate Pompey with the
+Optimates and so confirm him in his alliance with C&aelig;sar, (2) to
+discredit the Optimates generally.</p>
+
+<p>It may be well to state briefly the views put forward by our other
+authorities for this period.</p>
+
+<p>(1.) Suetonius (<i>C&aelig;s. 20</i>) appears to attribute the instigation of
+Vettius to C&aelig;sar, as also the murder of Vettius in prison,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> after he
+broke down so flagrantly. The text of this passage, however, is somewhat
+doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>(2.) Appian (<i>B. C.</i> ii. 12) describes the scene as happening at the
+time that C&aelig;sar's agrarian law was being passed, and Bibulus was hustled
+in the forum. Vettius, with a drawn dagger, rushed into the crowd crying
+out that he had been sent by Bibulus, Cicero, and Cato to assassinate
+C&aelig;sar and Pompey, and that an attendant of Bibulus had given him the
+dagger. Vettius was arrested, put into prison to be questioned the next
+day, and was murdered during the night. C&aelig;sar meanwhile addressed the
+people and excited their anger; but after the death of Vettius the
+matter was hushed up.</p>
+
+<p>(3.) Plutarch (<i>Lucull.</i> 42) says that the "Pompeians," annoyed at
+finding the union with C&aelig;sar opposed by the leading Optimates, induced
+Vettius to accuse Lucullus and others of a plot to assassinate Pompey;
+and that the corpse of Vettius shewed evident signs of violence.</p>
+
+<p>(4.) Dio Cassius (38-39) says bluntly that Vettius was employed by
+Lucullus and Cicero to assassinate Pompey, and was got rid of in prison.
+He adds that Vettius was discredited by bringing in the name of Bibulus,
+who (as Cicero also says) had secured himself by giving Pompey warning.</p>
+
+<p>The conclusions seem to be (though in such a tangled skein of lies it is
+impossible to be sure), (1) that there was no plot, properly so called,
+though many of the Optimates, and Cicero among them, had used incautious
+language; (2) that Vettius was suborned by some person or party of
+persons to make the people believe that there was one; (3) that
+C&aelig;sar&mdash;though there is not sufficient evidence to shew that he had been
+the instigator&mdash;was willing to take advantage of the prejudice created
+by the suspicions thus aroused; (4) that though Vettius had served
+Cicero in his capacity of spy in the days of the Catilinarian
+conspiracy, and was able to report words of his sufficiently
+characteristic, yet this letter to Atticus exonerates Cicero from
+suspicion, even if there were a plot, and even if we could believe that
+he could have brought himself to plot the death of Pompey.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX C</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The following letters to Tiro, with one from Quintus in regard to
+his manumission, are given here because of the difficulty of dating
+them. The indications of time are as follows. I. Those addressed to
+Tiro are earlier than that of Quintus, because they refer to a
+promised emancipation, while that of Quintus speaks of it as
+accomplished. II. The letter of Quintus is after the emancipation
+of his own freedman Statius, which apparently took place <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59.
+III. Quintus is at a distance from Italy, and is looking forward to
+rejoin his brother and family. IV. Cicero is engaged on some more
+than ordinary literary work. V. Pompey is visiting Cicero in his
+Cuman villa. Now after his return from Asia (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58), Quintus was
+only twice thus distant, in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57-56 in Sardinia, and in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+54-53 in Britain and Gaul. In both of these periods Cicero was
+engaged on literary work; in the former on the <i>de Oratore</i>, in the
+latter on the <i>de Republica</i>. There is really no means of deciding
+between these two. It is even possible that they might be placed
+some time during the proprietorship of Quintus in Asia (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+62-59), during which Cicero was engaged, among other things, on a
+poem on his own times and a history of his consulship. Tiro&mdash;or M.
+Tullius Tiro, as he was called after his emancipation&mdash;was not a
+young man, and may well have been emancipated even in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59.
+According to Hieronymus, he died in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 5 in his hundredth year.
+He was therefore little more than a year younger than Cicero
+himself. The illness of Tiro must have been an earlier one than
+that of which we shall hear much in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 50-49.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>I (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XVI</span>, 13)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TIRO</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">(Cum&aelig;) 10 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>I shall consider that I have everything possible from you, if I see you
+in good health. I am awaiting the arrival of Andricus, whom I sent to
+you, with the utmost anxiety. Do take pains to recover, if you love me:
+and as soon as you have thoroughly re-established your health, come to
+me. Good-bye.</p>
+
+<p>10 April.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span></p>
+<h2>II (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XVI</span>, 14)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TIRO</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">(Cum&aelig;) 11 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>Andricus arrived a day later than I expected him, and accordingly I had
+a night of terror and unhappiness. Your letter does not make me at all
+more certain of your state, and yet it did revive me. I can take
+pleasure in nothing; can employ myself in no literary work, which I
+cannot touch till I have seen you. Give orders to promise the doctor any
+fee he chooses to ask. I wrote to that effect to Ummidius. I am told
+that your mind is ill at ease, and that the doctor says this is what
+makes you ill. If you care for me, rouse from their sleep your studies
+and your culture, which make you the dearest object of my affection. It
+is your mind that requires strengthening now, in order that your body
+may also recover. Pray do it both for your own and my sake. Keep Acastus
+with you to help to nurse you. Preserve yourself for me. The day for the
+fulfilment of my promise is at hand, and I will be true to it, if you
+only come. Good-bye, good-bye!</p>
+
+<p>11 April, noon.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>III (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XVI</span>, 15)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TIRO</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">(Cum&aelig;) 12 April</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>&AElig;gypta arrived on the 12th of April. Though he brought the news that you
+were entirely without fever and were pretty well, yet he caused me
+anxiety by saying that you had not been able to write to me: and all the
+more so because Hermia, who ought to have arrived on the same<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> day, has
+not done so. I am incredibly anxious about your health. If you will
+relieve me from that, I will <i>liberate</i> you from every burden. I would
+have written at greater length, if I had thought that you were now
+capable of taking any pleasure in reading a letter. Concentrate your
+whole intelligence, which I value above everything, upon preserving
+yourself for your own and my benefit. Use your utmost diligence, I
+repeat, in nursing your health. Good-bye.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;When I had finished the above Hermia arrived. I have your letter
+written in a shaky hand, and no wonder after so serious an illness. I am
+sending &AElig;gypta back to stay with you, because he is by no means without
+feeling, and seems to me to be attached to you, and with him a cook for
+your especial use. Good-bye!</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>IV (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XVI</span>, 10)</h2>
+
+<h3>TO TIRO</h3>
+
+<h4><span class="smcap">Cum&aelig;, 19 May</span></h4>
+
+
+<p>I of course wish you to come to me, but I dread the journey for you. You
+have been most seriously ill: you have been much reduced by a low diet
+and purgatives, and the ravages of the disease itself. After dangerous
+illnesses, if some mistake is made, drawbacks are usually dangerous.
+Moreover, to the two days on the road which it will have taken you to
+reach Cum&aelig;, there will have to be added at once five more for your
+return journey to Rome. I mean to be at Formi&aelig; on the 30th: be sure, my
+dear Tiro, that I find you there strong and well. My poor studies, or
+rather <i>ours</i>, have been in a very bad way owing to your absence.
+However, they have looked up a little owing to this letter from you
+brought by Acastus. Pompey is staying with me at the moment of writing
+this, and seems to be cheerful and enjoying himself. He asks me to read
+him something of ours, but I told him that without you the oracle was
+dumb. Pray prepare to renew your services to our Muses. My promise shall
+be <i>performed</i> on the day<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> named: for I have taught you the etymology of
+<i>fides</i>.<a name="FNanchor_734_734" id="FNanchor_734_734"></a><a href="#Footnote_734_734" class="fnanchor">[734]</a> Take care to make a complete recovery. I shall be with you
+directly. Good-bye.</p>
+
+<p>19 May.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>V (<span class="smcap lowercase">F XVI</span>, 16)</h2>
+
+<h3>Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER</h3>
+
+<h4>(<span class="smcap">Gaul?</span>)</h4>
+
+
+<p>As I hope to see you again, my dear Marcus, and my own son Cicero, and
+your Tulliola and your son, I am delighted about Tiro. He was much too
+good for his position, and I am truly glad that you preferred that he
+should be our freedman and friend rather than our slave. Believe me,
+when I read your letter and his I jumped for joy, and I both thank and
+congratulate you: for if the fidelity and good character of my own
+Statius is a delight to me, how much more valuable must those same
+qualities be in your man, since there is added to them knowledge of
+literature, conversational powers, and culture, which have advantages
+even over those useful virtues! I have all sorts of most conclusive
+reasons for loving you: and here is another one, either for what you
+have done, or, if you choose, for your perfect manner of announcing it
+to me. Your letter shewed me your whole heart. I have promised Sabinus's
+servants all they asked, and I will perform my promise.</p>
+
+
+<h5>END OF VOL. I.</h5>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> That Cicero up to the time of his consulship had been
+connected rather with the <i>populares</i> is illustrated by Quintus (<i>de
+Petit.</i> i.) urging him to make it clear that he had never been a
+demagogue, but that if he had ever spoken "in the spirit of the popular
+party, he had done so with the view of attracting Pompey."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>De Orat.</i> ii. &sect;&sect; 1, 2.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "The city, the city, my dear Rufus&mdash;stick to that, and live
+in its full light. Residence elsewhere&mdash;as I made up my mind early in
+life&mdash;is mere eclipse and obscurity to those whose energy is capable of
+shining at Rome."&mdash;<i>Fam.</i> ii. 12 (vol. ii., p. 166).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Even at these he found troublesome people to interrupt him.
+See vol. i., pp. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Yet the announcement of the birth of his son (p. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>) and of
+the dangerous confinement of Tullia (vol. ii., p. 403) are almost
+equally brief.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See <a href="#XXVI_A_II_1"><i>Att.</i> ii. 1</a>, vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; Plut. <i>Cic.</i> 13; Cic. <i>in
+Pis.</i> &sect; 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Die Entstchungsgeschichte der catilinarischen
+Verschw&ouml;rung</i>, by Dr. Constantin John, 1876. I am still of opinion that
+Plutarch's statement can be strongly supported.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> C&aelig;sar said, &#959;&#8058; &#956;&#8052;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#8053;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8054; &#964;&#959;&#8144;&#962;
+&#960;&#945;&#961;&#949;&#955;&#951;&#955;&#965;&#952;&#8057;&#963;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#8160;&#964;&#8057;&#957; &#964;&#953;&#957;&#945; &#957;&#8057;&#956;&#959;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#947;&#947;&#961;&#8049;&#966;&#949;&#963;&#952;&#945;&#953; (Dio, xxxviii. 17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "The man who did not so much as raise me up, when I threw
+myself at his feet."&mdash;<i>Att.</i> x. 4 (vol. ii., p. 362). Similar allusions
+to Pompey's conduct to him on the occasion often occur.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See vol. i., pp. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; cp. <i>pro Planc.</i> &sect;&sect; 95-96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <a href="#CLII_F_I_9"><i>Fam.</i> i. 9, 15</a> (vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_316">316</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Letter <a href="#CVII_A_IV_5">CVII</a>, vol. i., pp. <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Ever since its capture in the second Punic War, Capua had
+ceased to have any corporate existence, and its territory had been <i>ager
+publicus</i>, let out to tenants (<i>aratores</i>). C&aelig;sar had restored its
+corporate existence by making it a <i>colonia</i>, and much of the land had
+been allotted to veterans of his own and Pompey's armies. The state thus
+lost the rent of the land, one of the few sources of revenue from Italy
+now drawn by the exchequer of Rome.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Letter <a href="#CLII_F_I_9">CLII</a>, vol. i., pp. <a href="#Page_310">310-324</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Quoted by Flavius Charisius, <i>Ars Gramm.</i> i., p. 126 (ed.
+Kiel).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Vol. ii., p. 204.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <a href="#CLXXVIII_F_V_17">CLXXVIII</a>-<a href="#CLXXIX_F_V_18">CLXXXI</a>. The date of the letter to P. Sittius
+(<a href="#CLXXVIII_F_V_17">CLXXVIII</a>) is not certain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Letter DXXXIII (<i>Fam.</i> iv. 14), about October, B.C. 46.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Vol. i., p. <a href="#Page_226">226</a>; Pliny, <i>Ep.</i>, vii. 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Pomponia, married to Cicero's younger brother Quintus. We
+shall frequently hear of this unfortunate marriage. Quintus was four
+years younger than his brother, who had apparently arranged the match,
+and felt therefore perhaps somewhat responsible for the result (Nep.
+<i>Att.</i> 5).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Atticus had estates and a villa near Buthrotum in
+Epirus,&mdash;<i>Butrinto</i> in Albania, opposite Corfu.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> This is probably Sext. Peduc&aelig;us the younger, an intimate
+friend of Atticus (Nep. <i>Att.</i> 21); his father had been pr&aelig;tor in Sicily
+when Cicero was qu&aelig;stor (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 76-75), the son was afterwards a partisan
+of C&aelig;sar in the Civil War, governor of Sardinia, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48, and propr&aelig;tor
+in Spain, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 39.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The person alluded to is L. Lucceius, of whom we shall
+hear again. See Letters <a href="#V_A_I_8">V</a>, <a href="#VII_A_I_11">VII</a>, <a href="#VIII_A_I_3">VIII</a>, <a href="#CVIII_F_V_12">CVIII</a>. What his quarrel with
+Atticus was about, we do not know.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Prescriptive right to property was acquired by possession
+(<i>usus</i>) of two years. But no such right could be acquired to the
+property of a girl under guardianship (<i>pro Flacco</i>, &sect; 84).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> C. Rabirius, whom Cicero defended in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63, when
+prosecuted by C&aelig;sar for his share in the murder of Saturninus (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+100). He lived, we know, in Campania, for his neighbours came to give
+evidence in his favour at the trial.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> M. Fonteius made a fortune in the province of Gaul beyond
+the Alps, of which he was propr&aelig;tor, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 77-74. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 69 he had been
+accused of malversation, and defended by Cicero. After his acquittal he
+seems to be buying a seaside residence in Campania, as so many of the
+men of fashion did.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Cicero's "gymnasium" was some arrangement of buildings and
+plantations more or less on the model of the Greek gymnasia, at his
+Tusculan villa.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> The mother of Atticus lived to be ninety, dying in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+33, not long before Atticus himself, who at her funeral declared that
+"he had never been reconciled to her, for he had never had a word of
+dispute with her" (Nep. <i>Att.</i> 17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> This sum (about &pound;163) is for the works of art purchased
+for the writer by Atticus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Thyillus (sometimes written Chilius), a Greek poet living
+at Rome. See Letters <a href="#XVI_A_I_12">XVI</a> and <a href="#XXI_A_I_16">XXI</a>. The Eumolpid&aelig; were a family of priests
+at Athens who had charge of the temple of Demeter at Eleusis. The
+&#960;&#8049;&#964;&#961;&#953;&#945; &#917;&#8016;&#956;&#959;&#955;&#960;&#953;&#948;&#8182;&#957; (the phrase used by Cicero here) may be
+either books of ritual or records such as priests usually kept: &#960;&#8049;&#964;&#961;&#953;&#945;
+is an appropriate word for such rituals or records handed down
+by priests of one race or family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Lucceius, as in the first letter and the next.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> The <i>comitia</i> were twice postponed this year. Apparently
+the voting for Cicero had in each case been completed, so that he is
+able to say that he was "thrice returned at the head of the poll by an
+unanimous vote" (<i>de Imp. Pomp.</i> &sect; 2). The postponement of the elections
+was probably connected with the struggles of the senate to hinder the
+legislation (as to bribery) of the Tribune, Gaius Cornelius (Dio, 36,
+38-39).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> The first allusion in these letters to the disturbed
+position of public affairs. See the passage of Dio quoted in the
+previous note. There were so many riots in the interval between the
+proclamation and the holding of the elections, not without bloodshed,
+that the senate voted the consuls a guard.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The point of this frigid joke is not clear. Was the
+grandmother really dead? What was she to do with the Latin <i>feri&aelig;</i>? Mr.
+Strachan Davidson's explanation is perhaps the best, that Cicero means
+that the old lady was thinking of the Social War in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 89, when the
+loyalty of the Latin towns must have been a subject of anxiety. She is
+in her dotage and only remembers old scares. This is understanding
+<i>civitates</i> with <i>Latin&aelig;</i>. Others understand <i>feri&aelig;</i> or <i>mulieres</i>.
+Saufeius, a Roman eques, was an Epicurean, who would hold death to be no
+evil. He was a close friend of Atticus, who afterwards saved his
+property from confiscation by the Triumvirs (Nep. <i>Att.</i> 12).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Cneius Sallustius, a learned friend of Cicero's, of whom
+we shall often hear again.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> C. Calpurnius Piso, qu&aelig;stor <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, died in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57. The
+marriage took place in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The annalist C. Licinius Macer was impeached <i>de
+repetundis</i> (he was pr&aelig;tor about <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 70 or 69, and afterwards had a
+province), and finding that he was going to be condemned, committed
+suicide. He was never therefore condemned regularly (Val. Max. ix. 127;
+Plut. <i>Cic.</i> 9). Cicero presided at the court as pr&aelig;tor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> The books must have been a very valuable collection, or
+Cicero would hardly have made so much of being able to buy them,
+considering his lavish orders for statues or antiques.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> One of the judices rejected by Verres on his trial, a
+pontifex and augur.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Agent of Atticus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> C. Antonius (uncle of M. Antonius) was elected with
+Cicero. Q. Cornificius had been tr. pl. in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 69. See Letter <a href="#XVIII_A_1_13">XVIII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> M. C&aelig;sonius, Cicero's colleague in the &aelig;dileship. He had
+lost credit as one of the <i>Iunianum concilium</i> in the trial of
+Oppianicus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Aufidius Lurco, tr. pl. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61. M. Lollius Palicanus, tr.
+pl. some years previously.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> L. Iulius C&aelig;sar, actually consul in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64,
+brother-in-law of Lentulus the Catilinarian conspirator, was afterwards
+<i>legatus</i> to his distant kinsman, Iulius C&aelig;sar, in Gaul. A. Minucius
+Thermus, defended by Cicero in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, but the identification is not
+certain. D. Iunius Silanus got the consulship in the year after Cicero
+(<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62), and as consul-designate spoke in favour of executing the
+Catilinarian conspirators.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The text is corrupt in all MSS. I have assumed a reading,
+something of this sort, <i>qu&aelig; cum erit absoluta, sane facile ac libenter
+eum nunc fieri consulem viderim</i>. This at any rate gives nearly the
+required sense, which is that Cicero regards the influence which Thermus
+will gain by managing the repair of the <i>Flaminia</i> as likely to make him
+a formidable candidate, and therefore he would be glad to see him
+elected in the present year 65 (<i>nunc</i>) rather than wait for the next,
+his own year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> C. Calpurnis Piso, consul in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67, then proconsul of
+Gallia Transalpina (Narbonensis). He was charged with embezzlement in
+his province and defended by Cicero in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63. There were no votes in
+Transalpine Gaul, but Cicero means in going and coming to canvass the
+Cispadane cities.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Pompey was this year on his way to take over the
+Mithridatic War. But Cicero may have thought it likely that he or some
+of his staff would pass through Athens and meet Atticus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, pr&aelig;tor in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, and consul
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, fell at Pharsalia, fighting against C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius, a rich uncle of Atticus, so cross-grained
+that no one but Atticus could get on with him, to whom he accordingly
+left his large fortune (Nep. <i>Att.</i> 5).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Hom. <i>Il.</i> xxii. 159, Achilles pursuing Hector:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Since not for sacred beast or oxhide shield<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They strove,&mdash;man's guerdon for the fleet of foot:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their stake was Hector's soul, the swift steed's lord."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Reading <i>eius</i> &#7936;&#957;&#8049;&#952;&#951;&#956;&#945;, and taking the latter
+word in the common sense of "ornament": the Hermathena is so placed that
+the whole gymnasium is as it were an ornament to it, designed to set it
+off, instead of its being a mere ornament to the gymnasium. Professor
+Tyrrell, however, will not admit that the words can have this or any
+meaning, and reads, &#7969;&#955;&#8055;&#959;&#965; &#7940;&#957;&#945;&#956;&#956;&#945;, "sun light"&mdash;"the whole
+gymnasium seems as bright as the sun"&mdash;a curious effect, after all, for
+one statue to have.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Asconius assigns this to the accusation of embezzlement in
+Africa. But that seems to have been tried in the previous year, or
+earlier in this year. The new impeachment threatened seems to have been
+connected with his crimes in the proscriptions of Sulla (Dio, xxxvii,
+10). Cicero may have thought of defending him on a charge relating to so
+distant a period, just as he did Rabirius on the charge of murdering
+Saturninus (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 100), though he had regarded his guilt in the case of
+extortion in Africa as glaring.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The essay on the duties of a candidate attributed to
+Quintus is hardly a letter, and there is some doubt as to its
+authenticity. I have therefore relegated it to an appendix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Q. Metellus Celer had been pr&aelig;tor in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63 and was now
+(<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62), as proconsul in Gallia Cisalpina, engaged against the remains
+of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Meanwhile his brother (or cousin) Q.
+C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos, a tribune, after trying in vain to bring Cicero
+to trial for the execution of the conspirators, at last proposed to
+summon Pompey to Rome to prevent danger to the lives of citizens. This
+attempt led to riots and contests with Cato, and Nepos finally fled from
+Rome to Pompey. By leaving Rome he broke the law as to the tribunes, and
+the senate declared his office vacant, and this letter would even seem
+to shew that the senate declared him a public enemy. This letter of
+remonstrance is peremptory, if not insolent, in tone, and the reader
+will observe that the formal sentences, dropped in more familiar
+letters, are carefully used.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Metellus had been employed with Antonius against the camp
+at F&aelig;sul&aelig;, but was now engaged against some Alpine tribes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> When Metellus was commanding against Catiline, it is
+suggested that he marched towards Rome to support his brother, but this
+is conjecture.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Sister of P. Clodius. Of this famous woman we shall hear
+often again. She is believed to be the Lesbia of Catullus, and she is
+the "Palatine Medea" of the speech <i>pro C&aelig;lio</i>. Yet, in spite of
+Cicero's denunciations of her, he seems at one time to have been so fond
+of her society as to rouse Terentia's jealousy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Wife of Pompey&mdash;divorced by him on his return from the
+East.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> On the next meeting of the senate. The second was a <i>dies
+comitialis</i> on which the senate usually did not meet (C&aelig;s. <i>B. Civ.</i> i.
+<span class="smcap lowercase">I</span>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> For the riots caused by his contests with Cato (on which
+the senate seems to have passed the <i>senatus consultum ultimum</i>), and
+for his having left Rome while tribune.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> P. Sestius was serving as proqu&aelig;stor in Macedonia under
+Gaius Antonius. As tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57 he worked for Cicero's recall, but
+was afterwards prosecuted <i>de vi</i>, and defended by Cicero.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Gaius Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship. He
+had the province of Macedonia after the consulship, Cicero having
+voluntarily withdrawn in his favour to secure his support against
+Catiline. Scandal said that he had bargained to pay Cicero large sums
+from the profits of the province. He governed so corruptly and
+unsuccessfully that he was on his return condemned of <i>maiestas</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> From expressions in the following letters it seems certain
+that this refers to money expected from Gaius Antonius; but we have no
+means of deciding whether or no Teucris is a pseudonym for some agent.
+Cicero had undertaken to be the advocate and supporter of Antonius, and
+though as an actual <i>patronus</i> in court he could not take money, he may
+have felt justified in receiving supplies from him. Still, he knew the
+character of Antonius, and how such wealth was likely to be got, and it
+is not a pleasant affair.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Money-lenders.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> The rich and cross-grained uncle of Atticus. See Letter
+<a href="#X_A_I_1">X</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Cicero quotes half a Greek verse of Menander's,
+&#964;&#945;&#8016;&#964;&#8057;&#956;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#7969;&#956;&#8182;&#957;, leaving Atticus to fill up the other two words,
+&#954;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#8055;&#969; &#946;&#959;&#965;&#955;&#949;&#8059;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953;, "Chance designs better than we ourselves."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Mucia was suspected of intriguing with Iulius C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The chief festival of the Bona Dea (Tellus) was in May.
+The celebration referred to here took place on the night between the 3rd
+and 4th of December. It was a state function (<i>pro populo</i>), and was
+celebrated in the presence of the Vestals and the wife of the consul or
+pr&aelig;tor urbanus, <i>in ea domo qu&aelig; est in imperio</i>. As C&aelig;sar was Pontifex
+Maximus, as well as pr&aelig;tor urbanus, it took place in the <i>Regia</i>, the
+Pontiff's official house (Plutarch, <i>Cic.</i> 19; Dio, xxxvii. 35).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> The word (<i>comperisse</i>) used by Cicero in regard to the
+Catilinarian conspiracy; it had apparently become a subject of rather
+malignant chaff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Cicero is hinting at the danger of prosecution hanging
+over the head of Antonius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Reading <i>tibi ipsi</i> (not <i>ipse</i>), with Tyrrell.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Ora soluta.</i> Or, if <i>ancora sublata</i> be read, "when the
+anchor was already weighed." In either case it means "just as you were
+starting." Atticus wrote on board, and gave the letter to a carrier to
+take on shore.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> A word lost in the text.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See end of Letter <a href="#XXI_A_I_16">XXI</a>. Cicero playfully supposes that
+Atticus only stayed in his villa in Epirus to offer sacrifices to the
+nymph in his gymnasium, and then hurried off to Sicyon, where people
+owed him money which he wanted to get. He goes to Antonius first to get
+his authority for putting pressure on Sicyon, and perhaps even some
+military force.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> C. Calpurnius Piso (consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67), brother of the consul
+of the year, had been governor of Gallia Narbonensis (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66-65), and
+had suppressed a rising of the Allobroges, the most troublesome tribe in
+the province, who were, in fact, again in rebellion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> M. Pupius Piso.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> "By the expression of his face rather than the force of
+his expressions" (Tyrrell).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> See p. 27, <a href="#Footnote_71_71">note 2</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Or, "inclose with my speech"; in both cases the dative
+<i>orationi me&aelig;</i> is peculiar. No speech exists containing such a
+description, but we have only two of the previous year extant (<i>pro
+Flacco</i> and <i>pro Archia Poeta</i>). Cicero was probably sending it,
+whichever it was, to Atticus to be copied by his <i>librarii</i>, and
+published. Atticus had apparently some other works of Cicero's in hand,
+for which he had sent him some "queries."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Apparently the speech in the senate referred to in Letter
+<a href="#XIV_F_V_2">XIV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, spoken on 1st January, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 62. Metellus had prevented his
+<i>contio</i> the day before.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The letter giving this description is lost. I think
+<i>frigebat</i> is epistolary imperfect&mdash;"<i>he</i> is in the cold shade," not,
+"<i>it</i> fell flat."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> &#960;&#945;&#957;&#8053;&#947;&#965;&#961;&#953;&#962;. Cicero uses the word (an honourable
+one in Greek) contemptuously of the rabble brought together at a
+market.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Pompey's general commendation of the decrees of the senate
+would include those regarding the Catiline conspirators, and he
+therefore claimed to have satisfied Cicero.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> <i>Meis omnibus litteris</i>, the MS. reading. Prof. Tyrrell's
+emendation, <i>orationibus meis, omnibus litteris</i>, "in my speeches, every
+letter of them," seems to me even harsher than the MS., a gross
+exaggeration, and doubtful Latin. <i>Meis litteris</i> is well supported by
+<i>liter&aelig; forenses et senatori&aelig;</i> of <i>de Off.</i> 2, &sect; 3, and though it is an
+unusual mode of referring to speeches, we must remember that they were
+now published and were "literature." The particular reference is to the
+speech <i>pro Imperio Pompeii</i>, in which, among other things, the whole
+credit of the reduction of Spartacus's gladiators is given to Pompey,
+whereas the brunt of the war had been borne by Crassus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Fufius, though Cicero does not say so, must have vetoed
+the decree, but in the face of such a majority withdrew his veto. The
+practice seems to have been, in case of tribunician veto, to take the
+vote, which remained as an <i>auctoritas senatus</i>, but was not a <i>senatus
+consultum</i> unless the tribune was induced to withdraw.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Comperisse</i>. See Letter <a href="#XVII_F_V_5">XVII</a>, <a href="#Footnote_72_72">note 1</a>, p. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> See Letters <a href="#XVI_A_I_12">XVI</a> and <a href="#XVIII_A_1_13">XVIII</a>, pp. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> &#960;&#945;&#957;&#964;&#959;&#8055;&#951;&#962; &#7936;&#961;&#8051;&#964;&#951;&#962; &#956;&#953;&#956;&#957;&#8053;&#963;&#954;&#949;&#959; (Hom. <i>Il.</i> xxii. 8)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The allotment of provinces had been put off (see <a href="#XIX_A_I_14">last
+letter</a>) till the affair of Clodius's trial was settled; consequently
+Quintus would not have much time for preparation, and would soon set
+out. He would cross to Dyrrachium, and proceed along the <i>via Egnatia</i>
+to Thessalonica. He might meet Atticus at Dyrrachium, or go out of his
+way to call on him at Buthrotum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> &#8021;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#957; &#960;&#961;&#8057;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#957; &#8009;&#956;&#951;&#961;&#953;&#954;&#8182;&#962;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> That is, the resolution of the senate, that the consuls
+should endeavour to get the bill passed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Cicero deposed to having seen Clodius in Rome three hours
+after he swore that he was at Interamna (ninety miles off), thus
+spoiling his alibi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> The difficulty of this sentence is well known. The juries
+were now made up of three <i>decuri&aelig;</i>&mdash;senators, equites, and <i>tribuni
+&aelig;rarii</i>. But the exact meaning of <i>tribuni &aelig;rarii</i> is not known, beyond
+the fact that they formed an <i>ordo</i>, coming immediately below the
+equites. Possibly they were old tribal officers who had the duty of
+distributing pay or collecting taxes (to which the translation supposes
+a punning reference), and as such were required to be of a <i>census</i>
+immediately below that of the equites. I do not profess to be satisfied,
+but I cannot think that Professor Tyrrell's proposal makes matters much
+easier&mdash;<i>tribuni non tam &aelig;rarii, ut appellantur, quam &aelig;rati</i>; for his
+translation of <i>&aelig;rati</i> as "bribed" is not better supported, and is a
+less natural deduction than "moneyed."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, the Athenians. Xenocrates of Calchedon (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+396-314), residing at Athens, is said to have been so trusted that his
+word was taken as a witness without an oath (Diog. Laert. <span class="smcap lowercase">IV</span>. ii. 4).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius Numidicus, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 109, commanded against
+Iugurtha. The event referred to in the text is said to have occurred on
+his trial <i>de repetundis</i>, after his return from a province which he had
+held as propr&aelig;tor (Val. Max. <span class="smcap lowercase">II</span>. x. 1).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Hom. <i>Il.</i> xvi. 112:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#7957;&#963;&#960;&#949;&#964;&#949; &#957;&#8166;&#957; &#956;&#959;&#953;, &#924;&#959;&#8166;&#963;&#945;&#953;, &#8008;&#955;&#8059;&#956;&#960;&#953;&#945; &#948;&#8061;&#956;&#945;&#964;' &#7956;&#967;&#959;&#965;&#963;&#945;&#953;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#8005;&#960;&#960;&#969;&#962; &#948;&#8052; &#960;&#961;&#8182;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#960;&#8166;&#961; &#7956;&#956;&#960;&#949;&#963;&#949; &#957;&#951;&#965;&#963;&#8054;&#957; &#7944;&#967;&#945;&#8055;&#969;&#957;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> The reference is to Crassus. But the rest is very dark.
+The old commentators say that he is here called <i>ex Nanneianis</i> because
+he made a large sum of money by the property of one Nanneius, who was
+among those proscribed by Sulla. His calling Crassus his "panegyrist" is
+explained by Letter <a href="#XIX_A_I_14">XIX</a>, pp. <a href="#Page_33">33-34</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> C. Curio, the elder, defended Clodius. He had bought the
+villa of Marius (a native of Arpinum) at Bai&aelig;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> Q. Marcius Rex married a sister of Clodius, and dying,
+left him no legacy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> L. Afranius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Reading <i>deterioris histrionis similis</i>, "like an
+inferior actor."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, married to Cato's sister.
+Consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54. A strong aristocrat and vehement opponent of C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Aufidius Lurco had apparently proposed his law on bribery
+between the time of the notice of the elections (<i>indictio</i>) and the
+elections themselves, which was against a provision of the <i>leges &AElig;lia
+et Fufia</i>. What his breach of the law was in entering on his office
+originally we do not know: perhaps some neglect of auspices, or his
+personal deformity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i> to Quintus Cicero, now propr&aelig;tor in Asia, who
+apparently wished his brother-in-law to come to Asia in some official
+capacity.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Some epigrams or inscriptions under a portrait bust of
+Cicero in the gymnasium of Atticus's villa at Buthrotum. Atticus had a
+taste for such compositions. See Nepos, <i>Att.</i> 18; Pliny, <i>N. H.</i> 35, &sect;
+11.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Cicero had defended Archias, and Thyillus seems also to
+have been intimate with him: but he says Archias, after complimenting
+the Luculli by a poem, is now doing the same to the C&aelig;cilii Metelli. The
+"C&aelig;cilian drama" is a reference to the old dramatist, C&aelig;cilius Statius
+(<i>ob.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 168).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Of Amaltheia, nurse of Zeus in Crete, there were plenty
+of legends. Atticus is making in his house something like what Cicero
+had made in his, and called his academia or gymnasium. That of Atticus
+was probably also a summer house or study, with garden, fountains, etc.,
+and a shrine or statue of Amaltheia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Cicero is evidently very anxious as to the
+misunderstanding between Quintus and his brother-in-law Atticus, caused,
+as he hints, or at any rate not allayed, by Pomponia. The letter is very
+carefully written, without the familiar tone and mixture of jest and
+earnest common to most of the letters to Atticus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> At the end of the <i>via Egnatia</i>, which started from
+Dyrrachium.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> The election in question is that to be held in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60
+for the consulship of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59. C&aelig;sar and Bibulus were elected, and
+apparently were the only two candidates declared as yet. They were, of
+course, extremists, and Lucceius seems to reckon on getting in by
+forming a coalition with either one or the other, and so getting the
+support of one of the extreme parties, with the moderates, for himself.
+The bargain eventually made was between Lucceius and C&aelig;sar, the former
+finding the money. But the Optimates found more, and carried Bibulus.
+Arrius is Q. Arrius the orator (see Index). C. Piso is the consul of
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Reading (mainly with Schutz) <i>animus pr&aelig;sens et voluntas,
+tamen etiam atque etiam ipsa medicinam refugit</i>. The verb <i>refugit</i> is
+very doubtful, but it gives nearly the sense required. Cicero is ready
+to be as brave and active as before, but the state will not do its part.
+It has, for instance, blundered in the matter of the law against
+judicial corruption. The senate offended the equites by proposing it,
+and yet did not carry the law. I think <i>animus</i> and <i>voluntas</i> must
+refer to Cicero, not the state, to which in his present humour he would
+not attribute them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> The temple of Iuventas was vowed by M. Livius after the
+battle of the Metaurus (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 207), and dedicated in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 191 by C.
+Licinius Lucullus, games being established on the anniversary of its
+dedication (Livy, xxi. 62; xxxvi. 36). It is suggested, therefore, that
+some of the Luculli usually presided at these games, but on this
+occasion refused, because of the injury done by C. Memmius, who was
+curule &aelig;dile.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> By Agamemnon and Menelaus Cicero means Lucius and Marcus
+Lucullus; the former Memmius had, as tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66-65, opposed in
+his demand for a triumph, the latter he has now injured in the person of
+his wife.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> A man who was <i>sui iuris</i> was properly adopted before the
+<i>commitia curiata</i>, now represented by thirty lictors. What Herennius
+proposed was that it should take place by a regular <i>lex</i>, passed by the
+<i>comitia tributa</i>. The object apparently was to avoid the necessity of
+the presence of a pontifex and augur, which was required at the <i>comitia
+curiata</i>. The concurrent law by the consul would come before the
+<i>comitia centuriata</i>. The adopter was P. Fonteius, a very young man.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> L. Afranius, the other consul.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> M. Lollius Palicanus, "a mere mob orator" (<i>Brutus</i>,
+&sect;223).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The <i>toga picta</i> of a triumphator, which Pompey, by
+special law, was authorized to wear at the games. Cicero uses the
+contemptuous diminutive, <i>togula</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> To be absent from the census without excuse rendered a
+man liable to penalties. Cicero will therefore put up notices in
+Atticus's various places of business or residence of his intention to
+appear in due course. To appear just at the end of the period was, it
+seems, in the case of a man of business, advisable, that he might be
+rated at the actual amount of his property, no more or less.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> A special title given to the &AElig;dui on their application
+for alliance. C&aelig;sar, <i>B. G.</i> i. 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> The migration of the Helvetii did not actually begin till
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58. C&aelig;sar tells us in the first book of his <i>Commentaries</i> how he
+stopped it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 69, superseded in Crete by Pompey <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65.
+Triumphed <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Pr&aelig;tor <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63, defended by Cicero in an extant oration.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 72.
+Cicero puns on the name Lentulus from <i>lens</i> (pulse, &#966;&#945;&#954;&#8053;),
+and quotes a Greek proverb for things incongruous. See Athen&aelig;us, 160
+(from the <i>Necuia</i> of Sopater):
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#7996;&#952;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#962; &#8008;&#948;&#965;&#963;&#963;&#949;&#8058;&#962;, &#964;&#8056; &#7952;&#954;&#8054; &#964;&#8135; &#966;&#945;&#954;&#8135; &#956;&#8059;&#961;&#959;&#957;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#960;&#8049;&#961;&#949;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#903; &#952;&#8049;&#961;&#963;&#949;&#953;, &#952;&#965;&#956;&#8051;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 133, the year before the agrarian law of Tiberius
+Gracchus. The law of Gracchus had not touched the public land in
+Campania (the old territory of Capua). The object of this clause (which
+appears repeatedly in those of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 120 and 111, see Bruns, <i>Fontes
+Iuris</i>, p. 72) is to confine the allotment of <i>ager publicus</i> to such
+land as had become so subsequently, <i>i.e.</i>, to land made "public"
+principally by the confiscations of Sulla.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> That is, he proposed to hypothecate the <i>vectigalia</i> from
+the new provinces formed by Pompey in the East for five years.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> The consulship. The bribery at Afranius's election is
+asserted in Letter <a href="#XXI_A_I_16">XXI</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> The day of the execution of the Catilinarian
+conspirators.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> Epicharmus, twice quoted by Polybius, xviii. 40; xxxi.
+21. &#957;&#8118;&#966;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#956;&#8051;&#956;&#957;&#945;&#962;' &#7936;&#960;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#949;&#8150;&#957;, &#7940;&#961;&#952;&#961;&#945; &#964;&#945;&#8166;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#966;&#961;&#949;&#957;&#8182;&#957;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> <i>Pedarii</i> were probably those senators who had not held
+curule office. They were not different from the other senators in point
+of legal rights, but as ex-magistrates were asked for their <i>sententia</i>
+first, they seldom had time to do anything but signify by word their
+assent to one or other motion, or to cross over to the person whom they
+intended to support.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, son of the conqueror of the
+Isaurians. As he had not yet been a pr&aelig;tor, he would be called on after
+the <i>consulares</i> and <i>pr&aelig;torii</i>. He then moved a new clause to the
+decree, and carried it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> The decree apparently prevented the recovery of debts
+from a <i>libera civitas</i> in the Roman courts. Atticus would therefore
+have to trust to the regard of the Sicyonians for their credit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> A son must be hard up for something to say for himself if
+he is always harping on his father's reputation; and so must I, if I
+have nothing but my consulship. That seems the only point in the
+quotation. I do not feel that there is any reference to praise of his
+father in Cicero's own poem. There are two versions of the proverb:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#964;&#8055;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#964;&#8051;&#961;' &#945;&#7984;&#957;&#8053;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#949;&#7984; &#956;&#8052; &#954;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#948;&#945;&#8055;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#965;&#7985;&#959;&#8055;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+and
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#964;&#8055;&#962; &#960;&#945;&#964;&#8051;&#961;' &#945;&#7984;&#957;&#8053;&#963;&#949;&#953; &#949;&#7984; &#956;&#8052; &#949;&#8016;&#948;&#945;&#8055;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#949;&#962; &#965;&#7985;&#959;&#8055;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Contained in Letter <a href="#XXII_A_I_17">XXII</a>, pp. <a href="#Page_46">46-47</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Reading <i>tibi</i> for <i>mihi</i>, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> &#931;&#960;&#8049;&#961;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#7956;&#955;&#945;&#967;&#949;&#962; &#954;&#949;&#8055;&#957;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#959;&#963;&#956;&#949;&#8150;. "Sparta is your
+lot, do it credit," a line of Euripides which had become proverbial.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> &#959;&#7985; &#956;&#8050;&#957; &#960;&#945;&#961;' &#959;&#8016;&#948;&#8051;&#957; &#949;&#7984;&#963;&#953;, &#964;&#959;&#8150;&#962; &#948;' &#959;&#8016;&#948;&#949;&#957; &#956;&#8051;&#955;&#949;&#953;.
+Rhinton, a dramatist, <i>circa</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 320-280 (of Tarentum or Syracuse).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> See pp. <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> The <i>lex Cincia</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 204) forbade the taking of
+presents for acting as advocate in law courts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Nep. <i>Att.</i> c. 18.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Atticus seems to have seen a copy belonging to some one
+else at Corfu. Cicero explains that he had kept back Atticus's copy for
+revision.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Cicero evidently intends Atticus to act as a publisher.
+His <i>librarii</i> will make copies. See p. 32, <a href="#Footnote_83_83">note 1</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> The passage in brackets is believed by some, not on very
+good grounds, to be spurious. Otho is L. Roscius Otho, the author of the
+law as to the seats in the theatre of the equites. The "proscribed" are
+those proscribed by Sulla, their sons being forbidden to hold office, a
+disability which Cicero maintained for fear of civil disturbances. See
+<i>in Pis.</i> &sect;&sect; 4-5.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Pulchellus, <i>i.e.</i>, P. Clodius Pulcher, the diminutive of
+contempt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Where he had been as qu&aelig;stor. Hera is said to be another
+name for Hybla. Some read <i>heri</i>, "only yesterday."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Clodius is shewing off his modesty. It was usual for
+persons returning from a province to send messengers in front, and to
+travel deliberately, that their friends might pay them the compliment of
+going out to meet them. Entering the city after nightfall was another
+method of avoiding a public reception. See Suet. <i>Aug.</i> 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> See p. 37, <a href="#Footnote_96_96">note 3.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Clodia, wife of the consul Metellus. See p. 22, <a href="#Footnote_60_60">note</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> We don't know who this is; probably a <i>cavaliere
+servente</i> of Clodia's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, in the business of her brother Clodius's attempt
+to get the tribuneship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Though C&aelig;sar has been mentioned before in regard to his
+candidature for the consulship, and in connexion with the Clodius case,
+this is the first reference to him as a statesman. He is on the eve of
+his return from Spain, and already is giving indication of his coalition
+with Pompey. His military success in Spain first clearly demonstrated
+his importance.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> During the meeting of the senate at the time of the
+Catilinarian conspiracy (2 <i>Phil.</i> &sect; 16).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> The consul C&aelig;cilius Metellus was imprisoned by the
+tribune Flavius for resisting his land law (Dio, xxxvii. 50).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> M. Favonius, an extreme Optimate. <i>Ille Catonis &aelig;mulus</i>
+(Suet. <i>Aug.</i> 13). He had a bitter tongue, but a faithful heart (Plut.
+<i>Pomp.</i> 60, 73; Vell. ii 73). He did not get the pr&aelig;torship (which he
+was now seeking) till <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49. He was executed after Philippi (Dio. 47,
+49).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> P. Scipio Nasica Metellus Pius, the future father-in-law
+of Pompey, who got the pr&aelig;torship, was indicted for <i>ambitus</i> by
+Favonius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> &#7944;&#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#8057;&#957;&#953;&#959;&#962; &#924;&#8057;&#955;&#969;&#957; of Alabanda taught rhetoric at
+Rhodes. Cicero had himself attended his lectures. He puns on the name
+Molon and <i>mol&aelig;</i>, "mill at which slaves worked."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> See pp. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Reading <i>discessionibus</i>, "divisions in the senate," with
+Manutius and Tyrrell, not <i>dissentionibus</i>; and <i>deinde ne</i>, but not
+<i>st</i> for <i>si</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> His study, which he playfully calls by this name, in
+imitation of that of Atticus. See p. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#XV_F_V_6">XV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> His translation of the <i>Prognostics</i> of Aratus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Gaius Octavius, father of Augustus, governor of
+Macedonia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> The roll being unwound as he read and piled on the
+ground. Dic&aelig;archus of Messene, a contemporary of Aristotle, wrote on
+"Constitutions" among other things. Procilius seems also to have written
+on polities.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Herodes, a teacher at Athens, afterwards tutor to young
+Cicero. He seems to have written on Cicero's consulship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> These remarks refer to something in Atticus's letter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Gaius Antonius, about to be prosecuted for <i>maiestas</i> on
+his return from Macedonia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> P. Nigidius Figulus, a tribune (which dates the letter
+after the 10th of December). The tribunes had no right of summons
+(<i>vocatio</i>), they must personally enforce their commands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> "The Conqueror," <i>i.e.</i>, Pompey. Aulus's son is L.
+Afranius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, his military get-up.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Cyrus was Cicero's architect; his argument or theory he
+calls Cyrop&aelig;deia, after Xenophon's book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> He supposes himself to be making a mathematical figure in
+optics:
+</p>
+<div class="figcenter">
+   <img src="images/ill01.png"
+      alt="Mathematical figure in optics."
+      title="Mathematical figure in optics." />
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> The theory of sight held by Democritus, denounced as
+unphilosophical by Plutarch (<i>Timoleon</i>, Introd.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Apparently a villa in the <i>Solonius ager</i>, near
+Lanuvium.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> The Cornelius Balbus of Gades, whose citizenship Cicero
+defended <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56 (consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 40). He was C&aelig;sar's close friend and
+agent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Cicero was apparently not behind the scenes. The
+coalition with Pompey certainly, and with Crassus probably, had been
+already made and the terms agreed upon soon after the elections. If
+Cicero afterwards discovered this it must have shewn him how little he
+could trust Pompey's show of friendship and C&aelig;sar's candour. C&aelig;sar
+desired Cicero's private friendship and public acquiescence, but was
+prepared to do without them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> From Cicero's Latin poem on his consulship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> &#949;&#7990;&#962; &#959;&#7984;&#969;&#957;&#8057;&#962; &#7940;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#7936;&#956;&#8059;&#957;&#949;&#963;&#952;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#949;&#961;&#8054; &#960;&#8049;&#964;&#961;&#951;&#962; (Hom.
+<i>Il.</i> xii. 243).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> A country festival and general holiday. It was a <i>feri&aelig;
+conceptiv&aelig;</i>, and therefore the exact day varied. But it was about the
+end of the year or beginning of the new year (<i>in Pis.</i> &sect; 4; Aul. Gell.
+x. 24; Macrob. <i>Sat.</i> i. 4; <i>ad Att.</i> vii. 5; vii. 7, &sect; 2).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Of the persons mentioned, L. &AElig;lius Tubero is elsewhere
+praised as a man of learning (<i>pro Lig.</i> &sect; 10); A. Allienus (pr&aelig;tor <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+49) was a friend and correspondent; M. Gratidius is mentioned in <i>pro
+Flacco</i>, &sect; 49, as acting in a judicial capacity, and was perhaps a
+cousin of Cicero's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> The class of Romans who have practically become
+provincials.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Rome and its society and interests.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Father of Augustus, governor of Macedonia, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60-59.
+But he seems to refer to his pr&aelig;torship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61) at Rome; at any rate,
+as well as to his conduct in Macedonia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> Reading <i>primum</i>; others <i>primus</i>, "his head lictor."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> That is, if it ends in his death, for Meliodorus of
+Skepsis was sent by Mithridates to Tigranes to urge him to go to war
+with Rome, but privately advised him not to do so, and, in consequence,
+was put to death by Mithridates (Plut. <i>Luc.</i> 22). The word <i>Scepsii</i>
+(&#931;&#954;&#951;&#968;&#8055;&#959;&#965;) was introduced by Gronovius for the unintelligible
+word <i>Syrpie</i> found in the MSS., which so often blunder in Greek names.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> Clodius, alluding to his intrusion into the mysteries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> Atticus has asked Cicero for a Latin treatise on
+geography&mdash;probably as a publisher, Cicero being the prince of
+book-makers&mdash;and to that end has sent him the Greek geography of
+Serapio.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> In his Formianum or Pompeianum, his villas at Formi&aelig; and
+Pompeii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> An architect, a freedman of Cyrus, of whom we have heard
+before.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> The triumvirs. The mission to Egypt was in the affairs of
+Ptolemy Auletes (father of Cleopatra), who was this year declared a
+"friend and ally." He soon got expelled by his subjects.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> <i>Il.</i> vi. 442; xxii. 100. Cicero's frequent expression
+for popular opinion, or the opinion of those he respects&mdash;his Mrs.
+Grundy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Theophanes, a philosopher of Mitylene, a close friend of
+Pompey's, in whose house he frequently resided. He took charge of
+Pompey's wife and children in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48-47.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Q. Arrius, an orator and friend of C&aelig;sar's, by whose help
+he had hoped for the consulship. See p. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos (consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57). His brother,
+the consul of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60, had just died and made a vacancy in the college
+of augurs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> A captive brought by Lucullus, who became a friend of
+Cicero and tutor to his son and nephew.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> One of the two yearly officers of a colony&mdash;they answer
+to the consuls at Rome. Therefore Cicero means, "I wish I had been a
+consul in a small colony rather than a consul at Rome."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> For distribution of land under C&aelig;sar's law. P. Vatinius
+was a tribune this year, and worked in C&aelig;sar's interests.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Theopompus of Chios, the historian (<i>Att.</i> vi. 1, &sect; 12).
+Born about <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 378. His bitterness censured by Polybius, viii. 11-13.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> The money due from the treasury to Q. Cicero in Asia. He
+wants it to be paid in Roman currency (<i>denarii</i>), not in Asiatic coins
+(<i>cistophori</i>), a vast amount of which Pompey had brought home and
+deposited in the treasury. So an Indian official might like sovereigns
+instead of rupees if he could get them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> As he was a man <i>sui iuris</i>, Clodius's adoption into a
+new gens (<i>adrogatio</i>) would have to take place before the <i>comitia
+curiata</i> (now represented by thirty lictors), which still retained this
+formal business. The ceremony required the presence of an augur and a
+pontifex to hold it. Cicero supposes Pompey and C&aelig;sar as intending to
+act in that capacity. Pompey, it seems, did eventually attend.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> One of the twenty commissioners under C&aelig;sar's agrarian
+law. Cicero was offered and declined a place among them. The "only man,"
+of course, refers to the intrusion on the mysteries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> To Egypt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> This seems also to refer to the twenty agrarian
+commissioners, who, according to Mommsen, were divided into committees
+of five, and were, therefore, spoken of indifferently as <i>quinqueviri</i>
+and <i>vigintiviri</i>. But it is somewhat uncertain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> &#954;&#945;&#964;&#8048; &#964;&#8056; &#960;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#8057;&#957;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> Castricius seems to have been a <i>negotiator</i> or banker in
+Asia. We don't know what mistake is referred to; probably as to some
+money transmitted to Pomponia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> It is suggested that Aristodemus is some teacher of the
+two young Ciceros, to whom the young Marcus wishes to apologize for his
+absence or to promise some study.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Perhaps some inscription or other ornament for Atticus's
+gymnasium in his villa at Buthrotum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> A verse from Lucilius. "Young Curio" is the future
+tribune of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 50, who was bribed by C&aelig;sar, joined him at Ravenna at
+the end of that year, was sent by him in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49 to Sicily and Africa,
+and fell in battle with the Pompeians and King Iuba.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> L. Saufeius, the Epicurean friend of Atticus (see Letter
+<a href="#II_A_I_6">II</a>). He seems to mean, "as indefatigable as Saufeius." But Prof. Tyrrell
+points out that it might mean, "at the risk of your thinking me as
+Epicurean and self-indulgent as Saufeius, I say," etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> The bay of Misenum, near which was Cicero's Pompeianum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius Bassus, probably qu&aelig;stor at Ostia. Antium
+would be in his district.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> &#946;&#959;&#8182;&#960;&#953;&#962;, <i>sc.</i> Clodia. She is to talk to her
+brother about Cicero. She is "Iuno" perhaps as an enemy&mdash;as Bacon called
+the Duchess of Burgundy Henry VII.'s Iuno&mdash;or perhaps for a less decent
+reason, as <i>coniux sororque</i> of Publius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Pompey, who was proud of having taken Jerusalem.
+<i>Traductor ad plebem</i>, said of the magistrate presiding at the <i>comitia</i>
+for adoption.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> Cicero himself. Clodius may have called him this from his
+biting repartees. Prof. Tyrrell, "Tear 'em."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> The nobility, whom Cicero has before attacked as idle and
+caring for nothing but their fish-ponds (<i>piscinarii</i>, cp. p. 59).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> The <i>lex &AElig;lia</i> (about <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 150) was a law regulating the
+powers of magistrates to dissolve <i>comitia</i> on religious grounds, such
+as bad omens, <i>servata de c&#339;lo, etc.</i> Cicero (who could have had very
+little belief in the augural science) regards them as safeguards of the
+state, because as the Optimates generally secured the places in the
+augural college, it gave them a hold on elections and legislation.
+Bibulus tried in vain to use these powers to thwart C&aelig;sar this year. The
+<i>lex C&aelig;cilia Didia</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">.B.C</span>. 98) enforced the <i>trinundinatio</i>, or three
+weeks' notice of elections and laws, and forbade the proposal of a <i>lex
+satura</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, a law containing a number of miscellaneous enactments.
+Perhaps its violation refers to the <i>acta</i> of Pompey in the East, which
+he wanted to have confirmed <i>en bloc</i>. The senate had made difficulties:
+but one of the fruits of the triumvirate was a measure for doing it. The
+<i>lex Iunia et Licinia</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 62) confirmed the <i>C&aelig;cilia Didia</i>, and
+secured that the people knew what the proposed laws were.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> As Pompey did in Asia, <i>e.g.</i>, to Deiotarus of Galatia,
+and about ten others. It is curious that Cicero speaks of the <i>pauci</i>
+just as his opponent C&aelig;sar and Augustus after him. Each side looks on
+the other as a coterie (C&aelig;sar, <i>B. C.</i> i. 22; Monum. Ancyr. i. &sect; 1)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Theophrastus, successor of Aristotle at the Lyceum,
+Athens (p. <a href="#Page_70">70</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> The purple-bordered toga of the augur. Vatinius did not
+get the augurship. He had some disfiguring swelling or wen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> &#7940;&#957;&#948;&#961;' &#7936;&#960;&#945;&#956;&#8059;&#957;&#949;&#963;&#952;&#945;&#953;, &#8005;&#964;&#949; &#964;&#953;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#8057;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#967;&#945;&#955;&#949;&#960;&#8053;&#957;&#8131;
+(Hom. <i>Il.</i> xxiv. 369).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Written in Greek, perhaps by the boy himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> Where the road from Antium joins the Appia. Cicero seems
+to be on his way to Formi&aelig;, where he had intended to arrive on the 21st.
+He must be going very leisurely.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> &#916;&#953;&#954;&#945;&#8055;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#959;&#962; and &#7936;&#948;&#953;&#954;&#945;&#8055;&#945;&#961;&#967;&#959;&#953;, a pun on
+a name not reproducible in English: "just-rulers" and "unjust-rulers."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> On the <i>via Appia</i>. Cicero halts at Appii Forum and at
+once despatches a short note, probably by some one he finds there going
+to Rome, to announce a change of plan. He had meant to get back to
+Antium on 6th May, because Tullia wanted to see the games. See Letter
+<a href="#XXXIV_A_II_8">XXXIV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Homer, <i>Odyss.</i> ix. 27.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> &#964;&#951;&#955;&#8051;&#960;&#965;&#955;&#959;&#957; &#923;&#945;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#961;&#965;&#947;&#959;&#957;&#8055;&#951;&#957;, whose king Lamus
+(<i>Odyss.</i> x. 81) was supposed to have founded Formi&aelig; (Horace, <i>Od.</i> iii.
+17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> A despatch from senate or consuls. See Letter <a href="#XXIV_A_I_19">XXIV</a>, p.
+<a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>At comparem</i> for <i>at quam partem</i>. <i>At</i> has its usual
+force of introducing a supposed objection. I can't, say you, compare the
+&AElig;milian tribe, the Formiani, to a crowd in a court-house! They are not
+so bad as that, not so wasteful of time! I take <i>basilica</i> to mean the
+saunterers in a basilica, as we might say "the park" for the company in
+it, "the exchange" for the brokers in it. I feel certain that Prof.
+Tyrrell is wrong in ascribing the words <i>sed&mdash;sunt</i> to a quotation from
+Atticus's letter. What is wanted is to remove the full stop after
+<i>sunt</i>. The contrast Cicero is drawing is between the interruption to
+literary work of a crowd of visitors and of one or two individuals
+always turning up. The second is the worse&mdash;and here I think all workers
+will agree with him: the crowd of visitors (<i>vulgus</i>) go at the regular
+hour, but individuals come in at all hours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> Because he would be inclined to sell it cheap in his
+disgust.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> The spectacle Cicero hopes for is Clodius's contests with
+the triumvirs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> To Arpinum (see <a href="#XL_A_II_14">last letter</a>). The verse is not known, and
+may be a quotation from his own poem on Marius. He often quotes
+himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> This is not mentioned elsewhere. The explanation seems to
+be that for the <i>ager publicus</i> allotted under the Sempronian laws a
+small rent had been exacted, which was abolished by a law of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 111
+(the name of the law being uncertain). But some <i>ager publicus</i> still
+paid rent, and the <i>publicanus</i> Mulvius seems to have claimed it from
+some land held by Terentia, perhaps on the ground that it was land (such
+as the <i>ager Campanus</i>) not affected by the law of Gracchus, and
+therefore not by the subsequent law abolishing rent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> The old territory of Capua and the Stellatian Plain had
+been specially reserved from distribution under the laws of the Gracchi,
+and this reservation had not been repealed in subsequent laws: <i>ad
+subsidia reipublic&aelig; vectigalem relictum</i> (Suet. <i>C&aelig;s.</i> 20; cp. Cic. 2
+<i>Phil.</i> &sect; 101).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> According to Suetonius 20,000 citizens had allotments on
+the <i>ager publicus</i> in Campania. But Dio says (xxxviii. 1) that the
+Campanian land was exempted by the <i>lex Iulia</i> also. Its settlement was
+probably later, by colonies of C&aelig;sar's veterans. A <i>iugerum</i> is
+five-eighths of an acre.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#XXIX_Q_FR_I_1">XXIX</a>, p. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>. They were abolished <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> This and the mention of C&aelig;sar's "army" (a bodyguard) is
+explained by Suet. <i>C&aelig;s.</i> 20: "Having promulgated his agrarian law,
+C&aelig;sar expelled his colleague, Bibulus, by force of arms from the Forum
+when trying to stop proceedings by announcing bad omens ... and finally
+reduced him to such despair that for the rest of his year of office he
+confined himself to his house and only announced his bad omens by means
+of edicts." Bibulus appears to have been hustled by the mob also.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> &#960;&#961;&#8057;&#963;&#952;&#949; &#955;&#8051;&#969;&#957; &#8004;&#960;&#953;&#952;&#949;&#957; &#948;&#8050; &mdash;&mdash;. Cicero leaves
+Atticus, as he often does, to fill up the rest of the line,
+&#948;&#961;&#8049;&#954;&#969;&#957;, &#956;&#8051;&#963;&#963;&#951; &#948;&#8050; &#967;&#8055;&#956;&#945;&#953;&#961;&#945; (Hom. <i>Il.</i> vi. 181). He means, of course,
+that Quintus is inconsistent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> The question seems to be as to goods brought to a port
+and paying duty, and then, not finding a sale, being transferred to
+another port in the same province. The <i>publicani</i> at the second port
+demanded the payment of a duty again, which Cicero decides against
+them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Schutz takes this to mean, "Are the qu&aelig;stors now doubting
+as to paying <i>even cistophori</i>?" <i>i.e.</i>, are they, so far from paying in
+Roman <i>denarii</i>, even hesitating to pay in Asiatic? But if so, what is
+the <i>extremum</i> which Cicero advises Quintus to accept? Prof. Tyrrell,
+besides, points out that the qu&aelig;stors could hardly refuse to pay
+anything for provincial expenses. It is a question between <i>cistophori</i>
+and <i>denarii</i>. See p. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> The marriage of Pompey with C&aelig;sar's daughter Iulia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> &#7936;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#8055;&#945;, a word taken from the Stoies, <i>huic</i>
+[<i>Zenoni</i>] <i>summum bonum est in his rebus neutram in partem moveri, qu&aelig;
+&#7936;&#948;&#953;&#945;&#966;&#959;&#961;&#8055;&#945; ab ipso dicitur</i> (<i>Acad.</i> ii. &sect; 130).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> C. Curius, one of the Catiline set, who had been
+ignominiously expelled from the senate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Another nickname of Pompey, from the title of the head of
+the Thebais in Egypt. Like Sampsiceramus and the others, it is meant as
+a scornful allusion to Pompey's achievements in the East, and perhaps
+his known wish to have the direction of affairs in Egypt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#XIX_A_I_14">XIX</a>, p. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, C&aelig;sar's <i>agrarian law</i>, by which some of the
+Campanian <i>ager publicus</i> was to be divided.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> M. Iuventius Laterensis. See Letter <a href="#L_A_II_24">L</a>, p. <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Pulchellus, <i>i.e.</i>, P. Clodius Pulcher. The diminutive is
+used to express contempt. Cicero, since his return to Rome, is beginning
+to realize his danger.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> A <i>libera legatio</i> was really a colourable method of a
+senator travelling with the right of exacting certain payments for his
+expenses from the Italian or provincial towns. Sometimes it was simply a
+<i>legatio libera</i>, a sinecure without any pretence of purpose, sometimes
+it was <i>voti causa</i>, enabling a man to fulfil some vow he was supposed
+to have made. It was naturally open to much abuse, and Cicero as consul
+had passed a law for limiting it in time. Clodius would become tribune
+on 10 December, and this <i>libera legatio</i> would protect Cicero as long
+as it lasted, but it would not, he thinks, last long enough to outstay
+the tribuneship: if he went as <i>legatus</i> to C&aelig;sar in Gaul, he would be
+safe, and might choose his own time for resigning and returning to
+Rome.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Statius, a slave of Quintus, was unpopular in the
+province. See p. <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> Terence, <i>Phorm.</i> 232.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> &#7941;&#955;&#953;&#962; &#948;&#961;&#965;&#8057;&#962;, <i>i.e.</i>, feeding on acorns is a thing
+of the past, it is out of date, like the golden age when they fed on
+wild fruit <i>et qu&aelig; deciderant patula Iovis arbore glandes</i> (Ovid, <i>Met.</i>
+i. 106); and so is dignity, it is a question of <i>safety</i> now.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> Ennius on Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Pompey was in Campania acting as one of the twenty land
+commissioners.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> The <i>lex Roscia theatralis</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67), which gave
+fourteen rows of seats to the equites.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> That is, the law for distribution of corn among poorer
+citizens. There were many such. Perhaps the most recent was the <i>lex
+Cassia Terentia</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 73). C&aelig;sar, who, when in later years he became
+supreme, restricted this privilege, may have threatened to do so now.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, as one of the twenty land commissioners. The next
+clause seems to refer to some proverbial expression, "to be invited to a
+place at Pluto's table," or some such sentence. Cicero means that his
+acceptance would be equivalent to political extinction, either from the
+obscurity of Cosconius or the inconsistency of the proceeding.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> The uncle of Atticus. See p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> After the scene of violence in which Bibulus, on
+attempting to prevent the agrarian law being passed, was driven from the
+rostra, with his lictors' fasces broken, he shut himself up in his house
+and published edicts declaring C&aelig;sar's acts invalid, and denouncing the
+conduct of Pompey (Suet. <i>C&aelig;s.</i> 20; Dio, xxxviii. 6).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> M. Terentius Varro, "the most learned of the Romans," and
+author of very large numbers of books. He was afterwards one of Pompey's
+<i>legati</i> in Spain. He survived most of the men of the revolutionary
+era.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#XXIV_A_I_19">XXIV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, in biting language. <i>Archilochum proprio rabies
+armavit iambo</i> (Hor. <i>A. P.</i> 79).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> The <i>Cosmographia</i> of Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter
+<a href="#XLVIII_A_II_22">XLVIII</a>, p. <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Appius Claudius Pulcher, elder brother of P. Clodius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> The speeches known to us of this year are those for his
+colleague, C. Antonius, A. Thermus, and L. Flaccus. The two former are
+lost, but we know from his own account that he had not avoided touching
+on politics in the speech for Antonius, but had so offended Pompey and
+C&aelig;sar that they at once carried out the adoption of Clodius (<i>de Domo</i>,
+&sect; 41).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> &#914;&#959;&#8182;&#960;&#953;&#962;, <i>i.e.</i>, Clodia. See Letters <a href="#XXXV_A_II_9">XXXV</a>, <a href="#XL_A_II_14">XL</a>.
+<i>Crasso urgente</i> is difficult. Cicero must mean that while Crassus (whom
+he always regards as hostile to himself) is influencing Pompey, he
+cannot trust what Pompey says, and must look for real information
+elsewhere.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter <a href="#XLVI_A_II_20">XLVI</a>, p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, between the time of his election and of his
+entering on his office. The tribunes entered on their office on the 10th
+of December; the elections usually took place in July, but were
+postponed till October this year by Bibulus. See Letter <a href="#XLVI_A_II_20">XLVI</a>, p. <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> <i>Reclamatum est.</i> The MSS. have <i>haud reclamatum est</i>,
+"it was not refused."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> Marcus Iunius Brutus, the future assassin of C&aelig;sar,
+adopted by his uncle, Q. Servilius C&aelig;pio. The father of Lentulus was
+<i>flamen Martialis</i> (L. Lentulus), <i>in Vat.</i> &sect; 25. Paullus is L. &AElig;milius
+Paullus, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 50.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> <i>Cum gladiatoribus.</i> Others omit <i>cum</i>, in which case the
+meaning will be "at the gladiatorial shows of Gabinius." As some <i>date</i>
+is wanted, this is probably right.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> Under the <i>lex de sicariis</i> of Sulla carrying a weapon
+with felonious intent was a capital crime, for which a man was tried
+<i>inter sicarios</i>. See 2 <i>Phil.</i> &sect;&sect; 8, 74.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Q. Lutatius Catulus, who died in the previous year, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+60, had been a keen opponent of C&aelig;sar, who tried to deprive him of the
+honour of dedicating the restored Capitoline temple, and beat him in the
+election of Pontifex Maximus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> Servilia, mother of Brutus, was reported to be C&aelig;sar's
+mistress. As Cicero is insinuating that the whole affair was got up by
+C&aelig;sar to irritate Pompey with the <i>boni</i>, this allusion will be
+understood.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> If Vettius did say this, he at any rate successfully
+imitated Cicero's manner. These names are always in his mouth. See 2
+<i>Phil.</i> &sect;&sect; 26, 87; <i>pro Mil.</i>. &sect;&sect; 8, 82, etc. For a farther discussion
+of Vettius, see <a href="#Page_382">Appendix B</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Probably a pr&aelig;tor, not the triumvir.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> Q. Considius Gallus, who, according to Plutarch (<i>C&aelig;s.</i>
+13), said in the senate that the attendance of senators was small
+because they feared a massacre. "What made you come, then?" said C&aelig;sar.
+"My age," he replied; "I have little left to lose."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a>
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#7953;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#964;&#8048; &#954;&#959;&#8016;&#948;&#8050;&#957; &#8017;&#947;&#953;&#8050;&#962; &#7936;&#955;&#955;&#8048; &#960;&#8118;&#957; &#960;&#8051;&#961;&#953;&#958; &#966;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#8166;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#962;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Eur. <i>Androm.</i> 448.
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"With tortuous thoughts, naught honest, winding all."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a>
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#964;&#8048;&#962; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#959;&#8059;&#957;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#7936;&#956;&#945;&#952;&#8055;&#945;&#962; &#966;&#8051;&#961;&#949;&#953;&#957; &#967;&#961;&#949;&#8061;&#957;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Eur. <i>Ph&#339;n.</i> 393.
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Follies of those in power we needs must bear."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> L. Valerius Flaccus, as pr&aelig;tor in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63, had assisted
+Cicero in the Catiline conspiracy. He was now being tried for
+embezzlement in Asia, and was defended by the famous Q. Hortensius
+(Hortalus) and Cicero&mdash;the only extant speech of this year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> &#7936;&#955;&#955;' &#945;&#7984;&#949;&#8055; &#964;&#953;&#957;&#945; &#966;&#8182;&#964;&#945; &#956;&#8051;&#947;&#945;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#954;&#945;&#955;&#8056;&#957; &#7952;&#948;&#8051;&#947;&#956;&#951;&#957;,
+"but I ever expected some big and handsome man" (Hom. <i>Odyss.</i> ix. 513).
+Statius had been manumitted by Quintus Cicero, and there had been much
+talk about it, as we have already heard. See <a href="#XLIV_A_II_18">XLIV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, and <a href="#XLV_A_II_19">XLV</a>, p.
+<a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> Reading <i>quam pro civitate sua</i> for <i>prope quam civitatem
+suam</i>. I think <i>prope</i> and <i>pro</i> (<i>pr</i>) might easily have been mistaken
+for each other, and if the order of <i>quam</i> and <i>pro</i> (mistaken for
+<i>prope</i>) were once changed, the case of <i>civitate</i> would follow. Prof.
+Tyrrell, who writes the town <i>Blandus</i>, would read <i>molliorem</i> for
+<i>nobiliorem</i>, and imagines a pun on the meaning of <i>Blandus</i>. But the
+name of the town seems certainly <i>Blaundus</i>, &#914;&#955;&#945;&#8166;&#957;&#948;&#959;&#962;, or
+&#924;&#955;&#945;&#8166;&#957;&#948;&#959;&#962; (Stephanus, &#914;&#955;&#945;&#8166;&#948;&#959;&#962;); see Head, <i>Hist. Num.</i>
+p. 559: and Cicero, though generally punning on names, would hardly do
+so here, where he is making a grave excuse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> Whom he called (Letter <a href="#XXIX_Q_FR_I_1">XXIX</a>) "a madman and a knave."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> C. Vergilius Balbus, propr&aelig;tor in Sicily (<i>pro Planc.</i> &sect;
+95; Letter <a href="#XXIX_Q_FR_I_1">XXIX</a>). C. Octavius (father of Augustus), in Macedonia (see p.
+<a href="#Page_78">78</a>). L. Marcius Philippus was propr&aelig;tor of Syria B.C. 61-59. The
+governor of Cilicia in the same period is not known; probably some one
+left in charge by Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> I have endeavoured to leave the English as ambiguous as
+the Latin. Cicero may mean that he has done some good, for at the end of
+Letter <a href="#XXIX_Q_FR_I_1">XXIX</a> he says that Quintus has improved in these points, and had
+been better in his second than in his first year. On the other hand, the
+context here seems rather to point to the meaning "how <i>little</i> good I
+have done!"&mdash;impatiently dismissing the subject of temper.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> These "requisitionary letters" were granted by a
+provincial governor to certain persons requiring supplies, payment of
+debts, or legal decisions in their favour in the provinces, or other
+privileges, and, if carelessly granted, were open to much abuse. Cicero,
+in his own government of Cilicia, boasted that he had signed none such
+in six months. The ill-wishers of Quintus had apparently got hold of a
+number of these letters signed by him (having been first written out by
+the suitors themselves and scarcely glanced at by him), and a selection
+of them published to prove his injustice or carelessness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> The governor of a province would stand in such a matter
+in the place of the pr&aelig;tor in Rome, <i>i.e.</i>, he would decide on questions
+of law, not of fact, as, whether a debt was due or not. However, Quintus
+perhaps only erred in the form of his injunction. He might forbid the
+deceased's estate being touched till the question of Fundanius's debt
+was decided; but in his letter he assumed (as he had no right to do)
+that the claim was good. Substantially it seems to me that Quintus was
+right, and certainly in his appeal to him Cicero does not follow his own
+injunction to disregard personal feelings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> &#8000;&#961;&#952;&#8048;&#957; &#964;&#8048;&#957; &#957;&#945;&#8166;&#957;. Quintus had written, it seems,
+defiantly about the slanders afloat against him, and had quoted two
+Greek proverbial sayings. The first is found in Stob&aelig;us, 108 (extract
+from Teles): "It was a fine saying of the pilot, 'At least, Poseidon, a
+ship well trimmed,'" <i>i.e.</i>, if you sink my ship, she shall at least go
+down with honour. Quintus means, "Whatever my enemies may do afterwards,
+I will keep my province in a sound state as long as I am here."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> &#7941;&#960;&#945;&#958; &#952;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#957;, perhaps "Better to die once for
+all than give in to every unjust demand." The editors quote &AElig;schylus,
+<i>Pr. V.</i> 769:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">&#954;&#961;&#949;&#8150;&#963;&#963;&#959;&#957; &#947;&#8048;&#961; &#949;&#7984;&#963;&#8049;&#960;&#945;&#958; &#952;&#945;&#957;&#949;&#8150;&#957;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#7970; &#952;&#8048;&#962; &#7937;&#960;&#8049;&#963;&#945;&#962; &#7969;&#956;&#8051;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#960;&#8049;&#963;&#967;&#949;&#953;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#954;&#8182;&#962;.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+But I don't feel sure that this is the passage alluded to.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Reading <i>queruntur</i> for <i>qu&aelig; sunt</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Gaius Cato, tribune <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who as pr&aelig;tor threatened C&aelig;sar
+with impeachment, and as consul (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54) tried to get him recalled. He
+was, in 50-49, appointed C&aelig;sar's successor in Gaul, defended Marseilles
+against him, and eventually fell in the battle of Pharsalia. P. Nigidius
+Figulus supported Cicero during the Catiline conspiracy. Gaius Memmius,
+&aelig;dile <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60 (see p. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>). Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. L.
+Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49, accused Clodius in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61,
+murdered in Africa after Pompey, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> There is no direct means of dating these letters, as we
+have no other information as to the proconsulship of Culleolus.
+Illyricum was not always a separate government, but was sometimes under
+the governor of Macedonia, sometimes under the governor of Gaul. The
+indications of date are (1) Pompey is at home and often seen by Cicero,
+therefore it is not between the spring of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67 and the end of 62; (2)
+it is not later than March, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, because from that time for ten
+years C&aelig;sar was governor of Illyricum, and before he ceased to be so
+Pompey had left Italy, never to return. Even if Culleolus was not
+governor of Illyricum, but of Macedonia, the same argument holds good,
+for C. Antonius was in Macedonia <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63-60, and Octavius from <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 60
+to March, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59. That is, Culleolus could not have been in Macedonia
+while Pompey was in Italy till after March, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> L. Lucceius, whom we have heard of before as a candidate
+for the consulship with C&aelig;sar, and whom we shall hear of again as the
+author of a history of the social and civil wars (Sulla and Marius), and
+as being asked to write on Cicero's consulship. He was a close friend of
+Pompey, and took his side in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 49 (C&aelig;s. <i>B. C.</i> iii. 18). The people
+of Bullis owed Lucceius money, and Cicero asks for "mandatory letters"
+from Culleolus to get it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> Mod. <i>Monte Leone</i>, on the road to Rhegium, from which at
+this time Cicero meant to cross to Sicily, and thence to Malta.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> Nares Lucan&aelig; (<i>Monte Nero</i>), near the River Silarus, and
+on the <i>via Popilia</i> (south-western branch of the <i>Appia</i>). Cicero has
+therefore come north again from Vibo, having given up the idea of
+Rhegium and Sicily, and making for Beneventum, and so by the <i>via Appia</i>
+for Brundisium.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> A friend of Cicero's, of whose death at Brundisium we
+afterwards hear (<i>Fam.</i> xiv. 4, &sect; 6).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> The bill originally named 500 miles as the distance from
+Italy. Before passing it had to be put up in public three weeks
+(<i>trinundin&aelig;</i>), and meanwhile might be amended, and was amended to 400.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> P. Autronius P&aelig;tus, one of Catiline's confederates, who
+would injure Cicero if he could. Cicero would not be able to reach
+Epirus without coming within his reach; for he had been condemned for
+<i>ambitus</i>, and was in exile there or in Achaia. <i>Illas partes</i>=Epirus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> To Malta. The propr&aelig;tor of Sicily, C. Vergilius, opposed
+his going to Malta, which was in the province of Sicily, though it had a
+<i>primus</i> of its own (<i>Planc.</i> 40; Plut. <i>Cic.</i> 32).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> Because of entertaining the condemned man, a special
+proviso in this law (Dio, xxxviii. 17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306_306" id="Footnote_306_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306_306"><span class="label">[306]</span></a> In Epirus, believing that Atticus will understand that
+his going to Brundisium means that he will go to Epirus: and as Atticus
+lives there, he naturally asks him to come to meet him. Epirus was, for
+certain purposes at least, in the province of Macedonia, and it depended
+on the governor, L. Appuleius Saturninus, what reception he would meet.
+His friend Plancius was qu&aelig;stor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307_307" id="Footnote_307_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307_307"><span class="label">[307]</span></a> One of Clodius's concessions to the consuls, to keep them
+quiet, was to get Macedonia assigned by a <i>lex</i> to L. Calpurnius Piso.
+As Atticus lived in what was practically part of the province, and had
+much business there, it was important to him to be on the spot, and try
+to influence the choice of a governor. That being over, he would not
+have so much to detain him in Rome.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308_308" id="Footnote_308_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308_308"><span class="label">[308]</span></a> We suppose that Cicero has heard from Atticus that he is
+not going to be at Tarentum or Brundisium, for he writes before arriving
+at either.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309_309" id="Footnote_309_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309_309"><span class="label">[309]</span></a> Reading <i>prid. Kal.</i> instead of <i>a. d. II. Kal.</i>, which
+Tyrrell calls <i>audacius</i> in Schutz. But absolute nonsense is not to be
+kept even for a MS.
+</p><p>
+(1) Cicero says that he has been thirteen days at Brundisium. In the
+next letter he tells Atticus he arrived on the 17th. That, in the Roman
+way of counting, brings it to <i>prid.</i> (29th).
+</p><p>
+(2) Either the date at the end of the letter is wrong, or <i>prid.</i> must
+be used here
+</p><p>
+(3) There is no such date properly as <i>a. d. II. Kal.</i> The day before
+<i>prid.</i> is <i>a. d. III</i>.
+</p><p>
+In regard to dates we must remember that Cicero is using the pr&aelig;-Julian
+calendar, in which all months, except February, March, May, July, and
+October, had twenty-nine days. These last four had thirty-one and
+February twenty-eight.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310_310" id="Footnote_310_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310_310"><span class="label">[310]</span></a> Cicero does not mean that young Marcus is to come to him
+at once, but that, when Tullia's marriage portion is settled, Terentia
+is to bring him with her if she comes. Really he didn't mean any of them
+to come, at any rate for a long while. Piso is Tullia's husband.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311_311" id="Footnote_311_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> If Cicero's property was confiscated, it might be held
+that the slaves went with it, and would be sold with it, and that his
+manumission of them was an evasion, which could not hold good at law. If
+his property was not confiscated, they were to remain in their status as
+slaves. See Letter CXCII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312_312" id="Footnote_312_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> He means that had it not been for enemies in Greece and
+Epirus, he should not only have gone as far south as Epirus, but
+farther&mdash;to Athens. There is a good deal to be said for Schutz's
+reading, <i>Achaiam</i> for <i>Athenas</i>, but as the MS. reading can be
+explained, it is safer to keep it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313_313" id="Footnote_313_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> The Clodian party at Rome. "That town" is Athens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314_314" id="Footnote_314_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> "I have lost my chance of dying with honour; henceforth
+death may end my grief, but cannot heal my damaged reputation." <i>Reliqua
+tempora</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, other opportunities of suicide.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315_315" id="Footnote_315_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> A mountain range in Illyria, over which the <i>via Egnatia</i>
+passes (mod. <i>Elbass&aacute;n</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316_316" id="Footnote_316_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Reading <i>ab Ilio</i> with Madvig for <i>ab illo</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317_317" id="Footnote_317_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> Tigranes, a son of the king of Armenia, was brought to
+Rome by Pompey to adorn his triumph, and put under the care of Lucius
+Flavius. This prince was, for a bribe, released by Clodius by a trick,
+and the attempt to get him away led to a scuffle in which lives were
+lost. Pompey regarded this as a slight upon himself, and his partisan,
+the consul Gabinius, attempted to prevent it. But both were hustled in
+the forum and treated with insults. The hope of a breach in the
+triumvirate arose from the supposition that Clodius had the support of
+C&aelig;sar in his high-handed proceeding (Dio, xxxviii. 30; Plut. <i>Pomp.</i> 48;
+Ascon. 47).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318_318" id="Footnote_318_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> P. Plautius Hyps&aelig;us, who had been Pompey's qu&aelig;stor and on
+intimate terms with him. He had been, it seems, interesting himself on
+Cicero's behalf.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319_319" id="Footnote_319_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319_319"><span class="label">[319]</span></a> The gazette of public transactions and measures passed in
+the senate, which was sent round to the provinces. We shall hear of it
+again.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320_320" id="Footnote_320_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320_320"><span class="label">[320]</span></a> The next letter shews that he means Hortensius. The
+blunder which he complains of having committed, by the advice of
+Hortensius, is that of having left Rome, rather than stay and brave the
+impeachment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321_321" id="Footnote_321_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321_321"><span class="label">[321]</span></a> Because, though a provincial governor retained his
+lictors till he reached Rome, he was bound to go straight home or
+dismiss them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322_322" id="Footnote_322_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322_322"><span class="label">[322]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, suicide.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> See pp. <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> Quintus was a candidate in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66 for the &aelig;dileship of
+the following year. The <i>lex Aurelia</i>, which divided the juries between
+the senators, equites, and <i>tribuni &aelig;rarii</i>, was passed in Pompey's
+first consulship, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 70. As this was the compromise in the matter of
+the <i>iudicia</i> favoured by Pompey, Hortensius, and the like, an attack on
+it would be likely to give offence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325_325" id="Footnote_325_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325_325"><span class="label">[325]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, to the house of Atticus at Buthrotum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326_326" id="Footnote_326_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> Clodius was not re-elected, and Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus
+Nepos, who had as tribune (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63-62) been hostile to Cicero, now as
+consul supported Pompey in befriending Cicero.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327_327" id="Footnote_327_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> The speech in the senate <i>in Curionem et Clodium</i>,
+<i>i.e.</i>, against the elder C. Curio, who had been Clodius's advocate in
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61 on the charge <i>de incesto</i>. Fragments only of it are preserved.
+They are sufficiently violent. Cicero suggests repudiating the
+authorship, because the speech had never been delivered, and therefore
+was not necessarily intended for publication. There is no special reason
+for abusing Cicero's character on this account. If some enemy had got
+hold of the MS. and published it without his consent, it was not really
+the expression of his deliberate sentiments.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328_328" id="Footnote_328_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> Reading <i>nunc tamen intellego</i> for <i>si donatam ut
+intellego</i>, which is meaningless. There may be latent in <i>si donatam</i>
+some proper name, as <i>Dodonam</i> or <i>Macedoniam</i>, but it is not possible
+to extract it now. <i>Istic</i>, as usual, means "where you are," <i>i.e.</i>, at
+Rome.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329_329" id="Footnote_329_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> The <i>via Egnatia</i>, the road across Macedonia, which was
+one of the great channels of communication between Rome and the East,
+and which terminated at Thessalonica.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330_330" id="Footnote_330_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330_330"><span class="label">[330]</span></a> The probable split among the triumvirs, alluded to in
+Letter <a href="#LXIII_A_III_8">LXIII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331_331" id="Footnote_331_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331_331"><span class="label">[331]</span></a> Reading <i>defuit</i> for <i>fuit</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332_332" id="Footnote_332_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332_332"><span class="label">[332]</span></a> Or, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests, "does not quote Curio to
+that effect." I think, however, that Cicero does not use <i>laudo</i> in this
+sense except in connexion with <i>auctorem</i>, <i>auctores</i>, and even then
+generally with a subsense, at least, of commendation. The speech was
+composed to be delivered against the elder Curio and Clodius (see p.
+<a href="#Page_155">155</a>), but was never delivered. Its personal tone made it dangerous now.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333_333" id="Footnote_333_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333_333"><span class="label">[333]</span></a> Cicero means that Atticus acted with the emotion
+spontaneously arising from his affection, but not with the caution which
+he would have shewn in doing a thing which he was under some obligation
+to do.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> The ancient "colleges" or "clubs" had been gradually
+increasing, and a decree of the senate in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64 had declared certain
+of them unlawful. But Clodius had overridden this decree by a <i>lex</i>
+early in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, and many new ones were formed, which he used for his
+political purposes (<i>pro Sest.</i> &sect; 55; Dio, xxxviii. 13).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> That he could do nothing against the wishes of C&aelig;sar
+(<i>Att.</i> x. 4, &sect; 3; cp. <i>in Pis.</i> &sect; 77). According to Plutarch, Pompey
+avoided a personal interview (<i>Cic.</i> 31).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336_336" id="Footnote_336_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> The kindness has been all on the side of Atticus, who
+will therefore be attached to the object of it&mdash;for the benefactor loves
+more than the benefited.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337_337" id="Footnote_337_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> A <i>privilegium</i> was a law referring to a particular
+person, which was forbidden by the twelve tables, and if it was shewn to
+be unconstitutional a decree of the senate could declare it void. But
+Cicero seems to think that such a proceeding of the senate would give a
+possibility of raising the question afresh.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338_338" id="Footnote_338_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> The first bill named no one, but enacted that "anyone who
+had put a citizen to death uncondemned should be forbidden fire and
+water." The second, "that M. Tullius be forbidden fire and water."
+Cicero says that the former did not touch him, I suppose, because it
+could not be retrospective. This is in accordance with the view of
+C&aelig;sar, who approved of the law, but said that old sores ought not to be
+ripped up&mdash;&#959;&#8016; &#956;&#8052;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#8053;&#954;&#949;&#953;&#957; &#7952;&#960;&#8054; &#960;&#945;&#961;&#949;&#955;&#951;&#955;&#965;&#952;&#8057;&#963;&#953; &#964;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#8166;&#964;&#8057;&#957; &#964;&#953;&#957;&#945;
+&#957;&#8057;&#956;&#959;&#957; &#963;&#965;&#947;&#947;&#961;&#8049;&#966;&#949;&#963;&#952;&#949;&#953; (Dio, xxxviii. 17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339_339" id="Footnote_339_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339_339"><span class="label">[339]</span></a> Because it shewed that he considered himself as coming
+under the new law.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340_340" id="Footnote_340_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340_340"><span class="label">[340]</span></a> Letter <a href="#LXVIII_A_III_12">LXVIII</a>, p. <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341_341" id="Footnote_341_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341_341"><span class="label">[341]</span></a> L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was a pr&aelig;tor this year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342_342" id="Footnote_342_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> Though Cicero uses <i>tantum ... quantum</i> here, he does not
+mean that Atticus failed to love him enough&mdash;that would have been too
+unreasonable. In a certain way he means that he loved him too much. He
+allowed his spontaneous feelings full vent, without acting with the cool
+wisdom which he would have shewn in fulfilling a duty or moral
+obligation. It is more fully expressed above. Still, it was a difficult
+thing to say, and he doesn't succeed in making it very clear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343_343" id="Footnote_343_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> Reading <i>l&aelig;t&aelig;</i> for <i>lect&aelig;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344_344" id="Footnote_344_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> L. Livineius Regulus, whom Cicero (<i>F.</i> xiii. 60) calls a
+very intimate friend, and says that his freedman Trypho stood his friend
+in the hour of need. He seems to have been condemned (in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56?) for
+something, but he afterwards served under Iulius C&aelig;sar (<i>B. Afr.</i> &sect; 9).
+The freedman's full name was L. Livineius Trypho.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345_345" id="Footnote_345_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> About Appius acting as prosecutor of Quintus. He was a
+nephew of P. Clodius. See Letter CCXXII.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346_346" id="Footnote_346_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was
+pr&aelig;tor-designate for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, and had allotted to him the <i>qu&aelig;stio de
+rebus repetundis</i> (<i>pro Sest.</i> &sect; 78). He was consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347_347" id="Footnote_347_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> Cicero gives Atticus his full name, rather playfully, as
+it was a new acquisition. His uncle, Q. C&aelig;cilius, dying this year, left
+him heir to a large fortune, and adopted him in his will (Nep. <i>Att.</i>
+5). He therefore, according to custom, took his uncle's <i>pr&aelig;nomen</i> and
+<i>nomen</i>, Q. C&aelig;cilius, retaining his own <i>nomen</i> in an adjectival form
+(Pomponianus) as a <i>cognomen</i>, just as C. Octavius became, by his
+uncle's will, <i>C. Iulius C&aelig;sar Octavianus</i>. His additional name of
+Atticus remained as before, and in ordinary life was his usual
+designation. See p. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348_348" id="Footnote_348_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Sestius, tribune-elect for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, would come into
+office 10th December, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58. He means to bring a bill before the
+people for Cicero's recall, and a draft of it has been sent to Cicero,
+who criticises it as not entering sufficiently into details, though he
+had before said that a general <i>restitutio in integrum</i> covered
+everything; but perhaps this bill only repealed the Clodian law as a
+<i>privilegium</i>, without mentioning anything else.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349_349" id="Footnote_349_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349_349"><span class="label">[349]</span></a> Terentia, whose half-sister was a Vestal, seems to have
+taken sanctuary with the Vestals, as did the mother and sister of
+Augustus in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 43. The special indignity of which Cicero complains is
+that she had been forced to leave the sanctuary and appear at the bank
+of Valerius, but for what purpose we cannot now tell. It is suggested
+that it was to make some solemn declaration as to her husband's
+property, some of which she may be supposed to have tried to conceal.
+The term <i>ducta esses</i> is that applied to prisoners led through the
+streets, but we may regard it as used <i>ad invidiam</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350_350" id="Footnote_350_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350_350"><span class="label">[350]</span></a> In securing her husband's advocacy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351_351" id="Footnote_351_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351_351"><span class="label">[351]</span></a> Mention is made of Terentia's separate estate in Letters
+<a href="#XXX_A_II_4">XXX</a> and <a href="#LXXXI_F_XIV_1">LXXXI</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352_352" id="Footnote_352_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Cn. Plancius, qu&aelig;stor in Macedonia, whose kindness Cicero
+lauds highly when defending him in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> The forces of the new governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who
+was to have Macedonia after his consulship, and would be sending his
+troops on before him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul-designate for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355_355" id="Footnote_355_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355_355"><span class="label">[355]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos, consul-designate for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57.
+See pp. <a href="#Page_22">22-23</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356_356" id="Footnote_356_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356_356"><span class="label">[356]</span></a> The party of the triumvirs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357_357" id="Footnote_357_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357_357"><span class="label">[357]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#LXI_F_XIV_4">LXI</a>, p. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358_358" id="Footnote_358_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358_358"><span class="label">[358]</span></a> A centurion or other officer in the army of Piso crossing
+to Macedonia. But the name is otherwise unknown, and some have thought
+that it is an intentional disguise for the name of <i>Piso</i> himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359_359" id="Footnote_359_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359_359"><span class="label">[359]</span></a> Cicero's son-in-law.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360_360" id="Footnote_360_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360_360"><span class="label">[360]</span></a> The greater part of this letter was evidently written at
+Thessalonica. Cicero appears to have put the date and place of departure
+to it after arriving at Dyrrachium, and then added a postscript to
+explain why he had come there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361_361" id="Footnote_361_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361_361"><span class="label">[361]</span></a> As a <i>libera civitas</i> Dyrrachium had the <i>ius exilii</i>,
+and would not be filled with Roman officials. The crowded state of the
+town&mdash;by which Cicero means crowded with Romans&mdash;would arise from its
+being the usual place of disembarkation from Rome across the north of
+the Greek peninsula to the East. There was doubtless always a large
+traffic between it and Brundisium, but at this time of year, when
+sailing would be, if possible, avoided, he might hope to find it
+somewhat less crowded.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362_362" id="Footnote_362_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362_362"><span class="label">[362]</span></a> This bill for Cicero's recall would, of course, be vetoed
+by Clodius, and could not therefore be passed, but it would probably
+influence the action of the new tribunes for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, the tribunes of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, securing indemnity to the proposers if there is a
+technical breach of existing laws, something like the common
+clause&mdash;"all statutes to the contrary notwithstanding."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> The Clodian law.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Because they would not be protected as the previous
+tribunes were by the fact of the Clodian law (which alone was
+contravened) having emanated from their own <i>collegium</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> L. Quadratus Ninnius, tribune-elect. On the 1st of June
+next he brought forward the question of Cicero's restoration in the
+senate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368_368" id="Footnote_368_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> Cicero's cousin, C. Visellius Varro, a learned
+jurisconsult (<i>Brut.</i> &sect; 264; 1 <i>Verr.</i> &sect; 71).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369_369" id="Footnote_369_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369_369"><span class="label">[369]</span></a> The tribunes came into office on the 10th of December,
+nearly three weeks before the consuls, pr&aelig;tors, etc., who entered office
+on the 1st of January.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370_370" id="Footnote_370_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370_370"><span class="label">[370]</span></a> Either the <i>libera legatio</i> or the acting <i>legatio</i> in
+Gaul, both of which C&aelig;sar offered him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371_371" id="Footnote_371_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371_371"><span class="label">[371]</span></a> The phrase <i>ornare provincias, ornare consules</i>, etc.,
+means the vote in the senate deciding the number of troops, amount of
+money, and other outfit that the magistrates going to their provinces
+were to have. The provinces to be taken by outgoing consuls were decided
+before the elections&mdash;in this case they were Cilicia and Spain. But the
+<i>ornatio</i> usually took place after the consuls had entered on their
+office, <i>i.e.</i>, after the 1st of January. For this year, however&mdash;we
+don't know why&mdash;it had taken place before the 1st of December, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58.
+The result of this would be that the new tribunes for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57&mdash;entering
+on their office 10th December, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58&mdash;would have no voice in the
+matter, and would thus lose a great hold on the consuls. Most of these
+tribunes were supporters of Cicero, while he was doubtful as to one of
+the consuls&mdash;Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos. He thinks, therefore, that his
+cause has lost by this measure, for the tribunes will have less power of
+putting force on the consuls to do anything for him, and yet the same
+power of stopping them should they wish to do anything of their own
+accord. Besides, the new tribunes may be alienated by what they may
+think a measure derogatory to their position. These fears came to
+nothing; the tribunes were loyal to Cicero, and the consul Piso
+forwarded his recall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372_372" id="Footnote_372_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372_372"><span class="label">[372]</span></a> Because the tribunes could have vetoed any measure
+brought before the people, and so could have forced the consuls to come
+to terms.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, that the senate would pass no decree prior to one
+recalling Cicero.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> There is no indication in the letter as to where Atticus
+is. He left Rome late in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, and apparently did not return till
+after Cicero's recall. The most natural explanation is that he was in
+Epirus, or somewhere in Greece, and that he had visited Cicero at
+Dyrrachium on his way. I do not quite see how this should be thought
+impossible in view of the last sentence of <a href="#LXXXV_A_III_25">LXXXV</a> or the <a href="#LXXXVII_A_III_27">next letter</a>.
+Cicero asks Atticus to join him, but he might do so whether Atticus were
+at Buthrotum, or Rome, or anywhere else.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375_375" id="Footnote_375_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375_375"><span class="label">[375]</span></a> On 1st January, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, P. Lentulus brought the case of
+Cicero before the senate. The prevailing opinion was that his
+<i>interdictio</i> having been illegal, the senate could quash it. But
+Pompey, for the sake of security, recommended a <i>lex</i>. One of the
+tribunes, without actually vetoing the <i>senatus consultum</i>, demanded a
+night for consideration. The question was again debated in succeeding
+meetings of the senate, but on the 25th was not decided. Technically an
+<i>auctoritas</i> was a decree that had been vetoed by a tribune, and Cicero
+(<i>pro Sest.</i> &sect; 74) implies that such a veto had been put in, and at any
+rate the <i>noctis postulatio</i> was equivalent to a veto.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376_376" id="Footnote_376_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376_376"><span class="label">[376]</span></a> Perhaps he has just heard that the sitting of the senate
+on the 25th of January had been interrupted by Clodius's roughs. But
+other similar events happened, and there is no certain means of dating
+this note. The difficulty, as it stands, is that it implies Atticus's
+temporary return to Rome.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> This intentionally enigmatical sentence is meant to
+contain a menace against Clodius, who is hinted at in the word <i>omnium</i>,
+just as he is earlier in the letter in the word <i>tuorum</i>. Clodius was a
+connexion by marriage of Metellus (through his late brother, the husband
+of Clodia), and Cicero assumes that Metellus is restrained from helping
+him by regard for Clodius. He knows, however, by this time, that one of
+the new tribunes, Milo, is prepared to repel force by force, and he
+hints to Metellus that if he countenances Clodius's violence he may some
+day find that there is no Clodius to save&mdash;if that's his object. In
+Letter <a href="#LXXXIX_A_IV_1">LXXXIX</a> he shews how early he had contemplated Clodius being
+killed by Milo (<i>occisum iri ab ipso Milone video</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Reading <i>ab infimo</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> As backing the decree. The phrase was <i>aderat scribendo
+M. Tullius Cicero</i>, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> <i>Dederunt</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, <i>contionem</i>; lit. gave me a meeting,
+<i>i.e.</i>, the right of addressing the meeting, which only magistrates or
+those introduced by magistrates could do.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381_381" id="Footnote_381_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381_381"><span class="label">[381]</span></a> C. Messius, a tribune of the year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382_382" id="Footnote_382_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382_382"><span class="label">[382]</span></a> Clodius had consecrated the site of Cicero's house for a
+temple of Liberty. The pontifices had to decide whether that
+consecration held good, or whether the site might be restored to Cicero.
+Hence his speech <i>de Domo sua ad Pontifices</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383_383" id="Footnote_383_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383_383"><span class="label">[383]</span></a> The origin of the Latin line is not known. The English is
+Milton's, <i>P. L.</i> ii. 224.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384_384" id="Footnote_384_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> The speech <i>de Domo sua ad Pontifices</i>. The genuineness
+of the existing speech has been doubted. But it may very well be said
+that no one but Cicero could have written it. It is not certainly one of
+his happiest efforts, in spite of what he says here; but he is not
+unaccustomed to estimate his speeches somewhat highly, and to mistake
+violence for vigour.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385_385" id="Footnote_385_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> He will send it to Atticus to get copied by his
+<i>librarii</i>, and published.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386_386" id="Footnote_386_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was a
+pr&aelig;tor this year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387_387" id="Footnote_387_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387_387"><span class="label">[387]</span></a> It is not clear that Clodius was wrong; the pontifices
+decided that for a valid consecration an order of the people was
+requisite, and, of course, Clodius could allege such an order. Cicero
+devoted the greater part of his speech, therefore, to shewing (1) that
+Clodius's adoption was invalid, and that he was therefore no tribune,
+and incapable of taking an order of the people; (2) that the law was a
+<i>privilegium</i>, and therefore invalid. The pontifices did not consider
+either of these points, which were not properly before them, or within
+their competence; they merely decided the religious question&mdash;that
+unless there had been a <i>iussus populi</i> or <i>plebis scitus</i> there was no
+valid consecration.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388_388" id="Footnote_388_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388_388"><span class="label">[388]</span></a> Or perhaps only "statue of Liberty," as the temple was
+not yet completed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389_389" id="Footnote_389_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389_389"><span class="label">[389]</span></a> A portico or colonnade, built by Q. Catulus, the
+conqueror of the Cimbri, on the site of the house of M. Flaccus, who was
+killed with Saturninus in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 100. It was close to Cicero's house, and
+what Clodius appears to have done was to pull down the portico, and
+build another, extending over part of Cicero's site, on which was to be
+a temple for his statue of Liberty.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390_390" id="Footnote_390_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus was called on first as
+consul designate for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391_391" id="Footnote_391_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Sext. Attilius Serranus, a tribune. He had been a qu&aelig;stor
+in Cicero's consulship, but had opposed his recall.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> Cn. Oppius Cornicinus, the father-in-law of Serranus, is
+said in <i>p. red. at Quir.</i> &sect; 13 to have done the same in the senate on
+the 1st of January, when Serranus also went through the same form of
+"demanding a night" for consideration.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> Prof. Tyrrell brackets <i>porticum</i>. But I do not
+understand his difficulty, especially as he saw none in the last letter.
+Cicero (<i>de Domo</i>, &sect; 102) certainly implies that Clodius had, at any
+rate, partly pulled down the <i>porticus Catuli</i>, in order to build
+something on a larger scale, which was to take in some of Cicero's site.
+This was now to come down, and so leave Cicero his <i>area</i>, and, I
+presume, the old <i>porticus Catuli</i> was to be restored.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> Cicero had given Crassus 3,500,000 for it (about
+&pound;28,000). See Letter <a href="#XVI_A_I_12">XVI</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395_395" id="Footnote_395_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395_395"><span class="label">[395]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, my modest reserve. There does not seem any reason
+for Tyrrell's emendation of <i>num</i> for <i>nam</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396_396" id="Footnote_396_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396_396"><span class="label">[396]</span></a> I have translated Klotz's text. That given by Prof.
+Tyrrell is, to me at any rate, quite unintelligible. Cicero's <i>legatio</i>
+under Pompey appears to have been, in fact, honorary, or <i>libera</i>, for
+he doesn't seem to have done anything. He wishes to reserve the right of
+resigning it to stand for the censorship (censors were elected in the
+following year), or of turning it into a <i>votiva legatio</i>, to visit
+certain sacred places on the plea of performing a vow, thus getting the
+opportunity, if he desired it, of retiring temporarily from Rome in a
+dignified manner. The force of <i>prope</i> seems to be "almost any, I care
+not what." It was not likely that a man with his stormy past would do
+for the delicate duties of the censorship, and he would save appearances
+by going on a <i>votiva legatio</i>. See Letter <a href="#XLIV_A_II_18">XLIV</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397_397" id="Footnote_397_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397_397"><span class="label">[397]</span></a> <i>Facile careo</i>, others read <i>non facile</i>, "I don't like
+being without a suburban residence."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398_398" id="Footnote_398_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398_398"><span class="label">[398]</span></a> The thing which brought him "nothing but dishonour" was
+his quitting Rome, and the consequent expenses connected with winning
+over friends, or paying for Milo's bravoes to face those of Clodius. In
+the last part of the sentence he seems to mean that, had his supporters
+backed him properly, he would have got everything necessary to make good
+his losses from the liberality of the senate. Others explain that
+<i>defensores</i> really means Pompey only.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399_399" id="Footnote_399_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399_399"><span class="label">[399]</span></a> This and the omission of his wife in the next clause, as
+the similar hint at the end of the last letter, seem to point to some
+misunderstanding with Terentia, with whom, however, a final rupture was
+postponed for nearly twelve years (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 46.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400_400" id="Footnote_400_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400_400"><span class="label">[400]</span></a> See <a href="#XC_A_IV_2">last letter</a>. The <i>porticus Catuli</i> had been, at any
+rate, partly demolished by Clodius to make way for his larger scheme of
+building, which was to take in part of Cicero's "site." See <i>pro C&aelig;l.</i>
+&sect;79.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> Next door to Cicero's own house.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> He would avoid prosecution <i>de vi</i> by getting elected to
+the &aelig;dileship for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, for actual magistrates were rarely
+prosecuted; but he, in this case, actually avoided it by getting a
+consul and tribune to forbid it by edict (<i>pro Sest.</i> &sect; 89).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> <i>Designatorem.</i> This may mean (1) an official who shewed
+people to their places in the theatre; (2) an undertaker's man, who
+marshalled funerals. To the latter office a certain <i>infamia</i> was
+attached. We know nothing more of Decimus (see <i>pro Domo</i>, &sect; 50).
+Gellius was an eques and a stepson of L. Marcius Philippus. He
+afterwards gave evidence against Sestius for <i>vis</i> (see <i>pro Sest.</i> &sect;
+110). Cicero calls him the mover of all seditions (<i>in Vatin.</i> &sect; 4), and
+one of Clodius's gang (<i>de Har. Resp.</i> &sect; 59). See <a href="#XCII_Q_FR_II_1">next letter</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404_404" id="Footnote_404_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Perhaps by M. Antonius. See 2 <i>Phil.</i> &sect; 21; <i>pro Mil.</i> &sect;
+40.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Lit. "made all Catilines <i>Acidini</i>." Acidinus was the
+cognomen of several distinguished men. In <i>Leg. Agr.</i> ii. &sect; 64, Cicero
+classes the <i>Acidini</i> among men "respectable not only for the public
+offices they had held, and for their services to the state, but also for
+the noble way in which they had endured poverty." There does not,
+however, seem any very good reason known for their becoming proverbial
+as the antithesis to revolutionaries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> A slope of the Palatine. Milo's other house (p. <a href="#Page_196">196</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407_407" id="Footnote_407_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407_407"><span class="label">[407]</span></a> P. Cornelius Sulla, nephew of the dictator. Cicero
+defended him in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 62, but he had taken the part of Clodius in the
+time of Cicero's exile.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408_408" id="Footnote_408_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408_408"><span class="label">[408]</span></a> Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, the consul-designate
+for the next year. In that capacity he would be called on for his
+<i>sententia</i> first.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409_409" id="Footnote_409_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409_409"><span class="label">[409]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Nepos, the consul. Though he had not
+opposed Cicero's recall, he stood by his cousin, P. Clodius, in regard
+to the threatened prosecution. Appius is Appius Claudius, brother of P.
+Clodius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410_410" id="Footnote_410_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410_410"><span class="label">[410]</span></a> P. Sestius, the tribune favourable to Cicero, afterwards
+defended by him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Mr. Purser's reading of <i>nisi anteferret</i> before
+<i>proscripsit</i> seems to me to darken the passage. What happened was this.
+Marcellinus's <i>sententia</i> was never put to the vote, because Metellus,
+Appius, and Hortensius (Cicero seems to mean him) talked out the
+sitting. Accordingly, Marcellinus published it, <i>i.e.</i>, put it up
+outside the Curia to be read: and under it he (or some other magistrate
+whose name has dropped out of the text) put a notice that he was going
+to "watch the sky" all the <i>dies comitiales</i>, so as to prevent the
+election being held. But this had been rendered inoperative by Clodius's
+amendment of the <i>lex &AElig;lia Fufia</i> (see 2 <i>Phil.</i> &sect; 81)&mdash;or at any rate
+of doubtful validity&mdash;and, accordingly, the only thing left was the
+<i>obnuntiatio</i> by a magistrate, which Milo proceeded to make. The rule,
+however was that such <i>obnuntiatio</i> must be made before the <i>comitia</i>
+were begun (2 <i>Phil. ib.</i>), which again could not begin till sunrise.
+Hence Milo's early visit to the <i>campus</i>. For the meaning of <i>proposita</i>
+see Letter <a href="#XLVII_A_II_21">XLVII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412_412" id="Footnote_412_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> After which the <i>comitia</i> could not be begun.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> P. Clodius, his brother Appius, and his <i>cousin</i> Metellus
+Nepos.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Metellus means that he shall take the necessary auspices
+for the <i>comitia</i> in the <i>comitium</i>, before going to the <i>campus</i> to
+take the votes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Generally called <i>inter duos lucos</i>, the road down the
+Capitolium towards the Campus Martius, originally so called as being
+between the two heads of the mountain. It was the spot traditionally
+assigned to the "asylum" of Romulus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> On the <i>nundin&aelig;</i> and the next day no <i>comitia</i> and no
+meeting of the senate could be held.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> Candidate for the &aelig;dileship, of whom we know nothing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> Apparently a poor lantern, whose sides were made of
+canvas instead of horn.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia as Pompey's <i>legatus</i> as
+superintendent of the corn-supply, to which office he had been appointed
+in August. The letter is written not earlier than the 10th of December,
+for the new tribunes for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56 have come into office, and not later
+than the 16th, because on the 17th the Saturnalia began. Perhaps as the
+senate is summoned and presided over by Lupus, it is on the 10th, the
+day of his entrance upon office.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> "Full," that is, for the time of year. A "full house" is
+elsewhere mentioned as between three and four hundred.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> P. Rutilius Lupus, one of the new tribunes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> This refers to Cicero's attempts to exempt the <i>ager
+publicus</i> in Campania from being divided (see Letter <a href="#XXIV_A_I_19">XXIV</a>, p. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>); and
+not only to his speeches against Rullus. It was because C&aelig;sar
+disregarded the ancient exception of this land from such distribution
+that Cicero opposed his bill, and refused to serve on the commission.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423_423" id="Footnote_423_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423_423"><span class="label">[423]</span></a> <i>Nihil vos moramur</i> were the words used by the presiding
+magistrate, indicating that he had no more business to bring before the
+senate. If no one said anything, the senate was dismissed; but any
+magistrate, or magistrate-designate, could speak, and so continue the
+sitting up to nightfall, when the house stood adjourned.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Because consul-designate. L. Racilius, one of the new
+tribunes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425_425" id="Footnote_425_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425_425"><span class="label">[425]</span></a> The <i>sortitio iudicum</i> was performed by the pr&aelig;tor
+drawing out the required number of names from the urn, which contained
+the names of all liable to serve. The accused could, however, challenge
+a certain number, and the pr&aelig;tor had then to draw others.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426_426" id="Footnote_426_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426_426"><span class="label">[426]</span></a> The formula whereby the senate declared its opinion that
+so and so was guilty of treason. It had no legal force, but the
+magistrates might, and sometimes did, act on it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427_427" id="Footnote_427_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427_427"><span class="label">[427]</span></a> C. Porcius Cato, distant relation of Cato Uticensis, one
+of the new tribunes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428_428" id="Footnote_428_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428_428"><span class="label">[428]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, Marcellinus (Cn. Cornelius Lentulus).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429_429" id="Footnote_429_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429_429"><span class="label">[429]</span></a> The senators not in office only spoke when called on
+(<i>rogati</i>). The consuls-designate (if there were any) were always called
+first, and then the consulars in order. To be called <i>first</i> was a
+subject of ambition, and an opportunity for the presiding magistrate to
+pay a compliment or the reverse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> They went and sat or stood near the speaker they wished
+to support. It was not, however, a formal division till the speeches
+ended, and the presiding magistrate counted. Still, it made the division
+easier.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> A platform outside the senate-house, where
+representatives originally of Greek and then of other states were
+placed. It was apparently possible to hear, or partly hear, the debates
+from it. It was a <i>locus substructus</i> (Varro, <i>L. L.</i> v. 155). There is
+no evidence that it was a building to lodge ambassadors in, as Prof.
+Tyrrell says.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> The year of this letter has been inferred from the
+mention of Lentulus's augural banquet. For P. Cornelius Lentulus
+Spinther, son of the consul of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, was in this year elected into
+the college of augurs. Yet as we know that Cicero's Tusculan villa was
+dismantled by Clodius, and was advertised for sale (though not sold), it
+seems rather extraordinary that Cicero should have gone there for his
+health. The <i>Fadii Galli</i> were a family of Cicero's native place,
+Arpinum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> There were several sumptuary laws. Those which may
+possibly be referred to here are (1) the <i>lex Licinia</i> (? <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 103),
+which defined certain foods as illegal at banquets, but excepted <i>quod
+ex terra vite arbore ve sit natum</i> (Macrobius, <i>Sat.</i> iii. 17, 9; Gell.
+ii. 24, 7); (2) the <i>lex &AElig;milia</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 68), which also defined both the
+quantity and quality of food allowable at banquets (Gell. ii. 24, 12).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434_434" id="Footnote_434_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434_434"><span class="label">[434]</span></a> C. Anicius, a senator and intimate friend of Cicero's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435_435" id="Footnote_435_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Consul of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, who had gone at the end of his
+consulship to be governor of Cilicia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436_436" id="Footnote_436_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> When Ptolemy Auletes first appealed to the senate (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+57) to restore him to the throne of Egypt, it appears that a resolution
+was passed authorizing the proconsul of Cilicia to do so; but as Pompey
+wished to have the business, the senate found itself in a difficulty,
+not wishing to put him in military command, or daring to offend him by
+an open refusal (Dio, xxxix. 12). The tribune C. Cato found up a
+Sibylline oracle forbidding the employment of an army for the purpose,
+which served the senate as a decent excuse. The commission to Lentulus
+was eventually withdrawn by an <i>auctoritas senatus</i>, and Lentulus did
+not venture to do it. Ptolemy, finding that he could not succeed in
+getting Pompey commissioned, retired to Ephesus, and afterwards
+succeeded by an enormous bribe in inducing Gabinius, the proconsul of
+Syria, to do it (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437_437" id="Footnote_437_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Of having been induced by greed or ambition to undertake
+the restoration of Ptolemy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438_438" id="Footnote_438_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438_438"><span class="label">[438]</span></a> Reading <i>tibicini</i> for the unmeaning <i>tibi</i>. It is not
+certain, but it makes good sense. Ptolemy was called <i>Auletes</i>
+(flute-player), of which the Latin <i>tibicen</i> is a translation, meant, no
+doubt, somewhat jocosely.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439_439" id="Footnote_439_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439_439"><span class="label">[439]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, before going to the senate on the Ides of January
+(13th). See <a href="#XCV_F_I_2">next letter</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440_440" id="Footnote_440_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> The Sibylline oracle forbade restoring the king "with a
+multitude."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441_441" id="Footnote_441_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Pompey had at this time <i>imperium</i> as <i>curator annon&aelig;</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442_442" id="Footnote_442_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Because it was on Lentulus's motion that Pompey had been
+made <i>curator annon&aelig;</i>, and so in possession of <i>imperium</i> with naval and
+military forces.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443_443" id="Footnote_443_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443_443"><span class="label">[443]</span></a> The proposal of Bibulus to send "three legates" implied a
+concession to the Sibylline verse, in not sending "an army." It was
+therefore to be voted on as two questions&mdash;(1) Shall the Sibylline verse
+be obeyed, and an army not sent? (2) Shall three legates be sent?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444_444" id="Footnote_444_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444_444"><span class="label">[444]</span></a> That is, the debate went off on the side issue as to who
+had the prior right of dividing the house. Lupus said <i>he</i> had, because
+the proposal of Volcatius was really made before the others, <i>i.e.</i>, in
+the previous day's debate (see <a href="#XCIV_F_I_1">last letter</a>). The consuls were only too
+glad thus to avoid having the main question brought to a vote, and let
+this technical point be spun out in a languid debate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445_445" id="Footnote_445_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445_445"><span class="label">[445]</span></a> Because they had magistrates ready to stop the <i>comitia</i>
+by declaring bad omens, and tribunes ready to veto any proposal.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446_446" id="Footnote_446_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446_446"><span class="label">[446]</span></a> A <i>senatus consultum</i> vetoed by a tribune was written
+out, with the names of its proposers and backers, and a statement at the
+end as to the tribunes vetoing it. It was thus on record as an
+<i>auctoritas senatus</i>, "resolution of the senate," not a <i>senatus
+consultum</i>. A perfect specimen is given in Letter CCXXIII. This
+<i>auctoritas</i> was to the effect that no one was to undertake the
+restoration. See Letter <a href="#CXIII_F_I_7">CXIII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447_447" id="Footnote_447_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> This is a specimen of the short letter of introduction to
+a provincial governor which were given almost as a matter of course by
+men of position at Rome. We shall have many of them in the course of the
+correspondence: and Cicero elsewhere warns the recipient of such letters
+not to pay attention to them unless he expressly indicates his wish by
+some less formal sentence (see Letter <a href="#CXIV_F_XIII_6_a">CXIV</a>). T. Ampius was the
+predecessor of Lentulus in Cilicia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448_448" id="Footnote_448_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, no meeting of the senate for ordinary business.
+During the month of February the senate usually devoted all its time to
+hearing and answering deputations from the provinces or foreign states.
+The <i>lex Pupia</i> forbade the meeting of the senate on <i>dies comitiales</i>,
+and after the 14th the days in January were all <i>comitiales</i>: but
+another law (<i>lex Vatinia</i>) ordered it to meet every day in February for
+the business of the legations. If this business was concluded or
+deferred it remained a moot point whether a magistrate was not still
+bound or, at least, allowed to summon it for other business (<i>ad Q. Fr.</i>
+ii. 13).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449_449" id="Footnote_449_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> That of the tribune C. Cato for the recall of Lentulus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_450_450" id="Footnote_450_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450_450"><span class="label">[450]</span></a> A money-lender, and friend of Lentulus Spinther.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451_451" id="Footnote_451_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451_451"><span class="label">[451]</span></a> Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452_452" id="Footnote_452_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452_452"><span class="label">[452]</span></a> Agent or steward of Atticus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453_453" id="Footnote_453_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> The architect. See Letter <a href="#XXVIII_A_II_3">XXVIII</a>, p. <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454_454" id="Footnote_454_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Clodius, who was &aelig;dile this year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455_455" id="Footnote_455_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> For commissioning Pompey with two lictors to restore
+Ptolemy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456_456" id="Footnote_456_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> Milo impeached by Clodius before the <i>comitia tributa</i>
+for his employment of gladiators. Dio (xxxix. 18) says that Clodius thus
+impeached Milo, not with any hope of securing his conviction against the
+powerful support of Cicero and Pompey, but to get the chance of
+insulting these latter. Marcellus was one of the candidates for the
+&aelig;dileship with Clodius. See Letter <a href="#XCI_A_IV_3">XCI</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457_457" id="Footnote_457_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 129, after making a speech in favour of the
+claims of the Italians for exemption from the agrarian law of Gracchus,
+Scipio &AElig;milianus, the younger Africanus, was found dead in his bed. The
+common report was that he had been assassinated by Carbo, or with his
+privity, but it was never proved (see <i>de Orat.</i> ii. &sect; 170). Cicero does
+not here assume the truth of the story, he merely repeats Pompey's
+words.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458_458" id="Footnote_458_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458_458"><span class="label">[458]</span></a> M. Tullius Albinovanus. It was on this charge <i>de vi</i>
+that Cicero defended Sestius in the extant speech. The charge of bribery
+does not appear to have been proceeded with.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459_459" id="Footnote_459_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459_459"><span class="label">[459]</span></a> <i>Adlegatos</i>, probably commissioners named to receive and
+report on a deposition of an informer before the senate acted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460_460" id="Footnote_460_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460_460"><span class="label">[460]</span></a> L. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, a candidate in the last
+election of &aelig;diles.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461_461" id="Footnote_461_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> Cn. Domitius Calvinus, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53. In the Civil War
+he sided with Pompey, and perished at sea after Thapsus (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 46).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462_462" id="Footnote_462_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> <i>Ad lucum Pisonis</i>. The place is not known, but there is
+not sufficient reason for the change to <i>ad lacum Pisonis</i>, a place
+equally unknown.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463_463" id="Footnote_463_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> A part of Rome on the slope of the Mons Oppius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464_464" id="Footnote_464_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, get out of it as soon as you can.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465_465" id="Footnote_465_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Ptolemy was at Ephesus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_466_466" id="Footnote_466_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466_466"><span class="label">[466]</span></a> The famous C. Asinius Pollio.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467_467" id="Footnote_467_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> The postponement of the Egyptian commission.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468_468" id="Footnote_468_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> &#7952;&#958; &#7936;&#960;&#945;&#955;&#8182;&#957; &#8000;&#957;&#8059;&#967;&#969;&#957;, <i>i.e.</i>, "from your earliest
+youth." Others explain it to mean "from the bottom of your heart," or
+"thoroughly," from the idea that the nerves ended in the nails.
+&#7956;&#958; &#945;&#8016;&#964;&#8182;&#957; &#964;&#8182;&#957; &#8000;&#957;&#8059;&#967;&#969;&#957;, "thoroughly," occurs in late Greek, and similar
+usages in the Anthology.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469_469" id="Footnote_469_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> L. &AElig;milius Paullus, pr&aelig;tor <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 53, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 50, a
+strong Optimate and friend of Cicero's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470_470" id="Footnote_470_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> P. Vatinius, the tribune of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, who had supported
+C&aelig;sar and proposed the law for his five years' command in Gaul. Cicero
+spoke against him for perjury; but afterwards we shall find them
+ostensibly reconciled.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471_471" id="Footnote_471_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> A Greek grammarian and geographer, of whom we have heard
+before, and shall hear of again in connexion with Cicero's library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472_472" id="Footnote_472_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> P. Furius Crassipes. Tullia's first husband, C.
+Calpurnius Piso Frugi, died, it seems, before Cicero returned from exile
+in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57. This second marriage (or, perhaps, only betrothal) was
+shortly ended by a divorce.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473_473" id="Footnote_473_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, on which the <i>sponsalia</i> could not take place.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474_474" id="Footnote_474_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> Not going the right way to work to get it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_475_475" id="Footnote_475_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475_475"><span class="label">[475]</span></a> At the end of the next letter he says that, pending
+Quintus's arrival, he has stopped some of his building.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476_476" id="Footnote_476_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> On some alleged informality the <i>feri&aelig; Latin&aelig;</i> were held
+a second time (<i>instaurat&aelig;</i>), really, Cicero implies, in order to bar
+some additional days for public business, and prevent legislation, as
+later on the election of Pompey and Crassus was prevented (Dio, xxxix.
+30).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477_477" id="Footnote_477_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> At the end of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, or the beginning of 56, fifteen
+days of <i>supplicatio</i> were decreed in consequence of C&aelig;sar's success in
+Gaul (C&aelig;s. <i>B. G.</i> ii. 35).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478_478" id="Footnote_478_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> Gaius Cato the tribune, who proposed to recall Lentulus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479_479" id="Footnote_479_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> A <i>scriba</i> or public clerk, and a client of the patrician
+Clodii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480_480" id="Footnote_480_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> Unknown. Cicero's words seem to imply that he nearly got
+convicted, but not quite.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481_481" id="Footnote_481_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 357 a "college" was established for celebrating
+the <i>ludi Capitolini</i>, in celebration of the failure of the Gauls to
+take it. It consisted of men living on the Capitoline (Livy, v. 50). The
+<i>Mercuriales</i> were a "college" or company of merchants who celebrated
+the <i>f&ecirc;te</i> of the consecration of the temple of Mercury (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>, 495) on
+the Ides of May (Livy, ii. 27; Ov. <i>F.</i> v. 669; C. <i>I. L.</i> i. p. 206).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_482_482" id="Footnote_482_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482_482"><span class="label">[482]</span></a> It was on this journey that Pompey visited Luca tomeet
+C&aelig;sar and Crassus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_483_483" id="Footnote_483_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483_483"><span class="label">[483]</span></a> The name of a property of Quintus at Arpinum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_484_484" id="Footnote_484_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484_484"><span class="label">[484]</span></a> Another property of Quintus near Mintum&aelig;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_485_485" id="Footnote_485_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485_485"><span class="label">[485]</span></a> The recently married wife of Atticus. See p. <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_486_486" id="Footnote_486_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486_486"><span class="label">[486]</span></a> &#960;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#957;&#966;&#948;&#8055;&#945;&mdash;something he had apparently written
+and sent to Pompey or C&aelig;sar, giving in his adhesion to the policy of the
+triumvirs. It can hardly have been the speech <i>de Provinciis
+Consularibus</i> or the <i>oratio pro Balbo</i>, which had probably not yet been
+delivered, for the arrangement recommended in the former speech was not
+that of the conference of Luca, while in the latter, though he speaks
+respectfully of C&aelig;sar, there is nothing in the shape of a palinode in
+general politics.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487_487" id="Footnote_487_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> That is, the dowry and expenses of Tullia's betrothal to
+Crassipes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488_488" id="Footnote_488_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> <i>Tullia de via recta in hortos</i>, for <i>tu</i>, etc., and <i>ad
+te postridie</i>. This may not be right, but no other suggestions as to the
+meaning of these abrupt clauses have been made which are in the least
+convincing. We must suppose that Atticus has asked Tullia to stay with
+him and his wife Pilia, and Cicero is describing her journey from
+Antium.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489_489" id="Footnote_489_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> L. Lucceius, of whom we have heard before, as having some
+quarrel with Atticus. His work has not survived. No letter of the
+correspondence has brought more adimadversion on Cicero, and yet
+log-rolling and the appealing to friends on the press to review one's
+book are not wholly unknown even in our time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_490_490" id="Footnote_490_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490_490"><span class="label">[490]</span></a> Cicero appears by a slip to have written Themistocles
+instead of Aristeides. The dramatic return of the latter just before the
+battle of Salamis is narrated in Herodotus: whereas the former never
+returned, though his dead body was said to have been brought to Athens.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_491_491" id="Footnote_491_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491_491"><span class="label">[491]</span></a> Reading <i>communi fueris nomine</i>. After all, the meaning
+is very doubtful.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492_492" id="Footnote_492_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Philoxenus, who, having been sent to the quarries by
+Dionysius of Syracuse, for criticising the tyrant's poetry, was given
+another chance. After reading a few lines he turned away silently.
+"Where are you going?" said Dionysius. "Back to the quarries," said
+Philoxenus. For &#931;&#960;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#945;&#957; &#7956;&#955;&#945;&#967;&#949;&#962;, &#964;&#945;&#8059;&#964;&#951;&#957; &#954;&#959;&#963;&#956;&#949;&#8150;, see p. <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493_493" id="Footnote_493_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> <i>Ferrei</i>. The true meaning of the word here seems to me
+to be shewn by <i>de Am.</i> &sect; 87, <i>quis tam esset ferreus, qui eam vitam
+ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum omnium solitudo</i>?
+There is an intentional play on the words <i>ferreus</i> and <i>ferre</i>. Others
+have altered it to <i>servi</i>, and others have explained it as an allusion
+to the iron age, in both cases spoiling the antithesis&mdash;he died, we
+remain&mdash;and in the latter using the word in a sense not elsewhere found.
+Lentulus is L. Cornelius Lentulus. See Letter <a href="#L_A_II_24">L</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494_494" id="Footnote_494_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> A money-lender.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_495_495" id="Footnote_495_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495_495"><span class="label">[495]</span></a> &#959;&#8016;&#967; &#8001;&#963;&#8055;&#951; &#966;&#952;&#953;&#956;&#8051;&#957;&#959;&#953;&#963;&#953;&#957;, leaving Atticus, as
+often, to fill in the words &#7952;&#960;' &#7936;&#957;&#948;&#961;&#8049;&#963;&#953;&#957; &#949;&#8016;&#967;&#949;&#964;&#8049;&#945;&#963;&#952;&#945;&#953; (Hom.
+<i>Od.</i> xxii. 412, where the word is &#954;&#964;&#945;&#956;&#8051;&#957;&#959;&#953;&#963;&#953;&#957;). Terentius is
+some eques who has stopped payment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496_496" id="Footnote_496_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> Because Clodius was attempting to pull down Cicero's
+new-built house on the ground that the site was still consecrated. He
+was prevented by Milo (Dio, xxxix. 20).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497_497" id="Footnote_497_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Something that Quintus had done, perhaps about water, on
+his estate which annoyed his fellow townsmen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498_498" id="Footnote_498_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> &#8001; &#948;' &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7952;&#956;&#960;&#8049;&#950;&#949;&#964;&#959; &#956;&#8059;&#952;&#969;&#957; (Hom. <i>Od.</i> i. 271).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> We must suppose Atticus to have mentioned some money loss
+(see <a href="#CX_A_IV_7">last letter</a>), and to have added that, though a ruinous one, his
+tastes were simple, and he could live on simple fare. Cicero laughs at
+the affectation of the rich Atticus. <i>Raudusculum</i>, "a piece of bronze,"
+was the ancient term for the piece of bronze money used in sales, <i>per
+&aelig;s et libram</i> (Varro, <i>L. L.</i> v. 163).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> &#956;&#8053;&#960;&#969; &#956;&#8051;&#947;' &#949;&#7988;&#960;&#951;&#962; &#960;&#961;&#8054;&#957; &#964;&#949;&#955;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#8053;&#963;&#945;&#957;&#964;' &#7988;&#948;&#8131;&#962;, "Do not
+boast till you see a man dead"&mdash;a well-known line from a lost play of
+Sophocles, containing a sentiment elsewhere often repeated, especially
+in Herodotus's account of the interview of Solon and Cr&#339;sus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501_501" id="Footnote_501_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> &#949;&#7988;&#951; &#956;&#959;&#8054; &#959;&#8022;&#964;&#959;&#962; &#966;&#8055;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#959;&#7990;&#954;&#959;&#962;, according to a
+probable restoration of the Greek words (instead of &#949;&#7988;&#951; &#956;&#953;&#963;&#951;&#964;&#8056;&#962; &#966;&#8055;&#955;&#959;&#962; &#959;&#7990;&#954;&#959;&#962;,
+"I might even hate my town house in comparison"); cp.
+Hor. <i>Od.</i> ii. 6, 7.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502_502" id="Footnote_502_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> <i>Fratris</i>. The mother of Clodius, C&aelig;cilia, was a daughter
+of Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Balearicus (consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 123), father of the
+writer of this letter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503_503" id="Footnote_503_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#XCV_F_I_2">XCV</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504_504" id="Footnote_504_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> See Letter <a href="#CII_F_I_5_b">CII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505_505" id="Footnote_505_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Joined to the province of Cilicia by Cato in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58-57.
+What Cicero is recommending is a clear evasion. Lentulus is not to
+<i>take</i> Ptolemy back, but to go to Egypt and make it ready for him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> Cicero says elsewhere that he supported this (<i>pro
+Balbo</i>, &sect;61; <i>de Prov. Cons.</i> &sect;28; cp. Dio, xxxix. 25).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> The law of Gaius Gracchus (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C</span>. 123) enacting that the
+senate should name before the elections the provinces to be held by the
+next consuls.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_508_508" id="Footnote_508_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508_508"><span class="label">[508]</span></a> <i>Paludatum</i>, lit. dressed in the <i>paludamentum</i>, the
+military dress in which provincial governors left Rome with <i>imperium</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_509_509" id="Footnote_509_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509_509"><span class="label">[509]</span></a> <i>Notam</i>, some cipher, which he had agreed upon with
+Valerius to indicate that the <i>commendatio</i> was not to be looked upon as
+a mere matter of course.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510_510" id="Footnote_510_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> One of the tribunes. He was convicted of <i>vis</i> in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>,
+54. Gabinius was governor of Syria <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57-54. He had been engaged in
+some warlike affairs in Iud&aelig;a, for which, or for some successes over the
+Arabs, he claimed the <i>supplicatio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511_511" id="Footnote_511_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> &#949;&#7984;&#955;&#953;&#954;&#961;&#953;&#957;&#8051;&#962;, "pure," "clear."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512_512" id="Footnote_512_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> <i>Mihi aqua h&aelig;ret</i>, "there's a stoppage in my water
+course."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_513_513" id="Footnote_513_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513_513"><span class="label">[513]</span></a> The letter appears to be from Tusculum, because Cicero
+asks for a letter every day, which he could hardly expect if he were
+farther off. This year Cicero was much away from Rome, and yet his
+correspondence is meagre compared with other years. So far as this is
+not due to accident in the preservation of his letters, it may be
+accounted for by the fact that he was working at his <i>de Oratore</i>&mdash;so
+hard, that even his brother Quintus had scruples in breaking in upon
+him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_514_514" id="Footnote_514_514"></a><a href="#FNanchor_514_514"><span class="label">[514]</span></a> This may refer to the laws of Trebonius, giving Pompey
+and Crassus Spain and Syria respectively, and C&aelig;sar an additional five
+years in Gaul, or to some of Pompey's own legislation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_515_515" id="Footnote_515_515"></a><a href="#FNanchor_515_515"><span class="label">[515]</span></a> L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a candidate for the consulship
+of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, but whose election had never come off. By various
+contrivances the <i>comitia</i> were prevented, so that the new year opened
+with an <i>interregnum</i>; and Pompey and Crassus were elected under the
+presidency of an <i>interrex</i> (Dio, xxxix. 31).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_516_516" id="Footnote_516_516"></a><a href="#FNanchor_516_516"><span class="label">[516]</span></a> Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_517_517" id="Footnote_517_517"></a><a href="#FNanchor_517_517"><span class="label">[517]</span></a> L. Natta, a brother-in-law of Clodius, a pontifex who had
+presided at the <i>consecratio</i> of Cicero's house. He seems to have just
+died.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_518_518" id="Footnote_518_518"></a><a href="#FNanchor_518_518"><span class="label">[518]</span></a> A friend of Pompey's. I think "your guest" must be Pompey
+himself, whom Atticus is about to entertain at dinner.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_519_519" id="Footnote_519_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> The extreme Optimates, such as Cato.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> Against the predatory and piratic inhabitants of
+Cilicia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_521_521" id="Footnote_521_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> His poem "On his own Times."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_522_522" id="Footnote_522_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> In his poem <i>de Consulatu suo</i>, the second book of which
+(Urania) ends with a speech of Iupiter, who recommends his leaving
+politics for literature.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523_523" id="Footnote_523_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> A statue in the temple of Tellus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_524_524" id="Footnote_524_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> Brogitarus was a Galatian and connexion of Deiotarus.
+Clodius, as tribune, had done some services to Byzantium, and had also
+got Brogitarus the office of high priest of Cybele. He wants now to go
+and get his money for these favours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_525_525" id="Footnote_525_525"></a><a href="#FNanchor_525_525"><span class="label">[525]</span></a> The pr&aelig;torian elections, like the consular, had been put
+off till February. Those elected would therefore enter on their office
+at once, and so escape prosecution, to which they would have been liable
+if, as in ordinary years, they had been "pr&aelig;tors-designate" from July to
+January. Afranius's motion seems to have been for suspending the bribery
+laws <i>pro hac vice</i>. Cato had been beaten: if there had been an
+opportunity of impeaching his rivals he might have got in.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> Son of the dictator Sulla, who is known to have brought
+back from Athens a famous Aristotelian library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> Pompey and Crassus, the consuls.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> Pompey, as the context shews. In the next clause
+<i>ambulatio</i> has a double meaning of physical walking and of a political
+course of conduct.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_529_529" id="Footnote_529_529"></a><a href="#FNanchor_529_529"><span class="label">[529]</span></a> Philotimus, a freedman of Terentia's, seems to have been
+engaged at Rome in the reconstruction of Cicero's house. The Spartan
+bath (<i>Laconicum</i>) was a hot-air bath, like a Turkish bath.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_530_530" id="Footnote_530_530"></a><a href="#FNanchor_530_530"><span class="label">[530]</span></a> The tribunes had no <i>veto</i> against the censors, they
+could only hinder them by the indirect method of <i>obnuntiatio</i>,
+declaring that the omens were bad, and so preventing business.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_531_531" id="Footnote_531_531"></a><a href="#FNanchor_531_531"><span class="label">[531]</span></a> This also is Phocylides's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_532_532" id="Footnote_532_532"></a><a href="#FNanchor_532_532"><span class="label">[532]</span></a> In Pompey's new theatre.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Some bore, unknown to us.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> The two boys seem to be receiving their education
+together at this time in the house of Quintus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> It is all but impossible to explain these words. Some
+editors transfer them to the sentence after <i>de Republica</i>. But they are
+scarcely more in place there. The Greek quotation is not known.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> M. Marius, to whom Letter <a href="#CXXVI_F_VII_1">CXXVI</a> is addressed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> C. Anicius, a senator, seems to have obtained from
+Ptolemy Auletes, by gift or purchase, his state sedan and its
+attendants.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> The Pompeianum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539_539" id="Footnote_539_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> An unintellible word, meant apparently for Greek (perhaps
+<i>arce</i> &#936;&#965;&#961;&#8055;&#8115;, see <i>Att.</i> xvi. 13), is in the text. The most
+probable conjecture refers it in some way to Arpinum, Cicero's hardy
+mountain birthplace.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_540_540" id="Footnote_540_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> The <i>de Oratore</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_541_541" id="Footnote_541_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> The ruin of his country.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> For us to walk and converse in. It hardly refers to a
+supply of vegetables, as some suggest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> A learned freedman of Atticus's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. Censors were elected this year, but the
+powers of the censorship had been much curtailed by a law of Clodius in
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_545_545" id="Footnote_545_545"></a><a href="#FNanchor_545_545"><span class="label">[545]</span></a> Apius Claudius (brother of Clodius) was a candidate for
+the consulship of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_546_546" id="Footnote_546_546"></a><a href="#FNanchor_546_546"><span class="label">[546]</span></a> Clodius, a revolutionary, like Appuleius Saturninus. The
+feminine gender is an insult.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_547_547" id="Footnote_547_547"></a><a href="#FNanchor_547_547"><span class="label">[547]</span></a> Either his poem "On his own Times," or the notes of
+events which he had promised in Letter <a href="#CVIII_F_V_12">CVIII</a>, p. <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_548_548" id="Footnote_548_548"></a><a href="#FNanchor_548_548"><span class="label">[548]</span></a> A treatise on union (&#960;&#949;&#961;&#8054; &#8001;&#956;&#959;&#957;&#959;&#8055;&#945;&#962;). The
+rhetorician Dionysius of Magnesia had been with Cicero during his tour
+in Asia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_549_549" id="Footnote_549_549"></a><a href="#FNanchor_549_549"><span class="label">[549]</span></a> L. Egnatius, who owed Q. Cicero money.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> C. Aquilius Gallus, Cicero's colleague in the pr&aelig;torship,
+and a busy advocate. See p. <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> Apparently a money-lender.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Perhaps at his <i>sponsalia</i>, as he was married towards the
+end of the year.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_553_553" id="Footnote_553_553"></a><a href="#FNanchor_553_553"><span class="label">[553]</span></a> C. Arrianus Evander, a dealer in statues, it seems, from
+whom Fadius had bought some for Cicero. He offers to let the debt for
+them (and so the interest) run from any day Cicero pleases.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_554_554" id="Footnote_554_554"></a><a href="#FNanchor_554_554"><span class="label">[554]</span></a> A well-known connoisseur, mentioned by Horace, <i>Sat.</i> ii.
+3, 64, <i>seq.</i>. He seems to have offered to take the bargain off Cicero's
+hands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_555_555" id="Footnote_555_555"></a><a href="#FNanchor_555_555"><span class="label">[555]</span></a> That is, for his <i>pal&aelig;stra</i> or gymnasium, as he calls it,
+in his Tusculanum. See Letters <a href="#I_A_I_5">I</a>, <a href="#II_A_I_6">II</a>, <a href="#VII_A_I_11">VII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_556_556" id="Footnote_556_556"></a><a href="#FNanchor_556_556"><span class="label">[556]</span></a> An ornamental leg or stand for table or sideboard
+(<i>abacus</i>). See picture in Rich's <i>Dictionary of Antiquities</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_557_557" id="Footnote_557_557"></a><a href="#FNanchor_557_557"><span class="label">[557]</span></a> On the <i>via Appia</i>, where the canal across the marshes
+began. Cicero stops there a night between Formi&aelig; and Pomptina Summa
+(<i>Att.</i> vii. 5).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_558_558" id="Footnote_558_558"></a><a href="#FNanchor_558_558"><span class="label">[558]</span></a> One who professes to be an amateur of art like
+Damasippus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_559_559" id="Footnote_559_559"></a><a href="#FNanchor_559_559"><span class="label">[559]</span></a> As in Letter <a href="#CVI_A_IV_4_b">CVI</a>, Tullia, not Terentia, seems to be in
+Cicero's confidence and presiding in his house. Terentia must already
+have been on bad terms with him, and perhaps was residing on her own
+property.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_560_560" id="Footnote_560_560"></a><a href="#FNanchor_560_560"><span class="label">[560]</span></a> Half-sister of Gaius Cassius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> <i>Communis</i>, which is not satisfactory. But neither is the
+emendation proposed, <i>cominus</i>. For <i>communis</i>, "common," "vulgar," see
+<i>de Off.</i> ii. &sect; 45.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Whom Pompey employed to select the plays to be exhibited
+in his new theatre.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> Pliny (<i>N. H.</i> viii. &sect; 21) says that the people were so
+moved that they loudly cursed Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_564_564" id="Footnote_564_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> L. Caninius Gallus (see p. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>). What he was accused of
+does not appear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_565_565" id="Footnote_565_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> I do not like to think this letter a mere rhetorical
+exercise, as has been suggested, rather than a true account of Cicero's
+feelings as to the theatre and amphitheatre. He often expresses his want
+of interest in the latter. The vulgar display in the theatre, unlike the
+severe simplicity of Greek art, was an old evil (see Polyb. xxx. 14).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_566_566" id="Footnote_566_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> <i>Ego, ut sit rata</i>, Schutz's reading, which seems the
+best for the unintelligible <i>ergo et si irata</i> of the MSS. It would
+mean, "though I regret not having been back for Domitius's election (if
+it has taken place), I am glad to have been away from the previous
+wrangling in the senate."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_567_567" id="Footnote_567_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> Crassus starts for Syria; he compares him to L. &AElig;milius
+Paullus starting for the war with Perses (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 168). Paullus was, like
+Crassus, sixty years old, and in his second consulship. Paullus set out
+with good omens, Crassus with a curse, denounced by the tribune C.
+Ateius Capito (<i>de Div.</i> i. &sect; 29; Plutarch, <i>Crass.</i> 16).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_568_568" id="Footnote_568_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> By his <i>librarii</i>. Atticus was again acting as his
+publisher.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_569_569" id="Footnote_569_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> The date has been lost.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_570_570" id="Footnote_570_570"></a><a href="#FNanchor_570_570"><span class="label">[570]</span></a> Lit. "has been beheaded with the axe of Tenes," mythical
+founder and legislator of Tenedos, whose laws were of Draconian
+severity. A <i>legatio</i> from Tenedos, heard as usual in February, had
+asked that Tenedos might be made a <i>libera civitas</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_571_571" id="Footnote_571_571"></a><a href="#FNanchor_571_571"><span class="label">[571]</span></a> Some <i>publicanus</i> who had made a charge on the Magnesians
+which they considered excessive.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_572_572" id="Footnote_572_572"></a><a href="#FNanchor_572_572"><span class="label">[572]</span></a> Lucretius seems to have been now dead, according to
+Donatus 15 October (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55), though the date is uncertain. I have
+translated the reading <i>mult&aelig; tamen artis</i>, which has been changed by
+some to <i>mult&aelig; etiam artis</i>. But the contrast in the criticism seems to
+be between the fine poetical passages in the <i>de Rerum Natura</i> and the
+mass of technical exposition of philosophy which must have repelled the
+"general reader" at all times. It suggests at once to Cicero to mention
+another poem on a similar subject, the <i>Empedoclea</i> of Sallustius, of
+which and its writer we know nothing. It was not the historian.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> Retaining <i>populi convicio</i>, and explaining <i>populus</i> to
+have the general meaning of the crowd, including senators and
+spectators. Cicero uses <i>populus</i> in this vague way elsewhere.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_574_574" id="Footnote_574_574"></a><a href="#FNanchor_574_574"><span class="label">[574]</span></a> Zeugma I take to mean the "territory of Zeugma," a town
+on the Euphrates, part of the Roman province of Syria, and close to the
+frontier of Commagene. Antiochus had asked that some stronghold should
+be reckoned as his rather than as belonging to the province.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_575_575" id="Footnote_575_575"></a><a href="#FNanchor_575_575"><span class="label">[575]</span></a> Appius, he insinuates, hoped to make money by granting
+the request of Antiochus, left king of Commagene by Pompey, for some
+special privileges, among which was the right of wearing the <i>toga
+pr&aelig;texta</i>, which symbolized some position with a shadow of Roman
+<i>imperium</i>, while at the same time conveying a compliment to the Roman
+suzernainty. See Polyb. lib. xxvi.; xxx. 26; Suet. <i>Aug.</i> 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_576_576" id="Footnote_576_576"></a><a href="#FNanchor_576_576"><span class="label">[576]</span></a> Some petty prince of Bostra (<i>Bozra</i>), in Arabia, of whom
+we know nothing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_577_577" id="Footnote_577_577"></a><a href="#FNanchor_577_577"><span class="label">[577]</span></a> Quintus was expecting, what he got, the offer of serving
+under C&aelig;sar as <i>legatus</i>. C&aelig;sar was preparing for his second invasion of
+Britain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_578_578" id="Footnote_578_578"></a><a href="#FNanchor_578_578"><span class="label">[578]</span></a> Which will prevent meetings of the senate, and so give me
+no news to send you.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_579_579" id="Footnote_579_579"></a><a href="#FNanchor_579_579"><span class="label">[579]</span></a> There is a <i>double entendre</i>. Cold weather will prevent
+the meetings of the senate actually, but metaphorically politics will be
+also cold and dull, and that dullness will probably be nowhere so
+evident as in the deserted state of the consul Appius's house, which in
+all probability will miss its usual bevy of callers. This
+explanation&mdash;put forward by Prof. Tyrrell&mdash;is not wholly satisfactory,
+yet it is the best that has been given.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_580_580" id="Footnote_580_580"></a><a href="#FNanchor_580_580"><span class="label">[580]</span></a> Pompey had two functions at this time: he was governor of
+Spain and <i>pr&aelig;fectus annon&aelig;</i>. The latter office, as being extraordinary,
+might be, perhaps, held with the other without an actual breach of law,
+but it was certainly against the spirit of the constitution. Cicero
+knows that Pompey's staying in Italy and governing his province by
+<i>legati</i> will not be acceptable to C&aelig;sar, and he alludes to it in
+carefully guarded terms. He had been named his <i>legatus</i> when Pompey
+first undertook the care of the corn-supply, but it does not seem as if
+he ever seriously contemplated going on actual service.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_581_581" id="Footnote_581_581"></a><a href="#FNanchor_581_581"><span class="label">[581]</span></a> L. Cornelius Balbus, whom Cicero defended, and who acted
+as C&aelig;sar's agent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_582_582" id="Footnote_582_582"></a><a href="#FNanchor_582_582"><span class="label">[582]</span></a> The name of the person jocosely referred to by C&aelig;sar is
+uncertain, from corruption of the text. Q. Lepta is C&aelig;sar's <i>pr&aelig;fectus
+fabrum</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_583_583" id="Footnote_583_583"></a><a href="#FNanchor_583_583"><span class="label">[583]</span></a> We cannot tell the allusion, not having the letter of
+Quintus. But he seems to have used the expression for something
+incongruous either in politics, or in regard to his contemplated
+services with C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_584_584" id="Footnote_584_584"></a><a href="#FNanchor_584_584"><span class="label">[584]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, the day he had to appear for trial, usually fixed
+by the pr&aelig;tor on the tenth day from the notice of prosecution. C&aelig;lius
+had been acqiuitted in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56, when Cicero defended him; this second
+trial appears to have in some way fallen through. The pr&aelig;tor Domitius is
+said to be Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Lucius, but he was much too
+young to have been pr&aelig;tor this year. The former trial of C&aelig;lius (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+56) had been before Cn. Comitius Calvinus, hence a difficulty about this
+passage. For the pr&aelig;tor Domitius of this year is not known. Domitius
+Calvinus was pr&aelig;tor <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_585_585" id="Footnote_585_585"></a><a href="#FNanchor_585_585"><span class="label">[585]</span></a> The <i>publicani</i> of Syria were enraged with Gabinius for
+neglecting his province while going to Egypt, thus allowing the pirates
+so to plunder that they could not collect enough dues to recoup them for
+their bargain to the state (Dio, xxxix. 59).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_586_586" id="Footnote_586_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> L. &AElig;lius Lamia, an eques, appears to have been one of the
+deputation of <i>publicani</i> who attended the senate to accuse Gabinius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_587_587" id="Footnote_587_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> The pr&aelig;torian elections were again postponed from the
+previous year to the early months of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54. Appius Claudius found
+means to put them off till March by holding meetings of the senate each
+day&mdash;the electoral <i>comita</i> not being able to meet on the same day as
+the senate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_588_588" id="Footnote_588_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> The tribune C. Memmius was prosecuting Gabinius (Letter
+<a href="#CXLVII_Q_FR_III_1">CXLVII</a>). The judicial <i>comita</i> could meet, though not the electoral.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_589_589" id="Footnote_589_589"></a><a href="#FNanchor_589_589"><span class="label">[589]</span></a> Callisthenes of Olynthus wrote (1) a history of the
+Trojan war; (2) an account of Alexander the Great. Philistus of Syracuse
+(1) a history of Sicily; (2) a life of Dionysius the elder; (3) a life
+of Dionysius the younger. He imitated Thucydides (<i>de Orat.</i> &sect; 17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_590_590" id="Footnote_590_590"></a><a href="#FNanchor_590_590"><span class="label">[590]</span></a> Trebatius is going to join C&aelig;sar, who is about to sail to
+Britain; hence the jest about the <i>essedarii</i>, drivers of Gallic and
+British war-chariots. Letter <a href="#CXXXIII_F_VII_5">CXXXIII</a> recommended him to C&aelig;sar. The lines
+quoted are from the <i>Medea</i> of Ennius, adapted or translated from
+Euripides. I date these two letters from Cum&aelig;, because he speaks of
+writing to Balbus, who was at Rome (p. <a href="#Page_267">267</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_591_591" id="Footnote_591_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> A banker at Puteoli.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_592_592" id="Footnote_592_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> The six books on the Republic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_593_593" id="Footnote_593_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> A <i>municipium</i> of Campania nine miles from Naples.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_594_594" id="Footnote_594_594"></a><a href="#FNanchor_594_594"><span class="label">[594]</span></a> Vacerra, Manilius, Cornelius, well-known lawyers or
+jurists of the day.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_595_595" id="Footnote_595_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> We shall afterwards see that Trebatius did not go to
+Britain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_596_596" id="Footnote_596_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> At Luca in the year <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_597_597" id="Footnote_597_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> <i>Comitia habendi causa</i>. No such had been appointed since
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 202, and the irregular dictatorship of Sulla in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 82 made the
+idea distasteful. Pompey was understood to wish for the appointment, now
+and later on. See pp. <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_598_598" id="Footnote_598_598"></a><a href="#FNanchor_598_598"><span class="label">[598]</span></a> &#964;&#959;&#953;&#945;&#8166;&#952;' &#8001; &#964;&#955;&#8053;&#956;&#969;&#957; &#960;&#8057;&#955;&#949;&#956;&#959;&#962; &#7952;&#958;&#949;&#961;&#947;&#8049;&#950;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; (Eur.
+<i>Supp.</i> 119).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_599_599" id="Footnote_599_599"></a><a href="#FNanchor_599_599"><span class="label">[599]</span></a> For the nature of this compact, see p. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_600_600" id="Footnote_600_600"></a><a href="#FNanchor_600_600"><span class="label">[600]</span></a> That is, as an interlocutor in the dialogue "On the
+Republic," which Cicero was engaged in writing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_601_601" id="Footnote_601_601"></a><a href="#FNanchor_601_601"><span class="label">[601]</span></a> A law re-enacting the <i>lex Didia</i>, and enacting under
+penalties that no law was to be brought forward without due publication
+beforehand.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_602_602" id="Footnote_602_602"></a><a href="#FNanchor_602_602"><span class="label">[602]</span></a> A law which enabled the magistrates and tribunes to stop
+legislation by <i>obnuntiatio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_603_603" id="Footnote_603_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> Procilius had been condemned <i>de vi</i> (p. <a href="#Page_280">280</a>). The
+rumours, I suppose, were as to the jury having been corrupted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_604_604" id="Footnote_604_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> The consul L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and C. Lucceius
+Hirrus, the latter a warm partisan of Pompey, who was supposed to be
+agitating for a dictatorship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_605_605" id="Footnote_605_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> L. &AElig;milius Paullus (consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 50) restored the basilica
+built by his ancestor M. &AElig;milius Lepidus in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 179, and appears to
+have added largely to it, or even built a new one.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_606_606" id="Footnote_606_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> These works seem to have been contemplated by the censors
+and senate, and Cicero speaks of himself and Oppius as doing them
+because they supported the measure. They were partly carried out by
+C&aelig;sar but not completed till the time of Augustus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_607_607" id="Footnote_607_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> Because the tribunes stopped it&mdash;the formal act at the
+end of the Censor's office&mdash;by <i>obnuntiationes</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_608_608" id="Footnote_608_608"></a><a href="#FNanchor_608_608"><span class="label">[608]</span></a> The name of the law mentioned here is uncertain. The <i>lex
+Cincia de munuibus</i> forbade advocates taking fees for pleading.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_609_609" id="Footnote_609_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> M. Nonius Sufenas and C. Cato were charged with bribery
+and other illegal proceedings during their tribuneship: Procilius for
+riot (<i>de vi</i>) when some citizen was killed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_610_610" id="Footnote_610_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> Q. Hortensius, the great orator.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_611_611" id="Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> This refers to the famous waterfall of Terni. An
+artificial cutting drained the River Velinus (which otherwise covered
+the high valley as a lake) into the Nar, which is in the valley below.
+What was good for the people of Reate was, of course, dangerous for the
+people of Interamna living below. M. Curius Dentatus was consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>
+290.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_612_612" id="Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> &#963;&#7968;&#956;&#945; &#948;&#7952; &#964;&#959;&#953; &#7952;&#961;&#8051;&#969; (Hom. <i>Il.</i> xxiii. 326).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_613_613" id="Footnote_613_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> Because Atticus lent money.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_614_614" id="Footnote_614_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> For the death (in September) of his daughter Iulia, wife
+of Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_615_615" id="Footnote_615_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> A nickname, it is said, of Vacerra (perhaps because he
+stuttered), who had been a teacher of Trebatius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_616_616" id="Footnote_616_616"></a><a href="#FNanchor_616_616"><span class="label">[616]</span></a> To Ptolemy Auletes, who had agreed to pay large sums to
+certain persons for supporting his interests in the senate.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_617_617" id="Footnote_617_617"></a><a href="#FNanchor_617_617"><span class="label">[617]</span></a> In the "Banqueters" (&#963;&#8059;&#957;&#948;&#949;&#953;&#960;&#957;&#959;&#953;) of Sophocles,
+Achilles is excluded from a banquet in Tenedos. Some social mishap seems
+to have occurred to Quintus in camp.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_618_618" id="Footnote_618_618"></a><a href="#FNanchor_618_618"><span class="label">[618]</span></a> Sending coals to Newcastle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_619_619" id="Footnote_619_619"></a><a href="#FNanchor_619_619"><span class="label">[619]</span></a> &#8165;&#945;&#952;&#965;&#956;&#8057;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#945;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_620_620" id="Footnote_620_620"></a><a href="#FNanchor_620_620"><span class="label">[620]</span></a> That is, to get them seats at the games. See Letter <a href="#XXVI_A_II_1">XXVI</a>,
+p. <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_621_621" id="Footnote_621_621"></a><a href="#FNanchor_621_621"><span class="label">[621]</span></a> The <i>porticus</i> is a kind of cloister round the
+<i>peristylium</i> or <i>atrium</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_622_622" id="Footnote_622_622"></a><a href="#FNanchor_622_622"><span class="label">[622]</span></a> Calventius is said to stand for L. Calpurnius Piso
+C&aelig;soninus, the consul of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, against whom Cicero's speech was
+spoken in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55 in the senate. He calls him Calventius from his
+maternal grandfather, and Marius because&mdash;as he had said, in the speech,
+&sect; 20&mdash;he had himself gone into exile rather than come to open fight with
+him; just as Q. Metellus had done in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 100, when, declining to take
+the oath to the agrarian law of Saturninus, rather than fight Marius,
+who had taken the oath, he went into exile. This seems rather a
+roundabout explanation; but no better has been proposed, and, of course,
+Quintus, who had lately read the speech, would be able better to
+understand the allusion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_623_623" id="Footnote_623_623"></a><a href="#FNanchor_623_623"><span class="label">[623]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, with money.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_624_624" id="Footnote_624_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> This tragedy of Quintus's never reached Cicero. It was
+lost in transit. Perhaps no great loss.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_625_625" id="Footnote_625_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> Milo was &aelig;dile and had just given some splendid games.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_626_626" id="Footnote_626_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> <i>Maiestas.</i> He would be liable to this charge, under a
+law of Sulla's, for having left his province to interfere in Egypt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_627_627" id="Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_628_628" id="Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> Apparently referring to the death of his daughter Iulia.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_629_629" id="Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> &#948;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#8051;&#961;&#945;&#962; &#966;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#8055;&#948;&#945;&#962; from Eurip. <i>Hipp.</i> 436,
+&#945;&#7985; &#948;&#949;&#965;&#964;&#8051;&#961;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#969;&#962; &#966;&#961;&#959;&#957;&#964;&#8055;&#948;&#949;&#962; &#963;&#959;&#966;&#969;&#964;&#8051;&#961;&#945;&#953;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_630_630" id="Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> Or, "as kindly and critical at once as Aristophanes (of
+Byzantium)," as though Quintus had written a Caxtonian criticism of his
+son's style.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> &#947;&#965;&#8182;&#952;&#953; &#960;&#8182;&#962; &#7940;&#955;&#955;&#969; &#954;&#8051;&#967;&#961;&#951;&#964;&#945;&#953;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_632_632" id="Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> Of his poem "On his own Times." Piso in Macedonia, where
+he had been unsuccessful with border tribes: Gabinius in going to Egypt
+to support Ptolemy. He left many of his soldiers there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> The object of the existing consuls in making such a
+bargain was to get to their provinces without difficulty, with
+<i>imperium</i>, which had to be bestowed by a formal meeting of the old
+<i>comitia curiata</i>. But that formality could be stopped by tribunes or
+other magistrates "watching the sky," or declaring evil omens: and just
+as these means were being resorted to to put off the elections, so they
+were also likely to be used in this matter. If it was thus put off into
+the next year, Domitius and Appius, not being any longer consuls, would
+have still greater difficulty. Corrupt as the arrangement was, it seems
+not to have come under any existing law, and both escaped punishment.
+Appius went as proconsul to Cilicia, in spite of the <i>lex curiata</i> not
+being passed, but Domitius Ahenobarbus seems not to have had a province.
+The object of Domitius Calvinus and Memmius in making the compact was to
+secure their own election, which the existing consuls had many means of
+assisting, but it is not clear what Memmius's object in disclosing it
+was. Perhaps anger on finding his hopes gone, and an idea that anything
+that humiliated Ahenobarbus would be pleasing to C&aelig;sar. He also seems to
+have quarrelled with Calvinus. Gaius Memmius Gemellus is not to be
+confounded with Gaius Memmius the tribune mentioned in the next letter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_634_634" id="Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> There is considerable uncertainty as to the exact nature
+of <i>iudicium tacitum</i>, here rendered "a trial with closed doors," on the
+analogy of the <i>senatus consultum tacitum</i> described by Capitolinus, <i>in
+Gordian</i>. ch. xii. It is not, I think, mentioned elsewhere (<i>iudiciis
+tacitis</i> of 2 <i>Off.</i> &sect; 24, is a general expression for "anonymous
+expressions of opinion"), and the passage in Plutarch (<i>Cato min.</i> 44)
+introduces a new difficulty, for it indicates a court in which
+candidates <i>after</i> election are to purge themselves. Again, <i>qu&aelig; erant
+omnibus sortita</i> is very difficult. Cicero nowhere else, I believe, uses
+the passive <i>sortitus</i>. But, passing that, what are the <i>consilia</i>
+meant? The tense and mood shew, I think, that the words are explanatory
+by the writer, not part of the decree. I venture, contrary to all
+editors, to take <i>omnibus</i> as dative, and to suppose that the <i>consilia</i>
+meant are those of the <i>album iudicum</i> who had been selected to try
+cases of <i>ambitus</i>, of which many were expected. There is no proof that
+the <i>iudices</i> in a <i>iudicium tacitum</i> had to be senators, and the names
+in the next sentence point the other way. The senate proposed that the
+law should allow this selection from the <i>album</i> to form the <i>iudicium
+tacitum</i>, which would give no public verdict, but on whose report they
+could afterwards act.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_635_635" id="Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> M. &AElig;milius Scaurus was acquitted on the 2nd of September
+on a charge of extortion in Sardinia. The trial had been hurried on lest
+he should use the Sardinian money in bribing for the consulship. Hence
+he could not begin distributing his gifts to the electors till after
+September 2nd, and his rivals Domitius and Messalla got the start of
+him. See Asconius, 131 <i>seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> He means that Atticus&mdash;as a lender of money&mdash;would be
+glad of anything that kept the rate of interest up (see p. <a href="#Page_286">286</a>). He is,
+of course, joking.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_637_637" id="Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> Antius is not known. Favonius was a close imitator of
+Cato's Stoicism. He was now opposing both Pompey and C&aelig;sar strenuously,
+but on the Civil War breaking out, attached himself strongly to Pompey.
+He was put to death by Augustus after the battle of Philippi (Suet.
+<i>Aug.</i> 13). He had a very biting tongue. See Plut. <i>Pomp.</i> 60.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_638_638" id="Footnote_638_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> Drusus was probably Livius Drusus, the father of Livia,
+wife of Augustus; he was accused by Lucretius of <i>pr&aelig;varicatio</i>,
+"collusion."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_639_639" id="Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> This time for <i>ambitus</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> The <i>de Oratore</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_641_641" id="Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> C. Memmius, a tribune of this year, not the same as the
+C. Memmius Gemellus of the last letter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_642_642" id="Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> Referring to the fact that Gabinius, on his arrival
+outside Rome, without the usual procession of friends which met a
+returning proconsul, skulked about till nightfall, not venturing to
+enter Rome (the city of his enemies!) in daylight. By entering Rome he
+gave up his <i>imperium</i> and could no longer ask a triumph.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> C&aelig;sar was accustomed to come to North Italy (Gallia
+Cisalpina) for the winter to Ravenna or Luca, and there he could be
+communicated with and exercise great influence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_644_644" id="Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> That is, he would go to his province of Cilicia on the
+strength of his nomination or allotment by the senate. There was some
+doubt as to the question whether such allotment did not give <i>imperium</i>
+even without a <i>lex curiata</i>. Besides, the consul had already
+<i>imperium</i>, and he might consider it to be uninterrupted if he left Rome
+immediately. However, as there was always an interval between the end of
+the consulship and the quitting Rome <i>paludatus</i>, the <i>lex curiata</i> had
+generally been considered necessary (C&aelig;s. <i>B. C.</i> i. 6). After <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52
+the <i>lex Pompeia</i> enacted a five years' interval, when, of course, a law
+would be necessary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> &#952;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#8061;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#957;. From &#952;&#8051;&#963;&#953;&#962;, a
+philosophical proposition or thesis. In <i>Paradox. pr&aelig;f.</i> he uses &#952;&#949;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#8049;
+of subjects suited to such theses.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_646_646" id="Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> Pompey was outside the <i>pom&#339;rium</i> (<i>ad Romam</i>) as
+having <i>imperium</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> Two gladiators, one incomparably superior to the other.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_648_648" id="Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> A proverbial expression, cp. "snapped my nose off."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_649_649" id="Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> C. Pomptinus, pr&aelig;tor in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63 (when he had supported
+Cicero), was afterwards employed against the Allobroges as propr&aelig;tor of
+Narbonensis (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 61). He had been, ever since leaving his province (?
+<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58), urging his claim to a triumph. He obtained it now by the
+contrivance of the pr&aelig;tor Serv. Sulpicius Galba, who got a vote passed
+by the <i>comitia</i> before daybreak, which was unconstitutional (Dio, 39,
+65).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_650_650" id="Footnote_650_650"></a><a href="#FNanchor_650_650"><span class="label">[650]</span></a> P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48) was an
+admirer of Cato. See p. <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_651_651" id="Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> &#7948;&#961;&#951; &#960;&#957;&#8051;&#969;&#957;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_652_652" id="Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Cicero gives him this title, by which he had been greeted
+by his soldiers after some victory over the predatory tribes in Cilicia.
+This letter is Cicero's most elaborate apology for his change of policy
+in favour of the triumvirs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> Cicero has been variously supposed to refer to C. Cato
+(who proposed the recall of Lentulus), to Appius the consul, and finally
+to Pompey. The last seems on the whole most likely, though the
+explanation is not without difficulties. In that case the "disclosure"
+will refer to Pompey's intrigues as to the restoration of Ptolemy
+Auletes, of which he wished to have the management.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_654_654" id="Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, to keep in with the Optimates, who were at this
+time suspicious of, and hostile to Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_655_655" id="Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> At the trial of Sestius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_656_656" id="Footnote_656_656"></a><a href="#FNanchor_656_656"><span class="label">[656]</span></a> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 59, when Vatinius proposed the law for C&aelig;sar's five
+years' rule in Gaul.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_657_657" id="Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 56.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> Pompey is only speaking metaphorically. Quintus had
+guaranteed Cicero's support. Pompey half-jestingly speaks as though he
+had gone bail for him for a sum of money.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_659_659" id="Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> Q. C&aelig;cilius Metellus Numidius, expelled from the senate
+and banished <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 100 for refusing the oath to the agrarian law of
+Saturninus, but recalled in the following year. Cicero is fond of
+comparing himself with him. See Letter <a href="#CXLVII_Q_FR_III_1">CXLVII</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> M. &AElig;milius Scaurus, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 115 and 108, censor 109,
+and long <i>princeps senatus</i>. Cicero comments elsewhere on his
+<i>severitas</i> (<i>de Off.</i> &sect; 108).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_661_661" id="Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> Plato, <i>Crit.</i> xii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> Like the character in the play (Terence, <i>Eun.</i> 440), if
+the nobles annoyed Cicero by their attentions to P. Clodius, he would
+annoy them by his compliments to Publius Vatinius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_663_663" id="Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> The beginning of the letter is lost, referring to the
+acquittal of Gabinius on a charge of <i>maiestas</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_664_664" id="Footnote_664_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> &#947;&#959;&#961;&#947;&#949;&#8150;&#945; &#947;&#965;&#956;&#957;&#8049;, "mere bugbears."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_665_665" id="Footnote_665_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Antiochus Gabinius was tried, not for treason
+(<i>maiestas</i>), but under the <i>lex Papia</i>, for having, though a
+<i>peregrinus</i>, acted as a citizen; but he says "will not acquit me of
+<i>treason</i>," because he means to infer that his condemnation was really
+in place of Gabinius, whose acquittal had irritated his jury; therefore
+he was practically convicted of <i>maiestas</i> instead of his patron
+Gabinius. I have, accordingly, ventured to elicit the end of a hexameter
+from the Greek letters of the MS., of which no satisfactory account has
+been given, and to read <i>Itaque dixit statim "respublica lege
+maiestatis</i> &#959;&#8016; &#963;&#959;&#8055; &#954;&#949;&#957; &#7940;&#961;' &#7990;&#963;&#945; &#956;' &#7936;&#966;&#949;&#8055;&#951; (or &#7936;&#966;&#953;&#8135;)."
+The quotation is not known. Antiochus Gabinius was doubtless of Greek
+origin and naturally quoted Greek poetry. Sopolis was a Greek painter
+living at Rome (Pliny, <i>N. H.</i> xxxv. &sect;&sect; 40, 43).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_666_666" id="Footnote_666_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> Pomptinus had been waiting outside Rome for some years to
+get his triumph (see p. <a href="#Page_309">309</a>). The <i>negant latum de imperio</i> must refer
+to a <i>lex curiata</i> originally conferring his <i>imperium</i>, which his
+opponents alleged had not been passed. The <i>insulse latum</i> refers to the
+law now passed granting him the triumph in spite of this. This latter
+was passed by the old trick of the pr&aelig;tor appearing in the <i>campus</i>
+before daybreak to prevent <i>obnuntiatio</i>. The result was that the
+tribunes interrupted the procession, which led to fighting and bloodshed
+(Dio, 39, 65).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_667_667" id="Footnote_667_667"></a><a href="#FNanchor_667_667"><span class="label">[667]</span></a> Because he wanted to go to his province himself in spite
+of having failed to get a <i>lex curiata</i> (p. <a href="#Page_324">324</a>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_668_668" id="Footnote_668_668"></a><a href="#FNanchor_668_668"><span class="label">[668]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, without waiting for the senate to vote the usual
+outfit (<i>ornare provinciam</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_669_669" id="Footnote_669_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 129. The <i>Novendialia</i> was a nine days' festival on
+the occasion of some special evil omens or prodigies; for an instance
+(in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 202), see Livy, 30, 38. The book referred to is that "On the
+Republic."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_670_670" id="Footnote_670_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, a mere theorist like Heraclides Ponticus, a pupil
+of Plato's, whose work "On Constitutions" still exists.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_671_671" id="Footnote_671_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> Hom. <i>Il.</i> vi. 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_672_672" id="Footnote_672_672"></a><a href="#FNanchor_672_672"><span class="label">[672]</span></a> Reading <i>qui omnia adiurat debere tibi et te valere
+renuntiat</i>. The text, however, is corrupt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_673_673" id="Footnote_673_673"></a><a href="#FNanchor_673_673"><span class="label">[673]</span></a> Hom. <i>Il.</i> xvi. 385.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_674_674" id="Footnote_674_674"></a><a href="#FNanchor_674_674"><span class="label">[674]</span></a> By Livius Andronicus or N&aelig;vius. Tyrrell would write the
+proverb <i>in extremo sero sapiunt</i>, "'tis too late to be wise at the
+last." There was a proverb, <i>sero parsimonia in fundo</i>, something like
+this, Sen. <i>Ep.</i> i. 5, from the Greek (Hes. <i>Op.</i> 369), &#948;&#949;&#953;&#955;&#8052; &#948;' &#7952;&#957;
+&#960;&#965;&#952;&#956;&#8051;&#957;&#953; &#966;&#949;&#953;&#948;&#8061;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_675_675" id="Footnote_675_675"></a><a href="#FNanchor_675_675"><span class="label">[675]</span></a> In Gallia Belgica, mod. <i>Amiens.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_676_676" id="Footnote_676_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> There are some words here too corrupt to be translated
+with any confidence. They appear to convey a summary of news already
+written in several letters as to the bribery at the elections, the
+acquittal of Gabinius, and the rumour of a dictatorship.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_677_677" id="Footnote_677_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> A legacy of a twelfth left by a certain Felix to Cicero
+and Quintus had been rendered null by a mistake as to the will. See the
+letter to Quintus, p. <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_678_678" id="Footnote_678_678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_678_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> Cicero means, "the substantial gain to be got from your
+serving under C&aelig;sar in Gaul is the securing of his protection in the
+future: all other gains, such as money etc., are merely to be regarded
+as securing you from immediate loss in thus going to Gaul: they don't
+add anything fresh to our position and prospects."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_679_679" id="Footnote_679_679"></a><a href="#FNanchor_679_679"><span class="label">[679]</span></a> Quintus had his winter quarters among the Nervii, in a
+town near the modern Charleroi. In this winter he was in great danger
+from a sudden rising of the Nervii and other tribes (C&aelig;s. <i>B. G.</i> v.
+24-49).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_680_680" id="Footnote_680_680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_680_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> Twenty days of <i>supplicatio</i> had been decreed in honour
+of C&aelig;sar's campaigns of <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55 (C&aelig;s. <i>B. G.</i> iv. 38).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_681_681" id="Footnote_681_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> His gladiators, which he kept in training for the games
+he was going to give in honour of a deceased friend.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_682_682" id="Footnote_682_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i>, rather than defend him. &#964;&#8057;&#964;&#949; &#956;&#959;&#953; &#967;&#8049;&#957;&#959;&#953; (&#949;&#8016;&#961;&#949;&#8150;&#945;
+&#967;&#952;&#8061;&#957;), Hom. <i>Il.</i> iv. 182.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_683_683" id="Footnote_683_683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_683_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> &#8001; &#948;&#8050; &#956;&#945;&#8055;&#957;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#953; &#959;&#8016;&#954; &#7956;&#964;' &#7936;&#957;&#949;&#954;&#964;&#8182;&#962; (Hom. <i>Il.</i> viii.
+355). The numerals seem doubtful. According to some MSS. the amount
+would be 10,000,000, <i>i.e.</i>, &pound;80,000.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_684_684" id="Footnote_684_684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_684_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a> The tragedy written by Quintus and lost in transit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_685_685" id="Footnote_685_685"></a><a href="#FNanchor_685_685"><span class="label">[685]</span></a> He seems to refer to the rising of the Nervii against the
+Roman winter quarters (C&aelig;s. <i>B. G.</i> v. 39 <i>seq</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_686_686" id="Footnote_686_686"></a><a href="#FNanchor_686_686"><span class="label">[686]</span></a> <i>Andabatam</i>, a gladiator with a closed helmet covering
+the face, who thus fought without seeing his adversary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_687_687" id="Footnote_687_687"></a><a href="#FNanchor_687_687"><span class="label">[687]</span></a> A title granted to the H&aelig;dui by the senate (C&aelig;s. <i>B. G.</i>
+i. 33; Tac. <i>Ann.</i> xi. 25).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_688_688" id="Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> Terence, <i>Heautont</i>. 86.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> Cicero perhaps means that Valerius's "opinions" are too
+right to suit such a set as are to be found in the province. Valerius
+will not mind people there thinking him a bad lawyer. "At Rome you are
+considered a good lawyer, in Cilicia they don't think so!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_690_690" id="Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a> <i>Cognosces tuorum neminem.</i>. Others read <i>cognoscere
+tuorum nemini</i>, "you will not be recognized by any of your friends,"
+which agrees better with Homer's account of the return of Ulysses. But
+perhaps the exact comparison is not to be pressed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_691_691" id="Footnote_691_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> The younger Curio was now qu&aelig;stor to C. Clodius, brother
+of Publius and Appius, in Asia. He was tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 50, when he
+suddenly changed sides and joined C&aelig;sar, who purchased his adhesion by
+paying his immense debts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_692_692" id="Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> Curio had supported Cicero against Clodius, and had
+worked for his recall. He seems to have attended at Cicero's house for
+the study of rhetoric or legal practice, as was the fashion for young
+men to do. He presently married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, who after
+his death in Africa (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 48) married Antony.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_693_693" id="Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> The <i>interregna</i> lasting this year till July. No legal
+business could be done, as the law courts were closed during an
+<i>interregnum</i>. But Cicero jestingly says that he advises clients to
+apply to each <i>interrex</i> (who only held office for five days) for two
+adjournments, whereby he would get his case postponed indefinitely: for
+if each adjournment was to the third day, the two would cover each
+<i>interregnum</i>. Of course he is only jesting, for in any case the cause
+would not come on.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> There is a play on the double meaning of <i>signa</i>, "signs"
+and "statues." Cicero did not like the statues in his Tusculanum. See
+Letter <a href="#CXXV_F_VII_23">CXXV</a>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_695_695" id="Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> Samobriva (Amiens), where Trebatius was, or had been, in
+C&aelig;sar's camp. C&aelig;sar spells it Samarobriva.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> Laberius is a rival jurisconsult, Valerius a writer of
+mimes. Though Cicero jests at the supposed comic character, "a lawyer in
+Britain" (as we might say, "a lawyer among the Zulus"), it does not
+appear that Trebatius went to Britain with C&aelig;sar.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_697_697" id="Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> A freedman and agent of Curio's. The question is of
+funeral games and an exhibition of gladiators in honour of Curio's
+father. Curio gave them, and involved himself in huge debt in
+consequence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_698_698" id="Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a> C. Vibius Pansa had been in Gaul, and was now home to
+stand for the tribuneship, which he obtained for <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52-51.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_699_699" id="Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> Where he would have been in luxury.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_700_700" id="Footnote_700_700"></a><a href="#FNanchor_700_700"><span class="label">[700]</span></a> A follower of the new academy, with which Cicero was more
+in sympathy than with the Epicurean ethics, but apparently only partly
+so. The leading doctrine was the denial of the possibility of knowledge,
+and, applied to ethics, this might destroy all virtue.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_701_701" id="Footnote_701_701"></a><a href="#FNanchor_701_701"><span class="label">[701]</span></a> All these jesting objections to a lawyer being an
+Epicurean are founded on the Epicurean doctrine that individual feeling
+is the standard of morals, and the <i>summum bonum</i> is the good of the
+individual. The logical deduction that a man should therefore hold aloof
+from politics and social life, as involving social obligations and
+standards, was, of course, evaded in practice.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_702_702" id="Footnote_702_702"></a><a href="#FNanchor_702_702"><span class="label">[702]</span></a> For the Epicureans believed the gods to exist, but not to
+trouble themselves with the affairs of men. In taking an oath by
+<i>Iupiter lapis</i> the swearer took a stone in his hand and said, "If I
+abide by this oath may he bless me: but if I do otherwise in thought or
+deed, may all others be kept safe, each in his own country, under his
+own laws, in enjoyment of his own goods, household gods, and tombs&mdash;may
+I alone be cast out, even as this stone is now." Then he throws down the
+stone. This passage from Polybius (iii. 25) refers to treaties, but the
+same form seems to have been used in suits about land.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_703_703" id="Footnote_703_703"></a><a href="#FNanchor_703_703"><span class="label">[703]</span></a> Ulubr&aelig;&mdash;like other <i>municipia</i>&mdash;had a <i>patronus</i> at Rome
+to look after its interests. If Trebatius (who was its <i>patronus</i>) would
+take no part in politics, he would be of no use to the Ulubrani.
+&#960;&#959;&#955;&#953;&#964;&#949;&#8059;&#949;&#963;&#952;&#945;&#953;, "to act as a citizen," "to act as a member of a
+political body."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_704_704" id="Footnote_704_704"></a><a href="#FNanchor_704_704"><span class="label">[704]</span></a>
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"I will make fast the doors and <i>gild</i> myself<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With some more ducats."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Shakespeare.</span>.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_705_705" id="Footnote_705_705"></a><a href="#FNanchor_705_705"><span class="label">[705]</span></a> Ennius, <i>Ann.</i> 275. The phrase <i>manum consertum</i> in legal
+language meant to make a joint claim by the symbolical act of each
+claimant laying a hand on the property (or some representation of it) in
+court. But it also meant "to join hands in war." Hence its equivocal use
+in this passage. <i>Consertum</i> is a supine, and some such word as <i>eunt</i>
+must be understood before it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_706_706" id="Footnote_706_706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_706_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> Reading <i>at tu non soles</i>. I cannot explain Prof.
+Tyrrell's reading <i>et tu soles</i> in connexion with what follows.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_707_707" id="Footnote_707_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> This elaborate joke is founded on a pun upon the name of
+the Gallic <i>Treviri</i> and the commissioners in Rome: (1) the <i>III viri
+capitales</i>, who had charge of prisons, executions, etc.; (2) the <i>III
+viri auro argento &aelig;ri flando feriundo</i>, "the commissioners for coining
+gold, silver, and bronze." Also there is a reference to the meaning of
+<i>capitalis</i>, "deadly," "affecting the life or citizenship."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_708_708" id="Footnote_708_708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_708_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> <i>Gr&aelig;culam tibi misi cautionem chirographi mei.</i> Various
+interpretations have been given to this: (1) "a truly Greek security,"
+<i>i.e.</i>, "not to be depended on"; (2) referring to a poem in Greek,
+perhaps the one in praise of C&aelig;sar's achievements, mentioned before (p.
+<a href="#Page_338">338</a>), in which some compliment to Trebatius was introduced; (3) Prof.
+Tyrrell would make it refer to this letter itself, which he supposes to
+have been written in Greek, and afterwards translated by Tiro. But this
+letter does not read like a translation, and, after all, is not of a
+nature to shew as a "commendation." It is conceived in too jocular a
+vein. I have taken it to refer to some inclosure written in Greek which
+he might use in this way, and the mention of his "own handwriting" to
+refer to the fact that he would naturally have employed a Greek
+secretary to write Greek. The diminutive <i>Gr&aelig;culam</i> I take to be
+apologetic for the Greek. But it is not at all certain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_709_709" id="Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> On his journey along the <i>via Appia</i> to one of his
+seaside villas Cicero has put up at a friend's house (a freedman of
+Lepidus), near the Pomptine marshes, as was his wont (<i>Att.</i> vii. 5). It
+was near Ulubr&aelig;, of which he was deputy <i>patronus</i> in the absence of
+Trebatius, and he jestingly pretends that the frogs which he hears
+croaking in the marshes are frogs of Ulubr&aelig; turning out to do him
+honour, as though they were the citizens of the town. Ulubr&aelig; was a very
+dull and decaying town.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> The great rising in Gaul in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> S4-53, and the second
+expedition across the Rhine.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> The friendship between Trebatius and Matius remained as
+long as we know anything about them. Cicero afterwards acknowledges
+(<i>F.</i> ii. 27) the great services Matius had done him with C&aelig;sar, to whom
+Matius remained attached to the end.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> In these vague though ominous sentences Cicero is
+referring to the constant and violent hindrances to the election of
+magistrates, that is, to the orderly working of the constitution, which
+were occurring. No consuls were elected till September.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_713_713" id="Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Milo. His full name is T. Annius Milo Papianus;
+originally of the <i>gens Papia</i>, he had been adopted by his maternal
+grandfather, T. Annius.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_714_714" id="Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> Pompey was <i>pr&aelig;fectus annon&aelig;</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57-52. As such he had
+a number of <i>legati</i>, of whom this Titus Titius was one; but there is
+nothing to shew in which of the corn-supplying countries he was
+employed. Avianius is a corn merchant, and wants concessions as to the
+importation of his cargoes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> The letter in some MSS. is inscribed to Sextius or
+Sestius. Of P. Sittius of Nuceria we hear in the speech <i>pro Sulla</i>, &sect;&sect;
+56, 58. Sulla (who was accused of assisting Catiline) had sent P.
+Sittius on a mission to Spain, as it was alleged, to raise a rebellion
+there in support of Catiline. It does not, however, appear that his
+condemnation took place then. It seems to have been just previous to
+Cicero's return from exile (August, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57), and it is suggested that
+it was after his &aelig;dileship of the previous year, when a scarcity of corn
+had contributed to his unpopularity. The date of the letter is
+uncertain.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_716_716" id="Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> P. Sulla. Sittius was not, it seems, brought to trial
+with Sulla, but his journey to Spain formed part of the allegations
+against Sulla.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_717_717" id="Footnote_717_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> Titus Fadius Gallus had been a qu&aelig;stor in Cicero's
+consulship (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 63), and a tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 58, when Cicero reckoned him
+among those on whom he depended to resist Clodius. He also, among
+others, had a motion prepared for Cicero's recall, of which Cicero
+speaks with approbation (p. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>). We do not know on what charge he had
+been condemned, but a number of prosecutions followed the death of
+Clodius and Pompey's legislation as to violence and corruption of
+juries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_718_718" id="Footnote_718_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> Pompey. He uses the word <i>potentia</i>, as he generally
+does, in an invidious sense of "tyrannical, or, unconstitutional power,"
+as opposed to <i>auctoritas</i>, "legitimate influence."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_719_719" id="Footnote_719_719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_719_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a> Brother of Cicero's enemy, P. Clodius. He had been consul
+in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 54, and was now proconsul in Cilicia, in which government Cicero
+was to succeed him. His relations with Cicero had been varied, and
+though Cicero speaks warmly to him, he does not do so often of him, and
+his compliments are evidently not really sincere.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_720_720" id="Footnote_720_720"></a><a href="#FNanchor_720_720"><span class="label">[720]</span></a> "I shall, in compliment to your accomplishments, call the
+goddess of learning and wisdom 'Appias,'" <i>i.e.</i>, the "Appian Goddess."
+But the meaning of the elaborate and dull joke or compliment is far from
+clear, especially the phrase <i>si forte de tuis sumpsero</i>. Was Cicero
+expecting a present of a bust of Minerva, or intending to purchase one
+from Appius's collection? Or does he allude, as has been suggested, to
+the Minerva he had himself dedicated before his exile, and which had
+probably fallen into the hands of the Appian family?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_721_721" id="Footnote_721_721"></a><a href="#FNanchor_721_721"><span class="label">[721]</span></a> The condemnation of T. Munatius Plancus Bursa, who, being
+tribune in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 52, had promoted the riots following the death of
+Clodius, especially in regard to burning his body in the Curia, and had,
+after his office terminated (10th December), been prosecuted <i>de vi</i> by
+Cicero successfully. Bursa, with others, had supported Pompey's wish for
+the dictatorship, as well as his legislation, and accordingly, in
+attacking him, Cicero had against him the weight of Pompey's influence.
+He therefore looks upon it as a great triumph.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_722_722" id="Footnote_722_722"></a><a href="#FNanchor_722_722"><span class="label">[722]</span></a> The condemnation of Bursa was a point in favour of Milo,
+whereas Milo's murder of Clodius only brought his ultimate condemnation
+and exile. Milo's trial had taken place in April.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_723_723" id="Footnote_723_723"></a><a href="#FNanchor_723_723"><span class="label">[723]</span></a> Pompey and his friends.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_724_724" id="Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> The new laws introduced by Pompey <i>de vi</i>, <i>de
+magistratibus</i>, <i>de pecunia ob iudicium</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> The intercalary month was inserted between the 23rd and
+24th of February. Whether it was to be inserted or not depended on the
+pontifices, who kept their secret jealously. If it is inserted, Cicero
+will be kept all the longer in town with senatorial and legal business,
+and so be prevented from seeing Marius, who lived near his Pompeian
+villa.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_726_726" id="Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> It is to be observed that at this time Pompey is reckoned
+as inclined to the <i>populares</i>. His legislation in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 70 had been
+somewhat in their favour; but he had not, as a fact, ever declared
+himself either way.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_727_727" id="Footnote_727_727"></a><a href="#FNanchor_727_727"><span class="label">[727]</span></a> C. Antonius, impeached by C&aelig;sar for plundering Macedonia,
+<i>appellavit tribunos iuravitque se forum eiurare, quod &aelig;quo iure uti non
+posset</i> (Ascon. &sect; 84). His offences in Macedonia, where he had been left
+by Sulla, were in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 83-80; his impeachment, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 76; his expulsion
+from the senate, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_728_728" id="Footnote_728_728"></a><a href="#FNanchor_728_728"><span class="label">[728]</span></a> M. Marius Gratidianus (Ascon. &sect; 84). These denunciations
+of Antonius and Catiline seem to be taken from the oration <i>in toga
+candida</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_729_729" id="Footnote_729_729"></a><a href="#FNanchor_729_729"><span class="label">[729]</span></a> C&aelig;lius, consul <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 94 with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_730_730" id="Footnote_730_730"></a><a href="#FNanchor_730_730"><span class="label">[730]</span></a> Cicero, of course, was now a senator, but he was the
+first of his family who had been so. The others who came forward for the
+consulship were two patricians, P. Sulpicius Galba, L. Sergius Catilina;
+four plebeians, C. Antonius, L. Cassius Longinus, whom Asconius calls
+<i>nobiles</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, members of families who had held curule office; and
+Q. Cornificius and C. Licinius Sacerdos, whose families had only
+recently risen to this position, <i>tantum non primi ex familiis suis
+magistratum adepti erant</i> (Asc.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_731_731" id="Footnote_731_731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_731_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> He hints, I think, at C&aelig;sar, who supported Antonius and
+Catiline, and also the Luculli, who were opponents of Pompey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_732_732" id="Footnote_732_732"></a><a href="#FNanchor_732_732"><span class="label">[732]</span></a> C. Fundanius, defended by Cicero <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66, fr. p. 216. Q.
+Gallius, defended by Cicero on <i>ambitus</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 64, fr. p. 217 (<i>Brut.</i> &sect;
+277). C. Cornelius, qu&aelig;stor of Pompey, tr. pl. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 67, defended by
+Cicero <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 65 (Ascon. &sect; 56 <i>seq.</i>) C. Orchivius, Cicero's colleague in
+pr&aelig;torship <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66 (<i>Or.</i> &sect; 160). We don't know on what charge Cicero
+defended him. The passage in <i>pro Cluent.</i> &sect; 147, does not mean that he
+was accused of <i>peculatus</i>, but that he presided over trials of
+<i>peculatus</i> as pr&aelig;tor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_733_733" id="Footnote_733_733"></a><a href="#FNanchor_733_733"><span class="label">[733]</span></a> Manilius, tr. pl. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 66, proposed the law for
+appointing Pompey to supersede Lucullus in the East. After his year of
+office he was accused of <i>maiestas</i>, and later on of <i>repetund&aelig;</i>, but
+apparently neither case came on. C. Cornelius, tr. pl. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 57, was
+accused of <i>maiestas</i> in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 55, and defended by Cicero. He had become
+alienated from the senate by its opposition to his legislation against
+usury in the provinces, and the case made a great sensation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_734_734" id="Footnote_734_734"></a><a href="#FNanchor_734_734"><span class="label">[734]</span></a> From <i>fio</i>, according to Cicero, <i>credamusque quia "fiat"
+quod dictum est, appellatam fidem</i> (<i>de Off.</i> i. &sect; 23). He is referring
+to his promise to emancipate Tiro on a particular day.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,18081 @@
+Project Gutenberg's The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1
+       The Whole Extant Correspodence in Chronological Order
+
+Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero
+
+Translator: Evelyn S. Shuckburgh
+
+Release Date: April 22, 2007 [EBook #21200]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LETTERS OF CICERO, VOLUME 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Ted Garvin, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LETTERS OF
+
+CICERO
+
+THE WHOLE EXTANT CORRESPONDENCE
+IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
+
+
+TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
+
+BY
+
+EVELYN S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A.
+
+LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
+AUTHOR OF A TRANSLATION OF POLYBIUS, A HISTORY OF ROME, ETC
+
+
+IN FOUR VOLUMES
+
+VOL. I. B.C. 68-52
+
+
+LONDON
+GEORGE BELL AND SONS
+1899
+
+
+CHISWICK PRESS:--CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
+TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The object of this book is to give the English-speaking public, in a
+convenient form, as faithful and readable a copy as the translator was
+capable of making of a document unique in the literature of antiquity.
+Whether we regard the correspondence of Cicero from the point of view of
+the biographer and observer of character, the historian, or the lover of
+_belles lettres_, it is equally worthy of study. It seems needless to
+dwell on the immense historical importance of letters written by
+prominent actors in one of the decisive periods of the world's history,
+when the great Republic, that had spread its victorious arms, and its
+law and discipline, over the greater part of the known world, was in the
+throes of its change from the old order to the new. If we would
+understand--as who would not?--the motives and aims of the men who acted
+in that great drama, there is nowhere that we can go with better hope of
+doing so than to these letters. To the student of character also the
+personality of Cicero must always have a great fascination. Statesman,
+orator, man of letters, father, husband, brother, and friend--in all
+these capacities he comes before us with singular vividness. In every
+one of them he will doubtless rouse different feelings in different
+minds. But though he will still, as he did in his lifetime, excite
+vehement disapproval as well as strong admiration, he will never, I
+think, appear to anyone dull or uninteresting. In the greater part of
+his letters he is not posing or assuming a character; he lets us only
+too frankly into his weaknesses and his vanities, as well as his
+generous admirations and warm affections. Whether he is weeping, or
+angry, or exulting, or eager for compliments, or vain of his abilities
+and achievements, he is not a phantasm or a farceur, but a human being
+with fiercely-beating pulse and hot blood.
+
+The difficulty of the task which I have been bold enough to undertake
+is well known to scholars, and may explain, though perhaps not excuse,
+the defects of my work. One who undertakes to express the thoughts of
+antiquity in modern idiom goes to his task with his eyes open, and has
+no right at every stumbling-block or pitfall to bemoan his unhappy fate.
+So also with the particular difficulties presented by the great founder
+of Latin style--his constant use of superlatives, his doubling and
+trebling of nearly synonymous terms, the endless shades of meaning in
+such common words as _officium_, _fides_, _studium_, _humanitas_,
+_dignitas_, and the like--all these the translator has to take in the
+day's work. Finally, there are the hard nuts to crack--often very
+hard--presented by corruption of the text. Such problems, though,
+relatively with other ancient works, not perhaps excessively numerous,
+are yet sufficiently numerous and sufficiently difficult. But besides
+these, which are the natural incidents of such work, there is the
+special difficulty that the letters are frequently answers to others
+which we do not possess, and which alone can fully explain the meaning
+of sentences which must remain enigmatical to us; or they refer to
+matters by a word or phrase of almost telegraphic abruptness, with which
+the recipient was well acquainted, but as to which we are reduced to
+guessing. When, however, all such insoluble difficulties are allowed
+for, which after all in absolute bulk are very small, there should (if
+the present version is at all worthy) be enough that is perfectly plain
+to everyone, and generally of the highest interest.
+
+I had no intention of writing a commentary on the language of Cicero or
+his correspondents, and my translation must, as a rule, be taken for the
+only expression of my judgment formed after reading and weighing the
+arguments of commentators. I meant only to add notes on persons and
+things enabling the reader to use the letters for biographical, social,
+and historical study. I should have liked to dedicate it by the words
+_Boswellianus Boswellianis_. But I found that the difficulties of the
+text compelled me to add a word here and there as to the solution of
+them which I preferred, or had myself to suggest. Such notes are very
+rare, and rather meant as danger signals than critical discussions. I
+have followed in the main the chronological arrangement of the letters
+adopted by Messrs. Tyrrell and Purser, to whose great work my
+obligations are extremely numerous. If, as is the case, I have not
+always been able to accept their conclusions, it is none the less true
+that their brilliant labours have infinitely lightened my task, and
+perhaps made it even possible.
+
+I ought to mention that I have adopted the English mode of dating,
+writing, for instance, July and August, though Cicero repudiated the
+former and, of course, never heard of the latter. I have also refrained
+generally from attempting to represent his Greek by French, partly
+because I fear I should have done it ill, and partly because it is not
+in him as in an English writer who lards his sentences with French. It
+is almost confined to the letters to Atticus, to whom Greek was a second
+mother-tongue, and often, I think, is a quotation from him. It does not
+really represent Cicero's ordinary style.
+
+One excuse for my boldness in venturing upon the work is the fact that
+no complete translation exists in English. Mr. Jeans has published a
+brilliant translation of a selection of some of the best of the letters.
+But still it is not the whole. The last century versions of Melmoth and
+Herbenden have many excellences; but they are not complete either (the
+letters to Brutus, for instance, having been discovered since), and
+need, at any rate, a somewhat searching revision. Besides, with many
+graces of style, they may perhaps prove less attractive now than they
+did a century ago. At any rate it is done, and I must bear with what
+equanimity nature has given me the strictures of critics, who doubtless
+will find, if so minded, many blemishes to set off against, and perhaps
+outweigh, any merit my translation may have. I must bear that as well as
+I may. But no critic can take from me the days and nights spent in close
+communion with Rome's greatest intellect, or the endless pleasure of
+solving the perpetually recurring problem of how best to transfer a
+great writer's thoughts and feelings from one language to another:
+
+    "Caesar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil."
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS IN VOLUME I
+
+
+                      Number
+                      in this
+                      Translation
+
+Fam. I.            1      94
+  "                2      95
+  "                3      96
+  "                4      97
+  "                5      98
+  "                5b    102
+  "                6     103
+  "                7     113
+  "                8     118
+  "                9     152
+  "               10     161
+Fam. II.           1     165
+  "                2     167
+  "                3     168
+  "                4     174
+  "                5     175
+  "                6     176
+Fam. III.          1     180
+Fam. V.            1      13
+  "                2      14
+  "                3     112
+  "                4      88
+  "                5      17
+  "                6      15
+  "                7      12
+  "                8     130
+  "               12     108
+  "               17     178
+  "               18     179
+Fam. VII.          1     126
+  "                2     181
+  "                5     133
+  "                6     135
+  "                7     136
+  "                8     139
+  "                9     144
+  "               10     160
+  "               11     166
+  "               12     169
+  "               13     170
+  "               14     171
+  "               15     173
+  "               16     156
+  "               17     145
+  "               18     172
+  "               23     125
+  "               26      93
+Fam. XIII.         6a    114
+  "                6b    115
+  "               40     128
+  "               41      54
+  "               42      53
+  "               49     162
+  "               60     163
+  "               73     164
+  "               74     127
+  "               75     177
+Fam. XIV.          1      81
+  "                2      78
+  "                3      83
+  "                4      61
+Fam. XVI.         10  p. 386
+  "               13  p. 384
+  "               14  p. 385
+  "               16  p. 387
+Q. Fr. I.          1      29
+  "                2      52
+  "                3      65
+  "                4      71
+Q. Fr. II.         1      92
+  "                2      99
+  "                3     101
+  "                4     104
+  "                5     105
+  "                6     116
+  "                7     119
+  "                8     122
+  "                9     131
+  "               10     132
+  "               11     134
+  "               12     138
+  "               13     140
+  "               14     141
+  "               15     146
+Q. Fr III.         1     147
+  "                2     149
+  "                3     150
+  "                4     151
+  "                5}    154
+  "                6}
+  "                7     155
+  "                8     158
+  "                9     159
+Petit. Cons.          p. 367
+Att. I.            1      10
+  "                2      11
+  "                3       8
+  "                4       9
+  "                5       1
+  "                6       2
+  "                7       3
+  "                8       5
+  "                9       4
+  "               10       6
+  "               11       7
+  "               12      16
+  "               13      18
+  "               14      19
+  "               15      20
+  "               16      21
+  "               17      22
+  "               18      23
+  "               19      24
+  "               20      25
+Att. II.           1      26
+  "                2      27
+  "                3      28
+  "                4      30
+  "                5      31
+  "                6      32
+  "                7      33
+  "                8      34
+  "                9      35
+  "               10      37
+  "               11      38
+  "               12      36
+  "               13      39
+  "               14      40
+  "               15      41
+  "               16      42
+  "               17      43
+  "               18      44
+  "               19      45
+  "               20      46
+  "               21      47
+  "               22      48
+  "               23      49
+  "               24      50
+  "               25      51
+Att. III.          1      58
+  "                2      56
+  "                3      55
+  "                4      57
+  "                5      59
+  "                6      60
+  "                7      62
+  "                8      63
+  "                9      64
+  "               10      66
+  "               11      67
+  "               12      68
+  "               13      70
+  "               14      69
+  "               15      72
+  "               16      73
+  "               17      74
+  "               18      75
+  "               19      76
+  "               20      77
+  "               21      79
+  "               22      80
+  "               23      82
+  "               24      84
+  "               25      85
+  "               26      86
+  "               27      87
+Att. IV.           1      89
+  "                2      90
+  "                3      91
+  "                4a    100
+  "                4b    106
+  "                5     107
+  "                6     109
+  "                7     110
+  "                8a    111
+  "                8b    117
+  "                9     121
+  "               10     120
+  "               11     123
+  "               12     124
+  "               13     129
+  "               14     137
+  "               15     143
+  "               16}    142, 148, 157
+  "               17}
+  "               18     153
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Sidenote: Ground covered by the Correspondence.]
+
+The correspondence of Cicero, as preserved for us by his freedman Tiro,
+does not open till the thirty-ninth year of the orator's life, and is so
+strictly contemporary, dealing so exclusively with the affairs of the
+moment, that little light is thrown by it on his previous life. It does
+not become continuous till the year after his consulship (B.C. 62).
+There are no letters in the year of the consulship itself or the year of
+his canvass for the consulship (B.C. 64 and 63). It begins in B.C. 68,
+and between that date and B.C. 65 there are only eleven letters. We
+have, therefore, nothing exactly contemporaneous to help us to form a
+judgment on the great event which coloured so much of his after life,
+the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy and the execution of the
+conspirators, in the last month of his consulship. But setting aside the
+first eleven letters, we have from that time forward a correspondence
+illustrating, as no other document in antiquity does, the hopes and
+fears, the doubts and difficulties, of a keen politician living through
+the most momentous period of Roman history, the period of the fall of
+the Republic, beginning with Pompey's return from the East in B.C. 62,
+and ending with the appearance of the young Octavian on the scene and
+the formation of the Triumvirate in B.C. 43, of whose victims Cicero was
+one of the first and most illustrious. It is by his conduct and speeches
+during this period that Cicero's claim to be a statesman and a patriot
+must be judged, and by his writings in the same period that his place in
+literature must chiefly be assigned. Before B.C. 63 his biography, if we
+had it, would be that of the advocate and the official, no doubt with
+certain general views on political questions as they occurred, but not
+yet committed definitely to a party, or inclined to regard politics as
+the absorbing interest of his life. In his early youth his hero had
+been his fellow townsman Marius, in whose honour he composed a poem
+about the time of taking the _toga virilis_. But it was as the
+successful general, and before the days of the civil war. And though he
+served in the army of Sulla in the Marsic war (B.C. 90-88), he always
+regarded his cruelties with horror, however much he may have afterwards
+approved of certain points of his legislation. It was not till the
+consulship that he became definitely a party man[1] and an Optimate, and
+even then his feelings were much distracted by a strong
+belief--strangely ill-founded--that Pompey would be as successful as a
+statesman as he had been fortunate as a general. For him he had also a
+warm personal attachment, which never seems to have wholly died out, in
+spite of much petulance of language. This partly accounts for the
+surrender of B.C. 56, and his acquiescence in the policy of the
+triumvirs, an acquiescence never hearty indeed, as far as Caesar and
+Crassus were concerned, but in which he consoled himself with the belief
+that nothing very unconstitutional could be done while Pompey was
+practically directing affairs at Rome.
+
+[Sidenote: The various nature of the Correspondence.]
+
+It is through this period of political change and excitement that the
+correspondence will take us, with some important gaps indeed, but on the
+whole fullest when it is most wanted to shew the feelings and motives
+guiding the active politicians of the day, or at any rate the effect
+which events had upon one eager and acute intellect and sensitive heart.
+One charm of the correspondence is variety. There is almost every sort
+of letter. Those to Atticus are unstudied, spontaneous, and reflect the
+varying moods of the writer. At times of special excitement they follow
+each other day by day, and sometimes more than once in the same day; and
+the writer seems to conceal nothing, however much it might expose him to
+ridicule, and to the charge of fickleness, weakness, or even cowardice.
+Those addressed to other friends are sometimes familiar and playful,
+sometimes angry and indignant. Some of them are careful and elaborate
+state papers, others mere formal introductions and recommendations.
+Business, literature, and philosophy all have their share in them; and,
+what is so rare in ancient literature, the family relations of the
+writer, his dealings with wife, son, and daughter, brother and nephew,
+and sons-in-law, are all depicted for us, often with the utmost
+frankness. After reading them we seem to know Cicero the man, as well as
+Cicero the statesman and orator. The eleven letters which precede the
+consulship are happily, from this point of view, addressed to Atticus.
+For it was to Atticus that he wrote with the least concealment, and with
+the confidence that any detail, however small, which concerned himself
+would be interesting to his correspondent. It is well, therefore, that,
+though we thus come into his life when it was more than half over, we
+should at once hear his genuine sentiments on whatever subjects he may
+be speaking. Besides his own, we have about ninety letters to Cicero
+from some of the chief men of the day--Pompey, Caesar, Cato, Brutus,
+Antony, and many others. They are of very various excellence. The best
+of them are by much less known men. Neither Pompey nor Caesar were good
+letter-writers, or, if the latter was so, he was too busy to use his
+powers.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's position previous to the beginning of the
+Correspondence in B.C. 68.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quaestor, B.C. 75.]
+
+The letters begin, then, in B.C. 68, when Cicero was in his
+thirty-seventh year. He was already a man of established reputation both
+as a pleader and a writer. Rhetorical treatises (B.C. 86), translations
+from Xenophon and Plato (B.C. 84), and from the poems of Aratus (B.C.
+81), had given evidence of a varied literary interest and a promise of
+future eminence, while his success as an advocate had led to the first
+step in the official _cursus honorum_ by his becoming a quaestor in B.C.
+75. The lot assigned Lilybaeum as his sphere of work, and though the
+duties of a quaestor in Sicily were not such as to bring a man's name
+much before the Roman public, Cicero plumes himself, as was not unusual
+with him, on the integrity and energy which he displayed in his
+administration. He has indeed the honesty to tell against himself the
+story of the acquaintance who, meeting him at Puteoli on his return
+journey, asked him what day he had left Rome and what was the news
+there. When he answered rather crossly that he had just come from
+Sicily, another acquaintance put in with "Why, of course. Didn't you
+know he has just been quaestor _at Syracuse_!" At any rate he had done
+sufficiently well in Lilybaeum to give him his next step, the aedileship
+to which he was elected B.C. 70, and to induce the Sicilians to apply to
+him, when in that year they desired the prosecution of the extortionate
+Verres. His energy and success in this business raised him, without
+question, to the first rank of advocates, and pledged him to a righteous
+policy in regard to the government of the provinces.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's Boyhood and Education.]
+
+Still Cicero was a _novus homo_, and the jealous exclusiveness of the
+great families at Rome might yet prevent his attainment of the highest
+office of all. When the correspondence opens he is a candidate for the
+praetorship, which he obtained without difficulty, at the head of the
+poll. But his birth might still be a bar to the consulship. His father,
+M. Tullius, lived at Arpinum, an ancient city of the Volscians and
+afterwards of the Samnites, which had long enjoyed a partial, and from
+B.C. 188 a complete, Roman franchise, and was included in the Cornelian
+tribe. Cicero's mother's name was Helvia, of whom we know nothing but
+the one anecdote told by Quintus (_Fam._ xvi. 26), who says that she
+used to seal the wine jars when they were emptied, so that none might be
+drained without her knowing it--a testimony to her economy and careful
+housewifery. His father had weak health and resided almost entirely in
+his villa at Arpinum, which he had considerably enlarged, much devoted
+to study and literature (_de Leg._ ii. 1). But though he apparently
+possessed considerable property, giving him equestrian rank, and though
+Cicero says that his family was very ancient, yet neither he nor any of
+his ancestors had held Roman magistracies. Marcus and his brother
+Quintus were the first of their family to do so, and both had to depend
+on character and ability to secure their elections. But though the
+father did nothing for his sons by holding curule office himself, he did
+the best for their education that was possible. Cicero calls him
+_optimus et prudentissimus_, and speaks with gratitude of what he had
+done for his sons in this respect. They were sent early to Rome to the
+house of C. Aculeo, a learned jurisconsult, married to a sister of
+Helvia; and attended--with their cousins, the sons of Aculeo--the best
+schools in the city.[2] The young Marcus shewed extraordinary ability
+from the first, and that avidity for reading and study which never
+forsook him. As a young man he diligently attended the chambers of
+renowned jurisconsults, especially those of the elder and younger
+Scaevola, Crassus, and Antonius, and soon found that his calling in life
+was oratory. It was not till he was twenty-eight years old,
+however--when he had already written much and pleaded many cases--that
+he went on a visit of between two and three years to Greece, Asia, and
+Rhodes, to study in the various schools of rhetoric and philosophy, and
+to view their famous cities (B.C. 79-77). It was after his return from
+this tour that his age (he was now thirty-one) made the seeking of
+office at Rome possible. From that time his election to the several
+offices--quaestorship, aedileship, praetorship, consulship--followed
+without any repulse, each in the first year of his age at which he was
+legally capable of being elected.
+
+He had doubtless made the acquaintance of Titus Pomponius, afterwards
+called Atticus, early in life. But it seems that it was their intimacy
+at Athens (B.C. 79), where Atticus, who was three years his senior, had
+been residing for several years, that began the very close and warm
+friendship which lasted with nothing but the slightest and most passing
+of clouds till his death. His brother Quintus was married to Pomponia, a
+sister of Atticus; but the marriage turned out unfortunately, and was a
+strain upon the friendship of Cicero and Atticus rather than an
+additional bond. This source of uneasiness meets us in the very first
+letter of the correspondence, and crops up again and again till the
+final rupture of the ill-assorted union by divorce in B.C. 44. Nothing,
+however, had apparently interrupted the correspondence of the two
+friends, which had been going on for a long time before the first letter
+which has been preserved.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero the successful Advocate.]
+
+[Sidenote: Death of Cicero's Father.]
+
+The eleven letters, then, which date before the consulship, shew us
+Cicero in full career of success as an advocate and rising official,
+not as yet apparently much interested in party politics, but with his
+mind, in the intervals of forensic business, engaged on the adornment of
+the new villa at Tusculum, the first of the numerous country residences
+which his growing wealth or his heightened ideas of the dignity of his
+position prompted him to purchase. Atticus is commissioned to search in
+Athens and elsewhere for objects of art suitable for the residence of a
+wealthy Roman, who at the same time was a scholar and man of letters. He
+is beginning to feel the charm of at any rate a temporary retreat from
+the constant bustle and occupations of the city. Though Cicero loved
+Rome, and could hardly conceive of life unconnected with its business
+and excitements,[3] and eagerly looked for news of the city in his
+absence, yet there was another side to his character. His interest in
+literature and philosophy was quite as genuine as his interest in the
+forum and senate-house. When the season came for temporarily withdrawing
+from the latter, he returned to the former with eager passion. But
+Tusculum was too near Rome to secure him the quiet and solitude
+necessary for study and composition. Thus, though he says (vol. i., p.
+4), "I am so delighted with my Tusculan villa that I never feel really
+happy till I get there," he often found it necessary, when engaged in
+any serious literary work, to seek the more complete retirement of
+Formiae, Cumae, or Pompeii, near all of which he acquired properties,
+besides an inheritance at Arpinum.[4] But the important achievements in
+literature were still in the future. The few letters of B.C. 68-67 are
+full of directions to Atticus for the collection of books or works of
+art suitable to his house, and of matters of private interest. They are
+also short and sometimes abrupt. The famous allusion to his father's
+death in the second letter of this collection, contained in a single
+line--_pater nobis decessit a.d. 111 Kal. Decembris_--followed by
+directions to Atticus as to articles of _vertu_ for his villa, has much
+exercised the minds of admirers, who do not like to think Cicero capable
+of such a cold-hearted sentence. It is certainly very unlike his usual
+manner.[5] He is more apt to exaggerate than understate his emotions;
+and in the first letter extant he speaks with real feeling of the death
+of a cousin. Elsewhere--as we have seen--he refers to his father with
+respect and gratitude. How then are we to account for such a cold
+announcement? Several expedients have been hit upon. First, to change
+_decessit_ to _discessit_, and to refer the sentence to the father's
+quitting Rome, and not life; in which case it is not easy to see why the
+information is given at all. Second, to suppose it to be a mere answer
+to a request for the information on the part of Atticus; in which case
+the date must refer to some previous year, or the letter must be placed
+considerably later, to allow of time for Atticus to hear of the death
+and to write his question. In favour of the first is the fact that
+Asconius (Sec. 82) says that Cicero lost his father when he was a candidate
+for the consulship (B.C. 64). Some doubt has been thrown upon the
+genuineness of the passage in Asconius; and, if that is not trustworthy,
+we have nothing else to help us. On the whole I think we must leave the
+announcement as it stands in all its baldness. Cicero's father had long
+been an invalid, and Atticus may have been well aware that the end was
+expected. He would also be acquainted with the son's feelings towards
+his father, and Cicero may have held it unnecessary to enlarge upon
+them. It is possible, too, that he had already written to tell Atticus
+of the death and of his own feelings, but had omitted the date, which he
+here supplies. Whatever may be the true explanation--impossible now to
+recover--everything we know of Cicero forbids us to reckon insensibility
+among his faults, or reserve in expressing his feelings among his
+characteristics.
+
+[Sidenote: The Praetorship, B.C. 66.]
+
+In the next year (B.C. 67) we find Cicero elected to the praetorship,
+after at least two interruptions to the _comitia_, which, though not
+aimed at himself, gave him a foretaste of the political troubles to come
+a few years later. He is, however, at present simply annoyed at the
+inconvenience, not yet apprehensive of any harm to the constitution. The
+double postponement, indeed, had the effect of gratifying his vanity:
+for his own name was returned three times first of the list of eight.
+His praetorship (B.C. 66) passed without any startling event. The two
+somewhat meagre letters which remain belonging to this year tell us
+hardly anything. Still he began more or less to define his political
+position by advocating the _lex Manilia_, for putting the Mithridatic
+war into the hands of Pompey; and one of his most elaborate forensic
+speeches--that for Cluentius--was delivered in the course of the year:
+in which also his brother Quintus was elected to the aedileship.
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65-64. Preparations for the Consulship.]
+
+So far Cicero had risen steadily and without serious difficulty up the
+official ladder. But the stress was now to come. The old families seem
+not to have been so ready to oppose the rise of the _novus homo_ to the
+praetorship. It was the consulship on which they tried to keep a tight
+hand. Accordingly, immediately after the year of his praetorship, we find
+him anxiously looking out for support and inquiring who are likely to be
+his competitors. The interesting point in regard to this is his
+connexion with Catiline. In his speech in the senate delivered in the
+following year (_in toga candida_, B.C. 64) he denounced Catiline in the
+most violent language, accusing him of every conceivable crime; yet in
+B.C. 65 he not only contemplated being elected with him without any
+expression of disgust, but even considered whether he should not
+undertake his defence on some charge that was being brought against
+him--perhaps for his conduct during the Sullan proscriptions. To
+whitewash Catiline is a hopeless task; and it throws a lurid light upon
+the political and moral sentiments of the time to find Cicero even
+contemplating such a conjunction.
+
+After this, for two years, there is a break in the correspondence.
+Atticus had probably returned to Rome, and if there were letters to
+others (as no doubt there were) they have been lost. A certain light is
+thrown on the proceedings of the year of candidature (B.C. 64) by the
+essay "On the duties of a candidate," ascribed to his brother Quintus,
+who was himself to be a candidate for the praetorship in the next year
+(B.C. 63). We may see from this essay that Pompey was still regarded as
+the greatest and most influential man at Rome; that Catiline's character
+was so atrocious in the eyes of most, that his opposition was not to be
+feared; that Cicero's "newness" was a really formidable bar to his
+election, and that his chief support was to be looked for from the
+individuals and companies for whom he had acted as counsel, and who
+hoped to secure his services in the future. The support of the nobles
+was not a certainty. There had been a taint of _popularity_ in some of
+Cicero's utterances, and the writer urges him to convince the consulars
+that he was at one with the Optimates, while at the same time aiming at
+the conciliation of the equestrian order. This was, in fact, to be
+Cicero's political position in the future. The party of the
+Optimates--in spite of his disgust at the indifference and frivolity of
+many of them--was to be his party: his favourite constitutional object
+was to be to keep the equites and the senate on good terms: and his
+greatest embarrassment was how to reconcile this position with his
+personal loyalty to Pompey, and his views as to the reforms necessary in
+the government of the provinces.
+
+[Sidenote: The Consulship, B.C. 63.]
+
+For the momentous year of the consulship we have no letters. His brother
+Quintus was in Rome as candidate and then praetor-designate; Atticus was
+also in Rome; and the business, as well as the dignity of a consul, were
+against anything like ordinary correspondence. Of the earlier part of
+the consulship we have little record. The speeches against Rullus were
+delivered at the beginning of the year, and commit Cicero pretty
+definitely to a policy as to the _ager publicus_--which was, to his
+disgust, entirely reversed by the triumvirs in B.C. 59--but they do not
+shew any sense of coming trouble. Cicero, however, throughout his
+consulship took a very definite line against the _populares_. Not only
+did he defend Rabirius Postumus, when accused by Caesar of the
+assassination of Saturninus, and address the people against offering
+violence to L. Roscius on account of the unpopular _lex theatralis_,[6]
+but he even resisted the restoration to their civil rights of the sons
+of the men proscribed by Sulla, avowedly on the ground of the necessity
+of maintaining the established order, though he knew and confessed the
+justice of the proposal.[6]
+
+[Sidenote: The Conspiracy of Catiline.]
+
+Any movement, therefore, on the side of the popular party had now his
+opposition with which to reckon. He professes to have known very early
+in his year of office that some more than usually dangerous movement was
+in contemplation. We cannot well decide from the violent denunciation of
+Catiline contained--to judge from extant fragments--in the speech _in
+toga candida_, how far Cicero was really acquainted with any definite
+designs of his. Roman orators indulged in a violence of language so
+alien from modern ideas and habits, that it is difficult to draw
+definite conclusions. But it appears from Sallust that Catiline had in a
+secret meeting before the elections of B.C. 64, professed an intention
+of going all lengths in a revolutionary programme and, if that was the
+case, Cicero would be sure to have had some secret information on the
+subject. But his hands were partly tied by the fact that the _comitia_
+had given him a colleague--C. Antonius--deeply implicated in Catiline's
+policy, whatever it was. Pompey, whom he regarded as the champion of law
+and order, was in the East: and Catiline's candidature--and it was
+supposed his policy also--had had the almost open support of the richest
+man in Rome, M. Licinius Crassus, and of the most influential man of the
+_populares_, C. Iulius Caesar. In the house of one or the other of them,
+indeed, the meeting at which Catiline first unfolded his purposes was
+believed to have been held. Still Catiline had not been guilty of any
+overt act which enabled Cicero to attack him. He had, indeed, been
+informed, on very questionable authority, that Catiline had made a plot
+to assassinate him while holding the elections, and he made a
+considerable parade of taking precautions for his safety--letting it be
+seen that he wore a cuirass under his toga, and causing his house to be
+guarded by the younger members of his party. The elections, according
+to Plutarch, had at least been once postponed from the ordinary time in
+July, though this has been denied.[7] At any rate it was not till they
+had taken place and Catiline had been once more rejected, that any
+definite step is alleged to have been taken by him, such as Cicero could
+lay hold of to attack him. On the 20th of October, in the senate, Cicero
+made a speech warning the Fathers of the impending danger, and on the
+21st called upon Catiline for an explanation in their presence. But,
+after all, even the famous meeting of the 5th of November, in the house
+of M. Porcius Laeca, betrayed to Cicero by Fulvia, the mistress of Q.
+Curius, would not have sufficed as grounds for the denunciation of the
+first extant speech against Catiline (7th of November), if it had not
+been for something else. For some months past there had been rumours of
+risings in various parts of Italy; but by the beginning of November it
+was known that C. Manlius (or Mallius) had collected a band of
+desperadoes near Faesulae, and, having established there a camp on the
+27th of October, meant to advance on Rome. Manlius had been a centurion
+in Sulla's army, and had received an allotment of confiscated land in
+Etruria; but, like others, had failed to prosper. The movement was one
+born of discontent with embarrassments which were mostly brought about
+by extravagance or incompetence. But the rapidity with which Manlius was
+able to gather a formidable force round him seems to shew that there
+were genuine grievances also affecting the agricultural classes in
+Etruria generally. At any rate there was now no doubt that a formidable
+disturbance was brewing; the senate voted that there was a _tumultus_,
+authorized the raising of troops, and named commanders in the several
+districts affected. It was complicity in this rising that Cicero now
+sought to establish against Catiline and his partisans in Rome. The
+report of the meeting in the house of Laeca gave him the pretext for his
+first step--a fiery denunciation of Catiline in the senate on the 7th of
+November. Catiline left Rome, joined the camp of Manlius, and assumed
+the ensigns of _imperium_. That he was allowed thus to leave the city
+is a proof that Cicero had as yet no information enabling him to act at
+once. It was the right of every citizen to avoid standing a trial by
+going into exile. Catiline was now under notice of prosecution for
+_vis_, and when leaving Rome he professed to be going to Marseilles,
+which had the _ius exilii_. But when it was known that he had stopped
+short at Faesulae, the senate at once declared both him and Manlius
+_hostes_, and authorized the consuls to proceed against them. The
+expedition was intrusted to Antonius, in spite of his known sympathy
+with Catiline, while Cicero was retained with special powers to protect
+the city. The result is too well known to be more than glanced at here.
+Catiline's partisans were detected by letters confided to certain envoys
+of the Allobroges, which were held to convict them of the guilt of
+treason, as instigating Catiline to march on Rome, and the senate of the
+Allobroges to assist the invasion by sending cavalry to Faesulae.
+
+[Sidenote: Execution of the conspirators, December, B.C. 63. Its legal
+grounds and consequences.]
+
+The decree of the senate, _videant consules, etc._, had come to be
+considered as reviving the full _imperium_ of the consul, and investing
+him with the power of life and death over all citizens. Cicero acted on
+this (questionable) constitutional doctrine. He endeavoured, indeed, to
+shelter himself under the authority of a senatorial vote. But the senate
+never had the power to try or condemn a citizen. It could only record
+its advice to the consul. The whole legal responsibility for the
+condemnation and death of the conspirators, arrested in consequence of
+these letters, rested on the consul. To our moral judgment as to
+Cicero's conduct it is of primary importance to determine whether or not
+these men were guilty: to his legal and constitutional position it
+matters not at all. Nor was that point ever raised against him. The
+whole question turns on whether the doctrine was true that the _senatus
+consultum ultimum_ gave the consul the right of inflicting death upon
+citizens without trial, _i.e._, without appeal to the people, on the
+analogy of the dictator _seditionis sedandae causa_, thus practically
+defeating that most ancient and cherished safeguard of Roman liberty,
+the _ius provocationis_. The precedents were few, and scarcely such as
+would appeal to popular approval. The murder of Tiberius Gracchus had
+been _ex post facto_ approved by the senate in B.C. 133-2. In the case
+of Gaius Gracchus, in B.C. 121, the senate had voted _uti consul Opimius
+rempublicam defenderet_, and in virtue of that the consul had authorized
+the killing of Gaius and his friends: thus for the first time exercising
+_imperium sine provocatione_. Opimius had been impeached after his year
+of office, but acquitted, which the senate might claim as a confirmation
+of the right, in spite of the _lex_ of Gaius Gracchus, which confirmed
+the right of _provocatio_ in all cases. In B.C. 100 the tribune
+Saturninus and the praetor Glaucia were arrested in consequence of a
+similar decree, which this time joined the other magistrates to the
+consuls as authorized to protect the Republic: their death, however, was
+an act of violence on the part of a mob. Its legality had been impugned
+by Caesar's condemnation of Rabirius, as _duovir capitalis_, but to a
+certain extent confirmed by the failure to secure his conviction on the
+trial of his appeal to the people. In B.C. 88 and 83 this decree of the
+senate was again passed, in the first case in favour of Sulla against
+the tribune Sulpicius, who was in consequence put to death; and in the
+second case in favour of the consuls (partisans of Marius) against the
+followers of Sulla. Again in B.C. 77 the decree was passed in
+consequence of the insurrection of the proconsul Lepidus, who, however,
+escaped to Sardinia and died there.
+
+In every case but one this decree had been passed against the popular
+party. The only legal sanction given to the exercise of the _imperium
+sine provocatione_ was the acquittal of the consul Opimius in B.C. 120.
+But the jury which tried that case probably consisted entirely of
+senators, who would not stultify their own proceedings by condemning
+him. To rely upon such precedents required either great boldness (never
+a characteristic of Cicero), or the most profound conviction of the
+essential righteousness of the measure, and the clearest assurance that
+the safety of the state--the supreme law--justified the breach of every
+constitutional principle. Cicero was not left long in doubt as to
+whether there would be any to question his proceeding. On the last day
+of the year, when about to address the people, as was customary, on
+laying down his consulship, the tribune Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos
+forbade him to speak, on the express ground that he "had put citizens to
+death uncondemned"--_quod cives indemnatos necavisset_. Cicero consoled
+himself with taking the required oath as to having observed the laws,
+with an additional declaration that he had "saved the state."
+Nevertheless, he must have felt deeply annoyed and alarmed at the action
+of Metellus, for he had been a _legatus_ of Pompey, and was supposed to
+represent his views, and it was upon the approbation and support of
+Pompey, now on the eve of his return from the East, that Cicero
+particularly reckoned.
+
+[Sidenote: Letters after B.C. 63.]
+
+The letters in our collection now recommence. The first of the year
+(B.C. 62) is one addressed to Pompey, expressing some discontent at the
+qualified manner in which he had written on recent events, and affirming
+his own conviction that he had acted in the best interests of the state
+and with universal approval. But indeed the whole correspondence to the
+end of Cicero's exile is permeated with this subject directly or
+indirectly. His quarrel with Metellus Nepos brought upon him a
+remonstrance from the latter's brother (or cousin), Metellus Celer
+(Letters XIII, XIV), and when the correspondence for B.C. 61 opens, we
+find him already on the eve of the quarrel with Publius Clodius which
+was to bring upon him the exile of B.C. 58.
+
+[Sidenote: Publius Clodius Pulcher.]
+
+P. CLODIUS PULCHER was an extreme instance of a character not uncommon
+among the nobility in the last age of the Republic. Of high birth, and
+possessed of no small amount of ability and energy, he belonged by
+origin and connexion to the Optimates; but he regarded politics as a
+game to be played for his personal aggrandizement, and public office as
+a means of replenishing a purse drained by boundless extravagance and
+self-indulgence. His record had been bad. He had accompanied his
+brother-in-law Lucullus, or had joined his staff, in the war with
+Mithridates, and had helped to excite a mutiny in his army in revenge
+for some fancied slight. He had then gone to Cilicia, where another
+brother-in-law, Q. Marcus Rex, was propraetor, and while commanding a
+fleet under him had fallen into the hands of pirates, and when freed
+from them had gone--apparently in a private capacity--to Antioch, where
+he again excited a mutiny of Syrian troops engaged in a war against the
+Arabians (B.C. 70-65). On his return to Rome he attempted to make
+himself conspicuous by prosecuting Catiline, but accepted a bribe to
+withdraw. In B.C. 64, on the staff of the governor of Gallia
+Narbonensis, he is accused of having enriched himself with plunder. For
+a time after that he was still acting as a member of the party of the
+Optimates; seems to have supported Cicero during the Catiline
+conspiracy; and in B.C. 62 stood for the quaestorship and was elected.
+His violation of the mysteries was alleged to have been committed in
+December of that year, and before he could go to the province allotted
+to him as quaestor in Sicily he had to stand a trial for sacrilege. Such
+an offence--penetrating in disguise into the house of the Pontifex
+Maximus, when his wife was engaged in the secret rites of the Bona
+Dea--would place him under a curse, and not only prevent his entering
+upon his quaestorship, but would disfranchise and politically ruin him.
+Clodius would seem not to have been a person of sufficient character or
+importance to make this trial a political event. But not only had he
+powerful backers, but his opponents also, by proposing an innovation in
+the manner of selecting the jurors for trying him, had managed to give a
+spurious political importance to the case. One of the most brilliant of
+the early letters (XV, p. 37) gives us a graphic picture of the trial.
+Clodius was acquitted and went to his province, but returned in B.C. 60,
+apparently prepared for a change of parties. Cicero and he had
+quarrelled over the trial. He had said sarcastic things about the sacred
+consulship, and Cicero had retaliated by bitter speeches in the senate,
+and by giving evidence at the trial of having seen Clodius in Rome three
+hours before he professed to have been at Interamna, on the day of the
+alleged sacrilege. It is perhaps possible that his alibi may have been
+true in substance, for he may have been well out of Rome on his way to
+Interamna after seeing Cicero. But, however that may be, he nourished a
+grudge against Cicero, which he presently had an opportunity of
+satisfying. The year of his return to Rome from Sicily (B.C. 60) was the
+same as that of Caesar's return from Spain. Pompey--who had returned the
+year before--was at enmity with the senate on account of the
+difficulties raised to the confirmation of his _acta_ and the allotments
+for his veterans. Caesar had a grievance because of the difficulties put
+in the way of his triumph. The two coalesced, taking in the millionaire
+Crassus, to form a triumvirate or coalition of three, with a view to
+getting measures they desired passed, and offices for themselves or
+their partisans. This was a great blow to Cicero, who clung feverously
+to Pompey as a political leader, but could not follow him in a coalition
+with Caesar: for he knew that the object of it was a series of measures
+of which he heartily disapproved. His hope of seeing Pompey coming to
+act as acknowledged leader of the Optimates was dashed to the ground. He
+could not make up his mind wholly to abandon him, or, on the other hand,
+to cut himself adrift from the party of Optimates, to whose policy he
+had so deeply committed himself. Clodius was troubled by no such
+scruples. Perhaps Caesar had given him substantial reasons for his change
+of policy. At any rate, from this time forward he acts as an extreme
+_popularis_--much too extreme, as it turned out, for Pompey's taste. As
+a patrician his next step in the official ladder would naturally have
+been the aedileship. But that peaceful office did not suit his present
+purpose. The tribuneship would give him the right to bring forward
+measures in the _comitia tributa_, such as he desired to pass, and would
+in particular give him the opportunity of attacking Cicero. The
+difficulty was that to become tribune he must cease to be a patrician.
+He could only do that by being adopted into a plebeian gens. He had a
+plebeian ready to do it in B.C. 59. But for a man who was _sui iuris_ to
+be adopted required a formal meeting of the old _comitia curiata_, and
+such a meeting required the presence of an augur, as well as some kind
+of sanction of the pontifices. Caesar was Pontifex Maximus, and Pompey
+was a member of the college of augurs. Their influence would be
+sufficient to secure or prevent this being done. Their consent was, it
+appears, for a time withheld. But Caesar was going to Gaul at the end of
+his consulship, and desired to have as few powerful enemies at Rome
+during his absence as possible. Still he had a personal feeling for
+Cicero, and when it was known that one of Clodius's objects in seeking
+to become a plebeian and a tribune was to attack him, Caesar offered him
+two chances of honourable retreat--first as one of the commissioners to
+administer his land law, and again as one of his _legati_ in Gaul. But
+Cicero would not accept the first, because he was vehemently opposed to
+the law itself: nor the second, because he had no taste for provincial
+business, even supposing the proconsul to be to his liking; and because
+he could not believe that P. Clodius would venture to attack him, or
+would succeed if he did. Caesar's consulship of B.C. 59 roused his worst
+fears for the Republic; and, though he thought little of the
+statesmanship or good sense of Caesar's hostile colleague Bibulus, he was
+thoroughly disgusted with the policy of the triumvirs, with the
+contemptuous treatment of the senate, with the high-handed disregard of
+the auspices--by means of which Bibulus tried to invalidate the laws and
+other _acta_ of Caesar--and with the armed forces which Pompey brought
+into the _campus_, nominally to keep order, but really to overawe the
+_comitia_, and secure the passing of Caesar's laws. Nor was it in his
+nature to conceal his feelings. Speaking early in the year in defence of
+his former colleague, C. Antonius, accused of _maiestas_ for his conduct
+in Macedonia, he expressed in no doubtful terms his view of the
+political situation. Within a few hours the words were reported to the
+triumvirs, and all formalities were promptly gone through for the
+adoption of Clodius. Caesar himself presided at the _comitia curiata_,
+Pompey attended as augur, and the thing was done in a few minutes. Even
+then Cicero does not appear to have been alarmed, or to have been fully
+aware of what the object of Publius was. While on his usual spring visit
+to his seaside villas in April (B.C. 59), he expressed surprise at
+hearing from the young Curio that Clodius was a candidate for the
+tribuneship (vol. i., p. 99). His surprise no doubt was more or less
+assumed: he must have understood that Clodius's object in the adoption
+was the tribunate, and must have had many uneasy reflexions as to the
+use which he would make of the office when he got it. Indeed there was
+not very much doubt about it, for Publius openly avowed his intentions.
+We have accordingly numerous references, in the letters to Atticus, to
+Cicero's doubts about the course he ought to adopt. Should he accept
+Caesar's offer of a legation in Gaul, or a free and votive legation?
+Should he stay in Rome and fight it out? The latter course was the one
+on which he was still resolved in July, when Clodius had been, or was on
+the point of being, elected tribune (p. 110). He afterwards wavered (p.
+113), but was encouraged by the belief that all the "orders" were
+favourable to him, and were becoming alienated from the triumvirs (pp.
+117, 119), especially after the affair of Vettius (pp. 122-124), and by
+the friendly disposition of many of the colleagues of Clodius in the
+tribuneship. With such feelings of confidence and courage the letters of
+B.C. 59 come to an end.
+
+[Sidenote: The Exile, April, B.C. 58--August, B.C. 57.]
+
+The correspondence only opens again in April of B.C. 58, when the worst
+has happened. Clodius entered upon his tribuneship on the 10th of
+December, B.C. 59, and lost little time in proposing a law to the
+_comitia_ for the trial of any magistrate guilty of putting citizens to
+death without trial (_qui cives indemnatos necavisset_). The wording of
+the law thus left it open to plead that it applied only to such act as
+occurred after its enactment, for the pluperfect _necavisset_ in the
+dependent clause answers to the future perfect in a direct one. And this
+was the interpretation that Caesar, while approving the law itself,
+desired to put upon it.[8] He again offered Cicero a legation in Gaul,
+but would do nothing for him if he stayed in Rome; while Pompey, who had
+been profuse in promises of protection, either avoided seeing Cicero, or
+treated his abject entreaties with cold disdain.[9] Every citizen, by a
+humane custom at Rome, had the right of avoiding a prosecution by
+quitting the city and residing in some town which had the _ius exilii_.
+It is this course that we find Cicero already entered upon when the
+correspondence of the year begins. In the letters of this year of exile
+he continually reproaches himself with not having stayed and even
+supported the law, in full confidence that it could not be applied to
+himself. He attributes his having taken the less courageous course to
+the advice of his friends, who were actuated by jealousy and a desire
+to get rid of him. Even Atticus he thinks was timid, at the best, in
+advising his retirement. It is the only occasion in all the
+correspondence in which the least cloud seems to have rested on the
+perfect friendship of the two men. Atticus does not appear to have shewn
+any annoyance at the querulous remarks of his friend. He steadily
+continued to write, giving information and advice, and made no
+difficulty in supplying his friend with money. During Cicero's absence
+Atticus became still more wealthy than before by inheriting the estates
+of his cross-grained uncle Caecilius. But he was always careful as to the
+investment of his money and he would not, perhaps, have been so ready to
+trust Cicero, had he not felt confidence in the ultimate recovery of his
+civil status. Still his confidence was peculiarly welcome at a time
+which would have been otherwise one of great pressure. For Clodius had
+followed up Cicero's retirement with the usual _lex_ in regard to
+persons leaving Rome to avoid a trial--a prohibition "of fire and water"
+within a fixed distance from Italy, which involved the confiscation of
+all his property in Italy. His villas were dismantled, his town house
+pulled down, and a vote of the people obtained by Clodius for the
+consecration of its site as a _templum_ dedicated to Liberty, and a
+scheme was formed and the work actually commenced for occupying part of
+it by an extension of an existing porticus or colonnade (the _porticus
+Catuli_) to contain a statue of Liberty. That this consecration was
+regular is shewn by the pleas by which it was afterwards sought to
+reverse it.[10] When Cicero was recalled the question came before the
+pontifices, who decided that the consecration was not valid unless it
+had been done by the "order of the people." It could not be denied on
+the face of it that there had been such an order. Cicero was obliged to
+resort to the plea that Clodius's adoption had been irregular and
+invalid, that therefore he was not legally a tribune, and could not take
+an order of the people. Finally, the senate seems to have decided that
+its restoration to Cicero was part of the general _restitutio in
+integrum_ voted by the _comitia centuriata_; and a sum of money was
+assigned to him for the rebuilding of the house. Clodius refused to
+recognize the validity of this decree of the senate, and attempted by
+violence to interrupt the workmen engaged on the house. We have a lively
+picture of this in Letter XCI (vol. i., pp. 194-196).
+
+[Sidenote: Letters of the Exile (Letters LV-LXXXVIII).]
+
+The letters from Cicero as an exile are painful reading for those who
+entertain a regard for his character. It was not unnatural, indeed, that
+he should feel it grievously. He had so completely convinced himself of
+the extraordinary value of his services to the state, of the importance
+of his position in Roman politics, and of the view that the Optimates
+would take of the necessity of retaining him, that to see himself
+treated like a fraudulent or unsuccessful provincial governor, of no
+importance to anyone but himself, was a bitter blow to his self-esteem.
+The actual loss was immense. His only means were now the amount of money
+he had been able to take with him, or was able to borrow. All was gone
+except such property as his wife retained in her own right. He was a
+dependent upon her, instead of being her support and the master of his
+own household. The services of freedmen--readily rendered when he was
+prosperous--would now be a matter of favour and personal attachment,
+which was not always sufficient to retain them. The "life and light" of
+the city, in which no man ever took a more eager interest and delight,
+were closed to him. He was cut off from his family, and from familiar
+intercourse with friends, on both of which he was much dependent for
+personal happiness. Lastly, wherever he lived, he lived, as it were, on
+sufferance, no longer an object of respect as a statesman, or the source
+of help to others by his eloquence. But, disagreeable as all this was to
+a man of Cicero's sensitive vanity, there was something still worse.
+Even in towns which were the legal distance from Italy he could not
+safely stay, if they were within the jurisdiction of one of his personal
+enemies, or contained other exiles, who owed him an ill turn. He was
+protected by no law, and more than one instance of such a man's falling
+a victim to an enemy's dagger is recorded. Cicero's first idea was to go
+to Malta: but Malta was for some purposes in the jurisdiction of the
+governor of Sicily, and the governor of Sicily (C. Vergilius[11])
+objected to his passing through Sicily or staying at Malta. We have no
+reason for supposing Vergilius personally hostile to Cicero, but he may
+have thought that Cicero's services to the Sicilians in the case of
+Verres would have called out some expression of feeling on their part in
+his favour, which would have been awkward for a Roman governor. Cicero
+therefore crossed to Epirus, and travelled down the Egnatian road to
+Thessalonica. This was the official capital of the province of
+Macedonia, and the quaestor in Macedonia, Gnaeus Plancius, met Cicero at
+Dyrrachium, invited him to fix his residence there with him, and
+accompanied him on his journey. Here he stayed till November in a state
+of anxiety and distress, faithfully reflected in his letters, waiting to
+hear how far the elections for B.C. 57 would result in putting his
+friends in office, and watching for any political changes that would
+favour his recall: but prepared to go still farther to Cyzicus, if the
+incoming governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who, as consul in B.C. 58 with
+Gabinius, had shewn decided animus against him, should still retain that
+feeling in Macedonia. Events, however, in Rome during the summer and
+autumn of B.C. 58 gave him better hopes. Clodius, by his violent
+proceedings, as well as by his legislation, had alienated Pompey, and
+caused him to favour Cicero's recall. Of the new consuls Lentulus was
+his friend, and Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos (who as tribune in B.C. 63-62
+had prevented his speech when laying down his consulship) consented to
+waive all opposition. A majority of the new tribunes were also
+favourable to him, especially P. Sestius and T. Annius Milo; and in
+spite of constant ups and downs in his feelings of confidence, he had on
+the whole concluded that his recall was certain to take place. Towards
+the end of November he therefore travelled back to Dyrrachium, a _libera
+civitas_ in which he had many friends, and where he thought he might be
+safe, and from which he could cross to Italy as soon as he heard of the
+law for his recall having been passed. Here, however, he was kept
+waiting through many months of anxiety. Clodius had managed to make his
+recall as difficult as possible. He had, while tribune, obtained an
+order from the people forbidding the consuls to bring the subject before
+the senate, and Piso and Gabinius had during their year of office
+pleaded that law as a bar to introducing the question.
+
+[Sidenote: The Recall, August, B.C. 57.]
+
+The new consuls were not, or did not consider themselves, so bound, and
+Lentulus having brought the subject forward, the senate early passed a
+resolution that Cicero's recall was to take precedence of all other
+business. In accordance with the resolution of the senate, a law was
+proposed by the consul Lentulus in the _comitia centuriata_, and
+probably one by Milo to the _tributa_. But Clodius, though no longer
+armed with the tribuneship, was not yet beaten. He obtained the aid of
+some gladiators belonging to his brother Appius, and more than once
+interrupted and dispersed an assembly of the _comitia_. In the riots
+thus occasioned blood was shed on both sides, and Cicero's brother
+Quintus on one occasion nearly lost his life. This was the beginning of
+the series of violent contests between Clodius and Milo, only ended by
+the murder of the former on the Appian road in B.C. 52. But Clodius was
+a candidate for the aedileship in this year (B.C. 57), and could be
+barred from that office legally by a prosecution for _vis_, of which
+Milo gave notice against him. It was, perhaps, a desire to avoid this,
+as much as fear of Milo's counter exhibition of violence, that at length
+caused him to relax in his opposition, or at any rate to abstain from
+violently interrupting the _comitia_. Accordingly, on the 4th of August,
+the law proposed by both consuls, and supported by Pompey, was passed
+unanimously by the centuries. Cicero, we must presume, had received
+trustworthy information that this was to be the case (shewing that some
+understanding had been come to with Clodius, or there would have been no
+certainty of his not violently dispersing the _comitia_ again), for on
+that same day he set sail from Dyrrachium and landed at Brundisium on
+the 5th. His triumphant return to Rome is described in the eighty-ninth
+letter of this collection. For Pompey's share in securing it he
+expressed, and seems really to have felt, an exaggerated gratitude,
+which still influenced him in the unhappy months of B.C. 49, when he was
+hesitating as to joining him beyond seas in the civil war.
+
+But though Clodius had somehow been prevented from hindering his recall,
+he by no means relaxed his hostility. He not only tried to excite the
+populace against him by arguing that the scarcity and consequent high
+price of corn, from which the people were at that time suffering, was in
+some way attributable to Cicero's policy, but he also opposed the
+restoration of his house; and when a decree of the senate was passed in
+Cicero's favour on that point, brought his armed ruffians to prevent the
+workmen from going on with the rebuilding, as well as to molest Cicero
+himself (vol. i., p. 195). This was followed by a determined opposition
+by Milo to the holding of the elections for B.C. 56, until his
+prosecution of Clodius _de vi_ should have been tried. Clodius, however,
+was acquitted,[12] and, being elected aedile, immediately commenced a
+counter accusation against Milo for _vis_. He impeached him before the
+_comitia_ in February (B.C. 56), on which occasion Pompey spoke in
+Milo's defence in the midst of a storm of interruptions got up by the
+friends of Clodius (vol. i., pp. 214, 217). Milo was also acquitted, and
+the rest of Clodius's aedileship seems to have passed without farther
+acts of open violence.
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero and the Triumvirs.]
+
+But Cicero had now other causes of anxiety. He had spoken in favour of
+the commission offered to Pompey in B.C. 57 for superintending the
+corn-supply of Rome (_cura annonae_). Pompey was to have fifteen legates,
+a good supply of ships and men, and considerable powers in all
+corn-growing countries in the Mediterranean. Cicero supported this,
+partly from gratitude to Pompey, but partly also from a wish to promote
+his power and influence against the ever-increasing influence and fame
+of Caesar. He secretly hoped that a jealousy might grow up between them;
+that Pompey would be drawn closer to the Optimates; and that the union
+of the triumvirate might be gradually weakened and finally disappear.
+Pompey was thoroughly offended and alarmed by the insults offered him by
+the Clodian mob, and by Clodius's own denunciations of him; and if he
+could be convinced that these were suggested or approved by Caesar or
+Crassus, it would go far to withdraw him from friendship with either of
+them. With Crassus, indeed, he had never been on cordial terms: it was
+only Caesar's influence that had caused him to form any union with him.
+Caesar, on the other hand, was likely to be uneasy at the great powers
+which the _cura annonae_ put into Pompey's hands; and at the possible
+suggestion of offering him the dictatorship, if the Clodian riots became
+quite intolerable. On the whole, Cicero thought that he saw the element
+of a very pretty quarrel, from which he hoped that the result might be
+"liberty"--the orderly working of the constitution, that is, without the
+irregular supremacy of anyone, at any rate of anyone of the popular
+party. He had, however, a delicate part to play. He did not wish or dare
+to break openly with Caesar, or to speak too openly to Pompey; and he was
+conscious that the intemperance, folly, or indifference of many of the
+Optimates made it difficult to reckon on their support, and made that
+support a very questionable benefit if accorded. But though his letters
+of this period are full of expressions indicating doubt of Pompey and
+irritation with him, yet he seems still to have spoken of him with
+warmth on public occasions, while he avoided mentioning Caesar, or spoke
+of him only in cold terms.
+
+[Sidenote: Renewal of the Triumvirate at Luca, April, B.C. 56, and
+Cicero's change of policy.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quintus Cicero in Gaul.]
+
+The hope, however, of detaching Pompey from Caesar was dashed by the
+meeting at Luca in April, B.C. 56, at which a fresh arrangement was made
+for the mutual advantage of the triumvirs. Caesar got the promise of the
+introduction of a law giving him an additional five years of command in
+Gaul, with special privileges as to his candidature for the consulship
+of B.C. 48; while Pompey and Crassus bargained for a second consulship
+in B.C. 55, and the reversion of the Spains (to be held as a single
+province) and Syria respectively, each for five years. The care taken
+that none of the three should have _imperium_ overlapping that of the
+others was indeed a sign of mutual distrust and jealousy. But the
+bargain was made with sufficient approval of the members of the party
+crowding Luca to secure its being carried out by the _comitia_. The
+union seemed stronger than ever; and Cicero at length resolved on a
+great change of attitude. Opposition to the triumvirs had been
+abandoned, he saw, by the very party for whom he had been incurring the
+enmity of Pompey and Caesar. Why should he hold out any longer? "Since
+those who have no power," he writes to Atticus in April, "refuse me
+their affection, let me take care to secure the affection of those who
+have power. You will say, 'I could have wished that you had done so
+before.' I know you did wish it, and that I have made a real ass of
+myself."[13] This is the first indication in the letters of the change.
+But it was soon to be publicly avowed. The opposition to the consulship
+of Pompey and Crassus was so violent that no election took place during
+B.C. 56, and they were only elected under the presidency of _interreges_
+at the beginning of February, B.C. 55. But by the _lex Sempronia_ the
+senate was bound to name the consular provinces--_i.e._, the provinces
+to be governed by the incoming consuls after their year of
+office--before the elections, and in his speech on the subject (_de
+Provinciis Consularibus_), delivered apparently in July, B.C. 56,
+Cicero, while urging that Piso and Gabinius should have successors
+appointed to them in Macedonia and Syria, took occasion to announce and
+defend his own reconciliation with Caesar, and to support his continuance
+in the governorship of Gaul. Shortly afterwards, when defending the
+citizenship of L. Cornelius Balbus, he delivered a glowing panegyric on
+Pompey's character and services to the state. This was followed by a
+complete abstention from any farther opposition to the carrying out of
+Caesar's law for the allotment of the Campanian land--a subject which he
+had himself brought before the senate only a short time before, and on
+which he really continued to feel strongly.[14] Cicero's most elaborate
+defence of his change of front is contained in a long letter to P.
+Lentulus Spinther, written two years afterwards.[15] The gist of it is
+much the same as the remark to Atticus already quoted. "Pompey and
+Caesar were all-powerful, and could not be resisted without civil
+violence, if not downright civil war. The Optimates were feeble and
+shifty, had shewn ingratitude to Cicero himself, and had openly favoured
+his enemy Clodius. Public peace and safety must be the statesman's chief
+object, and almost any concession was to be preferred to endangering
+these." Nevertheless, we cannot think that Cicero was ever heartily
+reconciled to the policy, or the unconstitutional preponderance of the
+triumvirs. He patched up some sort of reconciliation with Crassus, and
+his personal affection for Pompey made it comparatively easy for him to
+give him a kind of support. Caesar was away, and a correspondence filled
+on both sides with courteous expressions could be maintained without
+seriously compromising his convictions. But Cicero was never easy under
+the yoke. From B.C. 55 to B.C. 52 he sought several opportunities for a
+prolonged stay in the country, devoting himself--in default of
+politics--to literature. The fruits of this were the _de Oratore_ and
+the _de Republica_, besides poems on his own times and on his
+consulship. Still he was obliged from time to time to appear in the
+forum and senate-house, and in various ways to gratify Pompey and Caesar.
+It must have been a great strain upon his loyalty to this new political
+friendship when, in B.C. 54, Pompey called upon him to undertake the
+defence of P. Vatinius, whom he had not long before attacked so fiercely
+while defending Sestius. Vatinius had been a tribune in B.C. 59, acting
+entirely in Caesar's interests, and Cicero believed him to have been his
+enemy both in the matter of his exile and in the opposition to his
+recall. He had denounced him in terms that would have made it almost
+impossible, one would think, to have spoken in his defence in any cause
+whatever. At best he represented all that Cicero most disliked in
+politics; and on this very election, to the praetorship, for which he was
+charged with bribery (_de sodalitiis_), Cicero had already spoken in
+strongly hostile terms in the senate. For now undertaking his defence he
+has, in fact, no explanation to give to Lentulus (vol. i., p. 319), and
+he was long sore at having been forced to do it. Through B.C. 54 and 53
+he was busied with his _de Republica_, and was kept more in touch with
+Caesar by the fact that his brother Quintus was serving as _legatus_ to
+the latter in Britain and Gaul, and that his friend Trebatius
+(introduced by himself) was seeking for promotion and profit in Caesar's
+camp. But even his brother's service with Caesar did not eventually
+contribute to the formation of cordial feeling on his part towards
+Caesar, whom he could not help admiring, but never really liked. For
+Quintus, though he distinguished himself by his defence of his camp in
+the autumn of B.C. 54, lost credit and subjected himself to grave rebuke
+by the disaster incurred in B.C. 53, near Aduatuca (_Tongres_), brought
+about by disregarding an express order of Caesar's. There is no allusion
+to this in the extant correspondence, but a fragment of letter from
+Caesar to Cicero (_neque pro cauto ac diligente se castris
+continuit_[16]), seems to shew that Caesar had written sharply to Cicero
+on his brother's _faux pas_, and after this time, though Cicero met
+Caesar at Ravenna in B.C. 52, and consented to support the bill allowing
+him to stand for the consulship in his absence,[17] there is apparent in
+his references to him a return to the cold or critical tone of former
+times. But of course there were other reasons.
+
+[Sidenote: Pompey's third Consulship and the trial of Milo, B.C. 52.]
+
+Pompey's six months' sole consulship of B.C. 52 ("that divine third
+consulship"), the rumour of his dictatorship, and the growing
+determination of the Optimates to play off Pompey against Caesar (Crassus
+having disappeared) and to insist on Caesar resigning his province and
+army before the end of his ten years' tenure, and before standing for a
+second consulship, caused Cicero's hope of a final dissolution of the
+unconstitutional compact to revive again; and made him draw more and
+more closely to Pompey as the chief hope of the _boni_. In the beginning
+of the year he had found himself in opposition, or quasi-opposition, to
+Pompey in regard to the prosecution of Milo for the murder of Clodius.
+But though in the previous year he had declared that the election of
+Milo to the consulship was of the utmost importance to his own position
+and the safety of the state,[18] now that it was rendered impossible by
+Milo's condemnation, he seems to have placed all his hopes on Pompey.
+Unfortunately, there is here a break in the correspondence. There is no
+letter of the last six months of B.C. 53, and only four (perhaps only
+three) of B.C. 52.[19] So that the riots which prevented Milo's
+election, the death of Clodius and the riots following it, and the
+consequent sole consulship of Pompey, with the latter's new legislation
+and the trial of Milo--all have to be sought for elsewhere. The last
+letter of this volume and of this year, addressed to M. Marius in
+December, B.C. 52, alludes to the condemnation of Milo, and to the
+numerous prosecutions following it. "Here, in Rome, I am so distracted
+by the number of trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,
+that I daily offer prayers that there may be no intercalation."[20]
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero appointed Proconsul of Cilicia, B.C. 51-50.]
+
+When the correspondence opens again in the spring of B.C. 51 an event
+has happened, of no particular importance in itself, but of supreme
+interest to Cicero, and very fortunate for the readers of the
+correspondence. One of Pompey's new laws ordained that no one was to
+take a province till the fifth year after laying down his consulship or
+praetorship. Pompey broke his own law by keeping his province, the
+Spains--his position in regard to them was altogether exceptional--but,
+in order to carry out the law in other cases, the senate arranged that
+ex-consuls and ex-praetors who had not been to provinces should in turn
+draw lots for vacant governorships. Cicero and Bibulus appear to have
+been the senior _consulares_ in that position, and with much reluctance
+Cicero allowed his name to be cast into the urn. He drew Cilicia and
+Bibulus Syria. He says that his motive was a desire to obey the wishes
+of the senate. Another motive may have been a desire to be away from
+Rome while the controversy as to Caesar's retirement from his province
+was settled, and to retrieve a position of some political importance,
+which he had certainly not increased during the last few years. When it
+came to the actual start, however, he felt all the _gene_ of the
+business--the formation and control of his staff, the separation from
+friends, and the residence far from the "light and life" of Rome, among
+officials who were certainly commonplace and probably corrupt, and
+amidst a population, perhaps acute and accomplished, but certainly
+servile and ill content, and in some parts predatory and barbarous. At
+the best, they would be emphatically provincial, in a dreary sense of
+the word. He felt unequal to the worry and bore of the whole business,
+and reproached himself with the folly of the undertaking. Of course,
+this regret is mingled with his usual self-congratulation on the purity
+with which he means to manage his province. But even that feeling is not
+strong enough to prevent his longing earnestly to have the period of
+banishment as short as possible, or to prevent the alarm with which he
+hears of a probable invasion by the Parthians. One effect of his almost
+two years' absence from Rome was, I think, to deprive him of the power
+of judging clearly of the course of events. He had constant intelligence
+and excellent correspondents--especially Caelius--still he could not
+really grasp what was going on under the surface: and when he returned
+to find the civil war on the point of breaking out, he was, after all,
+taken by surprise, and had no plan of action ready. This, as well as his
+government of the province, will be fully illustrated in the next volume
+of the correspondence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: Cicero's Correspondents.]
+
+The persons to whom the chief letters are addressed in this volume,
+besides Atticus, are Cicero's brother Quintus and P. Lentulus Spinther.
+There are two excellent letters to M. Marius, and one very interesting,
+though rather surprising, epistle to L. Lucceius. Others of more than
+average interest are to Terentia, M. Fadius Gallus, C. Scribonius Curio,
+and Tiro.
+
+[Sidenote: Titus Pomponius Atticus.]
+
+ATTICUS (B.C. 109-32) is a man of whom we should be glad to know more
+than we do. He was the friend of all the leading men of the day--Pompey,
+Caesar, Cicero, Antony, Brutus--father-in-law of Agrippa, and survived to
+be a constant correspondent of Augustus, between B.C. 43 and his death
+in B.C. 32. He was spared and respected by both sides in the civil
+wars, from Sulla to the Second Triumvirate. The secret of his success
+seems to have been that he was no man's rival. He resolutely declined
+all official employment, even on the staff of his brother-in-law Quintus
+Cicero. He committed himself to no side in politics, and, not being in
+the senate, had no occasion by vote or speech to wound the feelings of
+anyone. So, too, though he cared for literature, it was rather as a
+friendly critic of others than as an author. He did, it is true, compile
+some books on Roman history, on historical portraits, and certain family
+biographies; but they were not such as made him a rival of any of his
+contemporaries. They were rather the productions of a rich amateur, who
+had leisure to indulge a quasi-literary taste, without any thought of
+joining the ranks of professed writers. Thirdly, he had great wealth,
+partly inherited, partly acquired by prudent speculation in the purchase
+of town properties, or in loans to states or public bodies on fair
+terms: and this wealth was at the service of his friends, but not in the
+lavish or reckless manner, which often earns only ingratitude without
+being of any permanent service to the recipients. He lent money, but
+expected to be repaid even by his brother-in-law. And this prudence
+helped to retain the confidence, while his sympathetic temperament
+secured the liking, of most. Again, he had the valuable knack of
+constantly replenishing the number of his friends among men junior to
+himself. His character attracted the liking of Sulla, who was
+twenty-seven years his senior, and he remained the close friend of his
+contemporaries Hortensius and Cicero (the former five years his senior,
+the latter three years his junior) till the day of their death. But we
+also find him on intimate terms with Brutus, twenty-four, and Octavian,
+forty-six years junior to himself. Lastly, he was not too much at Rome.
+More than twenty years of his earlier manhood (B.C. 87-65) were spent in
+Greece, principally at Athens, partly in study and partly in business.
+And Athens at this time, long deprived of political importance, had
+still the charm not only of its illustrious past, but also of its
+surviving character as the home of culture and refinement. When he at
+length returned to Rome in B.C. 65, he had already purchased a property
+in Epirus, near Buthrotum (see p. 3), where he built a villa, in which
+he continued to spend a considerable part of his remaining years. This
+was sufficiently remote, not only from Rome, but from the summer
+residences of the Roman nobles, to secure his isolation from the
+intrigues and enmities of Roman society. He did not indeed--as who
+does?--always escape giving offence. At the very beginning of the
+correspondence we hear of his vain attempts to mollify the anger of L.
+Lucceius--how incurred we do not know; and Quintus Cicero, of whose
+sharp temper we hear so much, was on more than one occasion on the point
+of a rupture with him. But his family life was generally as pleasing as
+his connexion with his friends. With his mother, who lived to a great
+age, he boasted that he had never been reconciled, because he had never
+quarrelled. He was the only one who could get on with the crusty uncle
+Caecilius. In the delicate matter of his sister Pomponia's differences
+with her husband Quintus Cicero, he seems to have acted with kindness as
+well as prudence; and though he married late in life (B.C. 56, when he
+was in his fifty-third year), he appears to have made an excellent
+husband to Pilia and a very affectionate father to his daughter. His
+unwearied sympathy with the varied moods of Cicero--whether of
+exultation, irritation, or despair--and the entire confidence which
+Cicero feels that he will have that sympathy in every case, are
+creditable to both. It is only between sincere souls that one can speak
+to the other as to a second self, as Cicero often alleges that he does
+to Atticus.
+
+[Sidenote: Quintus Tullius Cicero.]
+
+Of QUINTUS CICERO, the next most important correspondent in this volume,
+we get a fairly clear picture. Four years younger than his famous
+brother (b. B.C. 102), he followed him at the due distance up the ladder
+of official promotion to the praetorship, to which he was elected in the
+year of his elder's consulship. There, however, Quintus stopped. He
+never seems to have stood for the consulship. He had no oratorical
+genius to give him reputation in the forum, nor were his literary
+productions of any value, either for style or originality. His abilities
+for administration, as shewn in his three years' government of Asia,
+appear to have been respectable, but were marred by faults of temper,
+which too often betrayed him into extreme violence of language. In
+military command he shewed courage and energy in defending his camp in
+the rising of the Gauls in the winter of B.C. 54-53; but he spoilt the
+reputation thus gained by the mistake committed in the autumn of B.C.
+53, which cost the loss of a considerable number of troops, and all but
+allowed the roving Germans to storm his camp. He remained another year
+in Gaul, but did nothing to retrieve this mistake. In military affairs
+fortune rarely forgives. In politics he seems to have contented himself
+generally with saying ditto to his brother. And this continued to be the
+case up to Pharsalia. After that, finding himself on the losing side, he
+turned somewhat fiercely upon the brother, whom he regarded as having
+misled him; and for a time there was a miserable breach between them,
+which, however, did not last very long. When the end came it found the
+brothers united in heart as in misfortune. His private happiness was
+marred by an uncongenial marriage. Pomponia--sister of Atticus--seems to
+have been as high-tempered as her husband, and less placable. The
+constant quarrels between them exercised the patience both of Cicero and
+Atticus, and crops up all through the correspondence. One effect of them
+was the loss of all control over their son, who, being called upon to
+smooth over the differences between father and mother, naturally took up
+at an early age a line of his own, and shewed a disposition to act
+independently of his elders.
+
+[Sidenote: Terentia.]
+
+The letters to TERENTIA do not fill much space in the correspondence,
+and are rarely interesting. Married about B.C. 80, Cicero seems to have
+lived in harmony with her at least till the time of his return from
+exile, during which unhappy period he acknowledges the activity of her
+exertions in support of his recall, and the drain which his ruin was
+making upon her resources. Terentia had a large private fortune, and
+apparently used it liberally in his service. Nevertheless, immediately
+on his return from exile, there seems to have been some cause of
+coldness between the husband and wife. He darkly alludes to certain
+domestic troubles in the first letter to Atticus written from Rome (vol
+i., p. 189), and repeats the hint in the next (p. 193). When he landed
+at Brundisium it was Tullia, not Terentia, who came to meet him (p.
+187), and for some time after she appears to be presiding in his house
+rather than Terentia (see pp. 224, 257). Whatever the cause of this
+coldness was, however, it appears to have been removed for a time. He
+kept up a correspondence with her while he was in Cilicia (B.C. 51-50),
+and though he does not seem pleased at her having arranged the marriage
+of Tullia with Dolabella, he addresses her warmly when about to return,
+and was met by her on landing. During the five or six months that
+followed, before Cicero left Italy to join Pompey, there is no
+indication of any alienation: but the short notes from Pompey's camp,
+and in the first half of B.C. 47, are cold and conventional, and on his
+return to Brundisium after Pharsalia, and during his lengthened stay
+there, he appears to have declined to allow her to come and see him.
+Soon after his return to Rome, in September, B.C. 47, matters came to a
+climax. Perhaps some of the mischief was caused by the mismanagement or
+dishonesty of Terentia's steward, Philotimus, of whom we hear a good
+deal in the letters from Cilicia: but whatever was the origin of the
+quarrel, Cicero asserts that on his return he found his affairs in a
+state of utter disorder. It may well have been that, like other
+adherents to the losing cause, he had to suffer from loss of any
+property that could be easily laid hands on in Rome, and that Terentia
+had had no power to save it. But Cicero, rightly or wrongly, attributed
+the embarrassment which he found awaiting him to his wife. He says in a
+letter to Gnaeus Plancius:[21] "I should not have taken any new step at a
+time of such general disaster had I not on my return found my private
+affairs in as sorry a position as the public. The fact is, that when I
+saw that, owing to the criminal conduct of those to whom my life and
+fortunes ought, in return for my never-to-be-forgotten services, to have
+been their dearest object, there was nothing safe within the walls of my
+house, nothing that was not the subject of some intrigue, I made up my
+mind that I must arm myself by the faithful support of new marriage
+connexions against the perfidy of the old." This is a lame excuse for a
+man of sixty separating from the companion of his whole manhood, and in
+the eyes of Roman Society it was rendered still more questionable by a
+prompt marriage with a young girl, rich, and his own ward: from whom,
+however, he soon again divorced himself, angered, it is said, by her
+want of feeling at the death of Tullia. Terentia long survived her
+husband, living, we are told, to be over a hundred years old. Divorce
+was, of course, not regarded in these days of the Republic as it had
+once been, or as it is now among ourselves; still we should have been
+glad, both for his fame and his happiness, if the few years remaining to
+him had not had this additional cloud. A man of sixty embarking on such
+matrimonial enterprise is not a dignified spectacle, or one pleasing to
+gods and men.
+
+The other correspondents may be dismissed in few words.
+
+[Sidenote: P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther.]
+
+P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTHER, to whom some of the longest letters are
+addressed, represents the high aristocracy, to which Cicero wished to
+commend himself, though seeing keenly the weakness which underlay their
+magnificence. The part played by Lentulus in politics had been showy,
+but never founded on steadfast principle. He owed his earlier promotions
+to Caesar's influence, but in his consulship of B.C. 57 had taken the
+side of the aristocracy in promoting the recall of Cicero, though he had
+gone against their sentiment by supporting Pompey's appointment to the
+_cura annonae_. But as he was going to Cilicia in B.C. 56, Lentulus
+wished to have the lucrative task of restoring Ptolemy Auletes to the
+throne of Egypt, from which he had been righteously driven by his
+subjects. Therefore it was all to the good that Pompey should have
+business at home preventing him from taking this in hand. How Lentulus
+was baulked in this desire will appear in the letters. He no doubt had
+his full share of the _Lentulitas_ distinguishing his family. But all
+was forgiven by Cicero to a man who had promoted his recall, and he
+takes great pains to justify to Lentulus his own change of policy in
+regard to the triumvirs after B.C. 56. When the civil war began Lentulus
+joined Domitius at Corfinium, and with him fell into Caesar's hands, and
+was dismissed unharmed. He afterwards joined Pompey in Epirus, intent on
+succeeding Caesar as Pontifex Maximus, as soon as the latter had been
+satisfactorily disposed of. After Pharsalia he sought refuge at Rhodes,
+but was refused sanctuary by the islanders, and was eventually put to
+death, though we do not know by whom (_Att._ xi. 13; _Fam._ ix. 18).
+
+[Sidenote: M. Fadius Gallus, M. Marius, L. Lucceius, C. Scribonius
+Curio, C. Trebatius Testa.]
+
+M. FADIUS GALLUS, the Epicurean, and M. MARIUS, the valetudinarian and
+wit, were among friends valued for their personal and agreeable
+qualities rather than for any public or political importance attaching
+to them. The same may be said of L. LUCCEIUS, of whose Roman history
+Cicero thought so well, that he wrote a remarkable letter begging for an
+honourable place in it for his consulship, as Pliny did to Tacitus.[22]
+C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO, son of a great friend of Cicero, after a _jeunesse
+orageuse_, returned to Rome from his quaestorship in Asia, in B.C. 53, to
+take up the inheritance of his father, which he quickly dissipated.
+Cicero seems to have had a high idea of his abilities, and to have
+believed him capable of taking the lead of the Optimates. But in his
+tribuneship of B.C. 51-50 he disappointed all such hopes by openly
+joining Caesar's party, and resisting all attempts to recall him. He
+joined Caesar at Ravenna as soon as his tribuneship was out, and urged
+him to march on Rome. In B.C. 49 he was sent to secure Sicily and
+Africa. The first he did, but in the second he perished in battle
+against the senatorial governor and king Iuba. Cicero's relation to C.
+TREBATIUS TESTA, a learned jurisconsult, was apparently that of a patron
+or tutor, who, thinking that he has found a young man of ability,
+endeavours to push him. He sent him with a letter of introduction to
+Caesar, who was good-natured, though rather sarcastic as to the scope for
+legal abilities to be found in Gaul. He gave him, however, a military
+tribuneship, without exacting military duties, and apparently kept on
+good terms with him, for he employed him in B.C. 49 to communicate his
+wish to Cicero as to his remaining at Rome. Cicero's letters to him,
+though numerous, are not among the most interesting. They are full of
+banter of a rather forced and dull kind; and Cicero was evidently
+annoyed to find that his scheme for advancing Trebatius in Caesar's
+province had not been very successful. The friendship, however, survived
+the civil war, and we find Cicero in B.C. 44 dedicating his _Topica_ to
+Trebatius.
+
+[Footnote 1: That Cicero up to the time of his consulship had been
+connected rather with the _populares_ is illustrated by Quintus (_de
+Petit._ i.) urging him to make it clear that he had never been a
+demagogue, but that if he had ever spoken "in the spirit of the popular
+party, he had done so with the view of attracting Pompey."]
+
+[Footnote 2: _De Orat._ ii. Sec.Sec. 1, 2.]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The city, the city, my dear Rufus--stick to that, and live
+in its full light. Residence elsewhere--as I made up my mind early in
+life--is mere eclipse and obscurity to those whose energy is capable of
+shining at Rome."--_Fam._ ii. 12 (vol. ii., p. 166).]
+
+[Footnote 4: Even at these he found troublesome people to interrupt him.
+See vol. i., pp. 102, 104.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Yet the announcement of the birth of his son (p. 16) and of
+the dangerous confinement of Tullia (vol. ii., p. 403) are almost
+equally brief.]
+
+[Footnote 6: See _Att._ ii. 1, vol. 1., p. 62; Plut. _Cic._ 13; Cic. _in
+Pis._ Sec. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Die Entstchungsgeschichte der catilinarischen
+Verschwoerung_, by Dr. Constantin John, 1876. I am still of opinion that
+Plutarch's statement can be strongly supported.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Caesar said, [Greek: ou men kai prosekein epi tois
+parelelythosi toiouton tina nomon sungraphesthai] (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 9: "The man who did not so much as raise me up, when I threw
+myself at his feet."--_Att._ x. 4 (vol. ii., p. 362). Similar allusions
+to Pompey's conduct to him on the occasion often occur.]
+
+[Footnote 10: See vol. i., p. 190.]
+
+[Footnote 11: See vol. i., pp. 129, 138; cp. _pro Planc._ Sec.Sec. 95-96.]
+
+[Footnote 12: _Fam._ i. 9, 15 (vol. i., p. 316).]
+
+[Footnote 13: Letter CVII, vol. i., pp. 219, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Ever since its capture in the second Punic War, Capua had
+ceased to have any corporate existence, and its territory had been _ager
+publicus_, let out to tenants (_aratores_). Caesar had restored its
+corporate existence by making it a _colonia_, and much of the land had
+been allotted to veterans of his own and Pompey's armies. The state thus
+lost the rent of the land, one of the few sources of revenue from Italy
+now drawn by the exchequer of Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Letter CLII, vol. i., pp. 310-324.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Quoted by Flavius Charisius, _Ars Gramm._ i., p. 126 (ed.
+Kiel).]
+
+[Footnote 17: Vol. ii., p. 204.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Vol. i., p. 357.]
+
+[Footnote 19: CLXXVIII-CLXXXI. The date of the letter to P. Sittius
+(CLXXVIII) is not certain.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Vol. i., p. 366.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Letter DXXXIII (_Fam._ iv. 14), about October, B.C. 46.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Vol. i., p. 226; Pliny, _Ep._, vii. 33.]
+
+
+
+
+    "TULLIUS, of all the sons of royal Rome
+    That are, or have been, or are yet to come,
+    Most skilled to plead, most learned in debate,--
+    Catullus hails thee, small as thou art great.
+    Take thou from him his thanks, his fond regards,
+    The first of patrons from the least of bards."
+
+CATULLUS, xlix. (J. E. S.)
+
+
+
+
+CICERO'S LETTERS
+
+ERRATA IN VOL. I.
+
+
+Page 107, note 3, last line, _dele_ note of interrogation after "expenses."
+ "   193, note 4, last line, _for_ B.C. 45 _lege_ B.C. 46.
+ "   253, Letter CXXII, _for_ A IV, 1, _lege_ A IV, 2.
+
+
+
+
+CICERO'S LETTERS
+
+
+
+
+I (A I, 5)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68. Coss., L. Caecilius Metellus, Q. Marcius Rex.]
+
+     This opening of the correspondence finds Cicero, now in his
+     thirty-ninth year, in the midst of his official career. He had
+     already been quaestor (B.C. 75) and aedile (B.C. 69), and was looking
+     forward to his election to the praetorship in the next year (B.C.
+     67). He had already risen almost to the highest place in his
+     profession as advocate, and had partly delivered, partly published
+     his great indictment of Verres only a year ago. He is married to
+     Terentia (B.C. 80), and has one daughter, Tullia or Tulliola, born
+     on August 5, probably the next year (B.C. 79). His intimacy with T.
+     Pomponius Atticus (three years his senior), perhaps begun at
+     school, had lasted at least eleven years, from the time when he met
+     him at Athens (B.C. 79), and with him had been initiated in the
+     Eleusinian mysteries (_de Leg._ 2, Sec. 36). There too they had both
+     seen much of the writer's cousin Lucius, whose death he deplores in
+     this letter (_de Fin._ 5, Sec. 1). Atticus had lived abroad in Athens
+     and Epirus, with occasional visits home from B.C. 88 to B.C. 65, in
+     which latter year he seems to have returned for a more lengthened
+     stay (Nep. _Att._ 4). The two friends have already corresponded
+     frequently, but this is the first letter preserved.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, AET. 38]
+
+We are such intimate friends that more than almost anyone else you can
+appreciate the grief as well as the actual public and private loss that
+the death of my cousin Lucius is to me. There is absolutely no
+gratification which any human being can receive from the kindly
+character of another that I have not been accustomed to receive from
+him. I am sure, therefore, that you will share my grief. For, in the
+first place, whatever affects me affects you; and in the second place,
+you have yourself lost in him a friend and connexion of the highest
+character and most obliging disposition, who was attached to you from
+personal inclination, as well as from my conversation.
+
+As to what you say in your letter about your sister,[23] she will
+herself bear me witness what pains I have taken that my brother Quintus
+should show her proper affection. Thinking him somewhat inclined to be
+angry with her, I wrote to him in such a way as I thought would not hurt
+his feelings as a brother, while giving him some good advice as my
+junior, and remonstrating with him as being in the wrong. The result is
+that, from frequent letters since received from him, I feel confident
+that everything is as it ought and as we should wish it to be.
+
+As to the frequency of my letters you have no ground for your complaint.
+The fact is our good sister Pomponia never informed me of there being a
+courier ready to take a letter. Farthermore, I never chanced to know of
+anyone going to Epirus,[24] and I was not till recently informed of your
+being at Athens.
+
+Again, as to the business of Acutilius which you had left in my hands. I
+had settled it on my first visit to Rome after your departure. But it
+turned out that, in the first place, there was no urgency in the matter,
+and, in the second place, as I felt confidence in your judgment, I
+preferred that Peducaeus[25] rather than myself should advise you by
+letter on the subject. For having submitted my ears to Acutilius for
+several days (and I think you know his style), I should scarcely have
+regarded it as a hardship to write you a letter describing his
+grumblings after patiently enduring the bore (and it _was_ rather a
+bore, I can tell you) of hearing them. Moreover, though you find fault
+with me, allow me to observe that I have had only one letter from you,
+though you had greater leisure for writing, and more opportunity of
+sending letters.
+
+As to what you say in your letter, "Even if anyone is inclined to be
+offended with you, I ought to bring him to a better mind"--I understand
+to what you allude, and I have not neglected the matter. But the truth
+is that the extent of his displeasure is something surprising. However,
+I have not omitted to say anything there was to say in your behalf: but
+on what points I am to hold out your wishes, I consider, ought to be my
+guide. If you will write me word distinctly what they are, you will find
+that I have had no desire to be more exacting, and in the future shall
+be no more yielding, than you wish.[26]
+
+As to the business of Tadius. He tells me that you have written him word
+that there was no need of farther trouble, since the property is secured
+by prescription. I am surprised that you do not know that in the case of
+a statutory wardship of an unmarried girl prescription cannot be
+pleaded.[27]
+
+I am glad you like your purchase in Epirus. What I commissioned you to
+get for me, and anything you see suitable to my Tusculan villa, I should
+be glad if you will, as you say in your letter, procure for me, only
+don't put yourself to any inconvenience. The truth is, there is no other
+place that gives me complete rest after all my worries and hard work.
+
+I am expecting my brother Quintus every day. Terentia has a severe
+attack of rheumatism. She is devoted to you, to your sister, and your
+mother, and adds her kindest regards in a postscript. So does my pet
+Tulliola. Love me, and be assured that I love you as a brother.
+
+[Footnote 23: Pomponia, married to Cicero's younger brother Quintus. We
+shall frequently hear of this unfortunate marriage. Quintus was four
+years younger than his brother, who had apparently arranged the match,
+and felt therefore perhaps somewhat responsible for the result (Nep.
+_Att._ 5).]
+
+[Footnote 24: Atticus had estates and a villa near Buthrotum in
+Epirus,--_Butrinto_ in Albania, opposite Corfu.]
+
+[Footnote 25: This is probably Sext. Peducaeus the younger, an intimate
+friend of Atticus (Nep. _Att._ 21); his father had been praetor in Sicily
+when Cicero was quaestor (B.C. 76-75), the son was afterwards a partisan
+of Caesar in the Civil War, governor of Sardinia, B.C. 48, and propraetor
+in Spain, B.C. 39.]
+
+[Footnote 26: The person alluded to is L. Lucceius, of whom we shall
+hear again. See Letters V, VII, VIII, CVIII. What his quarrel with
+Atticus was about, we do not know.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Prescriptive right to property was acquired by possession
+(_usus_) of two years. But no such right could be acquired to the
+property of a girl under guardianship (_pro Flacco_, Sec. 84).]
+
+
+
+
+II (A I, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, AET. 38]
+
+I won't give you any excuse hereafter for accusing me of neglecting to
+write. It is you that must take care that with all your leisure you keep
+up with me.
+
+Rabirius's house at Naples,[28]for the improvement of which you have
+designs drawn out and completed in imagination, has been bought by M.
+Fonteius[29] for 130,000 sesterces (about L1,040). I wished you to know
+this in case you were still hankering after it.
+
+We may be quite satisfied, I think, with my brother's feelings towards
+Pomponia. He is with her at present in his villa at Arpinum, and has
+Decimus Turanius with him, who is great in _belles lettres_.
+
+The date of my father's death was the 28th of November.
+
+That is about all my news. If you light on any articles of _vertu_
+suitable for a gymnasium, which would look well in the place you wot
+of,[30] please don't let them slip. I am so delighted with my Tusculan
+villa that I never feel really happy till I get there. Let me know
+exactly what you are doing and intending to do about everything.
+
+[Footnote 28: C. Rabirius, whom Cicero defended in B.C. 63, when
+prosecuted by Caesar for his share in the murder of Saturninus (B.C.
+100). He lived, we know, in Campania, for his neighbours came to give
+evidence in his favour at the trial.]
+
+[Footnote 29: M. Fonteius made a fortune in the province of Gaul beyond
+the Alps, of which he was propraetor, B.C. 77-74. In B.C. 69 he had been
+accused of malversation, and defended by Cicero. After his acquittal he
+seems to be buying a seaside residence in Campania, as so many of the
+men of fashion did.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Cicero's "gymnasium" was some arrangement of buildings and
+plantations more or less on the model of the Greek gymnasia, at his
+Tusculan villa.]
+
+
+
+
+III (A I, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 68, AET. 38]
+
+All's well at your mother's,[31] and I keep an eye on her. I have
+undertaken to pay L. Cincius 20,400 sesterces[32] to your credit on the
+Ides of February. Pray see that I receive at the earliest possible
+opportunity what you say in your letters that you have bought and
+secured for me. I should also be very much obliged if you would, as you
+promised, think over the means of securing the library for me. My hope
+of getting the one enjoyment which I care for, when I come to retire,
+depends entirely on your kindness.
+
+[Footnote 31: The mother of Atticus lived to be ninety, dying in B.C.
+33, not long before Atticus himself, who at her funeral declared that
+"he had never been reconciled to her, for he had never had a word of
+dispute with her" (Nep. _Att._ 17).]
+
+[Footnote 32: This sum (about L163) is for the works of art purchased
+for the writer by Atticus.]
+
+
+
+
+IV (A I, 9)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67. Coss., C. Calpurnius Piso, M. Acilius Glabrio.]
+
+     The year of Cicero's election to the praetorship. It is the year
+     also of Pompey's great commission by the _lex Gabinia_ against the
+     Pirates. But Cicero does not seem as yet much concerned with
+     "foreign politics."
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, AET. 39]
+
+I get letters from you far too seldom considering that you can much more
+easily find people starting for Rome than I to Athens: considering, too,
+that you are more certain of my being at Rome than I of your being at
+Athens. For instance, it is owing to this uncertainty on my part that
+this very letter is somewhat short, because not being sure as to where
+you are, I don't choose my confidential talk to fall into strange hands.
+The Megaric statues and the Hermae, which you mentioned in your letters,
+I am waiting for impatiently. Anything you have of the same kind which
+may strike you as worthy of my "Academia," do not hesitate to send, and
+have complete confidence in my money-chest. My present delight is to
+pick up anything particularly suitable to a "gymnasium." Lentulus
+promises the use of his ships. I beg you to be zealous in these matters.
+Thyillus begs you (and I also at his request) to get him some writings
+of the Eumolpidae.[33]
+
+
+
+
+V (A I, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, AET. 39]
+
+All well at your house. Your mother and sister are regarded with
+affection by me and my brother Quintus. I have spoken to Acutilius. He
+says that he has not heard from his agent, and professes surprise that
+you should make any difficulty of his having refused to guarantee you
+against farther demands. As to the business of Tadius, the announcement
+in your letter that you have settled the matter out of court I saw
+gratified and pleased him very much. That friend of mine[34]--a most
+excellent man, upon my honour, and most warmly attached to me--is very
+angry with you. If I could but know how much you care about it, I should
+be able to decide how much trouble I am to take in the matter. I have
+paid L. Cincius the 20,400 sesterces for the Megaric statues in
+accordance with your letter to me. As to your Hermae of Pentelic marble
+with bronze heads, about which you wrote to me--I have fallen in love
+with them on the spot. So pray send both them and the statues, and
+anything else that may appear to you to suit the place you wot of, my
+passion, and your taste--as large a supply and as early as possible.
+Above all, anything you think appropriate to a gymnasium and terrace. I
+have such a passion for things of this sort that while I expect
+assistance from you, I must expect something like rebuke from others. If
+Lentulus has no vessel there, put them on board anyone you please. My
+pet Tulliola claims your present and duns me as your security. I am
+resolved, however, to disown the obligation rather than pay up for you.
+
+[Footnote 33: Thyillus (sometimes written Chilius), a Greek poet living
+at Rome. See Letters XVI and XXI. The Eumolpidae were a family of priests
+at Athens who had charge of the temple of Demeter at Eleusis. The
+[Greek: patria Eumolpidon] (the phrase used by Cicero here) may be
+either books of ritual or records such as priests usually kept: [Greek:
+patria] is an appropriate word for such rituals or records handed down
+by priests of one race or family.]
+
+[Footnote 34: Lucceius, as in the first letter and the next.]
+
+
+
+
+VI (A I, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+TUSCULUM
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, AET. 39]
+
+"Being in my Tusculan villa" (that's for your "being in the
+Ceramicus")--however, I being there, a courier sent by your sister
+arrived from Rome and delivered me a letter from you, announcing at the
+same time that the courier who was going to you started that very
+afternoon. The result is that, though I do send _an_ answer, I am forced
+by the shortness of the time to write only these few words. First, as to
+softening my friend's feeling towards you, or even reconciling him
+outright, I pledge you my word to do so. Though I have been attempting
+it already on my own account, I will now urge the point more earnestly
+and press him closer, as I think I gather from your letter that you are
+so set upon it. This much I should like you to realize, that he is very
+deeply offended; but since I cannot see any serious ground for it, I
+feel confident that he will do as I wish and yield to my influence. As
+for my statues and Hermeracles, pray put them on board, as you say in
+your letter, at your very earliest convenience, and anything else you
+light upon that may seem to you appropriate to the place you wot of,
+especially anything you think suitable to a palaestra and gymnasium. I
+say this because I am sitting there as I write, so that the very place
+itself reminds me. Besides these, I commission you to get me some
+medallions to let into the walls of my little entrance-court, and two
+engraved stone-curbs. Mind you don't engage your library to anyone,
+however keen a lover you may find; for I am hoarding up my little
+savings expressly to secure that resource for my old age. As to my
+brother, I trust that all is as I have ever wished and tried to make it.
+There are many signs of that result--not least that your sister is
+_enceinte_. As for my election, I don't forget that I left the question
+entirely to you, and I have all along been telling our common friends
+that I have not only not asked you to come, but have positively
+forbidden you to do so, because I understood that it was much more
+important to you to carry through the business you have now in hand,
+than it is to me to have you at my election. I wish you therefore to
+feel as though you had been sent to where you are in my interests. Nay,
+you will find me feeling towards you, and hear of it from others,
+exactly as though my success were obtained not only in your presence,
+but by your direct agency.
+
+Tulliola gives notice of action against you. She is dunning me as your
+surety.
+
+
+
+
+VII (A I, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 67, AET. 39]
+
+I was doing so before spontaneously, and have been since greatly stirred
+by your two letters, with their earnest expressions to the same effect.
+Besides, Sallustius has been always at my side to prompt me to spare no
+pains to induce Lucceius to be reconciled to you. But after doing
+everything that could be done, not only did I fail to renew his old
+feelings towards you, but I could not even succeed in eliciting the
+reason of his alienation. On his part, however, he keeps harping on that
+arbitration case of his, and the other matters which I knew very well
+before you left Rome were causing him offence. Still, he has certainly
+got something else fixed deeper in his mind; and this no letters _from_
+you, and no commissioning of me will obliterate as easily as you will do
+in a personal interview, I don't mean merely by your words, but by the
+old familiar expression of your face--if only you think it worth while,
+as you will if you will listen to me, and be willing to act with your
+habitual kindness. Finally, you need not wonder why it is that, whereas
+I intimated in my letters that I felt hopeful of his yielding to my
+influence, I now appear to have no such confidence; for you can scarcely
+believe how much more stubborn his sentiment appears to me than I
+expected, and how much more obstinate he is in this anger. However, all
+this will either be cured when you come, or will only be painful to the
+party in fault.
+
+As to the sentence in your letter, "you suppose by this time I am
+praetor-elect," let me tell you that there is no class of people at Rome
+so harassed by every kind of unreasonable difficulty as candidates for
+office; and that no one knows when the elections will be.[35] However,
+you will hear all this from Philadelphus. Pray despatch at the earliest
+opportunity what you have bought for my "Academia." I am surprisingly
+delighted with the mere thought of that place, to say nothing of its
+actual occupation. Mind also not to let anyone else have your books.
+Reserve them, as you say in your letter, for me. I am possessed with the
+utmost longing for them, as I am with a loathing for affairs of every
+other kind, which you will find in an incredibly worse position than
+when you left them.[36]
+
+[Footnote 35: The _comitia_ were twice postponed this year. Apparently
+the voting for Cicero had in each case been completed, so that he is
+able to say that he was "thrice returned at the head of the poll by an
+unanimous vote" (_de Imp. Pomp._ Sec. 2). The postponement of the elections
+was probably connected with the struggles of the senate to hinder the
+legislation (as to bribery) of the Tribune, Gaius Cornelius (Dio, 36,
+38-39).]
+
+[Footnote 36: The first allusion in these letters to the disturbed
+position of public affairs. See the passage of Dio quoted in the
+previous note. There were so many riots in the interval between the
+proclamation and the holding of the elections, not without bloodshed,
+that the senate voted the consuls a guard.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII (A I, 3)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 66. Coss., M. AEmilius Lepidus, L. Volcatius Tullus.]
+
+     In this year Cicero was praetor, and delivered his first extant
+     public speech (_apud populum_) in support of the _lex Manilia_,
+     which gave Pompey the command in the Mithridatic War with the
+     provinces of Asia and Bithynia. The strict Optimates opposed it.
+     Cicero supported it on the grounds of the importance of the war and
+     the proofs Pompey had already given of military ability, courage,
+     personal prestige, and good fortune. He takes occasion to point out
+     the mischief done to the Roman name by oppressive or fraudulent
+     governors and imperators. In this same year he delivered one of his
+     ablest speeches in court in defending A. Cluentius Habitus on a
+     charge of poisoning. At the consular elections this year the two
+     first elected were disabled for bribery.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 66, AET. 40]
+
+I have to inform you of the death of your grandmother from pining at
+your long absence, and at the same time because she was afraid that the
+Latin towns would revolt and fail to bring the victims up the Alban
+Mount. I presume that L. Saufeius will send you a letter of condolence
+on the subject.[37] I am expecting you here in the course of January--is
+it a mere rumour or does it come from letters of yours to others? For to
+me you have not mentioned the subject. The statues which you got for me
+have been landed at Caieta. I haven't seen them, for I have been unable
+to leave Rome. I have sent a man to clear the freightage. I am
+exceedingly obliged to you for having taken so much trouble to get them,
+and so reasonably. As to your frequent remarks in your letters about
+pacifying my friend, I have done everything I could and tried every
+expedient; but he is inveterate against you to a surprising degree, on
+what suspicions, though I think you have been told, you shall yet learn
+from me when you come. I failed to restore Sallustius[38] to his old
+place in his affections, and yet he was on the spot. I tell you this
+because the latter used to find fault with me in regard to you. Well, he
+has found by personal experience that _he_ is not so easy to pacify, and
+that on my part no zeal has been lacking either on his or your behalf. I
+have betrothed Tulliola to C. Piso Frugi, son of Lucius.[39]
+
+[Footnote 37: The point of this frigid joke is not clear. Was the
+grandmother really dead? What was she to do with the Latin _feriae_? Mr.
+Strachan Davidson's explanation is perhaps the best, that Cicero means
+that the old lady was thinking of the Social War in B.C. 89, when the
+loyalty of the Latin towns must have been a subject of anxiety. She is
+in her dotage and only remembers old scares. This is understanding
+_civitates_ with _Latinae_. Others understand _feriae_ or _mulieres_.
+Saufeius, a Roman eques, was an Epicurean, who would hold death to be no
+evil. He was a close friend of Atticus, who afterwards saved his
+property from confiscation by the Triumvirs (Nep. _Att._ 12).]
+
+[Footnote 38: Cneius Sallustius, a learned friend of Cicero's, of whom
+we shall often hear again.]
+
+[Footnote 39: C. Calpurnius Piso, quaestor B.C. 58, died in B.C. 57. The
+marriage took place in B.C. 63.]
+
+
+
+
+IX (A I, 4)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, AET. 41]
+
+You keep on making me expect you again and again. Only the other day,
+when I thought you on the point of arriving, I was suddenly put off by
+you till Quintilis (July). Now, however, I _do_ think that you should
+come at the time you mention if you possibly can. You will thereby be in
+time for my brother Quintus's election, will pay me a long-deferred
+visit, and will settle the dispute with Acutilius. This latter Peducaeus
+also suggested my mentioning to you, for I think it is full time that
+you settled that affair. My good offices are at your service and always
+have been so. Here at Rome I have conducted the case of Gaius Macer with
+a popular approval surpassing belief and unparalleled. Though I had been
+inclined to take a lenient view of his case, yet I gained much more
+substantial advantage from the popular approval on his condemnation
+than I should have got from his gratitude if he had been acquitted.[40]
+I am very glad to hear what you say about the Hermathena. It is an
+ornament appropriate to my "Academia" for two reasons: Hermes is a sign
+common to all gymnasia, Minerva specially of this particular one. So I
+would have you, as you say, adorn the place with the other objects also,
+and the more the better. The statues which you sent me before I have not
+yet seen. They are in my villa at Formiae, whither I am at this moment
+thinking of going. I shall get them all transferred to my Tusculan
+villa. If I find myself with more than I want there I shall begin
+adorning Caieta. Please reserve your books, and don't despair of my
+being able to make them mine. If I succeed in that, I am superior to
+Crassus in wealth and look down on everybody's manors and pastures.[41]
+
+[Footnote 40: The annalist C. Licinius Macer was impeached _de
+repetundis_ (he was praetor about B.C. 70 or 69, and afterwards had a
+province), and finding that he was going to be condemned, committed
+suicide. He was never therefore condemned regularly (Val. Max. ix. 127;
+Plut. _Cic._ 9). Cicero presided at the court as praetor.]
+
+[Footnote 41: The books must have been a very valuable collection, or
+Cicero would hardly have made so much of being able to buy them,
+considering his lavish orders for statues or antiques.]
+
+
+
+
+X (A I, 1)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65. Coss., L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Manlius Torquatus.]
+
+     The election to the consulship is not till the next year (B.C. 64),
+     but Cicero is already making preparation for it, and looking out
+     for support. In July his only son was born. He does not refer to
+     the so-called "first Catilinarian conspiracy," but mentions
+     Catiline as a possible competitor, and even contemplates defending
+     him on some charge brought against him to prevent his standing for
+     the consulship.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JULY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, AET. 41]
+
+The state of things in regard to my candidature, in which I know that
+you are supremely interested, is this, as far as can be as yet
+conjectured. The only person actually canvassing is P. Sulpicius
+Galba.[42] He meets with a good old-fashioned refusal without reserve or
+disguise. In the general opinion this premature canvass of his is not
+unfavourable to my interests; for the voters generally give as a reason
+for their refusal that they are under obligations to me. So I hope my
+prospects are to a certain degree improved by the report getting about
+that my friends are found to be numerous. My intention was to begin my
+own canvass just at the very time that Cincius[43] tells me that your
+servant starts with this letter, namely, in the _campus_ at the time of
+the tribunician elections on the 17th of July. My fellow candidates, to
+mention only those who seem certain, are Galba and Antonius and Q.
+Cornificius.[44] At this I imagine you smiling or sighing. Well, to make
+you positively smite your forehead, there _are_ people who actually
+think that Caesonius[45] will stand. I don't think Aquilius will, for he
+openly disclaims it and has alleged as an excuse his health and his
+leading position at the bar. Catiline will certainly be a candidate, if
+you can imagine a jury finding that the sun does not shine at noon. As
+for Aufidius and Palicanus,[46] I don't think you will expect to hear
+from me about them. Of the candidates for this year's election Caesar is
+considered certain. Thermus is looked upon as the rival of Silanus.[47]
+These latter are so weak both in friends and reputation that it seems
+_pas impossible_ to bring in Curius over their heads. But no one else
+thinks so. What seems most to my interests is that Thermus should get
+in with Caesar. For there is none of those at present canvassing who, if
+left over to my year, seems likely to be a stronger candidate, from the
+fact that he is commissioner of the _via Flaminia_, and when that has
+been finished, I shall be greatly relieved to have seen him elected
+consul this election.[48] Such in outline is the position of affairs in
+regard to candidates up to date. For myself I shall take the greatest
+pains to carry out all the duties of a candidate, and perhaps, as Gaul
+seems to have a considerable voting power, as soon as business at Rome
+has come to a standstill I shall obtain a _libera legatio_ and make an
+excursion in the course of September to visit Piso,[49] but so as not to
+be back later than January. When I have ascertained the feelings of the
+nobility I will write you word. Everything else I hope will go smoothly,
+at any rate while my competitors are such as are now in town. You must
+undertake to secure for me the _entourage_ of our friend Pompey, since
+you are nearer than I. Tell him I shall not be annoyed if he doesn't
+come to my election.[50] So much for that business. But there is a
+matter for which I am very anxious that you should forgive me. Your
+uncle Caecilius having been defrauded of a large sum of money by P.
+Varius, began an action against his cousin A. Caninius Satyrus for the
+property which (as he alleged) the latter had received from Varius by a
+collusive sale. He was joined in this action by the other creditors,
+among whom were Lucullus and P. Scipio, and the man whom they thought
+would be official receiver if the property was put up for sale, Lucius
+Pontius; though it is ridiculous to be talking about a receiver at this
+stage in the proceedings. Caecilius asked me to appear for him against
+Satyrus. Now, scarcely a day passes that Satyrus does not call at my
+house. The chief object of his attentions is L. Domitius,[51] but I am
+next in his regard. He has been of great service both to myself and to
+my brother Quintus in our elections. I was very much embarrassed by my
+intimacy with Satyrus as well as that with Domitius, on whom the success
+of my election depends more than on anyone else. I pointed out these
+facts to Caecilius; at the same time I assured him that if the case had
+been one exclusively between himself and Satyrus, I would have done what
+he wished. As the matter actually stood, all the creditors being
+concerned--and that too men of the highest rank, who, without the aid of
+anyone specially retained by Caecilius, would have no difficulty in
+maintaining their common cause--it was only fair that he should have
+consideration both for my private friendship and my present situation.
+He seemed to take this somewhat less courteously than I could have
+wished, or than is usual among gentlemen; and from that time forth he
+has entirely withdrawn from the intimacy with me, which was only of a
+few day's standing.[52] Pray forgive me, and believe that I was
+prevented by nothing but natural kindness from assailing the reputation
+of a friend in so vital a point at a time of such very great distress,
+considering that he had shewn me every sort of kindness and attention.
+But if you incline to the harsher view of my conduct, take it that the
+interests of my canvass prevented me. Yet, even granting that to be so,
+I think you should pardon me, "since not for sacred beast or oxhide
+shield."[53] You see in fact the position I am in, and how necessary I
+regard it, not only to retain but even to acquire all possible sources
+of popularity. I hope I have justified myself in your eyes, I am at any
+rate anxious to have done so. The Hermathena you sent I am delighted
+with: it has been placed with such charming effect that the whole
+gymnasium seems arranged specially for it.[54] I am exceedingly obliged
+to you.
+
+[Footnote 42: One of the judices rejected by Verres on his trial, a
+pontifex and augur.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Agent of Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 44: C. Antonius (uncle of M. Antonius) was elected with
+Cicero. Q. Cornificius had been tr. pl. in B.C. 69. See Letter XVIII.]
+
+[Footnote 45: M. Caesonius, Cicero's colleague in the aedileship. He had
+lost credit as one of the _Iunianum concilium_ in the trial of
+Oppianicus.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Aufidius Lurco, tr. pl. B.C. 61. M. Lollius Palicanus, tr.
+pl. some years previously.]
+
+[Footnote 47: L. Iulius Caesar, actually consul in B.C. 64,
+brother-in-law of Lentulus the Catilinarian conspirator, was afterwards
+_legatus_ to his distant kinsman, Iulius Caesar, in Gaul. A. Minucius
+Thermus, defended by Cicero in B.C. 59, but the identification is not
+certain. D. Iunius Silanus got the consulship in the year after Cicero
+(B.C. 62), and as consul-designate spoke in favour of executing the
+Catilinarian conspirators.]
+
+[Footnote 48: The text is corrupt in all MSS. I have assumed a reading,
+something of this sort, _quae cum erit absoluta, sane facile ac libenter
+eum nunc fieri consulem viderim_. This at any rate gives nearly the
+required sense, which is that Cicero regards the influence which Thermus
+will gain by managing the repair of the _Flaminia_ as likely to make him
+a formidable candidate, and therefore he would be glad to see him
+elected in the present year 65 (_nunc_) rather than wait for the next,
+his own year.]
+
+[Footnote 49: C. Calpurnis Piso, consul in B.C. 67, then proconsul of
+Gallia Transalpina (Narbonensis). He was charged with embezzlement in
+his province and defended by Cicero in B.C. 63. There were no votes in
+Transalpine Gaul, but Cicero means in going and coming to canvass the
+Cispadane cities.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Pompey was this year on his way to take over the
+Mithridatic War. But Cicero may have thought it likely that he or some
+of his staff would pass through Athens and meet Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 51: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, praetor in B.C. 58, and consul
+B.C. 54, fell at Pharsalia, fighting against Caesar.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Q. Caecilius, a rich uncle of Atticus, so cross-grained
+that no one but Atticus could get on with him, to whom he accordingly
+left his large fortune (Nep. _Att._ 5).]
+
+[Footnote 53: Hom. _Il._ xxii. 159, Achilles pursuing Hector:
+
+    "Since not for sacred beast or oxhide shield
+    They strove,--man's guerdon for the fleet of foot:
+    Their stake was Hector's soul, the swift steed's lord."
+]
+
+[Footnote 54: Reading _eius_ [Greek: anathema], and taking the latter
+word in the common sense of "ornament": the Hermathena is so placed that
+the whole gymnasium is as it were an ornament to it, designed to set it
+off, instead of its being a mere ornament to the gymnasium. Professor
+Tyrrell, however, will not admit that the words can have this or any
+meaning, and reads, [Greek: heliou anamma], "sun light"--"the whole
+gymnasium seems as bright as the sun"--a curious effect, after all, for
+one statue to have.]
+
+
+
+
+XI (A I, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ATHENS)
+
+ROME, JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 65, AET. 41]
+
+I have to inform you that on the day of the election of L. Iulius Caesar
+and C. Marcius Figulus to the consulship, I had an addition to my family
+in the shape of a baby boy. Terentia doing well.
+
+Why such a time without a letter from you? I have already written to you
+fully about my circumstances. At this present time I am considering
+whether to undertake the defence of my fellow candidate, Catiline.[55]
+We have a jury to our minds with full consent of the prosecutor. I hope
+that if he is acquitted he will be more closely united with me in the
+conduct of our canvass; but if the result be otherwise I shall bear it
+with resignation. Your early return is of great importance to me, for
+there is a very strong idea prevailing that some intimate friends of
+yours, persons of high rank, will be opposed to my election. To win me
+their favour I see that I shall want you very much. Wherefore be sure to
+be in Rome in January, as you have agreed to be.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. Coss., D. Iunius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena.]
+
+     We have no letters to or from Cicero in the years B.C. 64 and
+     63,[56] partly, no doubt, because Atticus was in Rome a great deal
+     during these years. We take up the correspondence, therefore, after
+     an interval of two years, which in many respects were the most
+     important in Cicero's life. In B.C. 64 he attained his chief
+     ambition by being elected to the consulship, but we have little
+     trace of his public actions that year, only the fragments of one
+     speech remaining, in defence of Q. Gallius on a charge of
+     _ambitus_. The animus of the popular party, however, is shewn by
+     the prosecution of some surviving partisans of Sulla on charges of
+     homicide, among them Catiline, who by some means escaped conviction
+     (Dio, xxxvii. 10). In the year of the consulship (B.C. 63) some of
+     Cicero's most important speeches were delivered. The three on the
+     agrarian proposals of Rullus present him to us for the first time
+     as discussing an important question of home politics, the disposal
+     of the _ager publicus_, a question which had become again prominent
+     owing to the great additions made to it by the confiscations of
+     Sulla. He also defended C. Rabirius, prosecuted by Iulius Caesar for
+     the murder of Saturninus as long ago as B.C. 100, and later in the
+     year defended Murena on a charge of _ambitus_. Finally, the three
+     Catilinarian speeches illustrate the event which coloured the whole
+     of Cicero's life. In B.C. 62 his brother Quintus was praetor and
+     Cicero defended in his court P. Sulla, accused of complicity with
+     Catiline. On the 29th of December (B.C. 63) the tribune Q. Caecilius
+     Metellus Nepos prevented Cicero from making a speech when laying
+     down his consulship, and went on to propose summoning Pompey to
+     Rome, "to protect the lives of the citizens." This led to scenes of
+     violence, and Metellus fled to Pompey, who reached Italy late in
+     the year B.C. 62 from the East.
+
+[Footnote 55: Asconius assigns this to the accusation of embezzlement in
+Africa. But that seems to have been tried in the previous year, or
+earlier in this year. The new impeachment threatened seems to have been
+connected with his crimes in the proscriptions of Sulla (Dio, xxxvii,
+10). Cicero may have thought of defending him on a charge relating to so
+distant a period, just as he did Rabirius on the charge of murdering
+Saturninus (B.C. 100), though he had regarded his guilt in the case of
+extortion in Africa as glaring.]
+
+[Footnote 56: The essay on the duties of a candidate attributed to
+Quintus is hardly a letter, and there is some doubt as to its
+authenticity. I have therefore relegated it to an appendix.]
+
+
+
+
+XII (F V, 7)
+
+TO CN. POMPEIUS MAGNUS
+
+ROME
+
+_M. Tullius Cicero, son of Marcus, greets Cn. Pompeius, son of Cneius,
+Imperator._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. AET. 44]
+
+If you and the army are well I shall be glad. From your official
+despatch I have, in common with everyone else, received the liveliest
+satisfaction; for you have given us that strong hope of peace, of which,
+in sole reliance on you, I was assuring everyone. But I must inform you
+that your old enemies--now posing as your friends--have received a
+stunning blow by this despatch, and, being disappointed in the high
+hopes they were entertaining, are thoroughly depressed. Though your
+private letter to me contained a somewhat slight expression of your
+affection, yet I can assure you it gave me pleasure: for there is
+nothing in which I habitually find greater satisfaction than in the
+consciousness of serving my friends; and if on any occasion I do not
+meet with an adequate return, I am not at all sorry to have the balance
+of kindness in my favour. Of this I feel no doubt--even if my
+extraordinary zeal in your behalf has failed to unite you to me--that
+the interests of the state will certainly effect a mutual attachment and
+coalition between us. To let you know, however, what I missed in your
+letter I will write with the candour which my own disposition and our
+common friendship demand. I did expect _some_ congratulation in your
+letter on my achievements, for the sake at once of the ties between us
+and of the Republic. This I presume to have been omitted by you from a
+fear of hurting anyone's feelings. But let me tell you that what I did
+for the salvation of the country is approved by the judgment and
+testimony of the whole world. You are a much greater man than Africanus,
+but I am not much inferior to Laelius either; and when you come home you
+will recognize that I have acted with such prudence and spirit, that
+you will not be ashamed of being coupled with me in politics as well as
+in private friendship.
+
+
+
+
+XIII (F V, I)
+
+Q. METELLUS CELER TO CICERO
+
+CISALPINE GAUL
+
+_Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus, proconsul, greets M. Tullius
+Cicero._[57]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62. AET. 44]
+
+If you are well I am glad. I had thought, considering our mutual regard
+and the reconciliation effected between us, that I was not likely to be
+held up to ridicule in my absence, nor my brother attacked by you in his
+civil existence and property for the sake of a mere word. If his own
+high character was not a sufficient protection to him, yet either the
+position of our family, or my own loyal conduct to you and the Republic,
+ought to have been sufficient to support him. As it is, I see that he
+has been ruined and I abandoned by the last people in the world who
+ought to have done so. I am accordingly in sorrow and wearing mourning
+dress, while actually in command of a province and army and conducting a
+war. And seeing that your conduct in this affair has neither been
+reasonable nor in accordance with the milder methods of old times, you
+must not be surprised if you live to repent it. I did not expect to find
+you so fickle towards me and mine. For myself, meanwhile, neither family
+sorrow nor ill-treatment by any individual shall withdraw me from the
+service of the state.
+
+[Footnote 57: Q. Metellus Celer had been praetor in B.C. 63 and was now
+(B.C. 62), as proconsul in Gallia Cisalpina, engaged against the remains
+of the Catilinarian conspiracy. Meanwhile his brother (or cousin) Q.
+Caecilius Metellus Nepos, a tribune, after trying in vain to bring Cicero
+to trial for the execution of the conspirators, at last proposed to
+summon Pompey to Rome to prevent danger to the lives of citizens. This
+attempt led to riots and contests with Cato, and Nepos finally fled from
+Rome to Pompey. By leaving Rome he broke the law as to the tribunes, and
+the senate declared his office vacant, and this letter would even seem
+to shew that the senate declared him a public enemy. This letter of
+remonstrance is peremptory, if not insolent, in tone, and the reader
+will observe that the formal sentences, dropped in more familiar
+letters, are carefully used.]
+
+
+
+
+XIV (F V, 2)
+
+TO Q. METELLUS (IN CISALPINE GAUL)
+
+ROME
+
+_M. Tullius, son of Marcus, to Q. Metellus Celer, son of Quintus,
+proconsul, wishes health._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62, AET. 44]
+
+If you and the army are well I shall be glad. You say in your letter
+that you "thought, considering our mutual regard and the reconciliation
+effected between us, that you were not likely to be held up to ridicule
+by me." To what you refer I do not clearly understand, but I suspect
+that you have been informed that, while arguing in the senate that there
+were many who were annoyed at my having saved the state, I said that
+your relations, whose wishes you had been unable to withstand, had
+induced you to pass over in silence what you had made up your mind you
+ought to say in the senate in my praise. But while saying so I also
+added this--that the duty of supporting the Republic had been so divided
+between us that I was defending the city from internal treachery and the
+crime of its own citizens, you Italy from armed enemies and covert
+conspiracy;[58] yet that this association in a task so noble and so
+glorious had been imperilled by your relations, who, while you had been
+complimented by me in the fullest and most laudatory terms, had been
+afraid of any display of mutual regard on your part being put to my
+credit. As this sentence betrayed how much I had looked forward to your
+speech, and how mistaken I had been in that expectation, my speech
+caused some amusement, and was received with a moderate amount of
+laughter; but the laugh was not against you, it was rather at my
+mistake, and at the open and _naive_ confession of my eagerness to be
+commended by you. Surely it cannot but be a compliment to you that in
+the hour of my greatest triumph and glory I yet wished for some
+testimony of approval from your lips. As to your expression,
+"considering our mutual regard"--I don't know your idea of what is
+"mutual" in friendship; mine is an equal interchange of good feeling.
+Now if I were to mention that I passed over a province for your sake,
+you might think me somewhat insincere; for, in point of fact, it suited
+my convenience, and I feel more and more every day of my life the
+advantage and pleasure which I have received from that decision. But
+this I do say--the moment I had announced in public meeting my refusal
+of a province, I began at once thinking how I might hand it on to you. I
+say nothing as to the circumstances of your allotment: I only wish you
+to suspect that nothing was done in that matter by my colleague without
+my cognizance. Recall the other circumstances: how promptly I summoned
+the senate on that day after the lots had been drawn, at what a length I
+spoke about you. You yourself said at the time that my speech was not
+merely complimentary to you, but absolutely a reflexion on your
+colleagues. Farther, the decree of the senate passed on that day has
+such a preamble that, so long as it is extant, there can never be any
+doubt of my services to you. Subsequently, when you had gone out of
+town, I would have you recall my motions in the senate, my speeches in
+public meetings, my letters to yourself. And having reviewed all these
+together, I would like you to judge yourself whether you think that your
+approach to Rome the last time you came quite shewed an adequate return
+for all these services.[59] Again, as to your expression, "the
+reconciliation effected between us"--I do not understand why you speak
+of "reconciliation" in the case of a friendship that had never been
+broken. As to what you say, that your brother Metellus ought not "to
+have been attacked by me for a mere word," in the first place I would
+like to assure you that your feeling and fraternal partiality--so full
+of human kindness and natural affection--meet with my warmest
+approbation; in the next place I must claim your indulgence if I have in
+any matter opposed your brother in the interests of the Republic, for my
+devotion to the Republic is paramount. If, however, it is my personal
+safety that I have defended against a most ruthless assault of his, I
+think you should be content that I make no complaint even to you of your
+brother's injurious conduct. Now, when I had become aware that he was
+deliberately making every preparation to use his tribunician office to
+my ruin, I appealed to your wife Claudia[60] and your sister Mucia[61]
+(of whose kindness to me for the sake of my friendship with Pompey I had
+satisfied myself by many instances) to deter him from that injurious
+conduct. And yet, as I am sure you have heard, on the last day of
+December he inflicted upon me--a consul and the preserver of my
+country--an indignity such as was never inflicted upon the most disloyal
+citizen in the humblest office: that is to say, he deprived me when
+laying down my office of the privilege of addressing the people--an
+indignity, however, which after all redounded to my honour. For, upon
+his forbidding me to do anything but take the oath, I pronounced an oath
+at once the most absolutely true and the most glorious in a loud
+voice--an oath which the people swore also in a loud voice to be
+absolutely true. Though I had actually suffered this signal indignity, I
+yet on that same day sent common friends to Metellus to persuade him to
+alter his resolution; to whom he answered that he was no longer free to
+do so. And, in fact, a short time previously he _had_ said in a public
+meeting that a man who had punished others without trial ought not
+himself to be allowed the privilege of speech. What a model of
+consistency! What an admirable citizen! So he deemed the man who had
+saved the senate from massacre, the city from the incendiary, Italy from
+war, deserving of the same penalty as that inflicted by the senate, with
+the unanimous approval of all loyal citizens, upon those who had
+intended to set fire to the city, butcher magistrates and senate, and
+stir up a formidable war! Accordingly, I did withstand your brother
+Metellus to his face: for on the 1st of January, in the senate, I
+maintained a debate with him on the state of the Republic, such as
+taught him that he had to contend with a man of courage and firmness. On
+the 3rd of January,[62] on again opening the debate, he kept harping on
+me and threatening me at every third word of his speech; nor could any
+intention be more deliberate than his was to overthrow me by any means
+in his power, not by calm and judicial argument, but by violence and
+mere browbeating. If I had not shewn some boldness and spirit in
+opposing his intemperate attack, would not everyone have concluded that
+the courage I had displayed in my consulship was the result of accident
+rather than design? If you did not know that Metellus was contemplating
+these measures in regard to me, you must consider that you have been
+kept in the dark by your brother on matters of the utmost importance:
+if, on the other hand, he did intrust any part of his designs to you,
+then surely I ought to be regarded by you as a man of placable and
+reasonable temper for not addressing a word of reproach to you even on
+such occurrences as these. Understanding then that it was by no "mere
+word" (as you express it) of Metellus that I was roused, but by his
+deliberate policy and extraordinary animosity towards me, next observe
+my forbearance--if "forbearance" is the name to be given to irresolution
+and laxity under a most galling indignity. I never once delivered a vote
+in a speech against your brother: every time a motion was before the
+house I assented without rising to those whose proposal appeared to me
+to be the mildest. I will also add that, though in the circumstances
+there was no obligation upon me to do so, yet so far from raising
+objections I actually did my best to secure that my enemy, because he
+was your brother, should be relieved from penalties by a decree of the
+senate.[63] Wherefore I have not "attacked" your brother, but only
+defended myself from your brother's attack; nor have I been "fickle" (to
+quote your word), but, on the contrary, so constant, that I remained
+faithful to my friendship to you, though left without any sign of
+kindness from you. For instance, at this moment, though your letter
+amounts almost to a threat, I am writing back an answer such as you see.
+I not only pardon your vexation, I even applaud it in the highest
+degree; for my own heart tells me how strong is the influence of
+fraternal affection. I ask you in your turn to put a liberal
+construction upon my vexation, and to conclude that when attacked by
+your relatives with bitterness, with brutality, and without cause, I not
+only ought not to retract anything, but, in a case of that kind, should
+even be able to rely upon the aid of yourself and your army. I have
+always wished to have you as a friend: I have taken pains to make you
+understand that I am a warm friend to you. I abide by that sentiment,
+and shall abide by it as long as _you_ will let me; and I shall more
+readily cease to be angry with your brother for love of you, than I
+shall from anger with him abate in the smallest degree my kindness for
+you.
+
+[Footnote 58: Metellus had been employed with Antonius against the camp
+at Faesulae, but was now engaged against some Alpine tribes.]
+
+[Footnote 59: When Metellus was commanding against Catiline, it is
+suggested that he marched towards Rome to support his brother, but this
+is conjecture.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Sister of P. Clodius. Of this famous woman we shall hear
+often again. She is believed to be the Lesbia of Catullus, and she is
+the "Palatine Medea" of the speech _pro Caelio_. Yet, in spite of
+Cicero's denunciations of her, he seems at one time to have been so fond
+of her society as to rouse Terentia's jealousy.]
+
+[Footnote 61: Wife of Pompey--divorced by him on his return from the
+East.]
+
+[Footnote 62: On the next meeting of the senate. The second was a _dies
+comitialis_ on which the senate usually did not meet (Caes. _B. Civ._ i.
+I).]
+
+[Footnote 63: For the riots caused by his contests with Cato (on which
+the senate seems to have passed the _senatus consultum ultimum_), and
+for his having left Rome while tribune.]
+
+
+
+
+XV (F V, 6)
+
+TO P. SESTIUS[64] (IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME, DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 62, AET. 44]
+
+Decius the copyist has been to see me, and begged me to try and secure
+that no successor should be appointed to you this turn. Though I
+regarded him as a man of good character and attached to you, yet,
+remembering the tenor of your previous letter to me, I could not feel
+certain that the wishes of a cautious man of the world like yourself had
+undergone so complete a change. But after your wife Cornelia had called
+on Terentia, and I had had a conversation with Q. Cornelius, I took care
+to be present at every meeting of the senate, and found that the
+greatest trouble was to make Fufius the tribune, and the others to whom
+you had written, believe me rather than your own letters. The whole
+business has, after all, been postponed till January, but there is no
+difficulty about it. Roused by your congratulations--for in a letter
+sometime ago you wished me good luck on the completion of my purchase of
+a house from Crassus--I have bought that very house for 3,500 sestertia
+(about L28,000), a good while subsequent to your congratulation.
+Accordingly, you may now look upon me as being so deeply in debt as to
+be eager to join a conspiracy if anyone would admit me! But, partly from
+personal dislike they shut their doors in my face and openly denounce me
+as the punisher of conspiracy, partly are incredulous and afraid that I
+am setting a trap for them! Nor do they suppose that a man can be short
+of money who has relieved the money-lenders from a state of siege. In
+point of fact, money is plentiful at six per cent., and the success of
+my measures has caused me to be regarded as a good security. Your own
+house, and all the details of its construction, I have examined and
+strongly approve. As for Antonius,[65] though everyone notices his want
+of attention to my interests, I have nevertheless defended him in the
+senate with the utmost earnestness and persistence, and have made a
+strong impression on the senate by my language as well as by my personal
+prestige. Pray write to me more frequently.
+
+[Footnote 64: P. Sestius was serving as proquaestor in Macedonia under
+Gaius Antonius. As tribune in B.C. 57 he worked for Cicero's recall, but
+was afterwards prosecuted _de vi_, and defended by Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 65: Gaius Antonius, Cicero's colleague in the consulship. He
+had the province of Macedonia after the consulship, Cicero having
+voluntarily withdrawn in his favour to secure his support against
+Catiline. Scandal said that he had bargained to pay Cicero large sums
+from the profits of the province. He governed so corruptly and
+unsuccessfully that he was on his return condemned of _maiestas_.]
+
+
+
+
+XVI (A I, 12)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61. Coss., M. Papius Piso, M. Valerius Messalla.]
+
+     The letters of this year are much concerned with the sacrilege of
+     P. Clodius, who, it was alleged, had been detected in disguise in
+     the house of the Pontifex Maximus Iulius Caesar, when his wife was
+     celebrating the mysteries of the Bona Dea, from which males were
+     excluded. His trial was made the occasion of bitter party
+     struggles, and by giving evidence in contradiction of Clodius's
+     alibi Cicero incurred his enmity, and eventually, therefore, his
+     own exile. Quintus is propraetor in Asia, Caesar in Spain. Pompey
+     reached Rome early this year. The _ordo equester_ is much irritated
+     with the senate on the question of the contracts for the collection
+     of the Asiatic taxes.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 1 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+The Teucris[66] business hangs fire, and Cornelius has not called on
+Terentia since. I suppose I must have recourse to Considius, Axius, and
+Selicius:[67] for his nearest relations can't get a penny out of
+Caecilius[68] under twelve per cent. But to return to my first remark: I
+never saw anything more shameless, artful, and dilatory. "I am on the
+point of sending my freedman," "I have commissioned Titus"--excuses and
+delays at every turn! But perhaps it is a case of _l'homme propose_,[69]
+for Pompey's advance couriers tell me that he means to move in the
+senate that a successor to Antonius ought to be named, and the praetor
+intends to bring the proposal before the people at the same time. The
+facts are such that I cannot defend him in view of the opinion either
+of the aristocrats or the people, and, what is more than anything else,
+that I have no wish to do so. For a thing has happened into the truth of
+which I charge you to look thoroughly. I have a freedman, who is a
+worthless fellow enough; I mean Hilarus, an accountant and a client of
+your own. The interpreter Valerius gives me this information about him,
+and Thyillus writes me word that he has been told the same story: that
+the fellow is with Antonius, and that Antonius, in exacting money
+payments, frequently remarks that a part is being collected for me, and
+that I have sent a freedman to look after our common interests. I felt
+exceedingly disturbed, and yet could not believe it; but at any rate
+there has been some gossip of the sort. Pray look into the whole matter,
+learn the truth, find out the author, and get the empty-headed idiot out
+of the country, if you possibly can. Valerius mentions Cn. Plancius as
+the origin of this gossip. I trust you thoroughly to investigate and
+find out what is at the bottom of it. I have good reason to believe that
+Pompey is most kindly disposed to me. His divorce of Mucia is strongly
+approved.[70] I suppose you have heard that P. Clodius, son of Appius,
+was caught in woman's clothes at Gaius Caesar's house, while the state
+function was going on, and that he was saved and got out by means of a
+maid-servant; and that the affair is causing immense scandal. I feel
+sure you will be sorry for it.[71] I have nothing else to tell you. And,
+indeed, at the moment of writing, I am in considerable distress: for a
+delightful youth, my reader Sosthenes, has just died, and his death has
+affected me more than that of a slave should, I think, do. Pray write
+often. If you have no news, write just what comes uppermost.
+
+1 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.
+
+[Footnote 66: From expressions in the following letters it seems certain
+that this refers to money expected from Gaius Antonius; but we have no
+means of deciding whether or no Teucris is a pseudonym for some agent.
+Cicero had undertaken to be the advocate and supporter of Antonius, and
+though as an actual _patronus_ in court he could not take money, he may
+have felt justified in receiving supplies from him. Still, he knew the
+character of Antonius, and how such wealth was likely to be got, and it
+is not a pleasant affair.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Money-lenders.]
+
+[Footnote 68: The rich and cross-grained uncle of Atticus. See Letter
+X.]
+
+[Footnote 69: Cicero quotes half a Greek verse of Menander's, [Greek:
+tautomaton hemon], leaving Atticus to fill up the other two words,
+[Greek: kallio bouleuetai], "Chance designs better than we ourselves."]
+
+[Footnote 70: Mucia was suspected of intriguing with Iulius Caesar.]
+
+[Footnote 71: The chief festival of the Bona Dea (Tellus) was in May.
+The celebration referred to here took place on the night between the 3rd
+and 4th of December. It was a state function (_pro populo_), and was
+celebrated in the presence of the Vestals and the wife of the consul or
+praetor urbanus, _in ea domo quae est in imperio_. As Caesar was Pontifex
+Maximus, as well as praetor urbanus, it took place in the _Regia_, the
+Pontiff's official house (Plutarch, _Cic._ 19; Dio, xxxvii. 35).]
+
+
+
+
+XVII (F V, 5)
+
+TO C. ANTONIUS (IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+_M. Cicero wishes health to Gaius Antonius, son of Marcus, Imperator._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+Though I had resolved to write you nothing but formal letters of
+introduction (not because I felt that they had much weight with you, but
+to avoid giving those who asked me for them an idea that there had been
+any diminution in our friendship), yet since Titus Pomponius is starting
+for your province, who knows better than anyone else all that I feel and
+have done for you, who desires your friendship and is most devotedly
+attached to me, I thought I must write something, especially as I had no
+other way of satisfying Pomponius himself. Were I to ask from you
+services of the greatest moment, it ought not to seem surprising to
+anyone: for you have not wanted from me any that concerned your
+interests, honour, or position. That no return has been made by you for
+these you are the best witness: that something even of a contrary nature
+has proceeded from you I have been told by many. I say "told," for I do
+not venture to say "discovered,"[72] lest I should chance to use the
+word which people tell me is often falsely attributed to me by you. But
+the story which has reached my ears I would prefer your learning from
+Pomponius (who was equally hurt by it) rather than from my letter. How
+singularly loyal my feelings have been to you the senate and Roman
+people are both witnesses. How far you have been grateful to me you may
+yourself estimate: how much you owe me the rest of the world estimates.
+I was induced to do what I did for you at first by affection, and
+afterwards by consistency. Your future, believe me, stands in need of
+much greater zeal on my part, greater firmness and greater labour.[73]
+These labours, unless it shall appear that I am throwing away and
+wasting my pains, I shall support with all the strength I have; but if I
+see that they are not appreciated, I shall not allow you--the very
+person benefited[74]--to think me a fool for my pains. What the meaning
+of all this is you will be able to learn from Pomponius. In commending
+Pomponius to you, although I am sure you will do anything in your power
+for his own sake, yet I do beg that if you have any affection for me
+left, you will display it all in Pomponius's business. You can do me no
+greater favour than that.
+
+[Footnote 72: The word (_comperisse_) used by Cicero in regard to the
+Catilinarian conspiracy; it had apparently become a subject of rather
+malignant chaff.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Cicero is hinting at the danger of prosecution hanging
+over the head of Antonius.]
+
+[Footnote 74: Reading _tibi ipsi_ (not _ipse_), with Tyrrell.]
+
+
+
+
+XVIII (A 1, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 27 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+I have now received three letters from you--one by the hands of M.
+Cornelius, which you gave him, I think, at Three Taverns; a second which
+your host at Canusium delivered to me; a third dated, according to you,
+from on board your pinnace, when the cable was already slipped.[75] They
+were all three, to use a phrase from the schools of rhetoric flavoured
+with the salt of learning, and illumined with the marks of affection. In
+these letters, indeed, I am urgently pressed by you to send answers, but
+what renders me rather dilatory in this respect is the difficulty of
+finding a trustworthy carrier. How few of these gentry are able to
+convey a letter rather weightier than usual without lightening it by
+skimming its contents! Besides, I do not always care to send[76]
+whenever anyone is starting for Epirus: for I suppose that, having
+offered victims before your Amaltheia,[77] you at once started for the
+siege of Sicyon. And yet I am not even certain when you start to visit
+Antonius or how much time you are devoting to Epirus. Accordingly, I
+don't venture to trust either Achaeans or Epirotes with a letter somewhat
+more outspoken than usual. Now some events _have_ occurred since you
+left me worth my writing to you, but they must not be trusted to the
+risk of a letter being lost, opened, or intercepted.
+
+Well, then, to begin with: I was not called upon to speak first, and the
+pacifier of the Allobroges[78] was preferred to me, and though this met
+with some murmurs of disapprobation from the senate, I was not sorry it
+was done. For I am thereby freed from any obligation to shew respect to
+an ill-conditioned man, and am at liberty to support my position in the
+Republic in spite of him. Besides, the second place has a dignity almost
+equal to that of _princeps senatus_, and does not put one under too much
+of an obligation to the consul. The third called on was Catulus; the
+fourth, if you want to go still farther, Hortensius. The consul
+himself[79] is a man of a small and ill-regulated mind, a mere buffoon
+of that splenetic kind which raises a laugh even in the absence of wit:
+it is his face rather than his facetiousness[80] that causes merriment:
+he takes practically no part in public business, and is quite alienated
+from the Optimates. You need expect no service to the state from him,
+for he has not the will to do any, nor fear any damage, for he hasn't
+the courage to inflict it. His colleague, however, treats me with great
+distinction, and is also a zealous supporter of the loyalist party. For
+the present their disagreement has not come to much; but I fear that
+this taint may spread farther. For I suppose you have heard that when
+the state function was being performed in Caesar's house a man in woman's
+dress got in,[81] and that the Vestals having performed the rite again,
+mention was made of the matter in the senate by Q. Cornificius--he was
+the first, so don't think that it was one of us consulars--and that on
+the matter being referred by a decree of the senate to the [Virgins and]
+pontifices, they decided that a sacrilege had been committed: that then,
+on a farther decree of the senate, the consuls published a bill: and
+that Caesar divorced his wife. On this question Piso, from friendship for
+P. Clodius, is doing his best to get the bill promulgated by himself
+(though in accordance with a decree of the senate and on a point of
+religion) rejected. Messalla as yet is strongly for severe measures. The
+loyalists hold aloof owing to the entreaties of Clodius: bands of
+ruffians are being got together: I myself, at first a stern Lycurgus, am
+becoming daily less and less keen about it: Cato is hot and eager. In
+short, I fear that between the indifference of the loyalists and the
+support of the disloyal it may be the cause of great evils to the
+Republic. However, your great friend[82]--do you know whom I mean?--of
+whom you said in your letter that, "not venturing to blame me, he was
+beginning to be complimentary," is now to all appearance exceedingly
+fond of me, embraces me, loves and praises me in public, while in secret
+(though unable to disguise it) he is jealous of me. No good-breeding, no
+straightforwardness, no political morality, no distinction, no courage,
+no liberality! But on these points I will write to you more minutely at
+another time; for in the first place I am not yet quite sure about them,
+and in the next place I dare not intrust a letter on such weighty
+matters to such a casual nobody's son as this messenger.
+
+The praetors have not yet drawn their lots for the provinces. The matter
+remains just where you left it. The description of the scenery of
+Misenum and Puteoli which you ask for I will include in my speech.[83] I
+had already noticed the mistake in the date, 3rd of December. The points
+in my speeches which you praise, believe me, I liked very much myself,
+but did not venture to say so before. Now, however, as they have
+received your approval, I think them much more "Attic" than ever. To the
+speech in answer to Metellus[84] I have made some additions. The book
+shall be sent you, since affection for me gives you a taste for
+rhetoric. What news have I for you? Let me see. Oh, yes! The consul
+Messalla has bought Antonius's house for 3,400 sestertia (about
+L27,200). What is that to me? you will say. Why, thus much. The price
+has convinced people that I made no bad bargain, and they begin to
+understand that in making a purchase a man may properly use his friends'
+means to get what suits his position. The Teucris affair drags on, yet I
+have hopes. Pray settle the business you have in hand. You shall have a
+more outspoken letter soon.
+
+27 January, in the consulship of M. Messalla and M. Piso.
+
+[Footnote 75: _Ora soluta._ Or, if _ancora sublata_ be read, "when the
+anchor was already weighed." In either case it means "just as you were
+starting." Atticus wrote on board, and gave the letter to a carrier to
+take on shore.]
+
+[Footnote 76: A word lost in the text.]
+
+[Footnote 77: See end of Letter XXI. Cicero playfully supposes that
+Atticus only stayed in his villa in Epirus to offer sacrifices to the
+nymph in his gymnasium, and then hurried off to Sicyon, where people
+owed him money which he wanted to get. He goes to Antonius first to get
+his authority for putting pressure on Sicyon, and perhaps even some
+military force.]
+
+[Footnote 78: C. Calpurnius Piso (consul B.C. 67), brother of the consul
+of the year, had been governor of Gallia Narbonensis (B.C. 66-65), and
+had suppressed a rising of the Allobroges, the most troublesome tribe in
+the province, who were, in fact, again in rebellion.]
+
+[Footnote 79: M. Pupius Piso.]
+
+[Footnote 80: "By the expression of his face rather than the force of
+his expressions" (Tyrrell).]
+
+[Footnote 81: See p. 27, note 2.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 83: Or, "inclose with my speech"; in both cases the dative
+_orationi meae_ is peculiar. No speech exists containing such a
+description, but we have only two of the previous year extant (_pro
+Flacco_ and _pro Archia Poeta_). Cicero was probably sending it,
+whichever it was, to Atticus to be copied by his _librarii_, and
+published. Atticus had apparently some other works of Cicero's in hand,
+for which he had sent him some "queries."]
+
+[Footnote 84: Apparently the speech in the senate referred to in Letter
+XIV, p. 23, spoken on 1st January, B.C. 62. Metellus had prevented his
+_contio_ the day before.]
+
+
+
+
+XIX (A I, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 13 FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+I fear it may seem affectation to tell you how occupied I have been; but
+I am so distracted with business that I have only just found time for
+this short letter, and that has been stolen from the most urgent
+engagements. I have already described to you Pompey's first public
+speech--it did not please the poor, nor satisfy the disloyal, nor find
+favour with the wealthy, nor appear sound to the loyalists; accordingly,
+he is down in the world.[85] Presently, on the instigation of the consul
+Piso, that most insignificant of tribunes, Fufius, brought Pompey on to
+the platform. The meeting was in the _circus Flaminius_, and there was
+in the same place that day a crowd of market people--a kind of _tiers
+etat_.[86] He asked him to say whether he approved of the jurymen being
+selected by the praetor, to form a panel for the praetor himself to
+employ. That was the regulation made by the senate in the matter of
+Clodius's sacrilege. Thereupon Pompey made a highly "aristocratic"
+speech, and replied (and at great length) that in all matters the
+authority of the senate was of the greatest weight in his eyes and had
+always been so. Later on the consul Messalla in the senate asked Pompey
+his opinion as to the sacrilege and the bill that had been published.
+His speech in the senate amounted to a general commendation of all
+decrees of the house, and when he sat down he said to me, "I think my
+answer covers your case also."[87] When Crassus observed that Pompey had
+got a cheer from the idea in men's minds that he approved my consulship,
+he rose also to his feet and delivered a speech in the most
+complimentary terms on my consulship, going so far as to say that he
+owed it to me that he was still a senator, a citizen, nay, a free man;
+and that he never beheld wife, home, or country without beholding the
+fruits of my conduct. In short: that whole topic, which I am wont to
+paint in various colours in my speeches (of which you are the
+Aristarchus), the fire, the sword--you know my paint-pots--he elaborated
+to the highest pitch. I was sitting next to Pompey. I noticed that he
+was agitated, either at Crassus earning the gratitude which he had
+himself neglected, or to think that my achievements were, after all, of
+such magnitude that the senate was so glad to hear them praised,
+especially by a man who was the less under an obligation to praise me,
+because in everything I ever wrote[88] my praise of Pompey was
+practically a reflexion on him. This day has brought me very close to
+Crassus, and yet in spite of all I accepted with pleasure any
+compliment--open or covert--from Pompey. But as for my own speech, good
+heavens! how I did "put it on" for the benefit of my new auditor Pompey!
+If I ever did bring every art into play, I did then--period, transition,
+enthymeme, deduction--everything. In short, I was cheered to the echo.
+For the subject of my speech was the dignity of the senate, its harmony
+with the equites, the unanimity of Italy, the dying embers of the
+conspiracy, the fall in prices, the establishment of peace. You know my
+thunder when these are my themes. It was so loud, in fact, that I may
+cut short my description, as I think you must have heard it even in
+Epirus. The state of things at Rome is this: the senate is a perfect
+Areopagus. You cannot conceive anything firmer, more grave, or more
+high-spirited. For when the day came for proposing the bill in
+accordance with the vote of the senate, a crowd of our dandies with
+their chin-tufts assembled, all the Catiline set, with Curio's girlish
+son at their head, and implored the people to reject it. Moreover, Piso
+the consul, who formally introduced the bill, spoke against it.
+Clodius's hired ruffians had filled up the entrances to the voting
+boxes. The voting tickets were so manipulated that no "ayes" were
+distributed. Hereupon imagine Cato hurrying to the rostra, delivering an
+admirable invective against the consul, if we can call that an
+"invective" which was really a speech of the utmost weight and
+authority, and in fact containing the most salutary advice. He is
+followed to the same effect by your friend Hortensius, and many
+loyalists besides, among whom, however, the contribution of Favonius was
+conspicuous. By this rally of the Optimates the _comitia_ is dissolved,
+the senate summoned. On the question being put in a full house--in spite
+of the opposition of Piso, and in spite of Clodius throwing himself at
+the feet of the senators one after the other--that the consuls should
+exhort the people to pass the bill, about fifteen voted with Curio, who
+was against any decree being passed; on the other side there were fully
+four hundred. So the vote passed. The tribune Fufius then gave in.[89]
+Clodius delivered some wretched speeches to the people, in which he
+bestowed some injurious epithets on Lucullus, Hortensius, C. Piso, and
+the consul Messalla; me he only charged with having "discovered"
+everything.[90] In regard to the assignation of provinces to the
+praetors, the hearing legations, and other business, the senate voted
+that nothing should be brought before it till the bill had been brought
+before the people. There's the state of things at Rome for you. Yet pray
+listen to this one thing more which has surpassed my hopes. Messalla is
+a superlatively good consul, courageous, firm, painstaking; he praises,
+shows attachment to, and imitates me. That other one (Piso) is the less
+mischievous because of one vice--he is lazy, sleepy, unbusiness-like, an
+utter _faineant_, but in intention he is so disaffected that he has
+begun to loathe Pompey since he made the speech in which some praise was
+bestowed on the senate. Accordingly, he has alienated all the loyalists
+to a remarkable degree. And his action is not dictated by love for
+Clodius more than by a taste for a profligate policy and a profligate
+party. But he has nobody among the magistrates like himself, with the
+single exception of the tribune Fufius. The tribunes are excellent, and
+in Cornutus we have a quasi-Cato. Can I say more?
+
+Now to return to private matters. "Teucris" has fulfilled her
+promise.[91] Pray execute the commission you undertook. My brother
+Quintus, who purchased the remaining three-fourths of the house in the
+Argiletum for 725 sestertia (about L5,800), is now trying to sell his
+Tusculan property, in order to purchase, if he can, the town house of
+Pacilius. Make it up with Lucceius! I see that he is all agog to stand
+for the consulship. I will do my best. Be careful to let me know exactly
+how you are, where you are, and how your business goes on.
+
+13 February.
+
+[Footnote 85: The letter giving this description is lost. I think
+_frigebat_ is epistolary imperfect--"_he_ is in the cold shade," not,
+"_it_ fell flat."]
+
+[Footnote 86: [Greek: panegyris]. Cicero uses the word (an honourable
+one in Greek) contemptuously of the rabble brought together at a
+market.]
+
+[Footnote 87: Pompey's general commendation of the decrees of the senate
+would include those regarding the Catiline conspirators, and he
+therefore claimed to have satisfied Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 88: _Meis omnibus litteris_, the MS. reading. Prof. Tyrrell's
+emendation, _orationibus meis, omnibus litteris_, "in my speeches, every
+letter of them," seems to me even harsher than the MS., a gross
+exaggeration, and doubtful Latin. _Meis litteris_ is well supported by
+_literae forenses et senatoriae_ of _de Off._ 2, Sec. 3, and though it is an
+unusual mode of referring to speeches, we must remember that they were
+now published and were "literature." The particular reference is to the
+speech _pro Imperio Pompeii_, in which, among other things, the whole
+credit of the reduction of Spartacus's gladiators is given to Pompey,
+whereas the brunt of the war had been borne by Crassus.]
+
+[Footnote 89: Fufius, though Cicero does not say so, must have vetoed
+the decree, but in the face of such a majority withdrew his veto. The
+practice seems to have been, in case of tribunician veto, to take the
+vote, which remained as an _auctoritas senatus_, but was not a _senatus
+consultum_ unless the tribune was induced to withdraw.]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Comperisse_. See Letter XVII, note 1, p. 28.]
+
+[Footnote 91: See Letters XVI and XVIII, pp. 26, 32.]
+
+
+
+
+XX (A I, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 15 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+You have heard that my dearest brother Quintus has got Asia; for I do
+not doubt that rumour has conveyed the news to you quicker than a letter
+from any of us. Now then, considering how desirous of a good reputation
+he and I have ever been, and how unusually Philhellenic we are and have
+the reputation of being, and considering how many there are whose enmity
+we have incurred for the sake of the Republic, "call to mind all your
+valour,"[92] to secure us the praise and affection of all concerned. I
+will write at greater length to you on these points in the letter which
+I shall give to Quintus himself.[93] Please let me know what you have
+done about the business I confided to you, and also in your own affair;
+for I have had no letter from you since you left Brundisium. I am very
+anxious to hear how you are.
+
+15 March.
+
+[Footnote 92: [Greek: pantoies aretes mimneskeo] (Hom. _Il._ xxii. 8)]
+
+[Footnote 93: The allotment of provinces had been put off (see last
+letter) till the affair of Clodius's trial was settled; consequently
+Quintus would not have much time for preparation, and would soon set
+out. He would cross to Dyrrachium, and proceed along the _via Egnatia_
+to Thessalonica. He might meet Atticus at Dyrrachium, or go out of his
+way to call on him at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXI (A I, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+You ask me what has happened about the trial, the result of which was so
+contrary to the general expectation, and at the same time you want to
+know how I came to make a worse fight of it than usual. I will answer
+the last first, after the manner of Homer.[94] The fact is that, so long
+as I had to defend the authority of the senate,[95] I battled with such
+gallantry and vigour that there were shouts of applause and crowds round
+me in the house ringing with my praise. Nay, if you ever thought that I
+shewed courage in political business, you certainly would have admired
+my conduct in that cause. For when the culprit had betaken himself to
+public meetings, and had made an invidious use of my name, immortal
+gods! What battles! What havoc! What sallies I made upon Piso, Curio, on
+the whole of that set! How I fell upon the old men for their
+instability, on the young for their profligacy! Again and again, so help
+me heaven! I regretted your absence not only as the supporter of my
+policy, but as the spectator also of my admirable fighting. However,
+when Hortensius hit on the idea of a law as to the sacrilege being
+proposed by the tribune Fufius, in which there was no difference from
+the bill of the consul except as to the kind of jurymen--on that point,
+however, the whole question turned--and got it carried by sheer
+fighting, because he had persuaded himself and others that _he_ could
+not get an acquittal no matter who were the jurymen, I drew in my sails,
+seeing the neediness of the jurors, and gave no evidence beyond what was
+so notorious and well attested that I could not omit it.[96] Therefore,
+if you ask the reason of the acquittal--to return at length to the
+former of the two questions--it was entirely the poverty and low
+character of the jury. But that this was possible was entirely the
+result of Hortensius's policy. In his alarm lest Fufius should veto the
+law which was to be proposed in virtue of a senatorial decree, he failed
+to see that it was better that the culprit should be left under a cloud
+of disgrace and dishonour than that he should be trusted to the
+discretion of a weak jury. But in his passionate resentment he hastened
+to bring the case into court, saying that a leaden sword was good enough
+to cut _his_ throat. But if you want to know the history of the trial,
+with its incredible verdict, it was such that Hortensius's policy is now
+blamed by other people after the event, though I disapproved of it from
+the first. When the rejection of jurors had taken place, amidst loud
+cheers and counter-cheers--the accuser like a strict censor rejecting
+the most worthless, the defendant like a kind-hearted trainer of
+gladiators all the best--as soon as the jury had taken their seats, the
+loyalists at once began to feel distrust. There never was a seedier lot
+round a table in a gambling hell. Senators under a cloud, equites out at
+elbows, tribunes who were not so much made of money as "collectors" of
+it, according to their official title.[97] However, there were a few
+honest men in the panel, whom he had been unable to drive off it by
+rejection, and they took their seats among their uncongenial comrades
+with gloomy looks and signs of emotion, and were keenly disgusted at
+having to rub elbows with such rascals. Hereupon, as question after
+question was referred to the panel in the preliminary proceedings, the
+severity of the decisions passes belief: there was no disagreement in
+voting, the defendant carried none of his points, while the accuser got
+even more than he asked. He was triumphant. Need I say more? Hortensius
+would have it that he was the only one of us who had seen the truth.
+There was not a man who did not think it impossible for him to stand his
+trial without being condemned a thousand times over. Farther, when I was
+produced as a witness, I suppose you have been told how the shouts of
+Clodius's supporters were answered by the jury rising to their feet to
+gather round me, and openly to offer their throats to P. Clodius in my
+defence. This seemed to me a greater compliment than the well-known
+occasion when your fellow citizens[98] stopped Xenocrates from taking an
+oath in the witness-box, or when, upon the accounts of Metellus
+Numidicus[99] being as usual handed round, a Roman jury refused to look
+at them. The compliment paid me, I repeat, was much greater.
+Accordingly, as the jurymen were protecting me as the mainstay of the
+country, it was by their voices that the defendant was overwhelmed, and
+with him all his advocates suffered a crushing blow. Next day my house
+was visited by as great a throng as that which escorted me home when I
+laid down the consulship. Our eminent Areopagites then exclaimed that
+they would not come into court unless a guard was assigned them. The
+question was put to the whole panel: there was only one vote against the
+need of a guard. The question is brought before the senate: the decree
+is passed in the most solemn and laudatory terms: the jurymen are
+complimented: the magistrates are commissioned to carry it out: no one
+thought that the fellow would venture on a defence. "Tell me, ye Muses,
+now how first the fire befell!"[100] You know Bald-head, the Nanneian
+millionaire,[101] that panegyrist of mine, whose complimentary oration
+I have already mentioned to you in a letter. In two days' time, by the
+agency of a single slave, and one, too, from a school of gladiators, he
+settled the whole business--he summoned them to an interview, made a
+promise, offered security, paid money down. Still farther, good heavens,
+what a scandal! even favours from certain ladies, and introductions to
+young men of rank, were thrown in as a kind of _pourboire_ to some of
+the jurors. Accordingly, with the loyalists holding completely aloof,
+with the forum full of slaves, twenty-five jurors were yet found so
+courageous that, though at the risk of their lives, they preferred even
+death to producing universal ruin. There were thirty-one who were more
+influenced by famine than fame. On seeing one of these latter Catulus
+said to him, "Why did you ask us for a guard? Did you fear being robbed
+of the money?" There you have, as briefly as I could put it, the nature
+of the trial and the cause of the acquittal.
+
+Next you want to know the present state of public affairs and of my own.
+That settlement of the Republic--firmly established by my wisdom, as you
+thought, as I thought by God's--which seemed fixed on a sure foundation
+by the unanimity of all loyalists and the influence of my
+consulship--that I assure you, unless some God take compassion on us,
+has by this one verdict escaped from our grasp: if "verdict" it is to be
+called, when thirty of the most worthless and dissolute fellows in Rome
+for a paltry sum of money obliterate every principle of law and justice,
+and when that which every man--I had almost said every animal--knows to
+have taken place, a Thalna, a Plautus, and a Spongia, and other scum of
+that sort decide not to have taken place. However, to console you as to
+the state of the Republic, rascaldom is not as cheerful and exultant in
+its victory as the disloyal hoped after the infliction of such a wound
+upon the Republic. For they fully expected that when religion, morality,
+the honour of juries, and the prestige of the senate had sustained such
+a crushing fall, victorious profligacy and lawless lust would openly
+exact vengeance from all the best men for the mortification which the
+strictness of my consulship had branded in upon all the worst. And it is
+once more I--for I do not feel as if I were boasting vaingloriously when
+speaking of myself to you, especially in a letter not intended to be
+read by others--it was I once more, I say, who revived the fainting
+spirits of the loyalists, cheering and encouraging each personally.
+Moreover, by my denunciations and invectives against those corrupt
+jurors I left none of the favourers and supporters of that victory a
+word to say for themselves. I gave the consul Piso no rest anywhere, I
+got him deprived of Syria, which had been already plighted to him, I
+revived the fainting spirit of the senate and recalled it to its former
+severity. I overwhelmed Clodius in the senate to his face, both in a set
+speech, very weighty and serious, and also in an interchange of
+repartees, of which I append a specimen for your delectation. The rest
+lose all point and grace without the excitement of the contest, or, as
+you Greeks call it, the [Greek: agon]. Well, at the meeting of the
+senate on the 15th of May, being called on for my opinion, I spoke at
+considerable length on the high interests of the Republic, and brought
+in the following passage by a happy inspiration: "Do not, Fathers,
+regard yourselves as fallen utterly, do not faint, because you have
+received one blow. The wound is one which I cannot disguise, but which I
+yet feel sure should not be regarded with extreme fear: to fear would
+shew us to be the greatest of cowards, to ignore it the greatest of
+fools. Lentulus was twice acquitted, so was Catiline, a third such
+criminal has now been let loose by jurors upon the Republic. You are
+mistaken, Clodius: it is not for the city but for the prison that the
+jurors have reserved you, and their intention was not to retain you in
+the state, but to deprive you of the privilege of exile. Wherefore,
+Fathers, rouse up all your courage, hold fast to your high calling.
+There still remains in the Republic the old unanimity of the loyalists:
+their feelings have been outraged, their resolution has not been
+weakened: no fresh mischief has been done, only what was actually
+existing has been discovered. In the trial of one profligate many like
+him have been detected."--But what am I about? I have copied almost a
+speech into a letter. I return to the duel of words. Up gets our
+dandified young gentleman, and throws in my teeth my having been at
+Baiae. It wasn't true, but what did that matter to him? "It is as though
+you were to say," replied I, "that I had been in disguise!" "What
+business," quoth he, "has an Arpinate with hot baths?" "Say that to your
+patron," said I, "who coveted the watering-place of an Arpinate."[102]
+For you know about the marine villa. "How long," said he, "are we to put
+up with this king?" "Do you mention a king," quoth I, "when Rex[103]
+made no mention of you?" He, you know, had swallowed the inheritance of
+Rex in anticipation. "You have bought a house," says he. "You would
+think that he said," quoth I, "you have bought a jury." "They didn't
+trust you on your oath," said he. "Yes," said I, "twenty-five jurors did
+trust me, thirty-one didn't trust you, for they took care to get their
+money beforehand." Here he was overpowered by a burst of applause and
+broke down without a word to say.
+
+My own position is this: with the loyalists I hold the same place as
+when you left town, with the tagrag and bobtail of the city I hold a
+much better one than at your departure. For it does me no harm that my
+evidence appears not to have availed. Envy has been let blood without
+causing pain, and even more so from the fact that all the supporters of
+that flagitious proceeding confess that a perfectly notorious fact has
+been hushed up by bribing the jury. Besides, the wretched starveling
+mob, the blood-sucker of the treasury, imagines me to be high in the
+favour of Magnus--and indeed we have been mutually united by frequent
+pleasant intercourse to such an extent, that our friends the boon
+companions of the conspiracy, the young chin-tufts, speak of him in
+ordinary conversation as Gnaeus Cicero. Accordingly, both in the circus
+and at the gladiatorial games, I received a remarkable ovation without a
+single cat-call. There is at present a lively anticipation of the
+elections, in which, contrary to everybody's wishes, our friend Magnus
+is pushing the claims of Aulus's son;[104] and in that matter his
+weapons are neither his prestige nor his popularity, but those by which
+Philip said that any fortress could be taken--if only an ass laden with
+gold could make its way up into it. Farthermore, that precious consul,
+playing as it were second fiddle to Pompey,[105] is said to have
+undertaken the business and to have bribery agents at his house, which I
+don't believe. But two decrees have already passed the house of an
+unpopular character, because they are thought to be directed against the
+consul on the demand of Cato and Domitius[106]--one that search should
+be allowed in magistrates' houses, and a second, that all who had
+bribery agents in their houses were guilty of treason. The tribune Lurco
+also, having entered on his office irregularly in view of the AElian law,
+has been relieved from the provisions both of the AElian and Fufian laws,
+in order to enable him to propose his law on bribery, which he
+promulgated with correct auspices though a cripple.[107] Accordingly,
+the _comitia_ have been postponed to the 27th of July. There is this
+novelty in his bill, that a man who has promised money among the tribes,
+but not paid it, is not liable, but, if he has paid, he is liable for
+life to pay 3,000 sesterces to each tribe. I remarked that P. Clodius
+had obeyed this law by anticipation, for he was accustomed to promise,
+and not pay. But observe! Don't you see that the consulship of which we
+thought so much, which Curio used of old to call an apotheosis, if this
+Afranius is elected, will become a mere farce and mockery? Therefore I
+think one should play the philosopher, as you in fact do, and not care a
+straw for your consulships!
+
+You say in your letter that you have decided not to go to Asia. For my
+part I should have preferred your going, and I fear that there may be
+some offence[108] given in that matter. Nevertheless, I am not the man
+to blame you, especially considering that I have not gone to a province
+myself. I shall be quite content with the inscriptions you have placed
+in your Amaltheium,[109] especially as Thyillus has deserted me and
+Archias written nothing about me. The latter, I am afraid, having
+composed a Greek poem on the Luculli, is now turning his attention to
+the Caecilian drama.[110] I have thanked Antonius on your account, and I
+have intrusted the letter to Mallius. I have heretofore written to you
+more rarely because I had no one to whom I could trust a letter, and was
+not sure of your address. I have puffed you well. If Cincius should
+refer any business of yours to me, I will undertake it. But at present
+he is more intent on his own business, in which I am rendering him some
+assistance. If you mean to stay any length of time in one place you may
+expect frequent letters from me: but pray send even more yourself. I
+wish you would describe your Amaltheium to me, its decoration and its
+plan; and send me any poems or stories you may have about
+Amaltheia.[111] I should like to make a copy of it at Arpinum. I will
+forward you something of what I have written. At present there is
+nothing finished.
+
+[Footnote 94: [Greek: hysteron proteron Homerikos].]
+
+[Footnote 95: That is, the resolution of the senate, that the consuls
+should endeavour to get the bill passed.]
+
+[Footnote 96: Cicero deposed to having seen Clodius in Rome three hours
+after he swore that he was at Interamna (ninety miles off), thus
+spoiling his alibi.]
+
+[Footnote 97: The difficulty of this sentence is well known. The juries
+were now made up of three _decuriae_--senators, equites, and _tribuni
+aerarii_. But the exact meaning of _tribuni aerarii_ is not known, beyond
+the fact that they formed an _ordo_, coming immediately below the
+equites. Possibly they were old tribal officers who had the duty of
+distributing pay or collecting taxes (to which the translation supposes
+a punning reference), and as such were required to be of a _census_
+immediately below that of the equites. I do not profess to be satisfied,
+but I cannot think that Professor Tyrrell's proposal makes matters much
+easier--_tribuni non tam aerarii, ut appellantur, quam aerati_; for his
+translation of _aerati_ as "bribed" is not better supported, and is a
+less natural deduction than "moneyed."]
+
+[Footnote 98: _I.e._, the Athenians. Xenocrates of Calchedon (B.C.
+396-314), residing at Athens, is said to have been so trusted that his
+word was taken as a witness without an oath (Diog. Laert. IV. ii. 4).]
+
+[Footnote 99: Q. Caecilius Numidicus, consul B.C. 109, commanded against
+Iugurtha. The event referred to in the text is said to have occurred on
+his trial _de repetundis_, after his return from a province which he had
+held as propraetor (Val. Max. II. x. 1).]
+
+[Footnote 100: Hom. _Il._ xvi. 112:
+
+    [Greek: hespete nyn moi, Mousai, Olympia domat' echousai
+    hoppos de proton pyr empese neusin Achaion.]
+]
+
+[Footnote 101: The reference is to Crassus. But the rest is very dark.
+The old commentators say that he is here called _ex Nanneianis_ because
+he made a large sum of money by the property of one Nanneius, who was
+among those proscribed by Sulla. His calling Crassus his "panegyrist" is
+explained by Letter XIX, pp. 33-34.]
+
+[Footnote 102: C. Curio, the elder, defended Clodius. He had bought the
+villa of Marius (a native of Arpinum) at Baiae.]
+
+[Footnote 103: Q. Marcius Rex married a sister of Clodius, and dying,
+left him no legacy.]
+
+[Footnote 104: L. Afranius.]
+
+[Footnote 105: Reading _deterioris histrionis similis_, "like an
+inferior actor."]
+
+[Footnote 106: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, married to Cato's sister.
+Consul B.C. 54. A strong aristocrat and vehement opponent of Caesar.]
+
+[Footnote 107: Aufidius Lurco had apparently proposed his law on bribery
+between the time of the notice of the elections (_indictio_) and the
+elections themselves, which was against a provision of the _leges AElia
+et Fufia_. What his breach of the law was in entering on his office
+originally we do not know: perhaps some neglect of auspices, or his
+personal deformity.]
+
+[Footnote 108: _I.e._ to Quintus Cicero, now propraetor in Asia, who
+apparently wished his brother-in-law to come to Asia in some official
+capacity.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Some epigrams or inscriptions under a portrait bust of
+Cicero in the gymnasium of Atticus's villa at Buthrotum. Atticus had a
+taste for such compositions. See Nepos, _Att._ 18; Pliny, _N. H._ 35, Sec.
+11.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Cicero had defended Archias, and Thyillus seems also to
+have been intimate with him: but he says Archias, after complimenting
+the Luculli by a poem, is now doing the same to the Caecilii Metelli. The
+"Caecilian drama" is a reference to the old dramatist, Caecilius Statius
+(_ob._ B.C. 168).]
+
+[Footnote 111: Of Amaltheia, nurse of Zeus in Crete, there were plenty
+of legends. Atticus is making in his house something like what Cicero
+had made in his, and called his academia or gymnasium. That of Atticus
+was probably also a summer house or study, with garden, fountains, etc.,
+and a shrine or statue of Amaltheia.]
+
+
+
+
+XXII (A I, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 5 DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 61, AET. 45]
+
+Your letter, in which you inclose copies of his letters, has made me
+realize that my brother Quintus's feelings have undergone many
+alternations, and that his opinions and judgments have varied widely
+from time to time.[112] This has not only caused me all the pain which
+my extreme affection for both of you was bound to bring, but it has also
+made me wonder what can have happened to cause my brother Quintus such
+deep offence, or such an extraordinary change of feeling. And yet I was
+already aware, as I saw that you also, when you took leave of me, were
+beginning to suspect, that there was some lurking dissatisfaction, that
+his feelings were wounded, and that certain unfriendly suspicions had
+sunk deep into his heart. On trying on several previous occasions, but
+more eagerly than ever after the allotment of his province, to assuage
+these feelings, I failed to discover on the one hand that the extent of
+his offence was so great as your letter indicates; but on the other I
+did not make as much progress in allaying it as I wished. However, I
+consoled myself with thinking that there would be no doubt of his seeing
+you at Dyrrachium, or somewhere in your part of the country: and, if
+that happened, I felt sure and fully persuaded that everything would be
+made smooth between you, not only by conversation and mutual
+explanation, but by the very sight of each other in such an interview.
+For I need not say in writing to you, who know it quite well, how kind
+and sweet-tempered my brother is, as ready to forgive as he is sensitive
+in taking offence. But it most unfortunately happened that you did not
+see him anywhere. For the impression he had received from the artifices
+of others had more weight with him than duty or relationship, or the
+old affection so long existing between you, which ought to have been the
+strongest influence of all. And yet, as to where the blame for this
+misunderstanding resides, I can more easily conceive than write: since I
+am afraid that, while defending my own relations, I should not spare
+yours. For I perceive that, though no actual wound was inflicted by
+members of the family, they yet could at least have cured it. But the
+root of the mischief in this case, which perhaps extends farther than
+appears, I shall more conveniently explain to you when we meet. As to
+the letter he sent to you from Thessalonica,[113] and about the language
+which you suppose him to have used both at Rome among your friends and
+on his journey, I don't know how far the matter went, but my whole hope
+of removing this unpleasantness rests on your kindness. For if you will
+only make up your mind to believe that the best men are often those
+whose feelings are most easily irritated and appeased, and that this
+quickness, so to speak, and sensitiveness of disposition are generally
+signs of a good heart; and lastly--and this is the main thing--that we
+must mutually put up with each other's gaucheries (shall I call them?),
+or faults, or injurious acts, then these misunderstandings will, I hope,
+be easily smoothed away. I beg you to take this view, for it is the
+dearest wish of my heart (which is yours as no one else's can be) that
+there should not be one of my family or friends who does not love you
+and is not loved by you.
+
+That part of your letter was entirely superfluous, in which you mention
+what opportunities of doing good business in the provinces or the city
+you let pass at other times as well as in the year of my consulship: for
+I am thoroughly persuaded of your unselfishness and magnanimity, nor did
+I ever think that there was any difference between you and me except in
+our choice of a career. Ambition led me to seek official advancement,
+while another and perfectly laudable resolution led you to seek an
+honourable privacy. In the true glory, which is founded on honesty,
+industry, and piety, I place neither myself nor anyone else above you.
+In affection towards myself, next to my brother and immediate family, I
+put you first. For indeed, indeed I have seen and thoroughly appreciated
+how your anxiety and joy have corresponded with the variations of my
+fortunes. Often has your congratulation added a charm to praise, and
+your consolation a welcome antidote to alarm. Nay, at this moment of
+your absence, it is not only your advice--in which you excel--but the
+interchange of speech--in which no one gives me so much delight as you
+do--that I miss most, shall I say in politics, in which circumspection
+is always incumbent on me, or in my forensic labour, which I formerly
+sustained with a view to official promotion, and nowadays to maintain my
+position by securing popularity, or in the mere business of my family?
+In all these I missed you and our conversations before my brother left
+Rome, and still more do I miss them since. Finally, neither my work nor
+rest, neither my business nor leisure, neither my affairs in the forum
+or at home, public or private, can any longer do without your most
+consolatory and affectionate counsel and conversation. The modest
+reserve which characterizes both of us has often prevented my mentioning
+these facts; but on this occasion it was rendered necessary by that part
+of your letter in which you expressed a wish to have yourself and your
+character "put straight" and "cleared" in my eyes. Yet, in the midst of
+all this unfortunate alienation and anger, there is one fortunate
+circumstance--that your determination of not going to a province was
+known to me and your other friends, and had been at various times before
+distinctly expressed by yourself; so that your not being his guest may
+be attributed to your personal tastes and judgments, not to the quarrel
+and rupture between you. And so those ties which have been broken will
+be restored, and ours which have been so religiously preserved will
+retain all their old inviolability.
+
+At Rome I find politics in a shaky condition; everything is
+unsatisfactory and foreboding change. For I have no doubt you have been
+told that our friends, the equites, are all but alienated from the
+senate. Their first grievance was the promulgation of a bill on the
+authority of the senate for the trial of such as had taken bribes for
+giving a verdict. I happened not to be in the house when that decree was
+passed, but when I found that the equestrian order was indignant at it,
+and yet refrained from openly saying so, I remonstrated with the
+senate, as I thought, in very impressive language, and was very weighty
+and eloquent considering the unsatisfactory nature of my cause. But here
+is another piece of almost intolerable coolness on the part of the
+equites, which I have not only submitted to, but have even put in as
+good a light as possible! The companies which had contracted with the
+censors for Asia complained that in the heat of the competition they had
+taken the contract at an excessive price; they demanded that the
+contract should be annulled. I led in their support, or rather, I was
+second, for it was Crassus who induced them to venture on this demand.
+The case is scandalous, the demand a disgraceful one, and a confession
+of rash speculation. Yet there was a very great risk that, if they got
+no concession, they would be completely alienated from the senate. Here
+again I came to the rescue more than anyone else, and secured them a
+full and very friendly house, in which I, on the 1st and 2nd of
+December, delivered long speeches on the dignity and harmony of the two
+orders. The business is not yet settled, but the favourable feeling of
+the senate has been made manifest: for no one had spoken against it
+except the consul-designate, Metellus; while our hero Cato had still to
+speak, the shortness of the day having prevented his turn being reached.
+Thus I, in the maintenance of my steady policy, preserve to the best of
+my ability that harmony of the orders which was originally my joiner's
+work; but since it all now seems in such a crazy condition, I am
+constructing what I may call a road towards the maintenance of our
+power, a safe one I hope, which I cannot fully describe to you in a
+letter, but of which I will nevertheless give you a hint. _I cultivate
+close intimacy with Pompey_. I foresee what you will say. I will use all
+necessary precautions, and I will write another time at greater length
+about my schemes for managing the Republic. You must know that Lucceius
+has it in his mind to stand for the consulship at once; for there are
+said to be only two candidates in prospect. Caesar is thinking of coming
+to terms with him by the agency of Arrius, and Bibulus also thinks he
+may effect a coalition with him by means of C. Piso.[114] You smile?
+This is no laughing matter, believe me. What else shall I write to you?
+What? I have plenty to say, but must put it off to another time. If you
+mean to wait till you hear, let me know. For the moment I am satisfied
+with a modest request, though it is what I desire above everything--that
+you should come to Rome as soon as possible.
+
+5 December.
+
+[Footnote 112: Cicero is evidently very anxious as to the
+misunderstanding between Quintus and his brother-in-law Atticus, caused,
+as he hints, or at any rate not allayed, by Pomponia. The letter is very
+carefully written, without the familiar tone and mixture of jest and
+earnest common to most of the letters to Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 113: At the end of the _via Egnatia_, which started from
+Dyrrachium.]
+
+[Footnote 114: The election in question is that to be held in B.C. 60
+for the consulship of B.C. 59. Caesar and Bibulus were elected, and
+apparently were the only two candidates declared as yet. They were, of
+course, extremists, and Lucceius seems to reckon on getting in by
+forming a coalition with either one or the other, and so getting the
+support of one of the extreme parties, with the moderates, for himself.
+The bargain eventually made was between Lucceius and Caesar, the former
+finding the money. But the Optimates found more, and carried Bibulus.
+Arrius is Q. Arrius the orator (see Index). C. Piso is the consul of
+B.C. 67.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIII (A I, 18)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60. Coss., Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, L. Afranius.]
+
+     This was the year in which Caesar, returning from his propraetorship
+     in Spain, found Pompey in difficulties with the senate (1) as to
+     the confirmation _en bloc_ of his _acta_ in the East, (2) as to the
+     assignation of lands to his veterans; and being met with opposition
+     himself as to the triumph that he claimed, and his candidatureship
+     for the consulship, he formed with Pompey and Crassus the agreement
+     known as the first triumvirate. Cicero saw his favourite political
+     object, the _concordia ordinum_, threatened by any opposition to
+     the triumvirate, which he yet distrusted as dangerous to the
+     constitution. We shall find him, therefore, vacillating between
+     giving his support to its policy or standing by the extreme
+     Optimates. P. Clodius is taking measures to be adopted into a
+     plebeian gens, in order to stand for the tribuneship. Quintus is
+     still in Asia. Pompey's triumph had taken place in the previous
+     September.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 20 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+Believe me there is nothing at this moment of which I stand so much in
+need as a man with whom to share all that causes me anxiety: a man to
+love me; a man of sense to whom I can speak without affectation,
+reserve, or concealment. For my brother is away--that most open-hearted
+and affectionate of men. Metellus is not a human being, but
+
+    "Mere sound and air, a howling wilderness."
+
+While you, who have so often lightened my anxiety and my anguish of soul
+by your conversation and advice, who are ever my ally in public affairs,
+my confidant in all private business, the sharer in all my conversations
+and projects--where are you? So entirely am I abandoned by all, that the
+only moments of repose left me are those which are spent with my wife,
+pet daughter, and sweet little Cicero. For as to those friendships with
+the great, and their artificial attractions, they have indeed a certain
+glitter in the outside world, but they bring no private satisfaction.
+And so, after a crowded morning _levee_, as I go down to the forum
+surrounded by troops of friends, I can find no one out of all that crowd
+with whom to jest freely, or into whose ear I can breathe a familiar
+sigh. Therefore I wait for you, I long for you, I even urge on you to
+come; for I have many anxieties, many pressing cares, of which I think,
+if I once had your ears to listen to me, I could unburden myself in the
+conversation of a single walk. And of my private anxieties, indeed, I
+shall conceal all the stings and vexations, and not trust them to this
+letter and an unknown letter-carrier. These, however--for I don't want
+you to be made too anxious--are not very painful: yet they are
+persistent and worrying, and are not put to rest by the advice or
+conversation of any friend. But in regard to the Republic I have still
+the same courage and purpose, though it has again and again of its own
+act eluded treatment.[115] For should I put briefly what has occurred
+since you left, you would certainly exclaim that the Roman empire cannot
+be maintained much longer. Well, after your departure our first scene,
+I think, was the appearance of the Clodian scandal, in which having, as
+I thought, got an opportunity of pruning licentiousness and keeping our
+young men within bounds, I exerted myself to the utmost, and lavished
+all the resources of my intellect and genius, not from dislike to an
+individual, but from the hope of not merely correcting, but of
+completely curing the state. The Republic received a crushing blow when
+this jury was won over by money and the opportunity of debauchery. See
+what has followed! We have had a consul inflicted upon us, whom none
+except us philosophers can look at without a sigh. What a blow that is!
+Though a decree of the senate has been passed about bribery and the
+corruption of juries, no law has been carried; the senate has been
+harassed to death, the Roman knights alienated. So that one year has
+undermined two buttresses of the Republic, which owed their existence to
+me, and me alone; for it has at once destroyed the prestige of the
+senate and broken up the harmony of the orders. And now enter this
+precious year! It was inaugurated by the suspension of the annual rites
+of Iuventas;[116] for Memmius initiated M. Lucullus's wife in some rites
+of his own! Our Menelaus, being annoyed at that, divorced his wife. Yet
+the old Idaean shepherd had only injured Menelaus; our Roman Paris
+thought Agamemnon as proper an object of injury as Menelaus.[117] Next
+there is a certain tribune named C. Herennius, whom you, perhaps, do not
+even know--and yet you may know him, for he is of your tribe, and his
+father Sextus used to distribute money to your tribesmen--this person is
+trying to transfer P. Clodius to the plebs, and is actually proposing a
+law to authorize the whole people to vote in Clodius's affair in the
+_campus_.[118] I have given him a characteristic reception in the
+senate, but he is the thickest-skinned fellow in the world. Metellus is
+an excellent consul, and much attached to me, but he has lowered his
+influence by promulgating (though only for form's sake) an identical
+bill about Clodius. But the son of Aulus,[119] God in heaven! What a
+cowardly and spiritless fellow for a soldier! How well he deserves to be
+exposed, as he is, day after day to the abuse of Palicanus![120]
+Farther, an agrarian law has been promulgated by Flavius, a poor
+production enough, almost identical with that of Plotius. But meanwhile
+a genuine statesman is not to be found, even "in a dream." The man who
+could be one, my friend Pompey--for such he is, as I would have you
+know--defends his twopenny embroidered toga[121] by saying nothing.
+Crassus never risks his popularity by a word. The others you know
+without my telling you. They are such fools that they seem to expect
+that, though the Republic is lost, their fish-ponds will be safe. There
+is one man who does take some trouble, but rather, as it seems to me,
+with consistency and honesty, than with either prudence or
+ability--Cato. He has been for the last three months worrying those
+unhappy _publicani_, who were formerly devoted to him, and refuses to
+allow of an answer being given them by the senate. And so we are forced
+to suspend all decrees on other subjects until the _publicani_ have got
+their answer. For the same reason I suppose even the business of the
+foreign embassies will be postponed. You now understand in what stormy
+water we are: and as from what I have written to you in such strong
+terms you have a view also of what I have not written, come back to me,
+for it is time you did. And though the state of affairs to which I
+invite you is one to be avoided, yet let your value for me so far
+prevail, as to induce you to come there even in these vexatious
+circumstances. For the rest I will take care that due warning is given,
+and a notice put up in all places, to prevent you being entered on the
+census as absent; and to get put on the census just before the
+lustration is the mark of your true man of business.[122] So let me see
+you at the earliest possible moment. Farewell.
+
+20 January in the Consulship of Q. Metellus and L. Afranius.
+
+[Footnote 115: Reading (mainly with Schutz) _animus praesens et voluntas,
+tamen etiam atque etiam ipsa medicinam refugit_. The verb _refugit_ is
+very doubtful, but it gives nearly the sense required. Cicero is ready
+to be as brave and active as before, but the state will not do its part.
+It has, for instance, blundered in the matter of the law against
+judicial corruption. The senate offended the equites by proposing it,
+and yet did not carry the law. I think _animus_ and _voluntas_ must
+refer to Cicero, not the state, to which in his present humour he would
+not attribute them.]
+
+[Footnote 116: The temple of Iuventas was vowed by M. Livius after the
+battle of the Metaurus (B.C. 207), and dedicated in B.C. 191 by C.
+Licinius Lucullus, games being established on the anniversary of its
+dedication (Livy, xxi. 62; xxxvi. 36). It is suggested, therefore, that
+some of the Luculli usually presided at these games, but on this
+occasion refused, because of the injury done by C. Memmius, who was
+curule aedile.]
+
+[Footnote 117: By Agamemnon and Menelaus Cicero means Lucius and Marcus
+Lucullus; the former Memmius had, as tribune in B.C. 66-65, opposed in
+his demand for a triumph, the latter he has now injured in the person of
+his wife.]
+
+[Footnote 118: A man who was _sui iuris_ was properly adopted before the
+_commitia curiata_, now represented by thirty lictors. What Herennius
+proposed was that it should take place by a regular _lex_, passed by the
+_comitia tributa_. The object apparently was to avoid the necessity of
+the presence of a pontifex and augur, which was required at the _comitia
+curiata_. The concurrent law by the consul would come before the
+_comitia centuriata_. The adopter was P. Fonteius, a very young man.]
+
+[Footnote 119: L. Afranius, the other consul.]
+
+[Footnote 120: M. Lollius Palicanus, "a mere mob orator" (_Brutus_,
+Sec.223).]
+
+[Footnote 121: The _toga picta_ of a triumphator, which Pompey, by
+special law, was authorized to wear at the games. Cicero uses the
+contemptuous diminutive, _togula_.]
+
+[Footnote 122: To be absent from the census without excuse rendered a
+man liable to penalties. Cicero will therefore put up notices in
+Atticus's various places of business or residence of his intention to
+appear in due course. To appear just at the end of the period was, it
+seems, in the case of a man of business, advisable, that he might be
+rated at the actual amount of his property, no more or less.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIV (A I, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 15 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+It is not only if I had as much leisure as you, but also if I chose to
+send letters as short as yours usually are, should I easily beat you and
+be much the more regular in writing. But, in fact, it is only one more
+item in an immense and inconceivable amount of business, that I allow no
+letter to reach you from me without its containing some definite sketch
+of events and the reflexions arising from it. And in writing to you, as
+a lover of your country, my first subject will naturally be the state of
+the Republic; next, as I am the nearest object of your affection, I will
+also write about myself, and tell you what I think you will not be
+indisposed to know. Well then, in public affairs for the moment the
+chief subject of interest is the disturbance in Gaul. For the AEdui--"our
+brethren"[123]--have recently fought a losing battle, and the Helvetii
+are undoubtedly in arms and making raids upon our province.[124] The
+senate has decreed that the two consuls should draw lots for the Gauls,
+that a levy should be held, all exemptions from service be suspended,
+and legates with full powers be sent to visit the states in Gaul, and
+see that they do not join the Helvetii. The legates are Quintus Metellus
+Creticus,[125] L. Flaccus,[126] and lastly--a case of "rich unguent on
+lentils"--Lentulus, son of Clodianus.[127] And while on this subject I
+cannot omit mentioning that when among the consulars my name was the
+first to come up in the ballot, a full meeting of the senate declared
+with one voice that I must be kept in the city. The same occurred to
+Pompey after me; so that we two appeared to be kept at home as pledges
+of the safety of the Republic. Why should I look for the "bravos" of
+others when I get these compliments at home? Well, the state of affairs
+in the city is as follows. The agrarian law is being vehemently pushed
+by the tribune Flavius, with the support of Pompey, but it has nothing
+popular about it except its supporter. From this law I, with the full
+assent of a public meeting, proposed to omit all clauses which adversely
+affected private rights. I proposed to except from its operation such
+public land as had been so in the consulship of P. Mucius and L.
+Calpurnius.[128] I proposed to confirm the titles of holders of those to
+whom Sulla had actually assigned lands. I proposed to retain the men of
+Volaterrae and Arretium--whose lands Sulla had declared forfeited but
+had not allotted--in their holdings. There was only one section in the
+bill that I did not propose to omit, namely, that land should be
+purchased with this money from abroad, the proceeds of the new revenues
+for the next five years.[129] But to this whole agrarian scheme the
+senate was opposed, suspecting that some novel power for Pompey was
+aimed at. Pompey, indeed, had set his heart on getting the law passed.
+I, however, with the full approval of the applicants for land,
+maintained the holdings of all private owners--for, as you know, the
+landed gentry form the bulk of our party's forces--while I nevertheless
+satisfied the people and Pompey (for I wanted to do that also) by the
+purchase clause; for, if that was put on a sound footing, I thought that
+two advantages would accrue--the dregs might be drawn from the city, and
+the deserted portions of Italy be repeopled. But this whole business was
+interrupted by the war, and has cooled off. Metellus is an exceedingly
+good consul, and much attached to me. That other one is such a ninny
+that he clearly doesn't know what to do with his purchase.[130] This is
+all my public news, unless you regard as touching on public affairs the
+fact that a certain Herennius, a tribune, and a fellow tribesman of
+yours--a fellow as unprincipled as he is needy--has now begun making
+frequent proposals for transferring P. Clodius to the plebs; he is
+vetoed by many of his colleagues. That is really, I think, all the
+public news.
+
+For my part, ever since I won what I may call the splendid and immortal
+glory of the famous fifth of December[131] (though it was accompanied by
+the jealousy and hostility of many), I have never ceased to play my part
+in the Republic in the same lofty spirit, and to maintain the position I
+then inaugurated and took upon myself. But when, first, by the acquittal
+of Clodius I clearly perceived the insecurity and rotten state of the
+law courts; and, secondly, when I saw that it took so little to alienate
+my friends the _publicani_ from the senate--though with me personally
+they had no quarrel; and, thirdly, that the rich (I mean your friends
+the fish-breeders) did not disguise their jealousy of me, I thought I
+must look out for some greater security and stronger support. So, to
+begin with, I have brought the man who had been too long silent on my
+achievements, Pompey himself, to such a frame of mind as not once only
+in the senate, but many times and in many words, to ascribe to me the
+preservation of this empire and of the world. And this was not so
+important to me--for those transactions are neither so obscure as to
+need testimony, nor so dubious as to need commendation--as to the
+Republic; for there were certain persons base enough to think that some
+misunderstanding would arise between me and Pompey from a difference of
+opinion on these measures. With him I have united myself in such close
+intimacy that both of us can by this union be better fortified in his
+own views, and more secure in his political position. However, the
+dislike of the licentious dandies, which had been roused against me, has
+been so far softened by a conciliatory manner on my part, that they all
+combine to show me marked attention. In fine, while avoiding
+churlishness to anyone, I do not curry favour with the populace or relax
+any principle; but my whole course of conduct is so carefully regulated,
+that, while exhibiting an example of firmness to the Republic, in my own
+private concerns--in view of the instability of the loyalists, the
+hostility of the disaffected, and the hatred of the disloyal towards
+me--I employ a certain caution and circumspection, and do not allow
+myself, after all, to be involved in these new friendships so far but
+that the famous refrain of the cunning Sicilian frequently sounds in my
+ears:[132]
+
+    "Keep sober and distrust: these wisdom's sinews!"
+
+Of my course and way of life, therefore, you see, I think, what may be
+called a sketch or outline. Of your own business, however, you
+frequently write to me, but I cannot at the moment supply the remedy you
+require. For that decree of the senate was passed with the greatest
+unanimity on the part of the rank and file,[133] though without the
+support of any of us consulars. For as to your seeing my name at the
+foot of the decree, you can ascertain from the decree itself that the
+subject put to the vote at the time was a different one, and that this
+clause about "free peoples" was added without good reason. It was done
+by P. Servilius the younger,[134] who delivered his vote among the last,
+but it cannot be altered after such an interval of time. Accordingly,
+the meetings, which at first were crowded, have long ceased to be held.
+If you have been able, notwithstanding, by your insinuating address to
+get a trifle of money out of the Sicyonians, I wish you would let me
+know.[135] I have sent you an account of my consulship written in Greek.
+If there is anything in it which to a genuine Attic like yourself seems
+to be un-Greek or unscholarly, I shall not say as Lucullus said to you
+(at Panhormus, was it not?) about his own history, that he had
+interspersed certain barbarisms and solecisms for the express purpose of
+proving that it was the work of a Roman. No, if there is anything of
+that sort in my book, it will be without my knowledge and against my
+will. When I have finished the Latin version I will send it to you; and
+thirdly, you may expect a poem on the subject, for I would not have any
+method of celebrating my praise omitted by myself. In this regard pray
+do not quote "Who will praise his sire?"[136] For if there is anything
+in the world to be preferred to this, let it receive its due meed of
+praise, and I mine of blame for not selecting another theme for my
+praise. However, what I write is not panegyric but history. My brother
+Quintus clears himself to me in a letter, and asserts that he has never
+said a disparaging word of you to anyone. But this we must discuss face
+to face with the greatest care and earnestness: only _do_ come to see me
+again at last! This Cossinius, to whom I intrust my letter, seems to me
+a very good fellow, steady, devoted to you, and exactly the sort of man
+which your letter to me had described.
+
+15 March.
+
+[Footnote 123: A special title given to the AEdui on their application
+for alliance. Caesar, _B. G._ i. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 124: The migration of the Helvetii did not actually begin till
+B.C. 58. Caesar tells us in the first book of his _Commentaries_ how he
+stopped it.]
+
+[Footnote 125: Consul B.C. 69, superseded in Crete by Pompey B.C. 65.
+Triumphed B.C. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 126: Praetor B.C. 63, defended by Cicero in an extant oration.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul in B.C. 72.
+Cicero puns on the name Lentulus from _lens_ (pulse, [Greek: phake]),
+and quotes a Greek proverb for things incongruous. See Athenaeus, 160
+(from the _Necuia_ of Sopater):
+
+    [Greek: Ithakos Odysseus, to eki te phake myron
+    paresti; tharsei, thyme].
+]
+
+[Footnote 128: B.C. 133, the year before the agrarian law of Tiberius
+Gracchus. The law of Gracchus had not touched the public land in
+Campania (the old territory of Capua). The object of this clause (which
+appears repeatedly in those of B.C. 120 and 111, see Bruns, _Fontes
+Iuris_, p. 72) is to confine the allotment of _ager publicus_ to such
+land as had become so subsequently, _i.e._, to land made "public"
+principally by the confiscations of Sulla.]
+
+[Footnote 129: That is, he proposed to hypothecate the _vectigalia_ from
+the new provinces formed by Pompey in the East for five years.]
+
+[Footnote 130: The consulship. The bribery at Afranius's election is
+asserted in Letter XXI.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The day of the execution of the Catilinarian
+conspirators.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Epicharmus, twice quoted by Polybius, xviii. 40; xxxi.
+21. [Greek: naphe kai memnas' apistein, arthra tauta ton phrenon.]]
+
+[Footnote 133: _Pedarii_ were probably those senators who had not held
+curule office. They were not different from the other senators in point
+of legal rights, but as ex-magistrates were asked for their _sententia_
+first, they seldom had time to do anything but signify by word their
+assent to one or other motion, or to cross over to the person whom they
+intended to support.]
+
+[Footnote 134: P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, son of the conqueror of the
+Isaurians. As he had not yet been a praetor, he would be called on after
+the _consulares_ and _praetorii_. He then moved a new clause to the
+decree, and carried it.]
+
+[Footnote 135: The decree apparently prevented the recovery of debts
+from a _libera civitas_ in the Roman courts. Atticus would therefore
+have to trust to the regard of the Sicyonians for their credit.]
+
+[Footnote 136: A son must be hard up for something to say for himself if
+he is always harping on his father's reputation; and so must I, if I
+have nothing but my consulship. That seems the only point in the
+quotation. I do not feel that there is any reference to praise of his
+father in Cicero's own poem. There are two versions of the proverb:
+
+    [Greek: tis pater' ainesei ei me kakodaimones huioi]
+
+and
+
+    [Greek: tis pater' ainesei ei me eudaimones huioi.]
+]
+
+
+
+
+XXV (A I, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 13 MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+On my return to Rome from my villa at Pompeii on the 12th of May, our
+friend Cincius handed me your letter dated 13th February. It is this
+letter of yours which I will now proceed to answer. And first let me say
+how glad I am that you have fully understood my appreciation of
+you;[137] and next how excessively rejoiced I am that you have been so
+extremely reasonable in regard to those particulars in which you
+thought[138] that I and mine had behaved unkindly, or with insufficient
+consideration for your feelings: and this I regard as a proof of no
+common affection, and of the most excellent judgment and wisdom.
+Wherefore, since you have written to me in a tone so delightful,
+considerate, friendly and kind, that I not only have no call to press
+you any farther, but can never even hope to meet from you or any other
+man with so much gentleness and good nature, I think the very best
+course I can pursue is not to say another word on the subject in my
+letters. When we meet, if the occasion should arise, we will discuss it
+together.
+
+As to what you say about politics, your suggestions indeed are both
+affectionate and wise, and the course you suggest does not differ
+substantially from my own policy--for I must neither budge an inch from
+the position imposed upon me by my rank, nor must I without forces of my
+own enter the lines of another, while that other, whom you mention in
+your letter, has nothing large-minded about him, nothing lofty, nothing
+which is not abject and time-serving. However, the course I took was,
+after all, perhaps not ill-calculated for securing the tranquillity of
+my own life; but, by heaven, I did greater service to the Republic than,
+by suppressing the attacks of the disloyal, I did to myself, when I
+brought conviction home to the wavering mind of a man of the most
+splendid fortune, influence and popularity, and induced him to
+disappoint the disloyal and praise my acts. Now if I had been forced to
+sacrifice consistency in this transaction, I should not have thought
+anything worth that price; but the fact is that I have so worked the
+whole business, that I did not seem to be less consistent from my
+complacency to him, but that he appeared to gain in character by his
+approbation of me. In everything else I am so acting, and shall continue
+so to act, as to prevent my seeming to have done what I did do by mere
+chance. My friends the loyalists, the men at whom you hint, and that
+"Sparta" which you say has fallen to my lot,[139] I will not only never
+desert, but even if I am deserted by her, I shall still stand by my
+ancient creed. However, please consider this, that since the death of
+Catulus I am holding this road for the loyalists without any garrison or
+company. For as Rhinton, I think, says:
+
+    "Some are stark naught, and some care not at all."[140]
+
+However, how our friends the fish-breeders[141] envy me I will write you
+word another time, or will reserve it till we meet. But from the
+senate-house nothing shall ever tear me: either because that course is
+the right one, or because it is most to my interests, or because I am
+far from being dissatisfied with the estimation in which I am held by
+the senate.
+
+As to the Sicyonians, as I wrote to you before,[142] there is not much
+to be hoped for in the senate. For there is no one now to lay a
+complaint before it. Therefore, if you are waiting for that, you will
+find it a tedious business. Fight some other way if you can. At the time
+the decree was passed no one noticed who would be affected by it, and
+besides the rank and file of the senators voted in a great hurry for
+that clause. For cancelling the senatorial decree the time is not yet
+ripe, because there are none to complain of it, and because also many
+are glad to have it so, some from spite, some from a notion of its
+equity. Your friend Metellus is an admirable consul: I have only one
+fault to find with him--he doesn't receive the news from Gaul of the
+restoration of peace with much pleasure. He wants a triumph, I suppose.
+I could have wished a little less of that sort of thing: in other
+respects he is splendid. But the son of Aulus behaves in such a way,
+that his consulship is not a consulship but a stigma on our friend
+Magnus. Of my writings I send you my consulship in Greek completed. I
+have handed that book to L. Cossinius. My Latin works I think you like,
+but as a Greek you envy this Greek book. If others write treatises on
+the subject I will send them to you, but I assure you that, as soon as
+they have read mine, some how or other they become slack. To return to
+my own affairs, L. Papirius Paetus, an excellent man and an admirer of
+mine, has presented me with the books left him by Servius Claudius. As
+your friend Cincius told me that I could take them without breaking the
+_lex Cincia_[143], I told him that I should have great pleasure in
+accepting them, if he brought them to Italy. Wherefore, as you love me,
+as you know that I love you, do try by means of friends, clients,
+guests, or even your freedmen or slaves, to prevent the loss of a single
+leaf. For I am in urgent need of the Greek books which I suspect, and of
+the Latin books which I know, that he left: and more and more every day
+I find repose in such studies every moment left to me from my labours in
+the forum. You will, I say, do me a very great favour, if you will be as
+zealous in this matter as you ever are in matters in which you suppose
+me to feel strongly; and Paetus's own affairs I recommend to your
+kindness for which he thanks you extremely. A prompt visit from yourself
+is a thing which I do not merely ask for, I advise it.
+
+[Footnote 137: Contained in Letter XXII, pp. 46-47.]
+
+[Footnote 138: Reading _tibi_ for _mihi_, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests.]
+
+[Footnote 139: [Greek: Sparten elaches keinen kosmei.] "Sparta is your
+lot, do it credit," a line of Euripides which had become proverbial.]
+
+[Footnote 140: [Greek: hoi men par' ouden eisi, tois d' ouden melei.]
+Rhinton, a dramatist, _circa_ B.C. 320-280 (of Tarentum or Syracuse).]
+
+[Footnote 141: See pp. 52, 56, 65.]
+
+[Footnote 142: See p. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 143: The _lex Cincia_ (B.C. 204) forbade the taking of
+presents for acting as advocate in law courts.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVI (A II, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN GREECE)
+
+ROME, JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+On the 1st of June, as I was on my way to Antium, and eagerly getting
+out of the way of M. Metellus's gladiators, your boy met me, and
+delivered to me a letter from you and a history of my consulship written
+in Greek.[144] This made me glad that I had some time before delivered
+to L. Cossinius a book, also written in Greek, on the same subject, to
+take to you. For if I had read yours first you might have said that I
+had pilfered from you. Although your essay (which I have read with
+pleasure) seemed to me just a trifle rough and bald, yet its very
+neglect of ornament is an ornament in itself, as women were once thought
+to have the best perfume who used none. My book, on the other hand, has
+exhausted the whole of Isocrates's unguent case, and all the paint-boxes
+of his pupils, and even Aristotle's colours. This, as you tell me in
+another letter, you glanced over at Corcyra, and afterwards I suppose
+received it from Cossinius.[145] I should not have ventured to send it
+to you until I had slowly and fastidiously revised it. However,
+Posidonius, in his letter of acknowledgment from Rhodes, says that as he
+read my memoir, which I had sent him with a view to his writing on the
+same subject with more elaboration, he was not only not incited to
+write, but absolutely made afraid to do so. In a word, I have routed the
+Greeks. Accordingly, as a general rule, those who were pressing me for
+material to work up, have now ceased to bother me. Pray, if you like the
+book, see to there being copies at Athens and other Greek towns;[146]
+for it may possibly throw some lustre on my actions. As for my poor
+speeches, I will send you both those you ask for and some more also,
+since what I write to satisfy the studious youth finds favour, it seems,
+with you also. [For it suited my purpose[147]--both because it was in
+his Philippics that your fellow citizen Demosthenes gained his
+reputation, and because it was by withdrawing from the mere
+controversial and forensic style of oratory that he acquired the
+character of a serious politician--to see that I too should have
+speeches that may properly be called _consular_. Of these are, first,
+one delivered on the 1st of January in the senate, a second to the
+people on the agrarian law, a third on Otho, a fourth for Rabirius, a
+fifth on the Sons of the Proscribed, a sixth when I declined a province
+in public meeting, a seventh when I allowed Catiline to escape, which I
+delivered the day after Catiline fled, a ninth in public meeting on the
+day that the Allobroges made their revelation, a tenth in the senate on
+the 5th of December. There are also two short ones, which may be called
+fragments, on the agrarian law. This whole cycle I will see that you
+have. And since you like my writings as well as my actions, from these
+same rolls you will learn both what I have done and what I have said--or
+you should not have asked for them, for I did not make you an offer of
+them.]
+
+You ask me why I urge you to come home, and at the same time you
+intimate that you are hampered by business affairs, and yet say that you
+will nevertheless hasten back, not only if it is needful, but even if I
+desire it. Well, there is certainly no absolute necessity, yet I do
+think you might plan the periods of your tour somewhat more
+conveniently. Your absence is too prolonged, especially as you are in a
+neighbouring country, while yet I cannot enjoy your society, nor you
+mine. For the present there is peace, but if my young friend
+Pulcher's[148] madness found means to advance a little farther, I should
+certainly summon you from your present sojourn. But Metellus is offering
+him a splendid opposition and will continue to do so. Need I say more?
+He is a truly patriotic consul and, as I have ever thought, naturally an
+honest man. That person, however, makes no disguise, but avowedly
+desires to be elected tribune. But when the matter was mooted in the
+senate, I cut the fellow to pieces, and taunted him with his
+changeableness in seeking the tribuneship at Rome after having given out
+at Hera, in Sicily,[149] that he was a candidate for the aedileship; and
+went on to say that we needn't much trouble ourselves, for that he would
+not be permitted to ruin the Republic any more as a plebeian, than
+patricians like him had been allowed to do so in my consulship.
+Presently, on his saying that he had completed the journey from the
+straits in seven days, and that it was impossible for anyone to have
+gone out to meet him, and that he had entered the city by night,[150]
+and making a great parade of this in a public meeting, I remarked that
+that was nothing new for him: seven days from Sicily to Rome, three
+hours from Rome to Interamna![151] Entered by night, did he? so he did
+before! No one went to meet him? neither did anyone on the other
+occasion, exactly when it should have been done! In short, I bring our
+young upstart to his bearings, not only by a set and serious speech, but
+also by repartees of this sort. Accordingly, I have come now to rally
+him and jest with him in quite a familiar manner. For instance, when we
+were escorting a candidate, he asked me "whether I had been accustomed
+to secure Sicilians places at the gladiatorial shows?" "No," said I.
+"Well, I intend to start the practice," said he, "as their new patron;
+but my sister,[152] who has the control of such a large part of the
+consul's space, wont give me more than a single foot." "Don't grumble,"
+said I, "about one of your sister's feet; you may lift the other also."
+A jest, you will say, unbecoming to a consular. I confess it, but I
+detest that woman--so unworthy of a consul. For
+
+    "A shrew she is and with her husband jars,"
+
+and not only with Metellus, but also with Fabius,[153] because she is
+annoyed at their interference in this business.[154] You ask about the
+agrarian law: it has completely lost all interest, I think. You rather
+chide me, though gently, about my intimacy with Pompey. I would not have
+you think that I have made friends with him for my own protection; but
+things had come to such a pass that, if by any chance we had quarrelled,
+there would inevitably have been violent dissensions in the state. And
+in taking precautions and making provision against that, I by no means
+swerved from my well-known loyalist policy, but my object was to make
+him more of a loyalist and induce him to drop somewhat of his
+time-serving vacillation: and he, let me assure you, now speaks in much
+higher terms of my achievements (against which many had tried to incite
+him) than of his own. He testifies that while he served the state well,
+I preserved it. What if I even make a better citizen of Caesar,[155] who
+has now the wind full in his sails--am I doing so poor a service to the
+Republic? Farthermore, if there was no one to envy me, if all, as they
+ought to be, were my supporters, nevertheless a preference should still
+be given to a treatment that would cure the diseased parts of the state,
+rather than to the use of the knife. As it is, however, since the
+knighthood, which I once stationed on the slope of the Capitoline,[156]
+with you as their standard-bearer and leader, has deserted the senate,
+and since our leading men think themselves in a seventh heaven, if there
+are bearded mullets in their fish-ponds that will come to hand for food,
+and neglect everything else, do not you think that I am doing no mean
+service if I secure that those who have the power, should not have the
+will, to do any harm? As for our friend Cato, you do not love him more
+than I do: but after all, with the very best intentions and the most
+absolute honesty, he sometimes does harm to the Republic. He speaks and
+votes as though he were in the Republic of Plato, not in the scum of
+Romulus. What could be fairer than that a man should be brought to trial
+who has taken a bribe for his verdict? Cato voted for this: the senate
+agreed with him. The equites declared war on the senate, not on me, for
+I voted against it. What could be a greater piece of impudence than the
+equites renouncing the obligations of their contract? Yet for the sake
+of keeping the friendship of the order it was necessary to submit to the
+loss. Cato resisted and carried his point. Accordingly, though we have
+now had the spectacle of a consul thrown into prison,[157] of riots
+again and again stirred up, not one of those moved a finger to help,
+with whose support I and the consuls that immediately followed me were
+accustomed to defend the Republic. "Well, but," say you, "are we to pay
+them for their support?" What are we to do if we can't get it on any
+other terms? Are we to be slaves to freedmen or even slaves? But, as you
+say, _assez de serieux!_ Favonius[158] carried my tribe with better
+credit than his own; he lost that of Lucceius. His accusation of
+Nasica[159] was not creditable, but was conducted with moderation: he
+spoke so badly that he appeared when in Rhodes to have ground at the
+mills more than at the lessons of Molon.[160] He was somewhat angry
+with me because I appeared for the defence: however, he is now making up
+to me again on public grounds. I will write you word how Lucceius is
+getting on when I have seen Caesar, who will be here in a couple of days.
+The injury done you by the Sicyonians you attribute to Cato and his
+imitator Servilius.[161] Why? did not that blow reach many excellent
+citizens? But since the senate has so determined, let us commend it, and
+not be in a minority of one.[162] My "Amaltheia"[163] is waiting and
+longing for you. My Tusculan and Pompeian properties please me
+immensely, except that they have overwhelmed me--me, the scourge of
+debt!--not exactly in Corinthian bronze, but in the bronze which is
+current in the market.[164] In Gaul I hope peace is restored. My
+"Prognostics,"[165] along with my poor speeches, expect shortly. Yet
+write and tell me what your ideas are as to returning. For Pomponia sent
+a message to me that you would be at Rome some time in July. That does
+not agree with your letter which you wrote to me about your name being
+put on the census roll. Paetus, as I have already told you, has presented
+me with all books left by his brother. This gift of his depends upon
+your seeing to it with care. Pray, if you love me, take measures for
+their preservation and transmission to me. You could do me no greater
+favour, and I want the Latin books preserved with as much care as the
+Greek. I shall look upon them as virtually a present from yourself. I
+have written to Octavius:[166] I had not said anything to him about you
+by word of mouth; for I did not suppose that you carried on your
+business in that province, or look upon you in the light of general
+money-lender: but I have written, as in duty bound, with all
+seriousness.
+
+[Footnote 144: Nep. _Att._ c. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Atticus seems to have seen a copy belonging to some one
+else at Corfu. Cicero explains that he had kept back Atticus's copy for
+revision.]
+
+[Footnote 146: Cicero evidently intends Atticus to act as a publisher.
+His _librarii_ will make copies. See p. 32, note 1.]
+
+[Footnote 147: The passage in brackets is believed by some, not on very
+good grounds, to be spurious. Otho is L. Roscius Otho, the author of the
+law as to the seats in the theatre of the equites. The "proscribed" are
+those proscribed by Sulla, their sons being forbidden to hold office, a
+disability which Cicero maintained for fear of civil disturbances. See
+_in Pis._ Sec.Sec. 4-5.]
+
+[Footnote 148: Pulchellus, _i.e._, P. Clodius Pulcher, the diminutive of
+contempt.]
+
+[Footnote 149: Where he had been as quaestor. Hera is said to be another
+name for Hybla. Some read _heri_, "only yesterday."]
+
+[Footnote 150: Clodius is shewing off his modesty. It was usual for
+persons returning from a province to send messengers in front, and to
+travel deliberately, that their friends might pay them the compliment of
+going out to meet them. Entering the city after nightfall was another
+method of avoiding a public reception. See Suet. _Aug._ 53.]
+
+[Footnote 151: See p. 37, note 3.]
+
+[Footnote 152: Clodia, wife of the consul Metellus. See p. 22, note.]
+
+[Footnote 153: We don't know who this is; probably a _cavaliere
+servente_ of Clodia's.]
+
+[Footnote 154: _I.e._, in the business of her brother Clodius's attempt
+to get the tribuneship.]
+
+[Footnote 155: Though Caesar has been mentioned before in regard to his
+candidature for the consulship, and in connexion with the Clodius case,
+this is the first reference to him as a statesman. He is on the eve of
+his return from Spain, and already is giving indication of his coalition
+with Pompey. His military success in Spain first clearly demonstrated
+his importance.]
+
+[Footnote 156: During the meeting of the senate at the time of the
+Catilinarian conspiracy (2 _Phil._ Sec. 16).]
+
+[Footnote 157: The consul Caecilius Metellus was imprisoned by the
+tribune Flavius for resisting his land law (Dio, xxxvii. 50).]
+
+[Footnote 158: M. Favonius, an extreme Optimate. _Ille Catonis aemulus_
+(Suet. _Aug._ 13). He had a bitter tongue, but a faithful heart (Plut.
+_Pomp._ 60, 73; Vell. ii 73). He did not get the praetorship (which he
+was now seeking) till B.C. 49. He was executed after Philippi (Dio. 47,
+49).]
+
+[Footnote 159: P. Scipio Nasica Metellus Pius, the future father-in-law
+of Pompey, who got the praetorship, was indicted for _ambitus_ by
+Favonius.]
+
+[Footnote 160: [Greek: Apollonios Molon] of Alabanda taught rhetoric at
+Rhodes. Cicero had himself attended his lectures. He puns on the name
+Molon and _molae_, "mill at which slaves worked."]
+
+[Footnote 161: See pp. 57, 60.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Reading _discessionibus_, "divisions in the senate," with
+Manutius and Tyrrell, not _dissentionibus_; and _deinde ne_, but not
+_st_ for _si_.]
+
+[Footnote 163: His study, which he playfully calls by this name, in
+imitation of that of Atticus. See p. 30.]
+
+[Footnote 164: See Letter XV, p. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 165: His translation of the _Prognostics_ of Aratus.]
+
+[Footnote 166: Gaius Octavius, father of Augustus, governor of
+Macedonia.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVII (A II, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+Take care of my dear nephew Cicero, I beg of you. I seem to share his
+illness. I am engaged on the "Constitution of Pellene," and, by heaven,
+have piled up a huge heap of Dicaearchus at my feet.[167] What a great
+man! You may learn much more from him than from Procilius. His
+"Constitution of Corinth" and "Constitution of Athens" I have, I think,
+at Rome. Upon my word, you will say, if you read these, "What a
+remarkable man!" Herodes, if he had any sense, would have read him
+rather than write a single letter himself.[168] He has attacked me by
+letter; with you I see he has come to close quarters. I would have
+joined a conspiracy rather than resisted one, if I had thought that I
+should have to listen to him as my reward. As to Lollius, you must be
+mad. As to the wine, I think you are right.[169] But look here! Don't
+you see that the Kalends are approaching, and no Antonius?[170] That the
+jury is being empanelled? For so they send me word. That Nigidius[171]
+threatens in public meeting that he will personally cite any juror who
+does not appear? However, I should be glad if you would write me word
+whether you have heard anything about the return of Antonius; and since
+you don't mean to come here, dine with me in any case on the 29th. Mind
+you do this, and take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 167: The roll being unwound as he read and piled on the
+ground. Dicaearchus of Messene, a contemporary of Aristotle, wrote on
+"Constitutions" among other things. Procilius seems also to have written
+on polities.]
+
+[Footnote 168: Herodes, a teacher at Athens, afterwards tutor to young
+Cicero. He seems to have written on Cicero's consulship.]
+
+[Footnote 169: These remarks refer to something in Atticus's letter.]
+
+[Footnote 170: Gaius Antonius, about to be prosecuted for _maiestas_ on
+his return from Macedonia.]
+
+[Footnote 171: P. Nigidius Figulus, a tribune (which dates the letter
+after the 10th of December). The tribunes had no right of summons
+(_vocatio_), they must personally enforce their commands.]
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII (A II, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+First, I have good news for you, as I think. Valerius has been
+acquitted. Hortensius was his counsel. The verdict is thought to have
+been a favour to Aulus's son; and "Epicrates,"[172] I suspect, has been
+up to some mischief. I didn't like his boots and his white
+leggings.[173] What it is I shall know when you arrive. When you find
+fault with the narrow windows, let me tell you that you are criticising
+the Cyropaedeia.[174] For when I made the same remark, Cyrus used to
+answer that the views of the gardens through broad lights were not so
+pleasant. For let [Greek: a] be the eye, [Greek: bg] the object seen,
+[Greek: d] and [Greek: e] the rays ... you see the rest.[175] For if
+sight resulted from the impact of images,[176] the images would be in
+great difficulties with a narrow entrance: but, as it is, that
+"effusion" of rays gets on quite nicely. If you have any other fault to
+find you won't get off without an answer, unless it is something that
+can be put right without expense.
+
+I now come to January and my "political attitude," in which, after the
+manner of the Socratics, I shall put the two sides; at the end, however,
+as they were wont to do, the one which I approve. It is, indeed, a
+matter for profound reflexion. For I must either firmly oppose the
+agrarian law--which will involve a certain struggle, but a struggle full
+of glory--or I must remain altogether passive, which is about equivalent
+to retiring to Solonium[177] or Antium; or, lastly, I must actually
+assist the bill, which I am told Caesar fully expects from me without any
+doubt. For Cornelius has been with me (I mean Cornelius Balbus,[178]
+Caesar's intimate), and solemnly assured me that he meant to avail
+himself of my advice and Pompey's in everything, and intended to
+endeavour to reconcile Crassus with Pompey.[179] In this last course
+there are the following advantages: a very close union with Pompey, and,
+if I choose, with Caesar also; a reconciliation with my political
+enemies, peace with the common herd, ease for my old age. But the
+conclusion of the third book of my own poem has a strong hold on me:
+
+    "Meanwhile the tenor of thy youth's first spring,
+    Which still as consul thou with all thy soul
+    And all thy manhood heldest, see thou keep,
+    And swell the chorus of all good men's praise."[180]
+
+These verses Calliope herself dictated to me in that book, which
+contains much written in an "aristocratic" spirit, and I cannot,
+therefore, doubt that I shall always hold that
+
+    "The best of omens is our country's cause."[181]
+
+But let us reserve all this for our walks during the Compitalia[182].
+Remember the day before the Compitalia. I will order the bath to be
+heated, and Terentia is going to invite Pomponia. We will add your
+mother to the party. Please bring me Theophrastus _de Ambitione_ from my
+brother's library.
+
+[Footnote 172: "The Conqueror," _i.e._, Pompey. Aulus's son is L.
+Afranius.]
+
+[Footnote 173: _I.e._, his military get-up.]
+
+[Footnote 174: Cyrus was Cicero's architect; his argument or theory he
+calls Cyropaedeia, after Xenophon's book.]
+
+[Footnote 175: He supposes himself to be making a mathematical figure in
+optics:
+
+[Illustration]]
+
+[Footnote 176: The theory of sight held by Democritus, denounced as
+unphilosophical by Plutarch (_Timoleon_, Introd.).]
+
+[Footnote 177: Apparently a villa in the _Solonius ager_, near
+Lanuvium.]
+
+[Footnote 178: The Cornelius Balbus of Gades, whose citizenship Cicero
+defended B.C. 56 (consul B.C. 40). He was Caesar's close friend and
+agent.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Cicero was apparently not behind the scenes. The
+coalition with Pompey certainly, and with Crassus probably, had been
+already made and the terms agreed upon soon after the elections. If
+Cicero afterwards discovered this it must have shewn him how little he
+could trust Pompey's show of friendship and Caesar's candour. Caesar
+desired Cicero's private friendship and public acquiescence, but was
+prepared to do without them.]
+
+[Footnote 180: From Cicero's Latin poem on his consulship.]
+
+[Footnote 181: [Greek: eis oionos aristos amynesthai peri patres] (Hom.
+_Il._ xii. 243).]
+
+
+
+
+XXIX (Q FR I, 1)
+
+
+     Quintus Cicero was praetor in B.C. 62. In B.C. 61 (March) he went
+     out to "Asia" as propraetor; his first year of office would be up in
+     March, B.C. 60, but his governorship was, as was very common,
+     extended till March, B.C. 59. Towards the end of B.C. 60 the senate
+     seems to have arranged not to appoint his successor, that is, he
+     would be left in office till about March, B.C. 58. It is in view of
+     this third year of office that Cicero writes this essay-letter to
+     him on the duties of a provincial governor. Apparently Quintus had
+     faults of temper which had caused some scandals to reach Rome. We
+     have seen how he was one of the few who managed to quarrel with
+     Atticus; and in B.C. 48 we shall find how fiercely he resented the
+     exercise of his brother's influence which had led him to take the
+     losing side, which from his attachment to Caesar he may have been
+     half inclined to think the wrong side. His constant squabbles with
+     his wife (though the fault was evidently in great part hers) also
+     go towards forming our conclusion about him that, with some ability
+     and honesty, he was _un peu difficile_.
+
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 60, AET. 46]
+
+I. Though I have no doubt that many messengers, and even common rumour,
+with its usual speed, will anticipate this letter, and that you will
+already have heard from others that a third year has been added to my
+loss and your labour, yet I thought you ought to receive from me also
+the news of this tiresome circumstance. For not in one, but in several
+of my previous letters, in spite of others having given up the idea in
+despair, I gave you hope of being able at an early date to quit your
+province, not only that I might as long as possible cheer you with a
+pleasurable belief, but also because I and the praetors took such pains
+in the matter, that I felt no misgiving as to the possibility of its
+being arranged. As it is, since matters have so turned out that neither
+the praetors by the weight of their influence, nor I by my earnest
+efforts, have been able to prevail, it is certainly difficult not to be
+annoyed, yet our minds, practised as they are in conducting and
+supporting business of the utmost gravity, ought not to be crushed or
+weakened by vexation. And since men ought to feel most vexed at what has
+been brought upon them by their own fault, it is I who ought in this
+matter to be more vexed than you. For it is the result of a fault on my
+part, against which you had protested both in conversation at the moment
+of your departure, and in letters since, that your successor was not
+named last year. In this, while consulting for the interests of our
+allies, and resisting the shameless conduct of some merchants, and while
+seeking the increase of our reputation by your virtues, I acted
+unwisely, especially as I made it possible for that second year to
+entail a third. And as I confess the mistake to have been mine, it lies
+with your wisdom and kindness to remedy it, and to see that my
+imprudence is turned to advantage by your careful performance of your
+duties. And truly, if you exert yourself in every direction to earn
+men's good word, not with a view to rival others, but henceforth to
+surpass yourself, if you rouse your whole mind and your every thought
+and care to the ambition of gaining a superior reputation in all
+respects, believe me, one year added to your labour will bring us, nay,
+our posterity also, a joy of many years' duration. Wherefore I begin by
+entreating you not to let your soul shrink and be cast down, nor to
+allow yourself to be overpowered by the magnitude of the business as
+though by a wave; but, on the contrary, to stand upright and keep your
+footing, or even advance to meet the flood of affairs. For you are not
+administering a department of the state, in which fortune reigns
+supreme, but one in which a well-considered policy and an attention to
+business are the most important things. But if I had seen you receiving
+the prolongation of a command in a great and dangerous war, I should
+have trembled in spirit, because I should have known that the dominion
+of fortune over us had been at the same time prolonged. As it is,
+however, a department of the state has been intrusted to you in which
+fortune occupies no part, or, at any rate, an insignificant one, and
+which appears to me to depend entirely on your virtue and self-control.
+We have no reason to fear, as far as I know, any designs of our enemies,
+any actual fighting in the field, any revolts of allies, any default in
+the tribute or in the supply of corn, any mutiny in the army: things
+which have very often befallen the wisest of men in such a way, that
+they have been no more able to get the better of the assault of fortune,
+than the best of pilots a violent tempest. You have been granted
+profound peace, a dead calm: yet if the pilot falls asleep, it may even
+so overwhelm him, though if he keeps awake it may give him positive
+pleasure. For your province consists, in the first place, of allies of a
+race which, of all the world, is the most civilized; and, in the second
+place, of citizens, who, either as being _publicani_, are very closely
+connected with me, or, as being traders who have made money, think that
+they owe the security of their property to my consulship.
+
+II. But it may be said that among even such men as these there occur
+serious disputes, many wrongful acts are committed, and hotly contested
+litigation is the result. As though I ever thought that you had no
+trouble to contend with! I know that the trouble is exceedingly great,
+and such as demands the very greatest prudence; but remember that it is
+prudence much more than fortune on which, in my opinion, the result of
+your trouble depends. For what trouble is it to govern those over whom
+you are set, if you do but govern yourself? That may be a great and
+difficult task to others, and indeed it is most difficult: to you it has
+always been the easiest thing in the world, and indeed ought to be so,
+for your natural disposition is such that, even without discipline, it
+appears capable of self-control; whereas a discipline has, in fact, been
+applied that might educate the most faulty of characters. But while you
+resist, as you do, money, pleasure, and every kind of desire yourself,
+there will, I am to be told, be a risk of your not being able to
+suppress some fraudulent banker or some rather over-extortionate
+tax-collector! For as to the Greeks, they will think, as they behold the
+innocence of your life, that one of the heroes of their history, or a
+demigod from heaven, has come down into the province. And this I say,
+not to induce you to act thus, but to make you glad that you are acting
+or have acted so. It is a splendid thing to have been three years in
+supreme power in Asia without allowing statue, picture, plate, napery,
+slave, anyone's good looks, or any offer of money--all of which are
+plentiful in your province--to cause you to swerve from the most
+absolute honesty and purity of life. What can be imagined so striking or
+so desirable as that a virtue, a command over the passions, a
+self-control such as yours, are not remaining in darkness and obscurity,
+but have been set in the broad daylight of Asia, before the eyes of a
+famous province, and in the hearing of all nations and peoples? That the
+inhabitants are not being ruined by your progresses, drained by your
+charges, agitated by your approach? That there is the liveliest joy,
+public and private, wheresoever you come, the city regarding you as a
+protector and not a tyrant, the private house as a guest and not a
+plunderer?
+
+III. But in these matters I am sure that mere experience has by this
+time taught you that it is by no means sufficient to have these virtues
+yourself, but that you must keep your eyes open and vigilant, in order
+that in the guardianship of your province you may be considered to vouch
+to the allies, the citizens, and the state, not for yourself alone, but
+for all the subordinates of your government. However, you have in the
+persons of your _legati_ men likely to have a regard for their own
+reputation. Of these in rank, position, and age Tubero is first; who, I
+think, particularly as he is a writer of history, could select from his
+own Annals many whom he would like and would be able to imitate.
+Allienus, again, is ours, as well in heart and affection, as in his
+conformity to our principles. I need not speak of Gratidius: I am sure
+that, while taking pains to preserve his own reputation, his fraternal
+affection for us makes him take pains for ours also.[183] Your quaestor
+is not of your own selection, but the one assigned you by lot. He is
+bound both to act with propriety of his own accord, and to conform to
+the policy and principles which you lay down. But should any one of
+these adopt a lower standard of conduct, you should tolerate such
+behaviour, if it goes no farther than a breach, in his private capacity,
+of the rules by which he was bound, but not if it goes to the extent of
+employing for gain the authority which you granted him as a promotion.
+For I am far from thinking, especially since the moral sentiments of the
+day are so much inclined to excessive laxity and self-seeking, that you
+should investigate every case of petty misconduct, and thoroughly
+examine every one of these persons; but that you should regulate your
+confidence by the trustworthiness of its recipient. And among such
+persons you will have to vouch for those whom the Republic has itself
+given you as companions and assistants in public affairs, at least
+within the limits which I have before laid down.
+
+IV. In the case, however, of those of your personal staff or official
+attendants whom you have yourself selected to be about you--who are
+usually spoken of as a kind of praetor's cohort--we must vouch, not only
+for their acts, but even for their words. But those you have with you
+are the sort of men of whom you may easily be fond when they are acting
+rightly, and whom you may very easily check when they shew insufficient
+regard for your reputation. By these, when you were raw to the work,
+your frank disposition might possibly have been deceived--for the better
+a man is the less easily does he suspect others of being bad--now,
+however, let this third year witness an integrity as perfect as the two
+former, but still more wary and vigilant. Listen to that only which you
+are supposed to listen to; don't let your ears be open to whispered
+falsehoods and interested suggestions. Don't let your signet ring be a
+mere implement, but, as it were, your second self: not the minister of
+another's will, but a witness of your own. Let your marshal hold the
+rank which our ancestors wished him to hold, who, looking upon this
+place as not one of profit, but of labour and duty, scarcely ever
+conferred it upon any but their freedmen, whom they indeed controlled
+almost as absolutely as their slaves. Let the lictor be the dispenser of
+your clemency, not his own; and let the fasces and axes which they carry
+before you constitute ensigns rather of rank than of power. Let it, in
+fact, be known to the whole province that the life, children, fame, and
+fortunes of all over whom you preside are exceedingly dear to you.
+Finally, let it be believed that you will, if you detect it, be hostile
+not only to those who have accepted a bribe, but to those also who have
+given it. And, indeed, no one will give anything, if it is made quite
+clear that nothing is usually obtained from you through those who
+pretend to be very influential with you. Not, however, that the object
+of this discourse is to make you over-harsh or suspicious towards your
+staff. For if any of them in the course of the last two years has never
+fallen under suspicion of rapacity, as I am told about Caesius and
+Chaerippus and Labeo--and think it true, because I know them--there is no
+authority, I think, which may not be intrusted to them, and no
+confidence which may not be placed in them with the utmost propriety,
+and in anyone else like them. But if there is anyone of whom you have
+already had reason to doubt, or concerning whom you have made some
+discovery, in such a man place no confidence, intrust him with no
+particle of your reputation.
+
+V. If, however, you have found in the province itself anyone, hitherto
+unknown to us, who has made his way into intimacy with you, take care
+how much confidence you repose in him; not that there may not be many
+good provincials, but, though we may hope so, it is risky to be
+positive. For everyone's real character is covered by many wrappings of
+pretence and is concealed by a kind of veil: face, eyes, expression very
+often lie, speech most often of all. Wherefore, how can you expect to
+find in that class[184] any who, while foregoing for the sake of money
+all from which we can scarcely tear ourselves away,[185] will yet love
+you sincerely and not merely pretend to do so from interested motives? I
+think, indeed, it is a hard task to find such men, especially if we
+notice that the same persons care nothing for almost any man out of
+office, yet always with one consent shew affection for the praetors. But
+of this class, if by chance you have discovered any one to be fonder of
+you--for it may so happen--than of your office, such a man indeed gladly
+admit upon your list of friends: but if you fail to perceive that,
+there is no class of people you must be more on your guard against
+admitting to intimacy, just because they are acquainted with all the
+ways of making money, do everything for the sake of it, and have no
+consideration for the reputation of a man with whom they are not
+destined to pass their lives. And even among the Greeks themselves you
+must be on your guard against admitting close intimacies, except in the
+case of the very few, if such are to be found, who are worthy of ancient
+Greece. As things now stand, indeed, too many of them are untrustworthy,
+false, and schooled by long servitude in the arts of extravagant
+adulation. My advice is that these men should all be entertained with
+courtesy, but that close ties of hospitality or friendship should only
+be formed with the best of them: excessive intimacies with them are not
+very trustworthy--for they do not venture to oppose our wishes--and they
+are not only jealous of our countrymen, but of their own as well.
+
+VI. And now, considering the caution and care that I would shew in
+matters of this kind--in which I fear I may be somewhat
+over-severe--what do you suppose my sentiments are in regard to slaves?
+Upon these we ought to keep a hold in all places, but especially in the
+provinces. On this head many rules may be laid down, but this is at once
+the shortest and most easily maintained--that they should behave during
+your progresses in Asia as though you were travelling on the Appian way,
+and not suppose that it makes any difference whether they have arrived
+at Tralles or Formiae. But if, again, any one of your slaves is
+conspicuously trustworthy, employ him in your domestic and private
+affairs; but in affairs pertaining to your office as governor, or in any
+department of the state, do not let him lay a finger. For many things
+which may, with perfect propriety, be intrusted to slaves, must yet not
+be so intrusted, for the sake of avoiding talk and hostile remark. But
+my discourse, I know not how, has slipped into the didactic vein, though
+that is not what I proposed to myself originally. For what right have I
+to be laying down rules for one who, I am fully aware, in this subject
+especially, is not my inferior in wisdom, while in experience he is even
+my superior? Yet, after all, if your actions had the additional weight
+of my approval, I thought that they would seem more satisfactory to
+yourself. Wherefore, let these be the foundations on which your public
+character rests: first and foremost your own honesty and self-control,
+then the scrupulous conduct of all your staff, the exceedingly cautious
+and careful selection in regard to intimacies with provincials and
+Greeks, the strict and unbending government of your slaves. These are
+creditable even in the conduct of our private and everyday business: in
+such an important government, where morals are so debased and the
+province has such a corrupting influence, they must needs seem divine.
+Such principles and conduct on your part are sufficient to justify the
+strictness which you have displayed in some acts of administration,
+owing to which I have encountered certain personal disputes with great
+satisfaction, unless, indeed, you suppose me to be annoyed by the
+complaints of a fellow like Paconius--who is not even a Greek, but in
+reality a Mysian or Phrygian--or by the words of Tuscenius, a madman and
+a knave, from whose abominable jaws you snatched the fruits of a most
+infamous piece of extortion with the most complete justice.
+
+VII. These and similar instances of your strict administration in your
+province we shall find difficulty in justifying, unless they are
+accompanied by the most perfect integrity: wherefore let there be the
+greatest strictness in your administration of justice, provided only
+that it is never varied from favour, but is kept up with impartiality.
+But it is of little avail that justice is administered by yourself with
+impartiality and care, unless the same is done by those to whom you have
+intrusted any portion of this duty. And, indeed, in my view there is no
+very great variety of business in the government of Asia: the entire
+province mainly depends on the administration of justice. In it we have
+the whole theory of government, especially of provincial government,
+clearly displayed: all that a governor has to do is to shew consistency
+and firmness enough, not only to resist favouritism, but even the
+suspicion of it. To this also must be added courtesy in listening to
+pleaders, consideration in pronouncing a decision, and painstaking
+efforts to convince suitors of its justice, and to answer their
+arguments. It is by such habits that C. Octavius has recently made
+himself very popular;[186] in whose court, for the first time,[187] the
+lictor did not interfere, and the marshal kept silence, while every
+suitor spoke as often and as long as he chose. In which conduct he would
+perhaps have been thought over-lax, had it not been that this laxity
+enabled him to maintain the following instance of severity. The
+partisans of Sulla were forced to restore what they had taken by
+violence and terrorism. Those who had made inequitable decrees, while in
+office, were now as private citizens forced to submit to the principles
+they had established. This strictness on his part would have been
+thought harsh, had it not been rendered palatable by many sweetening
+influences of courtesy. But if this gentleness was sufficient to make
+him popular at Rome, where there is such haughtiness of spirit, such
+unrestrained liberty, such unlimited licence of individuals, and, in
+fine, so many magistrates, so many means of obtaining protection, such
+vast power in the hands of the popular assembly, and such influence
+exercised by the senate, how welcome must a praetor's courtesy be in
+Asia, in which there is such a numerous body of citizens and allies, so
+many cities, so many communities, all hanging on one man's nod, and in
+which there are no means of protection, no one to whom to make a
+complaint, no senate, no popular assembly! Wherefore it requires an
+exalted character, a man who is not only equitable from natural impulse,
+but who has also been trained by study and the refinements of a liberal
+education, so to conduct himself while in the possession of such immense
+power, that those over whom he rules should not feel the want of any
+other power.
+
+VIII. Take the case of the famous Cyrus, portrayed by Xenophon, not as
+an historical character, but as a model of righteous government, the
+serious dignity of whose character is represented by that philosopher as
+combined with a peculiar courtesy. And, indeed, it is not without reason
+that our hero Africanus used perpetually to have those books in his
+hands, for there is no duty pertaining to a careful and equitable
+governor which is not to be found in them. Well, if _he_ cultivated
+those qualities, though never destined to be in a private station, how
+carefully ought those to maintain them to whom power is given with the
+understanding that it must be surrendered, and given by laws under whose
+authority they must once more come? In my opinion all who govern others
+are bound to regard as the object of all their actions the greatest
+happiness of the governed. That this is your highest object, and has
+been so since you first landed in Asia, has been published abroad by
+consistent rumour and the conversation of all. It is, let me add, not
+only the duty of one who governs allies and citizens, but even of one
+who governs slaves and dumb animals, to serve the interests and
+advantage of those under him. In this point I notice that everyone
+agrees that you take the greatest pains: no new debt is being contracted
+by the states, while many have been relieved by you from a heavy and
+long-standing one. Several cities that had become dilapidated and almost
+deserted--of which one was the most famous state in Ionia, the other in
+Caria, Samus and Halicarnassus--have been given a new life by you: there
+is no party fighting, no civil strife in the towns: you take care that
+the government of the states is administered by the best class of
+citizens: brigandage is abolished in Mysia; murder suppressed in many
+districts; peace is established throughout the province; and not only
+the robberies usual on highways and in country places, but those more
+numerous and more serious ones in towns and temples, have been
+completely stopped: the fame, fortunes, and repose of the rich have been
+relieved of that most oppressive instrument of praetorial
+rapacity--vexatious prosecution; the expenses and tribute of the states
+are made to fall with equal weight on all who live in the territories of
+those states: access to you is as easy as possible: your ears are open
+to the complaints of all: no man's want of means or want of friends
+excludes him, I don't say from access to you in public and on the
+tribunal, but even from your house and chamber: in a word, throughout
+your government there is no harshness or cruelty--everywhere clemency,
+mildness, and kindness reign supreme.
+
+IX. What an immense benefit, again, have you done in having liberated
+Asia from the tribute exacted by the aediles a measure which cost me some
+violent controversies! For if one of our nobles complains openly that
+by your edict, "No moneys shall be voted for the games," you have robbed
+him of 200 sestertia, what a vast sum of money would have been paid, had
+a grant been made to the credit of every magistrate who held games, as
+had become the regular custom! However, I stopped these complaints by
+taking up this position--what they think of it in Asia I don't know, in
+Rome it meets with no little approval and praise--I refused to accept a
+sum of money which the states had decreed for a temple and monument in
+our honour, though they had done so with the greatest enthusiasm in view
+both of my services and of your most valuable benefactions; and though
+the law contained a special and distinct exception in these words, "that
+it was lawful to receive for temple or monument"; and though again the
+money was not going to be thrown away, but would be employed on
+decorating a temple, and would thus appear to have been given to the
+Roman people and the immortal Gods rather than to myself--yet, in spite
+of its having desert, law, and the wishes of those who offered the gift
+in its favour, I determined that I must not accept it, for this reason
+among others, namely, to prevent those, to whom such an honour was
+neither due nor legal, from being jealous. Wherefore adhere with all
+your heart and soul to the policy which you have hitherto adopted--that
+of being devoted to those whom the senate and people of Rome have
+committed and intrusted to your honour and authority, of doing your best
+to protect them, and of desiring their greatest happiness. Even if the
+lot had made you governor of Africans, or Spaniards, or
+Gauls--uncivilized and barbarous nations--it would still have been your
+duty as a man of feeling to consult for their interests and advantage,
+and to have contributed to their safety. But when we rule over a race of
+men in which civilization not only exists, but from which it is believed
+to have spread to others, we are bound to repay them, above all things,
+what we received from them. For I shall not be ashamed to go so
+far--especially as my life and achievements have been such as to exclude
+any suspicion of sloth or frivolity--as to confess that, whatever I have
+accomplished, I have accomplished by means of those studies and
+principles which have been transmitted to us in Greek literature and
+schools of thought. Wherefore, over and above the general good faith
+which is due to all men, I think we are in a special sense under an
+obligation to that nation, to put in practice what it has taught us
+among the very men by whose maxims we have been brought out of
+barbarism.
+
+X. And indeed Plato, the fountain-head of genius and learning, thought
+that states would only be happy when scholars and philosophers began
+being their rulers, or when those who were their rulers had devoted all
+their attention to learning and philosophy. It was plainly this union of
+power and philosophy that in his opinion might prove the salvation of
+states. And this perhaps has at length fallen to the fortune of the
+whole empire: certainly it has in the present instance to your province,
+to have a man in supreme power in it, who has from boyhood spent the
+chief part of his zeal and time in imbibing the principles of
+philosophy, virtue, and humanity. Wherefore be careful that this third
+year, which has been added to your labour, may be thought a prolongation
+of prosperity to Asia. And since Asia was more fortunate in retaining
+you than I was in my endeavour to bring you back, see that my regret is
+softened by the exultation of the province. For if you have displayed
+the very greatest activity in earning honours such as, I think, have
+never been paid to anyone else, much greater ought your activity to be
+in preserving these honours. What I for my part think of honours of that
+kind I have told you in previous letters. I have always regarded them,
+if given indiscriminately, as of little value, if paid from interested
+motives, as worthless: if, however, as in this case, they are tributes
+to solid services on your part, I hold you bound to take much pains in
+preserving them. Since, then, you are exercising supreme power and
+official authority in cities, in which you have before your eyes the
+consecration and apotheosis of your virtues, in all decisions, decrees,
+and official acts consider what you owe to those warm opinions
+entertained of you, to those verdicts on your character, to those
+honours which have been rendered you. And what you owe will be to
+consult for the interests of all, to remedy men's misfortunes, to
+provide for their safety, to resolve that you will be both called and
+believed to be the "father of Asia."
+
+XI. However, to such a resolution and deliberate policy on your part the
+great obstacle are the _publicani_: for, if we oppose them, we shall
+alienate from ourselves and from the Republic an order which has done us
+most excellent service, and which has been brought into sympathy with
+the Republic by our means; if, on the other hand, we comply with them in
+every case, we shall allow the complete ruin of those whose interests,
+to say nothing of their preservation, we are bound to consult. This is
+the one difficulty, if we look the thing fairly in the face, in your
+whole government. For disinterested conduct on one's own part, the
+suppression of all inordinate desires, the keeping a check upon one's
+staff, courtesy in hearing causes, in listening to and admitting
+suitors--all this is rather a question of credit than of difficulty: for
+it does not depend on any special exertion, but rather on a mental
+resolve and inclination. But how much bitterness of feeling is caused to
+allies by that question of the _publicani_ we have had reason to know in
+the case of citizens who, when recently urging the removal of the
+port-dues in Italy, did not complain so much of the dues themselves, as
+of certain extortionate conduct on the part of the collectors.
+Wherefore, after hearing the grievances of citizens in Italy, I can
+comprehend what happens to allies in distant lands. To conduct oneself
+in this matter in such a way as to satisfy the _publicani_, especially
+when contracts have been undertaken at a loss, and yet to preserve the
+allies from ruin, seems to demand a virtue with something divine in it,
+I mean a virtue like yours. To begin with, that they are subject to tax
+at all, which is their greatest grievance, ought not to be thought so by
+the Greeks, because they were so subject by their own laws without the
+Roman government. Again, they cannot despise the word _publicanus_, for
+they have been unable to pay the assessment according to Sulla's
+poll-tax without the aid of the publican. But that Greek _publicani_ are
+not more considerate in exacting the payment of taxes than our own may
+be gathered from the fact that the Caunii, and all the islands assigned
+to the Rhodians by Sulla, recently appealed to the protection of the
+senate, and petitioned to be allowed to pay their tax to us rather than
+to the Rhodians. Wherefore neither ought those to revolt at the name of
+a _publicanus_ who have always been subject to tax, nor those to despise
+it who have been unable to make up the tribute by themselves, nor those
+to refuse his services who have asked for them. At the same time let
+Asia reflect on this, that if she were not under our government, there
+is no calamity of foreign war or internal strife from which she would be
+free. And since that government cannot possibly be maintained without
+taxes, she should be content to purchase perpetual peace and
+tranquillity at the price of a certain proportion of her products.
+
+XII. But if they will fairly reconcile themselves to the existence and
+name of publican, all the rest may be made to appear to them in a less
+offensive light by your skill and prudence. They may, in making their
+bargains with the _publicani_, not have regard so much to the exact
+conditions laid down by the censors as to the convenience of settling
+the business and freeing themselves from farther trouble. You also may
+do, what you have done splendidly and are still doing, namely, dwell on
+the high position of the _publicani_, and on your obligations to that
+order, in such a way as--putting out of the question all considerations
+of your _imperium_ and the power of your official authority and
+dignity--to reconcile the Greeks with the _publicani_, and to beg of
+those, whom you have served eminently well, and who owe you everything,
+to suffer you by their compliance to maintain and preserve the bonds
+which unite us with the _publicani_. But why do I address these
+exhortations to you, who are not only capable of carrying them out of
+your own accord without anyone's instruction, but have already to a
+great extent thoroughly done so? For the most respectable and important
+companies do not cease offering me thanks daily, and this is all the
+more gratifying to me because the Greeks do the same. Now it is an
+achievement of great difficulty to unite in feeling things which are
+opposite in interests, aims, and, I had almost said, in their very
+nature. But I have not written all this to instruct you--for your wisdom
+requires no man's instruction--but it has been a pleasure to me while
+writing to set down your virtues, though I have run to greater length in
+this letter than I could have wished, or than I thought I should.
+
+XIII. There is one thing on which I shall not cease from giving you
+advice, nor will I, as far as in me lies, allow your praise to be spoken
+of with a reservation. For all who come from your province do make one
+reservation in the extremely high praise which they bestow on your
+virtue, integrity, and kindness--it is that of sharpness of temper. That
+is a fault which, even in our private and everyday life, seems to
+indicate want of solidity and strength of mind; but nothing, surely, can
+be more improper than to combine harshness of temper with the exercise
+of supreme power. Wherefore I will not undertake to lay before you now
+what the greatest philosophers say about anger, for I should not wish to
+be tedious, and you can easily ascertain it yourself from the writings
+of many of them: but I don't think I ought to pass over what is the
+essence of a letter, namely, that the recipient should be informed of
+what he does not know. Well, what nearly everybody reports to me is
+this: they usually say that, as long as you are not out of temper,
+nothing can be pleasanter than you are, but that when some instance of
+dishonesty or wrong-headedness has stirred you, your temper rises to
+such a height that no one can discover any trace of your usual kindness.
+Wherefore, since no mere desire for glory, but circumstances and fortune
+have brought us upon a path of life which makes it inevitable that men
+will always talk about us, let us be on our guard, to the utmost of our
+means and ability, that no glaring fault may be alleged to have existed
+in us. And I am not now urging, what is perhaps difficult in human
+nature generally, and at our time of life especially, that you should
+change your disposition and suddenly pluck out a deeply-rooted habit,
+but I give you this hint: if you cannot completely avoid this failing,
+because your mind is surprised by anger before cool calculation has been
+able to prevent it, deliberately prepare yourself beforehand, and daily
+reflect on the duty of resisting anger, and that, when it moves your
+heart most violently, it is just the time for being most careful to
+restrain your tongue. And that sometimes seems to me to be a greater
+virtue than not being angry at all. For the latter is not always a mark
+of superiority to weakness, it is sometimes the result of dullness; but
+to govern temper and speech, however angry you may be, or even to hold
+your tongue and keep your indignant feelings and resentment under
+control, although it may not be a proof of perfect wisdom, yet requires
+no ordinary force of character. And, indeed, in this respect they tell
+me that you are now much more gentle and less irritable. No violent
+outbursts of indignation on your part, no abusive words, no insulting
+language are reported to me: which, while quite alien to culture and
+refinement, are specially unsuited to high power and place. For if your
+anger is implacable, it amounts to extreme harshness; if easily
+appeased, to extreme weakness. The latter, however, as a choice of
+evils, is, after all, preferable to harshness.
+
+XIV. But since your first year gave rise to most talk in regard to this
+particular complaint--I believe because the wrong-doing, the
+covetousness, and the arrogance of men came upon you as a surprise, and
+seemed to you unbearable --while your second year was much milder,
+because habit and reflexion, and, as I think, my letters also, rendered
+you more tolerant and gentle, the third ought to be so completely
+reformed, as not to give even the smallest ground for anyone to find
+fault. And here I go on to urge upon you, not by way of exhortation or
+admonition, but by brotherly entreaties, that you would set your whole
+heart, care, and thought on the gaining of praise from everybody and
+from every quarter. If, indeed, our achievements were only the subject
+of a moderate amount of talk and commendation, nothing eminent, nothing
+beyond the practice of others, would have been demanded of you. As it
+is, however, owing to the brilliancy and magnitude of the affairs in
+which we have been engaged, if we do not obtain the very highest
+reputation from your province, it seems scarcely possible for us to
+avoid the most violent abuse. Our position is such that all loyalists
+support us, but demand also and expect from us every kind of activity
+and virtue, while all the disloyal, seeing that we have entered upon a
+lasting war with them, appear contented with the very smallest excuse
+for attacking us. Wherefore, since fortune has allotted to you such a
+theatre as Asia, completely packed with an audience, of immense size, of
+the most refined judgment, and, moreover, naturally so capable of
+conveying sound, that its expressions of opinion and its remarks reach
+Rome, put out all your power, I beseech you, exert all your energies to
+appear not only to have been worthy of the part we played here, but to
+have surpassed everything done there by your high qualities.
+
+XV. And since chance has assigned to me among the magistracies the
+conduct of public business in the city, to you that in a province, if my
+share is inferior to no one's, take care that yours surpasses others. At
+the same time think of this: we are not now working for a future and
+prospective glory, but are fighting in defence of what has been already
+gained; which indeed it was not so much an object to gain as it is now
+our duty to defend. And if anything in me could be apart from you, I
+should desire nothing more than the position which I have already
+gained. The actual fact, however, is that unless all your acts and deeds
+in your province correspond to my achievements, I shall think that I
+have gained nothing by those great labours and dangers, in all of which
+you have shared. But if it was you who, above all others, assisted me to
+gain a most splendid reputation, you will certainly also labour more
+than others to enable me to retain it. You must not be guided by the
+opinions and judgments of the present generation only, but of those to
+come also: and yet the latter will be a more candid judgment, for it
+will not be influenced by detraction and malice. Finally, you should
+think of this--that you are not seeking glory for yourself alone (and
+even if that were the case, you still ought not to be careless of it,
+especially as you had determined to consecrate the memory of your name
+by the most splendid monuments), but you have to share it with me, and
+to hand it down to our children. In regard to which you must be on your
+guard lest by any excess of carelessness you should seem not only to
+have neglected your own interests, but to have begrudged those of your
+family also.
+
+XVI. And these observations are not made with the idea of any speech of
+mine appearing to have roused you from your sleep, but to have rather
+"added speed to the runner." For you will continue to compel all in the
+future, as you have compelled them in the past, to praise your equity,
+self-control, strictness, and honesty. But from my extreme affection I
+am possessed with a certain insatiable greed for glory for you. However,
+I am convinced that, as Asia should now be as well-known to you as each
+man's own house is to himself, and since to your supreme good sense such
+great experience has now been added, there is nothing that affects
+reputation which you do not know as well as possible yourself, and
+which does not daily occur to your mind without anybody's exhortation.
+But I, who when I read your writing seem to hear your voice, and when I
+write to you seem to be talking to you, am therefore always best pleased
+with your longest letter, and in writing am often somewhat prolix
+myself. My last prayer and advice to you is that, as good poets and
+painstaking actors always do, so you should be most attentive in the
+last scenes and conclusion of your function and business, so that this
+third year of your government, like a third act in a play, may appear to
+have been the most elaborated and most highly finished. You will do that
+with more ease if you will think that I, whom you always wished to
+please more than all the world besides, am always at your side, and am
+taking part in everything you say and do. It remains only to beg you to
+take the greatest care of your health, if you wish me and all your
+friends to be well also.
+
+Farewell.
+
+[Footnote 182: A country festival and general holiday. It was a _feriae
+conceptivae_, and therefore the exact day varied. But it was about the
+end of the year or beginning of the new year (_in Pis._ Sec. 4; Aul. Gell.
+x. 24; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 4; _ad Att._ vii. 5; vii. 7, Sec. 2).]
+
+[Footnote 183: Of the persons mentioned, L. AElius Tubero is elsewhere
+praised as a man of learning (_pro Lig._ Sec. 10); A. Allienus (praetor B.C.
+49) was a friend and correspondent; M. Gratidius is mentioned in _pro
+Flacco_, Sec. 49, as acting in a judicial capacity, and was perhaps a
+cousin of Cicero's.]
+
+[Footnote 184: The class of Romans who have practically become
+provincials.]
+
+[Footnote 185: Rome and its society and interests.]
+
+[Footnote 186: Father of Augustus, governor of Macedonia, B.C. 60-59.
+But he seems to refer to his praetorship (B.C. 61) at Rome; at any rate,
+as well as to his conduct in Macedonia.]
+
+[Footnote 187: Reading _primum_; others _primus_, "his head lictor."]
+
+
+
+
+XXX (A II, 4)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59. Coss., C. Iulius Caesar, M. Calpurnius Bibulus.]
+
+     This year was a crucial one in the history of the Republic, and
+     also of Cicero particularly. It witnessed the working of the
+     agreement entered into in the previous year between Pompey, Caesar,
+     and Crassus, to secure their several objects, commonly called the
+     First Triumvirate. The determined enmity of the consuls to each
+     other, the high-handed conduct of Caesar in regard to the senate,
+     his ultimate appointment to the unusual period of five years'
+     government of the Gauls and Illyricum, were so many blows at the
+     old constitution; and scarcely less offensive to the Catonian
+     Optimates were the agrarian laws passed in favour of Pompey's
+     veterans, the forcing of his _acta_ through the senate, and the
+     arrangement whereby he too was eventually to have the consulship
+     again, and an extended period of provincial government. Cicero was
+     distracted by hesitation. He had pinned his faith on Pompey's
+     ultimate opposition to Caesar, and yet did not wholly trust him, and
+     was fully aware of the unpracticable nature of Cato and the
+     weakness of the Optimates. The triumvirs had an instrument for
+     rendering him helpless in Clodius, but Cicero could not believe
+     that they would use it, or that his services to the state could be
+     so far forgotten as to make danger possible. We shall find him,
+     then, wholly absorbed in the question as to how far he is to give
+     into or oppose the triumvirs. It is not till the end of the year
+     that he begins to see the real danger ahead. We have one extant
+     oration of this year--_pro Flacco_--which was not much to his
+     credit, for Flaccus had evidently been guilty of extortion in Asia.
+     He also defended the equally guilty C. Antonius in a speech which
+     brought upon him the vengeance of the triumvirs, but it is happily
+     lost.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM (APRIL)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I am exceedingly obliged to you for sending me Serapio's book, of which
+indeed, between you and me, I scarcely understood a thousandth part. I
+have ordered the money for it to be paid you at once, that you may not
+put it down to the cost of presentation copies. But as I have mentioned
+the subject of money, I will beg you to try to come to a settlement with
+Titinius in any way you can. If he doesn't stand by his own proposal,
+what I should like best is that what he bought at too dear a rate should
+be returned, if that can be done with Pomponia's consent: if that too is
+impossible, let the money be paid rather than have any difficulty. I
+should be very glad if you would settle this before you leave Rome, with
+your usual kindness and exactness.
+
+So Clodius, you say, is for Tigranes? I only wish he would go--on the
+same terms as the Skepsian![188] But I don't grudge him the job; for a
+more convenient time for my taking a "free legation" is when my brother
+Quintus shall have settled down again, as I hope, into private life, and
+I shall have made certain how that "priest of the Bona Dea"[189] intends
+to behave. Meanwhile I shall find my pleasure in the Muses with a mind
+undisturbed, or rather glad and cheerful; for it will never occur to me
+to envy Crassus or to regret that I have not been false to myself. As to
+geography, I will try to satisfy you, but I promise nothing for
+certain.[190] It is a difficult business, but nevertheless, as you bid
+me, I will take care that this country excursion produces something for
+you. Mind you let me know any news you have ferreted out, and especially
+who you think will be the next consuls. However, I am not very curious;
+for I have determined not to think about politics. I have examined
+Terentia's woodlands. What need I say? If there was only a Dodonean oak
+in them, I should imagine myself to be in possession of Epirus. About
+the 1st of the month I shall be either at Formiae or Pompeii.[191] If I
+am not at Formiae, pray, an you love me, come to Pompeii. It will be a
+great pleasure to me and not much out of the way for you. About the
+wall, I have given Philotimus orders not to put any difficulty in the
+way of your doing whatever you please. I think, however, you had better
+call in Vettius.[192] In these bad times, when the life of all the best
+men hangs on a thread, I value one summer's enjoyment of my Palatine
+_palaestra_ rather highly; but, of course, the last thing I should wish
+would be that Pomponia and her boy should live in fear of a falling
+wall.
+
+[Footnote 188: That is, if it ends in his death, for Meliodorus of
+Skepsis was sent by Mithridates to Tigranes to urge him to go to war
+with Rome, but privately advised him not to do so, and, in consequence,
+was put to death by Mithridates (Plut. _Luc._ 22). The word _Scepsii_
+([Greek: Skepsiou]) was introduced by Gronovius for the unintelligible
+word _Syrpie_ found in the MSS., which so often blunder in Greek names.]
+
+[Footnote 189: Clodius, alluding to his intrusion into the mysteries.]
+
+[Footnote 190: Atticus has asked Cicero for a Latin treatise on
+geography--probably as a publisher, Cicero being the prince of
+book-makers--and to that end has sent him the Greek geography of
+Serapio.]
+
+[Footnote 191: In his Formianum or Pompeianum, his villas at Formiae and
+Pompeii.]
+
+[Footnote 192: An architect, a freedman of Cyrus, of whom we have heard
+before.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXI (A II, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I wish very much, and have long wished, to visit Alexandria, and at the
+same time to get away from here, where people are tired of me, and
+return when they have begun to feel my loss--but at such a time and at
+the bidding of such statesmen![193]
+
+    "I fear to face the men of Troy
+    And Trojan matrons with their trailing robes."[194]
+
+For what would my friends the Optimates say--if there are such persons
+left? That I had accepted a bribe to change my views?
+
+    "Polydamas the first would lay the charge."
+
+I mean my friend Cato, who is as good as a hundred thousand in my eyes.
+What, too, will history say of me six hundred years hence? I am much
+more afraid of that than of the petty gossip of the men of to-day. But,
+I think, I had better lie low and wait. For if it is really offered to
+me, I shall be to a certain extent in a position of advantage, and then
+will be the time to weigh the matter. There is, upon my word, a certain
+credit even in refusing. Wherefore, if Theophanes[195] by chance has
+consulted you on the matter, do not absolutely decline. What I am
+expecting to hear from you is, what Arrius says, and how he endures
+being left in the lurch,[196] and who are intended to be consuls--is it
+Pompey and Crassus, or, as I am told in a letter, Servius Sulpicius with
+Gabinius?--and whether there are any new laws or anything new at all;
+and, since Nepos[197] is leaving Rome, who is to have the augurship--the
+one bait by which those personages could catch me! You see what a high
+price I put on myself! Why do I talk about such things, which I am eager
+to throw aside, and to devote myself heart and soul to philosophy. That,
+I tell you, is my intention. I could wish I had done so from the first.
+Now, however, that I have found by experience the hollowness of what I
+thought so splendid, I am thinking of doing business exclusively with
+the Muses. In spite of that, please give me in your next some more
+definite information about Curtius and who is intended to fill his
+place, and what is doing about P. Clodius, and, in fact, take your time
+and tell me everything as you promise; and pray write me word what day
+you think of leaving Rome, in order that I may tell you where I am
+likely to be: and send me a letter at once on the subjects of which I
+have written to you. I look forward much to hearing from you.
+
+[Footnote 193: The triumvirs. The mission to Egypt was in the affairs of
+Ptolemy Auletes (father of Cleopatra), who was this year declared a
+"friend and ally." He soon got expelled by his subjects.]
+
+[Footnote 194: _Il._ vi. 442; xxii. 100. Cicero's frequent expression
+for popular opinion, or the opinion of those he respects--his Mrs.
+Grundy.]
+
+[Footnote 195: Theophanes, a philosopher of Mitylene, a close friend of
+Pompey's, in whose house he frequently resided. He took charge of
+Pompey's wife and children in B.C. 48-47.]
+
+[Footnote 196: Q. Arrius, an orator and friend of Caesar's, by whose help
+he had hoped for the consulship. See p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 197: Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos (consul B.C. 57). His brother,
+the consul of B.C. 60, had just died and made a vacancy in the college
+of augurs.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXII (A II, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+As to my promise to you in a former letter that there should be some
+product of this country excursion, I cannot confirm it to any great
+extent: for I have become so attached to idleness that I cannot be torn
+from its arms. Accordingly, I either enjoy myself with books, of which I
+have a delightful stock at Antium, or I just count the waves--for the
+rough weather prevents my shrimping! From writing my mind positively
+recoils. For the geographical treatise, upon which I had settled, is a
+serious undertaking: so severely is Eratosthenes, whom I had proposed as
+my model, criticised by Serapio and Hipparchus: what think you will be
+the case if Tyrannio[198] is added to the critics? And, by Hercules, the
+subject is difficult of explanation and monotonous, and does not seem to
+admit of as much embellishment as I thought, and, in short--which is the
+chief point--any excuse for being idle seems to me a good one: for I am
+even hesitating as to settling at Antium and spending the rest of my
+life there, where, indeed, I would rather have been a duovir[199] than
+at Rome. You, indeed, have done more wisely in having made yourself a
+home at Buthrotum. But, believe me, next to that free town of yours
+comes the borough of the Antiates. Could you have believed that there
+could be a town so near Rome, where there are many who have never seen
+Vatinius? Where there is no one besides myself who cares whether one of
+the twenty commissioners[200] is alive and well? Where no one intrudes
+upon me, and yet all are fond of me? This, this is the place to play the
+statesman in! For yonder, not only am I not allowed to do so, but I am
+sick of it besides. Accordingly, I will compose a book of secret memoirs
+for your ear alone in the style of Theopompus, or a more acrid one
+still.[201] Nor have I now any politics except to hate the disloyal, and
+even that without any bitterness, but rather with a certain enjoyment in
+writing. But to return to business: I have written to the city quaestors
+about my brother's affair. See what they say to it, whether there is any
+hope of the cash in _denarii_, or whether we are to be palmed off with
+Pompeian _cistophori_.[202] Farthermore, settle what is to be done about
+the wall. Is there anything else? Yes! Let me know when you are thinking
+of starting.
+
+[Footnote 198: A captive brought by Lucullus, who became a friend of
+Cicero and tutor to his son and nephew.]
+
+[Footnote 199: One of the two yearly officers of a colony--they answer
+to the consuls at Rome. Therefore Cicero means, "I wish I had been a
+consul in a small colony rather than a consul at Rome."]
+
+[Footnote 200: For distribution of land under Caesar's law. P. Vatinius
+was a tribune this year, and worked in Caesar's interests.]
+
+[Footnote 201: Theopompus of Chios, the historian (_Att._ vi. 1, Sec. 12).
+Born about B.C. 378. His bitterness censured by Polybius, viii. 11-13.]
+
+[Footnote 202: The money due from the treasury to Q. Cicero in Asia. He
+wants it to be paid in Roman currency (_denarii_), not in Asiatic coins
+(_cistophori_), a vast amount of which Pompey had brought home and
+deposited in the treasury. So an Indian official might like sovereigns
+instead of rupees if he could get them.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII (A II, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+About the geography I will think again and again. But you ask for two of
+my speeches, one of which I did not care to write out because I had
+ended it abruptly, the other because I did not want to praise the man I
+did not like. But that, too, I will see about. At all events, something
+shall be forthcoming to prevent your thinking that I have been
+absolutely idle. I am quite delighted to hear what you tell me about
+Publius; pray ferret out the whole story, and bring it to me when you
+come, and meanwhile write anything you may make out or suspect, and
+especially as to what he is going to do about the legation. For my part,
+before reading your letter, I was anxious that the fellow should go,
+not, by heaven, in order to avoid his impeachment--for I am wonderfully
+keen to try issues with him--but it seemed to me that, if he had secured
+any popularity by becoming a plebeian, he would thereby lose it. "Well,
+why did you transfer yourself to the Plebs? Was it to make a call on
+Tigranes? Tell me: do the kings of Armenia refuse to receive
+patricians?" In a word, I had polished up my weapons to tear this
+embassy of his to pieces. But if he rejects it, and thus moves the anger
+of those proposers and augurs of the _lex curiata_,[203] it will be a
+fine sight! By Hercules, to speak the truth, our friend Publius is being
+treated a little contemptuously! In the first place, though he was once
+the only man at Caesar's house, he is not now allowed to be one in
+twenty:[204] in the next place, one legation had been promised him and
+another has been given. The former fine fat one[205] for the levying of
+money is reserved, I presume, for Drusus of Pisaurum or for the gourmand
+Vatinius: this latter miserable business, which might be very well done
+by a courier, is given to him, and his tribuneship deferred till it
+suits them. Irritate the fellow, I beg you, as much as you can. The one
+hope of safety is their mutual disagreement, the beginning of which I
+have got scent of from Curio. Moreover, Arrius is fuming at being
+cheated out of the consulship. Megabocchus and our blood-thirsty young
+men are most violently hostile. May there be added to this, I pray, may
+there be added, this quarrel about the augurate! I hope I shall often
+have some fine letters to send you on these subjects. But I want to know
+the meaning of your dark hint that some even of the _quinqueviri_[206]
+are speaking out. What can it be? If there is anything in it, there is
+more hope than I had thought. And I would not have you believe that I
+ask you these questions "with any view to action,"[207] because my heart
+is yearning to take part in practical politics. I was long ago getting
+tired of being at the helm, even when it was in my power. And now that I
+am forced to quit the ship, and have not cast aside the tiller, but have
+had it wrenched out of my hands, my only wish is to watch their
+shipwreck from the shore: I desire, in the words of your favourite
+Sophocles,
+
+              "And safe beneath the roof
+    To hear with drowsy ear the plash of rain."
+
+As to the wall, see to what is necessary. I will correct the mistake of
+Castricius, and yet Quintus had made it in his letter to me 15,000,
+while now to your sister he makes it 30,000.[208] Terentia sends you her
+regards: my boy Cicero commissions you to give Aristodemus the same
+answer for him as you gave for his cousin, your sister's son.[209] I
+will not neglect your reminder about your Amaltheia.[210] Take care of
+your health.
+
+[Footnote 203: As he was a man _sui iuris_, Clodius's adoption into a
+new gens (_adrogatio_) would have to take place before the _comitia
+curiata_ (now represented by thirty lictors), which still retained this
+formal business. The ceremony required the presence of an augur and a
+pontifex to hold it. Cicero supposes Pompey and Caesar as intending to
+act in that capacity. Pompey, it seems, did eventually attend.]
+
+[Footnote 204: One of the twenty commissioners under Caesar's agrarian
+law. Cicero was offered and declined a place among them. The "only man,"
+of course, refers to the intrusion on the mysteries.]
+
+[Footnote 205: To Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 206: This seems also to refer to the twenty agrarian
+commissioners, who, according to Mommsen, were divided into committees
+of five, and were, therefore, spoken of indifferently as _quinqueviri_
+and _vigintiviri_. But it is somewhat uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote 207: [Greek: kata to praktikon].]
+
+[Footnote 208: Castricius seems to have been a _negotiator_ or banker in
+Asia. We don't know what mistake is referred to; probably as to some
+money transmitted to Pomponia.]
+
+[Footnote 209: It is suggested that Aristodemus is some teacher of the
+two young Ciceros, to whom the young Marcus wishes to apologize for his
+absence or to promise some study.]
+
+[Footnote 210: Perhaps some inscription or other ornament for Atticus's
+gymnasium in his villa at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV (A II, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+When I had been eagerly expecting a letter from you as usual till
+evening, lo and behold a message that slaves have come from Rome. I
+summon them: I ask if they have any letters. "No," say they. "What do
+you say," said I, "nothing from Pomponius?" Frightened to death by my
+voice and look, they confessed that they had received one, and that it
+had been lost on the journey. Need I say more? I was intensely annoyed.
+For no letter has come from you for the last few days without something
+in it important and entertaining. In these circumstances, if there was
+anything in the letter, dated 15th April, worth telling, pray write at
+once, that I may not be left in ignorance; but if there was nothing but
+banter, repeat even that for my benefit. And let me inform you that
+young Curio has been to call on me. What he said about Publius agreed
+exactly with your letter. He himself, moreover, wonderfully "holds our
+proud kings in hate."[211] He told me that the young men generally were
+equally incensed, and could not put up with the present state of things.
+If there is hope in them, we are in a good way. My opinion is that we
+should leave things to take their course. I am devoting myself to my
+memoir. However, though you may think me a Saufeius,[212] I am really
+the laziest fellow in the world. But get into your head my several
+journeys, that you may settle where you intend to come and see me. I
+intend to arrive at my Formian house on the Parilia (21st April). Next,
+since you think that at this time I ought to leave out luxurious
+Crater,[213] on the 1st of May I leave Formiae, intending to reach Antium
+on the 3rd of May. For there are games at Antium from the 4th to the 6th
+of May, and Tullia wants to see them. Thence I think of going to
+Tusculum, thence to Arpinum, and be at Rome on the 1st of June. Be sure
+that we see you at Formiae or Antium, or at Tusculum. Rewrite your
+previous letter for me, and add something new.
+
+[Footnote 211: A verse from Lucilius. "Young Curio" is the future
+tribune of B.C. 50, who was bribed by Caesar, joined him at Ravenna at
+the end of that year, was sent by him in B.C. 49 to Sicily and Africa,
+and fell in battle with the Pompeians and King Iuba.]
+
+[Footnote 212: L. Saufeius, the Epicurean friend of Atticus (see Letter
+II). He seems to mean, "as indefatigable as Saufeius." But Prof. Tyrrell
+points out that it might mean, "at the risk of your thinking me as
+Epicurean and self-indulgent as Saufeius, I say," etc.]
+
+[Footnote 213: The bay of Misenum, near which was Cicero's Pompeianum.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXV (A II, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+Caecilius[214] the quaestor having suddenly informed me that he was
+sending a slave to Rome, I write these hurried lines in order to get out
+of you the wonderful conversations with Publius, both those of which you
+write, and that one which you keep dark, and assert that it would be too
+long to write your answer to him; and, still farther, the one that has
+not yet been held, which that Iuno of a woman[215] is to report to you
+when she gets back from Solonium. I wish you to believe that there can
+be nothing I should like more. If, however, the compact made about me is
+not kept, I am in a seventh heaven to think that our friend the
+Jerusalemitish plebeian-maker[216] will learn what a fine return he has
+made to my brilliant speeches, of which you may expect a splendid
+recantation. For, as well as I can guess, if that profligate is in
+favour with our tyrants, he will be able to crow not only over the
+"cynic consular,"[217] but over your Tritons of the fish-ponds
+also.[218] For I shall not possibly be an object of anybody's jealousy
+when robbed of power and of my influence in the senate. If, on the other
+hand, he should quarrel with them, it will not suit his purpose to
+attack me. However, let him attack. Charmingly, believe me, and with
+less noise than I had thought, has the wheel of the Republic revolved:
+more rapidly, anyhow, than it should have done owing to Cato's error,
+but still more owing to the unconstitutional conduct of those who have
+neglected the auspices, the AElian law, the Iunian, the Licinian, the
+Caecilian and Didian,[219] who have squandered all the safeguards of the
+constitution, who have handed over kingdoms as though they were private
+estates to tetrachs,[220] and immense sums of money to a small coterie.
+I see plainly now the direction popular jealousy is taking, and where it
+will finally settle. Believe that I have learnt nothing from experience,
+nothing from Theophrastus,[221] if you don't shortly see the time of our
+government an object of regret. For if the power of the senate was
+disliked, what do you think will be the case when it has passed, not to
+the people, but to three unscrupulous men? So let them then make whom
+they choose consuls, tribunes, and even finally clothe Vatinius's wen
+with the double-dyed purple[222] of the priesthood, you will see before
+long that the great men will be not only those who have made no false
+step,[223] but even he who did make a mistake, Cato. For, as to myself,
+if your comrade Publius will let me, I think of playing the sophist: if
+he forces me, I shall at least defend myself, and, as is the trick of my
+trade, I publicly promise to
+
+    "Strike back at him who first is wroth with me."[224]
+
+May the country only be on my side: it has had from me, if not more than
+its due, at least more than it ever demanded. I would rather have a bad
+passage with another pilot than be a successful pilot to such ungrateful
+passengers. But this will do better when we meet. For the present take
+an answer to your questions. I think of returning to Antium from Formiae
+on the 3rd of May. From Antium I intend to start for Tusculum on the 7th
+of May. But as soon as I have returned from Formiae (I intend to be there
+till the 29th of April) I will at once inform you. Terentia sends
+compliments, and "Cicero the little greets Titus the Athenian."[225]
+
+[Footnote 214: Q. Caecilius Bassus, probably quaestor at Ostia. Antium
+would be in his district.]
+
+[Footnote 215: [Greek: boopis], _sc._ Clodia. She is to talk to her
+brother about Cicero. She is "Iuno" perhaps as an enemy--as Bacon called
+the Duchess of Burgundy Henry VII.'s Iuno--or perhaps for a less decent
+reason, as _coniux sororque_ of Publius.]
+
+[Footnote 216: Pompey, who was proud of having taken Jerusalem.
+_Traductor ad plebem_, said of the magistrate presiding at the _comitia_
+for adoption.]
+
+[Footnote 217: Cicero himself. Clodius may have called him this from his
+biting repartees. Prof. Tyrrell, "Tear 'em."]
+
+[Footnote 218: The nobility, whom Cicero has before attacked as idle and
+caring for nothing but their fish-ponds (_piscinarii_, cp. p. 59).]
+
+[Footnote 219: The _lex AElia_ (about B.C. 150) was a law regulating the
+powers of magistrates to dissolve _comitia_ on religious grounds, such
+as bad omens, _servata de coelo, etc._ Cicero (who could have had very
+little belief in the augural science) regards them as safeguards of the
+state, because as the Optimates generally secured the places in the
+augural college, it gave them a hold on elections and legislation.
+Bibulus tried in vain to use these powers to thwart Caesar this year. The
+_lex Caecilia Didia_ (.B.C. 98) enforced the _trinundinatio_, or three
+weeks' notice of elections and laws, and forbade the proposal of a _lex
+satura_, _i.e._, a law containing a number of miscellaneous enactments.
+Perhaps its violation refers to the _acta_ of Pompey in the East, which
+he wanted to have confirmed _en bloc_. The senate had made difficulties:
+but one of the fruits of the triumvirate was a measure for doing it. The
+_lex Iunia et Licinia_ (B.C. 62) confirmed the _Caecilia Didia_, and
+secured that the people knew what the proposed laws were.]
+
+[Footnote 220: As Pompey did in Asia, _e.g._, to Deiotarus of Galatia,
+and about ten others. It is curious that Cicero speaks of the _pauci_
+just as his opponent Caesar and Augustus after him. Each side looks on
+the other as a coterie (Caesar, _B. C._ i. 22; Monum. Ancyr. i. Sec. 1)]
+
+[Footnote 221: Theophrastus, successor of Aristotle at the Lyceum,
+Athens (p. 70).]
+
+[Footnote 222: The purple-bordered toga of the augur. Vatinius did not
+get the augurship. He had some disfiguring swelling or wen.]
+
+[Footnote 223: Himself.]
+
+[Footnote 224: [Greek: andr' apamynesthai, hote tis proteros chalepene]
+(Hom. _Il._ xxiv. 369).]
+
+[Footnote 225: Written in Greek, perhaps by the boy himself.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI (A II, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TRES TABERNAE, 12 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+Are they going to deny that Publius has been made a plebeian? This is
+indeed playing the king, and is utterly intolerable. Let Publius send
+some men to witness and seal my affidavit: I will take an oath that my
+friend Gnaeus, the colleague of Balbus, told me at Antium that he had
+been present as augur to take the auspices. Two delightful letters from
+you delivered at the same time! For which I do not know what I am to pay
+you by way of reward for good news. That I owe you for them I candidly
+confess. But observe the coincidence. I had just made my way from Antium
+on to the _via Appia_ at Three Taverns,[226] on the very day of the
+Cerealia (18th April), when my friend Curio meets me on his way from
+Rome. At the same place and the same moment comes a slave from you with
+letters. The former asked me whether I hadn't heard the news? I said,
+"No." "Publius," says he, "is a candidate for the tribuneship." "You
+don't mean it?" "Yes, I do," says he, "and at daggers drawn with Caesar.
+His object is to rescind his acts." "What says Caesar?" said I. "He
+denies having proposed any _lex_ for his adoption." Then he poured forth
+about his own hatred, and that of Memmius and Metellus Nepos. I embraced
+the youth and said good-bye to him, hastening to your letters. A fig for
+those who talk about a "living voice"! What a much clearer view I got of
+what was going on from your letters than from his talk! About the
+current rumours of the day, about the designs of Publius, about "Iuno's"
+trumpet calls, about Athenio who leads his roughs, about his letter to
+Gnaeus, about the conversation of Theophanes and Memmius. Besides, how
+eager you have made me to hear about the "fast" dinner party which you
+mention! I am greedy in curiosity, yet I do not feel at all hurt at your
+not writing me a description of the symposium: I would rather hear it by
+word of mouth. As to your urging me to write something, my material
+indeed is growing, as you say, but the whole is still in a state of
+fermentation--"new wine in the autumn." When the liquor has settled down
+and become clarified, I shall know better what to write. And even if you
+cannot get it from me at once, you shall be the first to have it: only
+for some time you must keep it to yourself. You are quite right to like
+Dicaearchus; he is an excellent writer, and a much better citizen than
+these rulers of ours who reverse his name.[227] I write this letter at
+four o'clock in the afternoon of the Cerealia (12th April), immediately
+after reading yours, but I shall despatch it, I think, to-morrow, by
+anyone I may chance to meet on the road. Terentia is delighted with your
+letter, _et Ciceron le philosophe salue Titus l'homme d'etat_.
+
+[Footnote 226: Where the road from Antium joins the Appia. Cicero seems
+to be on his way to Formiae, where he had intended to arrive on the 21st.
+He must be going very leisurely.]
+
+[Footnote 227: [Greek: Dikaiarchos] and [Greek: adikaiarchoi], a pun on
+a name not reproducible in English: "just-rulers" and "unjust-rulers."]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII (A II, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+APPII FORUM,[228] APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+Please admire my consistency. I am determined not to be at the games at
+Antium: for it is somewhat of a solecism to wish to avoid all suspicion
+of frivolity, and yet suddenly to be shewn up as travelling for mere
+amusement, and that of a foolish kind. Wherefore I shall wait for you
+till the 7th of May at Formiae. So now let me know what day we shall see
+you. From Appii Forum, ten o'clock. I sent another a short time ago from
+Three Taverns.
+
+[Footnote 228: On the _via Appia_. Cicero halts at Appii Forum and at
+once despatches a short note, probably by some one he finds there going
+to Rome, to announce a change of plan. He had meant to get back to
+Antium on 6th May, because Tullia wanted to see the games. See Letter
+XXXIV, p. 96.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII (A II, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIAE, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I tell you what it is: I feel myself a downright exile since arriving at
+Formiae. For at Antium there was never a day that I didn't know what was
+going on at Rome better than those who were there. For your letters
+used to shew me not only what was doing at Rome, but the actual
+political situation also--and not only that, but also what was likely to
+happen. Now, unless I snatch a bit of news from some passing traveller,
+I can learn nothing at all. Wherefore, though I am expecting you in
+person, yet pray give this boy, whom I have ordered to hurry back to me
+at once, a bulky letter, crammed not only with all occurrences, but with
+what you think about them; and be careful to let me know the day you are
+going to leave Rome. I intend staying at Formiae till the 6th of May. If
+you don't come there by that day, I shall perhaps see you at Rome. For
+why should I invite you to Arpinum?
+
+    "A rugged soil, yet nurse of hardy sons:
+    No dearer land can e'er my eyes behold."[229]
+
+So much for this. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 229: Homer, _Odyss._ ix. 27.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX (A II, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIAE, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+What an abominable thing! No one gave you my letter written on the spot
+at Three Taverns in answer to your delightful letters! But the fact is
+that the packet into which I had put it arrived at my town house on the
+same day as I wrote it, and has been brought back to me to Formiae.
+Accordingly, I have directed the letter meant for you to be taken back
+again, to shew you how pleased I was with yours. So you say that the
+talk has died out at Rome! I thought so: but, by Hercules, it hasn't
+died out in the country, and it has come to this, that the very country
+can't stand the despotism you have got at Rome. When you come to
+"Laestrygonia of the distant gates"[230]--I mean Formiae--what loud
+murmurs! what angry souls! what unpopularity for our friend Magnus! His
+surname is getting as much out of fashion as the "Dives" of Crassus.
+Believe me, I have met no one here to take the present state of things
+as quietly as I do. Wherefore, credit me, let us stick to philosophy. I
+am ready to take my oath that there is nothing to beat it. If you have a
+despatch to send to the Sicyonians,[231] make haste to Formiae, whence I
+think of going on the 6th of May.
+
+[Footnote 230: [Greek: telepylon Laistrygonien], whose king Lamus
+(_Odyss._ x. 81) was supposed to have founded Formiae (Horace, _Od._ iii.
+17).]
+
+[Footnote 231: A despatch from senate or consuls. See Letter XXIV, p.
+60.]
+
+
+
+
+XL (A II, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIAE, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47.]
+
+How you rouse my curiosity as to what Bibulus says, as to your
+conversation with "Iuno," and even as to your "fast" dinner party!
+Therefore make haste to come, for my ears are thirsty for news. However,
+there is nothing which I think is now more to be dreaded by me than that
+our dear Sampsiceramus, finding himself belaboured by the tongues of
+all, and seeing these proceedings easy to upset, should begin striking
+out. For myself, I have so completely lost all nerve, that I prefer a
+despotism, with the existing peace, to a state of war with the best
+hopes in the world. As to literary composition, to which you frequently
+urge me, it is impossible! My house is a basilica rather than a villa,
+owing to the crowds of visitors from Formiae. But (you'll say) do I
+really compare the AEmilian tribe to the crowd in a basilica?[232] Well,
+I say nothing about the common ruck--the rest of them don't bother me
+after ten o'clock: but C. Arrius is my next door neighbour, or rather,
+he almost lives in my house, and even declares that the reason for his
+not going to Rome is that he may spend whole days with me here
+philosophizing! And then, lo and behold, on my other side is Sebosus,
+that friend of Catulus! Which way am I to turn? By heaven, I would start
+at once for Arpinum, only that I see that the most convenient place to
+await your visit is Formiae: but only up to the 6th of May! For you see
+with what bores my ears are pestered. What a splendid opportunity, with
+such fellows in the house, if anyone wanted to buy my Formian
+property![233] And in spite of all this am I to make good my words, "Let
+us attempt something great, and requiring much thought and leisure"?
+However, I _will_ do something for you, and not spare my labour.
+
+[Footnote 232: _At comparem_ for _at quam partem_. _At_ has its usual
+force of introducing a supposed objection. I can't, say you, compare the
+AEmilian tribe, the Formiani, to a crowd in a court-house! They are not
+so bad as that, not so wasteful of time! I take _basilica_ to mean the
+saunterers in a basilica, as we might say "the park" for the company in
+it, "the exchange" for the brokers in it. I feel certain that Prof.
+Tyrrell is wrong in ascribing the words _sed--sunt_ to a quotation from
+Atticus's letter. What is wanted is to remove the full stop after
+_sunt_. The contrast Cicero is drawing is between the interruption to
+literary work of a crowd of visitors and of one or two individuals
+always turning up. The second is the worse--and here I think all workers
+will agree with him: the crowd of visitors (_vulgus_) go at the regular
+hour, but individuals come in at all hours.]
+
+[Footnote 233: Because he would be inclined to sell it cheap in his
+disgust.]
+
+
+
+
+XLI (A II, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIAE, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+As you say, things are as shifting (I see) in public affairs as in your
+letter; still, that very variety of talk and opinion has a charm for me.
+For I seem to be at Rome when I am reading your letter, and, as is the
+regular thing in questions of such importance, to hear something first
+on one side and then on the other. But what I can't make out is
+this--what he can possibly hit upon to settle the land question without
+encountering opposition. Again, as to Bibulus's firmness in putting off
+the _comitia_, it only conveys the expression of his own views, without
+really offering any remedy for the state of the Republic. Upon my word,
+my only hope is in Publius! Let him become, let him become a tribune by
+all means, if for no other reason, yet that you may be brought back from
+Epirus! For I don't see how you can possibly afford to miss him,
+especially if he shall elect to have a wrangle with me! But, seriously,
+if anything of the sort occurs, you would, I am certain, hurry back. But
+even supposing this not to be the case, yet whether he runs amuck or
+helps to raise the state, I promise myself a fine spectacle, if only I
+may enjoy it with you sitting by my side.[234] Just as I was writing
+these words, enter Sebosus! I had scarcely got out a sigh when "Good
+day," says Arrius. This is what you call going out of town! I shall
+really be off to
+
+    "My native mountains and my childhood's haunts."[235]
+
+In fine, if I can't be alone I would rather be with downright
+countryfolk than with such ultra-cockneys. However, I shall, since you
+don't say anything for certain, wait for you up to the 5th of May.
+Terentia is much pleased with the attention and care you have bestowed
+on her controversy with Mulvius. She is not aware that you are
+supporting the common cause of all holders of public land. Yet, after
+all, _you_ do pay something to the _publicani_; she declines to pay even
+that,[236] and, accordingly, she and Cicero--most conservative of
+boys--send their kind regards.
+
+[Footnote 234: The spectacle Cicero hopes for is Clodius's contests with
+the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 235: To Arpinum (see last letter). The verse is not known, and
+may be a quotation from his own poem on Marius. He often quotes
+himself.]
+
+[Footnote 236: This is not mentioned elsewhere. The explanation seems to
+be that for the _ager publicus_ allotted under the Sempronian laws a
+small rent had been exacted, which was abolished by a law of B.C. 111
+(the name of the law being uncertain). But some _ager publicus_ still
+paid rent, and the _publicanus_ Mulvius seems to have claimed it from
+some land held by Terentia, perhaps on the ground that it was land (such
+as the _ager Campanus_) not affected by the law of Gracchus, and
+therefore not by the subsequent law abolishing rent.]
+
+
+
+
+
+XLII (A II, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIAE, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+On the day before the Kalends of May, when I had dined and was just
+going to sleep, the letter was delivered to me containing your news
+about the Campanian land. You needn't ask: at first it gave me such a
+shock that there was no more sleep for me, though that was the result of
+thought rather than pain. On reflexion, however, the following ideas
+occurred to me. In the first place, from what you had said in your
+previous letter--"that you had heard from a friend of his[237] that a
+proposal was going to be made which would satisfy everybody"--I had
+feared some very sweeping measure, but I don't think this is anything of
+the sort. In the next place, by way of consolation, I persuaded myself
+that the hope of a distribution of land is now all centred on the
+Campanian territory.[238] That land cannot support more than 5,000, so
+as to give ten _iugera_ apiece:[239] the rest of the crowd of expectants
+must necessarily be alienated from them. Besides, if there is anything
+that more than another could inflame the feeling of the aristocrats, who
+are, I notice, already irritated, it is this; and all the more that with
+port-dues in Italy abolished,[240] and the Campanian land divided, what
+home revenue is there except the five per cent. on manumissions? And
+even that, I think, it will only take a single trumpery harangue,
+cheered by our lackeys, to throw away also. What our friend Gnaeus can
+be thinking of I can't imagine--
+
+    "For still he blows, and with no slender pipe,
+    But furious blasts by no mouth-band restrained"--
+
+to be induced to countenance such a measure as that. For hitherto he has
+fenced with these questions: "he approved Caesar's laws, but Caesar must
+be responsible for his proceedings in carrying them"; "he himself was
+satisfied with the agrarian law"; "whether it could be vetoed by a
+tribune or no was nothing to do with him"; "he thought the time had come
+for the business of the Alexandrine king to be settled"; "it was no
+business of his to inquire whether Bibulus had been watching the sky on
+that occasion or no"; "as to the _publicani_, he had been willing to
+oblige that order"; "what was going to happen if Bibulus came down to
+the forum at that time he could not have guessed."[241] But now, my
+Sampsiceramus, what will you say to this? That you have secured us a
+revenue from the Antilibanus and removed that from the Campanian land?
+Well, how do you mean to vindicate that? "I shall coerce you," says he,
+"by means of Caesar's army." You won't coerce me, by Hercules, by your
+army so much as by the ingratitude of the so-called _boni_, who have
+never made me any return, even in words, to say nothing of substantial
+rewards. But if I had put out my strength against that coterie, I should
+certainly have found some way of holding my own against them. As things
+are, in view of the controversy between your friend Dicaearchus and my
+friend Theophrastus--the former recommending the life of action, the
+latter the life of contemplation--I think I have already obeyed both.
+For as to Dicaearchus, I think I have satisfied his requirements; at
+present my eyes are fixed on the school which not only allows of my
+abstaining from business, but blames me for not having always done so.
+Wherefore let me throw myself, my dear Titus, into those noble studies,
+and let me at length return to what I ought never to have left.
+
+As to what you say about Quintus's letter, when he wrote to me he was
+also "in front a lion and behind a ----."[242] I don't know what to say
+about it; for in the first lines of his letter he makes such a
+lamentation over his continuance in his province, that no one could help
+being affected: presently he calms down sufficiently to ask me to
+correct and edit his Annals. However, I would wish you to have an eye to
+what you mention, I mean the duty on goods transferred from port to
+port. He says that by the advice of his council he has referred the
+question to the senate. He evidently had not read my letter, in which
+after having considered and investigated the matter, I had sent him a
+written opinion that they were not payable.[243] If any Greeks have
+already arrived at Rome from Asia on that business, please look into it
+and, if you think it right, explain to them my opinion on the subject.
+If, to save the good cause in the senate, I can retract, I will gratify
+the _publicani_: but if not, to be plain with you, I prefer in this
+matter the interests of all Asia and the merchants; for it affects the
+latter also very seriously. I think it is a matter of great importance
+to us. But you will settle it. Are the quaestors, pray, still hesitating
+on the _cistophorus_ question?[244] If nothing better is to be had,
+after trying everything in our power, I should be for not refusing even
+the lowest offer. I shall see you at Arpinum and offer you country
+entertainment, since you have despised this at the seaside.
+
+[Footnote 237: Caesar.]
+
+[Footnote 238: The old territory of Capua and the Stellatian Plain had
+been specially reserved from distribution under the laws of the Gracchi,
+and this reservation had not been repealed in subsequent laws: _ad
+subsidia reipublicae vectigalem relictum_ (Suet. _Caes._ 20; cp. Cic. 2
+_Phil._ Sec. 101).]
+
+[Footnote 239: According to Suetonius 20,000 citizens had allotments on
+the _ager publicus_ in Campania. But Dio says (xxxviii. 1) that the
+Campanian land was exempted by the _lex Iulia_ also. Its settlement was
+probably later, by colonies of Caesar's veterans. A _iugerum_ is
+five-eighths of an acre.]
+
+[Footnote 240: See Letter XXIX, p. 82. They were abolished B.C. 60.]
+
+[Footnote 241: This and the mention of Caesar's "army" (a bodyguard) is
+explained by Suet. _Caes._ 20: "Having promulgated his agrarian law,
+Caesar expelled his colleague, Bibulus, by force of arms from the Forum
+when trying to stop proceedings by announcing bad omens ... and finally
+reduced him to such despair that for the rest of his year of office he
+confined himself to his house and only announced his bad omens by means
+of edicts." Bibulus appears to have been hustled by the mob also.]
+
+[Footnote 242: [Greek: prosthe leon opithen de ----]. Cicero leaves
+Atticus, as he often does, to fill up the rest of the line, [Greek:
+drakon, messe de chimaira] (Hom. _Il._ vi. 181). He means, of course,
+that Quintus is inconsistent.]
+
+[Footnote 243: The question seems to be as to goods brought to a port
+and paying duty, and then, not finding a sale, being transferred to
+another port in the same province. The _publicani_ at the second port
+demanded the payment of a duty again, which Cicero decides against
+them.]
+
+[Footnote 244: Schutz takes this to mean, "Are the quaestors now doubting
+as to paying _even cistophori_?" _i.e._, are they, so far from paying in
+Roman _denarii_, even hesitating to pay in Asiatic? But if so, what is
+the _extremum_ which Cicero advises Quintus to accept? Prof. Tyrrell,
+besides, points out that the quaestors could hardly refuse to pay
+anything for provincial expenses. It is a question between _cistophori_
+and _denarii_. See p. 92.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIII (A II, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FORMIAE, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I quite agree with your letter. Sampsiceramus is getting up a
+disturbance. We have everything to fear. He is preparing a despotism and
+no mistake about it. For what else is the meaning of that sudden
+marriage union,[245] the Campanian land affair, the lavish expenditure
+of money? If these measures were final, even then the mischief had been
+very great; but the nature of the case makes finality impossible. For
+how could these measures possibly give them any pleasure in themselves?
+They would never have gone so far as this unless they had been paving
+the way for other fatal steps. Immortal Gods!--But, as you say, at
+Arpinum about the 10th of May we will not weep over these questions,
+lest the hard work and midnight oil I have spent over my studies shall
+turn out to have been wasted, but discuss them together calmly. For I am
+not so much consoled by a sanguine disposition as by philosophic
+"indifference,"[246] which I call to my aid in nothing so much as in our
+civil and political business. Nay, more, whatever vanity or sneaking
+love of reputation there is lurking in me--for it is well to know one's
+faults--is tickled by a certain pleasurable feeling. For it used to
+sting me to the heart to think that centuries hence the services of
+Sampsiceramus to the state would loom larger than my own. That anxiety,
+at least, is now put to rest. For he is so utterly fallen that, in
+comparison with him, Curius might seem to be standing erect after his
+fall.[247] But all this when we meet. Yet, as far as I can see, you will
+be at Rome when I come. I shall not be at all sorry for that, if you
+can conveniently manage it. But if you come to see me, as you say in
+your letter, I wish you would fish out of Theophanes how
+"Arabarches"[248] is disposed to me. You will, of course, inquire with
+your usual zeal, and bring me the result to serve as a kind of
+suggestion for the line of conduct I am to adopt. From his conversation
+we shall be able to get an inkling of the whole situation.
+
+[Footnote 245: The marriage of Pompey with Caesar's daughter Iulia.]
+
+[Footnote 246: [Greek: adiaphoria], a word taken from the Stoies, _huic_
+[_Zenoni_] _summum bonum est in his rebus neutram in partem moveri, quae
+[Greek: adiaphoria] ab ipso dicitur_ (_Acad._ ii. Sec. 130).]
+
+[Footnote 247: C. Curius, one of the Catiline set, who had been
+ignominiously expelled from the senate.]
+
+[Footnote 248: Another nickname of Pompey, from the title of the head of
+the Thebais in Egypt. Like Sampsiceramus and the others, it is meant as
+a scornful allusion to Pompey's achievements in the East, and perhaps
+his known wish to have the direction of affairs in Egypt.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIV (A II, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO EPIRUS)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I have received several letters from you, which shewed me with what
+eagerness and anxiety you desired to know the news. We are bound hard
+and fast on every side, and are no longer making any difficulty as to
+being slaves, but fearing death and exile as though greater evils,
+though they are in fact much smaller ones. Well, this is the
+position--one unanimously groaned over, but not relieved by a word from
+anyone. The object, I surmise, of the men in power is to leave nothing
+for anyone to lavish. The only man who opens his mouth and openly
+disapproves is the young Curio. He is loudly cheered, and greeted in the
+forum in the most complimentary manner, and many other tokens of
+goodwill are bestowed on him by the loyalists; while Fufius[249] is
+pursued with shouts, jeers, and hisses. From such circumstances it is
+not hope but indignation that is increased, for you see the citizens
+allowed to express their sentiments, but debarred from carrying them out
+with any vigour. And to omit details, the upshot is that there is now no
+hope, I don't say of private persons, but even of the magistrates being
+ever free again. Nevertheless, in spite of this policy of repression,
+conversation, at least in society and at dinner tables, is freer than it
+was. Indignation is beginning to get the better of fear, though that
+does not prevent a universal feeling of despair. For this Campanian
+law[250] contains a clause imposing an oath to be taken by candidates in
+public meeting, that they will not suggest any tenure of public land
+other than that provided in the Julian laws. All the others take the
+oath without hesitation: Laterensis[251] is considered to have shewn
+extraordinary virtue in retiring from his canvass for the tribuneship to
+avoid the oath. But I don't care to write any more about politics. I am
+dissatisfied with myself, and cannot write without the greatest pain. I
+hold my own position with some dignity, considering the general
+repression, but considering my achievements in the past, with less
+courage than I should like. I am invited by Caesar in a very gentlemanly
+manner to accept a legation, to act as _legatus_ to himself, and even an
+"open votive legation" is offered me. But the latter does not give
+sufficient security, since it depends too much on the scrupulousness of
+Pulchellus[252] and removes me just when my brother is returning;[253]
+the former offers better security and does not prevent my returning when
+I please. I am retaining the latter, but do not think I shall use it.
+However, nobody knows about it. I don't like running away; I am itching
+to fight. There is great warmth of feeling for me. But I don't say
+anything positive: you will please not to mention it. I am, in fact,
+very anxious about the manumission of Statius[254] and some other
+things, but I have become hardened by this time. I could wish, or rather
+ardently desire, that you were here: then I should not want advice or
+consolation. But anyhow, be ready to fly hither directly I call for you.
+
+[Footnote 249: See Letter XIX, p. 35.]
+
+[Footnote 250: _I.e._, Caesar's _agrarian law_, by which some of the
+Campanian _ager publicus_ was to be divided.]
+
+[Footnote 251: M. Iuventius Laterensis. See Letter L, p. 123.]
+
+[Footnote 252: Pulchellus, _i.e._, P. Clodius Pulcher. The diminutive is
+used to express contempt. Cicero, since his return to Rome, is beginning
+to realize his danger.]
+
+[Footnote 253: A _libera legatio_ was really a colourable method of a
+senator travelling with the right of exacting certain payments for his
+expenses from the Italian or provincial towns. Sometimes it was simply a
+_legatio libera_, a sinecure without any pretence of purpose, sometimes
+it was _voti causa_, enabling a man to fulfil some vow he was supposed
+to have made. It was naturally open to much abuse, and Cicero as consul
+had passed a law for limiting it in time. Clodius would become tribune
+on 10 December, and this _libera legatio_ would protect Cicero as long
+as it lasted, but it would not, he thinks, last long enough to outstay
+the tribuneship: if he went as _legatus_ to Caesar in Gaul, he would be
+safe, and might choose his own time for resigning and returning to
+Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 254: Statius, a slave of Quintus, was unpopular in the
+province. See p. 125.]
+
+
+
+
+XLV (A II, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I have many causes for anxiety, both from the disturbed state of
+politics and from the personal dangers with which I am threatened. They
+are very numerous; but nothing gives me more annoyance than the
+manumission of Statius: "To think that he should have no reverence for
+my authority! But of authority I say nothing--that he should have no
+fear of a quarrel with me, to put it mildly!"[255] But what I am to do I
+don't know, nor indeed is there so much in the affair as you would think
+from the talk about it. For myself, I am positively incapable of being
+angry with those I love deeply. I only feel vexed, and that to a
+surprising degree. Other vexations are on really important matters. The
+threats of Clodius and the conflicts before me touch me only slightly.
+For I think I can either confront them with perfect dignity or decline
+them without any embarrassment. You will say, perhaps, "Enough of
+dignity, like the proverb, 'Enough of the oak':[256] an you love me,
+take thought for safety!" Ah, dear me, dear me, why are you not here?
+Nothing, certainly, could have escaped you. I, perhaps, am somewhat
+blinded, and too much affected by my high ideal. I assure you there
+never was anything so scandalous, so shameful, so offensive to all
+sorts, conditions and ages of men alike, as the present state of
+affairs. It is more so, by Hercules, than I could have wished, but not
+more than I had expected. Your _populares_ have now taught even usually
+quiet men to hiss. Bibulus is praised to the skies: I don't know why,
+but he has the same sort of applause as his
+
+    "Who by delays restored alone our State."[257]
+
+Pompey--the man I loved--has, to my infinite sorrow, ruined his own
+reputation. They hold no one by affection, and I fear they will be
+forced to use terror. I, however, refrain from hostility to their cause
+owing to my friendship for him, and yet I cannot approve, lest I should
+stultify my own past. The feeling of the people was shewn as clearly as
+possible in the theatre and at the shows. For at the gladiators both
+master and supporters were overwhelmed with hisses. At the games of
+Apollo the actor Diphilus made a pert allusion to Pompey, in the words:
+
+    "By our misfortunes thou art--Great."
+
+He was encored countless times. When he delivered the line,
+
+    "The time will come when thou wilt deeply mourn
+    That self-same valour,"
+
+the whole theatre broke out into applause, and so on with the rest. For
+the verses do seem exactly as though they were written by some enemy of
+Pompey's to hit the time. "If neither laws nor customs can control,"
+etc., caused great sensation and loud shouts. Caesar having entered as
+the applause died away, he was followed by the younger Curio. The latter
+received an ovation such as used to be given to Pompey when the
+constitution was still intact. Caesar was much annoyed. A despatch is
+said to have been sent flying off to Pompey at Capua.[258] _They_ are
+offended with the equites, who rose to their feet and cheered Curio, and
+are at war with everybody. They are threatening the Roscian law,[259]
+and even the corn law.[260] There has been a great hubbub altogether.
+For my part, I should have preferred their doings being silently
+ignored; but that, I fear, won't be allowed. Men are indignant at what
+nevertheless must, it seems, be put up with. The whole people have
+indeed now one voice, but its strength depends rather on exasperation
+than anything to back it up. Farthermore, our Publius is threatening me:
+he is hostile, and a storm is hanging over my head which should bring
+you post haste to town. I believe that I am still firmly supported by
+the same phalanx of all loyal or even tolerably loyal men which
+supported me when consul. Pompey displays no common affection for me. He
+also asserts that Clodius is not going to say a word about me. In which
+he is not deceiving me, but is himself deceived. Cosconius having died,
+I am invited to fill his place.[261] That would indeed be a case of
+"invited to a dead man's place." I should have been beneath contempt in
+the eyes of the world, and nothing could be conceived less likely to
+secure that very "personal safety" of which you speak. For those
+commissioners are disliked by the loyalists, and so I should have
+retained my own unpopularity with the disloyal, with the addition of
+that attaching to others. Caesar wishes me to accept a legateship under
+him. This is a more honourable method of avoiding the danger. But I
+don't wish to avoid it. What do I want, then? Why, I prefer fighting.
+However, I have not made up my mind. Again I say, Oh that you were here!
+However, if it is absolutely necessary I will summon you. What else is
+there to say? What else? This, I think: I am certain that all is lost.
+For why mince matters any longer? But I write this in haste, and, by
+Hercules, in rather a nervous state. On some future occasion I will
+either write to you at full length, if I find a very trustworthy person
+to whom to give a letter, or if I write darkly you will understand all
+the same. In these letters I will be Laelius, you Furius; the rest shall
+be in riddles. Here I cultivate Caecilius,[262] and pay him assiduous
+attention. I hear Bibulus's edicts have been sent to you. Our friend
+Pompey is hot with indignation and wrath at them.[263]
+
+[Footnote 255: Terence, _Phorm._ 232.]
+
+[Footnote 256: [Greek: halis dryos], _i.e._, feeding on acorns is a
+thing of the past, it is out of date, like the golden age when they fed
+on wild fruit _et quae deciderant patula Iovis arbore glandes_ (Ovid,
+_Met._ i. 106); and so is dignity, it is a question of _safety_ now.]
+
+[Footnote 257: Ennius on Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator.]
+
+[Footnote 258: Pompey was in Campania acting as one of the twenty land
+commissioners.]
+
+[Footnote 259: The _lex Roscia theatralis_ (B.C. 67), which gave
+fourteen rows of seats to the equites.]
+
+[Footnote 260: That is, the law for distribution of corn among poorer
+citizens. There were many such. Perhaps the most recent was the _lex
+Cassia Terentia_ (B.C. 73). Caesar, who, when in later years he became
+supreme, restricted this privilege, may have threatened to do so now.]
+
+[Footnote 261: _I.e._, as one of the twenty land commissioners. The next
+clause seems to refer to some proverbial expression, "to be invited to a
+place at Pluto's table," or some such sentence. Cicero means that his
+acceptance would be equivalent to political extinction, either from the
+obscurity of Cosconius or the inconsistency of the proceeding.]
+
+[Footnote 262: The uncle of Atticus. See p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 263: After the scene of violence in which Bibulus, on
+attempting to prevent the agrarian law being passed, was driven from the
+rostra, with his lictors' fasces broken, he shut himself up in his house
+and published edicts declaring Caesar's acts invalid, and denouncing the
+conduct of Pompey (Suet. _Caes._ 20; Dio, xxxviii. 6).]
+
+
+
+
+XLVI (A II, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I have done everything I could for Anicatus, as I understood was your
+wish. Numestius, in accordance with your earnestly expressed letter, I
+have adopted as a friend. Caecilius I look after diligently in all ways
+possible. Varro[264] does all I could expect for me. Pompey loves me and
+regards me as a dear friend. "Do you believe that?" you will say. I do:
+he quite convinces me. But seeing that men of the world in all
+histories, precepts, and even verses, are for ever bidding one be on
+one's guard and forbidding belief, I carry out the former--"to be on my
+guard"--the latter--"to disbelieve"[265]--I cannot carry out. Clodius is
+still threatening me with danger. Pompey asserts that there is no
+danger. He swears it. He even adds that he will himself be murdered by
+him sooner than I injured. The negotiation is going on. As soon as
+anything is settled I will write you word. If I have to fight, I will
+summon you to share in the work. If I am let alone, I won't rout you out
+of your "Amaltheia." About politics I will write briefly: for I am now
+afraid lest the very paper should betray me. Accordingly, in future, if
+I have anything more to write to you, I shall clothe it in covert
+language. For the present the state is dying of a novel disorder; for
+although everybody disapproves of what has been done, complains, and is
+indignant about it, and though there is absolutely no difference of
+opinion on the subject, and people now speak openly and groan aloud, yet
+no remedy is applied: for we do not think resistance possible without a
+general slaughter, nor see what the end of concession is to be except
+ruin. Bibulus is exalted to the skies as far as admiration and affection
+go. His edicts and speeches are copied out and read. He has reached the
+summit of glory in a novel way. There is now nothing so popular as the
+dislike of the popular party. I have my fears as to how this will end.
+But if I ever see my way clearly in anything, I will write to you more
+explicitly. For yourself, if you love me as much as I am sure you do,
+take care to be ready to come in all haste as soon as I call for you.
+But I do my best, and shall do so, to make it unnecessary. I said I
+would call you Furius in my letters, but it is not necessary to change
+your name. I'll call myself Laelius and you Atticus, but I will use
+neither my own handwriting nor seal, if the letter happens to be such as
+I should not wish to fall into the hands of a stranger. Diodotus is
+dead; he has left me perhaps 1,000 sestertia. Bibulus has postponed the
+elections to the 18th of October, in an edict expressed in the vein of
+Archilochus.[266] I have received the books from Vibius: he is a
+miserable poet,[267] but yet he is not without some knowledge nor wholly
+useless. I am going to copy the book out and send it back.
+
+[Footnote 264: M. Terentius Varro, "the most learned of the Romans," and
+author of very large numbers of books. He was afterwards one of Pompey's
+_legati_ in Spain. He survived most of the men of the revolutionary
+era.]
+
+[Footnote 265: See Letter XXIV, p. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 266: _I.e._, in biting language. _Archilochum proprio rabies
+armavit iambo_ (Hor. _A. P._ 79).]
+
+[Footnote 267: The _Cosmographia_ of Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter
+XLVIII, p. 120.]
+
+
+
+
+XLVII (A II, 21)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+Why should I write to you on the Republic in detail? It is utterly
+ruined; and is, so far, in a worse state than when you left it, that
+then a despotism seemed to be oppressing it which was popular with the
+multitude, and though offensive to the loyalists, yet short of actual
+mischief; but now all on a sudden they have become so universally hated,
+that I tremble to think what will be the end of it. For we have had
+experience of those men's resentment and violence, who have ruined
+everything in their anger against Cato; yet they were employing such
+slow poisons, that it seemed as though our end might be painless. Now,
+however, I fear they have been exasperated by the hisses of the crowd,
+the talk of the respectable classes, and the murmurs of Italy. For my
+part, I was in hopes, as I often used actually to say to you, that the
+wheel of the state chariot had made its revolution with scarcely any
+noise and leaving scarcely any visible rut; and it would have been so,
+if people could only have waited till the storm had blown over. But
+after sighing in secret for a long time they all began, first to groan,
+and at last to talk and shout. Accordingly, that friend of ours,
+unaccustomed to being unpopular, always used to an atmosphere of praise,
+and revelling in glory, now disfigured in body and broken in spirit,
+does not know which way to turn; sees that to go on is dangerous, to
+return a betrayal of vacillation; has the loyalists his enemies, the
+disloyal themselves not his friends. Yet see how soft-hearted I am. I
+could not refrain from tears when, on the 25th of July, I saw him making
+a speech on the edicts of Bibulus. The man who in old times had been
+used to bear himself in that place with the utmost confidence and
+dignity, surrounded by the warmest affection of the people, amidst
+universal favour--how humble, how cast down he was then! How ill-content
+with himself, to say nothing of how unpleasing to his audience! Oh,
+what a spectacle! No one could have liked it but Crassus--no one else in
+the world! Not I, for considering his headlong descent from the stars,
+he seemed to me to have lost his footing rather than to have been
+deliberately following a path; and, as Apelles, if he had seen his
+Venus, or Protogenes his Ialysus daubed with mud, would, I presume, have
+felt great sorrow, so neither could I behold without great sorrow a man,
+portrayed and embellished with all the colours of my art, suddenly
+disfigured. Although no one thought, in view of the Clodius business,
+that I was bound to be his friend, yet so great was my affection for
+him, that no amount of injury was capable of making it run dry. The
+result is that those Archilochian edicts of Bibulus against him are so
+popular, that one can't get past the place where they are put up for the
+crowd of readers, and so deeply annoying to himself that he is pining
+with vexation. To me, by Hercules, they are distressing, both because
+they give excessive pain to a man whom I have always loved, and because
+I fear lest one so impulsive and so quick to strike, and so unaccustomed
+to personal abuse, may, in his passionate resentment, obey the dictates
+of indignation and anger. I don't know what is to be the end of Bibulus.
+As things stand at present he is enjoying a wonderful reputation. For on
+his having postponed the _comitia_ to October, as that is a measure
+which is always against the popular feeling, Caesar had imagined that the
+assembly could be induced by a speech of his to go to Bibulus's house;
+but after a long harangue full of seditious suggestions, he failed to
+extract a word from anyone. In short, they feel that they do not possess
+the cordial goodwill of any section: all the more must we fear some act
+of violence. Clodius is hostile to us. Pompey persists in asserting that
+he will do nothing against me. It is risky for me to believe that, and I
+am preparing myself to meet his attack. I hope to have the warmest
+feelings of all orders on my side. I have personally a longing for you,
+and circumstances also demand your presence at that time. I shall feel
+it a very great addition to my policy, to my courage, and, in a word, to
+my safety, if I see you in time. Varro does all I can expect. Pompey
+talks like an angel. I have hopes that I shall come off with flying
+colours, or at any rate without being molested. Be sure and tell me how
+you are, how you are amusing yourself, and what settlement you have come
+to with the Sicyonians.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII (A II, 22)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+How I wished you had stayed at Rome! I am sure you would have stayed if
+you had foreseen what was going to happen. For then we should have had
+no difficulty in keeping "Pulchellus" in order, or at least should have
+known what he was going to do. As things are, he darts about, talks like
+a madman, never sticks to anything: threatens now this one and now that:
+seems likely, in reality, to do whatever turns up. When he sees how
+unpopular the present state of things is, he seems to intend an attack
+upon the authors of it; but when he again recalls their power and
+armies, he transfers his hostility to the loyalists. Me personally he
+threatens at one time with violence, at another with impeachment. With
+him Pompey has remonstrated, and, as he tells me himself--for I have no
+other evidence--has urgently remonstrated, pointing out that he would
+himself lie under the extreme imputation of perfidy and unprincipled
+conduct, if any danger to me were created by the man whom he had himself
+armed by acquiescing in his becoming a plebeian: that both he and
+Appius[268] had pledged themselves in regard to me: if Clodius did not
+respect that, he should shew such annoyance that everyone would
+understand that he valued my friendship above everything. Having said
+this and much else to the same effect, he told me that the fellow at
+first argued against it at great length and for a long time, but
+eventually gave way and declared that he would do nothing against his
+wishes. Nevertheless, he has not ceased since then speaking of me with
+the greatest bitterness. But even if he had not done so, I should have
+felt no confidence in him, but should have been making every
+preparation, as in fact I am doing. As it is, I am so conducting myself
+that every day the affections of people towards me and the strength of
+my position are enhanced. I don't touch politics in any shape or way; I
+employ myself with the greatest assiduity in pleading causes and in my
+regular forensic business.[269] And this I feel is extremely gratifying,
+not only to those who enjoy my services, but also to the people
+generally. My house is crowded; I am met by processions; the memory of
+my consulship is renewed; men's feelings are clearly shewn: my hopes are
+so raised, that the struggle hanging over me seems at times one from
+which I need not shrink. Now is the time that I need your advice, your
+love and fidelity. Wherefore come post haste! Everything will be easy
+for me if I have you. I can carry on many negotiations through our
+friend Varro, which will be on firmer ground with you to back them up; a
+great deal can be elicited from Publius himself, and be brought to my
+knowledge, which cannot possibly be kept concealed from you; a great
+deal also--but it is absurd to enumerate particulars, when I want you
+for everything. I would like you to be convinced of this above all, that
+everything will be simplified for me if I see you: but it all turns on
+this coming to pass _before_ he enters on his office. I think that if
+you are here while Crassus is egging on Pompey--as you can get out of
+Clodius himself, by the agency of "Iuno,"[270] how far they are acting
+in good faith--we shall escape molestation, or at any rate not be left
+under a delusion. You don't stand in need of entreaties or urgency from
+me. You understand what my wish is, and what the hour and the importance
+of the business demand. As to politics, I can tell you nothing except
+that everybody entertains the greatest detestation for those who are
+masters of everything. There is, however, no hope of a change. But, as
+you easily understand, Pompey himself is discontented and extremely
+dissatisfied with himself. I don't see clearly what issue to expect: but
+certainly such a state of affairs seems likely to lead to an outbreak of
+some sort. Alexander's books[271]--a careless writer and a poor poet,
+and yet not without some useful information--I have sent back to you. I
+have had pleasure in admitting Numerius Numestius to my friendship, and
+I find him a man of character and good sense, worthy of your
+recommendation.
+
+[Footnote 268: Appius Claudius Pulcher, elder brother of P. Clodius.]
+
+[Footnote 269: The speeches known to us of this year are those for his
+colleague, C. Antonius, A. Thermus, and L. Flaccus. The two former are
+lost, but we know from his own account that he had not avoided touching
+on politics in the speech for Antonius, but had so offended Pompey and
+Caesar that they at once carried out the adoption of Clodius (_de Domo_,
+Sec. 41).]
+
+[Footnote 270: [Greek: Boopis], _i.e._, Clodia. See Letters XXXV, XL.
+_Crasso urgente_ is difficult. Cicero must mean that while Crassus (whom
+he always regards as hostile to himself) is influencing Pompey, he
+cannot trust what Pompey says, and must look for real information
+elsewhere.]
+
+[Footnote 271: Alexander of Ephesus. See Letter XLVI, p. 115.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIX (A II, 23)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+I don't think you have ever before read a letter of mine not written by
+my own hand. You will be able to gather from that how I am distracted
+with business. For as I had not a moment to spare and was obliged to
+take a walk in order to refresh my poor voice, I have dictated this
+while walking. The first thing, then, which I wish you to know is that
+our friend "Sampsiceramus" is exceedingly dissatisfied with his
+position, and desires to be restored to the place from which he has
+fallen; that he confides his annoyance to me, and is without disguise
+seeking for a remedy--which I don't think can be found. The second thing
+is that all on that side, whether promoters or mere hangers-on, are
+falling out of fashion, though no one opposes them: there never was a
+greater unanimity of feeling or talk everywhere. For myself (for I am
+sure you wish to know it) I take part in no political deliberations, and
+have devoted myself entirely to my forensic business and work. Thereby,
+as may easily be understood, I have frequent occasion to refer to my
+past achievements and to express my regret. But the brother of our
+"Iuno" is giving utterance to all kinds of alarming threats, and, while
+disclaiming them to "Sampsiceramus," makes an open avowal and parade of
+them to others. Wherefore, loving me as much as I know you do, if you
+are asleep, wake up; if you are standing, start walking; if you are
+walking, set off running; if you are running, take wings and fly. You
+can scarcely believe how much I confide in your advice and wisdom, and
+above all in your affection and fidelity. The importance of the
+interests involved perhaps demands a long disquisition, but the close
+union of our hearts is contented with brevity. It is of very great
+importance to me that, if you can't be at Rome at the elections, you
+should at least be here after his election is declared.[272] Take care
+of your health.
+
+[Footnote 272: _I.e._, between the time of his election and of his
+entering on his office. The tribunes entered on their office on the 10th
+of December; the elections usually took place in July, but were
+postponed till October this year by Bibulus. See Letter XLVI, p. 115.]
+
+
+
+
+L (A II, 24)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+In the letter which I delivered to Numestius I begged you to come back,
+in the most urgent and vehement terms it was possible to use. To the
+speed which I then enjoined even add something if you possibly can. And
+yet do not be agitated, for I know you well, and am not ignorant of "how
+love is all compact of thought and fear." But the matter, I hope, is
+going to be less formidable in the end than it was at its beginning.
+That fellow Vettius, our old informer, promised Caesar, as far as I can
+make out, that he would secure young Curio being brought under some
+suspicion of guilt. Accordingly, he wormed his way into intimacy with
+the young man, and having, as is proved, often met him, at last went the
+length of telling him that he had resolved by the help of his slaves to
+make an attack upon Pompey and assassinate him. Curio reported this to
+his father, the latter to Pompey. The matter was reported to the senate.
+Vettius, on being brought in, at first denied that he had ever had any
+appointment with Curio. However, he did not long stick to that, but
+immediately claimed the protection of the state as giving information.
+There was a shout of "no" to this;[273] but he went on to state that
+there had been a confederacy of young men under the leadership of Curio,
+to which Paullus had at first belonged, and Q. Caepio (I mean
+Brutus[274]) and Lentulus, son of the flamen, with the privity of his
+father: that afterwards C. Septimius, secretary to Bibulus, had brought
+him a dagger from Bibulus. That made the whole thing ridiculous, as
+though Vettius would have been at a loss for a dagger unless the consul
+had given him one; and it was all the more scouted because on the 5th of
+May Bibulus had told Pompey to be on his guard against plots; on which
+occasion Pompey had thanked him. Young Curio, being brought into the
+senate, spoke in answer to the allegations of Vettius; and on this
+particular occasion the strongest thing against Vettius was his having
+said that the plan of the young men was to attack Pompey in the forum,
+with the help of Gabinius's gladiators,[275] and that in this the
+ring-leader was Paullus, who was ascertained to have been in Macedonia
+at that time. A decree of the senate is passed that "Vettius, having
+confessed to having 'worn a dagger,'[276] should be cast into prison;
+that anyone releasing him would be guilty of treason to the state." The
+opinion generally held is that the whole affair had been arranged.
+Vettius was to be caught in the forum with a dagger, and his slaves also
+with weapons, and he was then to offer to lay an information; and this
+would have been carried out, had not the Curios given Pompey previous
+information. Presently the decree of the senate was read in public
+assembly. Next day, however, Caesar--the man who formerly as praetor had
+bidden Q. Catulus[277] speak on the ground below--now brought Vettius on
+to the rostra, and placed him on an elevation to which Bibulus, though
+consul, was prevented from aspiring. Here that fellow said exactly what
+he chose about public affairs, and, having come there primed and
+instructed, first struck Caepio's name out of his speech, though he had
+named him most emphatically in the senate, so that it was easy to see
+that a night and a nocturnal intercession[278] had intervened: next he
+named certain men on whom he had not cast even the slightest suspicion
+in the senate: L. Lucullus, by whom he said that C. Fannius was usually
+sent to him--the man who on a former occasion had backed a prosecution
+of Clodius; L. Domitius, whose house had been agreed on as the
+headquarters of the conspirators. Me he did not _name_, but he said that
+"an eloquent consular, who lived near the consul, had said to him that
+there was need of some Servilius Ahala or Brutus being found."[279] He
+added at the very end, on being recalled by Vatinius after the assembly
+had been dismissed, that he had been told by Curio that my son-in-law
+Piso was privy to these proceedings, as M. Laterensis also. At present
+Vettius is on trial for "violence" before Crassus Dives,[280] and when
+condemned he intends to claim the impunity of an informer; and if he
+obtains that, there seem likely to be some prosecutions. I don't despise
+the danger, for I never despise any danger, but neither do I much fear
+it. People indeed shew very great affection for me, but I am quite tired
+of life: such a scene of misery is it all. It was only the other day
+that we were fearing a massacre, which the speech of that gallant old
+man Q. Considius prevented:[281] now this one, which we might have
+feared any day, has suddenly turned up. In short, nothing can be more
+unfortunate than I, or more fortunate than Catulus, both in the
+splendour of his life and in the time of his death. However, in the
+midst of these miseries I keep my spirit erect and undismayed, and
+maintain my position in a most dignified manner and with great caution.
+Pompey bids me have no anxiety about Clodius, and shews the most cordial
+goodwill to me in everything he says. I desire to have you to suggest my
+policy, to be the partner in my anxieties, and to share my every
+thought. Therefore I have commissioned Numestius to urge you, and I now
+entreat you with the same or, if possible, greater earnestness, to
+literally fly to us. I shall breathe again when I once see you.
+
+[Footnote 273: _Reclamatum est._ The MSS. have _haud reclamatum est_,
+"it was not refused."]
+
+[Footnote 274: Marcus Iunius Brutus, the future assassin of Caesar,
+adopted by his uncle, Q. Servilius Caepio. The father of Lentulus was
+_flamen Martialis_ (L. Lentulus), _in Vat._ Sec. 25. Paullus is L. AEmilius
+Paullus, consul B.C. 50.]
+
+[Footnote 275: _Cum gladiatoribus._ Others omit _cum_, in which case the
+meaning will be "at the gladiatorial shows of Gabinius." As some _date_
+is wanted, this is probably right.]
+
+[Footnote 276: Under the _lex de sicariis_ of Sulla carrying a weapon
+with felonious intent was a capital crime, for which a man was tried
+_inter sicarios_. See 2 _Phil._ Sec.Sec. 8, 74.]
+
+[Footnote 277: Q. Lutatius Catulus, who died in the previous year, B.C.
+60, had been a keen opponent of Caesar, who tried to deprive him of the
+honour of dedicating the restored Capitoline temple, and beat him in the
+election of Pontifex Maximus.]
+
+[Footnote 278: Servilia, mother of Brutus, was reported to be Caesar's
+mistress. As Cicero is insinuating that the whole affair was got up by
+Caesar to irritate Pompey with the _boni_, this allusion will be
+understood.]
+
+[Footnote 279: If Vettius did say this, he at any rate successfully
+imitated Cicero's manner. These names are always in his mouth. See 2
+_Phil._ Sec.Sec. 26, 87; _pro Mil._. Sec.Sec. 8, 82, etc. For a farther discussion
+of Vettius, see Appendix B.]
+
+[Footnote 280: Probably a praetor, not the triumvir.]
+
+[Footnote 281: Q. Considius Gallus, who, according to Plutarch (_Caes._
+13), said in the senate that the attendance of senators was small
+because they feared a massacre. "What made you come, then?" said Caesar.
+"My age," he replied; "I have little left to lose."]
+
+
+
+
+LI (A II, 25)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (JULY OR AUGUST)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+When I have praised any one of your friends to you I should like you
+tell him that I have done so. For instance, you know I lately wrote to
+you about Varro's kindness to me, and that you wrote me back word that
+the circumstance gave you the greatest delight. But I should have
+preferred your writing to him and saying that he was doing all I could
+expect--not because he was, but in order that he might do so. For he is
+a man of astonishing whims, as you know, "tortuous and no
+wise----."[282] But I stick to the rule "Follies of those in power,"
+etc.[283] But, by Hercules, that other friend of yours, Hortalus--with
+what a liberal hand, with what candour, and in what ornate language has
+he praised me to the skies, when speaking of the praetorship of Flaccus
+and that incident of the Allobroges.[284] I assure you nothing could
+have been more affectionate, complimentary, or more lavishly expressed.
+I very much wish that you would write and tell him that I sent you word
+of it. Yet why write? I think you are on your way and are all but here.
+For I have urged you so strongly to come in my previous letters. I am
+expecting you with great impatience, longing for you very much; nor do I
+call for you more than circumstances themselves and the state of the
+times. Nothing can be more desperate than the position of politics,
+nothing more unpopular than the authors of it, I--as I think, hope, and
+imagine--am safe behind a rampart of goodwill of the strongest kind.
+Wherefore fly to me: you will either relieve me from all annoyance or
+will share it. My letter is all the shorter because, as I hope, I shall
+be able in a very short time to talk over what I want to say face to
+face. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 282:
+
+    [Greek: helikta kouden hygies alla pan perix phronountes.]
+
+Eur. _Androm._ 448.
+
+    "With tortuous thoughts, naught honest, winding all."
+]
+
+[Footnote 283:
+
+    [Greek: tas ton kratounton amathias pherein chreon.]
+
+Eur. _Phoen._ 393.
+
+    "Follies of those in power we needs must bear."
+]
+
+[Footnote 284: L. Valerius Flaccus, as praetor in B.C. 63, had assisted
+Cicero in the Catiline conspiracy. He was now being tried for
+embezzlement in Asia, and was defended by the famous Q. Hortensius
+(Hortalus) and Cicero--the only extant speech of this year.]
+
+
+
+
+LII (Q FR I, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME, 26 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+Statius arrived at my house on the 25th October. His arrival gave me
+uneasiness, because you said in your letter that you would be plundered
+by your household in his absence. However, I thought it a very happy
+circumstance that he anticipated the expectation of his arrival, and the
+company that would have assembled to meet him, if he had left the
+province with you, and had not appeared before. For people have
+exhausted their remarks, and many observations have been made and done
+with of the "Nay, but I looked for a mighty man"[285] kind, which I am
+glad to have all over before you come. But as for the motive for your
+sending him--that he might clear himself with me--that was not at all
+necessary. For, to begin with, I had never suspected him, nor in what I
+wrote to you about him was I expressing my own judgment; but since the
+interest and safety of all of us who take part in public business
+depends, not on truth alone, but on report also, I wrote you word of
+what people were saying, not what I thought myself. How prevalent and
+how formidable that talk was Statius ascertained himself on his arrival.
+For he was present when certain persons at my house gave vent to some
+complaints on that very subject, and had the opportunity of perceiving
+that the observations of the malevolent were being directed at himself
+especially. But it used to annoy me most when I was told that he had
+greater influence with you, than your sober time of life and the wisdom
+of a governor required. How many people, do you suppose, have solicited
+me to give them a letter of introduction to Statius? How often, do you
+suppose, has he himself, while talking without reserve to me, made such
+observations as, "I never approved of that," "I told him so," "I tried
+to persuade him," "I warned him not to"? And even if these things shew
+the highest fidelity, as I believe they do, since that is your judgment,
+yet the mere appearance of a freedman or slave enjoying such influence
+cannot but lower your dignity: and the long and short of it is--for I am
+in duty bound not to say anything without good grounds, nor to keep back
+anything from motives of policy--that Statius has supplied all the
+material for the gossip of those who wished to decry you; that formerly
+all that could be made out was that certain persons were angry at your
+strictness; but that after his manumission the angry had something to
+talk about.
+
+Now I will answer the letters delivered to me by L. Caesius, whom, as I
+see you wish it, I will serve in every way I can. One of them is about
+Zeuxis of Blaundus, whom you say was warmly recommended to you by me
+though a most notorious matricide. In this matter, and on this subject
+generally, please listen to a short statement, lest you should by chance
+be surprised at my having become so conciliatory towards Greeks. Seeing,
+as I did, that the complaints of Greeks, because they have a genius for
+deceit, were allowed an excessive weight, whenever I was told of any of
+them making complaint of you, I appeased them by every means in my
+power. First, I pacified the Dionysopolitans, who were very bitter:
+whose chief man, Hermippus, I secured not only by my conversation, but
+by treating him as a friend. I did the same to Hephaestus of Apameia; the
+same to that most untrustworthy fellow, Megaristus of Antandrus; the
+same to Nicias of Smyrna; I also embraced with all the courtesy I
+possessed the most trumpery of men, even Nymphon of Colophon. And all
+this I did from no liking for these particular people, or the nation as
+a whole: I was heartily sick of their fickleness and obsequiousness, of
+feelings that are not affected by our kindness, but by our position.
+
+But to return to Zeuxis. When he was telling me the same story as you
+mention in your letter about what M. Cascellius had said to him in
+conversation, I stopped him from farther talk, and admitted him to my
+society. I cannot, however, understand your virulence when you say that,
+having sewn up in the parricide's-sack two Mysians at Smyrna, you
+desired to display a similar example of your severity in the upper part
+of your province, and that, therefore, you had wished to inveigle Zeuxis
+into your hands by every possible means. For if he had been brought into
+court, he ought perhaps not to have been allowed to escape: but there
+was no necessity for his being hunted out and inveigled by soft words to
+stand a trial, as you say in your letter--especially as he is one whom I
+learn daily, both from his fellow citizens and from many others, to be a
+man of higher character than you would expect from such an obscure town
+as his.[286] But, you will say, it is only Greeks to whom I am
+indulgent. What! did not I do everything to appease L. Caecilius? What a
+man! how irritable! how violent! In fact, who is there except
+Tuscenius,[287] whose case admitted of no cure, have I not softened? See
+again, I have now on my hands a shifty, mean fellow, though of
+equestrian rank, called Catienus: even he is going to be smoothed down.
+I don't blame you for having been somewhat harsh to his father, for I am
+quite sure you have acted with good reason: but what need was there of a
+letter of the sort which you sent to the man himself? "That the man was
+rearing the cross for himself from which you had already pulled him off
+once; that you would take care to have him smoked to death, and would be
+applauded by the whole province for it." Again, to a man named C.
+Fabius--for that letter also T. Catienus is handing round--"that you
+were told that the kidnapper Licinius, with his young kite of a son, was
+collecting taxes." And then you go on to ask Fabius to burn both father
+and son alive if he can; if not, to send them to you, that they may be
+burnt to death by legal sentence. That letter sent by you in jest to C.
+Fabius, if it really is from you, exhibits to ordinary readers a
+violence of language very injurious to you. Now, if you will refer to
+the exhortations in all my letters, you will perceive that I have never
+found fault with you for anything except harshness and sharpness of
+temper, and occasionally, though rarely, for want of caution in the
+letters you write. In which particulars, indeed, if my influence had had
+greater weight with you than a somewhat excessive quickness of
+disposition, or a certain enjoyment in indulging temper, or a faculty
+for epigram and a sense of humour, we should certainly have had no cause
+for dissatisfaction. And don't you suppose that I feel no common
+vexation when I am told how Vergilius is esteemed, and your neighbour
+C. Octavius?[288] For if you only excel your neighbours farther up
+country, in Cilicia and Syria, that is a pretty thing to boast of! And
+that is just the sting of the matter, that though the men I have named
+are not more blameless than yourself, they yet outdo you in the art of
+winning favour, though they know nothing of Xenophon's Cyrus or
+Agesilaus; from which kings, in the exercise of their great office, no
+one ever heard an irritable word. But in giving you this advice, as I
+have from the first, I am well aware how much good I have done.[289]
+
+Now, however, as you are about to quit your province, pray do leave
+behind you--as I think you are now doing--as pleasant a memory as
+possible. You have a successor of very mild manners; in other respects,
+on his arrival, you will be much missed. In sending letters of
+requisition, as I have often told you, you have allowed yourself to be
+too easily persuaded. Destroy, if you can, all such as are inequitable,
+or contrary to usage, or contradictory to others. Statius told me that
+they were usually put before you ready written, read by himself, and
+that, if they were inequitable, he informed you of the fact: but that
+before he entered your service there had been no sifting of letters;
+that the result was that there were volumes containing a selection of
+letters, which were usually adversely criticised.[290] On this subject I
+am not going to give you any advice at this time of day, for it is too
+late; and you cannot but be aware that I have often warned you in
+various ways and with precision. But I have, on a hint from Theopompus,
+intrusted him with this message to you: do see by means of persons
+attached to you, which you will find no difficulty in doing, that the
+following classes of letters are destroyed--first, those that are
+inequitable; next, those that are contradictory; then those expressed in
+an eccentric or unusual manner; and lastly, those that contain
+reflexions on anyone. I don't believe all I hear about these matters,
+and if, in the multiplicity of your engagements, you have let certain
+things escape you, now is the time to look into them and weed them out.
+I have read a letter said to have been written by your nomenclator Sulla
+himself, which I cannot approve: I have read some written in an angry
+spirit. But the subject of letters comes in pat: for while this sheet of
+paper was actually in my hands, L. Flavius, praetor-designate and a very
+intimate friend, came to see me. He told me that you had sent a letter
+to his agents, which seemed to me most inequitable, prohibiting them
+from taking anything from the estate of the late L. Octavius Naso, whose
+heir L. Flavius is, until they had paid a sum of money to C. Fundanius;
+and that you had sent a similar letter to the Apollonidenses, not to
+allow any payment on account of the estate of the late Octavius till the
+debt to Fundanius had been discharged. It seems to me hardly likely that
+you have done this; for it is quite unlike your usual good sense. The
+heir not to take anything? What if he disowns the debt? What if he
+doesn't owe it at all? Moreover, is the praetor wont to decide whether a
+debt is due?[291] Don't I, again, wish well to Fundanius? Am I not his
+friend? Am I not touched with compassion? No one more so: but in certain
+matters the course of law is so clear as to leave no place for personal
+feeling. And Flavius told me that expressions were used in the letter,
+which he said was yours, to the effect that you would "either thank them
+as friends, or make yourself disagreeable to them as enemies." In short,
+he was much annoyed, complained of it to me in strong terms, and begged
+me to write to you as seriously as I could. This I am doing, and I do
+strongly urge you again and again to withdraw your injunction to
+Flavius's agents about taking money from the estate, and not to lay any
+farther injunction on the Apollonidenses contrary to the rights of
+Flavius. Pray do everything you can for the sake of Flavius and, indeed,
+of Pompey also. I would not, upon my honour, have you think me liberal
+to him at the expense of any inequitable decision on your part: but I do
+entreat you to leave behind you some authority, and some memorandum of a
+decree or of a letter under your hand, so framed as to support the
+interests and cause of Flavius. For the man, who is at once very
+attentive to me, and tenacious of his own rights and dignity, is feeling
+extremely hurt that he has not prevailed with you either on the grounds
+of personal friendship or of legal right; and, to the best of my belief,
+both Pompey and Caesar have, at one time or another, commended the
+interests of Flavius to you, and Flavius has written to you personally,
+and certainly I have. Wherefore, if there is anything which you think
+you ought to do at my request, let it be this. If you love me, take
+every care, take every trouble, and insure Flavius's cordial thanks both
+to yourself and myself. I cannot use greater earnestness in making any
+request than I use in this.
+
+As to what you say about Hermias, it has been in truth a cause of much
+vexation to me. I wrote you a letter in a rather unbrotherly spirit,
+which I dashed off in a fit of anger and now wish to recall, having been
+irritated by what Lucullus's freedman told me, immediately after hearing
+of the bargain. For this letter, which was not expressed in a brotherly
+way, you ought to have brotherly feeling enough to make allowance. As to
+Censorinus, Antonius, the Cassii, Scaevola--I am delighted to hear from
+you that you possess their friendship. The other contents of that same
+letter of yours were expressed more strongly than I could have wished,
+such as your "with my ship at least well trimmed"[292] and your "die
+once for all."[293] You will find those expressions to be unnecessarily
+strong. My scoldings have always been very full of affection. They
+mention certain things for complaint,[294] but these are not important,
+or rather, are quite insignificant. For my part, I should never have
+thought you deserving of the least blame in any respect, considering the
+extreme purity of your conduct, had it not been that our enemies are
+numerous. Whatever I have written to you in a tone of remonstrance or
+reproach I have written from a vigilant caution, which I maintain, and
+shall maintain; and I shall not cease imploring you to do the same.
+Attalus of Hypaepa has begged me to intercede with you that you should
+not prevent his getting the money paid which has been decreed for a
+statue of Q. Publicius. In which matter I both ask as a favour and urge
+as a duty, that you should not consent to allow the honour of a man of
+his character, and so close a friend of mine, to be lowered or hindered
+by your means. Farthermore, Licinius, who is known to you, a slave of my
+friend AEsopus, has run away. He has been at Athens, living in the house
+of Patron the Epicurean as a free man. Thence he has made his way to
+Asia. Afterwards a certain Plato of Sardis, who is often at Athens, and
+happened to be at Athens at the time that Licinius arrived there, having
+subsequently learnt by a letter from AEsopus that he was an escaped
+slave, arrested the fellow, and put him into confinement at Ephesus; but
+whether into the public prison, or into a slave mill, we could not
+clearly make out from his letter. But since he is at Ephesus, I should
+be obliged if you would trace him in any manner open to you, and with
+all care either [send him] or bring him home with you. Don't take into
+consideration the fellow's value: such a good-for-nothing is worth very
+little; but AEsopus is so much vexed at his slave's bad conduct and
+audacity, that you can do him no greater favour than by being the means
+of his recovering him.
+
+Now for the news that you chiefly desire. We have so completely lost the
+constitution that Cato,[295] a young man of no sense, but yet a Roman
+citizen and a Cato, scarcely got off with his life because, having
+determined to prosecute Gabinius for bribery, when the praetors could not
+be approached for several days, and refused to admit anyone to their
+presence, he mounted the rostra in public meeting and called Pompey an
+"unofficial dictator." No one ever had a narrower escape of being
+killed. From this you may see the state of the whole Republic. People,
+however, shew no inclination to desert my cause. They make wonderful
+professions, offers of service, and promises: and, indeed, I have the
+highest hopes and even greater spirit--so that I hope to get the better
+in the struggle, and feel confident in my mind that, in the present
+state of the Republic, I need not fear even an accident. However, the
+matter stands thus: if Clodius gives notice of an action against me, the
+whole of Italy will rush to my support, so that I shall come off with
+many times greater glory than before; but if he attempts the use of
+violence, I hope, by the zeal not only of friends but also of opponents,
+to be able to meet force with force. All promise me the aid of
+themselves, their friends, clients, freedmen, slaves, and, finally, of
+their money. Our old regiment of loyalists is warm in its zeal and
+attachment to me. If there were any who had formerly been comparatively
+hostile or lukewarm, they are now uniting themselves with the loyalists
+from hatred to these despots. Pompey makes every sort of promise, and so
+does Caesar: but my confidence in them is not enough to induce me to drop
+any of my preparations. The tribunes-designate are friendly to us. The
+consuls-designate make excellent professions. Some of the new praetors
+are very friendly and very brave citizens--Domitius, Nigidius, Memmius,
+Lentulus[296]--the others are loyalists also, but these are eminently
+so. Wherefore keep a good heart and high hopes. However, I will keep you
+constantly informed on particular events as they occur from day to day.
+
+[Footnote 285: [Greek: all' aiei tina phota megan kai kalon edegmen],
+"but I ever expected some big and handsome man" (Hom. _Odyss._ ix. 513).
+Statius had been manumitted by Quintus Cicero, and there had been much
+talk about it, as we have already heard. See XLIV, p. 109, and XLV, p.
+111.]
+
+[Footnote 286: Reading _quam pro civitate sua_ for _prope quam civitatem
+suam_. I think _prope_ and _pro_ (_pr_) might easily have been mistaken
+for each other, and if the order of _quam_ and _pro_ (mistaken for
+_prope_) were once changed, the case of _civitate_ would follow. Prof.
+Tyrrell, who writes the town _Blandus_, would read _molliorem_ for
+_nobiliorem_, and imagines a pun on the meaning of _Blandus_. But the
+name of the town seems certainly _Blaundus_, [Greek: Blaundos], or
+[Greek: Mlaundos] (Stephanus, [Greek: Blaudos]); see Head, _Hist. Num._
+p. 559: and Cicero, though generally punning on names, would hardly do
+so here, where he is making a grave excuse.]
+
+[Footnote 287: Whom he called (Letter XXIX) "a madman and a knave."]
+
+[Footnote 288: C. Vergilius Balbus, propraetor in Sicily (_pro Planc._ Sec.
+95; Letter XXIX). C. Octavius (father of Augustus), in Macedonia (see p.
+78). L. Marcius Philippus was propraetor of Syria B.C. 61-59. The
+governor of Cilicia in the same period is not known; probably some one
+left in charge by Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 289: I have endeavoured to leave the English as ambiguous as
+the Latin. Cicero may mean that he has done some good, for at the end of
+Letter XXIX he says that Quintus has improved in these points, and had
+been better in his second than in his first year. On the other hand, the
+context here seems rather to point to the meaning "how _little_ good I
+have done!"--impatiently dismissing the subject of temper.]
+
+[Footnote 290: These "requisitionary letters" were granted by a
+provincial governor to certain persons requiring supplies, payment of
+debts, or legal decisions in their favour in the provinces, or other
+privileges, and, if carelessly granted, were open to much abuse. Cicero,
+in his own government of Cilicia, boasted that he had signed none such
+in six months. The ill-wishers of Quintus had apparently got hold of a
+number of these letters signed by him (having been first written out by
+the suitors themselves and scarcely glanced at by him), and a selection
+of them published to prove his injustice or carelessness.]
+
+[Footnote 291: The governor of a province would stand in such a matter
+in the place of the praetor in Rome, _i.e._, he would decide on questions
+of law, not of fact, as, whether a debt was due or not. However, Quintus
+perhaps only erred in the form of his injunction. He might forbid the
+deceased's estate being touched till the question of Fundanius's debt
+was decided; but in his letter he assumed (as he had no right to do)
+that the claim was good. Substantially it seems to me that Quintus was
+right, and certainly in his appeal to him Cicero does not follow his own
+injunction to disregard personal feelings.]
+
+[Footnote 292: [Greek: orthan tan naun]. Quintus had written, it seems,
+defiantly about the slanders afloat against him, and had quoted two
+Greek proverbial sayings. The first is found in Stobaeus, 108 (extract
+from Teles): "It was a fine saying of the pilot, 'At least, Poseidon, a
+ship well trimmed,'" _i.e._, if you sink my ship, she shall at least go
+down with honour. Quintus means, "Whatever my enemies may do afterwards,
+I will keep my province in a sound state as long as I am here."]
+
+[Footnote 293: [Greek: hapax thanein], perhaps "Better to die once for
+all than give in to every unjust demand." The editors quote AEschylus,
+_Pr. V._ 769:
+
+            [Greek: kreisson gar eisapax thanein
+    e thas hapasas hemeras paschein kakos.]
+
+But I don't feel sure that this is the passage alluded to.]
+
+[Footnote 294: Reading _queruntur_ for _quae sunt_.]
+
+[Footnote 295: Gaius Cato, tribune B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 296: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who as praetor threatened Caesar
+with impeachment, and as consul (B.C. 54) tried to get him recalled. He
+was, in 50-49, appointed Caesar's successor in Gaul, defended Marseilles
+against him, and eventually fell in the battle of Pharsalia. P. Nigidius
+Figulus supported Cicero during the Catiline conspiracy. Gaius Memmius,
+aedile B.C. 60 (see p. 51). Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. L.
+Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul B.C. 49, accused Clodius in B.C. 61,
+murdered in Africa after Pompey, B.C. 48.]
+
+
+
+
+LIII (F XIII, 42)
+
+TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)
+
+ROME[297]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+My friend L. Lucceius,[298] the most delightful fellow in the world, has
+expressed in my presence amazingly warm thanks to you, saying that you
+have given most complete and liberal promises to his agents. Since your
+words have roused such gratitude in him, you may imagine how grateful he
+will be for the thing itself, when, as I hope, you will have performed
+your promise. In any case the people of Bullis have shewn that they
+intend to do Lucceius right according to the award of Pompey. But we
+have very great need of the additional support of your wishes,
+influence, and praetorian authority. That you should give us these I beg
+you again and again. And this will be particularly gratifying to me,
+because Lucceius's agents know, and Lucceius himself gathered from your
+letter to him, that no one's influence has greater weight with you than
+mine. I ask you once more, and reiterate my request, that he may find
+that to be the case by practical experience.
+
+[Footnote 297: There is no direct means of dating these letters, as we
+have no other information as to the proconsulship of Culleolus.
+Illyricum was not always a separate government, but was sometimes under
+the governor of Macedonia, sometimes under the governor of Gaul. The
+indications of date are (1) Pompey is at home and often seen by Cicero,
+therefore it is not between the spring of B.C. 67 and the end of 62; (2)
+it is not later than March, B.C. 58, because from that time for ten
+years Caesar was governor of Illyricum, and before he ceased to be so
+Pompey had left Italy, never to return. Even if Culleolus was not
+governor of Illyricum, but of Macedonia, the same argument holds good,
+for C. Antonius was in Macedonia B.C. 63-60, and Octavius from B.C. 60
+to March, B.C. 59. That is, Culleolus could not have been in Macedonia
+while Pompey was in Italy till after March, B.C. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 298: L. Lucceius, whom we have heard of before as a candidate
+for the consulship with Caesar, and whom we shall hear of again as the
+author of a history of the social and civil wars (Sulla and Marius), and
+as being asked to write on Cicero's consulship. He was a close friend of
+Pompey, and took his side in B.C. 49 (Caes. _B. C._ iii. 18). The people
+of Bullis owed Lucceius money, and Cicero asks for "mandatory letters"
+from Culleolus to get it.]
+
+
+
+
+LIV (F XIII, 41)
+
+TO L. CULLEOLUS (IN ILLYRICUM)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 59, AET. 47]
+
+In what you have done for the sake of L. Lucceius, I wish you to be
+fully aware that you have obliged a man who will be exceedingly
+grateful; and that, while this is very much the case with Lucceius
+himself, so also Pompey as often as he sees me--and he sees me very
+often--thanks you in no common terms. I add also, what I know will be
+exceedingly gratifying to you, that I am myself immensely delighted with
+your kindness to Lucceius. For the rest, though I have no doubt that as
+you acted before for my sake, so now, for the sake of your own
+consistency, you will abide by your liberal intentions, yet I reiterate
+my request to you with all earnestness, that what you first gave us
+reason to hope, and then actually carried out, you would be so good as
+to see extended and brought to a final completion by your means. I
+assure you, and I pledge my credit to it, that such a course will be
+exceedingly gratifying to both Lucceius and Pompey, and that you will be
+making a most excellent investment with them. About politics, and about
+the business going on here, and what we are all thinking about, I wrote
+to you in full detail a few days ago, and delivered the letter to your
+servants. Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS IN EXILE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58. Coss., L. Piso, A. Gabinius.]
+
+     We have no record in Cicero's correspondence of the final measures
+     taken by Clodius against him. We find him when the correspondence
+     for this year opens on his way to exile: all his boasts of staying
+     and fighting have been thrown to the winds. Clodius, indeed, had
+     not simply done what Cicero expected at the worst--impeached him.
+     He had gone more systematically to work. Among other measures
+     calculated to win popularity, he proposed a modification of the
+     _lex AElia Fufia_, declaring it illegal for a magistrate to stop
+     legislative _comitia_ by "watching the sky." Thus freed from one
+     hindrance, he next proposed and carried a law for the prosecution
+     of any magistrate who had put a citizen to death without trial
+     (_qui indemnatos cives necavisset_). Cicero at once recognized his
+     danger: if the people voted this law, a jury could scarcely fail to
+     condemn. The triumvirs would do nothing. Pompey, after all his
+     promises, avoided seeing Cicero as much as possible: Caesar offered
+     him a _legatio_ again; and though he spoke against giving the law a
+     retrospective effect, he could not consistently object to the law
+     itself, and shewed no sign of desiring to shelter Cicero, except on
+     his consenting to leave Rome. Cicero then adopted the course which
+     was open to all citizens threatened with a prosecution--that of
+     going away from Rome--and started apparently with the view of going
+     to Malta. Whether it was wise or not, Cicero afterwards lamented
+     having taken this course, and thought that he had better have
+     braved the danger and stood his trial. It at any rate facilitated
+     the next move of Clodius, who proposed and carried a bill
+     forbidding Cicero "fire and water" within 500 (afterwards reduced
+     to 400) miles of Italy, and confiscating his property. Accordingly,
+     Cicero had to go much farther than he had intended. He crossed from
+     Brundisium to Dyrrachium, and proceeded along the _via Egnatia_ to
+     its terminus at Thessalonica, where he spent the autumn, B.C. 58.
+     In November, B.C. 58, he returned to Dyrrachium, ready for the
+     recall which he heard was imminent. Meanwhile his town house was
+     destroyed, its site made a _templum_, and a statue of Liberty set
+     up in it, and his villas at Tusculum and Antium dismantled. The
+     dangers of his position are not exaggerated in his letters, and may
+     account for much of their melancholy tone. He had lost the
+     protection of the laws, and any one of his many enemies meeting him
+     might have killed him with practical impunity. He seems to have
+     left Rome in April.
+
+
+
+
+LV (A III, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+VIBO, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I hope I may see the day when I shall thank you for having compelled me
+to remain alive! At present I thoroughly repent it. But I beg you to
+come and see me at Vibo at once, to which town I have for several
+reasons directed my journey.[299] But if you will only come there, I
+shall be able to consult you about my entire journey and exile. If you
+don't do so, I shall be surprised, but I feel sure you will.
+
+[Footnote 299: Mod. _Monte Leone_, on the road to Rhegium, from which at
+this time Cicero meant to cross to Sicily, and thence to Malta.]
+
+
+
+
+LVI (A III, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+NARES LUCANAE,[300] APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+The reason for having come this journey is that there was no place where
+I could be independent except on Sica's estate,[301] especially till the
+bill is emended,[302] and at the same time because I find that from this
+spot I can reach Brundisium, if you were only with me, but without you I
+cannot stay in those parts owing to Autronius.[303] At present, as I
+said in my previous letter, if you will come to me, we shall be able to
+form a plan for the whole business. I know the journey is troublesome,
+but the whole calamity is full of troubles. I cannot write more, I am so
+heart-broken and dejected. Take care of your health.
+
+From Nares Lucanae, 8 April.
+
+[Footnote 300: Nares Lucanae (_Monte Nero_), near the River Silarus, and
+on the _via Popilia_ (south-western branch of the _Appia_). Cicero has
+therefore come north again from Vibo, having given up the idea of
+Rhegium and Sicily, and making for Beneventum, and so by the _via Appia_
+for Brundisium.]
+
+[Footnote 301: A friend of Cicero's, of whose death at Brundisium we
+afterwards hear (_Fam._ xiv. 4, Sec. 6).]
+
+[Footnote 302: The bill originally named 500 miles as the distance from
+Italy. Before passing it had to be put up in public three weeks
+(_trinundinae_), and meanwhile might be amended, and was amended to 400.]
+
+[Footnote 303: P. Autronius Paetus, one of Catiline's confederates, who
+would injure Cicero if he could. Cicero would not be able to reach
+Epirus without coming within his reach; for he had been condemned for
+_ambitus_, and was in exile there or in Achaia. _Illas partes_=Epirus.]
+
+
+
+
+LVII (A III, 4)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+NEAR VIBO, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I hope you will attribute my sudden departure from Vibo, whither I had
+asked you come, to my unhappiness rather than to fickleness. A copy of
+the bill for my ruin was brought to me, in which the correction of which
+I had been told was to the effect that I might legally remain anywhere
+beyond 400 miles. Since I was not allowed to go yonder,[304] I set out
+towards Brundisium before the day for carrying the bill had come, both
+to prevent Sica, in whose house I was staying, from being ruined,[305]
+and because I was prevented from residing at Malta. So now make haste to
+catch me up, if only I shall find any welcome there.[306] At present I
+receive kind invitations. But about the rest of my journey I am nervous.
+Truly, my dear Pomponius, I am very sorry I consented to live: in which
+matter you exercised the chief influence with me. But of these things
+when we meet. Only be sure and come.
+
+[Footnote 304: To Malta. The propraetor of Sicily, C. Vergilius, opposed
+his going to Malta, which was in the province of Sicily, though it had a
+_primus_ of its own (_Planc._ 40; Plut. _Cic._ 32).]
+
+[Footnote 305: Because of entertaining the condemned man, a special
+proviso in this law (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 306: In Epirus, believing that Atticus will understand that
+his going to Brundisium means that he will go to Epirus: and as Atticus
+lives there, he naturally asks him to come to meet him. Epirus was, for
+certain purposes at least, in the province of Macedonia, and it depended
+on the governor, L. Appuleius Saturninus, what reception he would meet.
+His friend Plancius was quaestor.]
+
+
+
+
+LVIII (A III, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FROM THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THURIUM, ON THE WAY TO BRUNDISIUM, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I always thought that it was of great importance to me that you should
+be with me: but when I read the bill, then, indeed, I understood that
+there could be nothing more desirable for me than that you should
+overtake me as soon as possible, in order that, if after quitting Italy
+I should have to travel through Epirus, I might avail myself of your
+protection and that of your friends; or, if I had to adopt any other
+plan, I might come to some definite resolution in accordance with your
+opinion. Wherefore I beg you to do your best to overtake me promptly,
+which will be easier for you to do since the law about the province of
+Macedonia has now been passed.[307] I would urge you at greater length
+were it not that with you facts speak for me.
+
+[Footnote 307: One of Clodius's concessions to the consuls, to keep them
+quiet, was to get Macedonia assigned by a _lex_ to L. Calpurnius Piso.
+As Atticus lived in what was practically part of the province, and had
+much business there, it was important to him to be on the spot, and try
+to influence the choice of a governor. That being over, he would not
+have so much to detain him in Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LIX (A III, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THURIUM, 10 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Terentia thanks you frequently and very warmly. That is a great comfort
+to me. I am the most miserable man alive, and am being worn out with the
+most poignant sorrow. I don't know what to write to you. For if you are
+at Rome, it is now too late for you to reach me; but if you are on the
+road, we shall discuss together all that needs to be discussed when you
+have overtaken me. All I ask you is to retain the same affection for me,
+since it was always myself you loved. For I am the same man: my enemies
+have taken what was mine, they have not taken myself. Take care of your
+health.
+
+From Thurium, 10 April.
+
+
+
+
+LX (A III, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ON THE WAY TO TARENTUM, 18 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I had felt certain of seeing you at Tarentum or Brundisium, and that was
+of importance to me in many respects: among others, as to my being able
+to stay in Epirus and consult you about the future. My disappointment in
+this is only another item in the long list of my misfortunes.[308] I
+mean to go to Asia, to Cyzicus for choice. I commend my family to you. I
+am very wretched and can scarcely support my life.
+
+From near Tarentum, 17 April.
+
+[Footnote 308: We suppose that Cicero has heard from Atticus that he is
+not going to be at Tarentum or Brundisium, for he writes before arriving
+at either.]
+
+
+
+
+LXI (F XIV, 4)
+
+TO TERENTIA, TULLIOLA, AND YOUNG CICERO (AT ROME)
+
+BRUNDISIUM, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Yes, I do write to you less often than I might, because, though I am
+always wretched, yet when I write to you or read a letter from you, I am
+in such floods of tears that I cannot endure it. Oh, that I had clung
+less to life! I should at least never have known real sorrow, or not
+much of it, in my life. Yet if fortune has reserved for me _any_ hope of
+recovering at any time any position again, I was not utterly wrong to do
+so: if these miseries are to be permanent, I only wish, my dear, to see
+you as soon as possible and to die in your arms, since neither gods,
+whom you have worshipped with such pure devotion, nor men, whom I have
+ever served, have made us any return. I have been thirteen days at
+Brundisium in the house of M. Laenius Flaccus, a very excellent man, who
+has despised the risk to his fortunes and civil existence in comparison
+to keeping me safe, nor has been induced by the penalty of a most
+iniquitous law to refuse me the rights and good offices of hospitality
+and friendship. May I some time have the opportunity of repaying him!
+Feel gratitude I always shall. I set out from Brundisium on the 29th of
+April,[309] and intend going through Macedonia to Cyzicus. What a fall!
+What a disaster! What can I say? Should I ask you to come--a woman of
+weak health and broken spirit? Should I refrain from asking you? Am I to
+be without you, then? I think the best course is this: if there is any
+hope of my restoration, stay to promote it and push the thing on: but
+if, as I fear, it proves hopeless, pray come to me by any means in your
+power. Be sure of this, that if I have you I shall not think myself
+wholly lost. But what is to become of my darling Tullia? You must see to
+that now: I can think of nothing. But certainly, however things turn
+out, we must do everything to promote that poor little girl's married
+happiness and reputation. Again, what is my boy Cicero to do? Let him,
+at any rate, be ever in my bosom and in my arms.[310] I can't write
+more. A fit of weeping hinders me. I don't know how you have got on;
+whether you are left in possession of anything, or have been, as I fear,
+entirely plundered. Piso, as you say, I hope will always be our friend.
+As to the manumission of the slaves you need not be uneasy. To begin
+with, the promise made to yours was that you would treat them according
+as each severally deserved. So far Orpheus has behaved well, besides him
+no one very markedly so. With the rest of the slaves the arrangement is
+that, if my property is forfeited, they should become my freedmen,
+supposing them to be able to maintain at law that status.[311] But if my
+property remained in my ownership, they were to continue slaves, with
+the exception of a very few. But these are trifles. To return to your
+advice, that I should keep up my courage and not give up hope of
+recovering my position, I only wish that there were any good grounds for
+entertaining such a hope. As it is, when, alas! shall I get a letter
+from you? Who will bring it me? I would have waited for it at
+Brundisium, but the sailors would not allow it, being unwilling to lose
+a favourable wind. For the rest, put as dignified a face on the matter
+as you can, my dear Terentia. Our life is over: we have had our day: it
+is not any fault of ours that has ruined us, but our virtue. I have made
+no false step, except in not losing my life when I lost my honours. But
+since our children preferred my living, let us bear everything else,
+however intolerable. And yet I, who encourage you, cannot encourage
+myself. I have sent that faithful fellow Clodius Philhetaerus home,
+because he was hampered with weakness of the eyes. Sallustius seems
+likely to outdo everybody in his attentions. Pescennius is exceedingly
+kind to me; and I have hopes that he will always be attentive to you.
+Sica had said that he would accompany me; but he has left Brundisium.
+Take the greatest possible care of your health, and believe me that I am
+more affected by your distress than my own. My dear Terentia, most
+faithful and best of wives, and my darling little daughter, and that
+last hope of my race, Cicero, good-bye!
+
+29 April, from Brundisium.
+
+[Footnote 309: Reading _prid. Kal._ instead of _a. d. II. Kal._, which
+Tyrrell calls _audacius_ in Schutz. But absolute nonsense is not to be
+kept even for a MS.
+
+(1) Cicero says that he has been thirteen days at Brundisium. In the
+next letter he tells Atticus he arrived on the 17th. That, in the Roman
+way of counting, brings it to _prid._ (29th).
+
+(2) Either the date at the end of the letter is wrong, or _prid._ must
+be used here
+
+(3) There is no such date properly as _a. d. II. Kal._ The day before
+_prid._ is _a. d. III_.
+
+In regard to dates we must remember that Cicero is using the prae-Julian
+calendar, in which all months, except February, March, May, July, and
+October, had twenty-nine days. These last four had thirty-one and
+February twenty-eight.]
+
+[Footnote 310: Cicero does not mean that young Marcus is to come to him
+at once, but that, when Tullia's marriage portion is settled, Terentia
+is to bring him with her if she comes. Really he didn't mean any of them
+to come, at any rate for a long while. Piso is Tullia's husband.]
+
+[Footnote 311: If Cicero's property was confiscated, it might be held
+that the slaves went with it, and would be sold with it, and that his
+manumission of them was an evasion, which could not hold good at law. If
+his property was not confiscated, they were to remain in their status as
+slaves. See Letter CXCII.]
+
+
+
+
+LXII (A III, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+BRUNDISIUM, 29 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I arrived at Brundisium on the 17th of April. On that day your slaves
+delivered me your letter, and some other slaves, on the next day but
+one, brought me another. As to your invitation and advice to stay at
+your house in Epirus, your kindness is most gratifying, and far from
+being a novelty. It is a plan that would have exactly suited my wishes,
+if I might have spent all my time there: for I loathe a crowd of
+visitors, I can scarcely bear the light, and that solitude, especially
+in a spot so familiar, would have been the reverse of disagreeable. But
+to put up there as a mere stage in my journey! In the first place it is
+far out of my way, and in the next it is only four days from Autronius
+and the rest, and in the third place you are not there. Had I been going
+to reside permanently, a fortified castle would have been an advantage,
+but to one only passing through it is unnecessary. Why, if I had not
+been afraid, I should have made for Athens[312]--there were
+circumstances that made me much wish to go--but as it is, I have enemies
+in the neighbourhood, you are not there, and I fear they[313] might hold
+even that town not to be the legal distance from Italy, nor do you
+mention by what day I am to expect you. As to your urging me to remain
+alive, you carry one point--that I should not lay violent hands upon
+myself: the other you cannot bring to pass--that I should not regret my
+policy and my continuance in life. For what is there to attach me to it,
+especially if the hope which accompanied me on my departure is
+non-existent? I will not attempt to enumerate all the miseries into
+which I have fallen through the extreme injustice and unprincipled
+conduct, not so much of my enemies, as of those who were jealous of me,
+because I do not wish to stir up a fresh burst of grief in myself, or
+invite you to share the same sorrow. I say this deliberately--that no
+one was ever afflicted with so heavy a calamity, that no one had ever
+greater cause to wish for death; while I have let slip the time when I
+might have sought it most creditably. Henceforth death can never heal,
+it can only end my sorrow.[314] In politics I perceive that you collect
+all circumstances that you think may inspire me with a hope of a change:
+and though they are insignificant, yet, since you will have it so, let
+us have patience. In spite of what you say, you will catch us up if you
+make haste. For I will either come into Epirus to be near you, or I will
+travel slowly through Candavia.[315] My hesitation about Epirus is not
+caused by vacillation on my part, but by the fact that I do not know
+where I am likely to see my brother. As to him, I neither know how I am
+to see him, nor how I shall let him go. That is the greatest and most
+distressing of all my distresses. I would indeed have written to you
+oftener, and at greater length, had it not been that sorrow, while it
+has affected all parts of my intellect, has above all entirely destroyed
+my faculty for this kind of writing. I long to see you. Take care of
+your health.
+
+Brundisium, 29 April.
+
+[Footnote 312: He means that had it not been for enemies in Greece and
+Epirus, he should not only have gone as far south as Epirus, but
+farther--to Athens. There is a good deal to be said for Schutz's
+reading, _Achaiam_ for _Athenas_, but as the MS. reading can be
+explained, it is safer to keep it.]
+
+[Footnote 313: The Clodian party at Rome. "That town" is Athens.]
+
+[Footnote 314: "I have lost my chance of dying with honour; henceforth
+death may end my grief, but cannot heal my damaged reputation." _Reliqua
+tempora_, _i.e._, other opportunities of suicide.]
+
+[Footnote 315: A mountain range in Illyria, over which the _via Egnatia_
+passes (mod. _Elbassan_).]
+
+
+
+
+LXIII (A III, 8)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 29 MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I wrote to you at Brundisium, when on the point of starting, the reasons
+for my not going to Epirus: namely, the proximity of Achaia, which was
+full of enemies of the most unscrupulous character, and secondly, the
+difficulty of leaving it when I wished to resume my journey. Added to
+this, while I was at Dyrrachium two messages reached me: the first, that
+my brother was coming from Ephesus to Athens by ship; the second, that
+he was coming through Macedonia by land. Accordingly, I sent a message
+to meet him at Athens, telling him to come thence to Thessalonica. I
+myself continued my journey, and arrived at Thessalonica on the 23rd of
+May, but have no certain intelligence about his journey except that he
+had left Ephesus some time ago. At present I am feeling very nervous as
+to what steps are being taken at Rome. Although you say in one of your
+letters, dated the 15th of May, that you hear that he will be vigorously
+prosecuted, in another you say that things are calming down. But then
+the latter is dated a day before the former; which makes me all the more
+anxious. So while my own personal sorrow is every day tearing my heart
+and wearing out my strength, this additional anxiety indeed scarcely
+leaves me any life at all. However, the voyage itself was very
+difficult, and he perhaps, being uncertain where I was, has taken some
+other course. For my freedman Phaetho saw nothing of him. Phaetho was
+driven by the wind from Ilium[316] to Macedonia, and met me at Pella.
+How formidable other circumstances are I am fully aware, and I don't
+know what to say to you. I fear everything, nor is there any misery
+which would not seem possible in my present unfortunate position.
+Miserable as I still am in the midst of my heavy trials and sorrows, now
+that this anxiety is added to them, I remain at Thessalonica in a state
+of suspense without venturing upon any step whatever.
+
+Now to answer you. I have not seen Caecilius Trypho. I comprehend from
+your letter what you and Pompey have been saying. That any movement in
+politics is impending I cannot see as clearly as you either see, or
+perhaps only suggest for my consolation. For, as the case of Tigranes
+was passed over, all hope of a rupture is at an end.[317] You bid me
+thank Varro: I will do so; also Hypsaeus.[318] As to your advice not to
+go farther off till the _acta_[319] of the month of May reach me, I
+think I shall do as you suggest. But where to stay? I have not yet come
+to any decision. And indeed my mind is so uneasy about Quintus, that I
+can determine on nothing. However, I will let you know immediately. From
+the incoherent nature of my letters I think you will understand the
+agitation of my mind, caused not so much by my misery, though I have
+been overwhelmed by an incredible and unparalleled calamity, as by the
+recollection of my blunder. For by whose unprincipled advice I was egged
+on and betrayed you certainly now perceive,[320] and oh that you had
+perceived it before, and had not given your whole mind to lamentation
+along with me! Wherefore, when you are told that I am prostrate and
+unmanned with grief, consider that I am more distressed at my own folly
+than at the result of it, in having believed a man whom I did not think
+to be treacherous. My writing is impeded both by the recollection of my
+own disasters, and by my alarm about my brother. Yes, pray look after
+and direct all the affairs you mention. Terentia expresses the warmest
+gratitude to you. I have sent you a copy of the letter which I have
+written to Pompey.
+
+Thessalonica, 29 May.
+
+[Footnote 316: Reading _ab Ilio_ with Madvig for _ab illo_.]
+
+[Footnote 317: Tigranes, a son of the king of Armenia, was brought to
+Rome by Pompey to adorn his triumph, and put under the care of Lucius
+Flavius. This prince was, for a bribe, released by Clodius by a trick,
+and the attempt to get him away led to a scuffle in which lives were
+lost. Pompey regarded this as a slight upon himself, and his partisan,
+the consul Gabinius, attempted to prevent it. But both were hustled in
+the forum and treated with insults. The hope of a breach in the
+triumvirate arose from the supposition that Clodius had the support of
+Caesar in his high-handed proceeding (Dio, xxxviii. 30; Plut. _Pomp._ 48;
+Ascon. 47).]
+
+[Footnote 318: P. Plautius Hypsaeus, who had been Pompey's quaestor and on
+intimate terms with him. He had been, it seems, interesting himself on
+Cicero's behalf.]
+
+[Footnote 319: The gazette of public transactions and measures passed in
+the senate, which was sent round to the provinces. We shall hear of it
+again.]
+
+[Footnote 320: The next letter shews that he means Hortensius. The
+blunder which he complains of having committed, by the advice of
+Hortensius, is that of having left Rome, rather than stay and brave the
+impeachment.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIV (A III, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 13 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+My brother Quintus having quitted Asia before the 1st of May, and
+arrived at Athens on the 15th, he would have to make great haste to
+prevent proceedings being commenced against him in his absence,
+supposing there to be some one who was not content with the misfortunes
+we have already sustained. Accordingly, I preferred that he should hurry
+on to Rome rather than come to me; and at the same time--for I will tell
+you the truth, and it will give you a notion of the extent of my
+wretchedness--I could not make up my mind to see him, devotedly attached
+to me as he is, and a man of most tender feelings, or to obtrude upon
+him my miseries and ruin in all their wretchedness, or to endure their
+being seen by him. And I was besides afraid of what certainly would have
+happened--that he would not have had the resolution to leave me. I had
+ever before my eyes the time when he would either have to dismiss his
+lictors,[321] or be violently torn from my arms. The prospect of this
+bitter pain I have avoided by the other bitter pain of not seeing my
+brother. It is all you, who advised me to continue living, that have
+forced me into this distressful position. Accordingly, I am paying the
+penalty of my error. However, I am sustained by your letter, from which
+I easily perceive how high your own hopes are. This did give me some
+consolation, but only, after all, till you passed from the mention of
+Pompey to the passage beginning "Now try and win over Hortensius and
+men of that sort." In heaven's name, my dear Pomponius, don't you yet
+perceive by whose means, by whose treachery, by whose dishonest advice,
+I have been ruined? But all this I will discuss with you when we meet. I
+will only say this much, which I think you know: it is not my enemies,
+but my jealous rivals, that have ruined me. Now, however, if things are
+really as you hope, I will keep up my spirits, and will rely upon the
+hope on which you bid me rely. But if, as I myself think, this proves
+illusory, what I was not allowed to do at the best time shall be done at
+a worse.[322] Terentia often expresses her gratitude to you. For myself
+one of my miseries also consists in fear--the business of my unhappy
+brother. If I could only know how it stands, I should know what I ought
+to do. Personally, the hope of the advantages and of the letters you
+mention keeps me still, as you advise, at Thessalonica. If I get any
+news, I shall know what I ought to do about the rest. Yes, if, as you
+say in your letter, you left Rome on the 1st of June, you will soon see
+us. I have sent you a letter which I wrote to Pompey.
+
+Thessalonica, 15 June.
+
+[Footnote 321: Because, though a provincial governor retained his
+lictors till he reached Rome, he was bound to go straight home or
+dismiss them.]
+
+[Footnote 322: _I.e._, suicide.]
+
+
+
+
+LXV (Q FR I, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 15 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Brother! Brother! Brother! did you really fear that I had been induced
+by some angry feeling to send slaves to you without a letter? Or even
+that I did not wish to see you? I to be angry with you! Is it possible
+for me to be angry with you? Why, one would think that it was you that
+brought me low! Your enemies, your unpopularity, that miserably ruined
+me, and not I that unhappily ruined you! The fact is, the much-praised
+consulate of mine has deprived me of you, of children, country, fortune;
+from you I should hope it will have taken nothing but myself. Certainly
+on your side I have experienced nothing but what was honourable and
+gratifying: on mine you have grief for my fall and fear for your own,
+regret, mourning, desertion. _I_ not wish to see you? The truth is
+rather that I was unwilling to be seen by you. For you would not have
+seen your brother--not the brother you had left, not the brother you
+knew, not him to whom you had with mutual tears bidden farewell as he
+followed you on your departure for your province: not a trace even or
+faint image of him, but rather what I may call the likeness of a living
+corpse. And oh that you had sooner seen me or heard of me as a corpse!
+Oh that I could have left you to survive, not my life merely, but my
+undiminished rank! But I call all the gods to witness that the one
+argument which recalled me from death was, that all declared that to
+some extent your life depended upon mine. In which matter I made an
+error and acted culpably. For if I had died, that death itself would
+have given clear evidence of my fidelity and love to you. As it is, I
+have allowed you to be deprived of my aid, though I am alive, and with
+me still living to need the help of others; and my voice, of all others,
+to fail when dangers threatened my family, which had so often been
+successfully used in the defence of the merest strangers. For as to the
+slaves coming to you without a letter, the real reason (for you see that
+it was not anger) was a deadness of my faculties, and a seemingly
+endless deluge of tears and sorrows. How many tears do you suppose these
+very words have cost me? As many as I know they will cost you to read
+them! Can I ever refrain from thinking of you or ever think of you
+without tears? For when I miss you, is it only a brother that I miss?
+Rather it is a brother of almost my own age in the charm of his
+companionship, a son in his consideration for my wishes, a father in the
+wisdom of his advice! What pleasure did I ever have without you, or you
+without me? And what must my case be when at the same time I miss a
+daughter: How affectionate! how modest! how clever! The express image of
+my face, of my speech, of my very soul! Or again a son, the prettiest
+boy, the very joy of my heart? Cruel inhuman monster that I am, I
+dismissed him from my arms better schooled in the world than I could
+have wished: for the poor child began to understand what was going on.
+So, too, your own son, your own image, whom my little Cicero loved as a
+brother, and was now beginning to respect as an elder brother! Need I
+mention also how I refused to allow my unhappy wife--the truest of
+helpmates--to accompany me, that there might be some one to protect the
+wrecks of the calamity which had fallen on us both, and guard our common
+children? Nevertheless, to the best of my ability, I did write a letter
+to you, and gave it to your freedman Philogonus, which, I believe, was
+delivered to you later on; and in this I repeated the advice and
+entreaty, which had been already transmitted to you as a message from me
+by my slaves, that you should go on with your journey and hasten to
+Rome. For, in the first place, I desired your protection, in case there
+were any of my enemies whose cruelty was not yet satisfied by my fall.
+In the next place, I dreaded the renewed lamentation which our meeting
+would cause: while I could not have borne your departure, and was afraid
+of the very thing you mention in your letter--that you would be unable
+to tear yourself away. For these reasons the supreme pain of not seeing
+you--and nothing more painful or more wretched could, I think, have
+happened to the most affectionate and united of brothers--was a less
+misery than would have been such a meeting followed by such a parting.
+Now, if you can, though I, whom you always regarded as a brave man,
+cannot do so, rouse yourself and collect your energies in view of any
+contest you may have to confront. I hope, if my hope has anything to go
+upon, that your own spotless character and the love of your fellow
+citizens, and even remorse for my treatment, may prove a certain
+protection to you. But if it turns out that you are free from personal
+danger, you will doubtless do whatever you think can be done for me. In
+that matter, indeed, many write to me at great length and declare that
+they have hopes; but I personally cannot see what hope there is, since
+my enemies have the greatest influence, while my friends have in some
+cases deserted, in others even betrayed me, fearing perhaps in my
+restoration a censure on their own treacherous conduct. But how matters
+stand with you I would have you ascertain and report to me. In any case
+I shall continue to live as long as you shall need me, in view of any
+danger you may have to undergo: longer than that I cannot go on in this
+kind of life. For there is neither wisdom nor philosophy with sufficient
+strength to sustain such a weight of grief. I know that there has been a
+time for dying, more honourable and more advantageous; and this is not
+the only one of my many omissions, which, if I should choose to bewail,
+I should merely be increasing your sorrow and emphasizing my own
+stupidity. But one thing I am not bound to do, and it is in fact
+impossible--remain in a life so wretched and so dishonoured any longer
+than your necessities, or some well-grounded hope, shall demand. For I,
+who was lately supremely blessed in brother, children, wife, wealth, and
+in the very nature of that wealth, while in position, influence,
+reputation, and popularity, I was inferior to none, however
+distinguished--I cannot, I repeat, go on longer lamenting over myself
+and those dear to me in a life of such humiliation as this, and in a
+state of such utter ruin. Wherefore, what do you mean by writing to me
+about negotiating a bill of exchange? As though I were not now wholly
+dependent on your means! And that is just the very thing in which I see
+and feel, to my misery, of what a culpable act I have been guilty in
+squandering to no purpose the money which I received from the treasury
+in your name,[323] while you have to satisfy your creditors out of the
+very vitals of yourself and your son. However, the sum mentioned in your
+letter has been paid to M. Antonius, and the same amount to Caepio. For
+me the sum at present in my hands is sufficient for what I contemplate
+doing. For in either case--whether I am restored or given up in
+despair--I shall not want any more money. For yourself, if you are
+molested, I think you should apply to Crassus and Calidius. I don't know
+how far Hortensius is to be trusted. Myself, with the most elaborate
+pretence of affection and the closest daily intimacy, he treated with
+the most utter want of principle and the most consummate treachery, and
+Q. Arrius helped him in it: acting under whose advice, promises, and
+injunctions, I was left helpless to fall into this disaster. But this
+you will keep dark for fear they might injure you. Take care also--and
+it is on this account that I think you should cultivate Hortensius
+himself by means of Pomponius--that the epigram on the _lex
+Aurelia_[324] attributed to you when candidate for the aedileship is not
+proved by false testimony to be yours. For there is nothing that I am so
+afraid of as that, when people understand how much pity for me your
+prayers and your acquittal will rouse, they may attack you with all the
+greater violence. Messalla I reckon as really attached to you: Pompey I
+regard as still pretending only. But may you never have to put these
+things to the test! And that prayer I would have offered to the gods had
+they not ceased to listen to prayers of mine. However, I do pray that
+they may be content with these endless miseries of ours; among which,
+after all, there is no discredit for any wrong thing done--sorrow is the
+beginning and end, sorrow that punishment is most severe when our
+conduct has been most unexceptionable. As to my daughter and yours and
+my young Cicero, why should I recommend them to you, my dear brother?
+Rather I grieve that their orphan state will cause you no less sorrow
+than it does me. Yet as long as you are uncondemned they will not be
+fatherless. The rest, by my hopes of restoration and the privilege of
+dying in my fatherland, my tears will not allow me to write! Terentia
+also I would ask you to protect, and to write me word on every subject.
+Be as brave as the nature of the case admits.
+
+Thessalonica, 13 June.
+
+[Footnote 323: See pp. 92, 107.]
+
+[Footnote 324: Quintus was a candidate in B.C. 66 for the aedileship of
+the following year. The _lex Aurelia_, which divided the juries between
+the senators, equites, and _tribuni aerarii_, was passed in Pompey's
+first consulship, B.C. 70. As this was the compromise in the matter of
+the _iudicia_ favoured by Pompey, Hortensius, and the like, an attack on
+it would be likely to give offence.]
+
+
+
+
+LXVI (A III, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+The public transactions up to the 25th of May I have learnt from your
+letter. I am waiting for the rest, as you advised, at Thessalonica; and
+when they arrive I shall be better able to decide where to be. For if
+there is any reason, if any action is being taken, if I shall see any
+hopes, I shall either wait in the same place or go to your house; but
+if, as you say, these hopes have vanished into air, I shall look out for
+something else. At present you do not give me any indication except the
+disagreement of those friends of yours, which, however, arises between
+them on every kind of subject rather than myself. Therefore I don't see
+what good it is to me. However, as long as you all will have me hope, I
+shall obey you. For as to your scoldings so frequent and so severe, and
+your saying that I am faint-hearted, I would ask you what misery is
+there so heavy as not to be included in my disfranchisement? Did anyone
+ever fall from such a high position, in so good a cause, with such
+endowments of genius, wisdom and popularity, with such powerful supports
+from all loyalists? Can I forget what I was, and not feel what I am? Of
+what honour, of what glory, of what children, of what means, of what a
+brother I am deprived? This last, indeed, to draw your attention to a
+new kind of disaster--though I valued him, and always had done so, more
+than myself--I have avoided seeing, lest I should behold his grief and
+mourning, or lest I--whom he had left in the highest prosperity--should
+obtrude myself upon him in a state of ruin and humiliation. I pass over
+the other particulars that are past bearing: for I am prevented by my
+tears. And here, let me ask, am I to be blamed for my grief, or for the
+unfortunate mistake of not retaining these advantages (and I could
+easily have done so, had not a plot for my destruction been hatched
+within my own walls), or at least of not losing them without losing my
+life at the same time? My purpose in writing these words is that you
+should rather console me, as you do, than think me deserving of
+correction or chiding; and the reason of the comparative brevity of my
+letters is, in the first place, that I am hindered by outbursts of
+sorrow, and, in the second place, that I have news to expect from Rome
+rather than any to communicate myself. But when that news arrives I will
+let you know my plans. Pray, as you have done hitherto, write to me on
+as many subjects as possible, that I may not be ignorant of any possible
+thing there is to know.
+
+Thessalonica, 17 June.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII (A III, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 27 JUNE
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I have been kept at Thessalonica up to this time as well by your letter
+and some good news (which, however, did not rest on the best authority),
+and the expectation of hearing from you all at Rome, as by the fact that
+you advised my doing so. When I receive the letters which I expect, if
+there turns out to be the hope which rumour brings me, I shall go to
+your house;[325] if otherwise, I will inform you of what I have done.
+Pray go on, as you are doing, and help me by your exertions, advice, and
+influence. Cease now consoling me, but yet don't chide me; for when you
+do that, I fail to recognize your affection and regret! Yet I believe
+you to be so distressed yourself at my wretchedness, that it is not
+within anyone's power to console you. Give your support to Quintus, my
+best and kindest of brothers. Pray write to me fully on everything.
+
+27 June.
+
+[Footnote 325: _I.e._, to the house of Atticus at Buthrotum.]
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII (A III, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Well, you argue earnestly as to what hope is to be entertained, and
+especially through the action of the senate, and yet you mention that
+the clause of the bill is being posted up, in virtue of which the
+subject is forbidden to be mentioned in the senate. Accordingly, not a
+word is said about it. In these circumstances you find fault with me for
+distressing myself, when the fact is I am already more distressed than
+anybody ever was, as you know very well. You hold out hope as a
+consequence of the elections. What hope can there be with the same man
+tribune, and a consul-designate who is my enemy?[326] But you have dealt
+me a blow in what you say about my speech having got abroad.[327] Pray
+do your best to heal that wound, as you express it. I did indeed write
+one some time ago, in a fit of anger at what he had first composed
+against me; but I had taken such pains to suppress it, that I thought it
+would never get into circulation. How it has leaked out I cannot think.
+But since the occasion never arose for my having a word of dispute with
+him, and since it appears to me to be more carelessly written than my
+other speeches, I think it might be maintained not to be by me. Pray
+look after this if you think I can do anything to remedy the mischief;
+but if my ruin is inevitable, I don't so much care about it. I am still
+lying idle in the same place, without conversation, without being able
+to think. Though, as you say, I have "intimated" to you my desire that
+you should come to me, yet it is now clear to me[328] that you are doing
+me useful service where you are, but could not give me even a word of
+relief here. I cannot write any more, nor have I anything to say: I am
+rather waiting to hear from you all.
+
+Thessalonica, 17 July.
+
+[Footnote 326: Clodius was not re-elected, and Q. Caecilius Metellus
+Nepos, who had as tribune (B.C. 63-62) been hostile to Cicero, now as
+consul supported Pompey in befriending Cicero.]
+
+[Footnote 327: The speech in the senate _in Curionem et Clodium_,
+_i.e._, against the elder C. Curio, who had been Clodius's advocate in
+B.C. 61 on the charge _de incesto_. Fragments only of it are preserved.
+They are sufficiently violent. Cicero suggests repudiating the
+authorship, because the speech had never been delivered, and therefore
+was not necessarily intended for publication. There is no special reason
+for abusing Cicero's character on this account. If some enemy had got
+hold of the MS. and published it without his consent, it was not really
+the expression of his deliberate sentiments.]
+
+[Footnote 328: Reading _nunc tamen intellego_ for _si donatam ut
+intellego_, which is meaningless. There may be latent in _si donatam_
+some proper name, as _Dodonam_ or _Macedoniam_, but it is not possible
+to extract it now. _Istic_, as usual, means "where you are," _i.e._, at
+Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIX (A III, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 21 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+From your letter I am full of anxiety to hear what Pompey's view is of
+my case, or what he professes to be his view. The elections, I presume,
+are over; and when they were over you say that he was of opinion that my
+case should be mooted. If I seem foolish to you for entertaining hopes,
+it is at your bidding that I do so: yet I know that you have in your
+letters been usually inclined rather to check me and my hopes. Now pray
+write distinctly what your view is. I know that I have fallen into this
+distress from numerous errors of my own. If certain accidents have in
+any degree corrected those errors, I shall be less sorry that I
+preserved my life then and am still living. Owing to the constant
+traffic along the road[329] and the daily expectation of political
+change, I have as yet not removed from Thessalonica. But now I am being
+forced away, not by Plancius--for he, indeed, wishes to keep me
+here--but by the nature of the place, which is not at all calculated for
+the residence of a disfranchised man in such a state of sorrow. I have
+not gone to Epirus, as I had said I would, because all of a sudden the
+messages and letters that arrived have all indicated it to be
+unnecessary for me to be in the immediate neighbourhood of Italy. From
+this place, as soon as I have heard something about the elections, I
+shall set my face towards Asia, but to what particular part I am not yet
+certain: however, you shall know.
+
+Thessalonica, 21 July.
+
+[Footnote 329: The _via Egnatia_, the road across Macedonia, which was
+one of the great channels of communication between Rome and the East,
+and which terminated at Thessalonica.]
+
+
+
+
+LXX (A III, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 5 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+As to my having written you word that I meant to go to Epirus, I changed
+my plan when I saw that my hope was vanishing and fading away, and did
+not remove from Thessalonica. I resolved to remain there until I heard
+from you on the subject mentioned in your last letter, namely, that
+there was going to be some motion made in the senate on my case
+immediately after the elections, and that Pompey had told you so.
+Wherefore, as the elections are over and I have no letter from you, I
+shall consider it as though you had written to say that nothing has come
+of it, and I shall not feel annoyed at having been buoyed up by a hope
+which did not keep me long in suspense. But the movement, which you said
+in your letter that you foresaw as likely to be to my advantage, people
+arriving here tell me will not occur.[330] My sole remaining hope is in
+the tribunes-designate: and if I wait to see how that turns out, you
+will have no reason to think of me as having been wanting to my own
+cause or the wishes of my friends. As to your constantly finding fault
+with me for being so overwhelmed by my misfortune, you ought to pardon
+me when you see that I have sustained a more crushing blow than anyone
+you have ever seen or heard of. As to your saying that you are told that
+my intellect in even affected by grief, that is not so; my intellect is
+quite sound. Oh that it had been as much so in the hour of danger! when
+I found those, to whom I thought my safety was the dearest object of
+their life, most bitterly and unfeelingly hostile: who, when they saw
+that I had somewhat lost my balance from fear, left nothing undone which
+malice and treachery could suggest in giving me the final push, to my
+utter ruin. Now, as I must go to Cyzicus, where I shall get letters
+more rarely, I beg you to write me word all the more carefully of
+everything you may think I ought to know. Be sure you are affectionate
+to my brother Quintus: if in all my misery I still leave him with rights
+undiminished, I shall not consider myself utterly ruined.
+
+5 August.
+
+[Footnote 330: The probable split among the triumvirs, alluded to in
+Letter LXIII.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXI (Q FR I, 4)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+I beg you, my dear brother, if you and all my family have been ruined by
+my single misfortune, not to attribute it to dishonesty and bad conduct
+on my part, rather than to short-sightedness and the wretched state I
+was in. I have committed no fault except in trusting those whom I
+believed to be bound by the most sacred obligation not to deceive me, or
+whom I thought to be even interested in not doing so. All my most
+intimate, nearest and dearest friends were either alarmed for themselves
+or jealous of me: the result was that all I lacked was good faith on the
+part of my friends and caution on my own.[331] But if your own blameless
+character and the compassion of the world prove sufficient to preserve
+you at this juncture from molestation, you can, of course, observe
+whether any hope of restoration is left for me. For Pomponius, Sestius,
+and my son-in-law Piso have caused me as yet to stay at Thessalonica,
+forbidding me, on account of certain impending movements, to increase my
+distance. But in truth I am awaiting the result more on account of their
+letters than from any firm hope of my own. For what can I hope with an
+enemy possessed of the most formidable power, with my detractors masters
+of the state, with friends unfaithful, with numbers of people jealous?
+However, of the new tribunes there is one, it is true, most warmly
+attached to me--Sestius--and I hope Curius, Milo, Fadius, Fabricius;
+but still there is Clodius in violent opposition, who even when out of
+office will be able to stir up the passions of the mob by the help of
+that same gang, and then there will be found some one also to veto the
+bill.
+
+Such a state of things was not put before me when I was leaving Rome,
+but I often used to be told that I was certain to return in three days
+with the greatest _eclat_. "What made you go, then?" you will say. What,
+indeed! Many circumstances concurred to throw me off my balance--the
+defection of Pompey, the hostility of the consuls, and of the praetors
+also, the timidity of the _publicani_, the armed bands. The tears of my
+friends prevented me seeking refuge in death, which would certainly have
+been the best thing for my honour, the best escape from unbearable
+sorrows. But I have written to you on this subject in the letter I gave
+to Phaetho. Now that you have been plunged into griefs and troubles,
+such as no one ever was before, if the compassion of the world can
+lighten our common misfortune, you will, it seems, score a success
+beyond belief! But if we are both utterly ruined--ah me!--I shall have
+been the absolute destruction of my whole family, to whom I used to be
+at least no discredit! But pray, as I said in a previous letter to you,
+look into the business, test it thoroughly, and write to me with the
+candour which our situation demands, and not as your affection for me
+would dictate. I shall retain my life as long as I shall think that it
+is in your interest for me to do so, or that it ought to be preserved
+with a view to future hope. You will find Sestius most friendly to us,
+and I believe that Lentulus, the coming consul, will also be so for your
+sake. However, deeds are not so easy as words. You will see what is
+wanted and what the truth is. On the whole, supposing that no one takes
+advantage of your unprotected position and our common calamity, it is by
+your means, or not at all, that something may be effected. But even if
+your enemies have begun to annoy you, don't flinch: for _you_ will be
+attacked by legal process, not by swords. However, I hope that this may
+not occur. I beg you to write me back word on all subjects, and to
+believe that though I have less spirit and resource than in old times, I
+have quite as much affection and loyalty.
+
+[Footnote 331: Reading _defuit_ for _fuit_.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXII (A III, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 17 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+On the 13th of August I received four letters from you: one in which you
+urge me in a tone of reproof to be less weak; a second, in which you say
+that Crassus's freedman has told you about my anxiety and leanness; a
+third, in which you describe the proceedings in the senate; a fourth on
+the subject of Varro's assurances to you as to the friendly feelings of
+Pompey.
+
+To the first my answer is this: though I do grieve, yet I keep all my
+mental faculties, and it is precisely that which vexes me--I have no
+opportunity and no one with whom to employ so sound an intellect. For if
+you cannot find yourself separated from one individual like myself
+without sorrow, what do you think must be my case, who am deprived both
+of you and of everyone else? And if you, while still in possession of
+all your rights, miss me, to what an extent do you think those rights
+are missed by me? I will not enumerate the things of which I have been
+despoiled, not only because you are not ignorant of them, but also lest
+I should reopen my own sorrow. I only assert this, that never did anyone
+in an unofficial position possess such great advantages, or fall into
+such great miseries. Moreover, lapse of time not only does not soften
+this grief, it even enhances it. For other sorrows are softened by age,
+this one cannot but be daily increased both by my sense of present
+misery and the recollection of my past life. For it is not only property
+or friends that I miss, but myself. For what am I? But I will not allow
+myself either to wring your soul with my complaints, or to place my
+hands too often on my wounds. For as to your defence of those whom I
+said had been jealous of me, and among them Cato, I indeed think that he
+was so far removed from that crime, that I am above all things sorry
+that the pretended zeal of others had more influence with me than his
+honesty. As for your excuses for the others, they ought to be excused
+in my eyes if they are so in yours. But all this is an old story now.
+Crassus's freedman, I think, spoke without any real sincerity. In the
+senate you say that the debate was satisfactory. But what about Curio?
+Hasn't he read that speech? I can't make out how it got into
+circulation! But Axius, in describing the proceedings of the same day,
+does not speak so highly of Curio.[332] But he may be omitting
+something; I know you have certainly not written anything except what
+actually occurred. Varro's talk gives me some hope of Caesar, and would
+that Varro himself would throw himself into the cause! Which he
+certainly will do, both of his own accord and under pressure from you.
+For myself, if fortune ever grants me the enjoyment of you all and of my
+country, I will at least take care that you shall, above all the rest of
+my friends, have cause to be glad: and I will so discharge all the
+duties of affection and friendship, which (to confess the truth) have
+not heretofore been conspicuous, that you shall regard me as restored to
+yourself as much as to my brother and my children. If I have in any way
+sinned in my conduct to you, or rather since I have done so, pardon me.
+For I have sinned more grievously against myself. And I do not write
+this to you because I know you not to feel deeply for my misfortune: but
+certainly if it had been a matter of _obligation_ with you, and had
+always been so, to love me as much as you do and have done, you would
+never have allowed me to lack that judgment with which you are so well
+supplied,[333] nor would you have allowed me to be persuaded that the
+passing of the bill for the "colleges" was to our advantage.[334] But
+you did nothing but weep over my sorrow, as though you were my second
+self. This was indeed a sign of your affection: but what might have been
+done, if I had earned it at your hands--the spending by you of days and
+nights in thinking out the course I ought to have pursued--that was
+omitted, owing to my own culpable imprudence, not yours. Now if, I don't
+say you only, but if there had been anyone to urge me, when alarmed at
+Pompey's ungenerous answer,[335] not to adopt that most degrading
+course--and you are the person that, above all others, could have done
+it--I should either have died honourably, or we should have been living
+to-day triumphant. In this you must forgive me. For I find much greater
+fault with myself, and only call you in question afterwards, as at once
+my second self and the sharer in my error; and, besides, if I am ever
+restored, our mistake will seem still less in my eyes, and to you at
+least I shall be endeared by your own kindness, since there is none on
+my side.[336] There is something in the suggestion you mentioned as
+having been made in your conversation with Culleo as to a
+_privilegium_,[337] but by far the better course is to have the law
+repealed. For if no one vetoes it, what course can be safer? But if
+anyone is found to prohibit its passing, he will be equally able to veto
+a decree of the senate. Nor is there need for the repeal of anything
+else. For the previous law did not touch me: and if, on its publication,
+I had chosen to speak in its favour, or to ignore it, as it ought to
+have been ignored, it could not have done me any harm at all.[338] It
+was at this point first that my judgment failed to assist me, nay, even
+did me harm. Blind, blind, I say, was I in laying aside my senator's
+toga, and in entreating the people; it was a fatal step to take before
+some attack had been begun upon me by name.[339] But I am harping on the
+past: it is, however, for the purpose of advising you, if any action is
+to be taken, not to touch that law, in which there are many provisions
+in the interests of the people. But it is foolish for me to be laying
+down rules as to what you are to do and how. I only wish that something
+may be done! And it is on that point that your letter displays much
+reserve: I presume, to prevent my being too much agitated by despair.
+For what action do you see possible to be taken, or in what way? Through
+the senate? But you yourself told me that Clodius had fixed upon the
+doorpost of the senate-house a certain clause in the law, "that it might
+neither be put to the house nor mentioned."[340] How could
+Domitius,[341] therefore, say that he would bring it before the house?
+How came it about also that Clodius held his tongue, when those you
+mention in your letter both spoke on the subject and demanded that a
+motion should be brought in? But if you go to the people--can it be
+carried except with the unanimous approval of the tribunes? What about
+my property? What about my house? Will it be possible to have it
+restored? Or, if that cannot, how can I be? Unless you see these
+difficulties on the way to be solved, what is the hope to which you
+invite me? But if, again, there is no hope, what sort of life is there
+for me? So I await at Thessalonica the gazette of the proceedings of the
+1st of August, in accordance with which I shall decide whether to take
+refuge on your estate, in order at once to avoid seeing people I don't
+want to see, to see you, according to your letter, and to be nearer at
+hand in case of any motion being made (and this I understand is in
+accordance with your view and that of my brother Quintus), or to depart
+for Cyzicus. Now, my dear Pomponius, since you imparted to me none of
+your wisdom in time to save me, either because you had made up your mind
+that I had judgment enough of my own, or that you owed me nothing beyond
+being by my side; and since, betrayed, beguiled, and hurried into a
+snare as I was, I neglected all my defences, abandoned and left Italy,
+which was everywhere on the _qui vive_ to defend me, and surrendered
+myself and mine into the hands of enemies while you looked on and said
+nothing, though, even if you were not my superior in mental power, you
+were at least in less of a fright: now, if you can, raise the fallen,
+and in that way assist me! But if every avenue is barred, take care that
+I know that also, and cease at length either to scold me or to offer
+your kindly-meant consolations. If I had meant to impeach your good
+faith, I should not have chosen your roof, of all others, to which to
+trust myself: it is my own folly that I blame for having thought that
+your love for me was exactly what I could have wished it to be:[342] for
+if that had been so, you would have displayed the same good faith, but
+greater circumspection; at least, you would have held me back when
+plunging headlong into ruin, and would not have had to encounter the
+labours which you are now enduring in saving the wrecks of my fortunes.
+Wherefore do be careful to look into, examine thoroughly, and write
+fully everything that occurs, and resolve (as I am sure you do) that I
+shall be _some one_, since I cannot now be the man I was and the man I
+might have been; and lastly, believe that in this letter it is not you,
+but myself that I have accused. If there are any people to whom you
+think that letters ought to be delivered in my name, pray compose them
+and see them delivered.
+
+17 August.
+
+[Footnote 332: Or, as Prof. Tyrrell suggests, "does not quote Curio to
+that effect." I think, however, that Cicero does not use _laudo_ in this
+sense except in connexion with _auctorem_, _auctores_, and even then
+generally with a subsense, at least, of commendation. The speech was
+composed to be delivered against the elder Curio and Clodius (see p.
+155), but was never delivered. Its personal tone made it dangerous now.]
+
+[Footnote 333: Cicero means that Atticus acted with the emotion
+spontaneously arising from his affection, but not with the caution which
+he would have shewn in doing a thing which he was under some obligation
+to do.]
+
+[Footnote 334: The ancient "colleges" or "clubs" had been gradually
+increasing, and a decree of the senate in B.C. 64 had declared certain
+of them unlawful. But Clodius had overridden this decree by a _lex_
+early in B.C. 58, and many new ones were formed, which he used for his
+political purposes (_pro Sest._ Sec. 55; Dio, xxxviii. 13).]
+
+[Footnote 335: That he could do nothing against the wishes of Caesar
+(_Att._ x. 4, Sec. 3; cp. _in Pis._ Sec. 77). According to Plutarch, Pompey
+avoided a personal interview (_Cic._ 31).]
+
+[Footnote 336: The kindness has been all on the side of Atticus, who
+will therefore be attached to the object of it--for the benefactor loves
+more than the benefited.]
+
+[Footnote 337: A _privilegium_ was a law referring to a particular
+person, which was forbidden by the twelve tables, and if it was shewn to
+be unconstitutional a decree of the senate could declare it void. But
+Cicero seems to think that such a proceeding of the senate would give a
+possibility of raising the question afresh.]
+
+[Footnote 338: The first bill named no one, but enacted that "anyone who
+had put a citizen to death uncondemned should be forbidden fire and
+water." The second, "that M. Tullius be forbidden fire and water."
+Cicero says that the former did not touch him, I suppose, because it
+could not be retrospective. This is in accordance with the view of
+Caesar, who approved of the law, but said that old sores ought not to be
+ripped up--[Greek: ou men kai prosekein epi parelelythosi toiouton tina
+nomon sungraphesthei] (Dio, xxxviii. 17).]
+
+[Footnote 339: Because it shewed that he considered himself as coming
+under the new law.]
+
+[Footnote 340: Letter LXVIII, p. 154.]
+
+[Footnote 341: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was a praetor this year.]
+
+[Footnote 342: Though Cicero uses _tantum ... quantum_ here, he does not
+mean that Atticus failed to love him enough--that would have been too
+unreasonable. In a certain way he means that he loved him too much. He
+allowed his spontaneous feelings full vent, without acting with the cool
+wisdom which he would have shewn in fulfilling a duty or moral
+obligation. It is more fully expressed above. Still, it was a difficult
+thing to say, and he doesn't succeed in making it very clear.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIII (A III, 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 19 AUGUST
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+My whole journey is in suspense till I receive letters from you all of
+the 1st of August. For if there turns out to be any hope, I am for
+Epirus: if not, I shall make for Cyzicus or some other place. Your
+letter is cheerful[343] indeed, but at the same time, the oftener I read
+it, the more it weakens the suggested ground for hope, so that it is
+easy to see that you are trying to minister at once to consolation and
+to truth. Accordingly, I beg you to write to me exactly what you know
+and exactly what you think.
+
+19 August.
+
+[Footnote 343: Reading _laetae_ for _lectae_.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIV (A III, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 4 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+News of my brother Quintus of an invariably gloomy nature reached me
+from the 3rd of June up to the 29th of August. On that day, however,
+Livineius, a freedman of Lucius Regulus, came to me by the direction of
+Regulus himself.[344] He announced that absolutely no notice whatever
+had been given of a prosecution, but that there had, nevertheless, been
+some talk about the son of C. Clodius.[345] He also brought me a letter
+from my brother Quintus. But next day came the slaves of Sestius, who
+brought me a letter from you not so positive in regard to this alarm as
+the conversation of Livineius had been. I am rendered very anxious in
+the midst of my own endless distress, and the more so as Appius[346] has
+the trial of the case. As to other circumstances mentioned in the same
+letter by you in connexion with my hopes, I understand that things are
+going less well than other people represent them. I, however, since we
+are now not far from the time at which the matter will be decided, will
+either go to your house or will still remain somewhere in this
+neighbourhood. My brother writes me word that his interests are being
+supported by you more than by anyone else. Why should I urge you to do
+what you are already doing? or offer you thanks which you do not expect?
+I only pray that fortune may give us the opportunity of enjoying our
+mutual affection in security. I am always very anxious to get your
+letters, in which I beg you not to be afraid of your minuteness boring
+me, or your plain speaking giving me pain.
+
+4 September.
+
+[Footnote 344: L. Livineius Regulus, whom Cicero (_F._ xiii. 60) calls a
+very intimate friend, and says that his freedman Trypho stood his friend
+in the hour of need. He seems to have been condemned (in B.C. 56?) for
+something, but he afterwards served under Iulius Caesar (_B. Afr._ Sec. 9).
+The freedman's full name was L. Livineius Trypho.]
+
+[Footnote 345: About Appius acting as prosecutor of Quintus. He was a
+nephew of P. Clodius. See Letter CCXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 346: Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was
+praetor-designate for B.C. 57, and had allotted to him the _quaestio de
+rebus repetundis_ (_pro Sest._ Sec. 78). He was consul B.C. 54.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXV (A III, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+You raised no little flutter in my mind when you said in your letter
+that Varro had assured you as a friend that Pompey would certainly take
+up my case, and that as soon as he had received a letter from Caesar,
+which he was expecting, he would even name some one to formally carry
+out the business. Was that all mere talk, or was the letter from Caesar
+hostile? Is there some ground for hope? You mentioned, too, that Pompey
+had also used the expression "after the elections." Pray, as you can
+conceive the severity of the troubles by which I am prostrated, and as
+you must think it natural to your kindness to do so, inform me fully as
+to the whole state of my case. For my brother Quintus, dear good fellow,
+who is so much attached to me, fills his letters with hopeful
+expressions, fearing, I suppose, my entirely losing heart. Whereas your
+letters vary in tone; for you won't have me either despair or cherish
+rash hopes. I beseech you to let me know everything as far as you can
+detect the truth.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVI (A III, 19)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 15 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+As long as my letters from you all continued to be of such a nature as
+to keep expectation alive, I was bound to Thessalonica by hope and eager
+longing: afterwards, when all political measures for this year appeared
+to me to be over, I yet determined not to go to Asia, both because a
+crowd of people is disagreeable to me, and because, in case any movement
+was set on foot by the new magistrates, I was unwilling to be far off.
+Accordingly, I resolved to go to your house in Epirus, not because the
+natural features of the country mattered to me, shunning as I do the
+light of day altogether, but because it will be most grateful to my
+feelings to set out from a harbour of yours to my restoration; and, if
+that restoration is denied me, there is no place where I shall with
+greater ease either support this most wretched existence or (which is
+much better) rid myself of it. I shall be in a small society: I shall
+shake off the crowd. Your letters have never raised me to such a pitch
+of hope as those of others; and yet my hopes have always been less warm
+than your letters. Nevertheless, since a beginning has been made in the
+case, of whatever sort and from whatever motive, I will not disappoint
+the sad and touching entreaties of my best and only brother, nor the
+promises of Sestius and others, nor the hopes of my most afflicted wife,
+nor the entreaties of my most unhappy Tulliola, as well as your own
+loyal letter. Epirus will furnish me with a road to restoration or to
+that other alternative mentioned above. I beg and entreat of you, Titus
+Pomponius, as you see that I have been despoiled by the treachery of men
+of all that most adds splendour to life, of all that can most gratify
+and delight the soul, as you see that I have been betrayed and cast away
+by my own advisers, as you understand that I have been forced to ruin
+myself and my family--help me by your compassion, and support my brother
+Quintus, who is still capable of being saved; protect Terentia and my
+children. For myself, if you think it possible that you may see me at
+Rome, wait for me; if not, come to see me if you can, and make over to
+me just so much of your land as may be covered by my corpse. Finally,
+send slaves to me with letters as soon and as often as possible.
+
+15 September.
+
+
+
+
+LXXVII (A III, 20)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 4 OCTOBER
+
+_Cicero greets Q. Caecilius Pomponianus Atticus, son of Quintus._[347]
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+That this is now the case, and that your uncle has done what he ought to
+have done, I approve in the strongest manner possible: I will say I am
+"glad," when circumstances shall admit of my using such a word. Ah me!
+how well everything would have been going if my own spirit, my own
+judgment, and the good faith of those on whom I relied had not failed
+me! But I won't review these circumstances lest I increase my sorrow.
+Yet I feel sure that it occurs to your mind what a life ours was, how
+delightful, how dignified. To recover this, in the name of fortune,
+bestow all your energies, as I know you do, and take care that I keep
+the birthday of my return in your delightful house with you and my
+family. For this hope and expectation, though now put before me as being
+very strong, I yet wished to wait in your home in Epirus; but my letters
+are such as to make me think it better not to be in the same
+neighbourhood. What you say in your letter about my town house and about
+Curio's speech is exactly true. Under the general act of restoration, if
+only that is accorded me, everything will be included, of which I care
+for nothing more than for my house. But I don't give you any precise
+injunction, I trust myself wholly to your affection and honour. I am
+very glad to hear that you have extricated yourself from every
+embarrassment in view of so large an inheritance. As to your promise to
+employ your means in securing my restoration, though I am in all points
+assisted by you above all others, yet I quite see what a support that
+is, and I fully understand that you are undertaking and can carry on
+many departments of my cause, and do not need to be asked to do so. You
+tell me not to suspect that your feelings have been at all affected by
+acts of commission or omission on my part towards you--well, I will obey
+you and will get rid of that anxiety; yet I shall owe you all the more
+from the fact that your kind consideration for me has been on a higher
+level than mine for you. Please tell me in your letters whatever you
+see, whatever you make out, whatever is being done in my case, and
+exhort all your friends to help in promoting my recall. The bill of
+Sestius[348] does not shew sufficient regard for my dignity or
+sufficient caution. For the proposed law ought to mention me by name,
+and to contain a carefully expressed clause about my property. Pray see
+to it.
+
+Thessalonica, 4 October.
+
+[Footnote 347: Cicero gives Atticus his full name, rather playfully, as
+it was a new acquisition. His uncle, Q. Caecilius, dying this year, left
+him heir to a large fortune, and adopted him in his will (Nep. _Att._
+5). He therefore, according to custom, took his uncle's _praenomen_ and
+_nomen_, Q. Caecilius, retaining his own _nomen_ in an adjectival form
+(Pomponianus) as a _cognomen_, just as C. Octavius became, by his
+uncle's will, _C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus_. His additional name of
+Atticus remained as before, and in ordinary life was his usual
+designation. See p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 348: Sestius, tribune-elect for B.C. 57, would come into
+office 10th December, B.C. 58. He means to bring a bill before the
+people for Cicero's recall, and a draft of it has been sent to Cicero,
+who criticises it as not entering sufficiently into details, though he
+had before said that a general _restitutio in integrum_ covered
+everything; but perhaps this bill only repealed the Clodian law as a
+_privilegium_, without mentioning anything else.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXVIII (F XIV, 2)
+
+TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 5 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Greetings to Terentia, and Tulliola, and Cicero. Don't suppose that I
+write longer letters to anyone else, unless some one has written at
+unusual length to me, whom I think myself bound to answer. For I have
+nothing to write about, and there is nothing at such a time as this that
+I find it more difficult to do. Moreover, to you and my dear Tulliola I
+cannot write without many tears. For I see you reduced to the greatest
+misery--the very people whom I desired to be ever enjoying the most
+complete happiness, a happiness which it was my bounden duty to secure,
+and which I should have secured if I had not been such a coward. Our
+dear Piso I love exceedingly for his noble conduct. I have to the best
+of my ability encouraged him by letter to proceed, and thanked him, as I
+was bound to do. I gather that you entertain hopes in the new tribunes.
+We shall have reason to depend on that, if we may depend on Pompey's
+goodwill, but yet I am nervous about Crassus. I gather that you have
+behaved in every respect with the greatest courage and most loyal
+affection, nor am I surprised at it; but I grieve that the position
+should be such that my miseries are relieved by such heavy ones on your
+part. For a kind friend of ours, Publius Valerius, has told me in a
+letter which I could not read without violent weeping, how you had been
+dragged from the temple of Vesta to the Valerian bank.[349] To think of
+it, my dear, my love! You from whom everybody used to look for
+help![350] That you, my Terentia, should now be thus harassed, thus
+prostrate in tears and humiliating distress! And that this should be
+brought about by my fault, who have preserved the rest of the citizens
+only to perish myself! As to what you say about our town house, or
+rather its site, I shall not consider myself fully restored, until it
+has also been restored for me. However, these things are not yet within
+our grasp. I am only sorry that you, impoverished and plundered as you
+are, should be called upon to bear any part of the present expenses. Of
+course, if the business is successfully accomplished we shall get
+everything back: but if the same evil fortune keeps us down, will you be
+so foolish as to throw away even the poor remains of your fortune?[351]
+I beseech you, my life, as far as expense goes, allow others to bear it,
+who are well able if they are only willing to do so; and do not, as you
+love me, try your delicate constitution. For I have you day and night
+before my eyes: I see you eagerly undertaking labours of every kind: I
+fear you cannot endure them. Yet I see that everything depends on you!
+Wherefore, to enable us to attain what you hope and are striving for,
+attend carefully to your health. _I_ don't know to whom to write except
+to those who write to me, or to those about whom you say something in
+your letters. I will not go farther off, since that is your wish, but
+pray send me a letter as often as possible, especially if there is
+anything on which we may safely build our hope. Good-bye, my loves,
+good-bye!
+
+Thessalonica, 5 October.
+
+[Footnote 349: Terentia, whose half-sister was a Vestal, seems to have
+taken sanctuary with the Vestals, as did the mother and sister of
+Augustus in B.C. 43. The special indignity of which Cicero complains is
+that she had been forced to leave the sanctuary and appear at the bank
+of Valerius, but for what purpose we cannot now tell. It is suggested
+that it was to make some solemn declaration as to her husband's
+property, some of which she may be supposed to have tried to conceal.
+The term _ducta esses_ is that applied to prisoners led through the
+streets, but we may regard it as used _ad invidiam_.]
+
+[Footnote 350: In securing her husband's advocacy.]
+
+[Footnote 351: Mention is made of Terentia's separate estate in Letters
+XXX and LXXXI.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXIX (A III, 21)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA, 28 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+It is exactly thirty days to the writing of this letter since I have
+heard from you. Well, my present intention is, as I have told you, to go
+into Epirus and there by preference to await whatever may turn up. I beg
+you to write to me with the utmost openness whatever you perceive to be
+the state of the case, and whether it is for good or evil, and also to
+send a letter, as you say, in my name to whomsoever you think it
+necessary.
+
+28 October.
+
+
+
+
+LXXX (A III, 22)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+THESSALONICA AND DYRRACHIUM, 27 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Though my brother Quintus and Piso have given me a careful account of
+what has been done, yet I could have wished that your engagements had
+not hindered you from writing fully to me, as has been your custom, what
+was on foot and what you understood to be the facts. Up to the present,
+Plancius[352] keeps me here by his generous treatment, though I have
+several times already made an effort to go to Epirus. He has conceived a
+hope, which I do not share, that we may possibly quit the province
+together: he hopes that that may redound greatly to his credit. But as
+soon as news shall come that soldiers are on their way hither,[353] I
+shall have to insist on quitting him. And as soon as I do that I will
+at once send you word, that you may know where I am. Lentulus,[354] in
+his own peculiar zeal for my cause, which he manifests by action and
+promises and writings, gives me some hope of Pompey's friendly feelings.
+For you have often told me in your letters that the latter was wholly
+devoted to him. As to Metellus,[355] my brother has written me word that
+by your agency as much has been accomplished as he had hoped. My dear
+Pomponius, fight hard that I may be allowed to live with you and my own
+family, and write me everything that occurs. I am heavy with sorrow and
+regret for all my dear ones, who have always been dearer to me than
+myself. Take care of your health.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dyrrachium, 27 November. As, if I went through Thessaly into Epirus, I
+should have been likely to be a very long time without any intelligence,
+and as I have warm friends in the people of Dyrrachium, I have come to
+them, after writing the former part of this letter at Thessalonica. When
+I turn my face from this town towards your house I will let you know,
+and for your part I would have you write me everything with the utmost
+particularity, whatever its nature. I am now expecting some definite
+step or the abandonment of all hope.
+
+[Footnote 352: Cn. Plancius, quaestor in Macedonia, whose kindness Cicero
+lauds highly when defending him in B.C. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 353: The forces of the new governor, L. Calpurnius Piso, who
+was to have Macedonia after his consulship, and would be sending his
+troops on before him.]
+
+[Footnote 354: P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul-designate for B.C. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 355: Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, consul-designate for B.C. 57.
+See pp. 22-23.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXI (F XIV, 1)
+
+TO TERENTIA
+
+PARTLY WRITTEN AT THESSALONICA, PARTLY AT DYRRACHIUM, 28 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I learn, both from the
+letters of many and the conversation of all whom I meet, that you are
+shewing a virtue and courage surpassing belief; and that you give no
+sign of fatigue in mind or body from your labours. Ah me! To think that
+a woman of your virtue, fidelity, uprightness, and kindness should have
+fallen into such troubles on my account! And that my little Tullia
+should reap such a harvest of sorrow from the father, from whom she used
+to receive such abundant joys! For why mention my boy Cicero, who from
+the first moment of conscious feeling has been made aware of the
+bitterest sorrows and miseries? And if, as you say, I had thought these
+things the work of destiny, I could have borne them somewhat more
+easily, but they were really all brought about by my own fault, in
+thinking myself beloved by those who were really jealous of me, and in
+not joining those who really wanted me.[356] But if I had followed my
+own judgment, and had not allowed the observations of friends, who were
+either foolish or treacherous, to have such great influence with me, we
+should have been living at the height of bliss. As it is, since friends
+bid us hope, I will do my best to prevent my weakness of health from
+failing to second your efforts. I fully understand the magnitude of the
+difficulty, and how much easier it will turn out to have been to stay at
+home than to get back. However, if we have all the tribunes on our side,
+if we find Lentulus as zealous as he appears to be, if, finally, we have
+Pompey and Caesar, there is no reason to despair. About our slaves,[357]
+we will do what you say is the opinion of our friends. As to this place,
+by this time the epidemic has taken its departure; but while it lasted,
+it did not touch me. Plancius, the kindest of men, desires me to stay
+with him and still keeps me from departing. I wanted to be in a less
+frequented district in Epirus, to which neither Hispo[358] nor soldiers
+would come, but as yet Plancius keeps me from going; he hopes that he
+may possibly quit his province for Italy in my company. And if ever I
+see that day, and come once more into your arms, and if I ever recover
+you all and myself, I shall consider that I have reaped a sufficient
+harvest both of your piety and my own. Piso's[359] kindness, virtue, and
+affection toward us all are so great that nothing can surpass them. I
+hope his conduct may be a source of pleasure to him, a source of glory I
+see clearly that it will be. I did not mean to find fault with you about
+my brother Quintus, but I wished that you all, especially considering
+how few there are of you, should be as closely united as possible. Those
+whom you wished me to thank I have thanked, and told them that my
+information came from you. As to what you say in your letter, my dear
+Terentia, about your intention of selling the village, alas! in heaven's
+name, what will become of you? And if the same ill-fortune continues to
+pursue us, what will become of our poor boy? I cannot write the rest--so
+violent is my outburst of weeping, and I will not reduce you to the same
+tearful condition. I only add this: if my friends remain loyal to me,
+there will be no lack of money; if not, you will not be able to effect
+our object out of your own purse. In the name of our unhappy fortunes,
+beware how we put the finishing stroke to the boy's ruin. If he has
+something to keep him from absolute want, he will need only moderate
+character and moderate luck to attain the rest. See to your health, and
+mind you send me letter-carriers, that I may know what is going on and
+what you are all doing. I have in any case only a short time to wait.
+Give my love to Tulliola and Cicero. Good-bye.
+
+Dyrrachium,[360] 27 November.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+P.S.--I have come to Dyrrachium both because it is a free state, very
+kindly disposed to me, and the nearest point to Italy.[361] But if the
+crowded condition of the place offends me, I shall take myself elsewhere
+and I will write you word.
+
+[Footnote 356: The party of the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 357: See Letter LXI, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 358: A centurion or other officer in the army of Piso crossing
+to Macedonia. But the name is otherwise unknown, and some have thought
+that it is an intentional disguise for the name of _Piso_ himself.]
+
+[Footnote 359: Cicero's son-in-law.]
+
+[Footnote 360: The greater part of this letter was evidently written at
+Thessalonica. Cicero appears to have put the date and place of departure
+to it after arriving at Dyrrachium, and then added a postscript to
+explain why he had come there.]
+
+[Footnote 361: As a _libera civitas_ Dyrrachium had the _ius exilii_,
+and would not be filled with Roman officials. The crowded state of the
+town--by which Cicero means crowded with Romans--would arise from its
+being the usual place of disembarkation from Rome across the north of
+the Greek peninsula to the East. There was doubtless always a large
+traffic between it and Brundisium, but at this time of year, when
+sailing would be, if possible, avoided, he might hope to find it
+somewhat less crowded.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXII (A III, 23)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 29 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+On the 26th of November I received three letters from you, one dated
+25th of October, in which you exhort me to await the month of January
+with a good heart, and write at length on such topics as you think tend
+to encourage my hopes--as to the zeal of Lentulus, the goodwill of
+Metellus, and the general policy of Pompey. In the second letter,
+contrary to your usual custom, you append no date, but give sufficient
+indication of the time of its writing. For the law having been published
+by the eight tribunes, you mention that you wrote this letter on the
+very same day, that is, the 29th of October,[362] and you say what good
+you think that publication has done. In regard to which, if my
+restoration is to be despaired of along with this law, I would have you
+think in your affection for me that my fruitless exertions are pitiable
+rather than foolish: but if there is any ground for hope, try and secure
+that my cause may be hereafter supported with greater attention to
+details by the new magistrates. For this bill of the old tribunes[363]
+had three clauses, of which the one relating to my return was carelessly
+drafted. For nothing is restored to me except my citizenship and
+senatorial rank: which, in the circumstances of my position, suffices
+me, but it does not escape your observation what special provisions will
+have to be made, and in what manner. The second clause is the usual
+one--"If anything be done in virtue of this law against other
+laws."[364] But observe, my dear Pomponius, what the object of the third
+clause is, and by whom it has been put in. For you know that Clodius
+provided that it should be scarcely possible, or rather altogether
+impossible, for his law to be deprived of validity either by senate or
+people. But you must see that the penal provisions of such laws as are
+repealed have never been observed. For in that case hardly any law could
+be repealed at all--for there is no law which does not hedge itself in
+by trying to make repeal difficult--but when a law is repealed, so is
+the clause meant to prevent its repeal. Now, though this is in truth the
+case, since it has been the universal doctrine and practice, our eight
+tribunes introduced the following clause: _If any provision is contained
+in this bill which, in view of existing laws or plebiscites_ (_i.e._,
+Clodius's law), _it is not lawful without incurring penalty, now or
+heretofore, whether to publish, repeal, amend, or supersede, or whereby
+he who has so published or amended would be liable to penalty or
+fine--such provision is not enacted by this law_. And observe that this
+contingency did not touch the case of those eight tribunes, for they
+were not bound by a law emanating from their own body.[365] Which makes
+one the more suspicious of some evil intention, since they have added a
+clause which did not affect themselves, but was against my interests: so
+that the new tribunes, if they happened to be somewhat timid, would
+think it still more necessary to employ the clause.[366] And Clodius did
+not fail to notice this. For he said in the public meeting of November
+the third, that by this clause a limit to their legal powers was laid
+down for the tribunes-designate; and yet it cannot escape your notice
+that in no law is there a clause of the sort: whereas, if it had been
+necessary, everybody would have employed it in repealing a law. How this
+point came to escape Ninnius[367] and the rest, pray find out, and who
+introduced the clause, and how it was that the eight tribunes did not
+hesitate to bring my case before the senate--which implies that they did
+not think that clause of the law binding--and were yet so cautious in
+their proposal for its repeal, as to be afraid (though not personally
+liable) of what need not be taken into consideration, even by those who
+are bound by the law. This clause I would not have the new tribunes
+propose; however, let them only carry something, no matter what: I shall
+be content with the single clause recalling me, so long only as the
+business is done. I have for some time been feeling ashamed of writing
+at such length; for I fear by the time you read this it will be all up
+with any hopes, so that this minute criticism of mine may seem pitiable
+to you and ridiculous to others. But if there is any ground for hope,
+pray look at the law which Visellius[368] drafted for T. Fadius. I like
+it very much: for that of our friend Sestius, which you say has your
+approbation, I don't like.
+
+The third letter is dated 12th of November, in which you explain with
+wisdom and care what the circumstances are which seem to cause a
+postponement of my affair, and about Crassus, Pompey, and the rest.
+Accordingly, I beg you, if there is any hope that the matter can be
+settled by the zeal of the loyalists, by the exertion of influence, and
+by getting numbers on our side, to endeavour to break through all
+difficulties at a rush, to throw your whole weight into the attempt, and
+incite others to do the same. But if, as I perceive from your
+conjectures as well as my own, there is no hope left, I beg and implore
+you to cherish my brother Quintus, whom I to our mutual misery have
+ruined, and not allow him to do anything to himself which would be to
+the detriment of your sister's son. My little Cicero, to whom, poor boy!
+I leave nothing but prejudice and the blot upon my name, pray protect to
+the best of your power. Terentia, that most afflicted of women, sustain
+by your kindness. I shall start for Epirus as soon as I have received
+news of the first days of the new tribunate.[369] Pray describe fully to
+me in your next letter what sort of a beginning is made.
+
+29 November.
+
+[Footnote 362: This bill for Cicero's recall would, of course, be vetoed
+by Clodius, and could not therefore be passed, but it would probably
+influence the action of the new tribunes for B.C. 57.]
+
+[Footnote 363: _I.e._, the tribunes of B.C. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 364: _I.e._, securing indemnity to the proposers if there is a
+technical breach of existing laws, something like the common
+clause--"all statutes to the contrary notwithstanding."]
+
+[Footnote 365: The Clodian law.]
+
+[Footnote 366: Because they would not be protected as the previous
+tribunes were by the fact of the Clodian law (which alone was
+contravened) having emanated from their own _collegium_.]
+
+[Footnote 367: L. Quadratus Ninnius, tribune-elect. On the 1st of June
+next he brought forward the question of Cicero's restoration in the
+senate.]
+
+[Footnote 368: Cicero's cousin, C. Visellius Varro, a learned
+jurisconsult (_Brut._ Sec. 264; 1 _Verr._ Sec. 71).]
+
+[Footnote 369: The tribunes came into office on the 10th of December,
+nearly three weeks before the consuls, praetors, etc., who entered office
+on the 1st of January.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIII (F XIV, 3)
+
+TO TERENTIA (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 29 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+Greetings to his Terentia, Tulliola, and Cicero. I have received three
+letters from the hands of Aristocritus, which I almost obliterated with
+tears. For I am thoroughly weakened with sorrow, my dear Terentia, and
+it is not my own miseries that torture me more than yours--and yours, my
+children! Moreover, I am more miserable than you in this, that whereas
+the disaster is shared by us both, yet the fault is all my own. It was
+my duty to have avoided the danger by accepting a legation,[370] or to
+resist it by careful management and the resources at my command, or to
+fall like a brave man. Nothing was more pitiful, more base, or more
+unworthy of myself than the line I actually took. Accordingly, it is
+with shame as well as grief that I am overpowered. For I am ashamed of
+not having exhibited courage and care to a most excellent wife and most
+darling children. I have, day and night, before my eyes the mourning
+dresses, the tears of you all, and the weakness of your own health,
+while the hope of recall presented to me is slender indeed. Many are
+hostile, nearly all jealous. To expel me had been difficult, to keep me
+out is easy. However, as long as you entertain any hope, I will not give
+way, lest all should seem lost by my fault. As to your anxiety for my
+personal safety, that is now the easiest thing in the world for me, for
+even my enemies desire me to go on living in this utter wretchedness. I
+will, however, do as you bid me. I have thanked the friends you desired
+me to thank, and I have delivered the letters to Dexippus, and have
+mentioned that you had informed me of their kindness. That our Piso has
+shewn surprising zeal and kindness to us I can see for myself, but
+everybody also tells me of it. God grant that I may be allowed, along
+with you and our children, to enjoy the actual society of such a
+son-in-law! For the present our one remaining hope is in the new
+tribunes, and that, too, in the first days of their office; if the
+matter is allowed to get stale, it is all over with us. It is for that
+reason that I have sent Aristocritus back to you at once, in order that
+you may be able to write to me on the spot as to the first official
+steps taken, and the progress of the whole business; although I have
+also given Dexippus orders to hurry back here at once, and I have sent a
+message to my brother to despatch letter-carriers frequently. For the
+professed object of my being at Dyrrachium at the present juncture is
+that I may hear as speedily as possible what is being done; and I am in
+no personal danger, for this town has always been defended by me. When I
+am told that enemies are on their way here I shall retire into Epirus.
+As to your coming to me, as you say you will if I wish it--for my part,
+knowing that a large part of this burden is supported by you, I should
+like you to remain where you are. If you succeed in your attempt I must
+come to you: but if, on the other hand--but I needn't write the rest.
+From your first, or at most, your second letter, I shall be able to
+decide what I must do. Only be sure you tell me everything with the
+greatest minuteness, although I ought now to be looking out for some
+practical step rather than a letter. Take care of your health, and
+assure yourself that nothing is or has ever been dearer to me than you
+are. Good-bye, my dear Terentia, whom I seem to see before my eyes, and
+so am dissolved in tears. Good-bye!
+
+29 November.
+
+[Footnote 370: Either the _libera legatio_ or the acting _legatio_ in
+Gaul, both of which Caesar offered him.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIV (A III, 24)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM, 10 DECEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET. 48]
+
+When, some time ago, I received letters from you all stating that with
+your consent the vote for the expenses of the consular provinces had
+been taken, though I was nervous as to the result of the measure, I yet
+hoped that you saw some good reason for it beyond what I could see: but
+when I was informed by word of mouth and by letters that this policy of
+yours was strongly censured, I was much disturbed, because the hope
+which I had cherished, faint as it was, seemed completely destroyed. For
+if the tribunes are angry with us, what hope can there be? And, indeed,
+they seem to have reason to be angry, since they, who had undertaken my
+cause, have not been consulted on the measure; while by your assenting
+to it they have been deprived of all the legitimate influence of their
+office: and that though they profess that it was for my sake that they
+wished to have the vote for the outfit of the consuls under their
+control, not in order to curtail their freedom of action, but in order
+to attach them to my cause:[371] that as things stand now, supposing
+the consuls to choose to take part against me, they can do so without
+let or hindrance, but if they wish to do anything in my favour they are
+powerless if the tribunes object. For as to what you say in your letter,
+that, if your party had not consented, they would have obtained their
+object by a popular vote--that would have been impossible against the
+will of the tribunes.[372] So I fear, on the one hand, that I have lost
+the favour of the tribunes; and on the other, even supposing that favour
+to remain, that the tie has been lost by which the consuls were to be
+attached. Added to this is another disadvantage, the abandonment of the
+weighty resolution--as, indeed, it was reported to me--that the senate
+should pass no decree until my case had been decided, and that, too, in
+the case of a measure which was not only not urgent, but even contrary
+to custom and unprecedented. For I think there is no precedent for
+voting the provincial outfit of magistrates when still only designate:
+so that, since in a matter like this the firm line[373] on which my
+cause had been taken up has been infringed, there is now no reason why
+any decree should not be passed. It is not surprising that those friends
+to whom the question was referred assented, for it was difficult to find
+anyone to express an opinion openly against proposals so advantageous to
+two consuls. It would in any case have been difficult not to be
+complaisant to such a warm friend as Lentulus, or to Metellus after the
+exceedingly kind way in which he put aside his quarrel with me. But I
+fear that, while failing to keep a hold on them, we have lost the
+tribunes. How this matter has occurred, and in what position the whole
+business stands, I would have you write to me, and in the same spirit as
+before: for your outspoken candour, even if not altogether pleasant, is
+yet what I prefer.
+
+10 December.
+
+[Footnote 371: The phrase _ornare provincias, ornare consules_, etc.,
+means the vote in the senate deciding the number of troops, amount of
+money, and other outfit that the magistrates going to their provinces
+were to have. The provinces to be taken by outgoing consuls were decided
+before the elections--in this case they were Cilicia and Spain. But the
+_ornatio_ usually took place after the consuls had entered on their
+office, _i.e._, after the 1st of January. For this year, however--we
+don't know why--it had taken place before the 1st of December, B.C. 58.
+The result of this would be that the new tribunes for B.C. 57--entering
+on their office 10th December, B.C. 58--would have no voice in the
+matter, and would thus lose a great hold on the consuls. Most of these
+tribunes were supporters of Cicero, while he was doubtful as to one of
+the consuls--Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos. He thinks, therefore, that his
+cause has lost by this measure, for the tribunes will have less power of
+putting force on the consuls to do anything for him, and yet the same
+power of stopping them should they wish to do anything of their own
+accord. Besides, the new tribunes may be alienated by what they may
+think a measure derogatory to their position. These fears came to
+nothing; the tribunes were loyal to Cicero, and the consul Piso
+forwarded his recall.]
+
+[Footnote 372: Because the tribunes could have vetoed any measure
+brought before the people, and so could have forced the consuls to come
+to terms.]
+
+[Footnote 373: _I.e._, that the senate would pass no decree prior to one
+recalling Cicero.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXV (A III, 25)
+
+TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS[374])
+
+DYRRACHIUM (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 58, AET 48]
+
+After you left me I received a letter from Rome, from which I see
+clearly that I must rot away in this state of disfranchisement: for I
+can't believe (don't be offended at my saying so) that you would have
+left town at this juncture, if there had been the least hope left of my
+restoration. But I pass over this, that I may not seem to be ungrateful
+and to wish everything to share my own ruin. All I ask of you is what
+you have faithfully promised, that you will appear before the 1st of
+January wherever I may be.
+
+[Footnote 374: There is no indication in the letter as to where Atticus
+is. He left Rome late in B.C. 58, and apparently did not return till
+after Cicero's recall. The most natural explanation is that he was in
+Epirus, or somewhere in Greece, and that he had visited Cicero at
+Dyrrachium on his way. I do not quite see how this should be thought
+impossible in view of the last sentence of LXXXV or the next letter.
+Cicero asks Atticus to join him, but he might do so whether Atticus were
+at Buthrotum, or Rome, or anywhere else.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVI (A III, 26)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57. Coss., P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Q. Caecilius
+Metellus Nepos.
+
+     The new year found Cicero still at Dyrrachium, waiting for the law
+     to pass for his recall, which (owing chiefly to the riotous
+     opposition of Clodius) did not pass till the 5th of August. We have
+     no letters in the interval between January and August, but a few
+     lively ones recounting the nature of his return (4th of September),
+     and four speeches dealing with his position and that of his
+     property. He seems at once to have attached himself to Pompey, and
+     to have promoted his appointment as _praefectus annonae_.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (? IN EPIRUS[374])
+
+DYRRACHIUM, JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+I have received a letter from my brother Quintus inclosing the decree of
+the senate passed concerning me. My intention is to await the time for
+legislation, and, if the law is defeated, I shall avail myself of the
+resolution of the senate,[375] and prefer to be deprived of my life
+rather than of my country. Make haste, I beg, to come to me.
+
+[Footnote 375: On 1st January, B.C. 57, P. Lentulus brought the case of
+Cicero before the senate. The prevailing opinion was that his
+_interdictio_ having been illegal, the senate could quash it. But
+Pompey, for the sake of security, recommended a _lex_. One of the
+tribunes, without actually vetoing the _senatus consultum_, demanded a
+night for consideration. The question was again debated in succeeding
+meetings of the senate, but on the 25th was not decided. Technically an
+_auctoritas_ was a decree that had been vetoed by a tribune, and Cicero
+(_pro Sest._ Sec. 74) implies that such a veto had been put in, and at any
+rate the _noctis postulatio_ was equivalent to a veto.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVII (A III, 27)
+
+TO ATTICUS (? AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM (AFTER 25 JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+From your letter and from the bare facts I see that I am utterly
+ruined.[376] I implore you, in view of my deplorable position, to stand
+by my family in whatever respect they shall need your help. I shall, as
+you say, see you soon.
+
+[Footnote 376: Perhaps he has just heard that the sitting of the senate
+on the 25th of January had been interrupted by Clodius's roughs. But
+other similar events happened, and there is no certain means of dating
+this note. The difficulty, as it stands, is that it implies Atticus's
+temporary return to Rome.]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXVIII (F V, 4)
+
+TO Q. METELLUS THE CONSUL (AT ROME)
+
+DYRRACHIUM (JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+A letter from my brother Quintus, and one from my friend Titus
+Pomponius, had given me so much hope, that I depended on your assistance
+no less than on that of your colleague. Accordingly, I at once sent you
+a letter in which, as my present position required, I offered you thanks
+and asked for the continuance of your assistance. Later on, not so much
+the letters of my friends, as the conversation of travellers by this
+route, indicated that your feelings had undergone a change; and that
+circumstance prevented my venturing to trouble you with letters. Now,
+however, my brother Quintus has sent me a copy which he had made of your
+exceedingly kind speech delivered in the senate. Induced by this I have
+attempted to write to you, and I do ask and beg of you, as far as I may
+without giving you offence, to preserve your own friends along with me,
+rather than attack me to satisfy the unreasonable vindictiveness of your
+connexions. You have, indeed, conquered yourself so far as to lay aside
+your own enmity for the sake of the Republic: will you be induced to
+support that of others _against_ the interests of the Republic? But if
+you will in your clemency now give me assistance, I promise you that I
+will be at your service henceforth: but if neither magistrates, nor
+senate, nor people are permitted to aid me, owing to the violence which
+has proved too strong for me, and for the state as well, take care
+lest--though you may wish the opportunity back again for retaining all
+and sundry in their rights--you find yourself unable to do so, because
+there will be nobody to be retained.[377]
+
+[Footnote 377: This intentionally enigmatical sentence is meant to
+contain a menace against Clodius, who is hinted at in the word _omnium_,
+just as he is earlier in the letter in the word _tuorum_. Clodius was a
+connexion by marriage of Metellus (through his late brother, the husband
+of Clodia), and Cicero assumes that Metellus is restrained from helping
+him by regard for Clodius. He knows, however, by this time, that one of
+the new tribunes, Milo, is prepared to repel force by force, and he
+hints to Metellus that if he countenances Clodius's violence he may some
+day find that there is no Clodius to save--if that's his object. In
+Letter LXXXIX he shews how early he had contemplated Clodius being
+killed by Milo (_occisum iri ab ipso Milone video_).]
+
+
+
+
+LXXXIX (A IV, 1)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+Directly I arrived at Rome, and there was anyone to whom I could safely
+intrust a letter for you, I thought the very first thing I ought to do
+was to congratulate you in your absence on my return. For I knew, to
+speak candidly, that though in giving me advice you had not been more
+courageous or far-seeing than myself, nor--considering my devotion to
+you in the past--too careful in protecting me from disaster, yet that
+you--though sharing in the first instance in my mistake, or rather
+madness, and in my groundless terror--had nevertheless been deeply
+grieved at our separation, and had bestowed immense pains, zeal, care,
+and labour in securing my return. Accordingly, I can truly assure you of
+this, that in the midst of supreme joy and the most gratifying
+congratulations, the one thing wanting to fill my cup of happiness to
+the brim is the sight of you, or rather your embrace; and if I ever
+forfeit that again, when I have once got possession of it, and if, too,
+I do not exact the full delights of your charming society that have
+fallen into arrear in the past, I shall certainly consider myself
+unworthy of this renewal of my good fortune.
+
+In regard to my political position, I have resumed what I thought there
+would be the utmost difficulty in recovering--my brilliant standing at
+the bar, my influence in the senate, and a popularity with the loyalists
+even greater than I desired. In regard, however, to my private
+property--as to which you are well aware to what an extent it has been
+crippled, scattered, and plundered--I am in great difficulties, and
+stand in need, not so much of your means (which I look upon as my own),
+as of your advice for collecting and restoring to a sound state the
+fragments that remain. For the present, though I believe everything
+finds its way to you in the letters of your friends, or even by
+messengers and rumour, yet I will write briefly what I think you would
+like to learn from my letters above all others. On the 4th of August I
+started from Dyrrachium, the very day on which the law about me was
+carried. I arrived at Brundisium on the 5th of August. There my dear
+Tulliola met me on what was her own birthday, which happened also to be
+the name-day of the colony of Brundisium and of the temple of Safety,
+near your house. This coincidence was noticed and celebrated with warm
+congratulations by the citizens of Brundisium. On the 8th of August,
+while still at Brundisium, I learnt by a letter from Quintus that the
+law had been passed at the _comitia centuriata_ with a surprising
+enthusiasm on the part of all ages and ranks, and with an incredible
+influx of voters from Italy. I then commenced my journey, amidst the
+compliments of the men of highest consideration at Brundisium, and was
+met at every point by legates bearing congratulations. My arrival in the
+neighbourhood of the city was the signal for every soul of every order
+known to my nomenclator coming out to meet me, except those enemies who
+could not either dissemble or deny the fact of their being such. On my
+arrival at the Porta Capena, the steps of the temples were already
+thronged from top to bottom[378] by the populace; and while their
+congratulations were displayed by the loudest possible applause, a
+similar throng and similar applause accompanied me right up to the
+Capitol, and in the forum and on the Capitol itself there was again a
+wonderful crowd. Next day, in the senate, that is, the 5th of September,
+I spoke my thanks to the senators. Two days after that--there having
+been a very heavy rise in the price of corn, and great crowds having
+flocked first to the theatre and then to the senate-house, shouting out,
+at the instigation of Clodius, that the scarcity of corn was my
+doing--meetings of the senate being held on those days to discuss the
+corn question, and Pompey being called upon to undertake the management
+of its supply in the common talk not only of the plebs, but of the
+aristocrats also, and being himself desirous of the commission, when the
+people at large called upon me by name to support a decree to that
+effect, I did so, and gave my vote in a carefully-worded speech. The
+other consulars, except Messalla and Afranius, having absented
+themselves on the ground that they could not vote with safety to
+themselves, a decree of the senate was passed in the sense of my motion,
+namely, that Pompey should be appealed to to undertake the business, and
+that a law should be proposed to that effect. This decree of the senate
+having been publicly read, and the people having, after the senseless
+and new-fangled custom that now prevails, applauded the mention of my
+name,[379] I delivered a speech. All the magistrates present, except one
+praetor and two tribunes, called on me to speak.[380] Next day a full
+senate, including all the consulars, granted everything that Pompey
+asked for. Having demanded fifteen legates, he named me first in the
+list, and said that he should regard me in all things as a second self.
+The consuls drew up a law by which complete control over the corn-supply
+for five years throughout the whole world was given to Pompey. A second
+law is drawn up by Messius,[381] granting him power over all money, and
+adding a fleet and army, and an _imperium_ in the provinces superior to
+that of their governors. After that our consular law seems moderate
+indeed: that of Messius is quite intolerable. Pompey professes to prefer
+the former; his friends the latter. The consulars led by Favonius
+murmur: I hold my tongue, the more so that the pontifices have as yet
+given no answer in regard to my house.[382] If they annul the
+consecration I shall have a splendid site. The consuls, in accordance
+with a decree of the senate, will value the cost of the building that
+stood upon it; but if the pontifices decide otherwise, they will pull
+down the Clodian building, give out a contract in their own name (for a
+temple), and value to me the cost of a site and house. So our affairs
+are
+
+    "For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."[383]
+
+In regard to money matters I am, as you know, much embarrassed. Besides,
+there are certain domestic troubles, which I do not intrust to writing.
+My brother Quintus I love as he deserves for his eminent qualities of
+loyalty, virtue, and good faith. I am longing to see you, and beg you to
+hasten your return, resolved not to allow me to be without the benefit
+of your advice. I am on the threshold, as it were, of a second life.
+Already certain persons who defended me in my absence begin to nurse a
+secret grudge at me now that I am here, and to make no secret of their
+jealousy. I want you very much.
+
+[Footnote 378: Reading _ab infimo_.]
+
+[Footnote 379: As backing the decree. The phrase was _aderat scribendo
+M. Tullius Cicero_, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 380: _Dederunt_, _i.e._, _contionem_; lit. gave me a meeting,
+_i.e._, the right of addressing the meeting, which only magistrates or
+those introduced by magistrates could do.]
+
+[Footnote 381: C. Messius, a tribune of the year.]
+
+[Footnote 382: Clodius had consecrated the site of Cicero's house for a
+temple of Liberty. The pontifices had to decide whether that
+consecration held good, or whether the site might be restored to Cicero.
+Hence his speech _de Domo sua ad Pontifices_.]
+
+[Footnote 383: The origin of the Latin line is not known. The English is
+Milton's, _P. L._ ii. 224.]
+
+
+
+
+XC (A IV, 2)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+If by any chance you get letters less frequently from me than from
+others, I beg you not to put it down to my negligence, or even to my
+engagements; for though they are very heavy, there can be none
+sufficient to stop the course of our mutual affection and of the
+attention I owe to you. The fact is that, since my return to Rome, this
+is only the second time that I have been told of anyone to whom I could
+deliver a letter, and accordingly this is my second letter to you. In my
+former I described the reception I had on my return, what my political
+position was, and how my affairs were.
+
+    "For happy though but ill, for ill not worst."
+
+The despatch of that letter was followed by a great controversy about my
+house. I delivered a speech before the pontifices on the 29th of
+September. I pleaded my cause with care, and if I ever was worth
+anything as a speaker, or even if I never was on any other occasion, on
+this one at any rate my indignation at the business, and the importance
+of it, did add a certain vigour to my style.[384] Accordingly, the
+rising generation must not be left without the benefit of this speech,
+which I shall send you all the same, even if you don't want it.[385] The
+decree of the pontifices was as follows: "If neither by order of the
+people nor vote of the plebs the party alleging that he had dedicated
+had been appointed by name to that function, nor by order of the people
+or vote of the plebs had been commanded to do so, we are of opinion that
+the part of the site in question may be restored to M. Tullius without
+violence to religion." Upon this I was at once congratulated--for no one
+doubted that my house was thereby adjudged to me--when all on a sudden
+that fellow mounts the platform to address a meeting, invited to speak
+by Appius,[386] and announces at once to the people that the pontifices
+had decided in his favour,[387] but that I was endeavouring to take
+forcible possession; he exhorts them to follow himself and Appius to
+defend their own shrine of Liberty.[388] Hereupon, when even those
+credulous hearers partly wondered and partly laughed at the fellow's mad
+folly, I resolved not to go near the place until such time as the
+consuls by decree of the senate had given out the contract for restoring
+the colonnade of Catulus.[389] On the 1st of October there was a full
+meeting of the senate. All the pontifices who were senators were invited
+to attend, and Marcellinus,[390] who is a great admirer of mine, being
+called on to speak first, asked them what was the purport of their
+decree. Then M. Lucullus, speaking for all his colleagues, answered that
+the pontifices were judges of a question of religion, the senate of the
+validity of a law: that he and his colleagues had given a decision on a
+point of religion; in the senate they would with the other senators
+decide on the law. Accordingly, each of them, when asked in their proper
+order for their opinion, delivered long arguments in my favour. When it
+came to Clodius's turn, he wished to talk out the day, and he went on
+endlessly; however, after he had spoken for nearly three hours, he was
+forced by the loud expression of the senate's disgust to finish his
+speech at last. On the decree in accordance with the proposal of
+Marcellinus passing the senate against a minority of one, Serranus
+interposed his veto.[391] At once both consuls referred the question of
+Serranus's veto to the senate. After some very resolute speeches had
+been delivered--"that it was the decision of the senate that the house
+should be restored to me": "that a contract should be given out for the
+colonnade of Catulus": "that the resolution of the house should be
+supported by all the magistrates": "that if any violence occurred, the
+senate would consider it to be the fault of the magistrate who vetoed
+the decree of the senate"--Serranus became thoroughly frightened, and
+Cornicinus repeated his old farce: throwing off his toga, he flung
+himself at his son-in-law's feet.[392] The former demanded a night for
+consideration. They would not grant it: for they remembered the 1st of
+January. It was, however, at last granted with difficulty on my
+interposition. Next day the decree of the senate was passed which I send
+you. Thereupon the consuls gave out a contract for the restoration of
+the colonnade of Catulus: the contractors immediately cleared that
+portico of his away to the satisfaction of all.[393] The buildings of my
+house the consuls, by the advice of their assessors, valued at 2,000,000
+sesterces (about L16,000).[394] The rest was valued very stingily. My
+Tusculan villa at 500,000 sesterces (about L4,000): my villa at Formiae
+at 250,000 sesterces (about L2,000)--an estimate loudly exclaimed
+against not only by all the best men, but even by the common people. You
+will say, "What was the reason?" They for their part say it was my
+modesty--because I would neither say no, nor make any violent
+expostulation. But that is not the real cause: for that indeed in itself
+would have been in my favour.[395] But, my dear Pomponius, those very
+same men, I tell you, of whom you are no more ignorant than myself,
+having clipped my wings, are unwilling that they should grow again to
+their old size. But, as I hope, they are already growing again. Only
+come to me! But this, I fear, may be retarded by the visit of your and
+my friend Varro. Having now heard the actual course of public business,
+let me inform you of what I have in my thoughts besides. I have allowed
+myself to be made _legatus_ to Pompey, but only on condition that
+nothing should stand in the way of my being entirely free either to
+stand, if I choose, for the censorship--if the next consuls hold a
+censorial election--or to assume a "votive commission" in connexion
+with nearly any fanes or sacred groves.[396] For this is what falls in
+best with our general policy and my particular occasions. But I wished
+the power to remain in my hands of _either_ standing for election, _or_
+at the beginning of the summer of going out of town: and meanwhile I
+thought it not disadvantageous to keep myself before the eyes of the
+citizens who had treated me generously. Well, such are my plans in
+regard to public affairs; my domestic affairs are very intricate and
+difficult. My town house is being built: you know how much expense and
+annoyance the repair of my Formian villa occasions me, which I can
+neither bear to relinquish nor to look at. I have advertised my Tusculan
+property for sale; I don't much care for a suburban residence.[397] The
+liberality of friends has been exhausted in a business which brought me
+nothing but dishonour: and this you perceived though absent, as did
+others on the spot, by whose zeal and wealth I could easily have
+obtained all I wanted, had only my supporters allowed it.[398] In this
+respect I am now in serious difficulty. Other causes of anxiety are
+somewhat more of the _tacenda_ kind.[399] My brother and daughter treat
+me with affection. I am looking forward to seeing you.
+
+[Footnote 384: The speech _de Domo sua ad Pontifices_. The genuineness
+of the existing speech has been doubted. But it may very well be said
+that no one but Cicero could have written it. It is not certainly one of
+his happiest efforts, in spite of what he says here; but he is not
+unaccustomed to estimate his speeches somewhat highly, and to mistake
+violence for vigour.]
+
+[Footnote 385: He will send it to Atticus to get copied by his
+_librarii_, and published.]
+
+[Footnote 386: Appius Claudius Pulcher, brother of P. Clodius, was a
+praetor this year.]
+
+[Footnote 387: It is not clear that Clodius was wrong; the pontifices
+decided that for a valid consecration an order of the people was
+requisite, and, of course, Clodius could allege such an order. Cicero
+devoted the greater part of his speech, therefore, to shewing (1) that
+Clodius's adoption was invalid, and that he was therefore no tribune,
+and incapable of taking an order of the people; (2) that the law was a
+_privilegium_, and therefore invalid. The pontifices did not consider
+either of these points, which were not properly before them, or within
+their competence; they merely decided the religious question--that
+unless there had been a _iussus populi_ or _plebis scitus_ there was no
+valid consecration.]
+
+[Footnote 388: Or perhaps only "statue of Liberty," as the temple was
+not yet completed.]
+
+[Footnote 389: A portico or colonnade, built by Q. Catulus, the
+conqueror of the Cimbri, on the site of the house of M. Flaccus, who was
+killed with Saturninus in B.C. 100. It was close to Cicero's house, and
+what Clodius appears to have done was to pull down the portico, and
+build another, extending over part of Cicero's site, on which was to be
+a temple for his statue of Liberty.]
+
+[Footnote 390: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus was called on first as
+consul designate for B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 391: Sext. Attilius Serranus, a tribune. He had been a quaestor
+in Cicero's consulship, but had opposed his recall.]
+
+[Footnote 392: Cn. Oppius Cornicinus, the father-in-law of Serranus, is
+said in _p. red. at Quir._ Sec. 13 to have done the same in the senate on
+the 1st of January, when Serranus also went through the same form of
+"demanding a night" for consideration.]
+
+[Footnote 393: Prof. Tyrrell brackets _porticum_. But I do not
+understand his difficulty, especially as he saw none in the last letter.
+Cicero (_de Domo_, Sec. 102) certainly implies that Clodius had, at any
+rate, partly pulled down the _porticus Catuli_, in order to build
+something on a larger scale, which was to take in some of Cicero's site.
+This was now to come down, and so leave Cicero his _area_, and, I
+presume, the old _porticus Catuli_ was to be restored.]
+
+[Footnote 394: Cicero had given Crassus 3,500,000 for it (about
+L28,000). See Letter XVI.]
+
+[Footnote 395: _I.e._, my modest reserve. There does not seem any reason
+for Tyrrell's emendation of _num_ for _nam_.]
+
+[Footnote 396: I have translated Klotz's text. That given by Prof.
+Tyrrell is, to me at any rate, quite unintelligible. Cicero's _legatio_
+under Pompey appears to have been, in fact, honorary, or _libera_, for
+he doesn't seem to have done anything. He wishes to reserve the right of
+resigning it to stand for the censorship (censors were elected in the
+following year), or of turning it into a _votiva legatio_, to visit
+certain sacred places on the plea of performing a vow, thus getting the
+opportunity, if he desired it, of retiring temporarily from Rome in a
+dignified manner. The force of _prope_ seems to be "almost any, I care
+not what." It was not likely that a man with his stormy past would do
+for the delicate duties of the censorship, and he would save appearances
+by going on a _votiva legatio_. See Letter XLIV.]
+
+[Footnote 397: _Facile careo_, others read _non facile_, "I don't like
+being without a suburban residence."]
+
+[Footnote 398: The thing which brought him "nothing but dishonour" was
+his quitting Rome, and the consequent expenses connected with winning
+over friends, or paying for Milo's bravoes to face those of Clodius. In
+the last part of the sentence he seems to mean that, had his supporters
+backed him properly, he would have got everything necessary to make good
+his losses from the liberality of the senate. Others explain that
+_defensores_ really means Pompey only.]
+
+[Footnote 399: This and the omission of his wife in the next clause, as
+the similar hint at the end of the last letter, seem to point to some
+misunderstanding with Terentia, with whom, however, a final rupture was
+postponed for nearly twelve years (B.C. 46.)]
+
+
+
+
+XCI (A IV, 3)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 24 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+I am very well aware that you long to know what is going on here, and
+also to know it from me, not because things done before the eyes of the
+whole world are better realized when narrated by my hand than when
+reported to you by the pens or lips of others, but because it is from my
+letters that you get what you want--a knowledge of _my_ feelings in
+regard to the occurrences, and what at such a juncture is the state of
+my mind, or, in a word, the conditions in which I am living. On the 3rd
+of November the workmen were driven from the site of my house by armed
+ruffians: the _porticus Catuli_,[400] which was being rebuilt on a
+contract given out by the consuls, in accordance with a decree of the
+senate, and had nearly reached the roof, was battered down: the house of
+my brother Quintus[401] was first smashed with volleys of stones thrown
+from my site, and then set on fire by order of Clodius, firebrands
+having been thrown into it in the sight of the whole town, amidst loud
+exclamations of indignation and sorrow, I will not say of the
+loyalists--for I rather think there _are_ none--but of simply every
+human being. That madman runs riot: thinks after this mad prank of
+nothing short of murdering his opponents: canvasses the city street by
+street: makes open offers of freedom to slaves. For the fact is that up
+to this time, while trying to avoid prosecution,[402] he had a case,
+difficult indeed to support, and obviously bad, but still a case: he
+might have denied the facts, he might have shifted the blame on others,
+he might even have pleaded that some part of his proceedings had been
+legal. But after such wrecking of buildings, incendiaries, and wholesale
+robberies as these, being abandoned by his supporters, he hardly retains
+on his side Decimus the marshal,[403] or Gellius; takes slaves into his
+confidence; sees that, even if he openly assassinates everyone he wishes
+to, he will not have a worse case before a court of law than he has at
+present. Accordingly, on the 11th of November, as I was going down the
+Sacred Way, he followed me with his gang. There were shouts,
+stone-throwing, brandishing of clubs and swords, and all this without a
+moment's warning. I and my party stepped aside into Tettius Damio's
+vestibule: those accompanying me easily prevented his roughs from
+getting in. He might have been killed himself.[404] But I am now on a
+system of cure by regimen: I am tired of surgery. The fellow, seeing
+that what everybody called for was not his prosecution but his instant
+execution, has since made all your Catilines seem models of
+respectability.[405] For on the 12th of November he tried to storm and
+set fire to Milo's house, I mean the one on Germalus:[406] and so openly
+was this done, that at eleven o'clock in the morning he brought men
+there armed with shields and with their swords drawn, and others with
+lighted torches. He had himself occupied the house of P. Sulla[407] as
+his headquarters from which to conduct the assault upon Milo's.
+Thereupon Q. Flaccus led out some gallant fellows from Milo's other
+house (the _Anniana_): killed the most notorious bravoes of all
+Clodius's gang: wanted to kill Clodius himself; but my gentleman took
+refuge in the inner part of Sulla's house. The next thing was a meeting
+of the senate on the 14th. Clodius stayed at home: Marcellinus[408] was
+splendid: all were keen. Metellus[409] talked the business out by an
+obstructive speech, aided by Appius, and also, by Hercules! by your
+friend on whose firmness you wrote me such a wonderfully true letter!
+Sestius[410] was fuming. Afterwards the fellow vows vengeance on the
+city if his election is stopped. Marcellinus's resolution having been
+exposed for public perusal (he had read it from a written copy, and it
+embraced our entire case--the prosecution was to include his violent
+proceedings on the site of my house, his arson, his assault on me
+personally, and was to take place before the elections), he put up a
+notice that he intended to watch the sky during all comitial days.[411]
+Public speeches of Metellus disorderly, of Appius hot-headed, of
+Publius stark mad. The upshot, however, was that, had not Milo served
+his notice of bad omens in the _campus_, the elections would have been
+held. On the 19th of November Milo arrived on the _campus_ before
+midnight with a large company. Clodius, though he had picked gangs of
+runaway slaves, did not venture into the _campus_. Milo stopped there
+till midday,[412] to everybody's great delight and his own infinite
+credit: the movement of the three brethren[413] ended in their own
+disgrace; their violence was crushed, their madness made ridiculous.
+However, Metellus demands that the obstructive notice should be served
+on him next day in the forum: "there was no need to come to the _campus_
+before daybreak: he would be in the _comitium_ at the first hour of the
+day."[414] Accordingly, on the 20th Milo came to the forum before
+sunrise. Metellus at the first sign of dawn was stealthily hurrying to
+the _campus_, I had almost said by by-lanes: Milo catches our friend up
+"between the groves"[415] and serves his notice. The latter returned
+greeted with loud and insulting remarks by Q. Flaccus. The 21st was a
+market day.[416] For two days no public meeting. I am writing this
+letter on the 23rd at three o'clock in the morning. Milo is already in
+possession of the _campus_. The candidate Marcellus[417] is snoring so
+loud that I can hear him next door. I am told that Clodius's vestibule
+is completely deserted: there are a few ragged fellows there and a
+canvas lantern.[418] His party complains that I am the adviser of the
+whole business: they little know the courage and wisdom of that hero!
+His gallantry is astonishing. Some recent instances of his superhuman
+excellence I pass over; but the upshot is this: I don't think the
+election will take place. I think Publius will be brought to trial by
+Milo--unless he is killed first. If he once puts himself in his way in a
+riot, I can see that he will be killed by Milo himself. The latter has
+no scruple about doing it; he avows his intention; he isn't at all
+afraid of what happened to me, for _he_ will never listen to the advice
+of a jealous and faithless friend, nor trust a feeble aristocrat. In
+spirit, at any rate, I am as vigorous as in my zenith, or even more so;
+in regard to money I am crippled. However, the liberality of my brother
+I have, in spite of his protests, repaid (as the state of my finances
+compelled) by the aid of my friends, that I might not be drained quite
+dry myself. What line of policy to adopt in regard to my position as a
+whole, I cannot decide in your absence: wherefore make haste to town.
+
+[Footnote 400: See last letter. The _porticus Catuli_ had been, at any
+rate, partly demolished by Clodius to make way for his larger scheme of
+building, which was to take in part of Cicero's "site." See _pro Cael._
+Sec.79.]
+
+[Footnote 401: Next door to Cicero's own house.]
+
+[Footnote 402: He would avoid prosecution _de vi_ by getting elected to
+the aedileship for B.C. 56, for actual magistrates were rarely
+prosecuted; but he, in this case, actually avoided it by getting a
+consul and tribune to forbid it by edict (_pro Sest._ Sec. 89).]
+
+[Footnote 403: _Designatorem._ This may mean (1) an official who shewed
+people to their places in the theatre; (2) an undertaker's man, who
+marshalled funerals. To the latter office a certain _infamia_ was
+attached. We know nothing more of Decimus (see _pro Domo_, Sec. 50).
+Gellius was an eques and a stepson of L. Marcius Philippus. He
+afterwards gave evidence against Sestius for _vis_ (see _pro Sest._ Sec.
+110). Cicero calls him the mover of all seditions (_in Vatin._ Sec. 4), and
+one of Clodius's gang (_de Har. Resp._ Sec. 59). See next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 404: Perhaps by M. Antonius. See 2 _Phil._ Sec. 21; _pro Mil._ Sec.
+40.]
+
+[Footnote 405: Lit. "made all Catilines _Acidini_." Acidinus was the
+cognomen of several distinguished men. In _Leg. Agr._ ii. Sec. 64, Cicero
+classes the _Acidini_ among men "respectable not only for the public
+offices they had held, and for their services to the state, but also for
+the noble way in which they had endured poverty." There does not,
+however, seem any very good reason known for their becoming proverbial
+as the antithesis to revolutionaries.]
+
+[Footnote 406: A slope of the Palatine. Milo's other house (p. 196).]
+
+[Footnote 407: P. Cornelius Sulla, nephew of the dictator. Cicero
+defended him in B.C. 62, but he had taken the part of Clodius in the
+time of Cicero's exile.]
+
+[Footnote 408: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, the consul-designate
+for the next year. In that capacity he would be called on for his
+_sententia_ first.]
+
+[Footnote 409: Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, the consul. Though he had not
+opposed Cicero's recall, he stood by his cousin, P. Clodius, in regard
+to the threatened prosecution. Appius is Appius Claudius, brother of P.
+Clodius.]
+
+[Footnote 410: P. Sestius, the tribune favourable to Cicero, afterwards
+defended by him.]
+
+[Footnote 411: Mr. Purser's reading of _nisi anteferret_ before
+_proscripsit_ seems to me to darken the passage. What happened was this.
+Marcellinus's _sententia_ was never put to the vote, because Metellus,
+Appius, and Hortensius (Cicero seems to mean him) talked out the
+sitting. Accordingly, Marcellinus published it, _i.e._, put it up
+outside the Curia to be read: and under it he (or some other magistrate
+whose name has dropped out of the text) put a notice that he was going
+to "watch the sky" all the _dies comitiales_, so as to prevent the
+election being held. But this had been rendered inoperative by Clodius's
+amendment of the _lex AElia Fufia_ (see 2 _Phil._ Sec. 81)--or at any rate
+of doubtful validity--and, accordingly, the only thing left was the
+_obnuntiatio_ by a magistrate, which Milo proceeded to make. The rule,
+however was that such _obnuntiatio_ must be made before the _comitia_
+were begun (2 _Phil. ib._), which again could not begin till sunrise.
+Hence Milo's early visit to the _campus_. For the meaning of _proposita_
+see Letter XLVII.]
+
+[Footnote 412: After which the _comitia_ could not be begun.]
+
+[Footnote 413: P. Clodius, his brother Appius, and his _cousin_ Metellus
+Nepos.]
+
+[Footnote 414: Metellus means that he shall take the necessary auspices
+for the _comitia_ in the _comitium_, before going to the _campus_ to
+take the votes.]
+
+[Footnote 415: Generally called _inter duos lucos_, the road down the
+Capitolium towards the Campus Martius, originally so called as being
+between the two heads of the mountain. It was the spot traditionally
+assigned to the "asylum" of Romulus.]
+
+[Footnote 416: On the _nundinae_ and the next day no _comitia_ and no
+meeting of the senate could be held.]
+
+[Footnote 417: Candidate for the aedileship, of whom we know nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 418: Apparently a poor lantern, whose sides were made of
+canvas instead of horn.]
+
+
+
+
+XCII (Q FR II, 1)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA[419])
+
+ROME (10 DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+The letter which you have already read I had sent off in the morning.
+But Licinius was polite enough to call on me in the evening after the
+senate had risen, that, in case of any business having been done there,
+I might, if I thought good, write an account of it to you. The senate
+was fuller than I had thought possible in the month of December just
+before the holidays. Of us consulars there were P. Servilius, M.
+Lucullus, Lepidus, Volcatius, Glabrio: the two consuls-designate; the
+praetors. We were a really full house: two hundred in all.[420] Lupus had
+excited some interest.[421] He raised the question of the Campanian land
+in considerable detail. He was listened to in profound silence. You are
+not unaware what material that subject affords. He omitted none of the
+points which I had made in this business.[422] There were some sharp
+thrusts at Caesar, some denunciations of Gellius, some appeals to the
+absent Pompey. After concluding his speech at a late hour, he said that
+he would not ask for our votes lest he might burden us with a personal
+controversy; he quite understood the sentiments of the senate from the
+denunciations of past times and the silence on the present occasion.
+Milo spoke. Lupus begins the formula of dismissal,[423] when Marcellinus
+says: "Don't infer from our silence, Lupus, what we approve or
+disapprove of at this particular time. As far as I am concerned, and I
+think it is the same with the rest, I am only silent because I do not
+think it suitable that the case of the Campanian land should be debated
+in Pompey's absence." Then Lupus said that he would not detain the
+senate.[423] Racilius rose and began bringing before the house the case
+of the proposed prosecutions. He calls upon Marcellinus, of course,
+first;[424] who, after complaining in serious tones of the Clodian
+incendiaries, massacres, and stonings, proposed a resolution that
+"Clodius himself should, under the superintendence of the praetor
+urbanus, have his jury allotted to him; that the elections should be
+held only when the allotment of jurors[425] had been completed; that
+whoever stopped the trials would be acting against the interests of the
+state."[426] The proposal having been received with warm approval, Gaius
+Cato[427]--as did also Cassius--spoke against it, with very emphatic
+murmurs of disapprobation on the part of the senate, when he proposed to
+hold the elections before the trials. Philippus supported Lentulus.[428]
+After that Racilius called on me first of the unofficial senators for my
+opinion.[429] I made a long speech upon the whole story of P. Clodius's
+mad proceedings and murderous violence: I impeached him as though he
+were on his trial, amidst frequent murmurs of approbation from the whole
+senate. My speech was praised at considerable length, and, by Hercules!
+with no little oratorical skill by Antistius Vetus, who also supported
+the priority of the legal proceedings, and declared that he should
+consider it of the first importance. The senators were crossing the
+floor in support of this view,[430] when Clodius, being called on, began
+trying to talk out the sitting. He spoke in furious terms of having been
+attacked by Racilius in an unreasonable and discourteous manner. Then
+his roughs on the Graecostasis[431] and the steps of the house suddenly
+raised a pretty loud shout, in wrath, I suppose, against Q. Sextilius
+and the other friends of Milo. At this sudden alarm we broke up with
+loud expressions of indignation on all sides. Here are the transactions
+of one day for you: the rest, I think, will be put off to January. Of
+all the tribunes I think Racilius is by far the best: Antistius also
+seems likely to be friendly to me: Plancius, of course, is wholly ours.
+Pray, if you love me, be careful and cautious about sailing in December.
+
+[Footnote 419: Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia as Pompey's _legatus_ as
+superintendent of the corn-supply, to which office he had been appointed
+in August. The letter is written not earlier than the 10th of December,
+for the new tribunes for B.C. 56 have come into office, and not later
+than the 16th, because on the 17th the Saturnalia began. Perhaps as the
+senate is summoned and presided over by Lupus, it is on the 10th, the
+day of his entrance upon office.]
+
+[Footnote 420: "Full," that is, for the time of year. A "full house" is
+elsewhere mentioned as between three and four hundred.]
+
+[Footnote 421: P. Rutilius Lupus, one of the new tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 422: This refers to Cicero's attempts to exempt the _ager
+publicus_ in Campania from being divided (see Letter XXIV, p. 55); and
+not only to his speeches against Rullus. It was because Caesar
+disregarded the ancient exception of this land from such distribution
+that Cicero opposed his bill, and refused to serve on the commission.]
+
+[Footnote 423: _Nihil vos moramur_ were the words used by the presiding
+magistrate, indicating that he had no more business to bring before the
+senate. If no one said anything, the senate was dismissed; but any
+magistrate, or magistrate-designate, could speak, and so continue the
+sitting up to nightfall, when the house stood adjourned.]
+
+[Footnote 424: Because consul-designate. L. Racilius, one of the new
+tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 425: The _sortitio iudicum_ was performed by the praetor
+drawing out the required number of names from the urn, which contained
+the names of all liable to serve. The accused could, however, challenge
+a certain number, and the praetor had then to draw others.]
+
+[Footnote 426: The formula whereby the senate declared its opinion that
+so and so was guilty of treason. It had no legal force, but the
+magistrates might, and sometimes did, act on it.]
+
+[Footnote 427: C. Porcius Cato, distant relation of Cato Uticensis, one
+of the new tribunes.]
+
+[Footnote 428: _I.e._, Marcellinus (Cn. Cornelius Lentulus).]
+
+[Footnote 429: The senators not in office only spoke when called on
+(_rogati_). The consuls-designate (if there were any) were always called
+first, and then the consulars in order. To be called _first_ was a
+subject of ambition, and an opportunity for the presiding magistrate to
+pay a compliment or the reverse.]
+
+[Footnote 430: They went and sat or stood near the speaker they wished
+to support. It was not, however, a formal division till the speeches
+ended, and the presiding magistrate counted. Still, it made the division
+easier.]
+
+[Footnote 431: A platform outside the senate-house, where
+representatives originally of Greek and then of other states were
+placed. It was apparently possible to hear, or partly hear, the debates
+from it. It was a _locus substructus_ (Varro, _L. L._ v. 155). There is
+no evidence that it was a building to lodge ambassadors in, as Prof.
+Tyrrell says.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIII (F VII, 26)
+
+TO M. FADIUS GALLUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM[432] (? DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 57, AET. 49]
+
+Having been suffering for nine days past from a severe disorder of the
+bowels, and being unable to convince those who desired my services that
+I was ill because I had no fever, I fled to my Tusculan villa, after
+having, in fact, observed for two days so strict a fast as not even to
+drink a drop of water. Accordingly, being thoroughly reduced by weakness
+and hunger, I was more in want of your services than I thought mine
+could be required by you. For myself, while shrinking from all
+illnesses, I especially shrink from that in regard to which the Stoics
+attack your friend Epicurus for saying that "he suffered from strangury
+and pains in the bowels"--the latter of which complaints they attribute
+to gluttony, the former to a still graver indulgence. I had been really
+much afraid of dysentery. But either the change of residence, or the
+mere relaxation of anxiety, or perhaps the natural abatement of the
+complaint from lapse of time, seems to me to have done me good. However,
+to prevent your wondering how this came about, or in what manner I let
+myself in for it, I must tell you that the sumptuary law, supposed to
+have introduced plain living, was the origin of my misfortune. For
+whilst your epicures wish to bring into fashion the products of the
+earth, which are not forbidden by the law, they flavour mushrooms,
+_petits choux_, and every kind of pot-herb so as to make them the most
+tempting dishes possible.[433] Having fallen a victim to these in the
+augural banquet at the house of Lentulus, I was seized with a violent
+diarrhoea, which, I think, has been checked to-day for the first time.
+And so I, who abstain from oysters and lampreys without any difficulty,
+have been beguiled by beet and mallows. Henceforth, therefore, I shall
+be more cautious. Yet, having heard of it from Anicius[434]--for he saw
+me turning sick--you had every reason not only for sending to inquire,
+but even for coming to see me. I am thinking of remaining here till I am
+thoroughly restored, for I have lost both strength and flesh. However,
+if I can once get completely rid of my complaint, I shall, I hope,
+easily recover these.
+
+[Footnote 432: The year of this letter has been inferred from the
+mention of Lentulus's augural banquet. For P. Cornelius Lentulus
+Spinther, son of the consul of B.C. 57, was in this year elected into
+the college of augurs. Yet as we know that Cicero's Tusculan villa was
+dismantled by Clodius, and was advertised for sale (though not sold), it
+seems rather extraordinary that Cicero should have gone there for his
+health. The _Fadii Galli_ were a family of Cicero's native place,
+Arpinum.]
+
+[Footnote 433: There were several sumptuary laws. Those which may
+possibly be referred to here are (1) the _lex Licinia_ (? B.C. 103),
+which defined certain foods as illegal at banquets, but excepted _quod
+ex terra vite arbore ve sit natum_ (Macrobius, _Sat._ iii. 17, 9; Gell.
+ii. 24, 7); (2) the _lex AEmilia_ (B.C. 68), which also defined both the
+quantity and quality of food allowable at banquets (Gell. ii. 24, 12).]
+
+[Footnote 434: C. Anicius, a senator and intimate friend of Cicero's.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIV (F I, I)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56. Coss., Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, L.
+Marcius Philippus.]
+
+     In the year B.C. 56 the growing differences between the triumvirs
+     were temporarily composed at the meeting at Luca, and Cicero made
+     up his mind that the only course for him to pursue was to attach
+     himself to them, as the party of the _boni_ had not, as he hoped,
+     taken advantage of those differences to attach Pompey to themselves
+     as a leader against Caesar. His recantation is indicated in the
+     speeches _de Provinciis Consularibus_ and _pro Balbo_, in which he
+     practically supports part, at least, of the arrangements of Luca.
+
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER[435] (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, 13 JANUARY
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Whatever attention or affection I may shew you, though it may seem
+sufficient in the eyes of others, can never seem sufficient in my own.
+For such has been the magnitude of your services to me that, inasmuch as
+you never rested till my affair was brought to a conclusion, while I
+cannot effect the same in your cause,[436] I regard my life as a burden.
+The difficulties are these. The king's agent, Hammonius, is openly
+attacking us by bribery. The business is being carried out by means of
+the same money-lenders as it was when you were in town. Such people as
+wish it done for the king's sake--and they are few--are all for
+intrusting the business to Pompey. The senate supports the trumped-up
+religious scruple, not from any respect to religion, but from
+ill-feeling towards him, and disgust at the king's outrageous bribery. I
+never cease advising and instigating Pompey--even frankly finding fault
+with and admonishing him--to avoid what would be a most discreditable
+imputation.[437] But he really leaves no room for either entreaties or
+admonitions from me. For, whether in everyday conversation or in the
+senate, no one could support your cause with greater eloquence,
+seriousness, zeal, and energy than he has done, testifying in the
+highest terms to your services to himself and his affection for you.
+Marcellinus, you know, is incensed with his flute-playing majesty.[438]
+In everything, saving and excepting this case of the king, he professes
+the intention of being your champion. We take what he gives: nothing can
+move him from his motion as to the religious difficulty, which he made
+up his mind to bring, and has, in fact, brought several times before the
+senate. The debate up to the Ides (for I am writing early in the morning
+of the Ides[439]) has been as follows: Hortensius and I and Lucullus
+voted for yielding to the religious scruple as far as concerned the
+army,[440] for otherwise there was no possibility of getting the matter
+through, but, in accordance with the decree already passed on your own
+motion, were for directing you to restore the king, "so far as you may
+do so without detriment to the state": so that while the religious
+difficulty prohibits the employment of an army, the senate might still
+retain you as the person authorized. Crassus votes for sending three
+legates, not excluding Pompey: for he would allow them to be selected
+even from such as are at present in possession of _imperium_.[441]
+Bibulus is for three legates selected from men without _imperium_. The
+other consulars agree with the latter, except Servilius, who says that
+he ought not to be restored at all: and Volcatius, who on the motion of
+Lupus votes for giving the business to Pompey: and Afranius, who agrees
+with Volcatius. This last fact increases the suspicion as to Pompey's
+wishes: for it was noticed that Pompey's intimates agreed with
+Volcatius. We are in a very great difficulty: the day seems going
+against us. The notorious colloguing and eagerness of Libo and Hypsaeus,
+and the earnestness displayed by Pompey's intimates, have produced an
+impression that Pompey desires it; and those who don't want him to have
+it are at the same time annoyed with your having put power into his
+hands.[442] I have the less influence in the case because I am under an
+obligation to you. Moreover, whatever influence I might have had is
+extinguished by the idea people entertain as to Pompey's wishes, for
+they think they are gratifying him. We are in much the same position as
+we were long before your departure: now, as then, the sore has been
+fomented secretly by the king himself and by the friends and intimates
+of Pompey, and then openly irritated by the consulars, till the popular
+prejudice has been excited to the highest pitch. All the world shall
+recognize my loyalty, and your friends on the spot shall see my
+affection for you though you are absent. If there were any good faith in
+those most bound to shew it, we should be in no difficulty at all.
+
+[Footnote 435: Consul of B.C. 57, who had gone at the end of his
+consulship to be governor of Cilicia.]
+
+[Footnote 436: When Ptolemy Auletes first appealed to the senate (B.C.
+57) to restore him to the throne of Egypt, it appears that a resolution
+was passed authorizing the proconsul of Cilicia to do so; but as Pompey
+wished to have the business, the senate found itself in a difficulty,
+not wishing to put him in military command, or daring to offend him by
+an open refusal (Dio, xxxix. 12). The tribune C. Cato found up a
+Sibylline oracle forbidding the employment of an army for the purpose,
+which served the senate as a decent excuse. The commission to Lentulus
+was eventually withdrawn by an _auctoritas senatus_, and Lentulus did
+not venture to do it. Ptolemy, finding that he could not succeed in
+getting Pompey commissioned, retired to Ephesus, and afterwards
+succeeded by an enormous bribe in inducing Gabinius, the proconsul of
+Syria, to do it (B.C. 55).]
+
+[Footnote 437: Of having been induced by greed or ambition to undertake
+the restoration of Ptolemy.]
+
+[Footnote 438: Reading _tibicini_ for the unmeaning _tibi_. It is not
+certain, but it makes good sense. Ptolemy was called _Auletes_
+(flute-player), of which the Latin _tibicen_ is a translation, meant, no
+doubt, somewhat jocosely.]
+
+[Footnote 439: _I.e._, before going to the senate on the Ides of January
+(13th). See next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 440: The Sibylline oracle forbade restoring the king "with a
+multitude."]
+
+[Footnote 441: Pompey had at this time _imperium_ as _curator annonae_.]
+
+[Footnote 442: Because it was on Lentulus's motion that Pompey had been
+made _curator annonae_, and so in possession of _imperium_ with naval and
+military forces.]
+
+
+
+
+XCV (F I, 2)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, 15 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Nothing was done on the 13th of January in the senate, because the day
+was to a great extent spent in an altercation between the consul
+Lentulus and the tribune Caninius. On that day I also spoke at
+considerable length, and thought that I made a very great impression on
+the senate by dwelling on your affection for the house. Accordingly,
+next day we resolved that we would deliver our opinions briefly: for it
+appeared to us that the feelings of the senate had been softened towards
+us--the result not only of my speech, but of my personal appeal and
+application to individual senators. Accordingly, the first proposition,
+that of Bibulus, having been delivered, that three legates should
+restore the king: the second, that of Hortensius, that you should
+restore him without an army: the third, that of Volcatius, that Pompey
+should do it, a demand was made that the proposal of Bibulus should be
+taken in two parts.[443] As far as he dealt with the religious
+difficulty--a point which was now past being opposed--his motion was
+carried; his proposition as to three legates was defeated by a large
+majority. The next was the proposition of Hortensius. Thereupon the
+tribune Lupus, on the ground that he had himself made a proposal about
+Pompey, starts the contention that he ought to divide the house before
+the consuls. His speech was received on all sides by loud cries of "No":
+for it was both unfair and unprecedented. The consuls would not give in,
+and yet did not oppose with any vigour. Their object was to waste the
+day, and in that they succeeded:[444] for they saw very well that many
+times the number would vote for the proposal of Hortensius, although
+they openly professed their agreement with Volcatius. Large numbers were
+called upon for their opinion, and that, too, with the assent of the
+consuls: for they wanted the proposal of Bibulus carried. This dispute
+was protracted till nightfall, and the senate was dismissed. I happened
+to be dining with Pompey on that day, and I seized the opportunity--the
+best I have ever had, for since your departure I have never occupied a
+more honourable position in the senate than I had on that day--of
+talking to him in such a way, that I think I induced him to give up
+every other idea and resolve to support your claims. And, indeed, when I
+actually hear him talk, I acquit him entirely of all suspicion of
+personal ambition: but when I regard his intimates of every rank, I
+perceive, what is no secret to anybody, that this whole business has
+been long ago corruptly manipulated by a certain coterie, not without
+the king's own consent and that of his advisers.
+
+I write this on the 15th of January, before daybreak. To-day there is to
+be a meeting of the senate. We shall maintain, as I hope, our position
+in the senate as far as it is possible to do so in such an age of
+perfidy and unfair dealing. As to an appeal to the people on the
+subject, we have, I think, secured that no proposition can be brought
+before them without neglect of the auspices or breach of the laws, or,
+in fine, without downright violence.[445] The day before my writing
+these words a resolution of the senate on these matters of the most
+serious character was passed, and though Cato and Caninius vetoed it, it
+was nevertheless written out.[446] I suppose it has been sent to you. On
+all other matters I will write and tell you what has been done, whatever
+it is, and I will see that everything is carried out with the most
+scrupulous fairness as far as my caution, labour, attention to details,
+and influence can secure it.
+
+[Footnote 443: The proposal of Bibulus to send "three legates" implied a
+concession to the Sibylline verse, in not sending "an army." It was
+therefore to be voted on as two questions--(1) Shall the Sibylline verse
+be obeyed, and an army not sent? (2) Shall three legates be sent?]
+
+[Footnote 444: That is, the debate went off on the side issue as to who
+had the prior right of dividing the house. Lupus said _he_ had, because
+the proposal of Volcatius was really made before the others, _i.e._, in
+the previous day's debate (see last letter). The consuls were only too
+glad thus to avoid having the main question brought to a vote, and let
+this technical point be spun out in a languid debate.]
+
+[Footnote 445: Because they had magistrates ready to stop the _comitia_
+by declaring bad omens, and tribunes ready to veto any proposal.]
+
+[Footnote 446: A _senatus consultum_ vetoed by a tribune was written
+out, with the names of its proposers and backers, and a statement at the
+end as to the tribunes vetoing it. It was thus on record as an
+_auctoritas senatus_, "resolution of the senate," not a _senatus
+consultum_. A perfect specimen is given in Letter CCXXIII. This
+_auctoritas_ was to the effect that no one was to undertake the
+restoration. See Letter CXIII.]
+
+
+
+
+XCVI (F I, 3)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (? JANUARY)
+
+_M. Cicero presents his compliments to P. Lentulus, proconsul._
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Aulus Trebonius, who has important business in your province, both of
+wide extent and sound, is an intimate friend of mine of many years'
+standing. As before this he has always, both from his brilliant position
+and the recommendations of myself and his other friends, enjoyed the
+highest popularity in the province, so at the present time, trusting to
+your affection for me and our close ties, he feels sure that this letter
+of mine will give him a high place in your esteem. That he may not be
+disappointed in that hope I earnestly beg of you, and I commend to you
+all his business concerns, his freedmen, agents, and servants; and
+specially that you will confirm the decrees made by T. Ampius in his
+regard, and treat him in all respects so as to convince him that my
+recommendation is no mere ordinary one.[447]
+
+[Footnote 447: This is a specimen of the short letter of introduction to
+a provincial governor which were given almost as a matter of course by
+men of position at Rome. We shall have many of them in the course of the
+correspondence: and Cicero elsewhere warns the recipient of such letters
+not to pay attention to them unless he expressly indicates his wish by
+some less formal sentence (see Letter CXIV). T. Ampius was the
+predecessor of Lentulus in Cilicia.]
+
+
+
+
+XCVII (F I, 4)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Though in the senate of the 15th of January we made a most glorious
+stand, seeing that on the previous day we had defeated the proposal of
+Bibulus about the three legates, and the only contest left was with the
+proposal of Volcatius, yet the business was spun out by our opponents by
+various obstructive tactics. For we were carrying our view in a full
+senate, in spite of the multifarious devices and inveterate jealousy of
+those who were for transferring the cause of the king from you to some
+one else. That day we found Curio very bitterly opposed, Bibulus much
+more fair, almost friendly even. Caninius and Cato declared that they
+would not propose any law before the elections. By the _lex Pupia_, as
+you know, no senate could be held before the 1st of February, nor in
+fact during the whole of February,[448] unless the business of the
+legations were finished or adjourned. However, the Roman people are
+generally of opinion that the pretext of a trumped-up religious scruple
+has been introduced by your jealous detractors, not so much to hinder
+you, as to prevent anyone from wishing to go to Alexandria with a view
+of getting the command of an army. However, everyone thinks that the
+senate has had a regard for your position. For there is no one that is
+ignorant of the fact that it was all the doing of your opponents that no
+division took place: and if they, under the pretext of a regard for the
+people, but really from the most unprincipled villainy, attempt to carry
+anything, I have taken very good care that they shall not be able to do
+so without violating the auspices or the laws, or, in fact, without
+absolute violence. I don't think I need write a word either about my own
+zeal or the injurious proceedings of certain persons. For why should I
+make any display myself--since, if I were even to shed my blood in
+defence of your position, I should think that I had not covered a tithe
+of your services to me? Or why complain of the injurious conduct of
+others, which I cannot do without the deepest pain? I cannot at all
+pledge myself to you as to the effect of open violence, especially with
+such feeble magistrates; but, open violence out of the question, I can
+assure you that you will retain your high position, if the warmest
+affections both of the senate and the Roman people can secure it to you.
+
+[Footnote 448: _I.e._, no meeting of the senate for ordinary business.
+During the month of February the senate usually devoted all its time to
+hearing and answering deputations from the provinces or foreign states.
+The _lex Pupia_ forbade the meeting of the senate on _dies comitiales_,
+and after the 14th the days in January were all _comitiales_: but
+another law (_lex Vatinia_) ordered it to meet every day in February for
+the business of the legations. If this business was concluded or
+deferred it remained a moot point whether a magistrate was not still
+bound or, at least, allowed to summon it for other business (_ad Q. Fr._
+ii. 13).]
+
+
+
+
+XCVII (F I, 5)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME, FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Though the first wish of my heart is that my warmest gratitude to you
+should be recognized first of all by yourself and then by everybody
+else, yet I am deeply grieved that such a state of things has followed
+your departure as to give you occasion, in your absence, to test the
+loyalty and good disposition towards you both of myself and others. That
+you see and feel that men are shewing the same loyalty in maintaining
+your position as I experienced in the matter of my restoration, I have
+understood from your letter. Just when I was depending most securely on
+my policy, zeal, activity and influence in the matter of the king, there
+was suddenly sprung on us the abominable bill of Cato's,[449] to hamper
+all our zeal and withdraw our thoughts from a lesser anxiety to a most
+serious alarm. However, in a political upset of that kind, though there
+is nothing that is not a source of terror yet the thing to be chiefly
+feared is treachery: and Cato, at any rate, whatever happens, we have no
+hesitation in opposing. As to the business of Alexandria and the cause
+of the king, I can only promise you thus much, that I will to the utmost
+of my power satisfy both you, who are absent, and your friends who are
+here. But I fear the king's cause may either be snatched from our hands
+or abandoned altogether, and I cannot easily make up my mind which of
+the two alternatives I would least wish. But if the worst comes to the
+worst, there is a third alternative, which is not wholly displeasing
+either to Selicius[450] or myself--namely, that we should not let the
+matter drop, and yet should not allow the appointment, in spite of our
+protests, to be transferred to the man to whom it is now regarded as
+practically transferred.[451] We will take the utmost care not to omit
+struggling for any point that it seems possible to maintain, and not to
+present the appearance of defeat if we have in any case failed to
+maintain it. You must shew your wisdom and greatness of mind by
+regarding your fame and high position as resting on your virtue, your
+public services, and the dignity of your character, and by believing
+that, if the perfidy of certain individuals has deprived you of any of
+those honours which fortune has lavished on you, it will be more
+injurious to them than to you. I never let any opportunity slip either
+of acting or thinking for your interests. I avail myself of the aid of
+Q. Selicius in everything: nor do I think that there is any one of all
+your friends either shrewder, or more faithful, or more attached to you.
+
+[Footnote 449: That of the tribune C. Cato for the recall of Lentulus.]
+
+[Footnote 450: A money-lender, and friend of Lentulus Spinther.]
+
+[Footnote 451: Pompey.]
+
+
+
+
+XCIX (Q FR II, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 18 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+It was not from the multiplicity of business, though I am very much
+engaged, but from a slight inflammation of the eyes that I was induced
+to dictate this letter, and not, as is my usual habit, write it with my
+own hand. And, to begin with, I wish to excuse myself to you on the very
+point on which I accuse you. For no one up to now has asked me "whether
+I have any commands for Sardinia"--I think you often have people who
+say, "Have you any commands for Rome?" As to what you have said in your
+letters to me about the debt of Lentulus and Sestius, I have spoken with
+Cincius.[452] However the matter stands, it is not the easiest in the
+world. But surely Sardinia must have some special property for recalling
+one's memory of the past. For just as the famous Gracchus--as
+augur--after arriving in that province remembered something that had
+happened to him, when holding the elections in the Campus Martius, in
+violation of the auspices, so you appear to me to have recalled at your
+ease in Sardinia the design of Numisius and the debts due to Pomponius.
+As yet I have made no purchase. Culleo's auction has taken place: there
+was no purchaser for his Tusculan property. If very favourable terms
+were to be offered, I should perhaps not let it slip. About your
+building I do not fail to press Cyrus.[453] I hope he will do his duty.
+But everything goes on somewhat slowly, owing to the prospect of that
+madman's aedileship.[454] For it seems that the legislative assembly will
+take place without delay: it has been fixed for the 20th of January.
+However, I would not have you uneasy. Every precaution shall be taken by
+me. In regard to the Alexandrine king, a decree of the senate was passed
+declaring it dangerous to the Republic that he should be restored "with
+a host." The point remaining to be decided in the senate being whether
+Lentulus or Pompey should restore him, Lentulus seemed on the point of
+carrying the day. In that matter I did justice to my obligations to
+Lentulus marvellously well, while at the same time splendidly gratifying
+Pompey's wishes: but the detractors of Lentulus contrived to talk the
+matter out by obstructive speeches. Then followed the comitial days, on
+which a meeting of the senate was impossible. What the villainy of the
+tribunes is going to accomplish I cannot guess; I suspect, however, that
+Caninius will carry his bill by violence.[455] In this business I cannot
+make out what Pompey really wishes. What his _entourage_ desire
+everybody sees. Those who are financing the king are openly advancing
+sums of money against Lentulus. There seems no doubt that the commission
+has been taken out of Lentulus's hands, to my very great regret,
+although he has done many things for which I might, if it were not for
+superior considerations, be justly angry with him. I hope, if it is
+consistent with your interests, that you will embark as soon as
+possible, when the weather is fair and settled, and come to me. For
+there are countless things, in regard to which I miss you daily in every
+possible way. Your family and my own are well.
+
+18 January.
+
+[Footnote 452: Agent or steward of Atticus.]
+
+[Footnote 453: The architect. See Letter XXVIII, p. 68.]
+
+[Footnote 454: Clodius, who was aedile this year.]
+
+[Footnote 455: For commissioning Pompey with two lictors to restore
+Ptolemy.]
+
+
+
+
+C (A IV, 4 a)
+
+TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 28 JANUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+I was charmed to see Cincius when he called on me on the 28th of January
+before daybreak. For he told me that you were in Italy and that he was
+sending slaves to you. I did not like them to go without a letter from
+me; not that I had anything to say to you, especially as you are all but
+here, but that I might express merely this one thing--that your arrival
+is most delightful and most ardently wished for by me. Wherefore fly to
+us with the full assurance that your affection for me is fully
+reciprocated. The rest shall be reserved for our meeting. I write in
+great haste. The day you arrive, mind, you and your party are to dine
+with me.
+
+
+
+
+CI (Q FR II, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 12 FEBRUARY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+I have already told you the earlier proceedings; now let me describe
+what was done afterwards. The legations were postponed from the 1st of
+February to the 13th. On the former day our business was not brought to
+a settlement. On the 2nd of February Milo appeared for trial. Pompey
+came to support him. Marcellus spoke on being called upon by me.[456] We
+came off with flying colours. The case was adjourned to the 7th.
+Meanwhile (in the senate), the legations having been postponed to the
+13th, the business of allotting the quaestors and furnishing the outfit
+of the praetors was brought before the house. But nothing was done,
+because many speeches were interposed denouncing the state of the
+Republic. Gaius Cato published his bill for the recall of Lentulus,
+whose son thereupon put on mourning. On the 7th Milo appeared. Pompey
+spoke, or rather wished to speak. For as soon as he got up Clodius's
+ruffians raised a shout, and throughout his whole speech he was
+interrupted, not only by hostile cries, but by personal abuse and
+insulting remarks. However, when he had finished his speech--for he
+shewed great courage in these circumstances, he was not cowed, he said
+all he had to say, and at times had by his commanding presence even
+secured silence for his words--well, when he had finished, up got
+Clodius. Our party received him with such a shout--for they had
+determined to pay him out--that he lost all presence of mind, power of
+speech, or control over his countenance. This went on up to two
+o'clock--Pompey having finished his speech at noon--and every kind of
+abuse, and finally epigrams of the most outspoken indecency were uttered
+against Clodius and Clodia. Mad and livid with rage Clodius, in the very
+midst of the shouting, kept putting the questions to his claque: "Who
+was it who was starving the commons to death?" His ruffians answered,
+"Pompey." "Who wanted to be sent to Alexandria?" They answered,
+"Pompey." "Who did they wish to go?" They answered, "Crassus." The
+latter was present at the time with no friendly feelings to Milo. About
+three o'clock, as though at a given signal, the Clodians began spitting
+at our men. There was an outburst of rage. They began a movement for
+forcing us from our ground. Our men charged: his ruffians turned tail.
+Clodius was pushed off the rostra: and then we too made our escape for
+fear of mischief in the riot. The senate was summoned into the Curia:
+Pompey went home. However, I did not myself enter the senate-house, lest
+I should be obliged either to refrain from speaking on matters of such
+gravity, or in defending Pompey (for he was being attacked by Bibulus,
+Curio, Favonius, and Servilius the younger) should give offence to the
+loyalists. The business was adjourned to the next day. Clodius fixed the
+Quirinalia (17 of February) for his prosecution. On the 8th the senate
+met in the temple of Apollo, that Pompey might attend. Pompey made an
+impressive speech. That day nothing was concluded. On the 9th in the
+temple of Apollo a decree passed the senate "that what had taken place
+on the 7th of February was treasonable." On this day Cato warmly
+inveighed against Pompey, and throughout his speech arraigned him as
+though he were at the bar. He said a great deal about me, to my disgust,
+though it was in very laudatory terms. When he attacked Pompey's perfidy
+to me, he was listened to in profound silence on the part of my enemies.
+Pompey answered him boldly with a palpable allusion to Crassus, and said
+outright that "he would take better precautions to protect his life
+than Africanus had done, whom C. Carbo had assassinated."[457]
+Accordingly, important events appear to me to be in the wind. For Pompey
+understands what is going on, and imparts to me that plots are being
+formed against his life, that Gaius Cato is being supported by Crassus,
+that money is being supplied to Clodius, that both are backed by Crassus
+and Curio, as well as by Bibulus and his other detractors: that he must
+take extraordinary precautions to prevent being overpowered by that
+demagogue--with a people all but wholly alienated, a nobility hostile, a
+senate ill-affected, and the younger men corrupt. So he is making his
+preparations and summoning men from the country. On his part, Clodius is
+rallying his gangs: a body of men is being got together for the
+Quirinalia. For that occasion we are considerably in a majority, owing
+to the forces brought up by Pompey himself: and a large contingent is
+expected from Picenum and Gallia, to enable us to throw out Cato's bills
+also about Milo and Lentulus.
+
+On the 10th of February an indictment was lodged against Sestius for
+bribery by the informer Cn. Nerius, of the Pupinian tribe, and on the
+same day by a certain M. Tullius for riot.[458] He was ill. I went at
+once, as I was bound to do, to his house, and put myself wholly at his
+service: and that was more than people expected, who thought that I had
+good cause for being angry with him. The result is that my extreme
+kindness and grateful disposition are made manifest both to Sestius
+himself and to all the world, and I shall be as good as my word. But
+this same informer Nerius also named Cn. Lentulus Vatia and C. Cornelius
+to the commissioners.[459] On the same day a decree passed the senate
+"that political clubs and associations should be broken up, and that a
+law in regard to them should be brought in, enacting that those who did
+not break off from them should be liable to the same penalty as those
+convicted of riot."
+
+On the 11th of February I spoke in defence of Bestia[460] on a charge of
+bribery before the praetor Cn. Domitius,[461] in the middle of the forum
+and in a very crowded court; and in the course of my speech I came to
+the incident of Sestius, after receiving many wounds in the temple of
+Castor, having been preserved by the aid of Bestia. Here I took occasion
+to pave the way beforehand for a refutation of the charges which are
+being got up against Sestius, and I passed a well-deserved encomium upon
+him with the cordial approval of everybody. He was himself very much
+delighted with it. I tell you this because you have often advised me in
+your letters to retain the friendship of Sestius. I am writing this on
+the 12th of February before daybreak: the day on which I am to dine with
+Pomponius on the occasion of his wedding.
+
+Our position in other respects is such as you used to cheer my
+despondency by telling me it would be--one of great dignity and
+popularity: this is a return to old times for you and me effected, my
+brother, by your patience, high character, loyalty, and, I may also add,
+your conciliatory manners. The house of Licinius, near the grove of
+Piso,[462] has been taken for you. But, as I hope, in a few months'
+time, after the 1st of July, you will move into your own. Some excellent
+tenants, the Lamiae, have taken your house in Carinae.[463] I have
+received no letter from you since the one dated Olbia. I am anxious to
+hear how you are and what you find to amuse you, but above all to see
+you yourself as soon as possible. Take care of your health, my dear
+brother, and though it is winter time, yet reflect that after all it is
+Sardinia that you are in.[464]
+
+15 February.
+
+[Footnote 456: Milo impeached by Clodius before the _comitia tributa_
+for his employment of gladiators. Dio (xxxix. 18) says that Clodius thus
+impeached Milo, not with any hope of securing his conviction against the
+powerful support of Cicero and Pompey, but to get the chance of
+insulting these latter. Marcellus was one of the candidates for the
+aedileship with Clodius. See Letter XCI.]
+
+[Footnote 457: In B.C. 129, after making a speech in favour of the
+claims of the Italians for exemption from the agrarian law of Gracchus,
+Scipio AEmilianus, the younger Africanus, was found dead in his bed. The
+common report was that he had been assassinated by Carbo, or with his
+privity, but it was never proved (see _de Orat._ ii. Sec. 170). Cicero does
+not here assume the truth of the story, he merely repeats Pompey's
+words.]
+
+[Footnote 458: M. Tullius Albinovanus. It was on this charge _de vi_
+that Cicero defended Sestius in the extant speech. The charge of bribery
+does not appear to have been proceeded with.]
+
+[Footnote 459: _Adlegatos_, probably commissioners named to receive and
+report on a deposition of an informer before the senate acted.]
+
+[Footnote 460: L. Calpurnius Piso Bestia, a candidate in the last
+election of aediles.]
+
+[Footnote 461: Cn. Domitius Calvinus, consul B.C. 53. In the Civil War
+he sided with Pompey, and perished at sea after Thapsus (B.C. 46).]
+
+[Footnote 462: _Ad lucum Pisonis_. The place is not known, but there is
+not sufficient reason for the change to _ad lacum Pisonis_, a place
+equally unknown.]
+
+[Footnote 463: A part of Rome on the slope of the Mons Oppius.]
+
+[Footnote 464: _I.e._, get out of it as soon as you can.]
+
+
+
+
+CII (F I, 5 b)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+What is being done and has been done here I imagine you know from
+letters of numerous correspondents and from messengers: but what are
+still matters for conjecture, and seem likely to take place, I think I
+ought to write and tell you. After Pompey had been roughly treated with
+shouts and insulting remarks, while speaking before the people on the
+7th of February in defence of Milo, and had been accused in the senate
+by Cato in exceedingly harsh and bitter terms amidst profound silence,
+he appeared to me to be very much upset in his mind. Accordingly, he
+seems to me to have quite given up any idea of the Alexandrine
+business--which, as far as we are concerned, remains exactly where it
+was, for the senate has taken nothing from you except what, owing to the
+same religious difficulty, cannot be granted to anyone else. My hope and
+my earnest endeavour now is that the king, when he understands that he
+cannot obtain what he had in his mind--restoration by Pompey--and that,
+unless restored by you, he will be abandoned, and neglected, should pay
+you a visit.[465] This he will do without any hesitation, if Pompey
+gives the least hint of his approval. But you know that man's deliberate
+ways and obstinate reserve. However, I will omit nothing that may
+contribute to that result. The other injurious proceedings instituted by
+Cato I shall, I hope, have no difficulty in resisting. I perceive that
+none of the consulars are friendly to you except Hortensius and
+Lucullus; the rest are either hostile, without openly shewing it, or
+undisguisedly incensed. Keep a brave and high spirit, and feel confident
+that the result will be to utterly repulse the attack of a most
+contemptible fellow, and to retain your high position and fame.
+
+[Footnote 465: Ptolemy was at Ephesus.]
+
+
+
+
+CIII (F I, 6)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+What is going on you will learn from Pollio,[466] who not only was
+engaged in all the transactions, but was the leader in them. In my own
+deep distress, occasioned by the course your business has taken,[467] I
+am chiefly consoled by the hope which makes me strongly suspect that the
+dishonest practices of men will be defeated both by the measures of your
+friends and by mere lapse of time, which must have a tendency to weaken
+the plans of your enemies and of traitors. In the second place, I derive
+a ready consolation from the memory of my own dangers, of which I see a
+reflexion in your fortunes. For though your position is attacked in a
+less important particular than that which brought mine to the ground,
+yet the analogy is so strong, that I trust you will pardon me if I am
+not frightened at what you did not yourself consider ought to cause
+alarm. But shew yourself the man I have known you to be, to use a Greek
+expression, "since your nails were soft."[468] The injurious conduct of
+men will, believe me, only make your greatness more conspicuous. Expect
+from me the greatest zeal and devotion in everything: I will not falsify
+your expectation.
+
+[Footnote 466: The famous C. Asinius Pollio.]
+
+[Footnote 467: The postponement of the Egyptian commission.]
+
+[Footnote 468: [Greek: ex apalon onychon], _i.e._, "from your earliest
+youth." Others explain it to mean "from the bottom of your heart," or
+"thoroughly," from the idea that the nerves ended in the nails. [Greek:
+ex auton ton onychon], "thoroughly," occurs in late Greek, and similar
+usages in the Anthology.]
+
+
+
+
+CIV (Q FR II, 4 AND PART OF 6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Our friend Sestius was acquitted on the 11th of March, and, what was of
+great importance to the Republic--that there should be no appearance of
+difference of opinion in a case of that sort--was acquitted unanimously.
+As to what I had often gathered from your letters, that you were anxious
+about--that I should not leave any loophole for abuse to an unfriendly
+critic on the score of my being ungrateful, if I did not treat with the
+utmost indulgence his occasional wrong-headedness--let me tell you that
+in this trial I established my character for being the most grateful of
+men. For in conducting the defence I satisfied in the fullest manner
+possible a man of difficult temper, and, what he above all things
+desired, I cut up Vatinius (by whom he was being openly attacked) just
+as I pleased, with the applause of gods and men. And, farther, when our
+friend Paullus[469] was brought forward as a witness against Sestius, he
+affirmed that he would lay an information against Vatinius[470] if
+Licinius Macer hesitated to do so, and Macer, rising from Sestius's
+benches, declared that he would not fail. Need I say more? That impudent
+swaggering fellow Vatinius was overwhelmed with confusion and thoroughly
+discredited.
+
+That most excellent boy, your son Quintus, is getting on splendidly with
+his education. I notice this the more because Tyrannio[471] gives his
+lessons in my house. The building of both your house and mine is being
+pushed on energetically. I have caused half the money to be paid to
+your contractor. I hope before winter we may be under the same roof. As
+to our Tullia, who, by Hercules, is very warmly attached to you, I hope
+I have settled her engagement with Crassipes.[472] There are two days
+after the Latin festival which are barred by religion.[473] Otherwise
+the festival of Iuppiter Latiaris has come to an end.
+
+The affluence which you often mention I feel the want of to a certain
+extent; but while I welcome it if it comes to me, I am not exactly
+beating the covert for it.[474] I am building in three places, and am
+patching up my other houses. I live somewhat more lavishly than I used
+to do. I am obliged to do so. If I had you with me I should give the
+builders full swing for a while.[475] But this too (as I hope) we shall
+shortly talk over together.
+
+The state of affairs at Rome is this: Lentulus Marcellinus is splendid
+as consul, and his colleague does not put any difficulty in his way: he
+is so good, I repeat, that I have never seen a better. He deprived them
+of all the comitial days; for even the Latin festival is being
+repeated,[476] nor were thanksgiving days wanting.[477] In this way the
+passing of most mischievous laws is prevented, especially that of
+Cato,[478] on whom, however, our friend Milo played a very pretty trick.
+For that defender of the employment of gladiators and beast-fighters had
+bought some beast-fighters from Cosconius and Pomponius, and had never
+appeared in public without them in their full armour. He could not
+afford to maintain them, and accordingly had great difficulty in
+keeping them together. Milo found this out. He commissioned an
+individual, with whom he was not intimate, to buy this troop from Cato
+without exciting his suspicion. As soon as it had been removed,
+Racilius--at this time quite the only real tribune--revealed the truth,
+acknowledged that the men had been purchased for himself--for this is
+what they had agreed--and put up a notice that he intended to sell
+"Cato's troop." This notice caused much laughter. Accordingly, Lentulus
+has prevented Cato from going on with his laws, and also those who
+published bills of a monstrous description about Caesar, with no tribune
+to veto them. Caninius's proposal, indeed, about Pompey has died a
+natural death. For it is not approved of in itself, and our friend
+Pompey is also spoken of with great severity for the breach of his
+friendship with Publius Lentulus. He is not the man he was. The fact is
+that to the lowest dregs of the populace his support of Milo gives some
+offence, while the aristocrats are dissatisfied with much that he omits
+to do, and find fault with much that he does. This is the only point,
+however, in which I am not pleased with Marcellinus--that he handles him
+too roughly. Yet in this he is not going counter to the wishes of the
+senate: consequently I am the more glad to withdraw from the
+senate-house and from politics altogether. In the courts I have the same
+position as I ever had: never was my house more crowded. One untoward
+circumstance has occurred owing to Milo's rashness--the acquittal of
+Sext. Clodius[479]--whose prosecution at this particular time, and by a
+weak set of accusers, was against my advice. In a most corrupt panel his
+conviction failed by only three votes. Consequently the people clamour
+for a fresh trial, and he must surely be brought back into court. For
+people will not put up with it, and seeing that, though pleading before
+a panel of his own kidney, he was all but condemned, they look upon him
+as practically condemned. Even in this matter the unpopularity of Pompey
+was an obstacle in our path. For the votes of the senators were largely
+in his favour, those of the knights were equally divided, while the
+_tribuni aerarii_ voted for his condemnation. But for this _contretemps_
+I am consoled by the daily condemnations of my enemies, among whom, to
+my great delight, Servius[480] got upon the rocks: the rest are utterly
+done for. Gaius Cato declared in public meeting that he would not allow
+the elections to be held, if he were deprived of the days for doing
+business with the people. Appius has not yet returned from his visit to
+Caesar. I am looking forward with extraordinary eagerness to a letter
+from you. Although I know the sea is still closed, yet they tell me that
+certain persons have, nevertheless, arrived from Olbia full of your
+praises, and declaring you to be very highly thought of in the province.
+They said also that these persons reported that you intended to cross as
+soon as navigation became possible. That is what I desire: but although
+it is yourself, of course, that I most look forward to, yet meanwhile I
+long for a letter. Farewell, my dear brother.
+
+[Footnote 469: L. AEmilius Paullus, praetor B.C. 53, consul B.C. 50, a
+strong Optimate and friend of Cicero's.]
+
+[Footnote 470: P. Vatinius, the tribune of B.C. 59, who had supported
+Caesar and proposed the law for his five years' command in Gaul. Cicero
+spoke against him for perjury; but afterwards we shall find them
+ostensibly reconciled.]
+
+[Footnote 471: A Greek grammarian and geographer, of whom we have heard
+before, and shall hear of again in connexion with Cicero's library.]
+
+[Footnote 472: P. Furius Crassipes. Tullia's first husband, C.
+Calpurnius Piso Frugi, died, it seems, before Cicero returned from exile
+in B.C. 57. This second marriage (or, perhaps, only betrothal) was
+shortly ended by a divorce.]
+
+[Footnote 473: _I.e._, on which the _sponsalia_ could not take place.]
+
+[Footnote 474: Not going the right way to work to get it.]
+
+[Footnote 475: At the end of the next letter he says that, pending
+Quintus's arrival, he has stopped some of his building.]
+
+[Footnote 476: On some alleged informality the _feriae Latinae_ were held
+a second time (_instauratae_), really, Cicero implies, in order to bar
+some additional days for public business, and prevent legislation, as
+later on the election of Pompey and Crassus was prevented (Dio, xxxix.
+30).]
+
+[Footnote 477: At the end of B.C. 57, or the beginning of 56, fifteen
+days of _supplicatio_ were decreed in consequence of Caesar's success in
+Gaul (Caes. _B. G._ ii. 35).]
+
+[Footnote 478: Gaius Cato the tribune, who proposed to recall Lentulus.]
+
+[Footnote 479: A _scriba_ or public clerk, and a client of the patrician
+Clodii.]
+
+[Footnote 480: Unknown. Cicero's words seem to imply that he nearly got
+convicted, but not quite.]
+
+
+
+
+CV (Q FR II, 5 AND PARTS OF 6 AND 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, 8 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+I have already sent you a letter containing the information of my
+daughter Tullia having been betrothed to Crassipes on the 4th of April,
+and other intelligence public and private. The following are the events
+since then. On the 5th of April, by a decree of the senate, a sum of
+money amounting to 40,000 sestertia (about L320,000) was voted to Pompey
+for the business of the corn-supply. But on the same day there was a
+vehement debate on the Campanian land, the senators making almost as
+much noise as a public meeting. The shortness of money and the high
+price of corn increased the exasperation. Nor will I omit the following:
+the members of the colleges of the Capitolini and the Mercuriales[481]
+expelled from their society a Roman knight named M. Furius Flaccus, a
+man of bad character: the expulsion took place when he was at the
+meeting, and though he threw himself at the feet of each member.
+
+On the 6th of April, the eve of my departure from town, I gave a
+betrothal party to Crassipes. That excellent boy, your and my Quintus,
+was not at the banquet owing to a very slight indisposition. On the 7th
+of April I visited Quintus and found him quite restored. He talked a
+good deal and with great feeling about the quarrels between our wives.
+What need I say more? Nothing could have been pleasanter. Pomponia,
+however, had some complaints to make of you also: but of this when we
+meet. After leaving your boy I went to the site of your house: the
+building was going on with a large number of workmen. I urged the
+contractor Longilius to push on. He assured me that he had every wish to
+satisfy us. The house will be splendid, for it can be better seen now
+than we could judge from the plan: my own house is also being built with
+despatch. On this day I dined with Crassipes. After dinner I went in my
+sedan to visit Pompey at his suburban villa. I had not been able to call
+on him in the daytime as he was away from home. However, I wished to see
+him, because I am leaving Rome to-morrow, and he is on the point of
+starting for Sardinia. I found him at home and begged him to restore you
+to us as soon as possible. "Immediately," he said. He is going to start,
+according to what he said, on the 11th of April, with the intention of
+embarking at Livorno or Pisa.[482] Mind, my dear brother, that, as soon
+as he arrives, you seize the first opportunity of setting sail, provided
+only that the weather is favourable. I write this on the 8th of April
+before daybreak, and am on the point of starting on my journey, with the
+intention of stopping to-day with Titus Titius at Anagnia. To-morrow I
+think of being at Laterium,[483] thence, after five days in Arpinum,
+going to my Pompeian house, just looking in upon my villa at Cumae on my
+return journey, with the view--since Milo's trial has been fixed for the
+7th of May--of being at Rome on the 6th, and of seeing you on that day,
+I hope, dearest and pleasantest of brothers. I thought it best that the
+building at Arcanum[484] should be suspended till your return. Take good
+care, my dear brother, of your health, and come as soon as possible.
+
+[Footnote 481: In B.C. 357 a "college" was established for celebrating
+the _ludi Capitolini_, in celebration of the failure of the Gauls to
+take it. It consisted of men living on the Capitoline (Livy, v. 50). The
+_Mercuriales_ were a "college" or company of merchants who celebrated
+the _fete_ of the consecration of the temple of Mercury (B.C., 495) on
+the Ides of May (Livy, ii. 27; Ov. _F._ v. 669; C. _I. L._ i. p. 206).]
+
+[Footnote 482: It was on this journey that Pompey visited Luca tomeet
+Caesar and Crassus.]
+
+[Footnote 483: The name of a property of Quintus at Arpinum.]
+
+[Footnote 484: Another property of Quintus near Mintumae.]
+
+
+
+
+CVI (A IV, 4 b)
+
+TO ATTICUS (RETURNING FROM EPIRUS)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+It will be delightful if you come to see us here. You will find that
+Tyrannio has made a wonderfully good arrangement of my books, the
+remains of which are better than I had expected. Still, I wish you would
+send me a couple of your library slaves for Tyrannio to employ as
+gluers, and in other subordinate work, and tell them to get some fine
+parchment to make title-pieces, which you Greeks, I think, call
+"sillybi." But all this is only if not inconvenient to you. In any case,
+be sure you come yourself, if you can halt for a while in such a place,
+and can persuade Pilia[485] to accompany you. For that is only fair, and
+Tullia is anxious that she should come. My word! You have purchased a
+fine troop! Your gladiators, I am told, fight superbly. If you had
+chosen to let them out you would have cleared your expenses by the last
+two spectacles. But we will talk about this later on. Be sure to come,
+and, as you love me, see about the library slaves.
+
+[Footnote 485: The recently married wife of Atticus. See p. 216.]
+
+
+
+
+CVII (A IV, 5)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Do you really mean it? Do you think that there is anyone by whom I
+prefer to have what I write read and approved of before yourself? "Why,
+then, did I send it to anyone before you?" I was pressed by the man to
+whom I sent it, and had no copy. And--well! I am nibbling at what I
+must, after all, swallow--my "recantation"[486] did seem to me a trifle
+discreditable! But good-bye to straightforward, honest, and high-minded
+policy! One could scarcely believe the amount of treachery there is in
+those leaders of the state, as they wish to be, and might be, if they
+had any principle of honour in them. I had felt it, known it--taken in,
+abandoned, and cast aside by them, as I had been! and yet my purpose
+still was to stick by them in politics. They were the same men as they
+ever had been. At last, on your advice, my eyes have been opened. You
+will say that your advice only extended to action, not to writing also.
+The truth is that I wanted to bind myself to this new combination, that
+I might have no excuse for slipping back to those who, even at a time
+when I could claim their compassion, never cease being jealous of me.
+However, I kept within due limits in my subject, when I did put pen to
+paper. I shall launch out more copiously if _he_ shews that he is glad
+to receive it, and those make wry faces who are angry at my possessing
+the villa which once belonged to Catulus, without reflecting that I
+bought it from Vettius: who say that I ought not to have built a town
+house, and declare that I ought to have sold. But what is all this to
+the fact that, when I have delivered senatorial speeches in agreement
+with their own views, their chief pleasure has yet been that I spoke
+contrary to Pompey's wishes? Let us have an end of it. Since those who
+have no power refuse me their affection, let us take care to secure the
+affection of those who have power. You will say, "I could have wished
+that you had done so before." I know you did wish it, and that I have
+made a real ass of myself. But now the time has come to shew a little
+affection for myself, since I can get none from them on any terms.
+
+I am much obliged to you for frequently going to see my house.
+Crassipes[487] swallows up my money for travelling. Tullia will go
+straight to your suburban villa.[488] That seems the more convenient
+plan. Consequently she will be at your town house the next day: for what
+can it matter to you? But we shall see. Your men have beautified my
+library by making up the books and appending title-slips. Please thank
+them.
+
+[Footnote 486: [Greek: palinphdia]--something he had apparently written
+and sent to Pompey or Caesar, giving in his adhesion to the policy of the
+triumvirs. It can hardly have been the speech _de Provinciis
+Consularibus_ or the _oratio pro Balbo_, which had probably not yet been
+delivered, for the arrangement recommended in the former speech was not
+that of the conference of Luca, while in the latter, though he speaks
+respectfully of Caesar, there is nothing in the shape of a palinode in
+general politics.]
+
+
+
+
+CVIII (F V, 12)
+
+TO L. LUCCEIUS[489]
+
+ARPINUM (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+I have often tried to say to you personally what I am about to write,
+but was prevented by a kind of almost clownish bashfulness. Now that I am
+not in your presence I shall speak out more boldly: a letter does not
+blush. I am inflamed with an inconceivably ardent desire, and one, as I
+think, of which I have no reason to be ashamed, that in a history
+written by _you_ my name should be conspicuous and frequently mentioned
+with praise. And though you have often shewn me that you meant to do so,
+yet I hope you will pardon my impatience. For the style of your
+composition, though I had always entertained the highest expectations of
+it, has yet surpassed my hopes, and has taken such a hold upon me, or
+rather has so fired my imagination, that I was eager to have my
+achievements as quickly as possible put on record in your history. For
+it is not only the thought of being spoken of by future ages that makes
+me snatch at what seems a hope of immortality, but it is also the desire
+of fully enjoying in my lifetime an authoritative expression of your
+judgment, or a token of your kindness for me, or the charm of your
+genius. Not, however, that while thus writing I am unaware under what
+heavy burdens you are labouring in the portion of history you have
+undertaken, and by this time have begun to write. But because I saw that
+your history of the Italian and Civil Wars was now all but finished, and
+because also you told me that you were already embarking upon the
+remaining portions of your work, I determined not to lose my chance for
+the want of suggesting to you to consider whether you preferred to weave
+your account of me into the main context of your history, or whether, as
+many Greek writers have done--Callisthenes, the Phocian War; Timaeus, the
+war of Pyrrhus; Polybius, that of Numantia; all of whom separated the
+wars I have named from their main narratives--you would, like them,
+separate the civil conspiracy from public and external wars. For my
+part, I do not see that it matters much to my reputation, but it does
+somewhat concern my impatience, that you should not wait till you come
+to the proper place, but should at once anticipate the discussion of
+that question as a whole and the history of that epoch. And at the same
+time, if your whole thoughts are engaged on one incident and one person,
+I can see in imagination how much fuller your material will be, and how
+much more elaborately worked out. I am quite aware, however, what little
+modesty I display, first, in imposing on you so heavy a burden (for your
+engagements may well prevent your compliance with my request), and in
+the second place, in asking you to shew me off to advantage. What if
+those transactions are not in your judgment so very deserving of
+commendation? Yet, after all, a man who has once passed the border-line
+of modesty had better put a bold face on it and be frankly impudent. And
+so I again and again ask you outright, both to praise those actions of
+mine in warmer terms than you perhaps feel, and in that respect to
+neglect the laws of history. I ask you, too, in regard to the personal
+predilection, on which you wrote in a certain introductory chapter in
+the most gratifying and explicit terms--and by which you shew that you
+were as incapable of being diverted as Xenophon's Hercules by
+Pleasure--not to go against it, but to yield to your affection for me a
+little more than truth shall justify. But if I can induce you to
+undertake this, you will have, I am persuaded, matter worthy of your
+genius and your wealth of language. For from the beginning of the
+conspiracy to my return from exile it appears to me that a
+moderate-sized monograph might be composed, in which you will, on the
+one hand, be able to utilize your special knowledge of civil
+disturbances, either in unravelling the causes of the revolution or in
+proposing remedies for evils, blaming meanwhile what you think deserves
+denunciation, and establishing the righteousness of what you approve by
+explaining the principles on which they rest: and on the other hand, if
+you think it right to be more outspoken (as you generally do), you will
+bring out the perfidy, intrigues, and treachery of many people towards
+me. For my vicissitudes will supply you in your composition with much
+variety, which has in itself a kind of charm, capable of taking a strong
+hold on the imagination of readers, when you are the writer. For nothing
+is better fitted to interest a reader than variety of circumstance and
+vicissitudes of fortune, which, though the reverse of welcome to us in
+actual experience, will make very pleasant reading: for the untroubled
+recollection of a past sorrow has a charm of its own. To the rest of the
+world, indeed, who have had no trouble themselves, and who look upon the
+misfortunes of others without any suffering of their own, the feeling of
+pity is itself a source of pleasure. For what man of us is not
+delighted, though feeling a certain compassion too, with the death-scene
+of Epaminondas at Mantinea? He, you know, did not allow the dart to be
+drawn from his body until he had been told, in answer to his question,
+that his shield was safe, so that in spite of the agony of his wound he
+died calmly and with glory. Whose interest is not roused and sustained
+by the banishment and return of Themistocles?[490] Truly the mere
+chronological record of the annals has very little charm for us--little
+more than the entries in the _fasti_: but the doubtful and varied
+fortunes of a man, frequently of eminent character, involve feelings of
+wonder, suspense, joy, sorrow, hope, fear: if these fortunes are crowned
+with a glorious death, the imagination is satisfied with the most
+fascinating delight which reading can give. Therefore it will be more in
+accordance with my wishes if you come to the resolution to separate from
+the main body of your narrative, in which you embrace a continuous
+history of events, what I may call the drama of my actions and fortunes:
+for it includes varied acts, and shifting scenes both of policy and
+circumstance. Nor am I afraid of appearing to lay snares for your favour
+by flattering suggestions, when I declare that I desire to be
+complimented and mentioned with praise by you above all other writers.
+For you are not the man to be ignorant of your own powers, or not to be
+sure that those who withhold their admiration of you are more to be
+accounted jealous, than those who praise you flatterers. Nor, again, am
+I so senseless as to wish to be consecrated to an eternity of fame by
+one who, in so consecrating me, does not also gain for himself the glory
+which rightfully belongs to genius. For the famous Alexander himself did
+not wish to be painted by Apelles, and to have his statue made by
+Lysippus above all others, merely from personal favour to them, but
+because he thought that their art would be a glory at once to them and
+to himself. And, indeed, those artists used to make images of the person
+known to strangers: but if such had never existed, illustrious men would
+yet be no less illustrious. The Spartan Agesilaus, who would not allow a
+portrait of himself to be painted or a statue made, deserves to be
+quoted as an example quite as much as those who have taken trouble
+about such representations: for a single pamphlet of Xenophon's in
+praise of that king has proved much more effective than all the
+portraits and statues of them all. And, moreover, it will more redound
+to my present exultation and the honour of my memory to have found my
+way into your history, than if I had done so into that of others, in
+this, that I shall profit not only by the genius of the writer--as
+Timoleon did by that of Timaeus, Themistocles by that of Herodotus--but
+also by the authority of a man of a most illustrious and
+well-established character, and one well known and of the first repute
+for his conduct in the most important and weighty matters of state; so
+that I shall seem to have gained not only the fame which Alexander on
+his visit to Sigeum said had been bestowed on Achilles by Homer, but
+also the weighty testimony of a great and illustrious man. For I like
+that saying of Hector in Naevius, who not only rejoices that he is
+"praised," but adds, "and by one who has himself been praised." But if I
+fail to obtain my request from you, which is equivalent to saying, if
+you are by some means prevented--for I hold it to be out of the question
+that you would _refuse_ a request of mine--I shall perhaps be forced to
+do what certain persons have often found fault with, write my own
+panegyric, a thing, after all, which has a precedent of many illustrious
+men. But it will not escape your notice that there are the following
+drawbacks in a composition of that sort: men are bound, when writing of
+themselves, both to speak with greater reserve of what is praiseworthy,
+and to omit what calls for blame. Added to which such writing carries
+less conviction, less weight; many people, in fine, carp at it, and say
+that the heralds at the public games are more modest, for after having
+placed garlands on the other recipients and proclaimed their names in a
+loud voice, when their own turn comes to be presented with a garland
+before the games break up, they call in the services of another herald,
+that they may not declare themselves victors with their own voice. I
+wish to avoid all this, and, if you undertake my cause, I shall avoid
+it: and, accordingly, I ask you this favour. But why, you may well ask,
+when you have already often assured me that you intended to record in
+your book with the utmost minuteness the policy and events of my
+consulship, do I now make this request to you with such earnestness and
+in so many words? The reason is to be found in that burning desire, of
+which I spoke at the beginning of my letter, for something _prompt_:
+because I am in a flutter of impatience, both that men should learn what
+I am from your books, while I am still alive, and that I may myself in
+my lifetime have the full enjoyment of my little bit of glory. What you
+intend doing on this subject I should like you to write me word, if not
+troublesome to you. For if you do undertake the subject, I will put
+together some notes of all occurrences: but if you put me off to some
+future time, I will talk the matter over with you. Meanwhile, do not
+relax your efforts, and thoroughly polish what you have already on the
+stocks, and--continue to love me.
+
+[Footnote 487: That is, the dowry and expenses of Tullia's betrothal to
+Crassipes.]
+
+[Footnote 488: _Tullia de via recta in hortos_, for _tu_, etc., and _ad
+te postridie_. This may not be right, but no other suggestions as to the
+meaning of these abrupt clauses have been made which are in the least
+convincing. We must suppose that Atticus has asked Tullia to stay with
+him and his wife Pilia, and Cicero is describing her journey from
+Antium.]
+
+[Footnote 489: L. Lucceius, of whom we have heard before, as having some
+quarrel with Atticus. His work has not survived. No letter of the
+correspondence has brought more adimadversion on Cicero, and yet
+log-rolling and the appealing to friends on the press to review one's
+book are not wholly unknown even in our time.]
+
+[Footnote 490: Cicero appears by a slip to have written Themistocles
+instead of Aristeides. The dramatic return of the latter just before the
+battle of Salamis is narrated in Herodotus: whereas the former never
+returned, though his dead body was said to have been brought to Athens.]
+
+
+
+
+CIX (A IV, 6)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+FROM THE COUNTRY (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Of course I am as sorry about Lentulus as I am bound to be: we have lost
+a good patriot and a great man, one who to great strength of character
+united a culture equally profound. My consolation is a miserable one,
+but still it is a consolation--that I do not grieve on his account: I
+don't mean in the sense of Saufeius and your Epicurean friends, but, by
+Hercules, because he loved his country so deeply, that he seems to me to
+have been snatched away by a special favour of providence from its
+conflagration. For what could be more humiliating than the life we are
+living, especially mine? For as to yourself, though by nature a
+politician, you have yet avoided having any servitude peculiar to
+yourself: you merely come under an appellation common to us all.[491]
+But _I_, who, if I say what I ought about the Republic, am looked on as
+mad, if what expediency dictates, as a slave, and if I say nothing, as
+utterly crushed and helpless--what must I be suffering? Suffer, indeed,
+I do, and all the more keenly that I cannot even shew my pain without
+appearing ungrateful. Again: what if I should choose a life of
+inactivity and take refuge in the harbour of retired leisure?
+Impossible! Rather war and the camp! Am I to serve in the ranks after
+refusing to be a general? I suppose I must. For I perceive you, too,
+think so, you whom I wish that I had always obeyed. All that is left to
+me now is, "You have drawn Sparta: make the best of it!" But, by
+heavens, I can't: and I feel for Philoxenus,[492] who preferred a return
+to gaol. However, in my present retirement I am thinking over how to
+express my rejection of the old policy, and when we meet you will
+strengthen me in it.
+
+I notice that you have written to me at frequent intervals, but I
+received all the letters at once. This circumstance increased my grief.
+For I had read three to begin with, in which the report of Lentulus was
+that he was a little better. Then came the thunderbolt of the fourth.
+But it is not he, as I said, who is to be pitied, but we who are so
+callous as to live on.[493] You remind me to write that essay on
+Hortensius: I have digressed into other subjects, but have not forgotten
+your charge. But, by heaven, at the first line I shrank from the task,
+lest I, who seem to have acted foolishly in resenting his intemperate
+conduct as a friend, should once more be foolishly rendering his
+injurious treatment of me conspicuous, if I wrote anything; and at the
+same time lest my high _morale_, manifested in my actions, should be
+somewhat obscured in my writing, and this mode of taking satisfaction
+should seem to imply a certain instability. But we shall see. Only be
+sure to write me something as often as possible. I sent a letter to
+Lucceius asking him to write the history of my consulship: be sure you
+get it from him, for it is a very pretty bit of writing, and urge him to
+use despatch, and thank him for having written me an answer saying that
+he would do so. Go and see my house as often as you can. Say something
+to Vestorius:[494] for he is acting very liberally in regard to me.
+
+[Footnote 491: Reading _communi fueris nomine_. After all, the meaning
+is very doubtful.]
+
+[Footnote 492: Philoxenus, who, having been sent to the quarries by
+Dionysius of Syracuse, for criticising the tyrant's poetry, was given
+another chance. After reading a few lines he turned away silently.
+"Where are you going?" said Dionysius. "Back to the quarries," said
+Philoxenus. For [Greek: Spartan elaches, tauten kosmei], see p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 493: _Ferrei_. The true meaning of the word here seems to me
+to be shewn by _de Am._ Sec. 87, _quis tam esset ferreus, qui eam vitam
+ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum voluptatum omnium solitudo_?
+There is an intentional play on the words _ferreus_ and _ferre_. Others
+have altered it to _servi_, and others have explained it as an allusion
+to the iron age, in both cases spoiling the antithesis--he died, we
+remain--and in the latter using the word in a sense not elsewhere found.
+Lentulus is L. Cornelius Lentulus. See Letter L.]
+
+[Footnote 494: A money-lender.]
+
+
+
+
+CX (A IV, 7)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ARPINUM (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+Nothing could be better timed than your letter, which much relieved the
+anxiety I was feeling about that excellent boy, our Quintus. Two hours
+earlier Chaerippus had arrived: his news was simply awful. As to what you
+say about Apollonius, why, heaven confound him! a Greek and turn
+bankrupt! Thinks he may do what Roman knights do! For, of course,
+Terentius is within his rights! As to Metellus--_de mortuis_,
+etc.[495]--yet there has been no citizen die these many years past who
+----. Well, I am willing to warrant your getting the money: for what
+have you to fear, whomsoever he made his heir, unless it were Publius?
+But he has, in fact, made a respectable man his heir, though he was
+himself ----! Wherefore in this business you will not have to open your
+money-chest: another time you will be more cautious. Please see to my
+instructions about my house: hire some guards: give Milo a hint.[496]
+The Arpinates grumble amazingly about Laterium.[497] Well, what can I
+say? I was much annoyed myself, but "to words of mine he gave no
+heed."[498] For the rest, take care of young Cicero and love him as
+always.
+
+[Footnote 495: [Greek: ouch hosie phthimenoisin], leaving Atticus, as
+often, to fill in the words [Greek: ep' andrasin euchetaasthai] (Hom.
+_Od._ xxii. 412, where the word is [Greek: ktamenoisin]). Terentius is
+some eques who has stopped payment.]
+
+[Footnote 496: Because Clodius was attempting to pull down Cicero's
+new-built house on the ground that the site was still consecrated. He
+was prevented by Milo (Dio, xxxix. 20).]
+
+[Footnote 497: Something that Quintus had done, perhaps about water, on
+his estate which annoyed his fellow townsmen.]
+
+[Footnote 498: [Greek: ho d' ouk empazeto mython] (Hom. _Od._ i. 271).]
+
+
+
+
+CXI (A IV, 8 a)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+ANTIUM (APRIL-MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+There were many things in your letter which pleased me, but nothing more
+than your "dish of cheese and salt fish"![499] For as to what you say
+about the sale,
+
+    "Boast not yourself before you see the end."[500]
+
+I can find nothing in the way of a building for you in the
+neighbourhood. In the town there is something of the sort, though it is
+doubtful whether it is for sale, and, in fact, close to my own house.
+Let me tell you that Antium is the Buthrotum of Rome, just what your
+Buthrotum is to Corcyra. Nothing can be quieter, cooler, or
+prettier--"be this mine own dear home."[501] Moreover, since Tyrannio
+has arranged my books for me, my house seems to have had a soul added to
+it; in which matter your Dionysius and Menophilus were of wonderful
+service. Nothing can be more charming than those bookcases of yours,
+since the title-slips have shewn off the books. Good-bye. I should like
+you to write me word about the gladiators, but only if they fight well,
+I don't want to know about them if they were failures.
+
+[Footnote 499: We must suppose Atticus to have mentioned some money loss
+(see last letter), and to have added that, though a ruinous one, his
+tastes were simple, and he could live on simple fare. Cicero laughs at
+the affectation of the rich Atticus. _Raudusculum_, "a piece of bronze,"
+was the ancient term for the piece of bronze money used in sales, _per
+aes et libram_ (Varro, _L. L._ v. 163).]
+
+[Footnote 500: [Greek: mepo meg' eipes prin teleutesant' ides], "Do not
+boast till you see a man dead"--a well-known line from a lost play of
+Sophocles, containing a sentiment elsewhere often repeated, especially
+in Herodotus's account of the interview of Solon and Croesus.]
+
+[Footnote 501: [Greek: eie moi outos philos oikos], according to a
+probable restoration of the Greek words (instead of [Greek: eie misetos
+philos oikos], "I might even hate my town house in comparison"); cp.
+Hor. _Od._ ii. 6, 7.]
+
+
+
+
+CXII (F V, 3)
+
+FROM Q. METELLUS NEPOS (IN SPAIN)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+The insults of a most outrageous person, with which he loads me in
+frequent public speeches, are alleviated by your kind services to me;
+and as they are of little weight as coming from a man of that character,
+they are regarded by me with contempt, and I am quite pleased by an
+interchange of persons to regard you in the light of a cousin.[502] Him
+I don't wish even to remember, though I have twice saved his life in his
+own despite. Not to be too troublesome to you about my affairs, I have
+written to Lollius as to what I want done about my provincial accounts,
+with a view to his informing and reminding you. If you can, I hope you
+will preserve your old goodwill to me.
+
+[Footnote 502: _Fratris_. The mother of Clodius, Caecilia, was a daughter
+of Q. Caecilius Metellus Balearicus (consul B.C. 123), father of the
+writer of this letter.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIII (F I, 7)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+I have read your letter in which you say that you are obliged for the
+frequent information I give you about all current events, and for the
+clear proof you have of my kindness to yourself. The latter--the
+regarding you with warm affection--it is my duty to do, if I wish to
+maintain the character which you desired for me; the former it is a
+pleasure to do, namely, separated as we are by length of space and time,
+to converse with you as frequently as possible by means of letters. But
+if this shall occur less frequently than you expect, the reason will be
+that my letters are of such a kind that I dare not trust them to
+everybody promiscuously. As often as I get hold of trustworthy persons
+to whom I may safely deliver them, I will not omit to do so. As to your
+question about each particular person's loyalty and friendly feelings
+towards you, it is difficult to speak in regard to individuals. I can
+venture on this one assertion, which I often hinted to you before, and
+now write from close observation and knowledge--that certain persons,
+and those, above all others, who were most bound and most able to help
+you, have been exceedingly jealous of your claims: and that, though the
+point in question is different, your present position is exceedingly
+like what mine was some time ago in this, that those whom you had
+attacked on public grounds now openly assail you, while those whose
+authority, rank, and policy you had defended, are not so much mindful of
+your kindness as enemies to your reputation. In these circumstances, as
+I wrote you word before, I perceive that Hortensius is very warmly your
+friend, Lucullus anxious to serve you: while of the magistrates L.
+Racilius shews special loyalty and affection. For my taking up the
+cudgels for you, and advocating your claims, would seem in the eyes of
+most people to be the measure of my obligation to you rather than of my
+deliberate opinion. Besides these I am, in fact, not able to bear
+witness to any one of the consulars shewing zeal or kindness or friendly
+feeling towards you. For you are aware that Pompey, who is very
+frequently accustomed, not on my instigation but of his own accord, to
+confide in me about you, did not often attend the senate during these
+discussions. It is true your last letter, as I could easily conceive,
+was very gratifying to him. To me, indeed, your reasonableness, or
+rather your extreme wisdom, seemed not only charming, but simply
+admirable. For by that letter you retained your hold on a man of lofty
+character, who was bound to you by the signal generosity of your conduct
+towards him, but who was entertaining some suspicions that, owing to
+the impression prevailing among certain persons as to his own ambitious
+desires, you were alienated from him. I always thought that he wished to
+support your reputation, even in that very dubious episode of Caninius's
+proposal;[503] but when he had read your letter, I could plainly see
+that he was thinking with his whole soul of you, your honours, and your
+interests. Wherefore look upon what I am going to write as written after
+frequent discussions with him, in accordance with his opinion, and with
+the weight of his authority. It is this: "That, since no senatorial
+decree exists taking the restoration of the Alexandrine king out of your
+hands, and since the resolution written out upon that restoration
+(which, as you are aware, was vetoed) to the effect that no one was to
+restore the king at all,[504] has rather the weight of a measure adopted
+by men in anger than of a deliberate decision of the senate--you can
+yourself see, since you are in possession of Cilicia and Cyprus,[505]
+what it is within your power to effect and secure; and that, if
+circumstances seem to make it possible for you to occupy Alexandria and
+Egypt, it is for your own dignity and that of the empire that, after
+having first placed the king at Ptolemais or some neighbouring place,
+you should proceed with fleet and army to Alexandria, in order that,
+when you have secured it by restoring peace and placing a garrison in
+it, Ptolemy may go back to his kingdom: thus it will be brought about
+that he is restored at once by your agency, as the senate originally
+voted, and without a 'host,' as those who are scrupulous about religion
+said was the order of the Sibyl."
+
+But though both he and I agreed in this decision, we yet thought that
+men would judge of your policy by its result: if it turns out as we wish
+and desire, everybody will say that you acted wisely and courageously;
+if any hitch occurs, those same men will say that you acted ambitiously
+and rashly. Wherefore what you really can do it is not so easy for us to
+judge as for you, who have Egypt almost within sight. For us, our view
+is this: if you are certain that you can get possession of that
+kingdom, you should not delay: if it is doubtful, you should not make
+the attempt. I can guarantee you this, that, if you succeed, you will be
+applauded by many while abroad, by all when you return. I see great
+danger in any failure, on account of the senatorial resolution and the
+religious scruple that have been introduced into the question. But for
+me, as I exhort you to snatch at what is certain to bring you credit, so
+I warn you against running any risks, and I return to what I said at the
+beginning of my letter--that men will judge all you do, not so much from
+the policy which prompted it as from its result. But if this method of
+procedure appears to you to be dangerous, our opinion is that, if the
+king fulfils his obligations to those of your friends, who throughout
+your province and sphere of government have lent him money, you should
+assist him both with troops and supplies: such is the nature and
+convenient situation of your province, that you either secure his
+restoration by giving him aid, or hinder it by neglecting to do so. In
+carrying out this policy you will perceive better and more easily than
+anyone else what the actual state of affairs, the nature of the case,
+and the circumstances of the hour admit: what our opinion was I thought
+that I was the person, above all others, to tell you.
+
+As to your congratulations to myself on my present position, on my
+intimacy with Milo, on the frivolity and impotency of Clodius--I am not
+at all surprised that, like a first-rate artist, you take pleasure in
+the brilliant works of your own hands. However, people's
+wrong-headedness--I don't like to use a harsher word--surpasses belief;
+they might have secured me by their sympathy in a cause in which they
+were all equally interested, yet they have alienated me by their
+jealousy: for by their carping and most malicious criticisms I must tell
+you that I have been all but driven from that old political standpoint
+of mine, so long maintained, not, it is true, so far as to forget my
+position, but far enough to admit at length some consideration for my
+personal safety also. Both might have been amply secured if there had
+been any good faith, any solidity in our consulars: but such is the
+frivolity of most of them, that they do not so much take pleasure in my
+political consistency, as offence at my brilliant position. I am the
+more outspoken in writing this to you, because you lent your support,
+not only to my present position, which I obtained through you, but also
+long ago to my reputation and political eminence, when they were, so to
+speak, but just coming into existence; and at the same time because I
+see that it was not, as I used formerly to think, my want of curule
+pedigree that excited prejudice: for I have noticed in your case, one of
+the noblest of the land, a similar exhibition of base jealousy, and
+though they did not object to class you among the _noblesse_, they were
+unwilling that you should take any higher flight. I rejoice that your
+fortune has been unlike mine: for there is a great difference between
+having one's reputation lowered and one's personal safety abandoned to
+the enemy. In my case it was your noble conduct that prevented me from
+being too much disgusted with my own; for you secured that men should
+consider more to have been added to my future glory than had been taken
+from my present fortune. As for you--instigated both by your kindness to
+myself and my affection for you, I urge you to use all your care and
+industry to obtain the full glory, for which you have burned with such
+generous ardour from boyhood, and never, under anyone's injurious
+conduct, to bend that high spirit of yours, which I have always admired
+and always loved. Men have a high opinion of you; they loudly praise
+your liberality; they vividly remember your consulship. You must surely
+perceive how much more marked, and how much more prominent these
+sentiments will be, if backed up by some considerable repute from your
+province and your government. However, in every administrative act which
+you have to perform by means of your army and in virtue of your
+_imperium_, I would have you reflect on these objects long before you
+act, prepare yourself with a view to them, turn them over in your mind,
+train yourself to obtain them, and convince yourself that you can with
+the greatest ease maintain the highest and most exalted position in the
+state. This you have always looked for, and I am sure you understand
+that you have attained it. And that you may not think this exhortation
+of mine meaningless or adopted without reason, I should explain that the
+consideration which has moved me to make it was the conviction that you
+required to be warned by the incidents, which our careers have had in
+common, to be careful for the rest of your life as to whom to trust and
+against whom to be on your guard.
+
+As to your question about the state of public affairs--there is the most
+profound difference of opinion, but the energy is all on one side. For
+those who are strong in wealth, arms, and material power, appear to me
+to have scored so great a success from the stupidity and fickleness of
+their opponents, that they are now the stronger in moral weight as well.
+Accordingly, with very few to oppose them, they have got everything
+through the senate, which they never expected to get even by the popular
+vote without a riot: for a grant for military pay and ten legates have
+been given to Caesar by decree,[506] and no difficulty has been made of
+deferring the nomination of his successor, as required by the Sempronian
+law.[507] I say the less to you on this point, because this position of
+public affairs is no pleasure to me: I mention it, however, in order to
+urge you to learn, while you can do so without suffering for it, the
+lesson which I myself, though devoted from boyhood to every kind of
+reading, yet learnt rather from bitter experience than from study, that
+we must neither consider our personal safety to the exclusion of our
+dignity, nor our dignity to the exclusion of our safety.
+
+In your congratulations as to my daughter and Crassipes I am obliged to
+you for your kindness, and do indeed expect and hope that this connexion
+may be a source of pleasure to us. Our dear Lentulus, a young man who
+gives such splendid promise of the highest qualities, be sure you
+instruct both in those accomplishments which you have yourself ever been
+forward in pursuing, and also, above all, in the imitation of yourself:
+he can study in no better school than that. He holds a very high place
+in my regard and affection, as well because he is yours, as because he
+is worthy of such a father, and because he is devoted to me, and has
+always been so.
+
+[Footnote 503: See Letter XCV.]
+
+[Footnote 504: See Letter CII.]
+
+[Footnote 505: Joined to the province of Cilicia by Cato in B.C. 58-57.
+What Cicero is recommending is a clear evasion. Lentulus is not to
+_take_ Ptolemy back, but to go to Egypt and make it ready for him.]
+
+[Footnote 506: Cicero says elsewhere that he supported this (_pro
+Balbo_, Sec.61; _de Prov. Cons._ Sec.28; cp. Dio, xxxix. 25).]
+
+[Footnote 507: The law of Gaius Gracchus (B.C. 123) enacting that the
+senate should name before the elections the provinces to be held by the
+next consuls.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIV (F XIII, 6 a)
+
+Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+If you are well I shall be glad. I am quite well. I presume that you
+will remember that, when escorting you on the commencement of your
+official journey,[508] I mentioned to you in the presence of Publius
+Cuspius, and also afterwards urged you privately at some length, that
+whomsoever I might recommend to you as connexions of his, you should
+regard as among connexions of my own. You, as was to be expected from
+your extreme regard and uninterrupted attentions to me, undertook to do
+this for me with the utmost liberality and kindness. Cuspius, who is
+most careful in his duties towards all connected with him, takes a
+surprising interest in the well-being of certain persons of your
+province, because he has been twice in Africa when presiding over the
+very large concerns of his revenue-company. Accordingly, this patronage
+of his, which he exercises on their behalf, I am accustomed as far as I
+can to back up by such means and influence as I possess. Wherefore I
+thought it necessary to explain to you in this letter why I give letters
+of introduction to all the friends of Cuspius. In future letters I will
+merely append the mark[509] agreed upon between you and me, and at the
+same time indicate that he is one of Cuspius's friends. But the
+recommendation which I have resolved to subscribe to in this present
+letter, let me tell you, is more serious than any of them. For P.
+Cuspius has pressed me with particular earnestness to recommend Lucius
+Iulius to you as warmly as possible. I appear to be barely able to
+satisfy his eagerness by using the words which I generally use when most
+in earnest. He asks for something out of the common way from me, and
+thinks I have a special knack in that style of writing. I have promised
+him to produce a masterpiece of commendation--a specimen of my choicest
+work. Since I cannot reach that standard, however, I would beg you to
+make him think that some astonishing effect has been produced by the
+style of my letter. You will secure that, if you treat him with all the
+liberality which your kindness can suggest and your official power make
+feasible--I don't mean merely in the way of material assistance, but
+also in words and even in looks: and what influence such things have in
+a province I could have wished that you had already learnt by
+experience, though I have an idea that you soon will do so. This man
+himself, whom I am recommending to you, I believe to be thoroughly
+worthy of your friendship, not only because Cuspius says so (though that
+should be enough), but because I know the keenness of his judgment of
+men and in the selection of his friends. I shall soon be able to judge
+what has been the effect of this letter, and shall, I feel certain, have
+reason to thank you. For myself, I shall with zeal and care see to all
+that I think to be your wish or to concern your interests. Take care of
+your health.
+
+[Footnote 508: _Paludatum_, lit. dressed in the _paludamentum_, the
+military dress in which provincial governors left Rome with _imperium_.]
+
+[Footnote 509: _Notam_, some cipher, which he had agreed upon with
+Valerius to indicate that the _commendatio_ was not to be looked upon as
+a mere matter of course.]
+
+
+
+
+CXV (F XIII, 6 b)
+
+TO Q. VALERIUS ORCA (PROCONSUL IN AFRICA)
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+P. Cornelius, who delivers you this letter, has been recommended to me
+by P. Cuspius, for whose sake you are thoroughly informed from me how
+much I desire and am bound to do. I earnestly beg you that Cuspius may
+have as great, early, and frequent occasion as possible to thank me for
+this introduction.
+
+
+
+
+CXVI (Q FR II, 6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (RETURNING FROM SARDINIA)
+
+ROME, MAY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 56, AET. 50]
+
+How delighted I was to get your letter! It had been expected by me at
+first, it is true, only with longing, but recently with alarm also. And,
+in fact, let me tell you that this is the only letter which has reached
+me since the one brought me by your sailor and dated Olbia. But let
+everything else, as you say, be reserved till we can talk it over
+together. One thing, however, I cannot put off: on the 15th of May the
+senate covered itself with glory by refusing Gabinius a _supplicatio_.
+Procilius[510] vows that such a slight was never inflicted on anyone.
+Out of doors there is much applause. To me, gratifying as it is on its
+own account, it is even more so because it was done when I was not in
+the house. For it was an unbiassed[511] judgment of the senate, without
+any attack or exercise of influence on my part. The debate previously
+arranged for the 15th and 16th, namely, the question of the Campanian
+land, did not come on. In this matter I don't quite see way.[512] But I
+have said more than I meant to say: for it is best reserved till we
+meet. Goodbye, best and most longed-for of brothers! Fly to me. Our boys
+both share my prayer: of course, you will dine with me the day of your
+arrival.
+
+[Footnote 510: One of the tribunes. He was convicted of _vis_ in B.C.,
+54. Gabinius was governor of Syria B.C. 57-54. He had been engaged in
+some warlike affairs in Iudaea, for which, or for some successes over the
+Arabs, he claimed the _supplicatio_.]
+
+[Footnote 511: [Greek: eilikrines], "pure," "clear."]
+
+[Footnote 512: _Mihi aqua haeret_, "there's a stoppage in my water
+course."]
+
+
+
+
+CXVII (A IV, 8 b)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55. Coss., Cu. Pompeius Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus.]
+
+     In this year Cicero devoted much of his time and energy to the
+     composition of the _de Oratore_. He was glad to be away from Rome,
+     for though he had resolved to give up his opposition to the
+     triumvirs, he was never really happy in supporting or even
+     witnessing their policy, and the first letter betrays his
+     sentiments as to the way in which the consuls had secured their
+     election. His fear of an autocracy, however, seems now to be
+     directed rather to Pompey than Caesar; nor was he at all charmed by
+     the splendour of the games given at the opening of Pompey's new
+     theatre. The only extant speech is that against L. Calpurnius Piso
+     (consul B.C. 58) who had been recalled from Macedonia.
+
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM[513] (JANUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+Apenas had scarcely left me, when your letter came. Really? Do you
+suppose he won't propose his law?[514] Pray speak a little louder: I
+seem scarcely to have caught what you said. But let me know it at once,
+if it is all the same to you, that is! Well, since an additional day has
+been assigned to the games, I am all the more content to spend that day
+with Dionysius. About Trebonius I cordially agree with you. About
+Domitius,[515]
+
+    "I swear by Ceres that no single fig
+    Was e'er so like another,"
+
+as his case to mine, either in the sameness of persons, the
+unexpectedness of it, or the futility of the loyalists. There is one
+difference--he has brought it upon himself. For as to the misfortune
+itself, I rather think mine is the less grievous. For what could be more
+mortifying than that a man, who has been consul-designate, so to speak,
+ever since he was born, should fail in securing his election? Especially
+when he is the only (plebeian) candidate, or at most had but one
+opponent. If it is also the fact, which I rather think it is, that
+_he_[516] has in the register of his pocket-book some equally long pages
+of future, no less than of past consuls, what more humiliating position
+than our friend's, except that of the Republic? My first information
+about Natta[517] was from your letter: I couldn't bear the man. As to
+your question about my poem: what if it is all agog to escape from my
+hands? Well? Would you permit it? About Fabius Luscus--I was just going
+to speak of him: the man was always very cordial to me, and I never had
+any cause to dislike him; for he is intelligent, very well-behaved, and
+serviceable enough. As I was seeing nothing of him, I supposed him to be
+out of town: but was told by this fellow Gavius of Firmum, that he was
+at Rome, and had never been away. It made a disagreeable impression on
+me. "Such a trifle as that?" you will say. Well, he had told me a good
+deal of which there could be no doubt as to these brothers of Firmum.
+What it is that has made him hold aloof from me, if he has done so, I
+have no idea.
+
+As to your advice to me to act "diplomatically" and keep to the "outside
+course"--I will obey you. But I want still more worldly wisdom, for
+which, as usual, I shall come to you. Pry small things out from
+Fabius,[518] if you can get at him, and pick the brains of your guest,
+and write me word on these points and all others every day. When there
+is nothing for you to write, write and say so. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 513: The letter appears to be from Tusculum, because Cicero
+asks for a letter every day, which he could hardly expect if he were
+farther off. This year Cicero was much away from Rome, and yet his
+correspondence is meagre compared with other years. So far as this is
+not due to accident in the preservation of his letters, it may be
+accounted for by the fact that he was working at his _de Oratore_--so
+hard, that even his brother Quintus had scruples in breaking in upon
+him.]
+
+[Footnote 514: This may refer to the laws of Trebonius, giving Pompey
+and Crassus Spain and Syria respectively, and Caesar an additional five
+years in Gaul, or to some of Pompey's own legislation.]
+
+[Footnote 515: L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a candidate for the consulship
+of B.C. 55, but whose election had never come off. By various
+contrivances the _comitia_ were prevented, so that the new year opened
+with an _interregnum_; and Pompey and Crassus were elected under the
+presidency of an _interrex_ (Dio, xxxix. 31).]
+
+[Footnote 516: Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 517: L. Natta, a brother-in-law of Clodius, a pontifex who had
+presided at the _consecratio_ of Cicero's house. He seems to have just
+died.]
+
+[Footnote 518: A friend of Pompey's. I think "your guest" must be Pompey
+himself, whom Atticus is about to entertain at dinner.]
+
+
+
+
+CXVIII (F I, 8)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+What debates have taken place in the senate, what determination has been
+come to in your business, and what Pompey has undertaken to do, all this
+you will best learn from Marcus Plaetorius, who has not only been engaged
+in these matters, but has even taken the lead in them, and left nothing
+undone which the greatest affection for you, the greatest good sense,
+and the greatest care could do. From the same man you will ascertain the
+general position of public affairs, which are of such a nature as is not
+easy to put in writing. They are, it is true, all in the power of our
+friends, and to such an extent that it does not seem probable that the
+present generation will witness a change. For my part, as in duty bound,
+as you advised, and as personal affection and expediency compel, I am
+attaching myself to the fortunes of the man whose alliance you thought
+you must court when my fortunes were in question. But you must feel how
+difficult it is to put away a political conviction, especially when it
+happens to be right and proved up to the hilt. However, I conform myself
+to the wishes of him from whom I cannot dissent with any dignity: and
+this I do not do, as perhaps some may think, from insincerity; for
+deliberate purpose and, by heaven! affection for Pompey are so powerful
+with me, that whatever is to his interest, and whatever he wishes,
+appears to me at once to be altogether right and reasonable. Nor, as I
+think, would even his opponents be wrong if, seeing that they cannot
+possibly be his equals, they were to cease to struggle against him. For
+myself I have another consolation--my character is such that all the
+world thinks me justified beyond all others, whether I support Pompey's
+views, or hold my tongue, or even, what is above everything else to my
+taste, return to my literary pursuits. And this last I certainly shall
+do, if my friendship for this same man permits it. For those objects
+which I had at one time in view, after having held the highest offices
+and endured the greatest fatigues--the power of intervening with dignity
+in the debates of the senate, and a free hand in dealing with public
+affairs--these have been entirely abolished, and not more for me than
+for all. For we all have either to assent to a small clique, to the
+utter loss of our dignity, or to dissent to no purpose. My chief object
+in writing to you thus is that you may consider carefully what line you
+will also take yourself. The whole position of senate, law courts, and
+indeed of the entire constitution has undergone a complete change. The
+most we can hope for is tranquillity: and this the men now in supreme
+power seem likely to give us, if certain persons[519] shew somewhat more
+tolerance of their despotism. The old consular prestige, indeed, of a
+courageous and consistent senator we must no longer think of: that has
+been lost by the fault of those who have alienated from the senate both
+an order once very closely allied to it, and an individual of the most
+illustrious character. But to return to what more immediately affects
+your interests--I have ascertained that Pompey is warmly your friend,
+and with him as consul, to the best of my knowledge and belief, you will
+get whatever you wish. In this he will have me always at his elbow, and
+nothing which affects you shall be passed over by me. Nor, in fact,
+shall I be afraid of boring him, for he will be very glad for his own
+sake to find me grateful to him. I would have you fully persuaded that
+there is nothing, however small, affecting your welfare that is not
+dearer to me than every interest of my own. And entertaining these
+sentiments, I can satisfy myself indeed, as far as assiduity is
+concerned, but in actual achievement I cannot do so, just because I
+cannot reach any proportion of your services to me, I do not say by
+actual return in kind, but by any return even of feeling. There a report
+that you have won a great victory.[520] Your despatch is anxiously
+awaited, and I have already talked to Pompey about it. When it arrives,
+I will shew my zeal by calling on the magistrates and members of the
+senate: and in everything else which may concern you, though I shall
+strive for more than I can achieve, I shall yet do less than I ought.
+
+[Footnote 519: The extreme Optimates, such as Cato.]
+
+[Footnote 520: Against the predatory and piratic inhabitants of
+Cilicia.]
+
+
+
+
+CXIX (Q FR II, 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+I thought you would like my book:[521] that you like it as much as you
+say I am greatly delighted. As to your hint about my Urania and your
+advice to remember the speech of Iupiter,[522] which comes at the end of
+that book, I do indeed remember it, and that whole passage was aimed at
+myself rather than at the rest of the world. Nevertheless, the day after
+you started I went long before daybreak with Vibullius to call on
+Pompey; and upon addressing him on the subject of the works and
+inscriptions in your honour,[523] he answered me very kindly, gave me
+great hopes, said he would like to talk to Crassus about it, and advised
+me to do so too. I joined in escorting Crassus to his house on his
+assuming the consulate: he undertook the affair, and said that Clodius
+would at this juncture have something that he wanted to get by means of
+himself and Pompey: he thought that, if I did not baulk Clodius's views,
+I might get what I wanted without any opposition. I left the matter
+entirely in his hands and told him that I would do exactly as he wished.
+Publius Crassus the younger was present at this conversation, who, as
+you know, is very warmly attached to me. What Clodius wants is an
+honorary mission (if not by decree of the senate, then by popular vote)
+to Byzantium or to Brogitarus, or to both.[524] There is a good deal of
+money in it. It is a thing I don't trouble myself about much, even if I
+don't get what I am trying to get. Pompey, however, has spoken to
+Crassus. They seem to have taken the business in hand. If they carry it
+through, well and good: if not, let us return to my "Iupiter."
+
+On the 11th of February a decree passed the senate as to bribery on the
+motion of Afranius, against which I had spoken when you were in the
+house. To the loudly expressed disapprobation of the senate the consuls
+did not go on with the proposals of those who, while agreeing with
+Afranius's motion, added a rider that after their election the praetors
+were to remain private citizens for sixty days.[525] On that day they
+unmistakably threw over Cato. In short, they manage everything their own
+way, and wish all the world to understand it to be so.
+
+[Footnote 521: His poem "On his own Times."]
+
+[Footnote 522: In his poem _de Consulatu suo_, the second book of which
+(Urania) ends with a speech of Iupiter, who recommends his leaving
+politics for literature.]
+
+[Footnote 523: A statue in the temple of Tellus.]
+
+[Footnote 524: Brogitarus was a Galatian and connexion of Deiotarus.
+Clodius, as tribune, had done some services to Byzantium, and had also
+got Brogitarus the office of high priest of Cybele. He wants now to go
+and get his money for these favours.]
+
+[Footnote 525: The praetorian elections, like the consular, had been put
+off till February. Those elected would therefore enter on their office
+at once, and so escape prosecution, to which they would have been liable
+if, as in ordinary years, they had been "praetors-designate" from July to
+January. Afranius's motion seems to have been for suspending the bribery
+laws _pro hac vice_. Cato had been beaten: if there had been an
+opportunity of impeaching his rivals he might have got in.]
+
+
+
+
+CXX (A IV, 10)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMAE, 20 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+At Puteoli there is a great report that Ptolemy has been restored. If
+you have any more certain news, I should like to know it. I am here
+devouring the library of Faustus.[526] Perhaps you thought I was
+feasting on the beauties of Puteoli and the Lucrine lake. Well, I have
+them too. But I declare to heaven that the more I am debarred from the
+enjoyment of ordinary pleasures, owing to the political situation, the
+more do I find support and refreshment in literature; and I would rather
+be sitting in that charming seat of yours, under your bust of Aristotle,
+than in _their_[527] curule chair, and be taking a stroll with you
+rather than with the great man[528] with whom I see I shall have to
+walk. But as to that walk, let fortune look to it, or god, if there is
+any god who cares for such things. I wish, when possible, you would come
+and see my walk and Spartan bath, and the buildings planned by Cyrus,
+and would urge Philotimus to make haste, that I may have something to
+match with yours in that department.[529] Pompey came to his Cuman
+property on the Parilia (19th April). He at once sent a man to me with
+his compliments. I am going to call on him on the morning of the 20th,
+as soon as I have written this letter.
+
+[Footnote 526: Son of the dictator Sulla, who is known to have brought
+back from Athens a famous Aristotelian library.]
+
+[Footnote 527: Pompey and Crassus, the consuls.]
+
+[Footnote 528: Pompey, as the context shews. In the next clause
+_ambulatio_ has a double meaning of physical walking and of a political
+course of conduct.]
+
+[Footnote 529: Philotimus, a freedman of Terentia's, seems to have been
+engaged at Rome in the reconstruction of Cicero's house. The Spartan
+bath (_Laconicum_) was a hot-air bath, like a Turkish bath.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXI (A IV, 9)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMAE, 28 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+I should much like to know whether the tribunes are hindering the census
+by stopping business with their bad omens[530] (for there is a rumour to
+that effect), and what they are doing and contriving as to the
+censorship altogether. I have had an interview with Pompey here. He
+talked a good deal to me about politics. He is not at all satisfied with
+himself, to judge from what he says--one is obliged to put in that
+proviso in his case. He thinks very little of Syria as a province; talks
+a good deal about Spain--here, too, I must add, "to judge from what he
+says," and, I think, his whole conversation requires that reservation,
+and to be ticketed as Phocylides did his verses--[Greek: kai tode
+Phokylidou].[531] He expressed gratitude to you for undertaking to
+arrange the statues:[532] towards myself he was, by Hercules, most
+effusively cordial. He even came to my Cuman house to call on me.
+However, the last thing he seemed to wish was that Messalla should stand
+for the consulship: that is the very point on which I should like to
+hear what you know. I am much obliged by your saying that you will
+recommend my fame to Lucceius, and for your frequent inspection of my
+house. My brother Quintus has written to tell me that, as you have that
+dear boy, his son Quintus, staying with you, he intends coming to your
+house on the 7th of May. I left my Cuman villa on the 26th of April.
+That night I spent at Naples with Paetus. I write this very early on the
+27th, on my road to my Pompeian house.
+
+[Footnote 530: The tribunes had no _veto_ against the censors, they
+could only hinder them by the indirect method of _obnuntiatio_,
+declaring that the omens were bad, and so preventing business.]
+
+[Footnote 531: This also is Phocylides's.]
+
+[Footnote 532: In Pompey's new theatre.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXII (Q FR II, 8)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMAE (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+Afraid that you will interrupt me--you? In the first place, if I were as
+busy as you think, do you know what interruption means? Have you taken a
+lesson from Ateius?[533] So help me heaven, in my eyes you give _me_ a
+lesson in a kind of learning which I never enjoy unless you are with me.
+Why, that you should talk to me, interrupt me, argue against me, or
+converse with me, is just what I should like. Nothing could be more
+delightful! Never, by Hercules, did any crazy poet read with greater
+zest his last composition than I listen to you, no matter what business
+is in hand, public or private, rural or urban. But it was all owing to
+my foolish scrupulousness that I did not carry you off with me when I
+was leaving town. You confronted me the first time with an unanswerable
+excuse--the health of my son: I was silenced. The second time it was
+both boys, yours and mine: I acquiesced.[534] Now comes a delightful
+letter, but with this drop of gall in it--that you seem to have been
+afraid, and still to be afraid, that you might bore me. I would go to
+law with you if it were decent to do so; but, by heaven! if ever I have
+a suspicion of such a feeling on your part, I can only say that I shall
+begin to be afraid of boring _you_ at times, when in your company. [I
+perceive that you have sighed at this. 'Tis the way of the world: "But
+if you lived on earth" ...I will never finish the quotation and say,
+"Away with all care!"[535] Marius,[536] again, I should certainly have
+forced into my sedan--I don't mean that famous one of Ptolemy that
+Anicius got hold of:[537] for I remember when I was conveying him from
+Naples to Baiae in Anicius's eight-bearer sedan, with a hundred armed
+guards in our train, I had a real good laugh when Marius, knowing
+nothing of his escort, suddenly drew back the curtains of the sedan--he
+was almost dead with fright and I with laughing; well, this same friend,
+I say, I should at least have carried off, to secure, at any rate, the
+delicate charm of that old-fashioned courtesy, and of a conversation
+which is the essence of culture. But I did not like to invite a man of
+weak health to a villa practically without a roof, and which even now it
+would be a compliment to describe as unfinished. It would indeed be a
+special treat to me to have the enjoyment of him here also. For I assure
+you that the neighbourhood of Marius makes the sunshine of that other
+country residence of mine.[538] I will see about getting him put up in
+the house of Anicius. For I myself, though a student, can live with
+workpeople in the house. I get this philosophy, not from Hymettus, but
+from Arpinum.[539] Marius is feebler in health and constitution. As to
+interrupting my book[540]--I shall take from you just so much time for
+writing as you may leave me. I only hope you'll leave me none at all,
+that my want of progress may be set down to your encroachment rather
+than to my idleness! In regards to politics, I am sorry that you worry
+yourself too much, and are a better citizen than Philoctetes, who, on
+being wronged himself, was anxious for the very spectacle[541] that I
+perceive gives you pain. Pray hasten hither: I will console you and wipe
+all sorrow from your eyes: and, as you love me, bring Maruis. But haste,
+haste, both of you! There is a garden at my house.[542]
+
+[Footnote 533: Some bore, unknown to us.]
+
+[Footnote 534: The two boys seem to be receiving their education
+together at this time in the house of Quintus.]
+
+[Footnote 535: It is all but impossible to explain these words. Some
+editors transfer them to the sentence after _de Republica_. But they are
+scarcely more in place there. The Greek quotation is not known.]
+
+[Footnote 536: M. Marius, to whom Letter CXXVI is addressed.]
+
+[Footnote 537: C. Anicius, a senator, seems to have obtained from
+Ptolemy Auletes, by gift or purchase, his state sedan and its
+attendants.]
+
+[Footnote 538: The Pompeianum.]
+
+[Footnote 539: An unintellible word, meant apparently for Greek (perhaps
+_arce_ [Greek: Psuria], see _Att._ xvi. 13), is in the text. The most
+probable conjecture refers it in some way to Arpinum, Cicero's hardy
+mountain birthplace.]
+
+[Footnote 540: The _de Oratore_.]
+
+[Footnote 541: The ruin of his country.]
+
+[Footnote 542: For us to walk and converse in. It hardly refers to a
+supply of vegetables, as some suggest.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXIII (A IV, 11)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMAE (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+I was delighted with your two letters which I received together on the
+26th. Go on with the story. I long to know all the facts of what you
+write about. Also I should like you to find out what this means: you can
+do so from Demetrius. Pompey told me that he was expecting Crassus in
+his Alban villa on the 27th: that as soon as he arrived, they were going
+at once to Rome to settle accounts with the _publicani_. I asked,
+"During the gladiatorial exhibitions?" He answered, "Before they were
+begun." What that means I wish you would send me word either at once, if
+you know, or when he has reached Rome. I am engaged here in devouring
+books with the aid of that wonderful fellow Dionysius,[543] for, by
+Hercules, that is what he seems to me to be. He sends compliments to you
+and all your party.
+
+    "No bliss so great as knowing all that is."
+
+Wherefore indulge my thirst for knowledge by telling what happened on
+the first and on the second day of the shows: what about the
+censors,[544] what about Appius,[545] what about that she-Appuleius of
+the people?[546] Finally, pray write me word what you are doing
+yourself. For, to tell the truth, revolutions don't give me so much
+pleasure as a letter from you. I took no one out of town with me except
+Dionysius: yet I am in no fear of wanting conversation--so delightful do
+I find that youth. Pray give my book to Lucceius.[547] I send you the
+book of Demetrius of Magnesia,[548] that there may be a messenger on the
+spot to bring me back a letter from you.
+
+[Footnote 543: A learned freedman of Atticus's.]
+
+[Footnote 544: See p. 250. Censors were elected this year, but the
+powers of the censorship had been much curtailed by a law of Clodius in
+B.C. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 545: Apius Claudius (brother of Clodius) was a candidate for
+the consulship of B.C. 54.]
+
+[Footnote 546: Clodius, a revolutionary, like Appuleius Saturninus. The
+feminine gender is an insult.]
+
+[Footnote 547: Either his poem "On his own Times," or the notes of
+events which he had promised in Letter CVIII, p. 231.]
+
+[Footnote 548: A treatise on union ([Greek: peri homonoias]). The
+rhetorician Dionysius of Magnesia had been with Cicero during his tour
+in Asia.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXIV (A IV, 12)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+CUMAE, APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+Egnatius[549] is at Rome. But I spoke strongly to him at Antium about
+Halimetus's business. He assured me that he would speak seriously to
+Aquilius.[550] You will see the man therefore, if you please. I think I
+can scarcely be ready for Macro:[551] for I see that the auction at
+Larinum is on the Ides and the two days following. Pray forgive me for
+that, since you think so much of Macro. But, as you love me, dine with
+me on the 2nd, and bring Pilia. You must absolutely do so. On the 1st I
+think of dining at Crassipes' suburban villa as a kind of inn. I thus
+elude the decree of the senate. Thence to my town house after dinner, so
+as to be ready to be at Milo's in the morning.[552] There, then, I shall
+see you, and shall march you on with me. My whole household sends you
+greeting.
+
+[Footnote 549: L. Egnatius, who owed Q. Cicero money.]
+
+[Footnote 550: C. Aquilius Gallus, Cicero's colleague in the praetorship,
+and a busy advocate. See p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 551: Apparently a money-lender.]
+
+[Footnote 552: Perhaps at his _sponsalia_, as he was married towards the
+end of the year.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXV (F VII, 23)
+
+TO M. FADIUS GALLUS
+
+ROME (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+I had only just arrived from Arpinum when your letter was delivered to
+me; and from the same bearer I received a letter from Arrianus,[553] in
+which there was this most liberal offer, that when he came to Rome he
+would enter my debt to him on whatever day I chose. Pray put yourself in
+my place: is it consistent with your modesty or mine, first to prefer a
+request as to the day, and then to ask more than a year's credit? But,
+my dear Gallus, everything would have been easy, if you had bought the
+things I wanted, and only up to the price that I wished. However, the
+purchases which, according to your letter, you have made shall not only
+be ratified by me, but with gratitude besides: for I fully understand
+that you have displayed zeal and affection in purchasing (because you
+thought them worthy of me) things which pleased yourself--a man, as I
+have ever thought, of the most fastidious judgment in all matters of
+taste. Still, I should like Damasippus[554] to abide by his decision:
+for there is absolutely none of those purchases that I care to have.
+But you, being unacquainted with my habits, have bought four or five of
+your selection at a price at which I do not value any statues in the
+world. You compare your Bacchae with Metellus's Muses. Where is the
+likeness? To begin with, I should never have considered the Muses worth
+all that money, and I think all the Muses would have approved my
+judgment: still, it would have been appropriate to a library, and in
+harmony with my pursuits. But Bacchae! What place is there in my house
+for them? But, you will say, they are pretty. I know them very well and
+have often seen them. I would have commissioned you definitely in the
+case of statues known to me, if I had decided on them. The sort of
+statues that I am accustomed to buy are such as may adorn a place in a
+_palaestra_ after the fashion of gymnasia.[555] What, again, have I, the
+promoter of peace, to do with a statue of Mars? I am glad there was not
+a statue of Saturn also: for I should have thought these two statues had
+brought me debt! I should have preferred some representation of Mercury:
+I might then, I suppose, have made a more favourable bargain with
+Arrianus. You say you meant the table-stand[556] for yourself; well, if
+you like it, keep it. But if you have changed your mind I will, of
+course, have it. For the money you have laid out, indeed, I would rather
+have purchased a place of call at Tarracina,[557] to prevent my being
+always a burden on my host. Altogether I perceive that the fault is with
+my freedman, whom I had distinctly commissioned to purchase certain
+definite things, and also with Iunius, whom I think you know, an
+intimate friend of Arrianus. I have constructed some new sitting-rooms
+in a miniature colonnade on my Tusculan property. I want to ornament
+them with pictures: for if I take pleasure in anything of that sort it
+is in painting. However, if I am to have what you have bought, I should
+like you to inform me where they are, when hey are to be fetched, and by
+what kind of conveyance. For if Damasippus doesn't abide by his
+decision, I shall look for some would-be Damasippus,[558] even at a
+loss.
+
+As to what you say about the house, as I was going out of town I
+intrusted the matter to my daughter Tullia:[559] for it was at the very
+hour of my departure that I got your letter. I also discussed the matter
+with your friend Nicias, because he is, as you know, intimate with
+Cassius. On my return, however, before I got your last letter, I asked
+Tullia what she had done. She said that she had approached Licinia[560]
+(though I think Cassius is not very intimate with his sister), and that
+she at once said that she could not venture, in the absence of her
+husband (Dexius is gone to Spain), to change houses without his being
+there and knowing about it. I am much gratified that you should value
+association with me and my domestic life so highly, as, in the first
+place, to take a house which would enable you to live not only near me,
+but absolutely with me, and, in the second place, to be in such a hurry
+to make this change of residence. But, upon my life, I do not yield to
+you in eagerness for that arrangement. So I will try every means in my
+power. For I see the advantage to myself, and, indeed, the advantages to
+us both. If I succeed in doing anything, I will let you know. Mind you
+also write me word back on everything, and let me know, if you please,
+when I am to expect you.
+
+[Footnote 553: C. Arrianus Evander, a dealer in statues, it seems, from
+whom Fadius had bought some for Cicero. He offers to let the debt for
+them (and so the interest) run from any day Cicero pleases.]
+
+[Footnote 554: A well-known connoisseur, mentioned by Horace, _Sat._ ii.
+3, 64, _seq._. He seems to have offered to take the bargain off Cicero's
+hands.]
+
+[Footnote 555: That is, for his _palaestra_ or gymnasium, as he calls it,
+in his Tusculanum. See Letters I, II, VII.]
+
+[Footnote 556: An ornamental leg or stand for table or sideboard
+(_abacus_). See picture in Rich's _Dictionary of Antiquities_.]
+
+[Footnote 557: On the _via Appia_, where the canal across the marshes
+began. Cicero stops there a night between Formiae and Pomptina Summa
+(_Att._ vii. 5).]
+
+[Footnote 558: One who professes to be an amateur of art like
+Damasippus.]
+
+[Footnote 559: As in Letter CVI, Tullia, not Terentia, seems to be in
+Cicero's confidence and presiding in his house. Terentia must already
+have been on bad terms with him, and perhaps was residing on her own
+property.]
+
+[Footnote 560: Half-sister of Gaius Cassius.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXVI (F VII, I)
+
+TO M. MARIUS (AT CUMAE)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER?)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+If some bodily pain or weakness of health has prevented your coming to
+the games, I put it down to fortune rather than your own wisdom: but if
+you have made up your mind that these things which the rest of the world
+admires are only worthy of contempt, and, though your health would have
+allowed of it, you yet were unwilling to come, then I rejoice at both
+facts--that you were free from bodily pain, and that you had the sound
+sense to disdain what others causelessly admire. Only I hope that some
+fruit of your leisure may be forthcoming, a leisure, indeed, which you
+had a splendid opportunity of enjoying to the full, seeing that you were
+left almost alone in your lovely country. For I doubt not that in that
+study of yours, from which you have opened a window into the Stabian
+waters of the bay, and obtained a view of Misenum, you have spent the
+morning hours of those days in light reading, while those who left you
+there were watching the ordinary farces[561] half asleep. The remaining
+parts of the day, too, you spent in the pleasures which you had yourself
+arranged to suit your own taste, while we had to endure whatever had met
+with the approval of Spurius Maecius.[562] On the whole, if you care to
+know, the games were most splendid, but not to your taste. I judge from
+my own. For, to begin with, as a special honour to the occasion, those
+actors had come back to the stage who, I thought, had left it for their
+own. Indeed, your favourite, my friend AEsop, was in such a state that no
+one could say a word against his retiring from the profession. On the
+beginning to recite the oath his voice failed him at the words "If I
+knowingly deceive." Why should I go on with the story? You know all
+about the rest of the games, which hadn't even that amount of charm
+which games on a moderate scale generally have: for the spectacle was so
+elaborate as to leave no room for cheerful enjoyment, and I think you
+need feel no regret at having missed it. For what is the pleasure of a
+train of six hundred mules in the "Clytemnestra," or three thousand
+bowls in the "Trojan Horse," or gay-coloured armour of infantry and
+cavalry in some battle? These things roused the admiration of the
+vulgar; to you they would have brought no delight. But if during those
+days you listened to your reader Protogenes, so long at least as he read
+anything rather than my speeches, surely you had far greater pleasure
+than any one of us. For I don't suppose you wanted to see Greek or Oscan
+plays, especially as you can see Oscan farces in your senate-house over
+there, while you are so far from liking Greeks, that you generally won't
+even go along the Greek road to your villa. Why, again, should I suppose
+you to care about missing the athletes, since you disdained the
+gladiators? in which even Pompey himself confesses that he lost his
+trouble and his pains. There remain the two wild-beast hunts, lasting
+five days, magnificent--nobody denies it--and yet, what pleasure can it
+be to a man of refinement, when either a weak man is torn by an
+extremely powerful animal, or a splendid animal is transfixed by a
+hunting spear? Things which, after all, if worth seeing, you have often
+seen before; nor did I, who was present at the games, see anything the
+least new. The last day was that of the elephants, on which there was a
+great deal of astonishment on the part of the vulgar crowd, but no
+pleasure whatever. Nay, there was even a certain feeling of compassion
+aroused by it, and a kind of belief created that that animal has
+something in common with mankind.[563] However, for my part, during this
+day, while the theatrical exhibitions were on, lest by chance you should
+think me too blessed, I almost split my lungs in defending your friend
+Caninius Gallus.[564] But if the people were as indulgent to me as they
+were to AEsop, I would, by heaven, have been glad to abandon my
+profession and live with you and others like us. The fact is I was tired
+of it before, even when both age and ambition stirred me on, and when I
+could also decline any defence that I didn't like; but now, with things
+in the state that they are, there is no life worth having. For, on the
+one hand, I expect no profit of my labour; and, on the other, I am
+sometimes forced to defend men who have been no friends to me, at the
+request of those to whom I am under obligations. Accordingly, I am on
+the look-out for every excuse for at last managing my life according to
+my own taste, and I loudly applaud and vehemently approve both you and
+your retired plan of life: and as to your infrequent appearances among
+us, I am the more resigned to that because, were you in Rome, I should
+be prevented from enjoying the charm of your society, and so would you
+of mine, if I have any, by the overpowering nature of my engagements;
+from which, if I get any relief--for entire release I don't expect--I
+will give even you, who have been studying nothing else for many years,
+some hints as to what it is to live a life of cultivated enjoyment. Only
+be careful to nurse your weak health and to continue your present care
+of it, so that you may be able to visit my country houses and make
+excursions with me in my litter. I have written you a longer letter than
+usual, from superabundance, not of leisure, but of affection, because,
+if you remember, you asked me in one of your letters to write you
+something to prevent you feeling sorry at having missed the games. And
+if I have succeeded in that, I am glad: if not, I yet console myself
+with this reflexion, that in future you will both come to the games and
+come to see me, and will not leave your hope of enjoyment dependent on
+my letters.[565]
+
+[Footnote 561: _Communis_, which is not satisfactory. But neither is the
+emendation proposed, _cominus_. For _communis_, "common," "vulgar," see
+_de Off._ ii. Sec. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 562: Whom Pompey employed to select the plays to be exhibited
+in his new theatre.]
+
+[Footnote 563: Pliny (_N. H._ viii. Sec. 21) says that the people were so
+moved that they loudly cursed Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 564: L. Caninius Gallus (see p. 210). What he was accused of
+does not appear.]
+
+[Footnote 565: I do not like to think this letter a mere rhetorical
+exercise, as has been suggested, rather than a true account of Cicero's
+feelings as to the theatre and amphitheatre. He often expresses his want
+of interest in the latter. The vulgar display in the theatre, unlike the
+severe simplicity of Greek art, was an old evil (see Polyb. xxx. 14).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXVII (F XIII, 74)
+
+TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL IN ASIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+Though, considering your attention to me and our close ties, I have no
+doubt of your remembering my recommendation, yet I again and again
+recommend to you the same L. Oppius, my intimate friend who is now in
+Rome, and the business of L. Egnatius, my very intimate friend who is
+now abroad. With the latter my connexion and intimacy are so strong,
+that I could not be more anxious if the business were my own. Wherefore
+I shall be highly gratified if you take the trouble too make him feel
+that I have as high a place in your affections as I think I have. You
+cannot oblige me more than by doing so: and I beg you warmly to do it.
+
+
+
+
+CXXVIII (F XIII, 40)
+
+TO Q. ANCHARIUS (PROCONSUL IN MACEDONIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+Lucius and Gaius, sons of Lucius Aurelius, with whom, as with their
+excellent father, I am most intimately acquainted, I recommend to you
+with more than usual earnestness, as young men endowed with the best
+qualities, as being very closely allied to myself, and as being in the
+highest degree worthy of your friendship. If any recommendations of mine
+have ever had influence with you, as I know that many have had much, I
+beg you to let this one have it. If you treat them with honour and
+kindness, you will not only have attached to yourself two very grateful
+and excellent young men, but you will also have done me the very
+greatest favour.
+
+
+
+
+CXXIX (A IV, 13)
+
+TO ATTICUS (AT ROME)
+
+TUSCULUM, 15 NOVEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 55, AET. 51]
+
+I see that you know of my arrival at Tusculum on the 14th of November. I
+found Dionysius there. I wish to be at Rome on the 17th. Why do I say
+"wish"? Rather I am forced to be so. Milo's wedding. There is some idea
+of an election. Even supposing that to be confirmed,[566] I am glad to
+have been absent from the wrangling debates which I am told have taken
+place in the senate. For I should either have defended him, which would
+have been against my opinion, or have deserted him whom I was bound to
+defend. But, by Hercules, describe to me to the utmost of your power
+those events, and the present state of politics, and how the consuls
+stand this bother. I am very ravenous for news, and, to tell you the
+truth, I feel no confidence in anything. Our friend Crassus indeed,
+people say, started in his official robes with less dignity than in the
+old times did L. Paullus,[567] at the same time of life as he is, and,
+like him, in his second consulship. What a sorry fellow! About my
+oratorical books, I have been working hard. They have been long in hand
+and much revised: you can get them copied.[568] I again beg of you an
+outline sketch of the present situation, that I may not arrive in Rome
+quite a stranger.
+
+[Footnote 566: _Ego, ut sit rata_, Schutz's reading, which seems the
+best for the unintelligible _ergo et si irata_ of the MSS. It would
+mean, "though I regret not having been back for Domitius's election (if
+it has taken place), I am glad to have been away from the previous
+wrangling in the senate."]
+
+[Footnote 567: Crassus starts for Syria; he compares him to L. AEmilius
+Paullus starting for the war with Perses (B.C. 168). Paullus was, like
+Crassus, sixty years old, and in his second consulship. Paullus set out
+with good omens, Crassus with a curse, denounced by the tribune C.
+Ateius Capito (_de Div._ i. Sec. 29; Plutarch, _Crass._ 16).]
+
+[Footnote 568: By his _librarii_. Atticus was again acting as his
+publisher.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXX (F V, 8)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54. Coss., L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Ap. Claudius
+Pulcher.]
+
+     During this year politics were comparatively uneventful. Crassus
+     was gone to Syria. Pompey should have gone to Spain, but at the
+     request of the senate he stayed near Rome, and in the autumn his
+     wife Iulia died, thus breaking one strong tie between him and
+     Caesar. Quintus Cicero went as _legatus_ to Caesar and accompanied
+     him to Britain. Cicero himself kept up a correspondence with Caesar,
+     and seems to nurse his friendship with him with an almost feverish
+     eagerness, which, however, lacks spontaneity. He was engaged this
+     year in composing his treatise on the Republic.
+
+
+TO M. LICINIUS CRASSUS (ON HIS WAY TO SYRIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+I have no doubt all your friends have written to tell you what zeal I
+displayed on the ----[569] in the defence, or you might call it the
+promotion, of your official position. For it was neither half-hearted
+nor inconspicuous, nor of a sort that could be passed over in silence.
+In fact, I maintained a controversy against both the consuls and many
+consulars with a vehemence such as I have never shewn in any cause
+before, and I took upon myself the standing defence of all your honours,
+and paid the duty I owed to our friendship--long in arrear, but
+interrupted by the great complexity of events--to the very utmost. Not,
+believe me, that the will to shew you attention and honour was ever
+wanting to me; but certain pestilent persons--vexed at another's
+fame--did at times alienate you from me, and sometimes changed my
+feelings towards you. But I have got the opportunity, for which I had
+rather wished than hoped, of shewing you in the very height of your
+prosperity that I remember our mutual kindness and am faithful to our
+friendship. For I have secured not only that your whole family, but that
+the entire city should know that you have no warmer friend than myself.
+Accordingly, that most noble of women, your wife, as well as your two
+most affectionate, virtuous, and popular sons, place full confidence in
+my counsel, advice, zeal, and public actions; and the senate and Roman
+people understand that in your absence there is nothing upon which you
+can so absolutely count and depend as upon my exertions, care,
+attention, and influence in all matters which affect your interests.
+What has been done and is being done in the senate I imagine that you
+are informed in the letters from members of your family. For myself, I
+am very anxious that you should think and believe that I did not stumble
+upon the task of supporting your dignity from some sudden whim or by
+chance, but that from the first moment of my entering on public life I
+have always looked out to see how I might be most closely united to you.
+And, indeed, from that hour I never remember either my respect for you,
+or your very great kindness and liberality to me, to have failed. If
+certain interruptions of friendship have occurred, based rather on
+suspicion than fact, let them, as groundless and imaginary, be uprooted
+from our entire memory and life. For such is your character, and such I
+desire mine to be, that, fate having brought us face to face with the
+same condition of public affairs, I would fain hope that our union and
+friendship will turn out to be for the credit of us both. Wherefore how
+much consideration should in your judgment be shewn to me, you will
+yourself decide, and that decision, I hope, will be in accordance with
+my position in the state. I, for my part, promise and guarantee a
+special and unequalled zeal in every service which may tend to your
+honour and reputation. And even if in this I shall have many rivals, I
+shall yet easily surpass them all in the judgment of the rest of the
+world as well as that of your sons, for both of whom I have a particular
+affection; but while equally well-disposed to Marcus, I am more entirely
+devoted to Publius for this reason, that, though he always did so from
+boyhood, he is at this particular time treating me with the respect and
+affection of a second father.
+
+I would have you believe that this letter will have the force of a
+treaty, not of a mere epistle; and that I will most sacredly observe and
+most carefully perform what I hereby promise and undertake. The defence
+of your political position which I have taken up in your absence I will
+abide by, not only for the sake of our friendship, but also for the sake
+of my own character for consistency. Therefore I thought it sufficient
+at this time to tell you this--that if there was anything which I
+understood to be your wish or for your advantage or for your honour, I
+should do it without waiting to be asked; but that if I received a hint
+from yourself or your family on any point, I should take care to
+convince you that no letter of your own or any request from any of your
+family has been in vain. Wherefore I would wish you to write to me on
+all matters, great, small, or indifferent, as to a most cordial friend;
+and to bid your family so to make use of my activity, advice, authority,
+and influence in all business matters--public or private, forensic or
+domestic, whether your own or those of your friends, guests, or
+clients--that, as far as such a thing is possible, the loss of your
+presence may be lessened by my labour.
+
+[Footnote 569: The date has been lost.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXI (Q FR II, 9)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Your note by its strong language has drawn out this letter. For as to
+what actually occurred on the day of your start, it supplied me with
+absolutely no subject for writing. But as when we are together we are
+never at a loss for something to say, so ought our letters at times to
+digress into loose chat. Well then, to begin, the liberty of the
+Tenedians has received short shrift,[570] no one speaking for them
+except myself, Bibulus, Calidius, and Favonius. A complimentary
+reference to you was made by the legates from Magnesia and Sipylum, they
+saying that you were the man who alone had resisted the demand of L.
+Sestius Pansa.[571] On the remaining days of this business in the
+senate, if anything occurs which you ought to know, or even if there is
+nothing, I will write you something every day. On the 12th I will not
+fail you or Pomponius. The poems of Lucretius are as you say--with many
+flashes of genius, yet very technical.[572] But when you return, ... if
+you succeed in reading the _Empedoclea_ of Sallustius, I shall regard
+you as a hero, yet scarcely human.
+
+[Footnote 570: Lit. "has been beheaded with the axe of Tenes," mythical
+founder and legislator of Tenedos, whose laws were of Draconian
+severity. A _legatio_ from Tenedos, heard as usual in February, had
+asked that Tenedos might be made a _libera civitas_.]
+
+[Footnote 571: Some _publicanus_ who had made a charge on the Magnesians
+which they considered excessive.]
+
+[Footnote 572: Lucretius seems to have been now dead, according to
+Donatus 15 October (B.C. 55), though the date is uncertain. I have
+translated the reading _multae tamen artis_, which has been changed by
+some to _multae etiam artis_. But the contrast in the criticism seems to
+be between the fine poetical passages in the _de Rerum Natura_ and the
+mass of technical exposition of philosophy which must have repelled the
+"general reader" at all times. It suggests at once to Cicero to mention
+another poem on a similar subject, the _Empedoclea_ of Sallustius, of
+which and its writer we know nothing. It was not the historian.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXII (Q FR II, 10)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+I am glad you like my letter: however, I should not even now have had
+anything to write about, if I had not received yours. For on the 12th,
+when Appius had got together a thinly-attended meeting of the senate,
+the cold was so great that he was compelled by the general clamour[573]
+to dismiss us. As to the Commagenian, because I have blown that
+proposition to the winds, Appius makes wonderful advances to me both
+personally and through Pomponius; for he sees that if I adopt a similar
+style of discussion in the other business, February will not bring him
+anything in. And certainly I did chaff him pretty well, and not only
+wrenched from his grasp that petty township of his--situated in the
+territory of Zeugma on the Euphrates[574]--but also raised a loud laugh
+by my satire on the man's purple-edged toga, which he had been granted
+when Caesar was consul.[575] "His wish," said I, "for a renewal of the
+same honour, to save the yearly re-dying of his purple-edged toga, I do
+not think calls for any decree of the house; but you, my lords, who
+could not endure that the Bostrian[576] should wear the _toga praetexta_,
+will you allow the Commagenian to do so?" You see the style of chaff,
+and the line I took. I spoke at length against the petty princeling,
+with the result that he was utterly laughed out of court. Alarmed by
+this exhibition, as I said, Appius is making up to me. For nothing could
+be easier than to explode the rest of his proposals. But I will not go
+so far as to trip him up, lest he appeal to the god of hospitality, and
+summon all his Greeks--it is they who make us friends again. I will do
+what Theopompus wants. I had forgotten to write to you about Caesar: for
+I perceive what sort of letter you have been expecting. But the fact is,
+he has written word to Balbus that the little packet of letters, in
+which mine and Balbus's were packed, had been so drenched with rain that
+he was not even aware that there was a letter from me. He had, however,
+made out a few words of Balbus's letter, to which he answered as
+follows: "I perceive that you have written something about Cicero, which
+I have not fully made out: but, as far I could guess, it was of a kind
+that I thought was more to be wished than hoped for." Accordingly, I
+afterwards sent Caesar a duplicate copy of the letter. Don't be put off
+by that passage about his want of means. In answer to it I wrote back
+saying that he must not stop payment from any reliance on my money
+chest, and descanted playfully on that subject, in familiar terms and
+yet without derogating from my dignity. His good feeling towards us,
+however, according to all accounts, is marked. The letter, indeed, on
+the point of which you expect to hear, will almost coincide with your
+return:[577] the other business of each day I will write on condition of
+your furnishing me with letter-carriers. However, such cold weather is
+threatening,[578] that there is very great danger that Appius may find
+his house frost-bitten and deserted![579]
+
+[Footnote 573: Retaining _populi convicio_, and explaining _populus_ to
+have the general meaning of the crowd, including senators and
+spectators. Cicero uses _populus_ in this vague way elsewhere.]
+
+[Footnote 574: Zeugma I take to mean the "territory of Zeugma," a town
+on the Euphrates, part of the Roman province of Syria, and close to the
+frontier of Commagene. Antiochus had asked that some stronghold should
+be reckoned as his rather than as belonging to the province.]
+
+[Footnote 575: Appius, he insinuates, hoped to make money by granting
+the request of Antiochus, left king of Commagene by Pompey, for some
+special privileges, among which was the right of wearing the _toga
+praetexta_, which symbolized some position with a shadow of Roman
+_imperium_, while at the same time conveying a compliment to the Roman
+suzernainty. See Polyb. lib. xxvi.; xxx. 26; Suet. _Aug._ 60.]
+
+[Footnote 576: Some petty prince of Bostra (_Bozra_), in Arabia, of whom
+we know nothing.]
+
+[Footnote 577: Quintus was expecting, what he got, the offer of serving
+under Caesar as _legatus_. Caesar was preparing for his second invasion of
+Britain.]
+
+[Footnote 578: Which will prevent meetings of the senate, and so give me
+no news to send you.]
+
+[Footnote 579: There is a _double entendre_. Cold weather will prevent
+the meetings of the senate actually, but metaphorically politics will be
+also cold and dull, and that dullness will probably be nowhere so
+evident as in the deserted state of the consul Appius's house, which in
+all probability will miss its usual bevy of callers. This
+explanation--put forward by Prof. Tyrrell--is not wholly satisfactory,
+yet it is the best that has been given.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIII (F VII, 5)
+
+TO CAESAR (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Cicero greets Caesar, _imperator_. Observe how far I have convinced
+myself that you are my second self, not only in matters which concern me
+personally, but even in those which concern my friends. It had been my
+intention to take Gaius Trebatius with me for whatever destination I
+should be leaving town, in order to bring him home again honoured as
+much as my zeal and favour could make him. But when Pompey remained at
+home longer than I expected, and a certain hesitation on my part (with
+which you are not unacquainted) appeared to hinder, or at any rate to
+retard, my departure,[580] I presumed upon what I will now explain to
+you. I begin to wish that Trebatius should look to you for what he had
+hoped from me, and, in fact, I have been no more sparing of my promises
+of goodwill on your part than I had been wont to be of my own. Moreover,
+an extraordinary coincidence has occurred which seems to support my
+opinion and to guarantee your kindness. For just as I was speaking to
+our friend Balbus[581] about this very Trebatius at my house, with more
+than usual earnestness, a letter from you was handed to me, at the end
+of which you say: "Miscinius Rufus,[582] whom you recommend to me, I
+will make king of Gaul, or, if you choose, put him under the care of
+Lepta. Send me some one else to promote." I and Balbus both lifted our
+hands in surprise: it came so exactly in the nick of time, that it
+appeared to be less the result of mere chance than something
+providential. I therefore send you Trebatius, and on two grounds, first
+that it was my spontaneous idea to send him, and secondly because you
+have invited me to do so. I would beg you, dear Caesar, to receive him
+with such a display of kindness as to concentrate on his single person
+all that you can be possibly induced to bestow for my sake upon my
+friends. As for him I guarantee--not in the sense of that hackneyed
+expression of mine, at which, when I used it in writing to you about
+Milo, you very properly jested, but in good Roman language such as sober
+men use--that no honester, better, or more modest man exists. Added to
+this, he is at the top of his profession as a jurisconsult, possesses an
+unequalled memory, and the most profound learning. For such a man I ask
+neither a tribuneship, prefecture, nor any definite office, I ask only
+your goodwill and liberality: and yet I do not wish to prevent your
+complimenting him, if it so please you, with even these marks of
+distinction. In fact, I transfer him entirely from my hand, so to speak,
+to yours, which is as sure a pledge of good faith as of victory. Excuse
+my being somewhat importunate, though with a man like you there can
+hardly be any pretext for it--however, I feel that it will be allowed to
+pass. Be careful of your health and continue to love me as ever.
+
+[Footnote 580: Pompey had two functions at this time: he was governor of
+Spain and _praefectus annonae_. The latter office, as being extraordinary,
+might be, perhaps, held with the other without an actual breach of law,
+but it was certainly against the spirit of the constitution. Cicero
+knows that Pompey's staying in Italy and governing his province by
+_legati_ will not be acceptable to Caesar, and he alludes to it in
+carefully guarded terms. He had been named his _legatus_ when Pompey
+first undertook the care of the corn-supply, but it does not seem as if
+he ever seriously contemplated going on actual service.]
+
+[Footnote 581: L. Cornelius Balbus, whom Cicero defended, and who acted
+as Caesar's agent.]
+
+[Footnote 582: The name of the person jocosely referred to by Caesar is
+uncertain, from corruption of the text. Q. Lepta is Caesar's _praefectus
+fabrum_.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIV (Q FR II, 11 [13])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN THE COUNTRY)
+
+ROME (15 FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Your "black snow"[583] made me laugh, and I am very glad that you are in
+a cheerful frame of mind and ready for a joke. As to Pompey, I agree
+with you, or rather you agree with me. For, as you know, I have long
+been singing the praises of your Caesar. Believe me, he is very close to
+my heart, and I am not going to let him slip from his place. Now for the
+history of the Ides (13th). It was Caelius's tenth day.[584] Domitius had
+not obtained a full panel. I am afraid that foul ruffian, Servius Pola,
+will appear for the prosecution. For our friend Caelius has a dead set
+made at him by the Clodian gens. There is nothing certain as yet, but I
+am afraid. On the same day there was a full house for the case of the
+Tyrians: the _publicani_ of Syria appeared in large numbers against
+them. Gabinius was abused roundly:[585] the _publicani_ were also
+denounced by (the consul) Domitius for having escorted him on his start
+on horseback. Our friend Lucius Lamia was somewhat insolent: for on
+Domitius saying, "It is your fault, equites of Rome, that such things
+have happened: for you give verdicts laxly," he said, "Yes, we give
+verdicts, but you senators give evidence of character."[586] Nothing was
+done that day: the house stood adjourned at nightfall. On the comitial
+days which follow the Quirinalia (17th February), Appius holds the view
+that he is not prevented by the _lex Pupia_ from holding a meeting of
+the senate, and that by the _lex Gabinia_ he is even compelled to have a
+meeting for the legations from the 1st of February to the 1st of
+March.[587] And so the elections are supposed to be put off till March.
+Nevertheless, on these comitial days the tribunes say that they will
+bring forward the case of Gabinius.[588] I collect every item of
+intelligence, that I may have some news to tell you: but, as you see, I
+am short of material. Accordingly, I return to Callisthenes and
+Philistus, in whom I see that you have been wallowing. Callisthenes is a
+commonplace and hackneyed piece of business, like a good many Greeks.
+The Sicilian is a first-rate writer, terse, sagacious, concise, almost a
+minor Thucydides;[589] but which of his two books you have--for these
+are two works--I don't know. That about Dionysius is my favourite. For
+Dionysius himself is a magnificent intriguer, and was familiarly known
+to Philistus. But as to your postscript--are you really going in for
+writing history? You have my blessing on your project: and since you
+furnish me with letter-carriers, you shall hear to-day's transactions on
+the Lupercalia (15th February). Enjoy yourself with our dear boy to your
+heart's content.
+
+[Footnote 583: We cannot tell the allusion, not having the letter of
+Quintus. But he seems to have used the expression for something
+incongruous either in politics, or in regard to his contemplated
+services with Caesar.]
+
+[Footnote 584: _I.e._, the day he had to appear for trial, usually fixed
+by the praetor on the tenth day from the notice of prosecution. Caelius
+had been acqiuitted in B.C. 56, when Cicero defended him; this second
+trial appears to have in some way fallen through. The praetor Domitius is
+said to be Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Lucius, but he was much too
+young to have been praetor this year. The former trial of Caelius (B.C.
+56) had been before Cn. Comitius Calvinus, hence a difficulty about this
+passage. For the praetor Domitius of this year is not known. Domitius
+Calvinus was praetor B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 585: The _publicani_ of Syria were enraged with Gabinius for
+neglecting his province while going to Egypt, thus allowing the pirates
+so to plunder that they could not collect enough dues to recoup them for
+their bargain to the state (Dio, xxxix. 59).]
+
+[Footnote 586: L. AElius Lamia, an eques, appears to have been one of the
+deputation of _publicani_ who attended the senate to accuse Gabinius.]
+
+[Footnote 587: The praetorian elections were again postponed from the
+previous year to the early months of B.C. 54. Appius Claudius found
+means to put them off till March by holding meetings of the senate each
+day--the electoral _comita_ not being able to meet on the same day as
+the senate.]
+
+[Footnote 588: The tribune C. Memmius was prosecuting Gabinius (Letter
+CXLVII). The judicial _comita_ could meet, though not the electoral.]
+
+[Footnote 589: Callisthenes of Olynthus wrote (1) a history of the
+Trojan war; (2) an account of Alexander the Great. Philistus of Syracuse
+(1) a history of Sicily; (2) a life of Dionysius the elder; (3) a life
+of Dionysius the younger. He imitated Thucydides (_de Orat._ Sec. 17).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXV (F VII, 6)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+CUMAE (APRIL)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+In all my letters to Caesar or Balbus there is a sort of statutory
+appendix containing a recommendation of you, and not one of the ordinary
+kind, but accompanied by some signal mark of my warm feeling towards
+you. See only that you get rid of that feeble regret of yours for the
+city and city ways, and carry out with persistence and courage what you
+had in your mind when you set out. We, your friends, shall pardon your
+going away for that purpose as much as
+
+    "The wealthy noble dames who held the Corinthian peak"
+
+pardoned Medea, whom, with hands whitened to the utmost with chalk, she
+persuaded not to think ill of her for being absent from her fatherland:
+for
+
+    "Many have served themselves abroad and served the state as well;
+    Many have spent their lives at home to be but counted fools."
+
+In which latter category you would have certainly been, had I not forced
+you abroad. But I will write more another time. You who learnt to look
+out for others, look out, while in Britain, that you are not yourself
+taken in by the charioteers; and, since I have begun quoting the
+_Medea_, remember this line:
+
+    "The sage who cannot serve himself is vainly wise I ween."
+
+Take care of your health.[590]
+
+[Footnote 590: Trebatius is going to join Caesar, who is about to sail to
+Britain; hence the jest about the _essedarii_, drivers of Gallic and
+British war-chariots. Letter CXXXIII recommended him to Caesar. The lines
+quoted are from the _Medea_ of Ennius, adapted or translated from
+Euripides. I date these two letters from Cumae, because he speaks of
+writing to Balbus, who was at Rome (p. 267).]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVI (F VII, 7)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (ON HIS WAY TO GAUL)
+
+CUMAE (APRIL OR MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+For my part, I never cease recommending you, but I am eager to know from
+you how far my recommendation is of service. My chief hope is in Balbus,
+to whom I write about you with the greatest earnestness and frequency.
+It often excites my wonder that I don't hear from you as often as
+from my brother Quintus. In Britain I am told there is no gold or
+silver. If that turns out to be the case, I advise you to capture a
+war-chariot and hasten back to us at the earliest opportunity. But
+if--letting Britain alone--we can still obtain what we want, take care
+to get on intimate terms with Caesar. In that respect my brother will be
+of much use to you, so will Balbus, but most of all, believe me, your
+own modesty and industry. You have an _imperator_ of the most liberal
+character, your age is exactly the best one for employment, and your
+recommendation at any rate is quite unique, so that all you have to fear
+is not doing yourself full justice.
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVII (A IV, 14)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON A JOURNEY)
+
+CUMAE (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Our friend Vestorius[591] has informed me by letter that you are
+believed to have left Rome on the 10th of May--later than you said that
+you intended--because you had not been very well. If you are now better
+I rejoice indeed. I wish you would write to your town house, ordering
+your books to be at my service just as if you were at home, especially
+those of Varro. For I have occasion to use some passages of those books
+in reference to those which I have in hand, and which, I hope, will meet
+with your strong approval.[592] Pray, if by chance you have any news,
+principally from my brother Quintus, next from Caesar, and, finally,
+anything about the elections or about politics--for you have an
+excellent nose for such things--write and tell me about them: if you
+have no news, nevertheless write something. For a letter from you never
+yet seemed to me either ill-timed or too long-winded. But above all I
+beg that, when your business and your whole tour has been concluded to
+your mind, you will come back to us as soon as possible. Give my
+compliments to Dionysius. Take care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 591: A banker at Puteoli.]
+
+[Footnote 592: The six books on the Republic.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXVIII (Q FR II, 12 [14])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+CUMAE (MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+I have up to now received two letters from you, one just as I was
+leaving town, the other dated Ariminum: others which you say in your
+letter that you have sent I have not received. I am having a fairly
+pleasant time (except that you are not here) at Cumae and Pompeii, and
+intend staying in these parts till the 1st of June. I am writing the
+treatise of which I spoke to you, "On the Republic," a very bulky and
+laborious work. But if it turns out as I wish, it will be labour well
+bestowed, and if not I shall toss it into the very sea which I have
+before my eyes as I write, and set to work on something else; since to
+do nothing is beyond my power. I will carefully observe your instruction
+both as to attaching certain persons to myself and not alienating
+certain others. But my chief care will be to see your son, or rather
+our son, if possible, every day at any rate, and to watch the progress
+of his education as often as possible; and, unless he declines my help,
+I will even offer to be his instructor, a practice to which I have
+become habituated in the leisure of these days while bringing my own
+boy, the younger Cicero, on. Yes, do as you say in your letter, what,
+even if you had not said so, I know you do with the greatest
+care--digest, follow up, and carry out my instructions. For my part,
+when I get to Rome, I will let no letter-carrier of Caesar go without a
+letter for you. During these days you must excuse me: there has been no
+one to whom I could deliver a letter until the present bearer M. Orfius,
+a Roman knight, a man that is my friend as well from personal
+consideration as because he comes from the _municipium_ of Atella,[593]
+which you know is under my patronage. Accordingly, I recommend him to
+you with more than common warmth, as a man in a brilliant position in
+his own town and looked up to even beyond it. Pray attach him to
+yourself by your liberal treatment of him: he is a military tribune in
+your army. You will find him grateful and attentive. I earnestly beg you
+to be very friendly to Trebatius.
+
+[Footnote 593: A _municipium_ of Campania nine miles from Naples.]
+
+
+
+
+CXXXIX (F VII, 8)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Caesar has written me a very courteous letter saying that he has not yet
+seen as much of you as he could wish, owing to his press of business,
+but that he certainly will do so. I have answered his letter and told
+him how much obliged I shall be if he bestows on you as much attention,
+kindness, and liberality as he can. But I gathered from your letters
+that you are in somewhat too great a hurry: and at the same time I
+wondered why you despised the profits of a military tribuneship,
+especially as you are exempted from the labour of military duty. I shall
+express my discontent to Vacerra and Manilius: for I dare not say a word
+to Cornelius,[594] who is responsible for your unwise conduct, since you
+profess to have learnt legal wisdom from him. Rather press on your
+opportunity and the means put into your hands, than which none better
+will ever be found. As to what you say of the jurist Precianus, I never
+cease recommending you to him; for he writes me word that you owe him
+thanks. Be sure to let me know to what that refers. I am waiting for a
+letter from you dated "Britain."[595]
+
+[Footnote 594: Vacerra, Manilius, Cornelius, well-known lawyers or
+jurists of the day.]
+
+[Footnote 595: We shall afterwards see that Trebatius did not go to
+Britain.]
+
+
+
+
+CXL (Q FR II, 13)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (3 JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+On the 2nd of June, the day of my return to Rome, I received your letter
+dated Placentia: then next day another dated Blandeno, along with a
+letter from Caesar filled full of courteous, earnest, and pleasant
+expressions. These expressions are indeed valuable, or rather _most_
+valuable, as tending very powerfully to secure our reputation and
+exalted position in that state. But believe me--for you know my
+heart--that what I value most in all this I already possess, that is,
+first of all, your active contribution to our common position; and,
+secondly, all that warm affection of Caesar for me, which I prefer to all
+the honours which he desires me to expect at his hands. His letter too,
+despatched at the same time as your own--which begins by saying what
+pleasure your arrival and the renewed memory of our old affection had
+given him, and goes on to say that he will take care that, in the midst
+of my sorrow and regret at losing you, I shall have reason to be glad
+that you are with him of all people--gave me extraordinary delight.
+Wherefore you, of course, are acting in a truly brotherly spirit when
+you exhort me, though, by heaven, I am now indeed forward enough to do
+so, to concentrate all my attentions upon him alone. Yes, I will do so,
+indeed, with a burning zeal: and perhaps I shall manage to accomplish
+what is frequently the fortune of travellers when they make great haste,
+who, if they have got up later than they intended, have, by increasing
+their speed, arrived at their destination sooner than if they had waked
+up before daylight. Thus I, since I have long overslept myself in
+cultivating that great man, though you, by heaven, often tried to wake
+me up, will make up for my slowness with horses and (as you say he likes
+my poem) a poet's chariots. Only let me have Britain to paint in colours
+supplied by yourself, but with my own brush. But what am I saying? What
+prospect of leisure have I, especially as I remain at Rome in accordance
+with his request? But I will see. For perhaps, as usual, my love for you
+will overcome all difficulties. For my having sent Trebatius to him he
+even thanks me in very witty and polite terms, remarking that there was
+no one in the whole number of his staff who knew how to draw up a
+recognizance. I have asked him for a tribuneship for M. Curtius--since
+Domitius (the consul) would have thought that he was being laughed at,
+if my petition had been addressed to him, for his daily assertion is
+that he hasn't the appointment of so much as a military tribune: he even
+jested in the senate at his colleague Appius as having gone to visit
+Caesar,[596] that he might get from him at least one tribuneship. But my
+request was for next year, for that was what Curtius wished. Whatever
+line you think I ought to take in politics and in treating my opponents,
+be sure I shall take, and shall be "gentler than any ear-lap." Affairs
+at Rome stand thus; there is some hope of the elections taking place,
+but it is an uncertain one. There is some latent idea of a
+dictatorship,[597] but neither is that confirmed. There is profound calm
+in the forum, but it is rather the calm of decrepitude than content.
+The opinions I express in the senate are of a kind to win the assent of
+others rather than my own:
+
+    "Such the effects of miserable war."[598]
+
+[Footnote 596: At Luca in the year B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 597: _Comitia habendi causa_. No such had been appointed since
+B.C. 202, and the irregular dictatorship of Sulla in B.C. 82 made the
+idea distasteful. Pompey was understood to wish for the appointment, now
+and later on. See pp. 326, 335.]
+
+[Footnote 598: [Greek: toiauth' ho tlemon polemos exergazetai] (Eur.
+_Supp._ 119).]
+
+
+
+
+CXLI (Q FR II, 14 [15 b])
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Well! this time I'll use a good pen, well-mixed ink, and superfine
+paper. For you say you could hardly read my previous letter, for which,
+my dear brother, the reason was none of those which you suppose. For I
+was not busy, nor agitated, nor out of temper with some one: but it is
+always my way to take the first pen that turns up and use it as if it
+were a good one. But now attend, best and dearest of brothers, to my
+answer to what you wrote in this same short letter in such a very
+business-like way. On this subject you beg that I should write back to
+you with brotherly candour, without concealment, or reserve, or
+consideration for your feelings--I mean whether you are to hasten home,
+as we had talked of, or to stay where you are, if there is any excuse
+for doing so, in order to extricate yourself from your embarrassments.
+If, my dear Quintus, it were some small matter on which you were asking
+my opinion, though I should have left it to you to do what you chose, I
+should yet have shewn you what mine was. But on this subject your
+question amounts to this--what sort of year I expect the next to be?
+Either quite undisturbed as far as we are concerned, or at any rate one
+that will find us in the highest state of preparation for defence. This
+is shewn by the daily throng at my house, my reception in the forum, the
+cheers which greet me in the theatre. My friends feel no anxiety,
+because they know the strength of my position in my hold upon the
+favour both of Caesar and Pompey. These things give me entire
+confidence. But if some furious outbreak of that madman occurs,
+everything is ready for crushing him. This is my feeling, my deliberate
+opinion: I write to you with entire confidence. I bid you have no
+doubts, and I do so with no intention of pleasing you, but with
+brotherly frankness. Therefore, while I should wish you to come at the
+time you arranged, for the sake of the pleasure we should have in each
+other's society, yet I prefer the course you yourself think the better
+one. I, too, think these objects of great importance--ample means for
+yourself and extrication from your load of debt. Make up your mind to
+this, that, free from embarrassments, we should be the happiest people
+alive if we keep well. For men of our habits the deficiency is small,
+and such as can be supplied with the greatest ease, granted only that we
+keep our health.
+
+There is an enormous recrudescence of bribery. Never was there anything
+equal to it. On the 15th of July the rate of interest rose from four to
+eight per cent., owing to the compact made by Memmius with the consul
+Domitius:[599] I wish Scaurus could get the better of it. Messalla is
+very shaky. I am not exaggerating--they arrange to offer as much as
+10,000 sestertia (about L80,000) for the vote of the first century. The
+matter is a burning scandal. The candidates for the tribuneship have
+made a mutual compact--having deposited 500 sesteria (about L4,000)
+apiece with Cato, they agree to conduct their canvass according to his
+direction, with the understanding that anyone offending against it is to
+be condemned by him. If this election then turns out to be pure, Cato
+will have been of more avail than all laws and jurors put together.
+
+[Footnote 599: For the nature of this compact, see p. 300.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLII (A IV, 16 AND PART OF 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS OR ON HIS JOURNEY TO ASIA)
+
+ROME (? 24 JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+The bare fact of my letter being by the hand of an amanuensis will be a
+sign of the amount of my engagements. I have no fault to find with you
+as to the number of your letters, but most of them told me nothing
+except where you were, or at most shewed by the fact that they came from
+you that no harm had happened to you. Of this class of letters there
+were two which gave me very great pleasure, dated by you from Buthrotum
+almost at the same time: for I was anxious to know that you had had a
+favourable crossing. But this constant supply of your letters did not
+give me so much pleasure by the richness of their contents as by their
+frequency. The one which your guest, M. Paccius, delivered to me was
+important and full of matter. I will therefore answer it. And this is
+the first thing I have to say: I have shewn Paccius, both by word and
+deed, what weight a recommendation from you has: accordingly, he is
+among my intimate friends, though unknown to me before. Now for the
+rest. Varro, of whom you write, shall be got in somewhere, if I can but
+find a place for him.[600] But you know the style of my Dialogues: just
+as in those "On the Orator," which you praise to the skies, a mention of
+anyone by the interlocutors was impossible, unless he had been known to
+or heard of by them, so in the "Dialogue on the Republic," which I have
+begun, I have put the discussion in the mouths of Africanus, Philus,
+Laelius, and Manilius. I have added two young men, Q. Tubero and P.
+Rutilius, and the two sons-in-law of Laelius, Scaevola and Fannius. So I
+am thinking how (since I employ introductions to each book, as
+Aristotle does in what he calls his "Exoterics") to contrive some
+pretext for naming your friend in a natural way, as I understand is your
+wish. May I only be enabled to carry out my attempt! For, as you cannot
+but observe, I have undertaken a subject wide, difficult, and requiring
+the utmost leisure--the very thing that, above all others, I lack. In
+those books which you commend you complain of the absence of Scaevola
+among the speakers. Well, I did not withdraw him without a set purpose,
+but I did exactly what that god of our idolatry, Plato, did in his
+Republic. When Socrates had come to the Piraeus on a visit to Cephalus, a
+wealthy and cheerful old man, during all the introductory conversation
+the old man takes part in the discussion; then, after having himself
+made a speech very much to the point, he says that he wants to go away
+to attend on the religious rites, and does not return again. I believe
+Plato hardly thought that it would be quite natural, if he kept a man of
+that age any longer in a conversation so protracted. I thought that I
+was bound to be still more careful in the case of Scaevola, who was at
+the age and with the broken health as you remember he then was, and who
+had enjoyed such high offices, that it was scarcely in accordance with
+etiquette for him to be staying several days in the Tusculan villa of
+Crassus. Besides, the conversation in the first book was not unconnected
+with Scaevola's special pursuits: the other books, as you know, contain a
+technical discussion. In such I was unwilling that that facetious
+veteran, as you know he was, should take part.
+
+As to Pilia's business, which you mention, I will see to it. For the
+matter is quite clear, as you say, from the information supplied by
+Aurelianus, and in managing it I shall have also an opportunity of
+glorifying myself in my Tullia's eyes. I am supporting Vestorius: for I
+know that it gratifies you, and I am careful that he would understand
+that to be the case. But do you know the sort of man he is? Though he
+has two such good-natured people to deal with, nothing can exceed his
+impracticability. Now as to what you ask about Gaius Cato. You know that
+he was acquitted under the _lex Iunia Licinia_:[601] I have to tell you
+that he will be acquitted under the _lex Fufia_,[602] and not so much to
+the satisfaction of his defenders as of his accusers. However, he has
+become reconciled to myself and Milo. Drusus has had notice of
+prosecution by Lucretius. The 3rd of July is the day fixed for
+challenging his jurors. About Procilius[603] there are sinister
+rumours--but you know what the courts are. Hirrus is on good terms with
+Domitius.[604] The senatorial decree which the present consuls have
+carried about the provinces--"whoever henceforth, etc."--does not seem
+to me likely to have any effect.
+
+As to your question about Messalla, I don't know what to say: I have
+never seen candidates so closely matched. Messalla's means of support
+you know. Scaurus has had notice of prosecution from Triarius. If you
+ask me, no great feeling of sympathy for him has been roused. Still, his
+aedileship is remembered with some gratitude, and he has a certain hold
+on the country voters from the memory of his father. The two remaining
+plebeian candidates have compensating advantages which make them about
+equal: Domitius Calvinus is strong in friends, and is farther supported
+by his very popular exhibition of gladiators; Memmius finds favour with
+Caesar's veterans and relies on Pompey's client towns in Gaul. If this
+does not avail him, people think that some tribune will be found to push
+off the elections till Caesar comes back, especially since Cato has been
+acquitted.
+
+I have answered your letter brought by Paccius: now for the rest. From
+my brother's letter I gather surprising indications of Caesar's affection
+for me, and they have been confirmed by a very cordial letter from Caesar
+himself. The result of the British war is a source of anxiety. For it is
+ascertained that the approaches to the island are protected by
+astonishing masses of cliff. Moreover, it is now known that there isn't
+a pennyweight of silver in that island, nor any hope of booty except
+from slaves, among whom I don't suppose you can expect any instructed
+in literature or music.
+
+Paullus has almost brought his basilica in the forum to the roof, using
+the same columns as were in the ancient building: the part for which he
+gave out a contract he is building on the most magnificent scale.[605]
+Need I say more? Nothing could be more gratifying or more to his glory
+than such a monument. Accordingly, the friends of Caesar--I mean myself
+and Oppius, though you burst with anger--have thought nothing of 60,000
+sestertia (about L480,000) for that monument, which you used to speak of
+in such high terms, in order to enlarge the forum and extend it right up
+to the Hall of Liberty. The claims of private owners could not be
+satisfied for less. We will make it a most glorious affair. For in the
+Campus Martius we are about to erect voting places for the _comitia
+tributa_, of marble and covered, and to surround them with a lofty
+colonnade a mile in circumference: at the same time the _Villa Publica_
+will also be connected with these erections.[606] You will say: "What
+good will this monument do me?" But why should I trouble myself about
+that? I have told you all the news at Rome: for I don't suppose you want
+to know about the lustrum, of which there is now no hope,[607] or about
+the trials which are being held under the (Cincian) law.[608]
+
+Now allow yourself to be scolded, if you deserve it. For you say in the
+letter from Buthrotum, delivered to me by C. Decimus, that you think you
+will have to go to Asia. There did not, by Hercules, seem to me to be
+anything that made it matter in the least whether you did the business
+by agents or in person; or anything to make you go so often and so far
+from your friends. But I could have wished that I had urged this on you
+before you had taken any step. For I certainly should have had some
+influence on you. As things are, I will suppress the rest of my
+scolding. May it only have some effect in hastening your return! The
+reason of my not writing oftener to you is the uncertainty I am in as to
+where you are or are going to be. However, I thought I ought to give
+this letter to a chance messenger, because he seemed to be likely to see
+you. Since you think you really will go to Asia, pray tell me by what
+time we may expect you back, and what you have done about Eutychides.
+
+[Footnote 600: That is, as an interlocutor in the dialogue "On the
+Republic," which Cicero was engaged in writing.]
+
+[Footnote 601: A law re-enacting the _lex Didia_, and enacting under
+penalties that no law was to be brought forward without due publication
+beforehand.]
+
+[Footnote 602: A law which enabled the magistrates and tribunes to stop
+legislation by _obnuntiatio_.]
+
+[Footnote 603: Procilius had been condemned _de vi_ (p. 280). The
+rumours, I suppose, were as to the jury having been corrupted.]
+
+[Footnote 604: The consul L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and C. Lucceius
+Hirrus, the latter a warm partisan of Pompey, who was supposed to be
+agitating for a dictatorship.]
+
+[Footnote 605: L. AEmilius Paullus (consul B.C. 50) restored the basilica
+built by his ancestor M. AEmilius Lepidus in B.C. 179, and appears to
+have added largely to it, or even built a new one.]
+
+[Footnote 606: These works seem to have been contemplated by the censors
+and senate, and Cicero speaks of himself and Oppius as doing them
+because they supported the measure. They were partly carried out by
+Caesar but not completed till the time of Augustus.]
+
+[Footnote 607: Because the tribunes stopped it--the formal act at the
+end of the Censor's office--by _obnuntiationes_.]
+
+[Footnote 608: The name of the law mentioned here is uncertain. The _lex
+Cincia de munuibus_ forbade advocates taking fees for pleading.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIII (A IV, 15)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN EPIRUS)
+
+ROME, 27 JULY
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+I am glad about Eutychides, who, using your old _praenomen_ and your new
+_nomen_, will be called Titus Caecilius, just as Dionysius, from a
+combination of your names and mine, is Marcus Pomponius. I am, by
+Hercules, exceedingly gratified that Eutychides has had cause to know
+your kindness to me, and that the sympathy he shewed me in the time of
+my sorrow was neither unnoticed at the time nor afterwards forgotten by
+me. I suppose you were obliged to undertake your journey to Asia. For
+you never would have been willing, without the most urgent cause, to be
+so far from so many persons and things which you love so much, and which
+give you so much delight. But the speed of your return will shew your
+kindness and love for your friends. Yet I fear lest the rhetorician
+Clodius, by his charms, and Pituanius, that excellent scholar, as he is
+said to be, and now, indeed, so wholly devoted to Greek letters, may
+detain you. But if you would shew the feelings of a man, come back to us
+at the time you promised. You will, after all, be able to enjoy their
+society at Rome, when they get there safe. You say you desire something
+in the way of a letter from me: I have written, and, indeed, on many
+subjects--everything detailed like a journal--but, as I conjecture from
+your not having, as it seems, remained long in Epirus, I suppose it has
+not reached you. Moreover, my letters to _you_ are generally of such a
+kind, that I don't like to put them in anyone's hands, unless I can feel
+certain that he will deliver them to you.
+
+Now for affairs at Rome. On the 4th of July Sufenas and Cato were
+acquitted, Procilius condemned. From which we have learnt that our
+treble-distilled Areopagites care not a rush for bribery, elections,
+_interregnum, lese majeste_, or, in fact, for the state generally; but
+that they would rather that a father of a family were not murdered on
+his own hearth-stone--and even that preference not very decided. There
+were twenty-two votes for acquittal, twenty-nine for condemnation![609]
+Publius, no doubt by an eloquent peroration in his speech for the
+prosecution, had quickened the feelings of the jurors! Herbalus[610] was
+in the case, and behaved as usual. I said never a word. For my little
+girl, who is unwell, was afraid of offending Publius's feelings. After
+this was over the people of Reate conducted me to their Temple, to plead
+their cause against the people of Interamna before the consul and ten
+commissioners, because the Veline Lake, which had been drained by Manius
+Curius by cutting away the mountain, flowed into the Nar, by which means
+the famous Rosia has been reclaimed from the swamp, though still fairly
+moist.[611] I lived with Axius, who took me also to visit Seven Waters.
+I returned to Rome on the 9th of July for the sake of Fonteius. I
+entered the theatre. At first I was greeted with loud and general
+applause--but don't take any notice of that, I was a fool to mention
+it--then I turned my attention to Antiphon. He had been manumitted
+before being brought on to the stage. Not to keep you in suspense, he
+bore away the palm. But there never was anything so dwarfish, so
+destitute of voice, so---- But keep this to yourself. However, in the
+_Andromache_ he was just taller than Astyanax: among the rest he had not
+one of his own height. You next ask about Arbuscula: she had a great
+success. The games were splendid and much liked. The wild-beast hunt was
+put off to a future occasion. Next follow me into the _campus_. Bribery
+is raging: "and I a sign to you will tell."[612] The rate of interest
+from being four percent, on the 15th of July has gone up to eight
+percent. You will say, "Well, _I_ don't mind that."[613] What a man!
+What a citizen! Memmius is supported by all Caesar's influence. The
+consuls have formed a coalition between him and Domitius (Calvinus) on
+terms which I dare not commit to paper. Pompey rages, remonstrates,
+backs Scaurus, but whether only ostensibly or from the heart people
+don't feel sure. No one takes the lead: money reduces all to the same
+level. Messalla's chance is at a low ebb: not because he is wanting in
+spirit or friends, but because this coalition of the consuls, as well as
+Pompey's opposition, stands in his way. I think the result will be a
+postponement of the elections. The tribunician candidates have taken an
+oath to conduct their canvass according to the direction of Cato. They
+have deposited with him 500 sestertia apiece, on condition that whoever
+Cato condemns should forfeit it, and that it should be paid over to his
+competitors. I write this the day before the elections are to take
+place. But on the 28th of July, if they have taken place, and if the
+letter-carrier has not started, I will write you an account of the whole
+_comitia_: and, if they are conducted without corruption, Cato by
+himself will have been more efficacious than all laws and jurors put
+together. I have undertaken to defend Messius, who has been recalled
+from his legation: for Appius had named him _legatus_ to Caesar.
+Servilius ordered his attendance in an edict. His jurors are to be from
+the tribes Pomptina, Velina, and Maecia. It is a sharp fight: however, it
+is going fairly well. After that I have to prepare myself for Drusus,
+then for Scaurus. Very high-sounding title-slips are being prepared for
+my speeches! Perhaps even the consuls-designate will be added to the
+list of my clients: and if Scaurus is not one of them, he will find
+himself in serious difficulties in this trial. Judging from my brother
+Quintus's letter, I suspect that by this time he is in Britain. I await
+news of him with anxiety. We have certainly gained one advantage--many
+unmistakable indications enable us to feel sure that we are in the
+highest degree liked and valued by Caesar. Please give my compliments to
+Dionysius, and beg and exhort him to come as soon as possible, that he
+may continue the instruction of my son and of myself as well.
+
+[Footnote 609: M. Nonius Sufenas and C. Cato were charged with bribery
+and other illegal proceedings during their tribuneship: Procilius for
+riot (_de vi_) when some citizen was killed.]
+
+[Footnote 610: Q. Hortensius, the great orator.]
+
+[Footnote 611: This refers to the famous waterfall of Terni. An
+artificial cutting drained the River Velinus (which otherwise covered
+the high valley as a lake) into the Nar, which is in the valley below.
+What was good for the people of Reate was, of course, dangerous for the
+people of Interamna living below. M. Curius Dentatus was consul B.C.
+290.]
+
+[Footnote 612: [Greek: sema de toi ereo] (Hom. _Il._ xxiii. 326).]
+
+[Footnote 613: Because Atticus lent money.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIV (F VII, 9)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+It is a long time since I heard how you were getting on: for you don't
+write, nor have I written to you for the last two months. As you were
+not with my brother Quintus I did not know where to send a letter, or to
+whom to give it. I am anxious to know how you are and where you mean to
+winter. For my part, my opinion is that you should do so with Caesar; but
+I have not ventured to write to him owing to his mourning.[614] I would
+rather you put off your return to us, so long as you come with fuller
+pockets. There is nothing to make you hurry home, especially since
+"Battara"[615] is dead. But you are quite capable of thinking for
+yourself. I desire to know what you have settled. There is a certain Cn.
+Octavius or Cn. Cornelius, a friend of yours,
+
+    "Of highest race begot, a son of Earth."
+
+He has frequently asked me to dinner, because he knows that you are an
+intimate friend of mine. At present he has not succeeded in getting me:
+however, I am much obliged to him.
+
+[Footnote 614: For the death (in September) of his daughter Iulia, wife
+of Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 615: A nickname, it is said, of Vacerra (perhaps because he
+stuttered), who had been a teacher of Trebatius.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLV (F VII, 17)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+From what I gather from your letter I have thanked my brother Quintus,
+and can besides at last heartily commend you, because you at length seem
+to have come to some fixed resolution. For I was much put out by your
+letters in the first months of your absence, because at times you seemed
+to me--pardon the expression--to be light-minded in your longing for the
+city and city life, at others timid in undertaking military work, and
+often even a little inclined to presumption--a thing as unlike your
+usual self as can be. For, as though you had brought a bill of exchange,
+and not a letter of recommendation to your commander-in-chief, you were
+all in a hurry to get your money and return home; and it never occurred
+to you that those who went to Alexandria[616] with real bills of
+exchange have as yet not been able to get a farthing. If I looked only
+to my own interests, I should wish, above all things, to have you with
+me: for I used to find not only pleasure of no ordinary kind in your
+society, but also much advantage from your advice and active assistance.
+But since from your earliest manhood you had devoted yourself to my
+friendship and protection, I thought it my duty not only to see that you
+came to no harm, but to advance your fortunes and secure your promotion.
+Accordingly, as long as I thought I should be going abroad to a
+province, I am sure you remember the voluntary offers I made you. After
+that plan had been changed, perceiving that I was being treated by Caesar
+with the highest consideration, and was regarded by him with unusual
+affection, and knowing as I did his incredible liberality and
+unsurpassed loyalty to his word, I recommended you to him in the
+weightiest and most earnest words at my command. And he accepted this
+recommendation in a gratifying manner, and repeatedly indicated to me in
+writing, and shewed you by word and deed, that he had been powerfully
+affected by my recommendation. Having got such a man as your patron, if
+you believe me to have any insight, or to be your well-wisher, do not
+let him go; and if by chance something at times has annoyed you, when
+from being busy or in difficulties he has seemed to you somewhat slow to
+serve you, hold on and wait for the end, which I guarantee will be
+gratifying and honourable to you. I need not exhort you at any greater
+length: I only give you this warning, that you will never find a better
+opportunity, if you let this slip, either of securing the friendship of
+a most illustrious and liberal man, or of enjoying a wealthier province
+or a more suitable time of life. "Quintus Cornelius concurred," as you
+say in your law books. I am glad you didn't go to Britain, because you
+have been saved some hard work, and I the necessity of listening to your
+stories about that expedition. Pray write to me at full length as to
+where you are going to winter, and what your hopes and present position
+are.
+
+[Footnote 616: To Ptolemy Auletes, who had agreed to pay large sums to
+certain persons for supporting his interests in the senate.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVI (Q FR II, 15)
+
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)
+
+ROME (SEPTEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+When you receive a letter from me by the hand of an amanuensis, you may
+be sure that I have not even a little leisure; when by my own--a little.
+For let me tell you that in regard to causes and trials in court, I have
+never been closer tied, and that, too, at the most unhealthy season of
+the year, and in the most oppressively hot weather. But these things,
+since you so direct me, I must put up with, and must not seem to have
+come short of the ideas and expectations which you and Caesar entertain
+of me, especially since, even if it were somewhat difficult not to do
+that, I am yet likely from this labour to reap great popularity and
+prestige. Accordingly, as you wish me to do, I take great pains not to
+hurt anyone's feelings, and to secure being liked even by those very men
+who are vexed at my close friendship with Caesar, while by those who are
+impartial, or even inclined to this side, I may be warmly courted and
+loved. When some very violent debates took place in the senate on the
+subject of bribery for several days, because the candidates for the
+consulship had gone to such lengths as to be past all bearing, I was not
+in the house. I have made up my mind not to attempt any cure of the
+political situation without powerful protection. The day I write this
+Drusus has been acquitted on a charge of collusion by the _tribuni
+aerarii_, in the grand total by four votes, for the majority of senators
+and equites were for condemnation. On the same day I am to defend
+Vatinius. That is an easy matter. The _comitia_ have been put off to
+September. Scaurus's trial will take place immediately, and I shall not
+fail to appear for him. I don't like your "Sophoclean Banqueters" at
+all, though I see that you played your part with a good grace.[617] I
+come now to a subject which, perhaps, ought to have been my first. How
+glad I was to get your letter from Britain! I was afraid of the ocean,
+afraid of the coast of the island. The other parts of the enterprise I
+do not underrate; but yet they inspire more hope than fear, and it is
+the suspense rather than any positive alarm that renders me uneasy. You,
+however, I can see, have a splendid subject for description, topography,
+natural features of things and places, manners, races, battles, your
+commander himself--what themes for your pen! I will gladly, as you
+request, assist you in the points you mention, and will send you the
+verses you ask for, that is, "An owl to Athens."[618] But, look you! I
+think you are keeping me in the dark. Tell me, my dear brother, what
+Caesar thinks of my verses. For he wrote before to tell me he had read my
+first book. Of the first part, he said that he had never read anything
+better even in Greek: the rest, up to a particular passage, somewhat
+"careless"[619]--that is his word. Tell me the truth--is it the
+subject-matter or the "style" that he does not like? You needn't be
+afraid: I shall not admire myself one whit the less. On this subject
+speak like a lover of truth, and with your usual brotherly frankness.
+
+[Footnote 617: In the "Banqueters" ([Greek: syndeipnoi]) of Sophocles,
+Achilles is excluded from a banquet in Tenedos. Some social mishap seems
+to have occurred to Quintus in camp.]
+
+[Footnote 618: Sending coals to Newcastle.]
+
+[Footnote 619: [Greek: rhathymotera].]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVII (Q FR III, 1)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN BRITAIN)
+
+ARPINUM AND ROME, 28 SEPTEMBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+After extraordinarily hot weather--I never remember greater heat--I have
+refreshed myself at Arpinum, and enjoyed the extreme loveliness of the
+river during the days of the games, having left my tribesmen under the
+charge of Philotimus.[620] I was at Arcanum on the 10th of September.
+There I found Mescidius and Philoxenus, and saw the water, for which
+they were making a course not far from your villa, running quite nicely,
+especially considering the extreme drought, and they said that they were
+going to collect it in much greater abundance. Everything is right with
+Herus. In your Manilian property I came across Diphilus outdoing himself
+in dilatoriness. Still, he had nothing left to construct, except baths,
+and a promenade, and an aviary. I liked that villa very much, because
+its paved colonnade[621] gives it an air of very great dignity. I never
+appreciated this till now that the colonnade itself has been all laid
+open, and the columns have been polished. It all depends--and this I
+will look to--upon the stuccoing being prettily done. The pavements
+seemed to be being well laid. Certain of the ceilings I did not like,
+and ordered them to be changed. As to the place in which they say that
+you write word that a small entrance hall is to be built--namely, in the
+colonnade--I liked it better as it is. For I did not think there was
+space sufficient for an entrance hall; nor is it usual to have one,
+except in those buildings which have a larger court; nor could it have
+bedrooms and apartments of that kind attached to it. As it is, from the
+very beauty of its arched roof, it will serve as an admirable summer
+room. However, if you think differently, write back word as soon as
+possible. In the bath I have moved the hot chamber to the other corner
+of the dressing-room, because it was so placed that its steampipe was
+immediately under the bedrooms. A fair-sized bedroom and a lofty winter
+one I admired very much, for they were both spacious and
+well-situated--on the side of the promenade nearest to the bath.
+Diphilus had placed the columns out of the perpendicular, and not
+opposite each other. These, of course, he shall take down; he will learn
+some day to use the plumb-line and measure. On the whole, I hope
+Diphilus's work will be completed in a few months: for Caesius, who was
+with me at the time, keeps a very sharp look-out upon him.
+
+Thence I started straight along the _via Vitularia_ to your Fufidianum,
+the estate which we bought for you a few weeks ago at Arpinum for
+100,000 sesterces (about L800). I never saw a shadier spot in
+summer--water springs in many parts of it, and abundant into the
+bargain. In short, Caesius thought that you would easily irrigate fifty
+_iugera_ of the meadow land. For my part, I can assure you of this,
+which is more in my line, that you will have a villa marvellously
+pleasant, with the addition of a fish-pond, spouting fountains, a
+_palaestra_, and a shrubbery. I am told that you wish to keep this
+Bovillae estate. You will determine as you think good. Calvus said that,
+even if the control of the water were taken from you, and the right of
+drawing it off were established by the vendor, and thus an easement were
+imposed on that property, we could yet maintain the price in case we
+wished to sell. He said that he had agreed with you to do the work at
+three sesterces a foot, and that he had stepped it, and made it three
+miles. It seemed to me more. But I will guarantee that the money could
+nowhere be better laid out. I had sent for Cillo from Venafrum, but on
+that very day four of his fellow servants and apprentices had been
+crushed by the falling in of a tunnel at Venafrum. On the 13th of
+September I was at Laterium. I examined the road, which appeared to me
+to be so good as to seem almost like a high road, except a hundred and
+fifty paces--for I measured it myself from the little bridge at the
+temple of Furina, in the direction of Satricum. There they had put down
+dust, not gravel (this shall be changed), and that part of the road is a
+very steep incline. But I understood that it could not be taken in any
+other direction, particularly as you did not wish it to go through the
+property of Locusta or Varro. The latter alone had made the road very
+well where it skirted his own property. Locusta hadn't touched it; but I
+will call on him at Rome, and think I shall be able to stir him up, and
+at the same time I shall ask M. Taurus, who is now at Rome, and whom I
+am told promised to allow you to do so, about making a watercourse
+through his property. I much approved of your steward Nicephorius, and I
+asked him what orders you had given about that small building at
+Laterium, about which you spoke to me. He told me in answer that he had
+himself contracted to do the work for sixteen sestertia (about L128),
+but that you had afterwards made many additions to the work, but nothing
+to the price, and that he had therefore given it up. I quite approve, by
+Hercules, of your making the additions you had determined upon; although
+the villa as it stands seems to have the air of a philosopher, meant to
+rebuke the extravagance of other villas. Yet, after all, that addition
+will be pleasing. I praised your landscape gardener: he has so covered
+everything with ivy, both the foundation-wall of the villa and the
+spaces between the columns of the walk, that, upon my word, those Greek
+statues seemed to be engaged in fancy gardening, and to be shewing off
+the ivy. Finally, nothing can be cooler or more mossy than the
+dressing-room of the bath. That is about all I have to say about country
+matters. The gardener, indeed, as well as Philotimus and Cincius are
+pressing on the ornamentation of your town house; but I also often look
+in upon it myself, as I can do without difficulty. Wherefore don't be at
+all anxious about that.
+
+As to your always asking me about your son, of course I "excuse you";
+but I must ask you to "excuse" me also, for I don't allow that you love
+him more than I do. And oh that he had been with me these last few days
+at Arpinum, as he had himself set his heart on being, and as I had no
+less done! As to Pomponia, please write and say that, when I go out of
+town anywhere, she is to come with me and bring the boy. I'll do wonders
+with him, if I get him to myself when I am at leisure: for at Rome there
+is no time to breathe. You know I formerly promised to do so for
+nothing. What do you expect with such a reward as you promise me? I now
+come to your letters which I received in several packets when I was at
+Arpinum. For I received three from you in one day, and, indeed, as it
+seemed, despatched by you at the same time--one of considerable length,
+in which your first point was that my letter to you was dated earlier
+than that to Caesar. Oppius at times cannot help this: the reason is
+that, having settled to send letter-carriers, and having received a
+letter from me, he is hindered by something turning up, and obliged to
+despatch them later than he had intended; and I don't take the trouble
+to have the day altered on a letter which I have once handed to him. You
+write about Caesar's extreme affection for us. This affection you must on
+your part keep warm, and I for mine will endeavour to increase it by
+every means in my power. About Pompey, I am carefully acting, and shall
+continue to act, as you advise. That my permission to you to stay longer
+is a welcome one, though I grieve at your absence and miss you
+exceedingly, I am yet partly glad. What you can be thinking of in
+sending for such people as Hippodamus and some others, I do not
+understand. There is not one of those fellows that won't expect a
+present from you equal to a suburban estate. However, there is no reason
+for your classing my friend Trebatius with them. I sent him to Caesar,
+and Caesar has done all I expected. If he has not done quite what _he_
+expected himself, I am not bound to make it up to him, and I in like
+manner free and absolve you from all claims on his part. Your remark,
+that you are a greater favourite with Caesar every day, is a source of
+undying satisfaction to me. As to Balbus, who, as you say, promotes that
+state of things, he is the apple of my eye. I am indeed glad that you
+and my friend Trebonius like each other. As to what you say about the
+military tribuneship, I, indeed, asked for it definitely for Curtius,
+and Caesar wrote back definitely to say that there was one at Curtius's
+service, and chided me for my modesty in making the request. If I have
+asked one for anyone else--as I told Oppius to write and tell Caesar--I
+shall not be at all annoyed by a refusal, since those who pester me for
+letters _are_ annoyed at a refusal from me. I like Curtius, as I have
+told him, not only because you asked me to do so, but from the
+character you gave of him; for from your letter I have gathered the zeal
+he shewed for my restoration. As for the British expedition, I conclude
+from your letter that we have no occasion either for fear or exultation.
+As to public affairs, about which you wish Tiro to write to you, I have
+written to you hitherto somewhat more carelessly than usual, because I
+knew that all events, small or great, were reported to Caesar. I have now
+answered your longest letter.
+
+Now hear what I have to say to your small one. The first point is about
+Clodius's letter to Caesar. In that matter I approve of Caesar's policy,
+in not having given way to your request so far as to write a single word
+to that Fury. The next thing is about the speech of Calventius
+"Marius."[622] I am surprised at your saying that you think I ought to
+answer it, particularly as, while no one is likely to read that speech,
+unless I write an answer to it, every schoolboy learns mine against him
+as an exercise. My books, all of which you are expecting, I have begun,
+but I cannot finish them for some days yet. The speeches for Scaurus and
+Plancius which you clamour for I have finished. The poem to Caesar, which
+I had begun, I have cut short. I will write what you ask me for, since
+your poetic springs are running dry, as soon as I have time.
+
+Now for the third letter. It is very pleasant and welcome news to hear
+from you that Balbus is soon coming to Rome, and so well
+accompanied![623] and will stay with me continuously till the 15th of
+May. As to your exhorting me in the same letter, as in many previous
+ones, to ambition and labour, I shall, of course, do as you say: but
+when am I to enjoy any real life?
+
+Your fourth letter reached me on the 13th of September, dated on the
+10th of August from Britain. In it there was nothing new except about
+your _Erigona_, and if I get that from Oppius I will write and tell you
+what I think of it. I have no doubt I shall like it.[624] Oh yes! I had
+almost forgotten to remark as to the man who, you say in your letter,
+had written to Caesar about the applause given to Milo--I am not
+unwilling that Caesar should think that it was as warm as possible. And
+in point of fact it was so, and yet that applause, which is given to
+him, seems in a certain sense to be given to me.[625]
+
+I have also received a very old letter, but which was late in coming
+into my hands, in which you remind me about the temple of Tellus and the
+colonnade of Catulus. Both of these matters are being actively carried
+out. At the temple of Tellus I have even got your statue placed. So,
+again, as to your reminder about a suburban villa and gardens, I was
+never very keen for one, and now my town house has all the charm of such
+a pleasure-ground. On my arrival in Rome on the 18th of September I
+found the roof on your house finished: the part over the sitting-rooms,
+which you did not wish to have many gables, now slopes gracefully
+towards the roof of the lower colonnade. Our boy, in my absence, did not
+cease working with his rhetoric master. You have no reason for being
+anxious about his education, for you know his ability, and I see his
+application. Everything else I take it upon myself to guarantee, with
+full consciousness that I am bound to make it good.
+
+As yet there are three parties prosecuting Gabinius: first, L. Lentulus,
+son of the _flamen_, who has entered a prosecution for _lese
+majeste_;[626] secondly, Tib. Nero, with good names at the back of his
+indictment; thirdly, C. Memmius the tribune in conjunction with L.
+Capito. He came to the walls of the city on the 19th of September,
+undignified and neglected to the last degree. But in the present state
+of the law courts I do not venture to be confident of anything. As Cato
+is unwell, he has not yet been formally indicted for extortion. Pompey
+is trying hard to persuade me to be reconciled to him, but as yet he has
+not succeeded at all, nor, if I retain a shred of liberty, will he
+succeed. I am very anxious for a letter from you. You say that you have
+been told that I was a party to the coalition of the consular
+candidates--it is a lie. The compacts made in that coalition, afterwards
+made public by Memmius, were of such a nature that no loyal man ought to
+have been a party to them;[627] nor at the same time was it possible for
+me to be a party to a coalition from which Messalla was excluded, who is
+thoroughly satisfied with my conduct in every particular, as also, I
+think, is Memmius. To Domitius himself I have rendered many services,
+which he desired and asked of me. I have put Scaurus under a heavy
+obligation by my defence of him. It is as yet very uncertain both when
+the elections will be and who will be consuls.
+
+Just as I was folding up this epistle letter-carriers arrived from you
+and Caesar (20th September) after a journey of twenty days. How anxious I
+was! How painfully I was affected by Caesar's most kind letter![628] But
+the kinder it was, the more sorrow did his loss occasion me. But to turn
+to your letter. To begin with, I reiterate my approval of your staying
+on, especially as, according to your account, you have consulted Caesar
+on the subject. I wonder that Oppius has anything to do with Publius,
+for I advised against it. Farther on in your letter you say that I am
+going to be made _legatus_ to Pompey on the 13th of September: I have
+heard nothing about it, and I wrote to Caesar to tell him that neither
+Vibullius nor Oppius had delivered his message to Pompey about my
+remaining at home. Why, I know not. However, it was I who restrained
+Oppius from doing so, because it was Vibullius who should take the
+leading part in that matter: for with him Caesar had communicated
+personally, with Oppius only by letter. I indeed can have no "second
+thoughts"[629] in matters connected with Caesar. He comes next after you
+and our children in my regard, and not much after. I think I act in this
+with deliberate judgment, for I have by this time good cause for it,
+yet warm personal feeling no doubt does influence me also.
+
+Just as I had written these last words--which are by my own hand--your
+boy came in to dine with me, as Pomponia was dining out. He gave me your
+letter to read, which he had received shortly before--a truly
+Aristophanic mixture of jest and earnest, with which I was greatly
+charmed.[630] He gave me also your second letter, in which you bid him
+cling to my side as a mentor. How delighted he was with those letters!
+And so was I. Nothing could be more attractive than that boy, nothing
+more affectionate to me!--This, to explain its being in another
+handwriting, I dictated to Tiro while at dinner.
+
+Your letter gratified Annalis very much, as shewing that you took an
+active interest in his concerns, and yet assisted him with exceedingly
+candid advice. Publius Servilius the elder, from a letter which he said
+he had received from Caesar, declares himself highly obliged to you for
+having spoken with the greatest kindness and earnestness of his devotion
+to Caesar. After my return to Rome from Arpinum I was told that
+Hippodamus had started to join you. I cannot say that I was surprised at
+his having acted so discourteously as to start to join you without a
+letter from me: I only say this, that I was annoyed. For I had long
+resolved, from an expression in your letter, that if I had anything I
+wished conveyed to you with more than usual care, I should give it to
+him: for, in truth, into a letter like this, which I send you in an
+ordinary way, I usually put nothing that, if it fell into certain hands,
+might be a source of annoyance. I reserve myself for Minucius and
+Salvius and Labeo. Labeo will either be starting late or will stay here
+altogether. Hippodamus did not even ask me whether he could do anything
+for me. T. Penarius sends me a kind letter about you: says that he is
+exceedingly charmed with your literary pursuits, conversation, and above
+all by your dinners. He was always a favourite of mine, and I see a good
+deal of his brother. Wherefore continue, as you have begun, to admit the
+young man to your intimacy.
+
+From the fact of this letter having been in hand during many days, owing
+to the delay of the letter-carriers, I have jotted down in it many
+various things at odd times, as, for instance, the following. Titus
+Anicius has mentioned to me more than once that he would not hesitate to
+buy a suburban property for you, if he found one. In these remarks of
+his I find two things surprising: first, that when you write to him
+about buying a suburban property, you not only don't write to me to that
+effect, but write even in a contrary sense; and, secondly, that in
+writing to him you totally forget his letters which you shewed me at
+Tusculum, and as totally the rule of Epicharmus, "Notice how he has
+treated another":[631] in fact, that you have quite forgotten, as I
+think, the lesson conveyed by the expression of his face, his
+conversation, and his spirit. But this is your concern. As to a suburban
+property, be sure to let me know your wishes, and at the same time take
+care that that fellow doesn't get you into trouble. What else have I to
+say? Anything? Yes, there is this: Gabinius entered the city by night on
+the 27th of September, and to-day, at two o'clock, when he ought to have
+appeared on his trial for _lese majeste_, in accordance with the edict
+of C. Alfius, he was all but crushed to the earth by a great and
+unanimous demonstration of the popular hatred. Nothing could exceed his
+humiliating position. However, Piso comes next to him. So I think of
+introducing a marvellous episode into my second book[632]--Apollo
+declaring in the council of the gods what sort of return that of the two
+commanders was to be, one of whom had lost, and the other sold his army.
+From Britain I have a letter of Caesar's dated the 1st of September,
+which reached me on the 27th, satisfactory enough as far as the British
+expedition is concerned, in which, to prevent my wondering at not
+getting one from you, he tells me that you were not with him when he
+reached the coast. To that letter I made no reply, not even a formal
+congratulation, on account of his mourning. Many, many wishes, dear
+brother, for your health.
+
+[Footnote 620: That is, to get them seats at the games. See Letter XXVI,
+p. 63.]
+
+[Footnote 621: The _porticus_ is a kind of cloister round the
+_peristylium_ or _atrium_.]
+
+[Footnote 622: Calventius is said to stand for L. Calpurnius Piso
+Caesoninus, the consul of B.C. 58, against whom Cicero's speech was
+spoken in B.C. 55 in the senate. He calls him Calventius from his
+maternal grandfather, and Marius because--as he had said, in the speech,
+Sec. 20--he had himself gone into exile rather than come to open fight with
+him; just as Q. Metellus had done in B.C. 100, when, declining to take
+the oath to the agrarian law of Saturninus, rather than fight Marius,
+who had taken the oath, he went into exile. This seems rather a
+roundabout explanation; but no better has been proposed, and, of course,
+Quintus, who had lately read the speech, would be able better to
+understand the allusion.]
+
+[Footnote 623: _I.e._, with money.]
+
+[Footnote 624: This tragedy of Quintus's never reached Cicero. It was
+lost in transit. Perhaps no great loss.]
+
+[Footnote 625: Milo was aedile and had just given some splendid games.]
+
+[Footnote 626: _Maiestas._ He would be liable to this charge, under a
+law of Sulla's, for having left his province to interfere in Egypt.]
+
+[Footnote 627: See p. 300.]
+
+[Footnote 628: Apparently referring to the death of his daughter Iulia.]
+
+[Footnote 629: [Greek: deuteras phrontidas] from Eurip. _Hipp._ 436,
+[Greek: hai deuterai pos phrontides sophoterai].]
+
+[Footnote 630: Or, "as kindly and critical at once as Aristophanes (of
+Byzantium)," as though Quintus had written a Caxtonian criticism of his
+son's style.]
+
+[Footnote 631: [Greek: gyothi pos allo kechretai].]
+
+[Footnote 632: Of his poem "On his own Times." Piso in Macedonia, where
+he had been unsuccessful with border tribes: Gabinius in going to Egypt
+to support Ptolemy. He left many of his soldiers there.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLVIII (A IV, 17 AND PARTS OF 16)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ABROAD)
+
+ROME, 1 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+You think I imagine that I write more rarely to you than I used to do
+from having forgotten my regular habit and purpose, but the fact is
+that, perceiving your locality and journeys to be equally uncertain, I
+have never intrusted a letter to anyone--either for Epirus, or Athens,
+or Asia, or anywhere else--unless he was going expressly to you. For my
+letters are not of the sort to make their non-delivery a matter of
+indifference; they contain so many confidential secrets that I do not as
+a rule trust them even to an amanuensis, for fear of some jest leaking
+out in some direction or another.
+
+The consuls are in a blaze of infamy because Gaius Memmius, one of the
+candidates, read out in the senate a compact which he and his fellow
+candidate, Domitius Calvinus, had made with the consuls--that both were
+to forfeit to the consuls 40 sestertia apiece (in case they were
+themselves elected consuls), if they did not produce three augurs to
+depose that they had been present at the passing of a _lex curiata_,
+which, in fact, had not been passed; and two consulars to depose to
+having helped to draft a decree for furnishing the consular provinces,
+though there had not even been a meeting of the senate at all.[633] As
+this compact was alleged not to have been a mere verbal one, but to
+have been drawn up with the sums to be paid duly entered, formal orders
+for payment, and written attestations of many persons, it was, on the
+suggestion of Pompey, produced by Memmius, but with the names
+obliterated. It has made no difference to Appius--he had no character to
+lose! To the other consul it was a real knock-down blow, and he is, I
+assure you, a ruined man. Memmius, however, having thus dissolved the
+coalition, has lost all chance of election, and is by this time in a
+worse position than ever, because we are now informed that his
+revelation is strongly disapproved of by Caesar. Our friend Messalla and
+his fellow candidate, Domitius Calvinus, have been very liberal to the
+people. Nothing can exceed their popularity. They are certain to be
+consuls. But the senate has passed a decree that a "trial with closed
+doors" should be held before the elections in respect to each of the
+candidates severally by the panels already allotted to them all. The
+candidates are in a great fright. But certain jurors--among them
+Opimius, Veiento, and Rantius--appealed to the tribunes to prevent their
+being called upon to act as jurors without an order of the people[634].
+The business goes on. The _comitia_ are postponed by a decree of the
+senate till such time as the law for the "trial with closed doors" is
+carried. The day for passing the law arrived. Terentius vetoed it. The
+consuls, having all along conducted this business in a half-hearted kind
+of way, referred the matter back to the senate. Hereupon--Bedlam! my
+voice being heard with the rest. "Aren't you wise enough to keep quiet,
+after all?" you will say. Forgive me: I can hardly restrain myself. But,
+nevertheless, was there ever such a farce? The senate had voted that the
+elections should not be held till the law was passed: that, in case of a
+tribunician veto, the whole question should be referred to them afresh.
+The law is introduced in a perfunctory manner: is vetoed, to the great
+relief of the proposers: the matter is referred to the senate. Upon that
+the senate voted that it was for the interest of the state that the
+elections should be held at the earliest possible time!
+
+Scaurus, who had been acquitted a few days before,[635] after a most
+elaborate speech from me on his behalf--when all the days up to the 29th
+of September (on which I write this) had one after the other been
+rendered impossible for the _comitia_ by notices of ill omens put in by
+Scaevola--paid the people what they expected at his own house, tribe by
+tribe. But all the same, though his liberality was more generous, it was
+not so acceptable as that of the two mentioned above, who had got the
+start of him. I could have wished to see your face when you read
+this;[636] for I am certain you entertain some hope that these
+transactions will occupy a great many weeks! But there is to be a
+meeting of the senate to-day, that is, the 1st of October--for day is
+already breaking. There no one will speak his mind except Antius and
+Favonius,[637] for Cato is ill. Don't be afraid about me: nevertheless,
+I make no promises. Is there anything else you want to know? Anything?
+Yes, the trials, I think. Drusus and Scaurus[638] are believed not to
+have been guilty. Three candidates are thought likely to be prosecuted:
+Domitius Calvinus by Memmius, Messalla by Q. Pompeius Rufus,
+Scaurus[639] by Triarius or by L. Caesar. "What will you be able to say
+for them?" quoth you. May I die if I know! In those books[640]
+certainly, of which you speak so highly, I find no suggestion.
+
+[Footnote 633: The object of the existing consuls in making such a
+bargain was to get to their provinces without difficulty, with
+_imperium_, which had to be bestowed by a formal meeting of the old
+_comitia curiata_. But that formality could be stopped by tribunes or
+other magistrates "watching the sky," or declaring evil omens: and just
+as these means were being resorted to to put off the elections, so they
+were also likely to be used in this matter. If it was thus put off into
+the next year, Domitius and Appius, not being any longer consuls, would
+have still greater difficulty. Corrupt as the arrangement was, it seems
+not to have come under any existing law, and both escaped punishment.
+Appius went as proconsul to Cilicia, in spite of the _lex curiata_ not
+being passed, but Domitius Ahenobarbus seems not to have had a province.
+The object of Domitius Calvinus and Memmius in making the compact was to
+secure their own election, which the existing consuls had many means of
+assisting, but it is not clear what Memmius's object in disclosing it
+was. Perhaps anger on finding his hopes gone, and an idea that anything
+that humiliated Ahenobarbus would be pleasing to Caesar. He also seems to
+have quarrelled with Calvinus. Gaius Memmius Gemellus is not to be
+confounded with Gaius Memmius the tribune mentioned in the next letter.]
+
+[Footnote 634: There is considerable uncertainty as to the exact nature
+of _iudicium tacitum_, here rendered "a trial with closed doors," on the
+analogy of the _senatus consultum tacitum_ described by Capitolinus, _in
+Gordian_. ch. xii. It is not, I think, mentioned elsewhere (_iudiciis
+tacitis_ of 2 _Off._ Sec. 24, is a general expression for "anonymous
+expressions of opinion"), and the passage in Plutarch (_Cato min._ 44)
+introduces a new difficulty, for it indicates a court in which
+candidates _after_ election are to purge themselves. Again, _quae erant
+omnibus sortita_ is very difficult. Cicero nowhere else, I believe, uses
+the passive _sortitus_. But, passing that, what are the _consilia_
+meant? The tense and mood shew, I think, that the words are explanatory
+by the writer, not part of the decree. I venture, contrary to all
+editors, to take _omnibus_ as dative, and to suppose that the _consilia_
+meant are those of the _album iudicum_ who had been selected to try
+cases of _ambitus_, of which many were expected. There is no proof that
+the _iudices_ in a _iudicium tacitum_ had to be senators, and the names
+in the next sentence point the other way. The senate proposed that the
+law should allow this selection from the _album_ to form the _iudicium
+tacitum_, which would give no public verdict, but on whose report they
+could afterwards act.]
+
+[Footnote 635: M. AEmilius Scaurus was acquitted on the 2nd of September
+on a charge of extortion in Sardinia. The trial had been hurried on lest
+he should use the Sardinian money in bribing for the consulship. Hence
+he could not begin distributing his gifts to the electors till after
+September 2nd, and his rivals Domitius and Messalla got the start of
+him. See Asconius, 131 _seq._]
+
+[Footnote 636: He means that Atticus--as a lender of money--would be
+glad of anything that kept the rate of interest up (see p. 286). He is,
+of course, joking.]
+
+[Footnote 637: Antius is not known. Favonius was a close imitator of
+Cato's Stoicism. He was now opposing both Pompey and Caesar strenuously,
+but on the Civil War breaking out, attached himself strongly to Pompey.
+He was put to death by Augustus after the battle of Philippi (Suet.
+_Aug._ 13). He had a very biting tongue. See Plut. _Pomp._ 60.]
+
+[Footnote 638: Drusus was probably Livius Drusus, the father of Livia,
+wife of Augustus; he was accused by Lucretius of _praevaricatio_,
+"collusion."]
+
+[Footnote 639: This time for _ambitus_.]
+
+[Footnote 640: The _de Oratore_.]
+
+
+
+
+CXLIX (Q FR III, 2)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+In the evening of the 10th of October Salvius started on board ship for
+Ostia with the things you wished sent to you from home. On that same day
+Memmius[641] gave Gabinius such a splendid warning in public meeting
+that Calidius couldn't say a word for him. To-morrow (which is strictly
+the day after to-morrow, for I am writing before daybreak) there is a
+trial before Cato for the selection of his prosecutor between Memmius,
+Tiberius Nero, and Gaius and Lucius, sons of M. Antonius. I think the
+result will be in favour of Memmius, though a strong case is being made
+out for Nero. In short, he is in a fairly tight fix, unless our friend
+Pompey, to the disgust of gods and men, upsets the whole concern. Let me
+give you a specimen of the fellow's impudence, and extract _something_
+amusing from the public disasters. Gabinius having given out wherever he
+came that he was demanding a triumph, and having suddenly, the
+excellent general! invaded the city of his enemies by night,[642] did
+not venture to enter the senate. Meanwhile, exactly on the tenth day, on
+which he was bound to report the number of the enemy and of his own
+soldiers who had been killed, he slunk into the house, which was very
+thinly attended. When he made as if to go out, he was stopped by the
+consuls. The _publicani_ were introduced. The fellow was assailed on
+every side, and my words stinging him more than all, he lost patience,
+and in a voice quivering with anger called me "Exile."
+Thereupon--Heavens! I never had such a compliment paid me in all my
+life!--the senate rose up to a man with a loud shout and made a menacing
+movement in his direction: the _publicani_ made an equal noise and a
+similar movement. In fine, they all behaved exactly as you would have
+done. It is the leading topic of conversation out of the house. However,
+I refrain from prosecuting, with difficulty, by Hercules! yet refrain I
+do: either because I don't want to quarrel with Pompey--the impending
+question of Milo is enough in that direction--or because we have no
+jurors worthy of the name. I fear a fiasco: besides, there is the
+ill-will of certain persons to me, and I am afraid my conducting the
+prosecution might give him some advantage: besides, I do not despair of
+the thing being done both without me and yet partly through my
+assistance. All the candidates for the consulships have had prosecutions
+for bribery lodged against them: Domitius Calvinus by Memmius (the
+tribune), Memmius (the candidate) by Q. Acutius, an excellent young man
+and a good lawyer, Messalla by Q. Pompeius, Scaurus by Triarius. The
+affair causes great commotion, because it is a plain alternative between
+shipwreck for the men concerned or for the laws. Pressure is being
+applied to prevent the trials taking place. It looks like an
+_interregnum_ again. The consuls desire to hold the _comitia_: the
+accused don't wish it, and especially Memmius, because he hopes that
+Caesar's approach[643] may secure him the consulship. But he is at a
+very low ebb. Domitius, with Messalla as his colleague, I think is a
+certainty. Scaurus has lost his chance. Appius declares that he will
+relieve Lentulus even without a curiate law,[644] and, indeed, he
+distinguished himself amazingly that day (I almost forgot to mention it)
+in an attack upon Gabinius. He accused him of _lese majeste_, and gave
+the names of his witnesses without Gabinius answering a word. That is
+all the public news. At home all is well: your house itself is being
+proceeded with by the contractors with fair expedition.
+
+[Footnote 641: C. Memmius, a tribune of this year, not the same as the
+C. Memmius Gemellus of the last letter.]
+
+[Footnote 642: Referring to the fact that Gabinius, on his arrival
+outside Rome, without the usual procession of friends which met a
+returning proconsul, skulked about till nightfall, not venturing to
+enter Rome (the city of his enemies!) in daylight. By entering Rome he
+gave up his _imperium_ and could no longer ask a triumph.]
+
+[Footnote 643: Caesar was accustomed to come to North Italy (Gallia
+Cisalpina) for the winter to Ravenna or Luca, and there he could be
+communicated with and exercise great influence.]
+
+[Footnote 644: That is, he would go to his province of Cilicia on the
+strength of his nomination or allotment by the senate. There was some
+doubt as to the question whether such allotment did not give _imperium_
+even without a _lex curiata_. Besides, the consul had already
+_imperium_, and he might consider it to be uninterrupted if he left Rome
+immediately. However, as there was always an interval between the end of
+the consulship and the quitting Rome _paludatus_, the _lex curiata_ had
+generally been considered necessary (Caes. _B. C._ i. 6). After B.C. 52
+the _lex Pompeia_ enacted a five years' interval, when, of course, a law
+would be necessary.]
+
+
+
+
+CL (Q FR III, 3)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+The writing of an amanuensis must shew you the amount of my engagements.
+I assure you that no day passes without my appearing for the defence of
+some one. Accordingly, all composition or reflexion I reserve for the
+hour of my walk. So stands my business: matters at home, however, are
+everything I could wish. Our boys are well, diligent in their studies,
+and affectionate to me and each other. The decoration of both of our
+houses is still in hand: but your rural works at Arcanum and Laterium
+are now completed. For the rest, as to the water and the road, I went
+into the case thoroughly, in a certain letter of mine, without omitting
+anything. But, in truth, the anxiety which is now giving me great
+uneasiness and pain is that for a period of fifty days I have heard
+nothing from you or from Caesar--nothing has found its way from those
+parts, either in the shape of a letter, or even of a rumour. Moreover,
+both the sea and land out there make me uneasy, and I never cease
+imagining, as one does when one's affections are deeply involved, all
+that I least desire. Wherefore I do not, indeed, for the present ask you
+to write me an account of yourself and your doings, for that you never
+omit doing when possible, but I wish you to know this--that I have
+scarcely ever been so anxious for anything as at the moment of writing I
+am for a letter from you. Now for what is going on in politics. One day
+after another for the _comitia_ is struck out by notices of bad omens,
+to the great satisfaction of all the loyalists: so great is the scandal
+in which the consuls are involved, owing to the suspicion of their
+having bargained for a bribe from the candidates. The four candidates
+for the consulship are all arraigned: their cases are difficult of
+defence, but I shall do my best to secure the safety of our friend
+Messalla--and that is inseparable from the acquittal of the others.
+Publius Sulla has accused Gabinius of bribery--his stepson Memmius, his
+cousin Caecilius, and his son Sulla backing the indictment. L. Torquatus
+put in his claim to the conduct of the prosecution, and, to everybody's
+satisfaction, failed to establish it. You ask, "What will become of
+Gabinius?" We shall know in three days' time about the charge of _lese
+majeste_. In that case he is at a disadvantage from the hatred
+entertained by all classes for him; witnesses against him as damaging as
+can be: accusers in the highest degree inefficient: the panel of jurors
+of varied character: the president a man of weight and decision--Alfius:
+Pompey active in soliciting the jurors on his behalf. What the result
+will be I don't know; I don't see, however, how he can maintain a
+position in the state. I shew no rancour in promoting his destruction,
+and await the result with the utmost good temper. That is nearly all the
+news. I will add this one item: your boy (who is mine also) is
+exceedingly devoted to his rhetoric master Paeonius, a man, I think, of
+great experience in his profession, and of very good character. But you
+are aware that my method of instruction aims at a somewhat more
+scholarly and philosophical style.[645] Accordingly I, for my part, am
+unwilling that his course of training should be interrupted, and the boy
+himself seems to be more drawn to that declamatory style, and to like it
+better; and as that was the style in which I was myself initiated, let
+us allow him to follow in my path, for I feel sure it will eventually
+bring him to the same point; nevertheless, if I take him with me
+somewhere in the country, I shall guide him to the adoption of my system
+and practice. For you have held out before me a great reward, which it
+certainly shall not be my fault if I fail to fully obtain. I hope you
+will write and tell me most carefully in what district you are going to
+pass the winter, and what your prospects are.
+
+[Footnote 645: [Greek: thetikoteron]. From [Greek: thesis], a
+philosophical proposition or thesis. In _Paradox. praef._ he uses [Greek:
+thetika] of subjects suited to such theses.]
+
+
+
+
+CLI (Q FR III, 4)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, 24 OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Gabinius has been acquitted. Nothing could be more absolutely futile
+than his accuser, Lentulus, and the backers of the indictment, or more
+corrupt than the jury. Yet, after all, had it not been for incredible
+exertions and entreaties on Pompey's part, and even an alarming rumour
+of a dictatorship, he would not have been able to answer even Lentulus;
+for even as it was, with such an accuser and such a jury, he had
+thirty-two votes out of seventy recorded against him. This trial is
+altogether so scandalous, that he seems certain to be convicted in the
+other suits, especially in that for extortion. But you must see that the
+Republic, the senate, the law courts are mere cyphers, and that not one
+of us has any constitutional position at all. What else should I tell
+you about the jurors? Two men of praetorian rank were on the
+panel--Domitius Calvinus, who voted for acquittal so openly that
+everybody could see; and Cato, who, as soon as the voting tablets had
+been counted, withdrew from the ring of people, and was the first to
+tell Pompey the news. Some people--for instance, Sallust--say that I
+ought to have been the prosecuting counsel. Was I to have exposed myself
+to such a jury as this? What would have been my position, if he had
+escaped when I conducted the case? But there were other considerations
+which influenced me. Pompey would have looked upon it as a contest with
+me, not for that man's safety, but for his own position: he would have
+entered the city;[646] it would have become a downright quarrel; I
+should have seemed like a Pacideianus matched with the Samnite
+AEserninus[647]--he would, perhaps, have bitten off my ear,[648] and at
+least he would have become reconciled to Clodius. For my part,
+especially if you do not disapprove of it, I strongly approve my own
+policy. That great man, though his advancement had been promoted by
+unparalleled exertions on my part, and though I owed him nothing, while
+he owed me all, yet could not endure that I should differ from him in
+politics--to put it mildly--and, when in a less powerful position,
+shewed me what he could do against me when in my zenith. At this time of
+day, when I don't even care to be influential, and the Republic
+certainly has no power to do anything, while he is supreme in
+everything, was I to enter upon a contest with him? For that is what I
+should have had to have done. I do not think that you hold me bound to
+have undertaken it. "Then, as an alternative," says the grave Sallust,
+"you should have defended him, and have made that concession to Pompey's
+earnest wish, for he begged you very hard to do so." An ingenious friend
+is Sallust, to give me the alternative of a dangerous quarrel or undying
+infamy! I, however, am quite pleased with the middle course which I have
+steered; and another gratifying circumstance is that, when I had given
+my evidence with the utmost solemnity, in accordance with my honour and
+oath, the defendant said that, if he retained his right to remain in the
+city, he would repay me, and did not attempt to cross-question me.
+
+As to the verses which you wish me to compose, it is true that I am
+deficient in industry in regard to them, which requires not only time,
+but also a mind free from all anxiety, but I am also wanting in
+inspiration. For I am not altogether without anxiety as to the coming
+year, though without fear. At the same time, and, upon my word, I speak
+without irony, I consider you a greater master of that style of writing
+than myself. As to filling up your Greek library, effecting interchanges
+of books, and purchasing Latin books, I should be very glad that your
+wishes should be carried out, especially as they would be very useful to
+me. But I have no one to employ for myself in such a business: for such
+books as are really worth getting are not for sale, and purchases cannot
+be effected except by an agent who is both well-informed and active.
+However, I will give orders to Chrysippus and speak to Tyrannio. I will
+inquire what Scipio has done about the treasury. I will see that what
+seems to be the right thing is done. As to Ascanio, do what you like: I
+shall not interfere. As to a suburban property, I commend your not being
+in a hurry, but I advise your having one. I write this on the 24th of
+October, the day of the opening of the games, on the point of starting
+for my Tusculan villa, and taking my dear young Cicero with me as though
+to school (a school not for sport, but for learning), since I did not
+wish to be at any greater distance from town, because I purposed
+supporting Pomptinus's[649] claim of a triumph on the 3rd of November.
+For there will be, in fact, some little difficulty; as the praetors, Cato
+and Servilius,[650] threaten to forbid it, though I don't know what they
+can do. For he will have on his side Appius the consul, some praetors and
+tribunes. Still, they do threaten--and among the foremost Q. Scaevola,
+"breathing war."[651] Most delightful and dearest of brothers, take good
+care of your health.
+
+[Footnote 646: Pompey was outside the _pomoerium_ (_ad Romam_) as
+having _imperium_.]
+
+[Footnote 647: Two gladiators, one incomparably superior to the other.]
+
+[Footnote 648: A proverbial expression, cp. "snapped my nose off."]
+
+[Footnote 649: C. Pomptinus, praetor in B.C. 63 (when he had supported
+Cicero), was afterwards employed against the Allobroges as propraetor of
+Narbonensis (B.C. 61). He had been, ever since leaving his province (?
+B.C. 58), urging his claim to a triumph. He obtained it now by the
+contrivance of the praetor Serv. Sulpicius Galba, who got a vote passed
+by the _comitia_ before daybreak, which was unconstitutional (Dio, 39,
+65).]
+
+[Footnote 650: P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul B.C. 48) was an
+admirer of Cato. See p. 112.]
+
+[Footnote 651: [Greek: Are pneon].]
+
+
+
+
+CLII (F I, 9)
+
+TO P. LENTULUS SPINTHER (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+M. Cicero desires his warmest regards to P. Lentulus, _imperator_.[652]
+Your letter was very gratifying to me, from which I gathered that you
+fully appreciated my devotion to you: for why use the word kindness,
+when even the word "devotion" itself, with all its solemn and holy
+associations, seems too weak to express my obligations to you? As for
+your saying that my services to you are gratefully accepted, it is you
+who in your overflowing affection make things, which cannot be omitted
+without criminal negligence, appear deserving of even gratitude.
+However, my feelings towards you would have been much more fully known
+and conspicuous, if, during all this time that we have been separated,
+we had been together, and together at Rome. For precisely in what you
+declare your intention of doing--what no one is more capable of doing,
+and what I confidently look forward to from you--that is to say, in
+speaking in the senate, and in every department of public life and
+political activity, we should together have been in a very strong
+position (what my feelings and position are in regard to politics I will
+explain shortly, and will answer the questions you ask), and at any rate
+I should have found in you a supporter, at once most warmly attached and
+endowed with supreme wisdom, while in me you would have found an
+adviser, perhaps not the most unskilful in the world, and at least both
+faithful and devoted to your interests. However, for your own sake, of
+course, I rejoice, as I am bound to do, that you have been greeted with
+the title of _imperator_, and are holding your province and victorious
+army after a successful campaign. But certainly, if you had been here,
+you would have enjoyed to a fuller extent and more directly the benefit
+of the services which I am bound to render you. Moreover, in taking
+vengeance on those whom you know in some cases to be your enemies,
+because you championed the cause of my recall, in others to be jealous
+of the splendid position and renown which that measure brought you, I
+should have done you yeoman's service as your associate. However, that
+perpetual enemy of his own friends, who, in spite of having been
+honoured with the highest compliments on your part, has selected you of
+all people for the object of his impotent and enfeebled violence, has
+saved me the trouble by punishing himself. For he has made attempts, the
+disclosure of which has left him without a shred, not only of political
+position, but even of freedom of action.[653] And though I should have
+preferred that you should have gained your experience in my case alone,
+rather than in your own also, yet in the midst of my regret I am glad
+that you have learnt what the fidelity of mankind is worth, at no great
+cost to yourself, which I learnt at the price of excessive pain. And I
+think that I have now an opportunity presented me, while answering the
+questions you have addressed to me, of also explaining my entire
+position and view. You say in your letter that you have been informed
+that I have become reconciled to Caesar and Appius, and you add that you
+have no fault to find with that. But you express a wish to know what
+induced me to defend and compliment Vatinius. In order to make my
+explanation plainer I must go a little farther back in the statement of
+my policy and its grounds.
+
+Well, Lentulus! At first--after the success of your efforts for my
+recall--I looked upon myself as having been restored not alone to my
+friends, but to the Republic also; and seeing that I owed you an
+affection almost surpassing belief, and every kind of service, however
+great and rare, that could be bestowed on your person, I thought that to
+the Republic, which had much assisted you in restoring me, I at least
+was bound to entertain the feeling which I had in old times shewed
+merely from the duty incumbent on all citizens alike, and not as an
+obligation incurred by some special kindness to myself. That these were
+my sentiments I declared to the senate when you were consul, and you had
+yourself a full view of them in our conversations and discussions. Yet
+from the very first my feelings were hurt by many circumstances, when,
+on your mooting the question of the full restoration of my position, I
+detected the covert hatred of some and the equivocal attachment of
+others. For you received no support from them either in regard to my
+monuments, or the illegal violence by which, in common with my brother,
+I had been driven from my house; nor, by heaven, did they shew the
+goodwill which I had expected in regard to those matters which, though
+necessary to me owing to the shipwreck of my fortune, were yet regarded
+by me as least valuable--I mean as to indemnifying me for my losses by
+decree of the senate. And though I saw all this--for it was not
+difficult to see--yet their present conduct did not affect me with so
+much bitterness as what they had done for me did with gratitude. And
+therefore, though according to your own assertion and testimony I was
+under very great obligation to Pompey, and though I loved him not only
+for his kindness, but also from my own feelings, and, so to speak, from
+my unbroken admiration of him, nevertheless, without taking any account
+of his wishes, I abode by all my old opinions in politics.[654] With
+Pompey sitting in court,[655] upon his having entered the city to give
+evidence in favour of Sestius, and when the witness Vatinius had
+asserted that, moved by the good fortune and success of Caesar, I had
+begun to be his friend, I said that I preferred the fortune of Bibulus,
+which he thought a humiliation, to the triumphs and victories of
+everybody else; and I said during the examination of the same witness,
+in another part of my speech, that the same men had prevented Bibulus
+from leaving his house as had forced me from mine: my whole
+cross-examination, indeed, was nothing but a denunciation of his
+tribuneship;[656] and in it I spoke throughout with the greatest
+freedom and spirit about violence, neglect of omens, grants of royal
+titles. Nor, indeed, in the support of this view is it only of late that
+I have spoken: I have done so consistently on several occasions in the
+senate. Nay, even in the consulship of Marcellinus and Philippus,[657]
+on the 5th of April the senate voted on my motion that the question of
+the Campanian land should be referred to a full meeting of the senate on
+the 15th of May. Could I more decidedly invade the stronghold of his
+policy, or shew more clearly that I forgot my own present interests, and
+remembered my former political career? On my delivery of this proposal a
+great impression was made on the minds not only of those who were bound
+to have been impressed, but also of those of whom I had never expected
+it. For, after this decree had passed in accordance with my motion,
+Pompey, without shewing the least sign of being offended with me,
+started for Sardinia and Africa, and in the course of that journey
+visited Caesar at Luca. There Caesar complained a great deal about my
+motion, for he had already seen Crassus at Ravenna also, and had been
+irritated by him against me. It was well known that Pompey was much
+vexed at this, as I was told by others, but learnt most definitely from
+my brother. For when Pompey met him in Sardinia, a few days after
+leaving Luca, he said: "You are the very man I want to see; nothing
+could have happened more conveniently. Unless you speak very strongly to
+your brother Marcus, you will have to pay up what you guaranteed on his
+behalf."[658] I need not go on. He grumbled a great deal: mentioned his
+own services to me: recalled what he had again and again said to my
+brother himself about the "acts" of Caesar, and what my brother had
+undertaken in regard to me; and called my brother himself to witness
+that what he had done in regard to my recall he had done with the
+consent of Caesar: and asked him to commend to me the latter's policy and
+claims, that I should not attack, even if I would not or could not
+support them. My brother having conveyed these remarks to me, and
+Pompey having, nevertheless, sent Vibullius to me with a message,
+begging me not to commit myself on the question of the Campanian land
+till his return, I reconsidered my position and begged the state itself,
+as it were, to allow me, who had suffered and done so much for it, to
+fulfil the duty which gratitude to my benefactors and the pledge which
+my brother had given demanded, and to suffer one whom it had ever
+regarded as an honest citizen to shew himself an honest man. Moreover,
+in regard to all those motions and speeches of mine which appeared to be
+giving offence to Pompey, the remarks of a particular set of men, whose
+names you must surely guess, kept on being reported to me; who, while in
+public affairs they were really in sympathy with my policy, and had
+always been so, yet said that they were glad that Pompey was
+dissatisfied with me, and that Caesar would be very greatly exasperated
+against me. This in itself was vexatious to me: but much more so was the
+fact that they used, before my very eyes, so to embrace, fondle, make
+much of, and kiss my enemy--mine do I say? rather the enemy of the laws,
+of the law courts, of peace, of his country, of all loyal men!--that
+they did not indeed rouse my bile, for I have utterly lost all that, but
+imagined they did. In these circumstances, having, as far as is possible
+for human prudence, thoroughly examined my whole position, and having
+balanced the items of the account, I arrived at a final result of all my
+reflexions, which, as well as I can, I will now briefly put before you.
+
+If I had seen the Republic in the hands of bad or profligate citizens,
+as we know happened during the supremacy of Cinna, and on some other
+occasions, I should not under the pressure, I don't say of rewards,
+which are the last things to influence me, but even of danger, by which,
+after all, the bravest men are moved, have attached myself to their
+party, not even if their services to me had been of the very highest
+kind. As it is, seeing that the leading statesman in the Republic was
+Pompey, a man who had gained this power and renown by the most eminent
+services to the state and the most glorious achievements, and one of
+whose position I had been a supporter from my youth up, and in my
+praetorship and consulship an active promoter also, and seeing that this
+same statesman had assisted me, in his own person by the weight of his
+influence and the expression of his opinion, and, in conjunction with
+you, by his counsels and zeal, and that he regarded my enemy as his own
+supreme enemy in the state--I did not think that I need fear the
+reproach of inconsistency, if in some of my senatorial votes I somewhat
+changed my standpoint, and contributed my zeal to the promotion of the
+dignity of a most distinguished man, and one to whom I am under the
+highest obligations. In this sentiment I had necessarily to include
+Caesar, as you see, for their policy and position were inseparably
+united. Here I was greatly influenced by two things--the old friendship
+which you know that I and my brother Quintus have had with Caesar, and
+his own kindness and liberality, of which we have recently had clear and
+unmistakable evidence both by his letters and his personal attentions. I
+was also strongly affected by the Republic itself, which appeared to me
+to demand, especially considering Caesar's brilliant successes, that
+there should be no quarrel maintained with these men, and indeed to
+forbid it in the strongest manner possible. Moreover, while entertaining
+these feelings, I was above all shaken by the pledge which Pompey had
+given for me to Caesar, and my brother to Pompey. Besides, I was forced
+to take into consideration the state maxim so divinely expressed by our
+master Plato--"Such as are the chief men in a republic, such are ever
+wont to be the other citizens." I called to mind that in my consulship,
+from the very 1st of January, such a foundation was laid of
+encouragement for the senate, that no one ought to have been surprised
+that on the 5th of December there was so much spirit and such commanding
+influence in that house. I also remember that when I became a private
+citizen up to the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus, when the opinions
+expressed by me had great weight in the senate, the feeling among all
+the loyalists was invariable. Afterwards, while you were holding the
+province of hither Spain with _imperium_ and the Republic had no genuine
+consuls, but mere hucksters of provinces, mere slaves and agents of
+sedition, an accident threw my head as an apple of discord into the
+midst of contending factions and civil broils. And in that hour of
+danger, though a unanimity was displayed on the part of the senate that
+was surprising, on the part of all Italy surpassing belief, and of all
+the loyalists unparalleled, in standing forth in my defence, I will not
+say what happened--for the blame attaches to many, and is of various
+shades of turpitude--I will only say briefly that it was not the rank
+and file, but the leaders, that played me false. And in this matter,
+though some blame does attach to those who failed to defend me, no less
+attaches to those who abandoned me: and if those who were frightened
+deserve reproach, if there are such, still more are those to be blamed
+who pretended to be frightened. At any rate, my policy is justly to be
+praised for refusing to allow my fellow citizens (preserved by me and
+ardently desiring to preserve me) to be exposed while bereft of leaders
+to armed slaves, and for preferring that it should be made manifest how
+much force there might be in the unanimity of the loyalists, if they had
+been permitted to champion my cause before I had fallen, when after that
+fall they had proved strong enough to raise me up again. And the real
+feelings of these men you not only had the penetration to see, when
+bringing forward my case, but the power to encourage and keep alive. In
+promoting which measure--I will not merely not deny, but shall always
+remember also and gladly proclaim it--you found certain men of the
+highest rank more courageous in securing my restoration than they had
+been in preserving me from my fall: and, if they had chosen to maintain
+that frame of mind, they would have recovered their own commanding
+position along with my salvation. For when the spirit of the loyalists
+had been renewed by your consulship, and they had been roused from their
+dismay by the extreme firmness and rectitude of your official conduct;
+when, above all, Pompey's support had been secured; and when Caesar, too,
+with all the prestige of his brilliant achievements, after being
+honoured with unique and unprecedented marks of distinction and
+compliments by the senate, was now supporting the dignity of the house,
+there could have been no opportunity for a disloyal citizen of outraging
+the Republic.
+
+But now notice, I beg, what actually ensued. First of all, that intruder
+upon the women's rites, who had shewn no more respect for the Bona Dea
+than for his three sisters, secured immunity by the votes of those men
+who, when a tribune wished by a legal action to exact penalties from a
+seditious citizen by the agency of the loyalists, deprived the Republic
+of what would have been hereafter a most splendid precedent for the
+punishment of sedition. And these same persons, in the case of the
+monument, which was not mine, indeed--for it was not erected from the
+proceeds of spoils won by me, and I had nothing to do with it beyond
+giving out the contract for its construction--well, they allowed this
+monument of the senate's to have branded upon it the name of a public
+enemy, and an inscription written in blood. That those men wished my
+safety rouses my liveliest gratitude, but I could have wished that they
+had not chosen to take my bare safety into consideration, like doctors,
+but, like trainers, my strength and complexion also! As it is, just as
+Apelles perfected the head and bust of his Venus with the most elaborate
+art, but left the rest of her body in the rough, so certain persons only
+took pains with my head, and left the rest of my body unfinished and
+unworked. Yet in this matter I have falsified the expectation, not only
+of the jealous, but also of the downright hostile, who formerly
+conceived a wrong opinion from the case of Quintus Metellus, son of
+Lucius--the most energetic and gallant man in the world, and in my
+opinion of surpassing courage and firmness--who, people say, was much
+cast down and dispirited after his return from exile.[659] Now, in the
+first place, we are asked to believe that a man who accepted exile with
+entire willingness and remarkable cheerfulness, and never took any pains
+at all to get recalled, was crushed in spirit about an affair in which
+he had shewn more firmness and constancy than anyone else, even than the
+pre-eminent M. Scaurus himself![660] But, again, the account they had
+received, or rather the conjectures they were indulging in about him,
+they now transferred to me, imagining that I should be more than usually
+broken in spirit: whereas, in fact, the Republic was inspiring me with
+even greater courage than I had ever had before, by making it plain
+that I was the one citizen it could not do without; and by the fact that
+while a bill proposed by only one tribune had recalled Metellus, the
+whole state had joined as one man in recalling me--the senate leading
+the way, the whole of Italy following after, eight of the tribunes
+publishing the bill, a consul putting the question at the centuriate
+assembly, all orders and individuals pressing it on, in fact, with all
+the forces at its command. Nor is it the case that I afterwards made any
+pretension, or am making any at this day, which can justly offend
+anyone, even the most malevolent: my only effort is that I may not fail
+either my friends or those more remotely connected with me in either
+active service, or counsel, or personal exertion. This course of life
+perhaps offends those who fix their eyes on the glitter and show of my
+professional position, but are unable to appreciate its anxieties and
+laboriousness.
+
+Again, they make no concealment of their dissatisfaction on the ground
+that in the speeches which I make in the senate in praise of Caesar I am
+departing from my old policy. But while giving explanations on the
+points which I put before you a short time ago, I will not keep till the
+last the following, which I have already touched upon. You will not
+find, my dear Lentulus, the sentiments of the loyalists the same as you
+left them--strengthened by my consulship, suffering relapse at intervals
+afterwards, crushed down before your consulship, revived by you: they
+have now been abandoned by those whose duty it was to have maintained
+them: and this fact they, who in the old state of things as it existed
+in our day used to be called _Optimates_, not only declare by look and
+expression of countenance, by which a false pretence is easiest
+supported, but have proved again and again by their actual sympathies
+and votes. Accordingly, the entire view and aim of wise citizens, such
+as I wish both to be and to be reckoned, must needs have undergone a
+change. For that is the maxim of that same great Plato, whom I
+emphatically regard as my master: "Maintain a political controversy only
+so far as you can convince your fellow citizens of its justice: never
+offer violence to parent or fatherland."[661] He, it is true, alleges
+this as his motive for having abstained from politics, because, having
+found the Athenian people all but in its dotage, and seeing that it
+could not be ruled by persuasion, or by anything short of compulsion,
+while he doubted the possibility of persuasion, he looked upon
+compulsion as criminal. My position was different in this: as the people
+was not in its dotage, nor the question of engaging in politics still an
+open one for me, I was bound hand and foot. Yet I rejoiced that I was
+permitted in one and the same cause to support a policy at once
+advantageous to myself and acceptable to every loyalist. An additional
+motive was Caesar's memorable and almost superhuman kindness to myself
+and my brother, who thus would have deserved my support whatever he
+undertook; while as it is, considering his great success and his
+brilliant victories, he would seem, even if he had not behaved to me as
+he has, to claim a panegyric from me. For I would have you believe that,
+putting you aside, who were the authors of my recall, there is no one by
+whose good offices I would not only confess, but would even rejoice, to
+have been so much bound.
+
+Having explained this matter to you, the questions you ask about
+Vatinius and Crassus are easy to answer. For, since you remark about
+Appius, as about Caesar, "that you have no fault to find," I can only say
+that I am glad you approve my policy. But as to Vatinius, in the first
+place there had been in the interval a reconciliation effected through
+Pompey, immediately after his election to the praetorship, though I had,
+it is true, impugned his canditature in some very strong speeches in the
+senate, and yet not so much for the sake of attacking him as of
+defending and complimenting Cato. Again, later on, there followed a very
+pressing request from Caesar that I should undertake his defence. But my
+reason for testifying to his character I beg you will not ask, either in
+the case of this defendant or of others, lest I retaliate by asking you
+the same question when you come home: though I can do so even before you
+return: for remember for whom you sent a certificate of character from
+the ends of the earth. However, don't be afraid, for those same persons
+are praised by myself, and will continue to be so. Yet, after all, there
+was also the motive spurring me on to undertake his defence, of which,
+during the trial, when I appeared for him, I remarked that I was doing
+just what the parasite in the _Eunuchus_ advised the captain to do:
+
+    "As oft as she names Phaedria, you retort
+    With Pamphila. If ever she suggest,
+    'Do let us have in Phaedria to our revel:'
+    Quoth you, 'And let us call on Pamphila
+    To sing a song.' If she shall praise _his_ looks,
+    Do you praise _hers_ to match them: and, in fine,
+    Give tit for tat, that you may sting her soul."
+
+So I asked the jurors, since certain men of high rank, who had also done
+me very great favours, were much enamoured of my enemy, and often under
+my very eyes in the senate now took him aside in grave consultation, now
+embraced him familiarly and cheerfully--since these men had their
+Publius, to grant me another Publius, in whose person I might repay a
+slight attack by a moderate retort.[662] And, indeed, I am often as good
+as my word, with the applause of gods and men. So much for Vatinius. Now
+about Crassus. I thought I had done much to secure his gratitude in
+having, for the sake of the general harmony, wiped out by a kind of
+voluntary act of oblivion all his very serious injuries, when he
+suddenly undertook the defence of Gabinius, whom only a few days before
+he had attacked with the greatest bitterness. Nevertheless, I should
+have borne that, if he had done so without casting any offensive
+reflexions on me. But on his attacking me, though I was only arguing and
+not inveighing against him, I fired up not only, I think, with the
+passion of the moment--for that perhaps would not have been so hot--but
+the smothered wrath at his many wrongs to me, of which I thought I had
+wholly got rid, having, unconsciously to myself, lingered in my soul, it
+suddenly shewed itself in full force. And it was at this precise time
+that certain persons (the same whom I frequently indicate by a sign or
+hint), while declaring that they had much enjoyed my outspoken style,
+and had never before fully realized that I was restored to the Republic
+in all my old character, and when my conduct of that controversy had
+gained me much credit outside the house also, began saying that they
+were glad both that he was now my enemy, and that those who were
+involved with him would never be my friends. So when their ill-natured
+remarks were reported to me by men of most respectable character, and
+when Pompey pressed me as he had never done before to be reconciled to
+Crassus, and Caesar wrote to say that he was exceedingly grieved at that
+quarrel, I took into consideration not only my circumstances, but my
+natural inclination: and Crassus, that our reconciliation might, as it
+were, be attested to the Roman people, started for his province, it
+might almost be said, from my hearth. For he himself named a day and
+dined with me in the suburban villa of my son-in-law Crassipes. On this
+account, as you say that you have been told, I supported his cause in
+the senate, which I had undertaken on Pompey's strong recommendation, as
+I was bound in honour to do.
+
+I have now told you with what motives I have supported each measure and
+cause, and what my position is in politics as far as I take any part in
+them: and I would wish you to make sure of this--that I should have
+entertained the same sentiments, if I had been still perfectly
+uncommitted and free to choose. For I should not have thought it right
+to fight against such overwhelming power, nor to destroy the supremacy
+of the most distinguished citizens, even if it had been possible; nor,
+again, should I have thought myself bound to abide by the same view,
+when circumstances were changed and the feelings of the loyalists
+altered, but rather to bow to circumstances. For the persistence in the
+same view has never been regarded as a merit in men eminent for their
+guidance of the helm of state; but as in steering a ship one secret of
+the art is to run before the storm, even if you cannot make the harbour;
+yet, when you can do so by tacking about, it is folly to keep to the
+course you have begun rather than by changing it to arrive all the same
+at the destination you desire: so while we all ought in the
+administration of the state to keep always in view the object I have
+very frequently mentioned, peace combined with dignity, we are not bound
+always to use the same language, but to fix our eyes on the same object.
+Wherefore, as I laid down a little while ago, if I had had as free a
+hand as possible in everything, I should yet have been no other than I
+now am in politics. When, moreover, I am at once induced to adopt these
+sentiments by the kindness of certain persons, and driven to do so by
+the injuries of others, I am quite content to think and speak about
+public affairs as I conceive best conduces to the interests both of
+myself and of the Republic. Moreover, I make this declaration the more
+openly and frequently, both because my brother Quintus is Caesar's
+legate, and because no word of mine, however trivial, to say nothing of
+any act, in support of Caesar has ever transpired, which he has not
+received with such marked gratitude, as to make me look upon myself as
+closely bound to him. Accordingly, I have the advantage of his
+popularity, which you know to be very great, and his material resources,
+which you know to be immense, as though they were my own. Nor do I think
+that I could in any other way have frustrated the plots of unprincipled
+persons against me, unless I had now combined with those protections,
+which I have always possessed, the goodwill also of the men in power. I
+should, to the best of my belief, have followed this same line of policy
+even if I had had you here. For I well know the reasonableness and
+soberness of your judgment: I know your mind, while warmly attached to
+me, to be without a tinge of malevolence to others, but on the contrary
+as open and candid as it is great and lofty. I have seen certain persons
+conduct themselves towards you as you might have seen the same persons
+conduct themselves towards me. The same things that have annoyed me
+would certainly have annoyed you. But whenever I shall have the
+enjoyment of your presence, you will be the wise critic of all my plans:
+you who took thought for my safety will also do so for my dignity. Me,
+indeed, you will have as the partner and associate in all your actions,
+sentiments, wishes--in fact, in everything; nor shall I ever in all my
+life have any purpose so steadfastly before me, as that you should
+rejoice more and more warmly every day that you did me such eminent
+service.
+
+As to your request that I would send you any books I have written since
+your departure, there are some speeches, which I will give Menocritus,
+not so very many, so don't be afraid! I have also written--for I am now
+rather withdrawing from oratory and returning to the gentler Muses,
+which now give me greater delight than any others, as they have done
+since my earliest youth--well, then, I have written in the Aristotelian
+style, at least that was my aim, three books in the form of a discussion
+in dialogue "On the Orator," which, I think, will be of some service to
+your Lentulus. For they differ a good deal from the current maxims, and
+embrace a discussion on the whole oratorical theory of the ancients,
+both that of Aristotle and Isocrates. I have also written in verse three
+books "On my own Times," which I should have sent you some time ago, if
+I had thought they ought to be published--for they are witnesses, and
+will be eternal witnesses, of your services to me and of my
+affection--but I refrained because I was afraid, not of those who might
+think themselves attacked, for I have been very sparing and gentle in
+that respect, but of my benefactors, of whom it were an endless task to
+mention the whole list. Nevertheless, the books, such as they are, if I
+find anyone to whom I can safely commit them, I will take care to have
+conveyed to you: and as far as that part of my life and conduct is
+concerned, I submit it entirely to your judgment. All that I shall
+succeed in accomplishing in literature or in learning--my old favourite
+relaxations--I shall with the utmost cheerfulness place before the bar
+of your criticism, for you have always had a fondness for such things.
+As to what you say in your letter about your domestic affairs, and all
+you charge me to do, I am so attentive to them that I don't like being
+reminded, can scarcely bear, indeed, to be asked without a very painful
+feeling. As to your saying, in regard to Quintus's business, that you
+could not do anything last summer, because you were prevented by illness
+from crossing to Cilicia, but that you will now do everything in your
+power to settle it, I may tell you that the fact of the matter is that,
+if he can annex this property, my brother thinks that he will owe to you
+the consolidation of this ancestral estate. I should like you to write
+about all your affairs, and about the studies and training of your son
+Lentulus (whom I regard as mine also) as confidentially and as
+frequently as possible, and to believe that there never has been anyone
+either dearer or more congenial to another than you are to me, and that
+I will not only make you feel that to be the case, but will make all the
+world and posterity itself to the latest generation aware of it.
+
+Appius used some time back to repeat in conversation, and afterwards
+said openly, even in the senate, that if he were allowed to carry a law
+in the _comitia curiata_, he would draw lots with his colleague for
+their provinces; but if no curiatian law were passed, he would make an
+arrangement with his colleague and succeed you: that a curiatian law was
+a proper thing for a consul, but was not a necessity: that since he was
+in possession of a province by a decree of the senate, he should have
+_imperium_ in virtue of the Cornelian law until such time as he entered
+the city. I don't know what your several connexions write to you on the
+subject: I understand that opinion varies. There are some who think that
+you can legally refuse to quit your province, because your successor is
+named without a curiatian law: some also hold that, even if you do quit
+it, you may leave some one behind you to conduct its government. For
+myself, I do not feel so certain about the point of law--although there
+is not much doubt even about that--as I do of this, that it is for your
+greatest honour, dignity, and independence, which I know you always
+value above everything, to hand over your province to a successor
+without any delay, especially as you cannot thwart his greediness
+without rousing suspicion of your own. I regard my duty as twofold--to
+let you know what I think, and to defend what you have done.
+
+P.S.--I had written the above when I received your letter about the
+_publicani_, to whom I could not but admire the justice of your conduct.
+I could have wished that you had been able by some lucky chance to avoid
+running counter to the interests and wishes of that order, whose honour
+you have always promoted. For my part, I shall not cease to defend your
+decrees: but you know the ways of that class of men; you are aware how
+bitterly hostile they were to the famous Q. Scaevola himself. However, I
+advise you to reconcile that order to yourself, or at least soften its
+feelings, if you can by any means do so. Though difficult, I think it
+is, nevertheless, not beyond the reach of your sagacity.
+
+[Footnote 652: Cicero gives him this title, by which he had been greeted
+by his soldiers after some victory over the predatory tribes in Cilicia.
+This letter is Cicero's most elaborate apology for his change of policy
+in favour of the triumvirs.]
+
+[Footnote 653: Cicero has been variously supposed to refer to C. Cato
+(who proposed the recall of Lentulus), to Appius the consul, and finally
+to Pompey. The last seems on the whole most likely, though the
+explanation is not without difficulties. In that case the "disclosure"
+will refer to Pompey's intrigues as to the restoration of Ptolemy
+Auletes, of which he wished to have the management.]
+
+[Footnote 654: _I.e._, to keep in with the Optimates, who were at this
+time suspicious of, and hostile to Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 655: At the trial of Sestius.]
+
+[Footnote 656: B.C. 59, when Vatinius proposed the law for Caesar's five
+years' rule in Gaul.]
+
+[Footnote 657: B.C. 56.]
+
+[Footnote 658: Pompey is only speaking metaphorically. Quintus had
+guaranteed Cicero's support. Pompey half-jestingly speaks as though he
+had gone bail for him for a sum of money.]
+
+[Footnote 659: Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidius, expelled from the senate
+and banished B.C. 100 for refusing the oath to the agrarian law of
+Saturninus, but recalled in the following year. Cicero is fond of
+comparing himself with him. See Letter CXLVII.]
+
+[Footnote 660: M. AEmilius Scaurus, consul B.C. 115 and 108, censor 109,
+and long _princeps senatus_. Cicero comments elsewhere on his
+_severitas_ (_de Off._ Sec. 108).]
+
+[Footnote 661: Plato, _Crit._ xii.]
+
+[Footnote 662: Like the character in the play (Terence, _Eun._ 440), if
+the nobles annoyed Cicero by their attentions to P. Clodius, he would
+annoy them by his compliments to Publius Vatinius.]
+
+
+
+
+CLIII (A IV, 18)
+
+TO ATTICUS (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME, OCTOBER
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+... As it is,[663] to tell you my opinion of affairs, we must put up
+with it. You ask me how I have behaved. With firmness and dignity. "What
+about Pompey," you will say, "how did he take it?" With great
+consideration, and with the conviction that he must have some regard for
+my position, until a satisfactory atonement had been made to me. "How,
+then," you will say, "was the acquittal secured?" It was a case of mere
+dummies,[664] and incredible incompetence on the part of the
+accusers--that is to say, of L. Lentulus, son of Lucius, who, according
+to the universal murmur, acted collusively. In the next place, Pompey
+was extraordinarily urgent; and the jurors were a mean set of fellows.
+Yet, in spite of everything, there were thirty-two votes for conviction,
+thirty-eight for acquittal. There are the other prosecutions hanging
+over his head: he is by no means entirely free yet. You will say, "Well,
+then, how do _you_ bear it?" With the best air possible, by heaven! and
+I really do plume myself on my behaviour. We have lost, my dear
+Pomponius, not only all the healthy sap and blood of our old
+constitution, but even its colour and outward show. There is no Republic
+to give a moment's pleasure or a feeling of security. "And is that,
+then," you will say, "a satisfaction to you?" Precisely that. For I
+recall what a fair course the state had for a short time, while I was at
+the helm, and what a return has been made me! It does not give me a pang
+that one man absorbs all power. The men to burst with envy are those who
+were indignant at my having had some power. There are many things which
+console me, without my departing an inch from my regular position; and I
+am returning to the life best suited to my natural disposition--to
+letters and the studies that I love. My labour in pleading I console by
+my delight in oratory. I find delight in my town house and my country
+residences. I do not recall the height from which I have fallen, but the
+humble position from which I have risen. As long as I have my brother
+and you with me, let those fellows be hanged, drawn, and quartered for
+all I care: I can play the philosopher with you. That part of my soul,
+in which in old times irritability had its home, has grown completely
+callous. I find no pleasure in anything that is not private and
+domestic. You will find me in a state of magnificent repose, to which
+nothing contributes more than the prospect of your return. For there is
+no one in the wide world whose feelings are so much in sympathy with my
+own. But now let me tell you the rest. Matters are drifting on to an
+_interregnum_; and there is a dictatorship in the air, in fact a good
+deal of talk about it, which did Gabinius also some service with timid
+jurors. All the candidates for the consulship are charged with bribery.
+You may add to them Gabinius, on whom L. Sulla had served notice,
+feeling certain that he was in a hopeless position--Torquatus having,
+without success, demanded to have the prosecution. But they will all be
+acquitted, and henceforth no one will be condemned for anything except
+homicide. This last charge is warmly pressed, and accordingly informers
+are busy. M. Fulvius Nobilior has been convicted. Many others have had
+the wit to abstain from even putting in an appearance. Is there any more
+news? Yes! After Gabinius's acquittal another panel of jurors, in a fit
+of irritation, an hour later condemned Antiochus Gabinius, some fellow
+from the studio of Sopolis, a freedman and orderly officer of Gabinius,
+under the _lex Papia_. Consequently he at once remarked, "So the
+Republic will not acquit me under the law of treason as it did
+you!"[665]
+
+Pomptinus wants to celebrate a triumph on the 2nd of November. He is
+openly opposed by the praetors Cato and Servilius and the tribune Q.
+Mucius. For they say that no law for his _imperium_ was ever
+carried:[666] and this one too was carried, by heaven, in a stupid way.
+But Pomptinus will have the consul Appius on his side.[667] Cato,
+however, declares that he shall never triumph so long as he is alive. I
+think this affair, like many of the same sort, will come to nothing.
+Appius thinks of going to Cilicia without a law, and at his own
+expense.[668] I received a letter on the 24th of October from my brother
+and from Caesar, dated from the nearest coasts of Britain on the 26th of
+September. Britain done with ... hostages taken ... no booty ... a
+tribute, however, imposed; they were on the point of bringing back the
+army. Q. Pilius has just set out to join Caesar. If you have any love for
+me or your family, or any truth in you, or even if you have any taste
+left, and any idea of enjoying all your blessings, it is really time for
+you to be on your way home, and, in fact, almost here. I vow I cannot
+get on without you. And what wonder that I can't get on without _you_,
+when I miss Dionysius so much? The latter, in fact, as soon as the day
+comes, both I and my young Cicero will demand of you. The last letter I
+had from you was dated Ephesus, 9th of August.
+
+[Footnote 663: The beginning of the letter is lost, referring to the
+acquittal of Gabinius on a charge of _maiestas_.]
+
+[Footnote 664: [Greek: gorgeia gymna], "mere bugbears."]
+
+[Footnote 665: Antiochus Gabinius was tried, not for treason
+(_maiestas_), but under the _lex Papia_, for having, though a
+_peregrinus_, acted as a citizen; but he says "will not acquit me of
+_treason_," because he means to infer that his condemnation was really
+in place of Gabinius, whose acquittal had irritated his jury; therefore
+he was practically convicted of _maiestas_ instead of his patron
+Gabinius. I have, accordingly, ventured to elicit the end of a hexameter
+from the Greek letters of the MS., of which no satisfactory account has
+been given, and to read _Itaque dixit statim "respublica lege
+maiestatis_ [Greek: ou soi ken ar' isa m' apheie] (or [Greek: aphie])."
+The quotation is not known. Antiochus Gabinius was doubtless of Greek
+origin and naturally quoted Greek poetry. Sopolis was a Greek painter
+living at Rome (Pliny, _N. H._ xxxv. Sec.Sec. 40, 43).]
+
+[Footnote 666: Pomptinus had been waiting outside Rome for some years to
+get his triumph (see p. 309). The _negant latum de imperio_ must refer
+to a _lex curiata_ originally conferring his _imperium_, which his
+opponents alleged had not been passed. The _insulse latum_ refers to the
+law now passed granting him the triumph in spite of this. This latter
+was passed by the old trick of the praetor appearing in the _campus_
+before daybreak to prevent _obnuntiatio_. The result was that the
+tribunes interrupted the procession, which led to fighting and bloodshed
+(Dio, 39, 65).]
+
+[Footnote 667: Because he wanted to go to his province himself in spite
+of having failed to get a _lex curiata_ (p. 324).]
+
+[Footnote 668: _I.e._, without waiting for the senate to vote the usual
+outfit (_ornare provinciam_).]
+
+
+
+
+CLIV (Q FR III, 5-6)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+TUSCULUM (OCTOBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+You ask me what I have done about the books which I begun to write when
+in my Cuman villa: I have not been idle and am not being idle now; but I
+have frequently changed the whole plan and arrangement of the work. I
+had already completed two books, in which I represented a conversation
+taking place on the Novendialia held in the consulship of Tuditanus and
+Aquilius,[669] between Africanus, shortly before his death, and Laelius,
+Philus, Manilius, P. Rutilius, Q. Tubero, and Laelius's sons-in-law,
+Fannius and Scaevola; a conversation which was extended to nine days and
+the same number of books "On the best Constitution of the State" and "On
+the best Citizen." The work was excellently composed, and the rank of
+the speakers added considerable weight to the style. But when these
+books were read to me in the presence of Sallustius at Tusculum, it was
+suggested to me by him that a discourse on such subjects would come with
+much greater force if I were myself the speaker on the Republic,
+especially as I was a no mere Heraclides Ponticus,[670] but an
+ex-consul, and one who had been engaged in the most important affairs in
+the state: that when I put them in the mouth of men of such ancient date
+they would have an air of unreality: that I had shewn good taste in my
+books about the science of rhetoric in keeping the dialogue of the
+orators apart from myself, and yet had attributed it to men whom I had
+personally seen: and, finally, that Aristotle delivers in the first
+person his essays "On the Republic" and "On the Eminent Man." I was
+influenced the more by this from the fact that I was unable to touch on
+the most important commotions in our state, because they were subsequent
+to the age of the speakers. Moreover, my express object then was not to
+offend anyone by launching into the events of my own time: as it is, I
+shall avoid that and at the same time be the speaker with you.
+Nevertheless, when I come to Rome I will send you the dialogues as they
+originally stood. For I fancy that those books will convince you that
+they have not been abandoned by me without some chagrin.
+
+I am extremely gratified by Caesar's affection of which you write to me.
+The offers which he holds out I do not much reckon on, nor have I any
+thirst for honours or longing for glory; and I look forward more to the
+continuation of his kindness than to the fulfilment of his promises.
+Still, I live a life so prominent and laborious that I might seem to be
+expecting the very thing that I deprecate. As to your request that I
+should compose some verses, you could hardly believe, my dear brother,
+how short of time I am: nor do I feel much moved in spirit to write
+poetry on the subject you mention. Do you really come to me for
+disquisitions on things that I can scarcely conceive even in
+imagination--you who have distanced everybody in that style of vivid and
+descriptive writing? Yet I would have done it if I could, but, as you
+will assuredly not fail to notice, for writing poetry there is need of a
+certain freshness of mind of which my occupations entirely deprive me. I
+withdraw myself, it is true, from all political anxiety and devote
+myself to literature; still, I will hint to you what, by heaven, I
+specially wished to have concealed from you. It cuts me to the heart, my
+dearest brother, to the heart, to think that there is no Republic, no
+law courts, and that my present time of life, which ought to have been
+in the full bloom of senatorial dignity, is distracted with the labours
+of the forum or eked out by private studies, and that the object on
+which from boyhood I had set my heart,
+
+    "Far to excel, and tower above the crowd,"[671]
+
+is entirely gone: that my opponents have in some cases been left
+unattacked by me, in others even defended: that not only my sympathies,
+but my very dislikes, are not free: and that Caesar is the one man in the
+world who has been found to love me to my heart's content, or even, as
+others think, the only one who was inclined to do so. However, there is
+none of all these vexations of such a kind as to be beyond the reach of
+many daily consolations; but the greatest of consolations will be our
+being together. As it is, to those other sources of vexation there is
+added my very deep regret for your absence. If I had defended Gabinius,
+which Pansa thought I ought to have done, I should have been quite
+ruined: those who hate him--and that is entire orders--would have begun
+to hate me for the sake of their hatred for him. I confined myself, as I
+think with great dignity, to doing only that which all the world saw me
+do. And to sum up the whole case, I am, as you advise, devoting all my
+efforts to tranquillity and peace. As to the books: Tyrannio is a
+slow-coach: I will speak to Chrysippus, but it is a laborious business
+and requires a man of the utmost industry. I find it in my own case,
+for, though I am as diligent as possible, I get nothing done. As to the
+Latin books, I don't know which way to turn--they are copied and exposed
+for sale with such a quantity of errors! However, whatever can possibly
+be done I will not neglect to do. Gaius Rebilus, as I wrote to you
+before, is at Rome. He solemnly affirms his great obligations to you,
+and reports well of your health.[672] I think the question of the
+treasury was settled in my absence. When you speak of having finished
+four tragedies in sixteen days, I presume you are borrowing from some
+one else? And do _you_ deign to be indebted to others after writing the
+_Electra_, and the _Troades_? Don't be idle; and don't think the
+proverbial [Greek: gnothi seauton] was only meant to discourage vanity:
+it means also that we should be aware of our own qualities. But pray
+send me these tragedies as well as the _Erigona_. I have now answered
+your last two letters.
+
+[Footnote 669: B.C. 129. The _Novendialia_ was a nine days' festival on
+the occasion of some special evil omens or prodigies; for an instance
+(in B.C. 202), see Livy, 30, 38. The book referred to is that "On the
+Republic."]
+
+[Footnote 670: _I.e._, a mere theorist like Heraclides Ponticus, a pupil
+of Plato's, whose work "On Constitutions" still exists.]
+
+[Footnote 671: Hom. _Il._ vi. 208.]
+
+[Footnote 672: Reading _qui omnia adiurat debere tibi et te valere
+renuntiat_. The text, however, is corrupt.]
+
+
+
+
+CLV (Q FR III, 7)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+TUSCULUM (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+At Rome, and especially on the Appian road as far as the temple of Mars,
+there is a remarkable flood. The promenade of Crassipes has been washed
+away, pleasure grounds, a great number of shops. There is a great sheet
+of water right up to the public fish-pond. That doctrine of Homer's is
+in full play:
+
+    "The days in autumn when in violent flood
+    Zeus pours his waters, wroth at sinful men"--
+
+for it falls in with the acquittal of Gabinius--
+
+    "Who wrench the law to suit their crooked ends
+    And drive out justice, recking naught of Gods."[673]
+
+But I have made up my mind not to care about such things. When I get
+back to Rome I will write and tell you my observations, and especially
+about the dictatorship, and I will also send a letter to Labienus and
+one to Ligurius. I write this before daybreak by the carved wood
+lamp-stand, in which I take great delight, because they tell me that you
+had it made when you were at Samos. Good-bye, dearest and best of
+brothers.
+
+[Footnote 673: Hom. _Il._ xvi. 385.]
+
+
+
+
+CLVI (F VII, 16)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+In the "Trojan Horse," just at the end, you remember the words, "Too
+late they learn wisdom."[674] You, however, old man, were wise in time.
+Those first snappy letters of yours were foolish enough, and then----! I
+don't at all blame you for not being over-curious in regard to Britain.
+For the present, however, you seem to be in winter quarters somewhat
+short of warm clothing, and therefore not caring to stir out:
+
+    "Not here and there, but everywhere,
+    Be wise and ware:
+    No sharper steel can warrior bear."
+
+If I had been by way of dining out, I would not have failed your friend
+Cn. Octavius; to whom, however, I did remark upon his repeated
+invitations, "Pray, who are you?" But, by Hercules, joking apart, he is
+a pretty fellow: I could have wished you had taken him with you! Let me
+know for certain what you are doing and whether you intend coming to
+Italy at all this winter. Balbus has assured me that you will be rich.
+Whether he speaks after the simple Roman fashion, meaning that you will
+be well supplied with money, or according to the Stoic dictum, that "all
+are rich who can enjoy the sky and the earth," I shall know hereafter.
+Those who come from your part accuse you of pride, because they say you
+won't answer men who put questions to you. However, there is one thing
+that will please you: they all agree in saying that there is no better
+lawyer than you at Samarobriva![675]
+
+[Footnote 674: By Livius Andronicus or Naevius. Tyrrell would write the
+proverb _in extremo sero sapiunt_, "'tis too late to be wise at the
+last." There was a proverb, _sero parsimonia in fundo_, something like
+this, Sen. _Ep._ i. 5, from the Greek (Hes. _Op._ 369), [Greek: deile d'
+en pythmeni pheido].]
+
+[Footnote 675: In Gallia Belgica, mod. _Amiens._]
+
+
+
+
+CLVII (A IV, 17)
+
+TO ATTICUS (ON HIS WAY TO ROME)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+At last the long-expected letter from you! Back to Italy, how
+delightful! What wonderful fidelity to your promise! What a charming
+voyage! About this last, by Hercules, I was very nervous, remembering
+the fur wrappers of your former crossing. But, unless I am mistaken, I
+shall see you sooner than you say in your letter. For I believe you
+thought that your ladies were in Apulia, and when you find that not to
+be the case, what can there be to detain you there? Are you bound to
+give Vestorius some days, and must you go through the stale banquet of
+his Latin Atticism again after an interval? Nay, fly hither and visit
+(the remains) of that genuine Republic of ours!...[676] Observe my
+strength of mind and my supreme indifference to the Felician[677]
+one-twelfth legacy, and also, by heaven, my very gratifying connexion
+with Caesar--for this delights me as the one spar left me from the
+present shipwreck--Caesar, I say, who treats your and my Quintus,
+heavens! with what honour, respect, and favours! It is exactly as if I
+were the _imperator_. The choice was just lately offered him of
+selecting any of the winter quarters, as he writes me word. Wouldn't you
+be fond of such a man as that? Of which of your friends would you, if
+not of him? But look you! did I write you word that I was _legatus_ to
+Pompey, and should be outside the city from the 13th of January onwards?
+This appeared to me to square with many things. But why say more? I
+will, I think, reserve the rest till we meet, that you may, after all,
+have something to look forward to. My very best regards to Dionysius,
+for whom, indeed, I have not merely kept a place, but have even built
+one. In fine, to the supreme joy of your return, a finishing stroke will
+be added by his arrival. The day you arrive, you and your party will, I
+entreat you, stay with me.
+
+[Footnote 676: There are some words here too corrupt to be translated
+with any confidence. They appear to convey a summary of news already
+written in several letters as to the bribery at the elections, the
+acquittal of Gabinius, and the rumour of a dictatorship.]
+
+[Footnote 677: A legacy of a twelfth left by a certain Felix to Cicero
+and Quintus had been rendered null by a mistake as to the will. See the
+letter to Quintus, p. 338.]
+
+
+
+
+CLVIII (Q FR III, 8)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+The earlier of your two letters is full of irritability and
+complainings, and you say you gave another of the same sort the day
+before to Labienus, who has not yet arrived--but I have nothing to say
+in answer to it, for your more recent letter has obliterated all trace
+of vexation from my mind. I will only give you this hint and make this
+request, that in the midst of your vexations and labours you should
+recall what our notion was as to your going to Caesar. For our object was
+not the acquisition of certain small and unimportant gains. For what was
+there of that kind which we should have thought worth the price of our
+separation? What we sought was the strongest possible security for the
+maintenance of our entire political position by the countenance of a man
+of the highest character and most commanding influence. Our interest is
+not so much in the acquisition of sums of money, as in the realization
+of this hope: all else that you get is to be regarded only as a security
+against actual loss.[678] Wherefore, if you will frequently turn your
+thoughts back upon what we originally proposed to ourselves and hoped to
+do, you will bear with less impatience the labours of military service
+of which you speak and the other things which annoy you, and,
+nevertheless, will resign them whenever you choose. But the right moment
+for that step is not yet come, though it is now not far off.
+Farthermore, I give you this hint--don't commit anything at all to
+writing, the publication of which would be annoying to us. There are
+many things that I would rather not know than learn at some risk. I
+shall write at greater length to you with a mind less preoccupied, when
+my boy Cicero is, as I hope he will be, in a good state of health. Pray
+be careful to let me know to whom I should give the letter which I shall
+then send you--to Caesar's letter-carriers, for him to forward them
+direct to you, or to those of Labienus? For where your Nervii dwell, and
+how far off, I have no idea.[679] I derived great pleasure from your
+letter describing the courage and dignity displayed (as you say) by
+Caesar in his extreme sorrow. You bid me finish the poem in his honour
+which I had begun; and although I have been diverted from it by
+business, and still more by my feelings, yet, since Caesar knows that I
+did begin something, I will return to my design, and will complete in
+these leisure days of the "supplications,"[680] during which I greatly
+rejoice that our friend Messalla and the rest are at last relieved from
+worry. In reckoning on him as certain to be consul with Domitius, you
+are quite in agreement with my own opinion. I will guarantee Messalla to
+Caesar: but Memmius cherishes a hope, founded on Caesar's return to Italy,
+in which I think he is under a mistake. He is, indeed, quite out of it
+here. Scaurus, again, has been long ago thrown over by Pompey. The
+business has been put off: the _comitia_ postponed and postponed, till
+we may expect an _interregnum_. The rumour of a dictator is not pleasing
+to the aristocrats; for myself, I like still less what they say. But the
+proposal, as a whole, is looked upon with alarm, and grows unpopular.
+Pompey says outright that he doesn't wish it: to me previously he used
+not personally to deny the wish. Hirrus seems likely to be the proposer.
+Ye gods! what folly! How in love with himself and without--a rival! He
+has commissioned me to choke off Caelius Vinicianus, a man much attached
+to me. Whether Pompey wishes it or not, it is difficult to be sure.
+However, if it is Hirrus who makes the proposal, he will not convince
+people that he does not wish it. There is nothing else being talked
+about in politics just now; at any rate, nothing else is being done. The
+funeral of the son of Serranus Domesticus took place in very melancholy
+circumstances on the 23rd of November. His father delivered the funeral
+oration which I composed for him. Now about Milo. Pompey gives him no
+support, and is all for Gutta, saying also that he will secure Caesar on
+his side. Milo is alarmed at this, and no wonder, and almost gives up
+hope if Pompey is created dictator. If he assists anyone who vetoes the
+dictatorship by his troop and bodyguard,[681] he fears he may excite
+Pompey's enmity: if he doesn't do so, he fears the proposal may be
+carried by force. He is preparing games on a most magnificent scale, at
+a cost, I assure you, that no one has ever exceeded. It is foolish, on
+two or even three accounts, to give games that were not demanded--he has
+already given a magnificent show of gladiators: he cannot afford it: he
+is only an executor, and might have reflected that he is now an
+executor, not an aedile. That is about all I had to write. Take care of
+yourself, dearest brother.
+
+[Footnote 678: Cicero means, "the substantial gain to be got from your
+serving under Caesar in Gaul is the securing of his protection in the
+future: all other gains, such as money etc., are merely to be regarded
+as securing you from immediate loss in thus going to Gaul: they don't
+add anything fresh to our position and prospects."]
+
+[Footnote 679: Quintus had his winter quarters among the Nervii, in a
+town near the modern Charleroi. In this winter he was in great danger
+from a sudden rising of the Nervii and other tribes (Caes. _B. G._ v.
+24-49).]
+
+[Footnote 680: Twenty days of _supplicatio_ had been decreed in honour
+of Caesar's campaigns of B.C. 55 (Caes. _B. G._ iv. 38).]
+
+[Footnote 681: His gladiators, which he kept in training for the games
+he was going to give in honour of a deceased friend.]
+
+
+
+
+CLIX (Q FR III, 9)
+
+TO HIS BROTHER QUINTUS (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER OR DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+In regard to Gabinius, I had not to carry out any of the measures which
+you suggested with such affectionate solicitude. "May the earth swallow
+me rather, etc.!"[682] I acted with very great dignity and also with the
+greatest consideration. I neither bore hardly on him nor helped him. I
+gave strong evidence, in other respects I did not stir. The disgraceful
+and mischievous result of the trial I bore with the utmost serenity. And
+this is the advantage which, after all that has happened, has accrued to
+me--that I am not even affected in the least by those evils in the state
+and the licentious conduct of the shameless, which used formerly to make
+me burst with indignation: for anything more abandoned than the men and
+the times in which we are living there cannot be. Accordingly, as no
+pleasure can possibly be got from politics, I don't know why I should
+lose my temper. Literature and my favourite studies, along with the
+retirement of my country houses, and above all our two boys, furnish my
+enjoyments. The one man who vexes me is Milo. But I hope an end will be
+put to my anxieties by his getting the consulship: and to obtain this
+for him I shall struggle as hard as I did for my own, and you, I am
+sure, will continue to give assistance from over there. In his case
+other things are all secure, unless it is snatched from his grasp by
+downright violence: it is about his means that I am frightened:
+
+    "For he is now beyond all bearing mad,"[683]
+
+to spend 1,000,000 sesterces (about L8,000) on his games. His want of
+prudence in this one particular I shall put up with as well as I can,
+and you should be strong-minded enough to do the same. In mentioning the
+changes to be expected next year, I didn't mean you to understand me to
+refer to domestic alarms: the reference was wholly to the state of the
+Republic, in which, though not charged with any actual duty, I can
+scarcely discharge myself from all anxiety. Yet how cautious I would
+have you be in writing you may guess from the fact that I do not mention
+in my letters to you even open acts of disorder in the state, lest my
+letter should be intercepted and give offence to the feelings of anyone.
+Wherefore, as far as domestic affairs are concerned, I would have you be
+quite easy: in politics I know how anxious you always are. I can see
+that our friend Messalla will be consul, if by means of an _interrex_,
+without any prosecution, if by that of a dictator, without danger of
+conviction. He is not disliked by anyone. Hortensius's warm support will
+stand him in good stead. Gabinius's acquittal is looked upon as a
+general act of indemnity. _En passant_: nothing has, after all, been
+done as yet about a dictatorship. Pompey is out of town; Appius is
+intriguing darkly; Hirrus is paving the way: there are many tribunes
+calculated on to veto it: the people are indifferent: the leading men
+disinclined to it: I don't stir a finger. I am exceedingly obliged for
+your promises as to slaves, and I am indeed, as you say, short-handed
+both at Rome and on my estates. But pray do nothing for my convenience
+unless it entirely suits your own, and your means. About the letter of
+Vatinius I laughed heartily. But though I know I am being watched by
+him, I can swallow his hatred and digest it too. You urge me to
+"finish": well, I have finished what, in my own opinion at least, is a
+very pretty "epic" on Caesar, but I am in search of a trustworthy
+letter-carrier, lest it should share the fate of your
+_Erigona_[684]--the only personage who has missed a safe journey from
+Gaul during Caesar's governorship.
+
+What? because I had no good stone was I to pull down the whole
+building?--a building which I like better every day of my life: the
+lower court especially and the chambers attached to it are admirable. As
+to Arcanum, it is a building worthy of Caesar, or, by heaven, of some one
+even more tasteful still. For your statues, _palaestra_, fish-pond, and
+conduit are worthy of many Philotimuses, and quite above your
+Diphiluses. But I will visit them personally, as well as sending men to
+look after them and giving orders about them. As to the will of Felix,
+you will complain more when you know all. For the document which he
+believed himself to have sealed, in which your name was most certainly
+entered as heir to a twelfth, this, by a mistake of his own and of his
+slave Sicura, he did not seal: while the one which he did not intend to
+seal he did seal. But let it go hang, so long as we keep well! I am as
+devoted to your son Cicero as you can wish, and as he deserves, and as I
+am bound to be. However, I am letting him leave me, both to avoid
+keeping him from his teachers, and because his mother is leaving,
+without whom I am very much alarmed as to the boy's large appetite. Yet,
+after all, we see a great deal of each other. I have now answered all
+your letters. Dearest and best of brothers, good-bye.
+
+[Footnote 682: _I.e._, rather than defend him. [Greek: tote moi chanoi
+(eureia chthon)], Hom. _Il._ iv. 182.]
+
+[Footnote 683: [Greek: ho de mainetai ouk et' anektos] (Hom. _Il._ viii.
+355). The numerals seem doubtful. According to some MSS. the amount
+would be 10,000,000, _i.e._, L80,000.]
+
+[Footnote 684: The tragedy written by Quintus and lost in transit.]
+
+
+
+
+CLX (F VII, 10)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (NOVEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+I have read your letter which informs me that our Caesar considers you a
+great lawyer. You must be glad to have found a country where you have
+the credit of knowing something. But if you had gone to Britain also, I
+feel sure that there would not have been in all that great island anyone
+more learned in the law than you. However--you won't mind my laughing,
+for you invited me to do so--I am becoming positively a little jealous
+of you! That you should have been actually sent for by a man whom other
+people--not because of his pride, but of his many engagements--cannot
+venture to approach!
+
+But in that letter you told me nothing about your success, which, by
+heaven, is of no less concern to me than my own. I am very much afraid
+you may be frozen in your winter quarters: and therefore I think you
+ought to use a good stove. Mucius and Manilius "concur" in this opinion,
+especially on the ground of your being short of military cloaks.
+However, I am told that you are having a sufficiently warm time of it
+where you are--news which made me much alarmed for you.[685] However, in
+military matters you are much more cautious than at the bar, seeing that
+you wouldn't take a swim in the ocean, fond of swimming as you are, and
+wouldn't take a look at the British charioteers, though in old time I
+could never cheat you even out of a blind-folded gladiator.[686] But
+enough of joking. You know how earnestly I have written to Caesar about
+you; I know how often. Yet, in truth, I have lately ceased doing so,
+lest I should appear to distrust the kindness of a man who has been most
+liberal and affectionate to me. However, in the very last letter I wrote
+I thought he ought to be reminded. I did so. Please tell me what effect
+it had, and at the same time tell me about your position in general and
+all your plans. For I am anxious to know what you are doing, what you
+are expecting, how long your separation from us you think is to last. I
+would wish you to believe that the one consolation, enabling me to bear
+your absence, is the knowledge that it is for your advantage. But if
+that is not so, nothing can be more foolish than both the one and the
+other of us: me for not inducing you to come back to Rome--you for not
+flying thither. By heavens, our conversation, whether serious or
+jesting, will be worth more not only than the enemy, but even than our
+"brothers" the Haedui.[687] Wherefore let me know about everything as
+soon as possible:
+
+    "I'll be some use by comfort, rede, or pelf."[688]
+
+[Footnote 685: He seems to refer to the rising of the Nervii against the
+Roman winter quarters (Caes. _B. G._ v. 39 _seq_).]
+
+[Footnote 686: _Andabatam_, a gladiator with a closed helmet covering
+the face, who thus fought without seeing his adversary.]
+
+[Footnote 687: A title granted to the Haedui by the senate (Caes. _B. G._
+i. 33; Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25).]
+
+[Footnote 688: Terence, _Heautont_. 86.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXI (F I, 10)
+
+TO L. VALERIUS (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+M. Cicero wishes heath to L. Valerius, learned in the law. For why I
+should not pay you this compliment I don't know, especially considering
+that in these times one may employ impudence to supply the place of
+learning. I have written to our friend Lentulus, thanking him earnestly
+in your name. But I could wish that you would now cease using my letter
+of introduction and at last come back to us, and prefer a city where you
+are of some account, to a place where you appear to be the only man of
+legal learning. However, those who come from where you are either say
+you are proud because you give no "opinions," or insulting because you
+give bad ones.[689] But I am now longing to crack a joke with you face
+to face. So come as soon as ever you can, and don't go and visit your
+native Apulia, that we may have the joy of welcoming your safe return.
+For if you go there, like another Ulysses, you will not recognize any of
+your friends.[690]
+
+[Footnote 689: Cicero perhaps means that Valerius's "opinions" are too
+right to suit such a set as are to be found in the province. Valerius
+will not mind people there thinking him a bad lawyer. "At Rome you are
+considered a good lawyer, in Cilicia they don't think so!"]
+
+[Footnote 690: _Cognosces tuorum neminem._. Others read _cognoscere
+tuorum nemini_, "you will not be recognized by any of your friends,"
+which agrees better with Homer's account of the return of Ulysses. But
+perhaps the exact comparison is not to be pressed.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXII (F XIII, 49)
+
+TO M. CURIUS (A PROCONSUL)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+Q. Pompeius, son of Sextus, has become my intimate friend from many
+causes of long standing. As he has often in the past been accustomed to
+defend his material interests, as well as his reputation and influence,
+by my recommendations, so on the present occasion assuredly, with you as
+governor of the province, he ought to be able to feel that he has never
+had a warmer recommendation to anyone. Wherefore I beg you with more
+than ordinary earnestness that, as you ought in view of our close
+friendship to regard all my friends as your own, you would give the
+bearer so high a place in your regard, that he may feel that nothing
+could have been more to his interest and honour than my recommendation.
+Farewell.
+
+
+
+
+CLXIII (F XIII, 60)
+
+TO C. MUNATIUS (IN A PROVINCE)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+L. Livineius Trypho is to begin with a freedman of my most intimate
+friend L. Regulus (whose disaster makes me more than ever anxious to do
+him some service--for as far as feeling goes I could not be warmer): but
+I also am attached to his freedman on his own account, for he shewed me
+very great kindness at that time in my career, when I was best able to
+see men's real goodwill and fidelity. I recommend him to you with all
+the warmth that one who is grateful and not oblivious should use in
+recommending those who have done him good service. You will have greatly
+gratified me if he is made to feel that in confronting many dangers for
+my security, and often undertaking voyages in the depths of winter, he
+has also put you under an obligation in view of your kind feeling
+towards me.
+
+
+
+
+CLXIV (F XIII, 73)
+
+TO Q. PHILIPPUS (PROCONSUL OF ASIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 54, AET. 52]
+
+I congratulate you on your safe return to your family from your
+province, without loss to your reputation or to the state. But if I had
+seen you at Rome I should also have thanked you for having looked after
+L. Egnatius, my most intimate friend, who is still absent, and L.
+Oppius, who is here. With Antipater of Derbe I have become not merely on
+visiting terms, but really very intimate. I have been told that you are
+exceedingly angry with him, and I was very sorry to hear it. I have no
+means of judging the merits of the case, only I am persuaded that a man
+of your character has done nothing without good reason. However, I do
+beg of you again and again that, in consideration of our old friendship,
+you will, for my sake if for anyone's, grant his sons, who are in your
+power, their liberty, unless you consider that in doing so your
+reputation may be injured. If I had thought that, I would never have
+made the request, for your fame is of more importance in my eyes than
+any friendship with him. But I persuade myself--though I may possibly be
+mistaken--that this measure will bring you honour rather than abuse.
+What can be done in the matter, and what you _can_ do for my sake (for
+as to your willingness I feel no doubt), I should be obliged by your
+informing me, if it is not too much trouble to you.
+
+
+
+
+CLXV (F II, 1)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, Coss., M. Domitius Calvinus, M. Valerius Messalla.]
+
+     This was the year in which Crassus was defeated and killed in
+     Parthia, making thus the first break in the triumvirate, when
+     already the ties between Pompey and Caesar were weakened by the
+     death of Iulia in the previous year. Caesar, however, had been in
+     great difficulties in Gaul. At the end of the previous year a fresh
+     rising of the Nervii destroyed a Roman legion and put Q. Cicero in
+     great danger. In the present year Quintus met with his disaster at
+     the hands of the Sigambri. The chief event to Cicero personally was
+     his election into the college of augurs, in place of the younger
+     Crassus. Atticus appears to be in Rome, for there are no letters to
+     him. There was a series of _interregna_ this year owing to partisan
+     conflicts, lasting till July, and when the consuls were at length
+     appointed, they failed to hold the elections for B.C. 52.
+
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO[691] (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (JANUARY OR FEBRUARY)
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+Though I am sorry that you have suspected me of neglect, yet it was not
+so annoying to me to have my lack of attention found fault with, as
+delightful to have it missed by you; especially as in the particular
+point on which you accuse me I happen to be innocent, while in shewing
+that you miss a letter from me, you avow an affection for me, of which,
+indeed, I was fully aware, but which, nevertheless, is very soothing and
+gratifying to my feelings. The fact is that I have never let anyone go,
+so long, that is, as I thought him likely to reach you, without giving
+him a letter. Why, was there ever such an untiring correspondent as I?
+From you, however, I have received two, or at the most three
+letters--and those extremely brief. Wherefore, if you are a harsh judge
+of me, I shall find you guilty on precisely the same charge. But if you
+don't want me to do that, you will have to be considerate to me.
+However, enough about writing; for I am not afraid of failing to satiate
+you with my correspondence, especially if you shew a just appreciation
+of my zeal in that department. I have been grieved on the one hand at
+your long absence from us, because I have lost the advantage of a most
+delightful intimacy; and yet on the other hand I rejoice at it, because
+while on this foreign service you have gained all your objects with
+infinite credit to yourself, and because in all you have undertaken
+fortune has answered to my wishes. There is one injunction, a very short
+one, which my unspeakable affection for you compels me to give you. Such
+lofty expectations are entertained of your spirit, shall I say? or of
+your ability, that I cannot refrain from imploring and beseeching you to
+return to us with a character so finished, as to be able to support and
+maintain the expectations which you have excited. And since no loss of
+memory will ever obliterate my recollection of your services to me, I
+beg you not to forget that, whatever increase of fortune or position may
+befall you, you would not have been able to attain it, had you not as a
+boy obeyed my most faithful and affectionate counsels.[692] Wherefore it
+will be your duty to shew me such affection, that my age--now on the
+decline--may find repose in your devotion and youth.
+
+[Footnote 691: The younger Curio was now quaestor to C. Clodius, brother
+of Publius and Appius, in Asia. He was tribune in B.C. 50, when he
+suddenly changed sides and joined Caesar, who purchased his adhesion by
+paying his immense debts.]
+
+[Footnote 692: Curio had supported Cicero against Clodius, and had
+worked for his recall. He seems to have attended at Cicero's house for
+the study of rhetoric or legal practice, as was the fashion for young
+men to do. He presently married Fulvia, the widow of Clodius, who after
+his death in Africa (B.C. 48) married Antony.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXVI (F VII, 11)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (JANUARY OR FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+If you had not left Rome before, you certainly would have left it now.
+For who wants a lawyer when there are so many _interregna_? I shall
+advise all defendants in civil suits to ask each _interrex_ for two
+adjournments for obtaining legal assistance.[693] Do you think that I
+have taken a pretty good hint from you as to civil procedure? But come!
+How are you? What is happening? For I notice in your letter a tendency
+to be even jocose. These are better signs than the _signa_ in my
+Tusculan villa.[694] But I want to know what it means. You say, indeed,
+that you are consulted by Caesar, but I should have preferred his
+consulting _for_ you. If that is taking place, or you think it likely to
+take place, by all means persevere in your military service and stay on:
+I shall console myself for my loss of you by the hope that it will be
+your gain: but if, on the other hand, things are not paying with you,
+come back to us. For either something will turn up sooner or later here,
+or, if not, one conversation between you and me, by heaven, will be
+worth more than all the Samobrivae[695] in the world. Finally, if you
+return speedily, there will be no talk about it; but if you stay away
+much longer without getting anything, I am in terror not only of
+Laberius, but of our comrade Valerius also. For it would make a capital
+character for a farce--a British lawyer![696] I am not laughing though
+you may laugh, but, as usual, when writing to you, I jest on the most
+serious subject. Joking apart, I advise you in the most friendly spirit,
+that if you hold a position for yourself worthy of my introduction, you
+should put up with the loss of my society and farther your own career
+and wealth: but if things are stagnant with you there, come back to us.
+In spite of everything you will get all you want, by your own good
+qualities certainly, but also by my extreme affection for you.
+
+[Footnote 693: The _interregna_ lasting this year till July. No legal
+business could be done, as the law courts were closed during an
+_interregnum_. But Cicero jestingly says that he advises clients to
+apply to each _interrex_ (who only held office for five days) for two
+adjournments, whereby he would get his case postponed indefinitely: for
+if each adjournment was to the third day, the two would cover each
+_interregnum_. Of course he is only jesting, for in any case the cause
+would not come on.]
+
+[Footnote 694: There is a play on the double meaning of _signa_, "signs"
+and "statues." Cicero did not like the statues in his Tusculanum. See
+Letter CXXV.]
+
+[Footnote 695: Samobriva (Amiens), where Trebatius was, or had been, in
+Caesar's camp. Caesar spells it Samarobriva.]
+
+[Footnote 696: Laberius is a rival jurisconsult, Valerius a writer of
+mimes. Though Cicero jests at the supposed comic character, "a lawyer in
+Britain" (as we might say, "a lawyer among the Zulus"), it does not
+appear that Trebatius went to Britain with Caesar.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXVII (F II, 2)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+I have been deprived of a strong witness to my extreme affection for you
+in the person of your most illustrious father: who would have been
+fortunate above the common lot, both in his own memorable achievements
+and in the possession of such a son as yourself, had it been granted him
+to see you before his departure from life. But I hope our friendship
+stands in no need of witnesses. Heaven bless your inheritance to you!
+You will at least have in me one to whom you are as dear and as precious
+as you have been to your father.
+
+
+
+
+CLXVIII (F II, 3)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+Rupa[697] was not backward in his wish to promise an exhibition of
+gladiators in your name, but neither I nor any of your friends approved
+of anything being done in your absence which would tie your hands when
+you returned. For my part, I will either write you my opinion at greater
+length later on, or, to give you no opportunity of preparing an answer
+to it, I will take you unprepared and state my view by word of mouth
+against yours. I shall thus either bring you over to my opinion, or at
+least leave in your mind a record of my view, so that, if at any time
+(which heaven forbid!) you may see cause to repent of your decision, you
+may be able to recall mine. Briefly, be assured that your return will
+find the state of things to be such, that you may gain the highest
+possible honours in the state more easily by the advantages with which
+you are endowed by nature, study, and fortune, than by gladiatorial
+exhibitions. The power of giving such things stirs no feeling of
+admiration in anyone; for it is wholly a question of means, and not of
+character; and there is nobody who is not by this time sick and tired of
+them. But I am not acting as I said I would do, for I am embarking on a
+statement of the reasons for my opinion. So I will put off this entire
+discussion to your arrival. Believe me, you are expected with the
+greatest interest, and hopes are entertained of you such as can only be
+entertained of the highest virtue and ability. If you are as prepared
+for this as you ought to be--and I feel certain you are--you will be
+bestowing on us, your friends, on the whole body of your fellow
+citizens, and on the entire state, the most numerous and most excellent
+of exhibitions. You will certainly become aware that no one can be
+dearer or more precious than you are to me.
+
+[Footnote 697: A freedman and agent of Curio's. The question is of
+funeral games and an exhibition of gladiators in honour of Curio's
+father. Curio gave them, and involved himself in huge debt in
+consequence.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXIX (F VII, 12)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (? FEBRUARY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+I was wondering what had made you cease writing to me. My friend
+Pansa[698] has informed me that you have become an Epicurean! What a
+wonderful camp yours must be! What would you have done if I had sent you
+to Tarentum[699] instead of Samobriva? I was already a little doubtful
+about you, when I found you supporting the same doctrine as my friend
+Selius![700] But on what ground will you support the principles of civil
+law, if you act always in your own interest and not in that of your
+fellow citizens? What, too, is to become of the legal formula in cases
+of trust, "as should be done among honest men"? For who can be called
+honest who does nothing except on his own behalf? What principle will
+you lay down "in dividing a common property," when nothing can be
+"common" among men who measure all things by their own pleasure?[701]
+How, again, can you ever think it right to swear by _Iupiter lapis_,
+when you know that Iupiter cannot be angry with anyone?[702] What is to
+become of the people of Ulubrae,[703] if you have decided that it is not
+right to take part in civic business? Wherefore, if you are really and
+truly a pervert from our faith, I am much annoyed; but if you merely
+find it convenient to humour Pansa, I forgive you. Only _do_ write and
+tell us how you are, and what you want me to do or to look after for
+you.
+
+[Footnote 698: C. Vibius Pansa had been in Gaul, and was now home to
+stand for the tribuneship, which he obtained for B.C. 52-51.]
+
+[Footnote 699: Where he would have been in luxury.]
+
+[Footnote 700: A follower of the new academy, with which Cicero was more
+in sympathy than with the Epicurean ethics, but apparently only partly
+so. The leading doctrine was the denial of the possibility of knowledge,
+and, applied to ethics, this might destroy all virtue.]
+
+[Footnote 701: All these jesting objections to a lawyer being an
+Epicurean are founded on the Epicurean doctrine that individual feeling
+is the standard of morals, and the _summum bonum_ is the good of the
+individual. The logical deduction that a man should therefore hold aloof
+from politics and social life, as involving social obligations and
+standards, was, of course, evaded in practice.]
+
+[Footnote 702: For the Epicureans believed the gods to exist, but not to
+trouble themselves with the affairs of men. In taking an oath by
+_Iupiter lapis_ the swearer took a stone in his hand and said, "If I
+abide by this oath may he bless me: but if I do otherwise in thought or
+deed, may all others be kept safe, each in his own country, under his
+own laws, in enjoyment of his own goods, household gods, and tombs--may
+I alone be cast out, even as this stone is now." Then he throws down the
+stone. This passage from Polybius (iii. 25) refers to treaties, but the
+same form seems to have been used in suits about land.]
+
+[Footnote 703: Ulubrae--like other _municipia_--had a _patronus_ at Rome
+to look after its interests. If Trebatius (who was its _patronus_) would
+take no part in politics, he would be of no use to the Ulubrani. [Greek:
+politeuesthai], "to act as a citizen," "to act as a member of a
+political body."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXX (F VII, 13)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME, 4 MARCH
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+Did you suppose me to be so unjust as to be angry with you from the idea
+that you were not sufficiently persevering and were too eager to return,
+and do you think that that is the reason of my long silence? I was
+certainly annoyed by the uneasiness of your spirits, which your first
+letters conveyed to me; but there was absolutely no other reason for the
+interruption of my own, except my complete ignorance of your address.
+Are you still, at this time of day, finding fault with me, and do you
+refuse to accept my apology? Just listen to me, my dear Testa! Is it
+money that is making you prouder, or the fact that your
+commander-in-chief consults you? May I die if I don't believe that such
+is your vanity that you would rather be consulted by Caesar than
+gilded[704] by him! But if both reasons are true, who will be able to
+put up with you except myself, who can put up with anything? But to
+return to our subject--I am exceedingly glad that you are content to be
+where you are, and as your former state of mind was vexatious, so your
+present is gratifying, to me. I am only afraid that your special
+profession may be of little advantage to you: for, as I am told, in your
+present abode
+
+    "They lay no claim by joining lawful hands,
+    But challenge right with steel."[705]
+
+But you are not wont[706] to be called in to assist at a "forcible
+entry." Nor have you any reason to be afraid of the usual proviso in the
+injunction, "into which you have not previously made entry by force and
+armed men," for I am well assured that you are not a man of violence.
+But to give you some hint as to what you lawyers call "securities," I
+opine that you should avoid the Treviri; I hear they are real _tresviri
+capitales_--deadly customers: I should have preferred their being
+_tresviri_ of the mint![707] But a truce to jesting for the present.
+Pray write to me in the fullest detail of all that concerns you.
+
+4 March.
+
+[Footnote 704:
+
+    "I will make fast the doors and _gild_ myself
+    With some more ducats."--SHAKESPEARE..
+]
+
+[Footnote 705: Ennius, _Ann._ 275. The phrase _manum consertum_ in legal
+language meant to make a joint claim by the symbolical act of each
+claimant laying a hand on the property (or some representation of it) in
+court. But it also meant "to join hands in war." Hence its equivocal use
+in this passage. _Consertum_ is a supine, and some such word as _eunt_
+must be understood before it.]
+
+[Footnote 706: Reading _at tu non soles_. I cannot explain Prof.
+Tyrrell's reading _et tu soles_ in connexion with what follows.]
+
+[Footnote 707: This elaborate joke is founded on a pun upon the name of
+the Gallic _Treviri_ and the commissioners in Rome: (1) the _III viri
+capitales_, who had charge of prisons, executions, etc.; (2) the _III
+viri auro argento aeri flando feriundo_, "the commissioners for coining
+gold, silver, and bronze." Also there is a reference to the meaning of
+_capitalis_, "deadly," "affecting the life or citizenship."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXI (F VII, 14)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME (? MARCH)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+Chrysippus Vettius, a freedman of the architect Cyrus, made me think
+that you had not quite forgotten me; for he has brought me a greeting in
+your words. You have grown a mighty fine gentleman, that you can't take
+the trouble of writing a letter to me--a man, I might almost say, of
+your own family! But if you have forgotten how to write, all the fewer
+clients will lose their causes by having you as their advocate! If you
+have forgotten me, I will take the trouble of paying you a visit where
+you are, before I have quite faded out of your mind. If it is a terror
+of the summer camp that is disheartening you, think of some excuse to
+get off, as you did in the case of Britain. I was glad to hear one thing
+from that same Chrysippus, that you were on friendly terms with Caesar.
+But, by Hercules, I should have preferred, as I might fairly have
+expected, to be informed of your fortunes as frequently as possible from
+your own letters. And this would certainly have been the case, if you
+had been more forward to learn the laws of friendship than of suits in
+court. But this is all jest in your own vein, and to some degree in mine
+also. I love you very dearly, and I both wish to be loved by you and
+feel certain that I am.
+
+
+
+
+CLXXII (F VII, 18)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+A VILLA IN THE AGER POMPTINUS, 8 APRIL
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+I have received several letters from you at the same time, written at
+various times, in which everything else gave me great pleasure; for they
+shewed that you were now sustaining your military service with a brave
+spirit, and were a gallant and resolute man. These are qualities which
+for a short time I felt to be lacking in you, though I attributed your
+uneasiness not so much to any weakness of your own spirit, as to your
+feeling your absence from us. Therefore go on as you have begun: endure
+your service with a stout heart: believe me, the advantages you will
+gain are many; for I will reiterate my recommendation of you, though I
+shall wait for the right moment of doing so. Be assured that you are not
+more anxious that your separation from me should be as profitable as
+possible to yourself than I am. Accordingly, as your "securities" are
+somewhat weak, I have sent you one in my poor Greek, written by my own
+hand.[708] For your part, I should wish you to keep me informed of the
+course of the war in Gaul: for the less warlike my informant, the more
+inclined I am to believe him.
+
+But to return to your letters. Everything else (as I said) is prettily
+written, but I do wonder at this: who in the world sends several
+identical letters, when he writes them with his own hand? For your
+writing on paper that has been used before, I commend your economy: but
+I can't help wondering what it was that you preferred to rub out of this
+bit of paper rather than not write such poor stuff as this--unless it
+were, perhaps, some of your legal formulas. For I don't suppose you rub
+out my letters to replace them with your own. Can it mean that there is
+no business going on, that you are out of work, that you haven't even a
+supply of paper? Well, that is entirely your own fault, for taking your
+modesty abroad with you instead of leaving it behind here with us. I
+will commend you to Balbus, when he starts to join you, in the good old
+Roman style. Don't be astonished if there is a somewhat longer interval
+than usual between my letters: for I intend being out of town in April.
+I write this letter in the Pomptine district, having put up at the villa
+of M. AEmilius Philemo, from which I could hear the noise of my clients,
+I mean those you confided to me! For at Ulubrae it is certain that an
+enormous mass of frogs have bestirred themselves to do me honour. Take
+care of your health.[709]
+
+8 April, from the Ager Pomptinus.
+
+P.S.--Your letter which I received from L. Arruntius I have torn up,
+though it didn't deserve it; for it had nothing in it which might not
+have been safely read in a public meeting. But not only did Arruntius
+say that such were your orders, but you had appended a similar
+injunction to your letter. Well, be it so! I am surprised at your not
+having written anything to me since, especially as you are in the midst
+of such stirring events.[710]
+
+[Footnote 708: _Graeculam tibi misi cautionem chirographi mei._ Various
+interpretations have been given to this: (1) "a truly Greek security,"
+_i.e._, "not to be depended on"; (2) referring to a poem in Greek,
+perhaps the one in praise of Caesar's achievements, mentioned before (p.
+338), in which some compliment to Trebatius was introduced; (3) Prof.
+Tyrrell would make it refer to this letter itself, which he supposes to
+have been written in Greek, and afterwards translated by Tiro. But this
+letter does not read like a translation, and, after all, is not of a
+nature to shew as a "commendation." It is conceived in too jocular a
+vein. I have taken it to refer to some inclosure written in Greek which
+he might use in this way, and the mention of his "own handwriting" to
+refer to the fact that he would naturally have employed a Greek
+secretary to write Greek. The diminutive _Graeculam_ I take to be
+apologetic for the Greek. But it is not at all certain.]
+
+[Footnote 709: On his journey along the _via Appia_ to one of his
+seaside villas Cicero has put up at a friend's house (a freedman of
+Lepidus), near the Pomptine marshes, as was his wont (_Att._ vii. 5). It
+was near Ulubrae, of which he was deputy _patronus_ in the absence of
+Trebatius, and he jestingly pretends that the frogs which he hears
+croaking in the marshes are frogs of Ulubrae turning out to do him
+honour, as though they were the citizens of the town. Ulubrae was a very
+dull and decaying town.]
+
+[Footnote 710: The great rising in Gaul in B.C. S4-53, and the second
+expedition across the Rhine.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIII (F VII, 15)
+
+TO C. TREBATIUS TESTA (IN GAUL)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+How wayward people are who love may be gathered from this: I was
+formerly annoyed that you were discontented at being where you are: now,
+on the contrary, it stings me to the heart that you write that you are
+quite happy there. For I did not like your not being pleased at my
+recommendation, and now I am vexed that you can find anything pleasant
+without me. But, after all, I prefer enduring your absence to your not
+getting what I hope for you. However, I cannot say how pleased I am that
+you have become intimate with that most delightful man and excellent
+scholar, C. Matius.[711] Do your best to make him as fond of you as
+possible. Believe me, you can bring nothing home from your province that
+will give you greater pleasure. Take care of your health.
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIV (F II, 4)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (IN ASIA)
+
+ROME (? MAY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+You are aware that letters are of many kinds; but there is one kind
+which is undeniable, for the sake of which, indeed, the thing was
+invented, namely, to inform the absent of anything that is to the
+interest of the writer or recipient that they should know. You, however,
+certainly don't expect a letter of that kind from me. For of your
+domestic concerns you have members of your family both to write and to
+act as messengers. Besides, in my personal affairs there is really
+nothing new. There are two other kinds of letters which give me great
+pleasure: the familiar and sportive, and the grave and serious. Which of
+these two I ought least to employ I do not understand. Am I to jest with
+you by letter? Upon my word, I don't think the man a good citizen who
+could laugh in times like these. Shall I write in a more serious style?
+What could be written of seriously by Cicero to Curio except public
+affairs? And yet, under this head, my position is such that I neither
+dare write what I think, nor choose to write what I don't think.
+Wherefore, since I have no subject left to write about, I will employ my
+customary phrase, and exhort you to the pursuit of the noblest glory.
+For you have a dangerous rival already in the field, and fully prepared,
+in the extraordinary expectation formed of you; and this rival you will
+vanquish with the greatest ease, only on one condition--that you make up
+your mind to put out your full strength in the cultivation of those
+qualities, by which the noble actions are accomplished, upon the glory
+of which you have set your heart. In support of this sentiment I would
+have written at greater length had not I felt certain that you were
+sufficiently alive to it of your own accord; and I have touched upon it
+even thus far, not in order to fire your ambition, but to testify my
+affection.
+
+[Footnote 711: The friendship between Trebatius and Matius remained as
+long as we know anything about them. Cicero afterwards acknowledges
+(_F._ ii. 27) the great services Matius had done him with Caesar, to whom
+Matius remained attached to the end.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXV (F II, 5)
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ON HIS WAY FROM ASIA)
+
+ROME (? JUNE)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+The state of business here I dare not tell even in a letter. And though,
+wherever you are, as I have told you before, you are in the same boat,
+yet I congratulate you on your absence, as well because you don't see
+what we see, as because your reputation is placed on a lofty and
+conspicuous pinnacle in the sight of multitudes both of citizens and
+allies; and it is conveyed to us by neither obscure nor uncertain talk,
+but by the loud and unanimous voice of all. There is one thing of which
+I cannot feel certain--whether to congratulate you, or to be alarmed for
+you on account of the surprising expectation entertained of your return;
+not because I am at all afraid of your not satisfying the world's
+opinion, but, by heaven, lest, when you do come, there may be nothing
+for you to preserve: so universal is the decline and almost extinction
+of all our institutions. But even thus much I am afraid I have been rash
+to trust to a letter: wherefore you shall learn the rest from
+others.[712] However, whether you have still some hope of the Republic,
+or have given it up in despair, see that you have ready, rehearsed and
+thought out in your mind, all that the citizen and the man should have
+at his command who is destined to restore to its ancient dignity and
+freedom a state crushed and overwhelmed by evil times and profligate
+morals.
+
+[Footnote 712: In these vague though ominous sentences Cicero is
+referring to the constant and violent hindrances to the election of
+magistrates, that is, to the orderly working of the constitution, which
+were occurring. No consuls were elected till September.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVI (F II, 6)
+
+
+TO C. SCRIBONIUS CURIO (ARRIVED IN ITALY)
+
+ROME (? JULY)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+News had not yet reached me of your arrival in Italy when I sent Sext.
+Villius, an intimate of my friend Milo, with this letter to you. But
+nevertheless, since your arrival was thought to be approaching, and it
+was ascertained that you had already started from Asia Rome-wards, the
+importance of my subject made me dismiss any fear of being premature in
+sending you this letter, for I was exceedingly anxious that it should
+reach you as soon as possible. If the obligations, Curio, had only been
+on your side, and as great as they are usually proclaimed by you rather
+than as valued by me, I should have been more shy of coming to you for
+any request of importance which I might have to make. For it is very
+disagreeable to a modest man to ask a great favour from one whom he
+thinks under an obligation to himself, lest he should seem rather to
+demand than to ask what he is seeking, and to regard it more in the
+light of a debt than of a favour. But since your kindnesses to me were
+known to the whole world, or rather I should say were made especially
+prominent and valuable by the very novelty of my circumstances; and
+since it is the mark of a generous heart to be willing, when much is
+owed, to reckon the debt at its highest; I did not hesitate to prefer
+to you by letter a petition for what was of the highest importance and
+most vital consequence to me of anything in the world. For I was not
+afraid of being unable to support your kindnesses to me, even though
+they were beyond calculation: especially as I felt confident that there
+was no amount of favour for which my heart was incapable of finding room
+when receiving it, or for which in repayment it could not make a full
+and brilliant return. I have concentrated and embarked all my zeal, all
+my efforts, all the care and industry of which I am capable, my every
+thought, in fact, my whole heart and soul, on securing Milo's
+consulship; and I have made up my mind that in this matter I ought to
+look not merely for the profit arising from an act of kindness, but also
+for the credit of disinterested affection. Nor do I think that anyone
+was ever so anxious about his own personal safety and his own fortunes
+as I am for his election, on which I have made up my mind that all my
+interests depend. To him I see clearly that, if you choose, you can
+render such substantial help that we need ask for nothing else. We have
+on our side all these advantages: the favour of the loyalists won since
+his tribunate on account of his supporting me (as I hope you
+understand); that of the common multitude on account of the splendour of
+his gladiatorial exhibitions and the liberality of his disposition; the
+favour of the young men and of those influential in securing votes, won
+by his own eminent powers of captivation, shall I call it? or his
+diligence in that department; lastly, my own electoral support, which,
+if it is not very powerful, is at any rate regarded as only right, due
+and proper, and on that account is perhaps influential also. What we
+want is a leader, and what I may call a controller, or, so to speak, a
+pilot of those winds which I have described: and if we had to select one
+such out of the whole world, we should have no one to compare with you.
+Wherefore, if (as I am sure you can) you can regard me as a grateful, as
+an honest man, from the mere fact that I am thus eagerly exerting myself
+for Milo, if, in fine, you think me worthy of your kindness, I do ask
+you this favour--that you come to the rescue of this anxiety of mine and
+this crisis in my reputation, or, to put it with greater truth, that you
+will devote your zeal to what is all but a question of life and death to
+me. As to Titus Annius[713] himself, I promise you this much--that if
+you resolve to embrace his cause, you will never have anyone of greater
+spirit, solidity, firmness, or affection to yourself. While to me you
+will have given so much additional honour and prestige, that I shall
+have no difficulty in acknowledging you to have been as effective in
+supporting my reputation as you were in securing my safety.
+
+Did I not know that you must be fully aware, while writing this letter
+to you, under what a weight of obligation I am labouring, how strongly I
+am bound to work in this election for Milo, not only with every kind of
+exertion, but even with downright fighting, I should have written at
+greater length. As it is, I hand over and commit the business, the
+cause, and myself wholly and entirely into your hands. Of one thing be
+sure: if I obtain this help from you, I shall owe you almost more than I
+owe Milo himself; for my personal safety, in which I have been
+conspicuously aided by him, has not been as dear to me as the sacred
+duty of returning the favour will be delightful. That object I feel
+confident that your aid, and yours alone, will enable me to secure.
+
+[Footnote 713: Milo. His full name is T. Annius Milo Papianus;
+originally of the _gens Papia_, he had been adopted by his maternal
+grandfather, T. Annius.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVII (F XIII, 75)
+
+
+TO TITUS TITIUS, A LEGATUS[714]
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 53, AET. 53]
+
+Though I have no doubt that my first introduction retains its full value
+in your eyes, I yet yield to the request of a man with whom I am very
+intimate, C. Avianius Flaccus, for whose sake I not only desire, but am
+in duty bound to secure every possible favour. In regard to him I both
+spoke earnestly to you in a personal interview--on which occasion you
+answered me with the greatest kindness--and have written with full
+particulars to you on a previous occasion; but he thinks it to his
+interest that I should write to you as often as possible. Wherefore I
+would have you pardon me if, in compliance with his wishes, I shall
+appear to be at all forgetful of the stability of your character. What I
+beg of you is this--that you would accommodate Avianius as to the place
+and time for landing his corn: for which he obtained by my influence a
+three years' licence whilst Pompey was at the head of that business. The
+chief thing is--and you can therein lay me under the greatest
+obligation--that you should have convinced Avianius that I enjoy your
+affection, since he thinks himself secure of mine. You will greatly
+oblige me by doing this.
+
+[Footnote 714: Pompey was _praefectus annonae_ B.C. 57-52. As such he had
+a number of _legati_, of whom this Titus Titius was one; but there is
+nothing to shew in which of the corn-supplying countries he was
+employed. Avianius is a corn merchant, and wants concessions as to the
+importation of his cargoes.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXVIII (F V, 17)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52. Coss., from V. Kal, Mart., Cn. Pompeius Magnus
+(alone); from 1st August, with Q. Metellus Scipio.]
+
+     This year again, owing to the riots in the previous year excited by
+     Clodius to prevent the election of Milo, began with a series of
+     _interregna_ lasting nearly three months, January, February, and
+     the intercalary month. On the 17th of January Clodius was killed
+     near Bovillae by Milo's servants, and by his order. Riots followed
+     in Rome, the body was burnt in the Curia, which caught fire and was
+     destroyed. Cicero undertook Milo's defence under a new law _de vi_
+     brought in by Pompey, but broke down, and Milo was condemned
+     (April). Later in the year he successfully prosecuted T. Munatius
+     Plancus Bursa, who as tribune had promoted the riots after the
+     death of Clodius, and who had also supported the plan of making
+     Pompey dictator.
+
+
+TO P. SITTIUS[715] (IN EXILE)
+
+ROME
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, AET. 54]
+
+It was not because I had forgotten our friendship, or had any intention
+of breaking off my correspondence, that I have not written to you of
+late years. The reason is that the earlier part of them was a period of
+depression owing to the disaster which had befallen the Republic and
+myself, while the later period, with your own most distressing and
+undeserved misfortune, has made me reluctant to write. Since, however, a
+sufficiently long period has now elapsed, and I have recalled with
+greater distinctness your high character and lofty courage, I thought it
+not inconsistent with my purposes to write this to you. For my part, my
+dear P. Sittius, I defended you originally, when an attempt was made in
+your absence to bring you into odium and under a criminal charge; and
+when a charge against you was involved in the accusation and trial of
+your most intimate friend,[716] I took the very greatest care to
+safeguard your position and justify you. And, again also, on this last
+occasion, soon after my return to Rome, though I found that your case
+had been put on a footing far different from what I should have advised,
+if I had been there, still I omitted nothing that could contribute to
+your security. And though on that occasion the ill-feeling arising from
+the price of corn, the hostility of certain persons, not only to
+yourself, but to all your friends as well, the unfairness of the whole
+trial, and many other abuses in the state, had greater influence than
+the merits of your case or than truth itself, I yet did not fail to
+serve your son Publius with active assistance, advice, personal
+influence, and direct testimony. Wherefore, as I have carefully and
+religiously fulfilled all the other offices of friendship, I thought I
+ought not to omit that of urging upon you and beseeching you to remember
+that you are a human being and a gallant man--that is, that you should
+bear philosophically accidents which are common to all and incalculable,
+which none of us mortals can shun or forestall by any means whatever:
+should confront with courage such grief as fortune brings: and should
+reflect that not in our state alone, but in all others that have
+acquired an empire, such disasters have in many instances befallen the
+bravest and best from unjust verdicts. Oh that I were writing untruly
+when I say, that you are exiled from a state in which no man of
+foresight can find anything to give him pleasure! As for your son,
+again, I fear that, if I write nothing to you, I may seem not to have
+borne testimony to his high qualities as they deserve; while on the
+other hand, if I write fully all I feel, I fear that my letter may
+irritate the smart of your regret. But, after all, your wisest course
+will be to regard his loyalty, virtue, and steady conduct as being in
+your possession, and as accompanying you wherever you may be: for, in
+truth, what we embrace in imagination is no less ours than what we see
+before our eyes. Wherefore not only ought his brilliant qualities and
+extreme affection for you afford you great consolation, but so also
+ought I and others of your friends who value you, and always will do so,
+not for your position, but your worth; and so, above all else, ought
+your own conscience, when you reflect that you have not deserved
+anything that has befallen you, and when you consider besides that the
+wise are distressed by guilt, not by mischance--by their own ill-doing,
+not by the misconduct of others. For my part, I shall omit no
+opportunity either of consoling or alleviating your present position;
+for the recollection of our old friendship, and the high character and
+respectful attentions of your son, will keep me in mind of that duty. If
+you, on your part, will mention by letter anything you want, I will take
+care that you shall not think that you have written in vain.
+
+[Footnote 715: The letter in some MSS. is inscribed to Sextius or
+Sestius. Of P. Sittius of Nuceria we hear in the speech _pro Sulla_, Sec.Sec.
+56, 58. Sulla (who was accused of assisting Catiline) had sent P.
+Sittius on a mission to Spain, as it was alleged, to raise a rebellion
+there in support of Catiline. It does not, however, appear that his
+condemnation took place then. It seems to have been just previous to
+Cicero's return from exile (August, B.C. 57), and it is suggested that
+it was after his aedileship of the previous year, when a scarcity of corn
+had contributed to his unpopularity. The date of the letter is
+uncertain.]
+
+[Footnote 716: P. Sulla. Sittius was not, it seems, brought to trial
+with Sulla, but his journey to Spain formed part of the allegations
+against Sulla.]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXIX (F V, 18)
+
+TO T. FADIUS[717] (IN EXILE)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, AET. 54]
+
+Although I too, who am desirous of consoling you, stand in need of
+consolation myself--for nothing for a long time past has so deeply
+afflicted me as your disaster--nevertheless I do strongly not only
+exhort, but even beg and implore you, with all the earnestness that my
+affection dictates, to summon all your energies, to shew a manly
+courage, and to reflect under what conditions all mortals, and in what
+times we particularly, have been born. Your virtue has given you more
+than fortune has taken away: for you have obtained what not many "new
+men" have obtained; you have lost what many men of the highest rank have
+lost. Finally, a state of legislation, law courts, and politics
+generally appears to be imminent, such that the man would seem to be the
+most fortunate who has quitted such a republic as ours with the lightest
+possible penalty. As for you, however--since you retain your fortune and
+children, with myself and others still very closely united to you,
+whether by relationship or affection--and since you are likely to have
+much opportunity of living with me and all your friends--and since,
+again, your condemnation is the only one out of so many that is
+impugned, because, having been passed by one vote (and that a doubtful
+one), it is regarded as a concession to a particular person's
+overwhelming[718] power--for all these reasons, I say, you ought to be
+as little distressed as possible at the inconvenience that has befallen
+you. My feeling towards yourself and your children will always be such
+as you wish, and such as it is in duty bound to be.
+
+[Footnote 717: Titus Fadius Gallus had been a quaestor in Cicero's
+consulship (B.C. 63), and a tribune in B.C. 58, when Cicero reckoned him
+among those on whom he depended to resist Clodius. He also, among
+others, had a motion prepared for Cicero's recall, of which Cicero
+speaks with approbation (p. 178). We do not know on what charge he had
+been condemned, but a number of prosecutions followed the death of
+Clodius and Pompey's legislation as to violence and corruption of
+juries.]
+
+[Footnote 718: Pompey. He uses the word _potentia_, as he generally
+does, in an invidious sense of "tyrannical, or, unconstitutional power,"
+as opposed to _auctoritas_, "legitimate influence."]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXX (F III, 1)
+
+TO APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER[719] (IN CILICIA)
+
+ROME
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, AET. 54]
+
+Cicero to Appius, _imperator_. Could the Republic itself speak and tell
+you of its state, you would not learn it more easily from its own lips
+than from your freedman Phania: he is a man of such clear insight, as
+well as (in a good sense) of such keen curiosity! Wherefore he shall
+explain everything to you: for that will suit me best by enabling me to
+curtail my letter, and will be more prudent for me in view of other
+circumstances. But in regard to my good feeling towards you, though you
+can learn it from this same Phania, yet I think that I also have
+personally something I ought to say on the subject. For assure yourself
+of this--that you are exceedingly dear to me, from the many attractions
+of your character, your kindness, and the goodness of your heart, but
+also because from your letter, as well as from the remarks of many, I
+understand that all my conduct towards you has been most warmly
+appreciated by you. And since that is so, I will take means to make up
+for the great loss of time, which we have sustained from this
+interruption of our intercourse, by the liberality, the frequency, and
+the importance of my services; and that I think I shall do, since you
+would have it be so, by no means against the grain, or as the phrase is,
+"against the will of Minerva"--a goddess by the way whom, if I shall
+chance to get possession of a statue of her from your stock, I shall not
+simply designate "Pallas," but "Appias."[720] Your freedman Cilix was
+not well known to me before, but when he delivered me your kind and
+affectionate letter, he confirmed the courteous expressions of that
+letter by his own words. I was much gratified by his speech, when he
+described to me your feelings and the remarks which you were daily
+making about me. In short, within two days he became my intimate friend,
+without, however, my ceasing to regret Phania deeply. When you send the
+latter back to Rome, which I imagine you intend speedily to do, pray
+give him instructions as to all matters which you wish to be transacted
+or looked after by me.
+
+I commend L. Valerius the lawyer to you very strongly; not, however, in
+his capacity of lawyer: for I wish to take better precautions for him
+than he does for others. I am really fond of the man: he is one of my
+closest and most intimate friends. In a general way he expresses nothing
+but gratitude to you; but he also says that a letter from me will have
+very great influence with you. I beg you again and again that he may not
+find himself mistaken.
+
+[Footnote 719: Brother of Cicero's enemy, P. Clodius. He had been consul
+in B.C. 54, and was now proconsul in Cilicia, in which government Cicero
+was to succeed him. His relations with Cicero had been varied, and
+though Cicero speaks warmly to him, he does not do so often of him, and
+his compliments are evidently not really sincere.]
+
+[Footnote 720: "I shall, in compliment to your accomplishments, call the
+goddess of learning and wisdom 'Appias,'" _i.e._, the "Appian Goddess."
+But the meaning of the elaborate and dull joke or compliment is far from
+clear, especially the phrase _si forte de tuis sumpsero_. Was Cicero
+expecting a present of a bust of Minerva, or intending to purchase one
+from Appius's collection? Or does he allude, as has been suggested, to
+the Minerva he had himself dedicated before his exile, and which had
+probably fallen into the hands of the Appian family?]
+
+
+
+
+CLXXXI (F VII, 2)
+
+TO M. MARIUS (IN CAMPANIA)
+
+ROME (DECEMBER)
+
+
+[Sidenote: B.C. 52, AET. 54]
+
+I will look after your commission carefully. But, sharp man that you
+are, you have given your commission to the very person above all others
+whose interest it is that the article should fetch the highest possible
+price! However, you have been far-sighted in fixing beforehand how far I
+am to go. But if you had left it to me, I am so much attached to you
+that I would have made a bargain with the heirs: as it is, since I know
+your price, I will put up some one to bid rather than let it go for
+less. But a truce to jesting! I will do your business with all care, as
+in duty bound. I feel sure you are glad about Bursa[721], but your
+congratulations are too half-hearted. For you suppose, as you say in
+your letter, that, owing to the fellow's meanness, I don't look upon it
+as a matter of much rejoicing. I would have you believe that I am more
+pleased with this verdict than with the death of my enemy. For, in the
+first place, I would rather win by legal process than by the sword; in
+the second place, by what brings credit to a friend than by what
+involves his condemnation.[722] And, above all, I was delighted that the
+support of the loyalists was given to me so decisively against the
+influence exerted to an incredible degree by a most illustrious and
+powerful personage. Finally--though, perhaps, you won't think it
+likely--I hated this man much more than the notorious Clodius himself.
+For the latter I had attacked, the former I had defended. The latter,
+too, though the very existence of the Republic was to be risked in my
+person, had yet a certain great object in view; nor was it wholly on his
+own initiative, but with the support of those who could not be safe as
+long as I was so. But this ape of a fellow, in sheer wantonness, had
+selected me as an object for his invectives, and had persuaded certain
+persons[723] who were jealous of me that he would always be a ready
+instrument for an attack upon me. Wherefore I bid you rejoice with all
+your heart: a great stroke has been struck. Never were any citizens more
+courageous than those who ventured to vote for his condemnation, in the
+teeth of the immense power of the man by whom the jurors had themselves
+been selected. And this they never would have done had not my grievance
+been theirs also. Here, in Rome, I am so distracted by the number of
+trials, the crowded courts, and the new legislation,[724] that I daily
+offer prayers that there may be no intercalation,[725] so that I may see
+you as soon as possible.
+
+[Footnote 721: The condemnation of T. Munatius Plancus Bursa, who, being
+tribune in B.C. 52, had promoted the riots following the death of
+Clodius, especially in regard to burning his body in the Curia, and had,
+after his office terminated (10th December), been prosecuted _de vi_ by
+Cicero successfully. Bursa, with others, had supported Pompey's wish for
+the dictatorship, as well as his legislation, and accordingly, in
+attacking him, Cicero had against him the weight of Pompey's influence.
+He therefore looks upon it as a great triumph.]
+
+[Footnote 722: The condemnation of Bursa was a point in favour of Milo,
+whereas Milo's murder of Clodius only brought his ultimate condemnation
+and exile. Milo's trial had taken place in April.]
+
+[Footnote 723: Pompey and his friends.]
+
+[Footnote 724: The new laws introduced by Pompey _de vi_, _de
+magistratibus_, _de pecunia ob iudicium_.]
+
+[Footnote 725: The intercalary month was inserted between the 23rd and
+24th of February. Whether it was to be inserted or not depended on the
+pontifices, who kept their secret jealously. If it is inserted, Cicero
+will be kept all the longer in town with senatorial and legal business,
+and so be prevented from seeing Marius, who lived near his Pompeian
+villa.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+DE PETITIONE CONSULATUS
+
+
+[This is rather an essay than a letter, and is not generally included in
+any of the books of the correspondence. To my mind there are indications
+of its being a later composition, the exercise of some one who wished to
+shew the nature of canvassing at the time. Still, there are many
+arguments in favour of regarding it as the composition of Quintus, and
+at any rate it is a contribution to the picture of the times.]
+
+
+Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER MARCUS (AT ROME)
+
+I. Although you have all the accomplishments within the reach of human
+genius, experience, or acuteness, yet I thought it only consistent with
+my affection to set down in writing what occurred to my mind while
+thinking, as I do, day and night on your canvass, not with the
+expectation that you would learn anything new from it, but that the
+considerations on a subject, which appeared to be disconnected and
+without system, might be brought under one view by a logical
+arrangement.
+
+Consider what the state is: what it is you seek: who you are that seek
+it. Almost every day as you go down to the forum you should say to
+yourself, "I am a _novus homo_," "I am a candidate for the consulship,"
+"This is Rome." For the "newness" of your name you will best compensate
+by the brilliancy of your oratory. That has ever carried with it very
+great political distinction. A man who is held worthy of defending
+consulars cannot be thought unworthy of the consulship. Wherefore, since
+your reputation in this is your starting-point, since whatever you are,
+you are from this, approach each individual case with the persuasion
+that on it depends as a whole your entire reputation. See that those
+aids to natural ability, which I know are your special gifts, are ready
+for use and always available; and remember what Demetrius wrote about
+the hard work and practice of Demosthenes; and, finally, take care that
+both the number and rank of your friends are unmistakable. For you have
+such as few _novi homines_ have had--all the _publicani_, nearly the
+whole equestrian order, many municipal towns specially devoted to you,
+many persons who have been defended by you, men of every order, many
+_collegia_, and, besides these, a large number of the rising generation
+who have become attached to you in their enthusiasm for rhetoric, and,
+finally, your friends who visit you daily in large numbers and with such
+constant regularity. See that you retain these advantages by reminding
+these persons, by appealing to them, and by using every means to make
+them understand that this, and this only, is the time for those who are
+in your debt to show their gratitude, and for those who wish for your
+services in the future to place you under an obligation. It also seems
+possible that a "new man" may be much assisted by the fact that he has
+the good wishes of men of high rank, and especially of consulars. It is
+a point in your favour that you should be thought worthy of this
+position and rank by the very men to whose position and rank you are
+wishing to attain. All these men must be canvassed with care, agents
+must be sent to them, and they must be convinced that we have always
+been at one with the Optimates in our political sentiments, that we have
+never been demagogues in the very least: that if we seem ever to have
+said anything in the spirit of that party, we did so with the view of
+attracting Cn. Pompeius, that we might have the man of the greatest
+influence either actively on our side in our canvass, or at least not
+opposed to us.[726] Farthermore, take pains to get on your side the
+young men of high rank, or retain the affection of those you already
+have. They will contribute much to your political position. You have
+very many; make them feel how much you think depends on them: if you
+induce those to be positively eager who are merely not disinclined, they
+will be of very great advantage to you.
+
+II. It is also a great set-off to your "newness," that the nobles who
+are your competitors are of a such a kind that no one can venture to say
+that their nobility ought to stand them in greater stead than your high
+character. For instance, who could think of P. Galba and L. Cassius,
+though by birth of the highest rank, as candidates for the consulship?
+You see, therefore, that there are men of the noblest families, who from
+defect of ability are not your equals. But, you will say, Catiline and
+Antonius are formidable. Rather I should say that a man of energy,
+industry, unimpeachable character, great eloquence, and high popularity
+with those who are the ultimate judges, should wish for such
+rivals--both from their boyhood stained with blood and lust, both of
+ruined fortunes. Of one of them we have seen the property put up for
+sale, and actually heard him declare on oath that at Rome he could not
+contend with a Greek or obtain an impartial tribunal.[727] We know that
+he was ejected from the senate by the judgment of genuine censors: in
+our praetorship we had him as a competitor, with such men as Sabidius and
+Panthera to back him, because he had no one else to appear for him at
+the scrutiny. Yet in this office he bought a mistress from the slave
+market whom he kept openly at his house. Moreover, in his canvass for
+the consulship, he has preferred to be robbing all the innkeepers, under
+the disgraceful pretext of a _libera legatio_, rather than to be in town
+and supplicate the Roman people. But the other! Good heavens! what is
+his distinction? Is he of equally noble birth? No. Is he richer? No. In
+manliness, then? How do you make that out? Why, because while the former
+fears his own shadow, this man does not even fear the laws!--A man born
+in the house of a bankrupt father, nurtured in the society of an
+abandoned sister, grown to manhood amidst the massacre of fellow
+citizens, whose first entrance to public life was made by the slaughter
+of Roman knights! For Sulla had specially selected Catiline to command
+that band of Gauls which we remember, who shore off the heads of the
+Titinii and Nannii and Tanusii: and while with them he killed with his
+own hands the best man of the day, his own sister's husband, Quintus
+Caecilius, who was a Roman eques, a man belonging to no party, always
+quiet by inclination, and then so from age also.
+
+III. Why should I speak of him as a candidate for the consulship, who
+caused M. Marius, a man most beloved by the Roman people, to be beaten
+with vine-rods in the sight of that Roman people from one end of the
+city to the other--forced him up to the tomb--rent his frame with every
+kind of torture, and while he was still alive and breathing, cut off his
+head with his sword in his right hand, while he held the hairs on the
+crown of his head with his left, and carried off his head in his own
+hand with streams of blood flowing through his fingers?[728] A man who
+afterwards lived with actors and gladiators on such terms that the
+former ministered to his lust, the latter to his crimes--who never
+approached a place so sacred or holy as not to leave there, even if no
+actual crime were committed, some suspicion of dishonour founded on his
+abandoned character--a man whose closest friends in the senate were the
+Curii and the Annii, in the auction rooms the Sapalae and Carrilii, in
+the equestrian order the Pompilii and Vettii--a man of such consummate
+impudence, such abandoned profligacy, in fine, such cunning and success
+in lasciviousness, that he corrupted young boys when almost in the
+bosoms of their parents? Why should I after this mention Africa to you,
+or the depositions of the witnesses? They are well known--read them
+again and again yourself. Nevertheless, I think that I should not omit
+to mention that he left that court in the first place as needy as some
+of the jurors were before the trial, and in the second place the object
+of such hatred, that another prosecution against him is called for every
+day. His position is such that he is more likely to be nervous even if
+you do nothing, than contemptuous if you start any proceedings.
+
+What much better fortune in your canvass is yours than that which not
+long ago fell to the lot of another "new man," Gaius Caelius![729] He had
+two men of the highest rank as competitors, but they were of such a
+character that their rank was the least of their recommendations--genius
+of the highest order, supreme modesty, very numerous public services,
+most excellent methods of conducting a canvass, and diligence in
+carrying them out. And yet Caelius, though much inferior in birth, and
+superior in hardly anything, beat one of them. Wherefore, if you do what
+your natural ability and studies, which you have always pursued, enable
+you to do, what the exigencies of your present position require, what
+you are capable of doing and are bound to do, you will not have a
+difficult struggle with competitors who are by no means so conspicuous
+for their birth as notorious for their vices. For what citizen can there
+be found so ill-affected as to wish by one vote to draw two daggers
+against the Republic?
+
+IV. Having thus set forth what advantages you have and might have to set
+against your "newness," I think I ought now to say a word on the
+importance of what you are trying for. You are seeking the consulship,
+an office of which no one thinks you unworthy, but of which there are
+many who will be jealous. For, while by birth of equestrian rank,[730]
+you are seeking the highest rank in the state, and yet one which, though
+the highest, reflects much greater splendour on a man of courage,
+eloquence, and pure life than on others. Don't suppose that those who
+have already held that office are blind to the political position you
+will occupy, when once you have obtained the same. I suspect, however,
+that those who, though born of consular families, have not attained the
+position of their ancestors, will, unless they happen to be strongly
+attached to you, feel some jealousy. Even "new men" who have been
+praetors I think, unless under great obligations to you, will not like to
+be surpassed by you in official rank. Lastly, in the populace itself, I
+am sure it will occur to you how many are envious, how many, from the
+precedents of recent years, are averse to "new men." It must also needs
+be that some are angry with you in consequence of the causes which you
+have pleaded. Nay, carefully consider this also, whether, seeing that
+you have devoted yourself with such fervour to the promotion of Pompey's
+glory, you can suppose certain men to be your friends on that
+account.[731] Wherefore, seeing that you are seeking the highest place
+in the state, and at the same time that there do exist sentiments
+opposed to you, you must positively employ every method, and all your
+vigilance, labour, and attention to business.
+
+V. Again, the canvass for office resolves itself into an activity of two
+kinds, of which one is concerned with the loyalty of friends, the other
+with the feelings of the people. The loyalty of friends must be secured
+by acts of kindness and attention, by length of time, and by an easy and
+agreeable temper. But this word "friends" has a wider application during
+a canvass than in other times of our life. For whosoever gives any sign
+of an inclination to you, or habitually visits at your house, must be
+put down in the category of friends. But yet the most advantageous thing
+is to be beloved and pleasant in the eyes of those who are friends on
+the more regular grounds of relationship by blood or marriage, of
+membership of the same club, or of some close tie or other. Farther, you
+must take great pains that, in proportion as a man is most intimate and
+most closely connected with your household, he should love you and
+desire your highest honour--as, for instance, your tribesmen,
+neighbours, clients, and finally your freedmen and even your slaves; for
+nearly all the talk which forms one's public reputation emanates from
+domestic sources. In a word, you must secure friends of every class: for
+show--men conspicuous for their office or name, who, even if they do not
+give any actual assistance in canvassing, yet add some dignity to the
+candidate; to maintain your just rights--magistrates, consuls first and
+then tribunes; to secure the votes of the centuries--men of eminent
+popularity. Those who either have gained or hope to gain the vote of a
+tribe or century, or any other advantage, through your influence, take
+all pains to collect and secure. For during recent years men of ambition
+have exerted themselves with all their might and main to become sure of
+getting from their tribesmen what they sought. Do you also do your very
+best, by every means in your power, to make such men attached to you
+from the bottom of their hearts and with the most complete devotion. If,
+indeed, men were as grateful as they ought to be, all this should be
+ready to your hand, as I trust in fact that it is. For within the last
+two years you have put under an obligation to you four clubs of men who
+have the very greatest influence in promoting an election, those of C.
+Fundanius, Q. Gallius, C. Cornelius, C. Orchivius.[732] When they
+committed the defence of these men to you, I am acquainted with what
+their clubsmen undertook and promised you to do, for I was present at
+the interview. Wherefore you must insist at the present juncture on
+exacting from them your due by reminding them, appealing to them,
+solemnly assuring them, and taking care that they thoroughly understand
+that they will never have any other opportunity of shewing their
+gratitude. I cannot doubt that these men, from hope of your services in
+the future as well as from the benefits recently received, will be
+roused to active exertions. And speaking generally, since your
+candidature is most strongly supported by that class of friendships
+which you have gained as a counsel for the defence, take care that to
+all those, whom you have placed under this obligation to you, their duty
+should in every case be clearly defined and set forth. And as you have
+never been in any matter importunate with them, so be careful that they
+understand that you have reserved for this occasion all that you
+consider them to owe you.
+
+VI. But since men are principally induced to shew goodwill and zeal at
+the hustings by three considerations--kindness received, hope of more,
+personal affection and good feeling--we must take notice how best to
+take advantage of each of these. By very small favours men are induced
+to think that they have sufficient reason for giving support at the
+poll, and surely those you have saved (and their number is very large)
+cannot fail to understand that, if at this supreme crisis they fail to
+do what you wish, they will never have anyone's confidence. And though
+this is so, nevertheless they must be appealed to, and must even be led
+to think it possible that they, who have hitherto been under an
+obligation to us, may now put us under an obligation to them. Those,
+again, who are influenced by hope (a class of people much more apt to be
+scrupulously attentive) you must take care to convince that your
+assistance is at their service at any moment, and to make them
+understand that you are carefully watching the manner in which they
+perform the duties they owe you, and to allow no mistake to exist as to
+your clearly perceiving and taking note of the amount of support coming
+from each one of them. The third class which I mentioned is that of
+spontaneous and sincere friends, and this class you will have to make
+more secure by expressions of your gratitude; by making your words tally
+with the motives which it shall appear to you influenced them in taking
+up your cause; by shewing that the affection is mutual; and by
+suggesting that your friendship with them may ripen into intimacy and
+familiar intercourse. In all these classes alike consider and weigh
+carefully the amount of influence each possesses, in order to know both
+the kind of attention to pay to each, and what you are to expect and
+demand from each. For certain men are popular in their own
+neighbourhoods and towns; there are others possessed of energy and
+wealth, who, even if they have not heretofore sought such popularity,
+can yet easily obtain it at the moment for the sake of one to whom they
+owe or wish to do a favour. Your attention to such classes of men must
+be such as to shew them that you clearly understand what is to be
+expected from each, that you appreciate what you are receiving, and
+remember what you have received. There are, again, others who either
+have no influence or are positively disliked by their tribesmen, and
+have neither the spirit nor the ability to exert themselves on the spur
+of the moment: be sure you distinguish between such men, that you may
+not be disappointed in your expectation of support by placing over-much
+hope on some particular person.
+
+VII. But although you ought to rely on, and be fortified by, friendships
+already gained and firmly secured, yet in the course of the canvass
+itself very numerous and useful friendships are acquired. For among its
+annoyances a candidature has this advantage: you can without loss of
+dignity, as you cannot in other affairs of life, admit whomsoever you
+choose to your friendship, to whom if you were at any other time to
+offer your society, you would be thought guilty of an eccentricity;
+whereas during a canvass, if you don't do so with many, and take pains
+about it besides, you would be thought to be no use as a candidate at
+all. Moreover, I can assure you of this, that there is no one, unless he
+happens to be bound by some special tie to some one of your rivals,
+whom you could not induce, if you took pains, to earn your affection by
+his good services, and to seize the opportunity of putting you under an
+obligation--let him but fully understand that you value him highly, that
+you really mean what you say, that he is making a good investment, and
+that there will accrue from it not only a brief and electioneering
+friendship, but a firm and lasting one. There will be no one, believe
+me, if he has anything in him at all, who will let slip this opportunity
+offered of establishing a friendship with you, especially when by good
+luck you have competitors whose friendship is one to be neglected or
+avoided, and who not only are unable to secure what I am urging you to
+secure, but cannot even make the first step towards it. For how should
+Antonius make the first step towards attaching people to himself, when
+he cannot even call them, unaided, by their proper names? I, for one,
+think that there can be no greater folly than to imagine a man
+solicitous to serve you whom you don't know by sight. Extraordinary
+indeed must be the fame, the political position and extent of the public
+services of that man whom entire strangers, without supporters to back
+him, would elect to office. That a man without principle or energy,
+without doing any good service, and without ability, lying under a cloud
+of discredit, and without friends, should beat a man fortified with the
+devotion of a numerous circle and by the good opinion of all, cannot
+possibly occur except from gross negligence.
+
+VIII. Wherefore see that you have the votes of all the centuries secured
+to you by the number and variety of your friends. The first and most
+obvious thing is that you should embrace the Roman senators and knights,
+and the active and popular men of all the other orders. There are many
+city men of good business habits, there are many freedmen engaged in the
+forum who are popular and energetic: these men try with all your might
+both personally and by common friends, as far as you can, to make eager
+in your behalf; seek them out, send agents to them, shew them that they
+are putting you under the greatest obligation. After that review the
+entire city, all colleges, districts, neighbourhoods. If you attach to
+yourself the leading men of these, you will by their means easily keep a
+hold upon the multitude. When you have done that, take care to have in
+your mind a chart of all Italy laid out according to the tribe of each
+town, and learn it by heart, so that you may not allow any _municipium_,
+colony, prefecture, or, in a word, any spot in Italy to exist, in which
+you have not a sufficient foothold. Inquire also for and trace out
+individuals in every region, inform yourself about them, seek them out,
+strengthen their resolution, secure that in their own neighbourhoods
+they shall canvass for you, and be as it were candidates in your
+interest. They will wish for you as a friend, if they once see that
+their friendship is an object with you. Make sure that they _do_
+understand this by directing your speech specially to this point. Men of
+country towns, or from the country, think themselves in the position of
+friends if we of the city know them by name: if, however, they think
+that they are besides securing some protection for themselves, they do
+not let slip the opportunity of being obliging. Of such people others in
+town, and above all your rivals, don't so much as know the existence:
+you know about them and will easily recognize them, without which
+friendship is impossible. Nor is such recognition enough (though it is a
+great thing) unless some hope of material advantage and active
+friendship follows, for your object is not to be looked upon as a mere
+"nomenclator," but as a sincere friend also. So when you have both got
+the favour of these same men in the centuries, who from the means they
+have taken to secure their personal objects enjoy most popularity among
+their fellow tribesmen; and have made those all desirous of your success
+who have influence in any section of their tribe, owing to
+considerations attaching to their municipality or neighbourhood or
+college, then you may allow yourself to entertain the highest hopes.
+
+Again, the centuries of the knights appear to me capable of being won
+over, if you are careful, with considerably more ease. Let your first
+care be to acquaint yourself with the knights; for they are
+comparatively few: then make advances to them, for it is much easier to
+gain the friendship of young men at their time of life. Then again, you
+have on your side the best of the rising generation, and the most
+devoted to learning. Moreover, as the equestrian order is yours, they
+will follow the example of that order, if only you take the trouble to
+confirm the support of those centuries, not only by the general good
+affection of the order, but also by the friendships of individuals.
+Finally, the hearty zeal of the young in canvassing for votes, appearing
+at various places, bringing intelligence, and being in attendance on you
+in public are surprisingly important as well as creditable.
+
+IX. And since I have mentioned "attendance," I may add that you should
+be careful to see large companies every day of every class and order;
+for from the mere number of these a guess may well be made as to the
+amount of support you are likely to have in the _campus_ itself. Such
+visitors are of three kinds: one consists of morning callers who come to
+your house, a second of those who escort you to the forum, a third of
+those who attend you on your canvass. In the case of the morning
+callers, who are less select and, according to the prevailing fashion,
+come in greater numbers, you must contrive to make them think that you
+value even this slight attention very highly. Let those who shall come
+to your house see that you notice it; shew your gratification to such
+of their friends as will repeat it to them; frequently mention it to the
+persons themselves. It often happens that people, when they visit a
+number of candidates, and observe that there is one who above the rest
+notices these attentions, devote themselves to him; leave off visiting
+the others; little by little become devoted to one instead of being
+neutral, and from sham turn out real supporters. Farthermore, carefully
+remember this, if you have been told or have discovered that a man who
+has given you his promise is "dressing for the occasion," as the phrase
+goes, make as though you had neither heard it nor knew it; if any offers
+to clear himself to you, because he thinks himself suspected, assert
+roundly that you have never doubted his sincerity and have no right to
+doubt it. For the man who thinks that he is not giving satisfaction can
+never be a friend. You ought, however, to know each man's real feeling,
+in order to settle how much confidence to place in him.
+
+Secondly, of those who escort you to the forum: since this is a greater
+attention than a morning call, indicate and make clear that it is still
+more gratifying to you, and as far as it shall lie in your power go down
+to the forum at fixed times. The daily escort by its numbers produces a
+great impression and confers great personal distinction. The third class
+is that of numbers perpetually attending you on your canvass. See that
+those who do so spontaneously understand that you regard yourself as for
+ever obliged by their extreme kindness: from those, on the other hand,
+who owe you this attention, frankly demand that, as far as their age and
+business allow, they should constantly be in personal attendance, and
+that those who are unable to accompany you in person should find
+relations to take their place in performing this duty. I am very
+anxious, and think it extremely important, that you should always be
+surrounded by large numbers. Besides, it confers a great reputation and
+great distinction to be accompanied by those who by your exertions have
+been defended, preserved, and acquitted in the law courts. Put this
+demand fairly before them, that, since by your means and without any
+payment some have retained their property, others their honour, others
+their civil existence and entire fortunes, and since there will never be
+any other time at which they can show their gratitude, they should
+remunerate you by this service.
+
+X. And since the point now in discussion is entirely a question of the
+loyalty of friends, I must not, I think, pass over one caution.
+Deception, intrigue, and treachery are everywhere. This is not the time
+for a formal disquisition on the indications by which a true friend may
+be distinguished from a false: all that is in place now is to give you a
+hint. Your exalted character has compelled many to pretend to be your
+friends while really jealous of you. Wherefore remember the saying of
+Epicharmus, "the muscle and bone of wisdom is to believe nothing
+rashly." Again, when you have got the feelings of your friends in a
+sound state, you must then acquaint yourself with the attitude and
+varieties of your detractors and opponents. There are three: first,
+those whom you have attacked; second, those who dislike you without
+definite reason; third, those who are warm friends of your competitors.
+As to those attacked by you while pleading a friend's cause against
+them, frankly excuse yourself; remind them of the ties constraining you;
+give them reason to hope that you will act with equal zeal and loyalty
+in their cases, if they become your friends. As for those who dislike
+you without reason, do your best to remove that prejudice either by some
+actual service, or by holding out hopes of it, or by indicating your
+kindly feeling towards them. As for those whose wishes are against you
+owing to friendship for your competitors, gratify them also by the same
+means as the former, and, if you can get them to believe it, shew that
+you are kindly disposed to the very men who are standing against you.
+
+XI. Having said enough about securing friendships, I must now speak on
+another department of a candidate's task, which is concerned with the
+conciliation of the people. This demands a knack of remembering names,
+insinuating manners, constant attendance, liberality, the power of
+setting a report afloat and creating a hopeful feeling in the state.
+First of all, make the faculty you possess of recognizing people
+conspicuous, and go on increasing and improving it every day. I don't
+think there is anything so popular or so conciliatory. Next, if nature
+has denied you some quality, resolve to assume it, so as to appear to be
+acting naturally. Although nature has great force, yet in a business
+lasting only a few months it seems probable that the artificial may be
+the more effective. For though you are not lacking in the courtesy which
+good and polite men should have, yet there is great need of a flattering
+manner which, however faulty and discreditable in other transactions of
+life, is yet necessary during a candidateship. For when it makes a man
+worse by truckling, it is wrong; but when only more friendly, it does
+not deserve so harsh a term; while it is absolutely necessary to a
+candidate, whose face and expression and style of conversation have to
+be varied and accommodated to the feelings and tastes of everyone he
+meets. As for "constant attendance," there is no need of laying down any
+rule, the phrase speaks for itself. It is, of course, of very great
+consequence not to go away anywhere; but the real advantage of such
+constant attendance is not only the being at Rome and in the forum, but
+the pushing one's canvass assiduously, the addressing oneself again and
+again to the same persons, the making it impossible (as far as your
+power goes) for anyone to say that he has not been asked by you, and
+earnestly and carefully asked. Liberality is, again, of wide
+application; it is shewn in regard to the management of your private
+property, which, even if it does not actually reach the multitude, yet,
+if spoken of with praise by friends, earns the favour of the multitude.
+It may also be displayed in banquets, which you must take care to attend
+yourself and to cause your friends to attend, whether open ones or those
+confined to particular tribes. It may, again, be displayed in giving
+practical assistance, which I would have you render available far and
+wide: and be careful therein to be accessible to all by day and night,
+and not only by the doors of your house, but by your face and
+countenance, which is the door of the mind; for, if that shews your
+feelings to be those of reserve and concealment, it is of little good to
+have your house doors open. For men desire not only to have promises
+made them, especially in their applications to a candidate, but to have
+them made in a liberal and complimentary manner. Accordingly, it is an
+easy rule to make, that you should indicate that whatever you are going
+to do you will do with heartiness and pleasure; it is somewhat more
+difficult, and rather a concession to the necessities of the moment than
+to your inclination, that when you cannot do a thing you should [either
+promise] or put your refusal pleasantly: the latter is the conduct of a
+good man, the former of a good candidate. For when a request is made
+which we cannot grant with honour or without loss to ourselves, for
+instance, if a man were to ask us to appear in a suit against a friend,
+a refusal must be given in a gentlemanly way: you must point out to him
+that your hands are tied, must shew that you are exceedingly sorry, must
+convince him that you will make up for it in other ways.
+
+XII. I have heard a man say about certain orators, to whom he had
+offered his case, "that he had been better pleased with the words of the
+one who declined, than of the one who accepted." So true it is that men
+are more taken by look and words than by actual services. [This latter
+course, however, you will readily approve: the former it is somewhat
+difficult to recommend to a Platonist like you, but yet I will have
+regard for your present circumstances.] For even those to whom you are
+forced by any other tie to refuse your advocacy may yet quit you
+mollified and with friendly feelings. But those to whom you only excuse
+a refusal by saying that you are hindered by the affairs of closer
+friends, or by cases more important or previously undertaken, quit you
+with hostile feelings, and are one and all disposed to prefer an
+insincere promise to a direct negative from you. C. Cotta, a master in
+the art of electioneering, used to say that, "so long as the request was
+not directly contrary to moral duty, he used to promise his assistance
+to all, to bestow it on those with whom he thought it would be most
+advantageously invested: he did not refuse anyone, because something
+often turned up to prevent the person whom he promised from availing
+himself of it, and it often also occurred that he himself was less
+engaged than he had thought at the time; nor could anyone's house be
+full of suitors who only undertook what he saw his way to perform: by
+some accident or other the unexpected often happens, while business,
+which you have believed to be actually in hand, from some cause or other
+does not come off: moreover, the worst that can happen is that the man
+to whom you have made a false promise is angry." This last risk,
+supposing you to make the promise, is uncertain, is prospective, and
+only affects a few; but, if you refuse, the offence given is certain,
+immediate, and more widely diffused. For many more ask to be allowed to
+avail themselves of the help of another than actually do so. Wherefore
+it is better that some of them should at times be angry with you in the
+forum, than all of them perpetually at your own house: especially as
+they are more inclined to be angry with those who refuse, than with a
+man whom they perceive to be prevented by so grave a cause as to be
+compatible with the desire to fulfil his promise if he possibly could.
+But that I may not appear to have abandoned my own classification, since
+the department of a candidate's work on which I am now dilating is that
+which refers to the populace, I insist on this, that all these
+observations have reference not so much to the feelings of friends as to
+popular rumour. Though there is something in what I say which comes
+under the former head--such as answering with kindness, and giving
+zealous assistance in the business and the dangers of friends--yet in
+this part of my argument I am speaking of the things which enable you to
+win over the populace: for instance, the having your house full of
+visitors before daybreak, the securing the affection of many by giving
+them hope of your support, the contriving that men should leave you with
+more friendly feelings than they came, the filling the ears of as many
+as possible with the most telling words.
+
+XIII. For my next theme must be popular report, to which very great
+attention must be paid. But what I have said throughout the foregoing
+discourse applies also to the diffusion of a favourable report: the
+reputation for eloquence; the favour of the _publicani_ and equestrian
+order; the goodwill of men of rank; the crowd of young men; the constant
+attendance of those whom you have defended; the number of those from
+municipal towns who have notoriously come to Rome on your account; the
+observations which men make in your favour--that you recognize them,
+address them politely, are assiduous and earnest in canvassing; that
+they speak and think of you as kind and liberal; the having your house
+full of callers long before daybreak; the presence of large numbers of
+every class; that your look and speech give satisfaction to all, your
+acts and deeds to many; that everything is done which can be done by
+hard work, skill, and attention, not to cause the fame arising from all
+these displays of feeling to reach the people, but to bring the people
+itself to share them. You have already won the city populace and the
+affections of those who control the public meetings by your panegyric of
+Pompey, by undertaking the cause of Manilius, by your defence of
+Cornelius.[733] We must not let those advantages be forgotten, which
+hitherto no one has had without possessing at the same time the favour
+of the great. We must also take care that everyone knows that Cn.
+Pompeius is strongly in your favour, and that it emphatically suits his
+purpose that you should win your election. Lastly, take care that your
+whole candidature is full of _eclat_, brilliant, splendid, suited to the
+popular taste, presenting a spectacle of the utmost dignity and
+magnificence. See also, if possible, that some new scandal is started
+against your competitors for crime or looseness of life or corruption,
+such as is in harmony with their characters.
+
+Above all in this election you must see that the Republic entertains a
+good hope and an honourable opinion of you. And yet you must not enter
+upon political measures in senate-house and public meeting while a
+candidate: you must hold such things in abeyance, in order that from
+your lifelong conduct the senate may judge you likely to be the
+supporter of their authority; the Roman knights, along with the
+loyalists and wealthy, judge you from your past to be eager for peace
+and quiet times; and the people think of you as not likely to be hostile
+to their interests from the fact that in your style of speaking in
+public meetings, and in your declared convictions, you have been on the
+popular side.
+
+XIV. This is what occurred to me to say on the subject of these two
+morning reflexions, which I said you ought to turn over in your mind
+every day as you went down to the forum: "I am a _novus homo_," "I am a
+candidate for the consulship." There remains the third, "This is Rome,"
+a city made up of a combination of nations, in which many snares, much
+deception, many vices enter into every department of life: in which you
+have to put up with the arrogant pretensions, the wrong-headedness, the
+ill-will, the hauteur, the disagreeable temper and offensive manners of
+many. I well understand that it requires great prudence and skill for a
+man, living among social vices of every sort, so many and so serious, to
+avoid giving offence, causing scandal, or falling into traps, and in his
+single person to adapt himself to such a vast variety of character,
+speech, and feeling. Wherefore, I say again and again, go on
+persistently in the path you have begun: put yourself above rivalry in
+eloquence; it is by this that people at Rome are charmed and attracted,
+as well as deterred from obstructing a man's career or inflicting an
+injury upon him. And since the chief plague spot of our state is that it
+allows the prospect of a bribe to blind it to virtue and worth, be sure
+that you are fully aware of your own strength, that is, understand that
+you are the man capable of producing in the minds of your rivals the
+strongest fear of legal proceeding and legal peril. Let them know that
+they are watched and scrutinized by you: they will be in terror of your
+energy, as well as of your influence and power of speech, and above all
+of the affection of the equestrian order towards you. But though I wish
+you to hold out this before them, I do not wish you to make it appear
+that you are already meditating an action, but to use this terror so as
+to facilitate the gaining of your object: and, in a word, in this
+contest strain every nerve and use every faculty in such a way as to
+secure what we seek. I notice that there are no elections so deeply
+tainted with corruption, but that some centuries return men closely
+connected with them without receiving money. Therefore, if we are as
+vigilant as the greatness of our object demands, and rouse our
+well-wishers to put forth all their energies; and if we allot to men of
+influence and zeal in our service their several tasks; if we put before
+our rivals the threat of legal proceedings; if we inspire their agents
+with fear, and by some means check the distributors, it is possible to
+secure either that there shall be no bribery or that it shall be
+ineffectual.
+
+These are the points that I thought, not that I knew better than you,
+but that I could more easily than you--in the pressing state of your
+present engagements--collect together and send you written out. And
+although they are written in such terms as not to apply to all
+candidates for office, but to your special case and to your particular
+election, yet I should be glad if you would tell me of anything that
+should be corrected or entirely struck out, or that has been omitted.
+For I wish this little essay "on the duties of a candidate" to be
+regarded as complete in every respect.
+
+[Footnote 726: It is to be observed that at this time Pompey is reckoned
+as inclined to the _populares_. His legislation in B.C. 70 had been
+somewhat in their favour; but he had not, as a fact, ever declared
+himself either way.]
+
+[Footnote 727: C. Antonius, impeached by Caesar for plundering Macedonia,
+_appellavit tribunos iuravitque se forum eiurare, quod aequo iure uti non
+posset_ (Ascon. Sec. 84). His offences in Macedonia, where he had been left
+by Sulla, were in B.C. 83-80; his impeachment, B.C. 76; his expulsion
+from the senate, B.C. 70.]
+
+[Footnote 728: M. Marius Gratidianus (Ascon. Sec. 84). These denunciations
+of Antonius and Catiline seem to be taken from the oration _in toga
+candida_.]
+
+[Footnote 729: Caelius, consul B.C. 94 with Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.]
+
+[Footnote 730: Cicero, of course, was now a senator, but he was the
+first of his family who had been so. The others who came forward for the
+consulship were two patricians, P. Sulpicius Galba, L. Sergius Catilina;
+four plebeians, C. Antonius, L. Cassius Longinus, whom Asconius calls
+_nobiles_, _i.e._, members of families who had held curule office; and
+Q. Cornificius and C. Licinius Sacerdos, whose families had only
+recently risen to this position, _tantum non primi ex familiis suis
+magistratum adepti erant_ (Asc.)]
+
+[Footnote 731: He hints, I think, at Caesar, who supported Antonius and
+Catiline, and also the Luculli, who were opponents of Pompey.]
+
+[Footnote 732: C. Fundanius, defended by Cicero B.C. 66, fr. p. 216. Q.
+Gallius, defended by Cicero on _ambitus_ B.C. 64, fr. p. 217 (_Brut._ Sec.
+277). C. Cornelius, quaestor of Pompey, tr. pl. B.C. 67, defended by
+Cicero B.C. 65 (Ascon. Sec. 56 _seq._) C. Orchivius, Cicero's colleague in
+praetorship B.C. 66 (_Or._ Sec. 160). We don't know on what charge Cicero
+defended him. The passage in _pro Cluent._ Sec. 147, does not mean that he
+was accused of _peculatus_, but that he presided over trials of
+_peculatus_ as praetor.]
+
+[Footnote 733: Manilius, tr. pl. B.C. 66, proposed the law for
+appointing Pompey to supersede Lucullus in the East. After his year of
+office he was accused of _maiestas_, and later on of _repetundae_, but
+apparently neither case came on. C. Cornelius, tr. pl. B.C. 57, was
+accused of _maiestas_ in B.C. 55, and defended by Cicero. He had become
+alienated from the senate by its opposition to his legislation against
+usury in the provinces, and the case made a great sensation.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+L. VETTIUS (LETTER L, A II, 24)
+
+
+L. Vettius, a kind of Titus Oates, was like the witness in "Great
+Expectations," prepared to swear "mostly anything." The interest
+attaching to such a sordid person is confined to the question whether he
+was really acting with the connivance of, or under an agreement with,
+any of the leading politicians of the day. If the principle of _cui
+bono_ is applied, it is evident that the gainers were the party of the
+trumvirs, whose popularity would be increased by a belief being created
+that their opponents the Optimates were prepared to adopt extreme
+measures to get rid of them. It would give them just the advantage which
+the Rye House plot gave Charles II. This is Cicero's view, it seems, of
+the matter, as insinuated in this letter and in his speech against
+Vatinius (Sec.Sec. 24-26; cp. _pro Sest._ Sec. 132). In the letter, however, his
+insinuations seem directed against Caesar: in the speech Vatinius is the
+scape-goat. But Vettius was not only a liar, but a bad liar. He made
+blunders; and when he brought in the name of Bibulus, he was not aware
+that Bibulus had got scent of something going on, and had secured
+himself by giving Pompey warning. He also did not tell consistent
+stories, mentioning names (such as that of Brutus) at one time, and
+withdrawing them at another. He was accordingly wholly discredited, and
+could therefore expect no protection from Caesar, who had been careful
+not to commit himself; and he had nothing for it but suicide, like
+Pigott at the time of the Parnell Commission.
+
+Cicero, then, would have us believe that Vettius had been instigated by
+Vatinius (acting for Caesar) to name Bibulus, L. Lucullus, Curio (father
+and son), L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Lentulus, L. Paullus, Cicero
+himself, his son-in-law Piso, and M. Laterensis, as having been all more
+or less privy to the plot to murder Pompey and Caesar. That there was
+absolutely no such plot, and that Vettius broke down hopelessly when
+questioned. That the object was, (1) to irritate Pompey with the
+Optimates and so confirm him in his alliance with Caesar, (2) to
+discredit the Optimates generally.
+
+It may be well to state briefly the views put forward by our other
+authorities for this period.
+
+(1.) Suetonius (_Caes. 20_) appears to attribute the instigation of
+Vettius to Caesar, as also the murder of Vettius in prison, after he
+broke down so flagrantly. The text of this passage, however, is somewhat
+doubtful.
+
+(2.) Appian (_B. C._ ii. 12) describes the scene as happening at the
+time that Caesar's agrarian law was being passed, and Bibulus was hustled
+in the forum. Vettius, with a drawn dagger, rushed into the crowd crying
+out that he had been sent by Bibulus, Cicero, and Cato to assassinate
+Caesar and Pompey, and that an attendant of Bibulus had given him the
+dagger. Vettius was arrested, put into prison to be questioned the next
+day, and was murdered during the night. Caesar meanwhile addressed the
+people and excited their anger; but after the death of Vettius the
+matter was hushed up.
+
+(3.) Plutarch (_Lucull._ 42) says that the "Pompeians," annoyed at
+finding the union with Caesar opposed by the leading Optimates, induced
+Vettius to accuse Lucullus and others of a plot to assassinate Pompey;
+and that the corpse of Vettius shewed evident signs of violence.
+
+(4.) Dio Cassius (38-39) says bluntly that Vettius was employed by
+Lucullus and Cicero to assassinate Pompey, and was got rid of in prison.
+He adds that Vettius was discredited by bringing in the name of Bibulus,
+who (as Cicero also says) had secured himself by giving Pompey warning.
+
+The conclusions seem to be (though in such a tangled skein of lies it is
+impossible to be sure), (1) that there was no plot, properly so called,
+though many of the Optimates, and Cicero among them, had used incautious
+language; (2) that Vettius was suborned by some person or party of
+persons to make the people believe that there was one; (3) that
+Caesar--though there is not sufficient evidence to shew that he had been
+the instigator--was willing to take advantage of the prejudice created
+by the suspicions thus aroused; (4) that though Vettius had served
+Cicero in his capacity of spy in the days of the Catilinarian
+conspiracy, and was able to report words of his sufficiently
+characteristic, yet this letter to Atticus exonerates Cicero from
+suspicion, even if there were a plot, and even if we could believe that
+he could have brought himself to plot the death of Pompey.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+
+     The following letters to Tiro, with one from Quintus in regard to
+     his manumission, are given here because of the difficulty of dating
+     them. The indications of time are as follows. I. Those addressed to
+     Tiro are earlier than that of Quintus, because they refer to a
+     promised emancipation, while that of Quintus speaks of it as
+     accomplished. II. The letter of Quintus is after the emancipation
+     of his own freedman Statius, which apparently took place B.C. 59.
+     III. Quintus is at a distance from Italy, and is looking forward to
+     rejoin his brother and family. IV. Cicero is engaged on some more
+     than ordinary literary work. V. Pompey is visiting Cicero in his
+     Cuman villa. Now after his return from Asia (B.C. 58), Quintus was
+     only twice thus distant, in B.C. 57-56 in Sardinia, and in B.C.
+     54-53 in Britain and Gaul. In both of these periods Cicero was
+     engaged on literary work; in the former on the _de Oratore_, in the
+     latter on the _de Republica_. There is really no means of deciding
+     between these two. It is even possible that they might be placed
+     some time during the proprietorship of Quintus in Asia (B.C.
+     62-59), during which Cicero was engaged, among other things, on a
+     poem on his own times and a history of his consulship. Tiro--or M.
+     Tullius Tiro, as he was called after his emancipation--was not a
+     young man, and may well have been emancipated even in B.C. 59.
+     According to Hieronymus, he died in B.C. 5 in his hundredth year.
+     He was therefore little more than a year younger than Cicero
+     himself. The illness of Tiro must have been an earlier one than
+     that of which we shall hear much in B.C. 50-49.
+
+
+
+
+I (F XVI, 13)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMAE) 10 APRIL
+
+
+I shall consider that I have everything possible from you, if I see you
+in good health. I am awaiting the arrival of Andricus, whom I sent to
+you, with the utmost anxiety. Do take pains to recover, if you love me:
+and as soon as you have thoroughly re-established your health, come to
+me. Good-bye.
+
+10 April.
+
+
+
+
+II (F XVI, 14)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMAE) 11 APRIL
+
+
+Andricus arrived a day later than I expected him, and accordingly I had
+a night of terror and unhappiness. Your letter does not make me at all
+more certain of your state, and yet it did revive me. I can take
+pleasure in nothing; can employ myself in no literary work, which I
+cannot touch till I have seen you. Give orders to promise the doctor any
+fee he chooses to ask. I wrote to that effect to Ummidius. I am told
+that your mind is ill at ease, and that the doctor says this is what
+makes you ill. If you care for me, rouse from their sleep your studies
+and your culture, which make you the dearest object of my affection. It
+is your mind that requires strengthening now, in order that your body
+may also recover. Pray do it both for your own and my sake. Keep Acastus
+with you to help to nurse you. Preserve yourself for me. The day for the
+fulfilment of my promise is at hand, and I will be true to it, if you
+only come. Good-bye, good-bye!
+
+11 April, noon.
+
+
+
+
+III (F XVI, 15)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+(CUMAE) 12 APRIL
+
+
+AEgypta arrived on the 12th of April. Though he brought the news that you
+were entirely without fever and were pretty well, yet he caused me
+anxiety by saying that you had not been able to write to me: and all the
+more so because Hermia, who ought to have arrived on the same day, has
+not done so. I am incredibly anxious about your health. If you will
+relieve me from that, I will _liberate_ you from every burden. I would
+have written at greater length, if I had thought that you were now
+capable of taking any pleasure in reading a letter. Concentrate your
+whole intelligence, which I value above everything, upon preserving
+yourself for your own and my benefit. Use your utmost diligence, I
+repeat, in nursing your health. Good-bye.
+
+P.S.--When I had finished the above Hermia arrived. I have your letter
+written in a shaky hand, and no wonder after so serious an illness. I am
+sending AEgypta back to stay with you, because he is by no means without
+feeling, and seems to me to be attached to you, and with him a cook for
+your especial use. Good-bye!
+
+
+
+
+IV (F XVI, 10)
+
+TO TIRO
+
+CUMAE, 19 MAY
+
+
+I of course wish you to come to me, but I dread the journey for you. You
+have been most seriously ill: you have been much reduced by a low diet
+and purgatives, and the ravages of the disease itself. After dangerous
+illnesses, if some mistake is made, drawbacks are usually dangerous.
+Moreover, to the two days on the road which it will have taken you to
+reach Cumae, there will have to be added at once five more for your
+return journey to Rome. I mean to be at Formiae on the 30th: be sure, my
+dear Tiro, that I find you there strong and well. My poor studies, or
+rather _ours_, have been in a very bad way owing to your absence.
+However, they have looked up a little owing to this letter from you
+brought by Acastus. Pompey is staying with me at the moment of writing
+this, and seems to be cheerful and enjoying himself. He asks me to read
+him something of ours, but I told him that without you the oracle was
+dumb. Pray prepare to renew your services to our Muses. My promise shall
+be _performed_ on the day named: for I have taught you the etymology of
+_fides_.[734] Take care to make a complete recovery. I shall be with you
+directly. Good-bye.
+
+19 May.
+
+[Footnote 734: From _fio_, according to Cicero, _credamusque quia "fiat"
+quod dictum est, appellatam fidem_ (_de Off._ i. Sec. 23). He is referring
+to his promise to emancipate Tiro on a particular day.]
+
+
+
+
+V (F XVI, 16)
+
+Q. CICERO TO HIS BROTHER
+
+(GAUL?)
+
+
+As I hope to see you again, my dear Marcus, and my own son Cicero, and
+your Tulliola and your son, I am delighted about Tiro. He was much too
+good for his position, and I am truly glad that you preferred that he
+should be our freedman and friend rather than our slave. Believe me,
+when I read your letter and his I jumped for joy, and I both thank and
+congratulate you: for if the fidelity and good character of my own
+Statius is a delight to me, how much more valuable must those same
+qualities be in your man, since there is added to them knowledge of
+literature, conversational powers, and culture, which have advantages
+even over those useful virtues! I have all sorts of most conclusive
+reasons for loving you: and here is another one, either for what you
+have done, or, if you choose, for your perfect manner of announcing it
+to me. Your letter shewed me your whole heart. I have promised Sabinus's
+servants all they asked, and I will perform my promise.
+
+
+END OF VOL. I.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Letters of Cicero, Volume 1, by
+Marcus Tullius Cicero
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