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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (of II), by Charles Darwin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (of II)
+       Edited by His Son
+
+Author: Charles Darwin
+
+Editor: Francis Darwin
+
+Release Date: February 2000 [eBook #2088]
+[Most recently updated: January 15, 2022]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Sue Asscher and David Widger
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE AND LETTERS OF DARWIN, VOL II ***
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
+
+INCLUDING AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER
+
+EDITED BY HIS SON
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+VOLUME II
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.I.--The Publication of the 'Origin of Species'--October 3,
+1859, to December 31, 1859.
+
+CHAPTER 2.II.--The 'Origin of Species' (continued)--1860.
+
+CHAPTER 2.III.--The Spread of Evolution--1861-1862.
+
+CHAPTER 2.IV.--The Spread of Evolution. 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants' --1863-1866.
+
+CHAPTER 2.V.--The Publication of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants
+under Domestication'--January 1867-June 1868.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VI.--Work on 'Man'--1864-1870.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII.--The Publication of the 'Descent of Man.' Work on
+'Expression'--1871-1873.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII.--Miscellanea, including Second Editions of 'Coral
+Reefs,' the 'Descent of Man,' and the 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants'--1874 and 1875.
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX.--Miscellanea (continued). A Revival of Geological
+Work--The Book on Earthworms--Life of Erasmus Darwin--Miscellaneous
+Letters--1876-1882.
+
+BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+
+CHAPTER 2.X.--Fertilisation of Flowers--1839-1880.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI.--The 'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the
+Vegetable Kingdom'--1866-1877.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII.--'Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same
+Species' --1860-1878.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIII.--Climbing and Insectivorous Plants--1863-1875.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIV.--The 'Power of Movement in Plants'--1878-1881.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XV.--Miscellaneous Botanical Letters--1873-1882....
+
+CHAPTER 2.XVI.--Conclusion.
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+I.--The Funeral in Westminster Abbey.
+
+II.--List of Works by C. Darwin.
+
+III.--Portraits.
+
+IV.--Honours, Degrees, Societies, etc.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A NOTE-BOOK OF 1837.
+
+--led to comprehend true affinities. My theory would give zest to recent
+& Fossil Comparative Anatomy: it would lead to study of instincts,
+heredity, & mind heredity, whole metaphysics, it would lead to closest
+examination of hybridity & generation, causes of change in order to know
+what we have come from & to what we tend, to what circumstances favour
+crossing & what prevents it, this & direct examination of direct
+passages of structure in species, might lead to laws of change, which
+would then be main object of study, to guide our speculations.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.I. -- THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+OCTOBER 3, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31, 1859.
+
+
+1859.
+
+[Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+entry: "Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract
+on 'Origin of Species'; 1250 copies printed. The first edition was
+published on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."
+
+On October 2d he started for a water-cure establishment at Ilkley, near
+Leeds, where he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th
+of that month he was again at Down. The only other entry in the Diary
+for this year is as follows: "During end of November and beginning of
+December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+multitude of letters."
+
+The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof sheets, and
+to early copies of the 'Origin' which were sent to friends before the
+book was published.]
+
+C. LYELL TO CHARLES DARWIN. (Part of this letter is given in the 'Life
+of Sir Charles Lyell,' volume ii. page 325.) October 3d, 1859.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have just finished your volume and right glad I am that I did my best
+with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without waiting for a time
+which probably could never have arrived, though you lived till the age
+of a hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on which you ground
+so many grand generalizations.
+
+It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps
+for the uninitiated, but an effective and important preliminary
+statement, which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear,
+of some occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and
+cirripedes, of which you make such excellent use.
+
+I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for,
+you may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast
+number of abstract propositions. So far as I am concerned, I am so well
+prepared to take your statements of facts for granted, that I do
+not think the "pieces justificatives" when published will make much
+difference, and I have long seen most clearly that if any concession
+is made, all that you claim in your concluding pages will follow. It is
+this which has made me so long hesitate, always feeling that the case of
+Man and his races, and of other animals, and that of plants is one and
+the same, and that if a "vera causa" be admitted for one, instead of a
+purely unknown and imaginary one, such as the word "Creation," all the
+consequences must follow.
+
+I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place, to
+indulge in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted
+with Oceanic Islands--Rudimentary Organs--Embryology--the genealogical
+key to the Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I
+should be copying the heads of all your chapters. But I will say a word
+of the Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or at least,
+omission of a word or two be still possible in that.
+
+In the first place, at page 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species?
+You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck. As to the latter,
+you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection
+for volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the
+changes of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt,
+have laid an undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions,
+and too little on those of contending organisms. He at least was for the
+universal mutability of species and for a genealogical link between
+the first and the present. The men of his school also appealed to
+domesticated varieties. (Do you mean LIVING naturalists?) (In the
+published copies of the first edition, page 480, the words are "eminent
+living naturalists.")
+
+The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+objection as the formation of "the eye," not by means analogous to man's
+reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human reason,
+but by superinduced variation like those of which a cattle-breeder
+avails himself. Pages would be required thus to state an objection and
+remove it. It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to say nothing.
+Leave out several sentences, and in a future edition bring it out more
+fully. Between the throwing down of such a stumbling-block in the way of
+the reader, and the passage to the working ants, in page 460, there
+are pages required; and these ants are a bathos to him before he has
+recovered from the shock of being called upon to believe the eye to have
+been brought to perfection, from a state of blindness or purblindness,
+by such variations as we witness. I think a little omission would
+greatly lessen the objectionableness of these sentences if you have not
+time to recast and amplify.
+
+... But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun. Your comparison
+of the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound,
+to rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical.
+
+The want of peculiar birds in Madeira is a greater difficulty than
+seemed to me allowed for. I could cite passages where you show that
+variations are superinduced from the new circumstances of new colonists,
+which would require some Madeira birds, like those of the Galapagos, to
+be peculiar. There has been ample time in the case of Madeira and Porto
+Santo...
+
+You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly
+charge them as letters, 2 pence extra. I wish all their fines on MS.
+were worth as much. I paid 4 shillings 6 pence for such wash the other
+day from Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of
+the Seine.
+
+With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,
+
+Ever very affectionately yours, CHAS. LYELL.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, Yorkshire, October 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you cordially for giving me so much of your valuable time in
+writing me the long letter of 3d, and still longer of 4th. I wrote a
+line with the missing proof-sheet to Scarborough. I have adopted most
+thankfully all your minor corrections in the last chapter, and the
+greater ones as far as I could with little trouble. I damped the opening
+passage about the eye (in my bigger work I show the gradations in
+structure of the eye) by putting merely "complex organs." But you are a
+pretty Lord Chancellor to tell the barrister on one side how best to
+win the cause! The omission of "living" before eminent naturalists was a
+dreadful blunder.
+
+MADEIRA AND BERMUDA BIRDS NOT PECULIAR.
+
+You are right, there is a screw out here; I thought no one would have
+detected it; I blundered in omitting a discussion, which I have written
+out in full. But once for all, let me say as an excuse, that it was most
+difficult to decide what to omit. Birds, which have struggled in their
+own homes, when settled in a body, nearly simultaneously in a new
+country, would not be subject to much modification, for their mutual
+relations would not be much disturbed. But I quite agree with you, that
+in time they ought to undergo some. In Bermuda and Madeira they have, as
+I believe, been kept constant by the frequent arrival, and the crossing
+with unaltered immigrants of the same species from the mainland. In
+Bermuda this can be proved, in Madeira highly probable, as shown me
+by letters from E.V. Harcourt. Moreover, there are ample grounds for
+believing that the crossed offspring of the new immigrants (fresh blood
+as breeders would say), and old colonists of the same species would
+be extra vigorous, and would be the most likely to survive; thus the
+effects of such crossing in keeping the old colonists unaltered would be
+much aided.
+
+ON GALAPAGOS PRODUCTIONS HAVING AMERICAN TYPE ON VIEW OF CREATION.
+
+I cannot agree with you, that species if created to struggle with
+American forms, would have to be created on the American type. Facts
+point diametrically the other way. Look at the unbroken and untilled
+ground in La Plata, COVERED with European products, which have no near
+affinity to the indigenous products. They are not American types which
+conquer the aborigines. So in every island throughout the world. Alph.
+De Candolle's results (though he does not see its full importance), that
+thoroughly well naturalised [plants] are in general very different from
+the aborigines (belonging in large proportion of cases to non-indigenous
+genera) is most important always to bear in mind. Once for all, I am
+sure, you will understand that I thus write dogmatically for brevity
+sake.
+
+ON THE CONTINUED CREATION Of MONADS.
+
+This doctrine is superfluous (and groundless) on the theory of Natural
+Selection, which implies no NECESSARY tendency to progression. A monad,
+if no deviation in its structure profitable to it under its EXCESSIVELY
+SIMPLE conditions of life occurred, might remain unaltered from long
+before the Silurian Age to the present day. I grant there will generally
+be a tendency to advance in complexity of organisation, though in beings
+fitted for very simple conditions it would be slight and slow. How could
+a complex organisation profit a monad? if it did not profit it there
+would be no advance. The Secondary Infusoria differ but little from the
+living. The parent monad form might perfectly well survive unaltered
+and fitted for its simple conditions, whilst the offspring of this
+very monad might become fitted for more complex conditions. The one
+primordial prototype of all living and extinct creatures may, it is
+possible, be now alive! Moreover, as you say, higher forms might be
+occasionally degraded, the snake Typhlops SEEMS (?!) to have the habits
+of earth-worms. So that fresh creatures of simple forms seem to me
+wholly superfluous.
+
+"MUST YOU NOT ASSUME A PRIMEVAL CREATIVE POWER WHICH DOES NOT ACT WITH
+UNIFORMITY, OR HOW COULD MAN SUPERVENE?"
+
+I am not sure that I understand your remarks which follow the above.
+We must under present knowledge assume the creation of one or of a few
+forms in the same manner as philosophers assume the existence of a power
+of attraction without any explanation. But I entirely reject, as in my
+judgment quite unnecessary, any subsequent addition "of new powers and
+attributes and forces;" or of any "principle of improvement," except in
+so far as every character which is naturally selected or preserved is in
+some way an advantage or improvement, otherwise it would not have been
+selected. If I were convinced that I required such additions to the
+theory of natural selection, I would reject it as rubbish, but I have
+firm faith in it, as I cannot believe, that if false, it would explain
+so many whole classes of facts, which, if I am in my senses, it seems
+to explain. As far as I understand your remarks and illustrations, you
+doubt the possibility of gradations of intellectual powers. Now, it
+seems to me, looking to existing animals alone, that we have a very fine
+gradation in the intellectual powers of the Vertebrata, with one rather
+wide gap (not half so wide as in many cases of corporeal structure),
+between say a Hottentot and a Ourang, even if civilised as much mentally
+as the dog has been from the wolf. I suppose that you do not doubt that
+the intellectual powers are as important for the welfare of each being
+as corporeal structure; if so, I can see no difficulty in the most
+intellectual individuals of a species being continually selected;
+and the intellect of the new species thus improved, aided probably by
+effects of inherited mental exercise. I look at this process as now
+going on with the races of man; the less intellectual races being
+exterminated. But there is not space to discuss this point. If I
+understand you, the turning-point in our difference must be, that you
+think it impossible that the intellectual powers of a species should
+be much improved by the continued natural selection of the most
+intellectual individuals. To show how minds graduate, just reflect how
+impossible every one has yet found it, to define the difference in mind
+of man and the lower animals; the latter seem to have the very same
+attributes in a much lower stage of perfection than the lowest savage. I
+would give absolutely nothing for the theory of Natural Selection, if
+it requires miraculous additions at any one stage of descent. I think
+Embryology, Homology, Classification, etc., etc., show us that all
+vertebrata have descended from one parent; how that parent appeared we
+know not. If you admit in ever so little a degree, the explanation which
+I have given of Embryology, Homology and Classification, you will
+find it difficult to say: thus far the explanation holds good, but no
+further; here we must call in "the addition of new creative forces."
+I think you will be driven to reject all or admit all: I fear by your
+letter it will be the former alternative; and in that case I shall feel
+sure it is my fault, and not the theory's fault, and this will certainly
+comfort me. With regard to the descent of the great Kingdoms (as
+Vertebrata, Articulata, etc.) from one parent, I have said in the
+conclusion, that mere analogy makes me think it probable; my arguments
+and facts are sound in my judgment only for each separate kingdom.
+
+THE FORMS WHICH ARE BEATEN INHERITING SOME INFERIORITY IN COMMON.
+
+I dare say I have not been guarded enough, but might not the term
+inferiority include less perfect adaptation to physical conditions?
+
+My remarks apply not to single species, but to groups or genera; the
+species of most genera are adapted at least to rather hotter, and rather
+less hot, to rather damper and dryer climates; and when the several
+species of a group are beaten and exterminated by the several species of
+another group, it will not, I think, generally be from EACH new species
+being adapted to the climate, but from all the new species having some
+common advantage in obtaining sustenance, or escaping enemies. As groups
+are concerned, a fairer illustration than negro and white in Liberia
+would be the almost certain future extinction of the genus ourang by
+the genus man, not owing to man being better fitted for the climate, but
+owing to the inherited intellectual inferiority of the Ourang-genus
+to Man-genus, by his intellect, inventing fire-arms and cutting
+down forests. I believe from reasons given in my discussion, that
+acclimatisation is readily effected under nature. It has taken me
+so many years to disabuse my mind of the TOO great importance of
+climate--its important influence being so conspicuous, whilst that of a
+struggle between creature and creature is so hidden--that I am inclined
+to swear at the North Pole, and, as Sydney Smith said, even to speak
+disrespectfully of the Equator. I beg you often to reflect (I have found
+NOTHING so instructive) on the case of thousands of plants in the middle
+point of their respective ranges, and which, as we positively know, can
+perfectly well withstand a little more heat and cold, a little more damp
+and dry, but which in the metropolis of their range do not exist in vast
+numbers, although if many of the other inhabitants were destroyed [they]
+would cover the ground. We thus clearly see that their numbers are kept
+down, in almost every case, not by climate, but by the struggle with
+other organisms. All this you will perhaps think very obvious; but,
+until I repeated it to myself thousands of times, I took, as I believe,
+a wholly wrong view of the whole economy of nature...
+
+HYBRIDISM.
+
+I am so much pleased that you approve of this chapter; you would be
+astonished at the labour this cost me; so often was I, on what I believe
+was, the wrong scent.
+
+RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.
+
+On the theory of Natural Selection there is a wide distinction between
+Rudimentary Organs and what you call germs of organs, and what I call
+in my bigger book "nascent" organs. An organ should not be called
+rudimentary unless it be useless--as teeth which never cut through the
+gums--the papillae, representing the pistil in male flowers, wing of
+Apteryx, or better, the little wings under soldered elytra. These organs
+are now plainly useless, and a fortiori, they would be useless in a
+less developed state. Natural Selection acts exclusively by preserving
+successive slight, USEFUL modifications. Hence Natural Selection cannot
+possibly make a useless or rudimentary organ. Such organs are solely due
+to inheritance (as explained in my discussion), and plainly bespeak an
+ancestor having the organ in a useful condition. They may be, and
+often have been, worked in for other purposes, and then they are only
+rudimentary for the original function, which is sometimes plainly
+apparent. A nascent organ, though little developed, as it has to be
+developed must be useful in every stage of development. As we cannot
+prophesy, we cannot tell what organs are now nascent; and nascent organs
+will rarely have been handed down by certain members of a class from a
+remote period to the present day, for beings with any important organ
+but little developed, will generally have been supplanted by their
+descendants with the organ well developed. The mammary glands in
+Ornithorhynchus may, perhaps, be considered as nascent compared with
+the udders of a cow--Ovigerous frena, in certain cirripedes, are nascent
+branchiae--in [illegible] the swim bladder is almost rudimentary for
+this purpose, and is nascent as a lung. The small wing of penguin, used
+only as a fin, might be nascent as a wing; not that I think so; for
+the whole structure of the bird is adapted for flight, and a penguin
+so closely resembles other birds, that we may infer that its wings have
+probably been modified, and reduced by natural selection, in accordance
+with its sub-aquatic habits. Analogy thus often serves as a guide in
+distinguishing whether an organ is rudimentary or nascent. I believe the
+Os coccyx gives attachment to certain muscles, but I can not doubt that
+it is a rudimentary tail. The bastard wing of birds is a rudimentary
+digit; and I believe that if fossil birds are found very low down in the
+series, they will be seen to have a double or bifurcated wing. Here is a
+bold prophecy!
+
+To admit prophetic germs, is tantamount to rejecting the theory of
+Natural Selection.
+
+I am very glad you think it worth while to run through my book again, as
+much, or more, for the subject's sake as for my own sake. But I look at
+your keeping the subject for some little time before your mind--raising
+your own difficulties and solving them--as far more important than
+reading my book. If you think enough, I expect you will be perverted,
+and if you ever are, I shall know that the theory of Natural Selection,
+is, in the main, safe; that it includes, as now put forth, many errors,
+is almost certain, though I cannot see them. Do not, of course, think of
+answering this; but if you have other OCCASION to write again, just
+say whether I have, in ever so slight a degree, shaken any of your
+objections. Farewell. With my cordial thanks for your long letters and
+valuable remarks,
+
+Believe me, yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You often allude to Lamarck's work; I do not know what you think
+about it, but it appeared to me extremely poor; I got not a fact or idea
+from it.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ. (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born at
+Mortier, on the lake of Morat in Switzerland, on May 28, 1807. He
+emigrated to America in 1846, where he spent the rest of his life, and
+died December 14, 1873. His 'Life,' written by his widow, was published
+in 1885. The following extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth
+giving, as showing how my father regarded him, and it may be added that
+his cordial feelings towards the great American naturalist remained
+strong to the end of his life:--
+
+"I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most
+kind present of 'Lake Superior.' I had heard of it, and had much wished
+to read it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in
+my possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy that has
+given me such lively and sincere pleasure. I cordially thank you for
+it. I have begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will
+increase as I go on.") Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract)
+on the 'Origin of Species.' As the conclusions at which I have arrived
+on several points differ so widely from yours, I have thought (should
+you at any time read my volume) that you might think that I had sent it
+to you out of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I assure you that
+I act under a wholly different frame of mind. I hope that you will at
+least give me credit, however erroneous you may think my conclusions,
+for having earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth. With sincere
+respect, I beg leave to remain,
+
+Yours, very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have thought that you would permit me to send you (by Messrs. Williams
+and Norgate, booksellers) a copy of my work (as yet only an abstract)
+on the 'Origin of Species.' I wish to do this, as the only, though quite
+inadequate manner, by which I can testify to you the extreme interest
+which I have felt, and the great advantage which I have derived, from
+studying your grand and noble work on Geographical Distribution. Should
+you be induced to read my volume, I venture to remark that it will be
+intelligible only by reading the whole straight through, as it is very
+much condensed. It would be a high gratification to me if any portion
+interested you. But I am perfectly well aware that you will entirely
+disagree with the conclusion at which I have arrived.
+
+You will probably have quite forgotten me; but many years ago you did
+me the honour of dining at my house in London to meet M. and Madame
+Sismondi (Jessie Allen, sister of Mrs. Josiah Wedgwood of Maer.), the
+uncle and aunt of my wife. With sincere respect, I beg to remain,
+
+Yours, very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER. Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Falconer,
+
+I have told Murray to send you a copy of my book on the 'Origin of
+Species,' which as yet is only an abstract.
+
+If you read it, you must read it straight through, otherwise from its
+extremely condensed state it will be unintelligible.
+
+Lord, how savage you will be, if you read it, and how you will long to
+crucify me alive! I fear it will produce no other effect on you; but
+if it should stagger you in ever so slight a degree, in this case, I
+am fully convinced that you will become, year after year, less fixed
+in your belief in the immutability of species. With this audacious and
+presumptuous conviction,
+
+I remain, my dear Falconer, Yours most truly, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have directed a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract) on the
+'Origin of Species' to be sent you. I know how you are pressed for time;
+but if you can read it, I shall be infinitely gratified...If ever you do
+read it, and can screw out time to send me (as I value your opinion so
+highly), however short a note, telling me what you think its weakest and
+best parts, I should be extremely grateful. As you are not a geologist,
+you will excuse my conceit in telling you that Lyell highly approves of
+the two Geological chapters, and thinks that on the Imperfection of the
+Geological Record not exaggerated. He is nearly a convert to my views...
+
+Let me add I fully admit that there are very many difficulties not
+satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification,
+but I cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many
+classes of facts as I think it certainly does explain. On these
+grounds I drop my anchor, and believe that the difficulties will slowly
+disappear...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.S. HENSLOW. Down, November 11th, 1859.
+
+My dear Henslow,
+
+I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my
+dear old master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not
+approve of your pupil in this case. The book in its present state does
+not show the amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.
+
+If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to
+point out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be
+a most material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope
+to commence in a few months. You know also how highly I value your
+judgment. But I am not so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to
+write detailed and lengthy criticisms, but merely a few general remarks,
+pointing out the weakest parts.
+
+If you are IN EVEN SO SLIGHT A DEGREE staggered (which I hardly expect)
+on the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further
+reflection you will become more and more staggered, for this has been
+the process through which my mind has gone. My dear Henslow,
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. (The present Sir John Lubbock.) Ilkley,
+Yorkshire, Saturday [November 12th, 1859].
+
+... Thank you much for asking me to Brighton. I hope much that you will
+enjoy your holiday. I have told Murray to send a copy for you to Mansion
+House Street, and I am surprised that you have not received it. There
+are so many valid and weighty arguments against my notions, that you,
+or any one, if you wish on the other side, will easily persuade yourself
+that I am wholly in error, and no doubt I am in part in error, perhaps
+wholly so, though I cannot see the blindness of my ways. I dare say when
+thunder and lightning were first proved to be due to secondary causes,
+some regretted to give up the idea that each flash was caused by the
+direct hand of God.
+
+Farewell, I am feeling very unwell to-day, so no more.
+
+Yours very truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Tuesday [November
+15th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+I beg pardon for troubling you again. I do not know how I blundered
+in expressing myself in making you believe that we accepted your kind
+invitation to Brighton. I meant merely to thank you sincerely for
+wishing to see such a worn-out old dog as myself. I hardly know when we
+leave this place,--not under a fortnight, and then we shall wish to rest
+under our own roof-tree.
+
+I do not think I hardly ever admired a book more than Paley's 'Natural
+Theology.' I could almost formerly have said it by heart.
+
+I am glad you have got my book, but I fear that you value it far too
+highly. I should be grateful for any criticisms. I care not for Reviews;
+but for the opinion of men like you and Hooker and Huxley and Lyell,
+etc.
+
+Farewell, with our joint thanks to Mrs. Lubbock and yourself. Adios.
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS. (Now Rev. L. Blomefield.) Ilkley,
+Yorkshire, November 13th, 1859.
+
+My dear Jenyns,
+
+I must thank you for your very kind note forwarded to me from Down. I
+have been much out of health this summer, and have been hydropathising
+here for the last six weeks with very little good as yet. I shall stay
+here for another fortnight at least. Please remember that my book
+is only an abstract, and very much condensed, and, to be at all
+intelligible, must be carefully read. I shall be very grateful for any
+criticisms. But I know perfectly well that you will not at all agree
+with the lengths which I go. It took long years to convert me. I may, of
+course, be egregiously wrong; but I cannot persuade myself that a theory
+which explains (as I think it certainly does) several large classes of
+facts, can be wholly wrong; notwithstanding the several difficulties
+which have to be surmounted somehow, and which stagger me even to this
+day.
+
+I wish that my health had allowed me to publish in extenso; if ever I
+get strong enough I will do so, as the greater part is written out, and
+of which MS. the present volume is an abstract.
+
+I fear this note will be almost illegible; but I am poorly, and can
+hardly sit up. Farewell; with thanks for your kind note and pleasant
+remembrance of good old days.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a copy of my book,
+and I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same time with this
+note. (N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write extra badly.)
+If you are so inclined, I should very much like to hear your general
+impression of the book, as you have thought so profoundly on the
+subject, and in so nearly the same channel with myself. I hope there
+will be some little new to you, but I fear not much. Remember it is only
+an abstract, and very much condensed. God knows what the public will
+think. No one has read it, except Lyell, with whom I have had much
+correspondence. Hooker thinks him a complete convert, but he does not
+seem so in his letters to me; but is evidently deeply interested in the
+subject. I do not think your share in the theory will be overlooked by
+the real judges, as Hooker, Lyell, Asa Gray, etc. I have heard from Mr.
+Slater that your paper on the Malay Archipelago has been read at the
+Linnean Society, and that he was EXTREMELY much interested by it.
+
+I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the
+state of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you. I
+am writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for
+the last six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer. As yet I
+have profited very little. God knows when I shall have strength for my
+bigger book.
+
+I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+thinking of returning (Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.) soon
+with your magnificent collections, and still grander mental materials.
+You will be puzzled how to publish. The Royal Society fund will be worth
+your consideration. With every good wish, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S. I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert.
+If I can convert Huxley I shall be content.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.D. FOX. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Wednesday [November 16th,
+1859].
+
+... I like the place very much, and the children have enjoyed it much,
+and it has done my wife good. It did H. good at first, but she has gone
+back again. I have had a series of calamities; first a sprained ankle,
+and then a badly swollen whole leg and face, much rash, and a frightful
+succession of boils--four or five at once. I have felt quite ill, and
+have little faith in this "unique crisis," as the doctor calls it,
+doing me much good...You will probably have received, or will very soon
+receive, my weariful book on species, I naturally believe it mainly
+includes the truth, but you will not at all agree with me. Dr. Hooker,
+whom I consider one of the best judges in Europe, is a complete convert,
+and he thinks Lyell is likewise; certainly, judging from Lyell's letters
+to me on the subject, he is deeply staggered. Farewell. If the spirit
+moves you, let me have a line...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, November 18th
+[1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I must thank you for your letter on my own account, and if I know
+myself, still more warmly for the subject's sake. As you seem to have
+understood my last chapter without reading the previous chapters, you
+must have maturely and most profoundly self-thought out the subject; for
+I have found the most extraordinary difficulty in making even able men
+understand at what I was driving. There will be strong opposition to
+my views. If I am in the main right (of course including partial errors
+unseen by me), the admission in my views will depend far more on
+men, like yourself, with well-established reputations, than on my own
+writings. Therefore, on the supposition that when you have read my
+volume you think the view in the main true, I thank and honour you for
+being willing to run the chance of unpopularity by advocating the view.
+I know not in the least whether any one will review me in any of the
+Reviews. I do not see how an author could enquire or interfere; but if
+you are willing to review me anywhere, I am sure from the admiration
+which I have long felt and expressed for your 'Comparative Physiology,'
+that your review will be excellently done, and will do good service in
+the cause for which I think I am not selfishly deeply interested. I
+am feeling very unwell to-day, and this note is badly, perhaps hardly
+intelligibly, expressed; but you must excuse me, for I could not let a
+post pass, without thanking you for your note. You will have a tough
+job even to shake in the slightest degree Sir H. Holland. I do not think
+(privately I say it) that the great man has knowledge enough to enter on
+the subject. Pray believe me with sincerity, Yours truly obliged,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--As you are not a practical geologist, let me add that Lyell
+thinks the chapter on the Imperfection of the Geological Record NOT
+exaggerated.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, November 19th
+[1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I beg pardon for troubling you again. If, after reading my book, you are
+able to come to a conclusion in any degree definite, will you think me
+very unreasonable in asking you to let me hear from you. I do not ask
+for a long discussion, but merely for a brief idea of your general
+impression. From your widely extended knowledge, habit of investigating
+the truth, and abilities, I should value your opinion in the very
+highest rank. Though I, of course, believe in the truth of my own
+doctrine, I suspect that no belief is vivid until shared by others.
+As yet I know only one believer, but I look at him as of the greatest
+authority, viz., Hooker. When I think of the many cases of men who have
+studied one subject for years, and have persuaded themselves of the
+truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel sometimes a little frightened,
+whether I may not be one of these mon-maniacs.
+
+Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request. A short note would
+suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many
+a one.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Sunday [November
+1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have just read a review on my book in the "Athenaeum" (November 19,
+1859.), and it excites my curiosity much who is the author. If you
+should hear who writes in the "Athenaeum" I wish you would tell me. It
+seems to me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and,
+being hostile, passes over every single argument in favour of the
+doctrine,... I fear from the tone of the review, that I have written in
+a conceited and cocksure style (The Reviewer speaks of the author's
+"evident self-satisfaction," and of his disposing of all difficulties
+"more or less confidently."), which shames me a little. There is another
+review of which I should like to know the author, viz., of H.C. Watson
+in the "Gardener's Chronicle". Some of the remarks are like yours, and
+he does deserve punishment; but surely the review is too severe. Don't
+you think so?
+
+I hope you got the three copies for Foreign Botanists in time for your
+parcel, and your own copy. I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is
+likely to be a convert. Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go
+a long way with us. He says that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram
+closely like mine!
+
+I shall stay here one fortnight more, and then go to Down, staying on
+the road at Shrewsbury a week. I have been very unfortunate: out of
+seven weeks I have been confined for five to the house. This has been
+bad for me, as I have not been able to help thinking to a foolish extent
+about my book. If some four or five GOOD men came round nearly to our
+view, I shall not fear ultimate success. I long to learn what Huxley
+thinks. Is your introduction (Introduction to the 'Flora of Australia.')
+published? I suppose that you will sell it separately. Please answer
+this, for I want an extra copy to send away to Wallace. I am very
+bothersome, farewell.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+I was very glad to see the Royal Medal for Mr. Bentham.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 21st, 1859.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Pray give my thanks to Mrs. Hooker for her extremely kind note, which
+has pleased me much. We are very sorry she cannot come here, but shall
+be delighted to see you and W. (our boys will be at home) here in the
+2nd week of January, or any other time. I shall much enjoy discussing
+any points in my book with you...
+
+I hate to hear you abuse your own work. I, on the contrary, so sincerely
+value all that you have written. It is an old and firm conviction of
+mine, that the Naturalists who accumulate facts and make many partial
+generalisations are the REAL benefactors of science. Those who merely
+accumulate facts I cannot very much respect.
+
+I had hoped to have come up for the Club to-morrow, but very much doubt
+whether I shall be able. Ilkley seems to have done me no essential good.
+I attended the Bench on Monday, and was detained in adjudicating some
+troublesome cases 1 1/2 hours longer than usual, and came home utterly
+knocked up, and cannot rally. I am not worth an old button... Many thanks
+for your pleasant note.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I feel confident that for the future progress of the subject of
+the origin and manner of formation of species, the assent and arguments
+and facts of working naturalists, like yourself, are far more important
+than my own book; so for God's sake do not abuse your Introduction.
+
+
+H.C. WATSON TO CHARLES DARWIN. Thames Ditton, November 21st [1859].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Once commenced to read the 'Origin,' I could not rest till I had
+galloped through the whole. I shall now begin to re-read it more
+deliberately. Meantime I am tempted to write you the first
+impressions, not doubting that they will, in the main, be the permanent
+impressions:--
+
+1st. Your leading idea will assuredly become recognised as an
+established truth in science, i.e. "Natural Selection." It has the
+characteristics of all great natural truths, clarifying what was
+obscure, simplifying what was intricate, adding greatly to previous
+knowledge. You are the greatest revolutionist in natural history of this
+century, if not of all centuries.
+
+2nd. You will perhaps need, in some degree, to limit or modify,
+possibly in some degree also to extend, your present applications of the
+principle of natural selection. Without going to matters of more detail,
+it strikes me that there is one considerable primary inconsistency, by
+one failure in the analogy between varieties and species; another by a
+sort of barrier assumed for nature on insufficient grounds and arising
+from "divergence." These may, however, be faults in my own mind,
+attributable to yet incomplete perception of your views. And I had
+better not trouble you about them before again reading the volume.
+
+3rd. Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific
+public, it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed
+to see their right road sooner. How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance,
+for thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species AND
+THEIR SUCCESSION, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!
+
+A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like
+the same state of mind on the main question, but you were able to see
+and work out the quo modo of the succession, the all-important thing,
+while I failed to grasp it. I send by this post a little controversial
+pamphlet of old date--Combe and Scott. If you will take the trouble
+to glance at the passages scored on the margin, you will see that, a
+quarter of a century ago, I was also one of the few who then doubted the
+absolute distinctness of species, and special creations of them. Yet I,
+like the rest, failed to detect the quo modo which was reserved for your
+penetration to DISCOVER, and your discernment to APPLY.
+
+You answered my query about the hiatus between Satyrus and Homo as was
+expected. The obvious explanation really never occurred to me till some
+months after I had read the papers in the 'Linnean Proceedings.' The
+first species of Fere-homo ("Almost-man.") would soon make direct and
+exterminating war upon his Infra-homo cousins. The gap would thus be
+made, and then go on increasing, into the present enormous and still
+widening hiatus. But how greatly this, with your chronology of animal
+life, will shock the ideas of many men!
+
+Very sincerely, HEWETT C. WATSON.
+
+
+J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Athenaeum, Monday [November 21st, 1859].
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only to thank you for
+your glorious book--what a mass of close reasoning on curious facts and
+fresh phenomena--it is capitally written, and will be very successful. I
+say this on the strength of two or three plunges into as many chapters,
+for I have not yet attempted to read it. Lyell, with whom we are
+staying, is perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating over it.
+I must accept your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of supposed
+assistance from me, as the warm tribute of affection from an honest
+(though deluded) man, and furthermore accept it as very pleasing to
+my vanity; but, my dear fellow, neither my name nor my judgment nor my
+assistance deserved any such compliments, and if I am dishonest
+enough to be pleased with what I don't deserve, it must just pass. How
+different the BOOK reads from the MS. I see I shall have much to talk
+over with you. Those lazy printers have not finished my luckless Essay;
+which, beside your book, will look like a ragged handkerchief beside a
+Royal Standard...
+
+All well, ever yours affectionately, JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Ilkley, Yorkshire [November 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I cannot help it, I must thank you for your affectionate and most kind
+note. My head will be turned. By Jove, I must try and get a bit modest.
+I was a little chagrined by the review. (This refers to the review in
+the "Athenaeum", November 19, 1859, where the reviewer, after touching
+on the theological aspects of the book, leaves the author to "the
+mercies of the Divinity Hall, the College, the Lecture Room, and the
+Museum.") I hope it was NOT --. As advocate, he might think himself
+justified in giving the argument only on one side. But the manner in
+which he drags in immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me
+to their mercies, is base. He would, on no account, burn me, but he will
+get the wood ready, and tell the black beasts how to catch me... It would
+be unspeakably grand if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can
+see this is a mere chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.
+
+... I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents
+me sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is
+very modest about himself.
+
+You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a
+score of savage reviewers. I suppose you are still with the Lyells. Give
+my kindest remembrance to them. I triumph to hear that he continues to
+approve.
+
+Believe me, your would-be modest friend, C.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley Wells, Yorkshire, November 23 [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+You seemed to have worked admirably on the species question; there could
+not have been a better plan than reading up on the opposite side.
+I rejoice profoundly that you intend admitting the doctrine of
+modification in your new edition (It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's
+published letters that he intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in
+a new edition of the 'Manual,' but this was not published till 1865. He
+was, however, at work on the 'Antiquity of Man' in 1860, and had already
+determined to discuss the 'Origin' at the end of the book.); nothing, I
+am convinced, could be more important for its success. I honour you most
+sincerely. To have maintained in the position of a master, one side of
+a question for thirty years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact
+to which I much doubt whether the records of science offer a parallel.
+For myself, also, I rejoice profoundly; for, thinking of so many cases
+of men pursuing an illusion for years, often and often a cold shudder
+has run through me, and I have asked myself whether I may not have
+devoted my life to a phantasy. Now I look at it as morally impossible
+that investigators of truth, like you and Hooker, can be wholly wrong,
+and therefore I rest in peace. Thank you for criticisms, which, if there
+be a second edition, I will attend to. I have been thinking that if I
+am much execrated as an atheist, etc., whether the admission of the
+doctrine of natural selection could injure your works; but I hope and
+think not, for as far as I can remember, the virulence of bigotry is
+expended on the first offender, and those who adopt his views are only
+pitied as deluded, by the wise and cheerful bigots.
+
+I cannot help thinking that you overrate the importance of the multiple
+origin of dogs. The only difference is, that in the case of single
+origins, all difference of the races has originated since man
+domesticated the species. In the case of multiple origins part of the
+difference was produced under natural conditions. I should INFINITELY
+prefer the theory of single origin in all cases, if facts would permit
+its reception. But there seems to me some a priori improbability (seeing
+how fond savages are of taming animals), that throughout all times, and
+throughout all the world, that man should have domesticated one single
+species alone, of the widely distributed genus Canis. Besides this, the
+close resemblance of at least three kinds of American domestic dogs
+to wild species still inhabiting the countries where they are now
+domesticated, seem to almost compel admission that more than one wild
+Canis has been domesticated by man.
+
+I thank you cordially for all the generous zeal and interest you have
+shown about my book, and I remain, my dear Lyell,
+
+Your affectionate friend and disciple, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Sir J. Herschel, to whom I sent a copy, is going to read my book. He
+says he leans to the side opposed to me. If you should meet him after he
+has read me, pray find out what he thinks, for, of course, he will
+not write; and I should excessively like to hear whether I produce any
+effect on such a mind.
+
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Jermyn Street W., November 23rd, 1859.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination having furnished me
+with a few hours of continuous leisure.
+
+Since I read Von Baer's (Karl Ernst von Baer, born 1792, died at Dorpat
+1876--one of the most distinguished biologists of the century. He
+practically founded the modern science of embryology.) essays, nine
+years ago, no work on Natural History Science I have met with has made
+so great an impression upon me, and I do most heartily thank you for
+the great store of new views you have given me. Nothing, I think, can
+be better than the tone of the book, it impresses those who know nothing
+about the subject. As for your doctrine, I am prepared to go to the
+stake, if requisite, in support of Chapter IX., and most parts of
+Chapters X., XI., XII., and Chapter XIII. contains much that is most
+admirable, but on one or two points I enter a caveat until I can see
+further into all sides of the question.
+
+As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully with all the
+principles laid down in them. I think you have demonstrated a true cause
+for the production of species, and have thrown the onus probandi that
+species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your adversaries.
+
+But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings
+of those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I
+will write no more about them just now.
+
+The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have
+loaded yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting Natura non
+facit saltum so unreservedly... And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if
+continual physical conditions are of so little moment as you suppose,
+variation should occur at all.
+
+However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume
+to begin picking holes.
+
+I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or
+annoyed by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I
+greatly mistake, is in store for you. Depend upon it you have earned the
+lasting gratitude of all thoughtful men. And as to the curs which will
+bark and yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any
+rate, are endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have
+often and justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.
+
+I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.
+
+Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."
+
+Ever yours faithfully, T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Ilkley, November 25th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down. Like a good Catholic who
+has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc dimittis." I should
+have been more than contented with one quarter of what you have said.
+Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper for this volume, I
+had awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had deluded myself, like
+so many have done, and I then fixed in my mind three judges, on whose
+decision I determined mentally to abide. The judges were Lyell, Hooker,
+and yourself. It was this which made me so excessively anxious for your
+verdict. I am now contented, and can sing my nunc dimittis. What a joke
+it would be if I pat you on the back when you attack some immovable
+creationist! You have most cleverly hit on one point, which has greatly
+troubled me; if, as I must think, external conditions produce little
+DIRECT effect, what the devil determines each particular variation? What
+makes a tuft of feathers come on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose?
+I shall much like to talk over this with you...
+
+My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Hereafter I shall be particularly curious to hear what you think
+of my explanation of Embryological similarity. On classification I fear
+we shall split. Did you perceive the argumentum ad hominem Huxley about
+kangaroo and bear?
+
+
+ERASMUS DARWIN (His brother.) TO CHARLES DARWIN. November 23rd [1859].
+
+Dear Charles,
+
+I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if I can write, but
+at all events I will jot down a few things that the Dr. (Dr., afterwards
+Sir Henry Holland.) has said. He has not read much above half, so as he
+says he can give no definite conclusion, and it is my private belief he
+wishes to remain in that state... He is evidently in a dreadful state of
+indecision, and keeps stating that he is not tied down to either view,
+and that he has always left an escape by the way he has spoken of
+varieties. I happened to speak of the eye before he had read that part,
+and it took away his breath--utterly impossible--structure, function,
+etc., etc., etc., but when he had read it he hummed and hawed, and
+perhaps it was partly conceivable, and then he fell back on the bones
+of the ear, which were beyond all probability or conceivability. He
+mentioned a slight blot, which I also observed, that in speaking of the
+slave-ants carrying one another, you change the species without giving
+notice first, and it makes one turn back...
+
+... For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever
+read, and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry,
+getting into a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the
+geographical distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents,
+is the most convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest
+forms to the existing species. I dare say I don't feel enough the
+absence of varieties, but then I don't in the least know if everything
+now living were fossilized whether the paleontologists could distinguish
+them. In fact the a priori reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me
+that if the facts won't fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is
+my feeling. My ague has left me in such a state of torpidity that I wish
+I had gone through the process of natural selection.
+
+Yours affectionately, E.A.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, November [24th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Again I have to thank you for a most valuable lot of criticisms in a
+letter dated 22nd.
+
+This morning I heard also from Murray that he sold the whole edition
+(First edition, 1250 copies.) the first day to the trade. He wants a new
+edition instantly, and this utterly confounds me. Now, under water-cure,
+with all nervous power directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do
+head-work, and I must make only actually necessary corrections. But
+I will, as far as I can without my manuscript, take advantage of your
+suggestions: I must not attempt much. Will you send me one line to say
+whether I must strike out about the secondary whale (The passage
+was omitted in the second edition.), it goes to my heart. About the
+rattle-snake, look to my Journal, under Trigonocephalus, and you will
+see the probable origin of the rattle, and generally in transitions it
+is the premier pas qui coute.
+
+Madame Belloc wants to translate my book into French; I have offered
+to look over proofs for SCIENTIFIC errors. Did you ever hear of her? I
+believe Murray has agreed at my urgent advice, but I fear I have been
+rash and premature. Quatrefages has written to me, saying he agrees
+largely with my views. He is an excellent naturalist. I am pressed for
+time. Will you give us one line about the whales? Again I thank you
+for neve-tiring advice and assistance; I do in truth reverence your
+unselfish and pure love of truth.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[With regard to a French translation, he wrote to Mr. Murray in November
+1859: "I am EXTREMELY anxious, for the subject's sake (and God knows
+not for mere fame), to have my book translated; and indirectly its being
+known abroad will do good to the English sale. If it depended on me, I
+should agree without payment, and instantly send a copy, and only beg
+that she [Mme. Belloc] would get some scientific man to look over
+the translation... You might say that, though I am a very poor French
+scholar, I could detect any scientific mistake, and would read over the
+French proofs."
+
+The proposed translation was not made, and a second plan fell through
+in the following year. He wrote to M. de Quatrefages: "The gentleman
+who wished to translate my 'Origin of Species' has failed in getting a
+publisher. Balliere, Masson, and Hachette all rejected it with contempt.
+It was foolish and presumptuous in me, hoping to appear in a French
+dress; but the idea would not have entered my head had it not been
+suggested to me. It is a great loss. I must console myself with the
+German edition which Prof. Bronn is bringing out." (See letters to
+Bronn, page 70.)
+
+A sentence in another letter to M. de Quatrefages shows how anxious he
+was to convert one of the greatest of contemporary Zoologists: "How I
+should like to know whether Milne Edwards had read the copy which I sent
+him, and whether he thinks I have made a pretty good case on our side
+of the question. There is no naturalist in the world for whose opinion I
+have so profound a respect. Of course I am not so silly as to expect to
+change his opinion."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, [November 26th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have received your letter of the 24th. It is no use trying to thank
+you; your kindness is beyond thanks. I will certainly leave out the
+whale and bear...
+
+The edition was 1250 copies. When I was in spirits, I sometimes fancied
+that my book would be successful, but I never even built a castle in the
+air of such success as it has met with; I do not mean the sale, but the
+impression it has made on you (whom I have always looked at as chief
+judge) and Hooker and Huxley. The whole has infinitely exceeded my
+wildest hopes.
+
+Farewell, I am tired, for I have been going over the sheets.
+
+My kind friend, farewell, yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, Yorkshire, December 2nd [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Every note which you have sent me has interested me much. Pray thank
+Lady Lyell for her remark. In the chapters she refers to, I was unable
+to modify the passage in accordance with your suggestion; but in the
+final chapter I have modified three or four. Kingsley, in a note (The
+letter is given below) to me, had a capital paragraph on such notions
+as mine being NOT opposed to a high conception of the Deity. I have
+inserted it as an extract from a letter to me from a celebrated author
+and divine. I have put in about nascent organs. I had the greatest
+difficulty in partially making out Sedgwick's letter, and I dare say I
+did greatly underrate its clearness. Do what I could, I fear I shall
+be greatly abused. In answer to Sedgwick's remark that my book would be
+"mischievous," I asked him whether truth can be known except by being
+victorious over all attacks. But it is no use. H.C. Watson tells me that
+one zoologist says he will read my book, "but I will never believe it."
+What a spirit to read any book in! Crawford writes to me that his notice
+(John Crawford, orientalist, ethnologist, etc., 1783-1868. The review
+appeared in the "Examiner", and, though hostile, is free from bigotry,
+as the following citation will show: "We cannot help saying that piety
+must be fastidious indeed that objects to a theory the tendency of which
+is to show that all organic beings, man included, are in a perpetual
+progress of amelioration, and that is expounded in the reverential
+language which we have quoted.") will be hostile, but that "he will
+not calumniate the author." He says he has read my book, "at least such
+parts as he could understand." He sent me some notes and suggestions
+(quite unimportant), and they show me that I have unavoidably done
+harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract. He is a real Pallasian;
+nearly all our domestic races descended from a multitude of wild species
+now commingled. I expected Murchison to be outrageous. How little he
+could ever have grappled with the subject of denudation! How singular
+so great a geologist should have so unphilosophical a mind! I have had
+several notes from --, very civil and less decided. Says he shall not
+pronounce against me without much reflection, PERHAPS WILL SAY NOTHING
+on the subject. X. says -- will go to that part of hell, which Dante
+tells us is appointed for those who are neither on God's side nor on
+that of the devil.
+
+I fully believe that I owe the comfort of the next few years of my life
+to your generous support, and that of a very few others. I do not think
+I am brave enough to have stood being odious without support; now I feel
+as bold as a lion. But there is one thing I can see I must learn, viz.,
+to think less of myself and my book. Farewell, with cordial thanks.
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+I return home on the 7th, and shall sleep at Erasmus's. I will call on
+you about ten o'clock, on Thursday, the 8th, and sit with you, as I have
+so often sat, during your breakfast.
+
+I wish there was any chance of Prestwich being shaken; but I fear he is
+too much of a catastrophist.
+
+
+[In December there appeared in 'Macmillan's Magazine' an article, "Time
+and Life," by Professor Huxley. It is mainly occupied by an analysis
+of the argument of the 'Origin,' but it also gives the substance of
+a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution before that book was
+published. Professor Huxley spoke strongly in favour of evolution in his
+Lecture, and explains that in so doing he was to a great extent resting
+on a knowledge of "the general tenor of the researches in which Mr.
+Darwin had been so long engaged," and was supported in so doing by his
+perfect confidence in his knowledge, perseverance, and "high-minded love
+of truth." My father was evidently deeply pleased by Mr. Huxley's words,
+and wrote:
+
+"I must thank you for your extremely kind notice of my book in
+'Macmillan.' No one could receive a more delightful and honourable
+compliment. I had not heard of your Lecture, owing to my retired life.
+You attribute much too much to me from our mutual friendship. You have
+explained my leading idea with admirable clearness. What a gift you have
+of writing (or more properly) thinking clearly."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, December 3rd
+[1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I am perfectly delighted at your letter. It is a great thing to have got
+a great physiologist on our side. I say "our" for we are now a good and
+compact body of really good men, and mostly not old men. In the long run
+we shall conquer. I do not like being abused, but I feel that I can now
+bear it; and, as I told Lyell, I am well convinced that it is the first
+offender who reaps the rich harvest of abuse. You have done an essential
+kindness in checking the odium theologicum in the E.R. (This must refer
+to Carpenter's critique which would now have been ready to appear in the
+January number of the "Edinburgh Review", 1860, and in which the odium
+theologicum is referred to.) It much pains all one's female relations
+and injures the cause.
+
+I look at it as immaterial whether we go quite the same lengths; and I
+suspect, judging from myself, that you will go further, by thinking of
+a population of forms like Ornithorhyncus, and by thinking of the
+common homological and embryological structure of the several vertebrate
+orders. But this is immaterial. I quite agree that the principle is
+everything. In my fuller MS. I have discussed a good many instincts;
+but there will surely be more unfilled gaps here than with corporeal
+structure, for we have no fossil instincts, and know scarcely any except
+of European animals. When I reflect how very slowly I came round myself,
+I am in truth astonished at the candour shown by Lyell, Hooker, Huxley,
+and yourself. In my opinion it is grand. I thank you cordially for
+taking the trouble of writing a review for the 'National.' God knows
+I shall have few enough in any degree favourable. (See a letter to Dr.
+Carpenter below.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Saturday [December 5th, 1859].
+
+... I have had a letter from Carpenter this morning. He reviews me in
+the 'National.' He is a convert, but does not go quite so far as I, but
+quite far enough, for he admits that all birds are from one progenitor,
+and probably all fishes and reptiles from another parent. But the
+last mouthful chokes him. He can hardly admit all vertebrates from one
+parent. He will surely come to this from Homology and Embryology. I look
+at it as grand having brought round a great physiologist, for great I
+think he certainly is in that line. How curious I shall be to know what
+line Owen will take; dead against us, I fear; but he wrote me a most
+liberal note on the reception of my book, and said he was quite prepared
+to consider fairly and without prejudice my line of argument.
+
+
+J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Kew, Monday.
+
+Dear Darwin,
+
+You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the publication of
+your book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite. I hope now that you
+are well through Edition II., and I have heard that you were flourishing
+in London. I have not yet got half-through the book, not from want of
+will, but of time--for it is the very hardest book to read, to full
+profits, that I ever tried--it is so cram-full of matter and reasoning.
+I am all the more glad that you have published in this form, for the
+three volumes, unprefaced by this, would have choked any Naturalist
+of the nineteenth century, and certainly have softened my brain in
+the operation of assimilating their contents. I am perfectly tired of
+marvelling at the wonderful amount of facts you have brought to bear,
+and your skill in marshalling them and throwing them on the enemy; it
+is also extremely clear as far as I have gone, but very hard to fully
+appreciate. Somehow it reads very different from the MS., and I often
+fancy I must have been very stupid not to have more fully followed it in
+MS. Lyell told me of his criticisms. I did not appreciate them all, and
+there are many little matters I hope one day to talk over with you. I
+saw a highly flattering notice in the 'English Churchman,' short and
+not at all entering into discussion, but praising you and your book, and
+talking patronizingly of the doctrine!... Bentham and Henslow will still
+shake their heads I fancy...
+
+Ever yours affectionately, JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, Saturday [December 12th, 1859].
+
+... I had very long interviews with --, which perhaps you would like to
+hear about... I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he goes
+an immense way with us...
+
+He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+the manner of formation of species. I said I was very glad to hear it.
+He took me up short: "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you
+in all respects." I said I thought it no more likely that I should be
+right in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get
+heads twenty times running. I asked him what he thought the weakest
+part. He said he had no particular objection to any part. He added:--
+
+"If I must criticise, I should say, 'we do not want to know what Darwin
+believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove.'" I agreed most
+fully and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and
+defended my general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing
+how many classes of facts the theory would explain. I added that I
+would endeavour to modify the "believes" and "convinceds." He took me up
+short: "You will then spoil your book, the charm of (!) it is that it is
+Darwin himself." He added another objection, that the book was too teres
+atque rotundus--that it explained everything, and that it was improbable
+in the highest degree that I should succeed in this. I quite agree with
+this rather queer objection, and it comes to this that my book must be
+very bad or very good...
+
+I have heard, by roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is the
+law of higgledy-piggledy." What this exactly means I do not know, but
+it is evidently very contemptuous. If true this is a great blow and
+discouragement.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. December 14th [1859].
+
+... The latter part of my stay at Ilkley did me much good, but I suppose
+I never shall be strong, for the work I have had since I came back has
+knocked me up a little more than once. I have been busy in getting a
+reprint (with a very few corrections) through the press.
+
+My book has been as yet VERY MUCH more successful than I ever dreamed
+of: Murray is now printing 3000 copies. Have you finished it? If so,
+pray tell me whether you are with me on the GENERAL issue, or against
+me. If you are against me, I know well how honourable, fair, and candid
+an opponent I shall have, and which is a good deal more than I can say
+of all my opponents...
+
+Pray tell me what you have been doing. Have you had time for any Natural
+History?...
+
+P.S.--I have got--I wish and hope I might say that WE have got--a fair
+number of excellent men on our side of the question on the mutability of
+species.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 14th [1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your approval of my book, for many reasons, gives me intense
+satisfaction; but I must make some allowance for your kindness and
+sympathy. Any one with ordinary faculties, if he had PATIENCE enough and
+plenty of time, could have written my book. You do not know how I admire
+your and Lyell's generous and unselfish sympathy, I do not believe
+either of you would have cared so much about your own work. My book, as
+yet, has been far more successful than I ever even formerly ventured in
+the wildest day-dreams to anticipate. We shall soon be a good body
+of working men, and shall have, I am convinced, all young and rising
+naturalists on our side. I shall be intensely interested to hear whether
+my book produces any effect on A. Gray; from what I heard at Lyell's, I
+fancy your correspondence has brought him some way already. I fear that
+there is no chance of Bentham being staggered. Will he read my book? Has
+he a copy? I would send him one of the reprints if he has not. Old J.E.
+Gray (John Edward Gray (1800-1875), was the son of S.F. Gray, author
+of the 'Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia.' In 1821 he published in his
+father's name 'The Natural Arrangement of British Plants,' one of the
+earliest works in English on the natural method. In 1824 he became
+connected with the Natural History Department of the British Museum, and
+was appointed Keeper of the Zoological collections in 1840. He was the
+author of 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology,' 'The Knowsley Menagerie,'
+etc., and of innumerable descriptive Zoological papers.), at the British
+Museum, attacked me in fine style: "You have just reproduced Lamarck's
+doctrine and nothing else, and here Lyell and others have been attacking
+him for twenty years, and because YOU (with a sneer and laugh) say the
+very same thing, they are all coming round; it is the most ridiculous
+inconsistency, etc., etc."
+
+You must be very glad to be settled in your house, and I hope all the
+improvements satisfy you. As far as my experience goes, improvements
+are never perfection. I am very sorry to hear that you are still so very
+busy, and have so much work. And now for the main purport of my note,
+which is to ask and beg you and Mrs. Hooker (whom it is really an age
+since I have seen), and all your children, if you like, to come
+and spend a week here. It would be a great pleasure to me and to my
+wife... As far as we can see, we shall be at home all the winter; and all
+times probably would be equally convenient; but if you can, do not put
+it off very late, as it may slip through. Think of this and persuade
+Mrs. Hooker, and be a good man and come.
+
+Farewell, my kind and dear friend, Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I shall be very curious to hear what you think of my discussion on
+Classification in Chapter XIII.; I believe Huxley demurs to the whole,
+and says he has nailed his colours to the mast, and I would sooner die
+than give up; so that we are in as fine a frame of mind to discuss the
+point as any two religionists.
+
+Embryology is my pet bit in my book, and, confound my friends, not one
+has noticed this to me.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 21st [1859].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have just received your most kind, long, and valuable letter. I will
+write again in a few days, for I am at present unwell and much pressed
+with business: to-day's note is merely personal. I should, for several
+reasons, be very glad of an American Edition. I have made up my mind to
+be well abused; but I think it of importance that my notions should be
+read by intelligent men, accustomed to scientific argument, though NOT
+naturalists. It may seem absurd, but I think such men will drag after
+them those naturalists who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a
+species is an entity. The first edition of 1250 copies was sold on the
+first day, and now my publisher is printing off, as RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE,
+3000 more copies. I mention this solely because it renders probable
+a remunerative sale in America. I should be infinitely obliged if you
+could aid an American reprint; and could make, for my sake and the
+publisher's, any arrangement for any profit. The new edition is only a
+reprint, yet I have made a FEW important corrections. I will have the
+clean sheets sent over in a few days of as many sheets as are printed
+off, and the remainder afterwards, and you can do anything you like,--if
+nothing, there is no harm done. I should be glad for the new edition to
+be reprinted and not the old.--In great haste, and with hearty thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+I will write soon again.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, 22nd [December, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell, Thanks about "Bears" (See 'Origin,' edition i., page
+184.), a word of il-omen to me.
+
+I am too unwell to leave home, so shall not see you.
+
+I am very glad of your remarks on Hooker. (Sir C. Lyell wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker, December 19, 1859 ('Life,' ii. page 327): "I have just
+finished the reading of your splendid Essay [the 'Flora of Australia']
+on the origin of species, as illustrated by your wide botanical
+experience, and think it goes very far to raise the variety-making
+hypothesis to the rank of a theory, as accounting for the manner in
+which new species enter the world.") I have not yet got the essay.
+The parts which I read in sheets seemed to me grand, especially the
+generalization about the Australian flora itself. How superior to
+Robert Brown's celebrated essay! I have not seen Naudin's paper ('Revue
+Horticole,' 1852. See historical Sketch in the later editions of the
+'Origin of Species.'), and shall not be able till I hunt the libraries.
+I am very anxious to see it. Decaisne seems to think he gives my whole
+theory. I do not know when I shall have time and strength to grapple
+with Hooker...
+
+P.S.--I have heard from Sir W. Jardine (Jardine, Sir William, Bart.,
+1800-1874), was the son of Sir A. Jardine of Applegarth, Dumfriesshire.
+He was educated at Edinburgh, and succeeded to the title on his father's
+decease in 1821. He published, jointly with Mr. Prideaux, J. Selby,
+Sir Stamford Raffles, Dr. Horsfield, and other ornithologists,
+'Illustrations of Ornithology,' and edited the 'Naturalist's Library,'
+in 40 volumes, which included the four branches: Mammalia, Ornithology,
+Ichnology, and Entomology. Of these 40 volumes 14 were written by
+himself. In 1836 he became editor of the 'Magazine of Zoology and
+Botany,' which, two years later, was transformed into 'Annals of Natural
+History,' but remained under his direction. For Bohn's Standard Library
+he edited White's 'Natural History of Selborne.' Sir W. Jardine was also
+joint editor of the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and was author of
+'British Salmonidae,' 'Ichthyology of Annandale,' 'Memoirs of the
+late Hugh Strickland,' 'Contributions to Ornithology,' 'Ornithological
+Synonyms,' etc.--(Taken from Ward, 'Men of the Reign,' and Cates,
+'Dictionary of General Biography.'): his criticisms are quite
+unimportant; some of the Galapagos so-called species ought to be called
+varieties, which I fully expected; some of the sub-genera, thought to be
+wholly endemic, have been found on the Continent (not that he gives his
+authority), but I do not make out that the species are the same. His
+letter is brief and vague, but he says he will write again.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [23rd December, 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I received last night your 'Introduction,' for which very many thanks;
+I am surprised to see how big it is: I shall not be able to read it very
+soon. It was very good of you to send Naudin, for I was very curious to
+see it. I am surprised that Decaisne should say it was the same as
+mine. Naudin gives artificial selection, as well as a score of English
+writers, and when he says species were formed in the same manner, I
+thought the paper would certainly prove exactly the same as mine. But
+I cannot find one word like the struggle for existence and natural
+selection. On the contrary, he brings in his principle (page 103) of
+finality (which I do not understand), which, he says, with some authors
+is fatality, with others providence, and which adapts the forms of every
+being, and harmonises them all throughout nature.
+
+He assumes like old geologists (who assumed that the forces of nature
+were formerly greater), that species were at first more plastic. His
+simile of tree and classification is like mine (and others), but he
+cannot, I think, have reflected much on the subject, otherwise he would
+see that genealogy by itself does not give classification; I declare I
+cannot see a MUCH closer approach to Wallace and me in Naudin than in
+Lamarck--we all agree in modification and descent. If I do not hear from
+you I will return the 'Revue' in a few days (with the cover). I dare say
+Lyell would be glad to see it. By the way, I will retain the volume till
+I hear whether I shall or not send it to Lyell. I should rather like
+Lyell to see this note, though it is foolish work sticking up for
+independence or priority.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+A. SEDGWICK (Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 1785-1873, Woodwardian Professor of
+Geology in the University of Cambridge.) TO CHARLES DARWIN. Cambridge,
+December 24th, [1859].
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I write to thank you for your work on the 'Origin of Species.' It came,
+I think, in the latter part of last week; but it MAY have come a few
+days sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels, which often
+remain unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before me. So
+soon as I opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after many
+interruptions, on Tuesday. Yesterday I was employed--1st, in preparing
+for my lecture; 2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother Fellows
+to discuss the final propositions of the Parliamentary Commissioners;
+3rdly, in lecturing; 4thly, in hearing the conclusion of the discussion
+and the College reply, whereby, in conformity with my own wishes, we
+accepted the scheme of the Commissioners; 5thly, in dining with an old
+friend at Clare College; 6thly, in adjourning to the weekly meeting of
+the Ray Club, from which I returned at 10 P.M., dog-tired, and hardly
+able to climb my staircase. Lastly, in looking through the "Times" to
+see what was going on in the busy world.
+
+I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does
+abhor a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to
+you by the earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted
+opportunity. If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving
+man, I should not tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of
+facts, capital views of the correlation of the various parts of organic
+nature, admirable hints about the diffusion, through wide regions of
+many related organic beings, etc., etc.) I have read your book with more
+pain than pleasure. Parts of it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at
+till my sides were almost sore; other parts I read with absolute sorrow,
+because I think them utterly false and grievously mischievous. You
+have DESERTED--after a start in that tram-road of all solid physical
+truth--the true method of induction, and started us in machinery as
+wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkins's locomotive that was to sail with us
+to the moon. Many of your wide conclusions are based upon assumptions
+which can neither be proved nor disproved, why then express them in the
+language and arrangement of philosophical induction? As to your grand
+principle--NATURAL SELECTION--what is it but a secondary consequence of
+supposed, or known, primary facts! Development is a better word, because
+more close to the cause of the fact? For you do not deny causation. I
+call (in the abstract) causation the will of God; and I can prove that
+He acts for the good of His creatures. He also acts by laws which we
+can study and comprehend. Acting by law, and under what is called
+final causes, comprehends, I think, your whole principle. You write of
+"natural selection" as if it were done curiously by the selecting
+agent. 'Tis but a consequence of the presupposed development, and
+the subsequent battle for life. This view of nature you have stated
+admirably, though admitted by all naturalists and denied by no one of
+common sense. We all admit development as a fact of history: but how
+came it about? Here, in language, and still more in logic, we are
+point-blank at issue. There is a moral or metaphysical part of nature
+as well a physical. A man who denies this is deep in the mire of folly.
+'Tis the crown and glory of organic science that it DOES through FINAL
+CAUSE, link material and moral; and yet DOES NOT allow us to mingle them
+in our first conception of laws, and our classification of such laws,
+whether we consider one side of nature or the other. You have ignored
+this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning, you have done your
+best in one or two pregnant cases to break it. Were it possible (which,
+thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind, would suffer
+a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race into a lower
+grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since its written
+records tell us of its history. Take the case of the bee-cells. If your
+development produced the successive modification of the bee and its
+cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand good as
+the directing cause under which the successive generations acted and
+gradually improved. Passages in your book, like that to which I have
+alluded (and there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral
+taste. I think, in speculating on organic descent, you OVER-state the
+evidence of geology; and that you UNDER-state it while you are talking
+of the broken links of your natural pedigree: but my paper is nearly
+done, and I must go to my lecture-room. Lastly, then, I greatly dislike
+the concluding chapter--not as a summary, for in that light it appears
+good--but I dislike it from the tone of triumphant confidence in which
+you appeal to the rising generation (in a tone I condemned in the author
+of the 'Vestiges') and prophesy of things not yet in the womb of time,
+nor (if we are to trust the accumulated experience of human sense and
+the inferences of its logic) ever likely to be found anywhere but in the
+fertile womb of man's imagination. And now to say a word about a son of
+a monkey and an old friend of yours: I am better, far better, than I was
+last year. I have been lecturing three days a week (formerly I gave six
+a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the loss of activity and
+memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily frame is sinking
+slowly towards the earth. But I have visions of the future. They are as
+much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and these visions are
+to have their antitype in solid fruition of what is best and greatest.
+But on one condition only--that I humbly accept God's revelation of
+Himself both in his works and in His word, and do my best to act in
+conformity with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He only
+can sustain me in doing. If you and I do all this we shall meet in
+heaven.
+
+I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of
+any disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your
+tru-hearted old friend,
+
+A. SEDGWICK.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 25th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+One part of your note has pleased me so much that I must thank you for
+it. Not only Sir H.H. [Holland], but several others, have attacked
+me about analogy leading to belief in one primordial CREATED form.
+('Origin,' edition i. page 484.--"Therefore I should infer from analogy
+that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth
+have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first
+breathed.") (By which I mean only that we know nothing as yet [of] how
+life originates.) I thought I was universally condemned on this head.
+But I answered that though perhaps it would have been more prudent
+not to have put it in, I would not strike it out, as it seemed to me
+probable, and I give it on no other grounds. You will see in your mind
+the kind of arguments which made me think it probable, and no one
+fact had so great an effect on me as your most curious remarks on the
+apparent homologies of the head of Vertebrata and Articulata.
+
+You have done a real good turn in the Agency business ("My General
+Agent" was a sobriquet applied at this time by my father to Mr. Huxley.)
+(I never before heard of a hard-working, unpaid agent besides yourself),
+in talking with Sir H.H., for he will have great influence over many.
+He floored me from my ignorance about the bones of the ear, and I made a
+mental note to ask you what the facts were.
+
+With hearty thanks and real admiration for your generous zeal for the
+subject.
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+You may smile about the care and precautions I have taken about my ugly
+MS. (Manuscript left with Mr. Huxley for his perusal.); it is not so
+much the value I set on them, but the remembrance of the intolerable
+labour--for instance, in tracing the history of the breeds of pigeons.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 25th [December, 1859].
+
+... I shall not write to Decaisne (With regard to Naudin's paper in the
+'Revue Horticole,' 1852.); I have always had a strong feeling that
+no one had better defend his own priority. I cannot say that I am as
+indifferent to the subject as I ought to be, but one can avoid doing
+anything in consequence.
+
+I do not believe one iota about your having assimilated any of my
+notions unconsciously. You have always done me more than justice. But I
+do think I did you a bad turn by getting you to read the old MS., as it
+must have checked your own original thoughts. There is one thing I
+am fully convinced of, that the future progress (which is the really
+important point) of the subject will have depended on really good and
+well-known workers, like yourself, Lyell, and Huxley, having taken up
+the subject, than on my own work. I see plainly it is this that strikes
+my no-scientific friends.
+
+Last night I said to myself, I would just cut your Introduction, but
+would not begin to read, but I broke down, and had a good hour's read.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. December 28th, 1859.
+
+... Have you seen the splendid essay and notice of my book in the
+"Times"? (December 26th.) I cannot avoid a strong suspicion that it is
+by Huxley; but I never heard that he wrote in the "Times". It will do
+grand service,...
+
+
+C. DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 28th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Yesterday evening, when I read the "Times" of a previous day, I was
+amazed to find a splendid essay and review of me. Who can the author
+be? I am intensely curious. It included an eulogium of me which quite
+touched me, though I am not vain enough to think it all deserved. The
+author is a literary man, and German scholar. He has read my book
+very attentively; but, what is very remarkable, it seems that he is a
+profound naturalist. He knows my Barnacle-book, and appreciates it
+too highly. Lastly, he writes and thinks with quite uncommon force and
+clearness; and what is even still rarer, his writing is seasoned with
+most pleasant wit. We all laughed heartily over some of the sentences.
+I was charmed with those unreasonable mortals, who know anything, all
+thinking fit to range themselves on one side. (The reviewer proposes
+to pass by the orthodox view, according to which the phenomena of
+the organic world are "the immediate product of a creative fiat, and
+consequently are out of the domain of science altogether." And he does
+so "with less hesitation, as it so happens that those persons who
+are practically conversant with the facts of the case (plainly a
+considerable advantage) have always thought fit to range themselves"
+in the category of those holding "views which profess to rest on a
+scientific basis only, and therefore admit of being argued to their
+consequences.") Who can it be? Certainly I should have said that there
+was only one man in England who could have written this essay, and
+that YOU were the man. But I suppose I am wrong, and that there is some
+hidden genius of great calibre. For how could you influence Jupiter
+Olympius and make him give three and a half columns to pure science? The
+old fogies will think the world will come to an end. Well, whoever the
+man is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than by a
+dozen reviews in common periodicals. The grand way he soars above common
+religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the "Times",
+I look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of the mere
+question of species. If you should happen to be ACQUAINTED with the
+author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?
+
+My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[It is impossible to give in a short space an adequate idea of Mr.
+Huxley's article in the "Times" of December 26. It is admirably planned,
+so as to claim for the 'Origin' a respectful hearing, and it abstains
+from anything like dogmatism in asserting the truth of the doctrines
+therein upheld. A few passages may be quoted:--"That this most ingenious
+hypothesis enables us to give a reason for many apparent anomalies in
+the distribution of living beings in time and space, and that it is not
+contradicted by the main phenomena of life and organisation, appear to
+us to be unquestionable." Mr. Huxley goes on to recommend to the readers
+of the 'Origin' a condition of "thatige Skepsis"--a state of "doubt
+which so loves truth that it neither dares rest in doubting, nor
+extinguish itself by unjustified belief." The final paragraph is in a
+strong contrast to Professor Sedgwick and his "ropes of bubbles" (see
+below). Mr. Huxley writes: "Mr. Darwin abhors mere speculation as
+nature abhors a vacuum. He is as greedy of cases and precedents as any
+constitutional lawyer, and all the principles he lays down are capable
+of being brought to the test of observation and experiment. The path
+he bids us follow professes to be not a mere airy track, fabricated of
+ideal cobwebs, but a solid and broad bridge of facts. If it be so, it
+will carry us safely over many a chasm in our knowledge, and lead us to
+a region free from the snares of those fascinating but barren virgins,
+the Final Causes, against whom a high authority has so justly warned
+us."
+
+There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing as it did
+in the leading daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the
+reading public. Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account
+of the happy chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing
+it.
+
+"The 'Origin' was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the "Times"
+writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of
+business. Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later
+period, editor of 'Once a Week,' was as innocent of any knowledge of
+science as a babe, and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to
+deal with such a book. Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get
+him out of his difficulty, and he applied to me accordingly, explaining,
+however, that it would be necessary for him formally to adopt anything I
+might be disposed to write, by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs
+of his own.
+
+"I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving
+the book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the "Times" to
+make any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the
+subject, I wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything
+in my life, and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening
+sentences.
+
+"When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+authorship. The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not
+by my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement
+from the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they
+knew it was mine from the first paragraph!
+
+"As the "Times" some years since, referred to my connection with
+the review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the
+publication of this little history, if you think it worth the space it
+will occupy."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.II. -- THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES' (continued).
+
+1860.
+
+[I extract a few entries from my father's Diary:--
+
+"January 7th. The second edition, 3000 copies, of 'Origin' was
+published."
+
+"May 22nd. The first edition of 'Origin' in the United States was 2500
+copies."
+
+My father has here noted down the sums received for the 'Origin.'
+
+First Edition......180 pounds Second Edition.....636 pounds 13 shillings
+4 pence
+
+Total..............816 pounds 13 shillings 4 pence.
+
+After the publication of the second edition he began at once, on January
+9th, looking over his materials for the 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants;' the only other work of the year was on Drosera.
+
+He was at Down during the whole of this year, except for a visit to
+Dr. Lane's Water-cure Establishment at Sudbrooke, and in June, and
+for visits to Miss Elizabeth Wedgwood's house at Hartfield, in Sussex
+(July), and to Eastbourne, September 22 to November 16.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 3rd [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have finished your Essay. ('Australian Flora.') As probably you would
+like to hear my opinion, though a non-botanist, I will give it without
+any exaggeration. To my judgment it is by far the grandest and most
+interesting essay, on subjects of the nature discussed, I have ever
+read. You know how I admired your former essays, but this seems to me
+far grander. I like all the part after page xxvi better than the first
+part, probably because newer to me. I dare say you will demur to this,
+for I think every author likes the most speculative parts of his own
+productions. How superior your essay is to the famous one of Brown
+(here will be sneer 1st from you). You have made all your conclusions so
+admirably clear, that it would be no use at all to be a botanist (sneer
+No. 2). By Jove, it would do harm to affix any idea to the long names of
+outlandish orders. One can look at your conclusions with the philosophic
+abstraction with which a mathematician looks at his a times x + the
+square root of z squared, etc. etc. I hardly know which parts have
+interested me most; for over and over again I exclaimed, "this beats
+all." The general comparison of the Flora of Australia with the rest
+of the world, strikes me (as before) as extremely original, good, and
+suggestive of many reflections.
+
+... The invading Indian Flora is very interesting, but I think the fact
+you mention towards the close of the essay--that the Indian vegetation,
+in contradistinction to the Malayan vegetation, is found in low and
+level parts of the Malay Islands, GREATLY lessens the difficulty which
+at first (page 1) seemed so great. There is nothing like one's own
+hobby-horse. I suspect it is the same case as of glacial migration,
+and of naturalised production--of production of greater area conquering
+those of lesser; of course the Indian forms would have a greater
+difficulty in seizing on the cool parts of Australia. I demur to your
+remarks (page 1), as not "conceiving anything in soil, climate, or
+vegetation of India," which could stop the introduction of Australian
+plants. Towards the close of the essay (page civ), you have
+admirable remarks on our profound ignorance of the cause of possible
+naturalisation or introduction; I would answer page 1, by a later page,
+viz. page civ.
+
+Your contrast of the south-west and south-east corners is one of the
+most wonderful cases I ever heard of... You show the case with wonderful
+force. Your discussion on mixed invaders of the south-east corner (and
+of New Zealand) is as curious and intricate a problem as of the races
+of men in Britain. Your remark on mixed invading Flora keeping down or
+destroying an original Flora, which was richer in number of species,
+strikes me as EMINENTLY NEW AND IMPORTANT. I am not sure whether to me
+the discussion on the New Zealand Flora is not even more instructive. I
+cannot too much admire both. But it will require a long time to suck in
+all the facts. Your case of the largest Australian orders having none,
+or very few, species in New Zealand, is truly marvellous. Anyhow, you
+have now DEMONSTRATED (together with no mammals in New Zealand) (bitter
+sneer No. 3), that New Zealand has never been continuously, or even
+nearly continuously, united by land to Australia!! At page lxxxix, is
+the only sentence (on this subject) in the whole essay at which I am
+much inclined to quarrel, viz. that no theory of trans-oceanic migration
+can explain, etc. etc. Now I maintain against all the world, that no man
+knows anything about the power of trans-oceanic migration. You do not
+know whether or not the absent orders have seeds which are killed by
+sea-water, like almost all Leguminosae, and like another order which
+I forget. Birds do not migrate from Australia to New Zealand, and
+therefore floatation SEEMS the only possible means; but yet I maintain
+that we do not know enough to argue on the question, especially as we do
+not know the main fact whether the seeds of Australian orders are killed
+by sea-water.
+
+The discussion on European Genera is profoundly interesting; but here
+alone I earnestly beg for more information, viz. to know which of
+these genera are absent in the Tropics of the world, i.e. confined to
+temperate regions. I excessively wish to know, ON THE NOTION OF GLACIAL
+MIGRATION, how much modification has taken place in Australia. I had
+better explain when we meet, and get you to go over and mark the list.
+
+... The list of naturalised plants is extremely interesting, but why at
+the end, in the name of all that is good and bad, do you not sum up and
+comment on your facts? Come, I will have a sneer at you in return for
+the many which you will have launched at this letter. Should you have
+remarked on the number of plants naturalised in Australia and the United
+States UNDER EXTREMELY DIFFERENT CLIMATES, as showing that climate is
+so important, and [on] the considerable sprinkling of plants from
+India, North America, and South Africa, as showing that the frequent
+introduction of seeds is so important? With respect to "abundance of
+unoccupied ground in Australia," do you believe that European plants
+introduced by man now grow on spots in Australia which were absolutely
+bare? But I am an impudent dog, one must defend one's own fancy theories
+against such cruel men as you. I dare say this letter will appear
+very conceited, but one must form an opinion on what one reads with
+attention, and in simple truth, I cannot find words strong enough to
+express my admiration of your essay.
+
+My dear old friend, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I differ about the "Saturday Review". ("Saturday Review", December
+24, 1859. The hostile arguments of the reviewer are geological, and he
+deals especially with the denudation of the Weald. The reviewer remarks
+that, "if a million of centuries, more or less, is needed for any
+part of his argument, he feels no scruple in taking them to suit
+his purpose.") One cannot expect fairness in a reviewer, so I do not
+complain of all the other arguments besides the 'Geological Record'
+being omitted. Some of the remarks about the lapse of years are
+very good, and the reviewer gives me some good and well-deserved
+raps--confound it. I am sorry to confess the truth: but it does not at
+all concern the main argument. That was a nice notice in the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle". I hope and imagine that Lindley is almost a convert. Do not
+forget to tell me if Bentham gets all the more staggered.
+
+With respect to tropical plants during the Glacial period, I throw
+in your teeth your own facts, at the base of the Himalaya, on the
+possibility of the co-existence of at least forms of the tropical and
+temperate regions. I can give a parallel case for animals in Mexico. Oh!
+my dearly beloved puny child, how cruel men are to you! I am very glad
+you approve of the Geographical chapters...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [January 4th, 1860].
+
+My dear L.
+
+"Gardeners' Chronicle" returned safe. Thanks for note. I am beyond
+measure glad that you get more and more roused on the subject of
+species, for, as I have always said, I am well convinced that your
+opinions and writings will do far more to convince the world than mine.
+You will make a grand discussion on man. You are very bold in this,
+and I honour you. I have been, like you, quite surprised at the want
+of originality in opposed arguments and in favour too. Gwyn Jeffreys
+attacks me justly in his letter about strictly littoral shells not being
+often embedded at least in Tertiary deposits. I was in a muddle, for I
+was thinking of Secondary, yet Chthamalus applied to Tertiary...
+
+Possibly you might like to see the enclosed note (Dr. Whewell wrote
+(January 2, 1860): "... I cannot, yet at least, become a convert. But
+there is so much of thought and of fact in what you have written that
+it is not to be contradicted without careful selection of the ground and
+manner of the dissent." Dr. Whewell dissented in a practical manner for
+some years, by refusing to allow a copy of the 'Origin of Species' to
+be placed in the Library of Trinity College.) from Whewell, merely as
+showing that he is not horrified with us. You can return it whenever you
+have occasion to write, so as not to waste your time.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [January 4th? 1860].
+
+... I have had a brief note from Keyserling (Joint author with Murchison
+of the 'Geology of Russia,' 1845.), but not worth sending you. He
+believes in change of species, grants that natural selection explains
+well adaptation of form, but thinks species change too regularly, as
+if by some chemical law, for natural selection to be the sole cause of
+change. I can hardly understand his brief note, but this is I think the
+upshot.
+
+... I will send A. Murray's paper whenever published. (The late Andrew
+Murray wrote two papers on the 'Origin' in the Proc. R. Soc. Edin. 1860.
+The one referred to here is dated January 16, 1860. The following is
+quoted from page 6 of the separate copy: "But the second, and, as it
+appears to me, by much the most important phase of reversion to type
+(and which is practically, if not altogether ignored by Mr. Darwin),
+is the instinctive inclination which induces individuals of the same
+species by preference to intercross with those possessing the qualities
+which they themselves want, so as to preserve the purity or equilibrium
+of the breed... It is trite to a proverb, that tall men marry little
+women... a man of genius marries a fool... and we are told that this is
+the result of the charm of contrast, or of qualities admired in others
+because we do not possess them. I do not so explain it. I imagine it is
+the effort of nature to preserve the typical medium of the race.")
+It includes speculations (which he perhaps will modify) so rash, and
+without a single fact in support, that had I advanced them he or other
+reviewers would have hit me very hard. I am sorry to say that I have
+no "consolatory view" on the dignity of man. I am content that man will
+probably advance, and care not much whether we are looked at as mere
+savages in a remotely distant future. Many thanks for your last note.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+I have received, in a Manchester newspaper, rather a good squib, showing
+that I have proved "might is right," and therefore that Napoleon is
+right, and every cheating tradesman is also right.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Down, January 6th [1860]?
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I have just read your excellent article in the 'National.' It will do
+great good; especially if it becomes known as your production. It seems
+to me to give an excellently clear account of Mr. Wallace's and my
+views. How capitally you turn the flanks of the theological opposers by
+opposing to them such men as Bentham and the more philosophical of the
+systematists! I thank you sincerely for the EXTREMELY honourable
+manner in which you mention me. I should have liked to have seen some
+criticisms or remarks on embryology, on which subject you are so well
+instructed. I do not think any candid person can read your article
+without being much impressed with it. The old doctrine of immutability
+of specific forms will surely but slowly die away. It is a shame to
+give you trouble, but I should be very much obliged if you could tell me
+where differently coloured eggs in individuals of the cuckoo have been
+described, and their laying in twent-seven kinds of nests. Also do you
+know from your own observation that the limbs of sheep imported into
+the West Indies change colour? I have had detailed information about the
+loss of wool; but my accounts made the change slower than you describe.
+
+With most cordial thanks and respect, believe me, my dear Carpenter,
+yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS. (Rev. L. Blomefield.) Down, January 7th,
+1860.
+
+My dear Jenyns,
+
+I am very much obliged for your letter. It is of great use and interest
+to me to know what impression my book produces on philosophical and
+instructed minds. I thank you for the kind things which you say; and you
+go with me much further than I expected. You will think it presumptuous,
+but I am convinced, IF CIRCUMSTANCES LEAD YOU TO KEEP THE SUBJECT
+IN MIND, that you will go further. No one has yet cast doubts on my
+explanation of the subordination of group to group, on homologies,
+embryology, and rudimentary organs; and if my explanation of these
+classes of facts be at all right, whole classes of organic beings must
+be included in one line of descent.
+
+The imperfection of the Geological Record is one of the greatest
+difficulties... During the earliest period the record would be most
+imperfect, and this seems to me sufficient to account for our not
+finding intermediate forms between the classes in the same great
+kingdoms. It was certainly rash in me putting in my belief of the
+probability of all beings having descended from ONE primordial form;
+but as this seems yet to me probable, I am not willing to strike it out.
+Huxley alone supports me in this, and something could be said in its
+favour. With respect to man, I am very far from wishing to obtrude
+my belief; but I thought it dishonest to quite conceal my opinion.
+Of course it is open to every one to believe that man appeared by
+a separate miracle, though I do not myself see the necessity or
+probability.
+
+Pray accept my sincere thanks for your kind note. Your going some way
+with me gives me great confidence that I am not very wrong. For a very
+long time I halted half way; but I do not believe that any enquiring
+mind will rest half-way. People will have to reject all or admit all; by
+ALL I mean only the members of each great kingdom.
+
+My dear Jenyns, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 10th [1860].
+
+... It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections (The
+second edition of 3000 copies of the 'Origin' was published on January
+7th.) to you, and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily
+glad you approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me;
+those confounded millions (This refers to the passage in the 'Origin of
+Species' (2nd edition, page 285), in which the lapse of time implied by
+the denudation of the Weald is discussed. The discussion closes with the
+sentence: "So that it is not improbable that a longer period than
+300 million years has elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary
+period." This passage is omitted in the later editions of the 'Origin,'
+against the advice of some of his friends, as appears from the pencil
+notes in my father's copy of the second edition.) of years (not that
+I think it is probably wrong), and my not having (by inadvertance)
+mentioned Wallace towards the close of the book in the summary, not that
+any one has noticed this to me. I have now put in Wallace's name at page
+484 in a conspicuous place. I cannot refer you to tables of mortality
+of children, etc. etc. I have notes somewhere, but I have not the LEAST
+idea where to hunt, and my notes would now be old. I shall be truly
+glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give my opinion. You used to
+caution me to be cautious about man. I suspect I shall have to return
+the caution a hundred fold! Yours will, no doubt, be a grand discussion;
+but it will horrify the world at first more than my whole volume;
+although by the sentence (page 489, new edition (First edition, page
+488.)) I show that I believe man is in the same predicament with other
+animals. It is, in fact, impossible to doubt it. I have thought (only
+vaguely) on man. With respect to the races, one of my best chances of
+truth has broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. I have
+one good speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in
+Natural Selection before he will even listen to it. Psychologically, I
+have done scarcely anything. Unless, indeed, expression of countenance
+can be included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts,
+and speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+uncommonly curious subject. By the way, I sent off a lot of questions
+the day before yesterday to Tierra del Fuego on expression! I suspect
+(for I have never read it) that Spencer's 'Psychology' has a bearing on
+Psychology as we should look at it. By all means read the Preface, in
+about 20 pages, of Hensleigh Wedgwood's new Dictionary on the first
+origin of Language; Erasmus would lend it. I agree about Carpenter,
+a very good article, but with not much original... Andrew Murray has
+criticised, in an address to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, the
+notice in the 'Linnean Journal,' and "has disposed of" the whole theory
+by an ingenious difficulty, which I was very stupid not to have thought
+of; for I express surprise at more and analogous cases not being known.
+The difficulty is, that amongst the blind insects of the caves in
+distant parts of the world there are some of the same genus, and yet the
+genus is not found out of the caves or living in the free world. I have
+little doubt that, like the fish Amblyopsis, and like Proteus in Europe,
+these insects are "wrecks of ancient life," or "living fossils," saved
+from competition and extermination. But that formerly SEEING insects
+of the same genus roamed over the whole area in which the cases are
+included.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--OUR ancestor was an animal which breathed water, had a swim
+bladder, a great swimming tail, an imperfect skull, and undoubtedly was
+an hermaphrodite!
+
+Here is a pleasant genealogy for mankind.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 14th [1860].
+
+... I shall be much interested in reading your man discussion, and will
+give my opinion carefully, whatever that may be worth; but I have so
+long looked at you as the type of cautious scientific judgment (to my
+mind one of the highest and most useful qualities), that I suspect my
+opinion will be superfluous. It makes me laugh to think what a joke
+it will be if I have to caution you, after your cautions on the same
+subject to me!
+
+I will order Owen's book ('Classification of the Mammalia,' 1859.); I am
+very glad to hear Huxley's opinion on his classification of man; without
+having due knowledge, it seemed to me from the very first absurd; all
+classifications founded on single characters I believe have failed.
+
+... What a grand, immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray
+to publish my book. I never till to-day realised that it was getting
+widely distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says
+she heard a man enquiring for it at the RAILWAY STATION!!! at Waterloo
+Bridge; and the bookseller said that he had none till the new edition
+was out. The bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a
+very remarkable book!!!...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 14th [January, 1860].
+
+... I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news. You
+are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death with
+hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review of my book! I
+thought it ('Gardeners' Chronicle', 1860. Referred to above. Sir J.D.
+Hooker took the line of complete impartiality, so as not to commit
+Lindley.) a very good one, and was so much struck with it that I sent it
+to Lyell. But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was Lindley's.
+Now that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and, my kind and good
+friend, it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and noble things
+you say of me and it. I was a good deal surprised at Lindley hitting on
+some of the remarks, but I never dreamed of you. I admired it chiefly
+as so well adapted to tell on the readers of the 'Gardeners' Chronicle';
+but now I admired it in another spirit. Farewell, with hearty
+thanks... Lyell is going at man with an audacity that frightens me. It is
+a good joke; he used always to caution me to slip over man.
+
+
+[In the "Gardeners' Chronicle", January 21, 1860, appeared a short
+letter from my father which was called forth by Mr. Westwood's
+communication to the previous number of the journal, in which certain
+phenomena of cros-breeding are discussed in relation to the 'Origin of
+Species.' Mr. Westwood wrote in reply (February 11) and adduced further
+evidence against the doctrine of descent, such as the identity of the
+figures of ostriches on the ancient "Egyptian records," with the bird as
+we now know it. The correspondence is hardly worth mentioning, except as
+one of the very few cases in which my father was enticed into anything
+resembling a controversy.]
+
+
+ASA GRAY TO J.D. HOOKER. Cambridge, Mass., January 5th, 1860.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your last letter, which reached me just before Christmas, has got
+mislaid during the upturnings in my study which take place at that
+season, and has not yet been discovered. I should be very sorry to lose
+it, for there were in it some botanical mems. which I had not secured...
+
+The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.
+
+Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four
+days ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.
+
+It is done in a MASTERLY MANNER. It might well have taken twenty years
+to produce it. It is crammed full of most interesting matter--thoroughly
+digested--well expressed--close, cogent, and taken as a system it makes
+out a better case than I had supposed possible...
+
+Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it. He says it is
+POOR--VERY POOR!! (entre nous). The fact [is] he is very much annoyed by
+it,... and I do not wonder at it. To bring all IDEAL systems within the
+domain of science, and give good physical or natural explanations of
+all his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take the glacier
+materials... and give scientific explanation of all the phenomena.
+
+Tell Darwin all this. I will write to him when I get a chance. As I have
+promised, he and you shall have fair-play here... I must myself write
+a review of Darwin's book for 'Silliman's Journal' (the more so that I
+suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March) No., and
+I am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment working the
+Expl[oring] Expedition Compositae, which I know far more about). And
+really it is no easy job, as you may well imagine.
+
+I doubt if I shall please you altogether. I know I shall not please
+Agassiz at all. I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book
+will excite much attention here, and some controversy...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, January 28th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I cannot express how
+deeply it has gratified me. To receive the approval of a man whom one
+has long sincerely respected. And whose judgment and knowledge are most
+universally admitted, is the highest reward an author can possibly wish
+for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind expressions.
+
+I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+answer your letter to me of the 10th of January. You have been extremely
+kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition. It has been
+a mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets. I
+had entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets
+as printed off. But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered
+your most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken
+advantage of it; for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with
+general readers; I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending
+the sheets to America. (In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father
+wrote:--"I am amused by Asa Gray's account of the excitement my book has
+made amongst naturalists in the United States. Agassiz has denounced
+it in a newspaper, but yet in such terms that it is in fact a fine
+advertisement!" This seems to refer to a lecture given before the
+Mercantile Library Association.)
+
+After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others,
+I have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+errors, or here and there inserting short sentences) and to use all my
+strength, WHICH IS BUT LITTLE, to bring out the first part (forming a
+separate volume with index, etc.) of the three volumes which will make
+my bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in
+making corrections for an American edition. I enclose a list of a few
+corrections in the second reprint, which you will have received by this
+time complete, and I could send four or five corrections or additions of
+equally small importance, or rather of equal brevity. I also intend to
+write a SHORT preface with a brief history of the subject. These I will
+set about, as they must some day be done, and I will send them to you
+in a short time--the few corrections first, and the preface afterwards,
+unless I hear that you have given up all idea of a separate edition. You
+will then be able to judge whether it is worth having the new edition
+with YOUR REVIEW PREFIXED. Whatever be the nature of your review,
+I assure you I should feel it a GREAT honour to have my book thus
+preceded...
+
+
+ASA GRAY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Cambridge, January 23rd, 1860.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+You have my hurried letter telling you of the arrival of the remainder
+of the sheets of the reprint, and of the stir I had made for a reprint
+in Boston. Well, all looked pretty well, when, lo, we found that a
+second New York publishing house had announced a reprint also! I wrote
+then to both New York publishers, asking them to give way to the AUTHOR
+and his reprint of a revised edition. I got an answer from the Harpers
+that they withdraw --from the Appletons that they had got the book OUT
+(and the next day I saw a copy); but that, "if the work should have
+any considerable sale, we certainly shall be disposed to pay the author
+reasonably and liberally."
+
+The Appletons being thus out with their reprint, the Boston house
+declined to go on. So I wrote to the Appletons taking them at their
+word, offering to aid their reprint, to give them the use of the
+alterations in the London reprint, as soon as I find out what they are,
+etc. etc. And I sent them the first leaf, and asked them to insert in
+their future issue the additional matter from Butler (A quotation from
+Butler's 'Analogy,' on the use of the word natural, which in the second
+edition is placed with the passages from Whewell and Bacon on page ii,
+opposite the title-page.), which tells just right. So there the matter
+stands. If you furnish any matter in advance of the London third
+edition, I will make them pay for it.
+
+I may get something for you. All got is clear gain; but it will not be
+very much, I suppose.
+
+Such little notices in the papers here as have yet appeared are quite
+handsome and considerate.
+
+I hope next week to get printed sheets of my review from New Haven, and
+send [them] to you, and will ask you to pass them on to Dr. Hooker.
+
+To fulfil your request, I ought to tell you what I think the weakest,
+and what the best, part of your book. But this is not easy, nor to be
+done in a word or two. The BEST PART, I think, is the WHOLE, i.e.,
+its PLAN and TREATMENT, the vast amount of facts and acute inferences
+handled as if you had a perfect mastery of them. I do not think twenty
+years too much time to produce such a book in.
+
+Style clear and good, but now and then wants revision for little matters
+(page 97, self-fertilises ITSELF, etc.).
+
+Then your candour is worth everything to your cause. It is refreshing
+to find a person with a new theory who frankly confesses that he finds
+difficulties, insurmountable, at least for the present. I know some
+people who never have any difficulties to speak of.
+
+The moment I understood your premisses, I felt sure you had a real
+foundation to hold on. Well, if one admits your premisses, I do not see
+how he is to stop short of your conclusions, as a probable hypothesis at
+least.
+
+It naturally happens that my review of your book does not exhibit
+anything like the full force of the impression the book has made upon
+me. Under the circumstances I suppose I do your theory more good
+here, by bespeaking for it a fair and favourable consideration, and by
+standing non-committed as to its full conclusions, than I should if I
+announced myself a convert; nor could I say the latter, with truth.
+
+Well, what seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt
+to account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, etc., by
+natural selection. Some of this reads quite Lamarckian.
+
+The chapter on HYBRIDISM is not a WEAK, but a STRONG chapter. You have
+done wonders there. But still you have not accounted, as you may be held
+to account, for divergence up to a certain extent producing increased
+fertility of the crosses, but carried one short almost imperceptible
+step more, giving rise to sterility, or reversing the tendency. Very
+likely you are on the right track; but you have something to do yet in
+that department.
+
+Enough for the present.
+
+... I am not insensible to your compliments, the very high compliment
+which you pay me in valuing my opinion. You evidently think more of it
+than I do, though from the way I write [to] you, and especially [to]
+Hooker, this might not be inferred from the reading of my letters.
+
+I am free to say that I never learnt so much from one book as I have
+from yours, there remain a thousand things I long to say about it.
+
+Ever yours, ASA GRAY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [February? 1860].
+
+... Now I will just run through some points in your letter. What you say
+about my book gratifies me most deeply, and I wish I could feel all was
+deserved by me. I quite think a review from a man, who is not an entire
+convert, if fair and moderately favourable, is in all respects the best
+kind of review. About the weak points I agree. The eye to this day gives
+me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my
+reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.
+
+Pray kindly remember and tell Prof. Wyman how very grateful I should be
+for any hints, information, or criticisms. I have the highest respect
+for his opinion. I am so sorry about Dana's health. I have already asked
+him to pay me a visit.
+
+Farewell, you have laid me under a load of obligation--not that I feel
+it a load. It is the highest possible gratification to me to think that
+you have found my book worth reading and reflection; for you and three
+others I put down in my own mind as the judges whose opinions I should
+value most of all.
+
+My dear Gray, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I feel pretty sure, from my own experience, that if you are led
+by your studies to keep the subject of the origin of species before your
+mind, you will go further and further in your belief. It took me long
+years, and I assure you I am astonished at the impression my book has
+made on many minds. I fear twenty years ago, I should not have been half
+as candid and open to conviction.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [January 31st, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have resolved to publish a little sketch of the progress of opinion on
+the change of species. Will you or Mrs. Hooker do me the favour to copy
+ONE sentence out of Naudin's paper in the 'Revue Horticole,' 1852, page
+103, namely, that on his principle of Finalite. Can you let me have it
+soon, with those confounded dashes over the vowels put in carefully? Asa
+Gray, I believe, is going to get a second edition of my book, and I want
+to send this little preface over to him soon. I did not think of the
+necessity of having Naudin's sentence on finality, otherwise I would
+have copied it.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I shall end by just alluding to your Australian Flora
+Introduction. What was the date of publication: December 1859, or
+January 1860? Please answer this.
+
+My preface will also do for the French edition, which I BELIEVE, is
+agreed on.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. February [1860].
+
+... As the 'Origin' now stands, Harvey's (William Henry Harvey was
+descended from a Quaker family of Youghal, and was born in February,
+1811, at Summerville, a country house on the banks of the Shannon. He
+died at Torquay in 1866. In 1835, Harvey went to Africa (Table Bay) to
+pursue his botanical studies, the results of which were given in his
+'Genera of South African Plants.' In 1838, ill-health compelled him to
+obtain leave of absence, and return to England for a time; in 1840 he
+returned to Cape Town, to be again compelled by illness to leave. In
+1843 he obtained the appointment of Botanical Professor at Trinity
+College, Dublin. In 1854, 1855, and 1856 he visited Australia, New
+Zealand, the Friendly and Fiji Islands. In 1857 Dr. Harvey reached home,
+and was appointed the successor of Professor Allman to the Chair of
+Botany in Dublin University. He was author of several botanical works,
+principally on Algae.--(From a Memoir published in 1869.)) is a good
+hit against my talking so much of the insensibly fine gradations; and
+certainly it has astonished me that I should be pelted with the fact,
+that I had not allowed abrupt and great enough variations under nature.
+It would take a good deal more evidence to make me admit that forms have
+often changed by saltum.
+
+Have you seen Wollaston's attack in the 'Annals'? ('Annals and Magazine
+of Natural History,' 1860.) The stones are beginning to fly. But
+Theology has more to do with these two attacks than Science...
+
+
+[In the above letter a paper by Harvey in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+February 18, 1860, is alluded to. He describes a case of monstrosity
+in Begonia frigida, in which the "sport" differed so much from a normal
+Begonia that it might have served as the type of a distinct natural
+order. Harvey goes on to argue that such a case is hostile to the theory
+of natural selection, according to which changes are not supposed to
+take place per saltum, and adds that "a few such cases would overthrow
+it [Mr. Darwin's hypothesis] altogether." In the following number of
+the "Gardeners' Chronicle" Sir J.D. Hooker showed that Dr. Harvey had
+misconceived the bearing of the Begonia case, which he further showed
+to be by no means calculated to shake the validity of the doctrine
+of modification by means of natural selection. My father mentions the
+Begonia case in a letter to Lyell (February 18, 1860):--
+
+"I send by this post an attack in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", by Harvey
+(a first-rate Botanist, as you probably know). It seems to me rather
+strange; he assumes the permanence of monsters, whereas, monsters are
+generally sterile, and not often inheritable. But grant his case, it
+comes that I have been too cautious in not admitting great and sudden
+variations. Here again comes in the mischief of my ABSTRACT. In the
+fuller MS. I have discussed a parallel case of a normal fish like the
+monstrous gold-fish."
+
+With reference to Sir J.D. Hooker's reply, my father wrote:]
+
+Down, [February 26th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your answer to Harvey seems to me ADMIRABLY good. You would have made a
+gigantic fortune as a barrister. What an omission of Harvey's about the
+graduated state of the flowers! But what strikes me most is that surely
+I ought to know my own book best, yet, by Jove, you have brought forward
+ever so many arguments which I did not think of! Your reference to
+classification (viz. I presume to such cases as Aspicarpa) is EXCELLENT,
+for the monstrous Begonia no doubt in all details would be Begonia. I
+did not think of this, nor of the RETROGRADE step from separated sexes
+to an hermaphrodite state; nor of the lessened fertility of the monster.
+Proh pudor to me.
+
+The world would say what a lawyer has been lost in a MERE botanist!
+
+Farewell, my dear master in my own subject,
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+I am so heartily pleased to see that you approve of the chapter on
+Classification.
+
+I wonder what Harvey will say. But no one hardly, I think, is able at
+first to see when he is beaten in an argument.
+
+
+[The following letters refer to the first translation (1860) of the
+'Origin of Species' into German, which was superintended by H.G. Bronn,
+a good zoologist and palaeontologist, who was at the time at Freiburg,
+but afterwards Professor at Heidelberg. I have been told that the
+translation was not a success, it remained an obvious translation, and
+was correspondingly unpleasant to read. Bronn added to the translation
+an appendix of the difficulties that occurred to him. For instance,
+how can natural selection account for differences between species, when
+these differences appear to be of no service to their possessors; e.g.,
+the length of the ears and tail, or the folds in the enamel of the teeth
+of various species of rodents? Krause, in his book, 'Charles Darwin,'
+page 91, criticises Bronn's conduct in this manner, but it will be seen
+that my father actually suggested the addition of Bronn's remarks. A
+more serious charge against Bronn made by Krause (op. cit. page 87) is
+that he left out passages of which he did not approve, as, for instance,
+the passage ('Origin,' first edition, page 488) "Light will be thrown on
+the origin of man and his history." I have no evidence as to whether my
+father did or did not know of these alterations.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, February 4 [1860].
+
+Dear and much honoured Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter; I feared that you would
+much disapprove of the 'Origin,' and I sent it to you merely as a mark
+of my sincere respect. I shall read with much interest your work on the
+productions of Islands whenever I receive it. I thank you cordially for
+the notice in the 'Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie,' and still more for
+speaking to Schweitzerbart about a translation; for I am most anxious
+that the great and intellectual German people should know something
+about my book.
+
+I have told my publisher to send immediately a copy of the NEW
+(Second edition.) edition to Schweitzerbart, and I have written to
+Schweitzerbart that I gave up all right to profit for myself, so that I
+hope a translation will appear. I fear that the book will be difficult
+to translate, and if you could advise Schweitzerbart about a GOOD
+translator, it would be of very great service. Still more, if you would
+run your eye over the more difficult parts of the translation; but this
+is too great a favour to expect. I feel sure that it will be difficult
+to translate, from being so much condensed.
+
+Again I thank you for your noble and generous sympathy, and I remain,
+with entire respect,
+
+Yours, truly obliged, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--The new edition has some few corrections, and I will send in
+MS. some additional corrections, and a short historical preface, to
+Schweitzerbart.
+
+How interesting you could make the work by EDITING (I do not
+mean translating) the work, and appending notes of REFUTATION or
+confirmation. The book has sold so very largely in England, that an
+editor would, I think, make profit by the translation.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, February 14 [1860].
+
+My dear and much honoured Sir,
+
+I thank you cordially for your extreme kindness in superintending the
+translation. I have mentioned this to some eminent scientific men, and
+they all agree that you have done a noble and generous service. If I am
+proved quite wrong, yet I comfort myself in thinking that my book may
+do some good, as truth can only be known by rising victorious from every
+attack. I thank you also much for the review, and for the kind manner
+in which you speak of me. I send with this letter some corrections and
+additions to M. Schweitzerbart, and a short historical preface. I am
+not much acquainted with German authors, as I read German very slowly;
+therefore I do not know whether any Germans have advocated similar
+views with mine; if they have, would you do me the favour to insert a
+foot-note to the preface? M. Schweitzerbart has now the reprint ready
+for a translator to begin. Several scientific men have thought the term
+"Natural Selection" good, because its meaning is NOT obvious, and each
+man could not put on it his own interpretation, and because it at
+once connects variation under domestication and nature. Is there any
+analogous term used by German breeders of animals? "Adelung," ennobling,
+would, perhaps, be too metaphysical. It is folly in me, but I cannot
+help doubting whether "Wahl der Lebensweise" expresses my notion. It
+leaves the impression on my mind of the Lamarckian doctrine (which I
+reject) of habits of life being al-important. Man has altered, and
+thus improved the English race-horse by SELECTING successive fleeter
+individuals; and I believe, owing to the struggle for existence, that
+similar SLIGHT variations in a wild horse, IF ADVANTAGEOUS TO IT, would
+be SELECTED or PRESERVED by nature; hence Natural Selection. But I
+apologise for troubling you with these remarks on the importance of
+choosing good German terms for "Natural Selection." With my heartfelt
+thanks, and with sincere respect,
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, July 14 [1860].
+
+Dear and honoured Sir,
+
+On my return home, after an absence of some time, I found the
+translation of the third part (The German translation was published in
+three pamphle-like numbers.) of the 'Origin,' and I have been delighted
+to see a final chapter of criticisms by yourself. I have read the first
+few paragraphs and final paragraph, and am perfectly contented, indeed
+more than contented, with the generous and candid spirit with which you
+have considered my views. You speak with too much praise of my work.
+I shall, of course, carefully read the whole chapter; but though I can
+read descriptive books like Gaertner's pretty easily, when any reasoning
+comes in, I find German excessively difficult to understand. At some
+FUTURE time I should very much like to hear how my book has been
+received in Germany, and I most sincerely hope M. Schweitzerbart
+will not lose money by the publication. Most of the reviews have been
+bitterly opposed to me in England, yet I have made some converts, and
+SEVERAL naturalists who would not believe in a word of it, are now
+coming slightly round, and admit that natural selection may have done
+something. This gives me hope that more will ultimately come round to a
+certain extent to my views.
+
+I shall ever consider myself deeply indebted to you for the immense
+service and honour which you have conferred on me in making the
+excellent translation of my book. Pray believe me, with most sincere
+respect,
+
+Dear Sir, yours gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [February 12th, 1860].
+
+... I think it was a great pity that Huxley wasted so much time in the
+lecture on the preliminary remarks;... but his lecture seemed to me very
+fine and very bold. I have remonstrated (and he agrees) against the
+impression that he would leave, that sterility was a universal and
+infallible criterion of species.
+
+You will, I am sure, make a grand discussion on man. I am so glad to
+hear that you and Lady Lyell will come here. Pray fix your own time; and
+if it did not suit us we would say so. We could then discuss man well...
+
+How much I owe to you and Hooker! I do not suppose I should hardly ever
+have published had it not been for you.
+
+
+[The lecture referred to in the last letter was given at the Royal
+Institution, February 10, 1860. The following letter was written
+in reply to Mr. Huxley's request for information about breeding,
+hybridisation, etc. It is of interest as giving a vivid retrospect of
+the writer's experience on the subject.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Ilkley, Yorks, November 27 [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Gartner grand, Kolreuter grand, but papers scattered through many
+volumes and very lengthy. I had to make an abstract of the whole.
+Herbert's volume on Amaryllidaceae very good, and two excellent papers
+in the 'Horticultural Journal.' For animals, no resume to be trusted at
+all; facts are to be collected from all original sources. (This caution
+is exemplified in the following extract from an earlier letter to
+Professor Huxley:--"The inaccuracy of the blessed gang (of which I
+am one) of compilers passes all bounds. MONSTERS have frequently been
+described as hybrids without a tittle of evidence. I must give one other
+case to show how we jolly fellows work. A Belgian Baron (I forget his
+name at this moment) crossed two distinct geese and got SEVEN hybrids,
+which he proved subsequently to be quite sterile; well, compiler
+the first, Chevreul, says that the hybrids were propagated for SEVEN
+generations inter se. Compiler second (Morton) mistakes the French name,
+and gives Latin names for two more distinct geese, and says CHEVREUL
+himself propagated them inter se for seven generations; and the latter
+statement is copied from book to book.") I fear my MS. for the bigger
+book (twice or thrice as long as in present book), with all references,
+would be illegible, but it would save you infinite labour; of course I
+would gladly lend it, but I have no copy, so care would have to be taken
+of it. But my accursed handwriting would be fatal, I fear.
+
+About breeding, I know of no one book. I did not think well of Lowe,
+but I can name none better. Youatt I look at as a far better and MORE
+PRACTICAL authority; but then his views and facts are scattered through
+three or four thick volumes. I have picked up most by reading really
+numberless special treatises and ALL agricultural and horticultural
+journals; but it is a work of long years. THE DIFFICULTY IS TO KNOW WHAT
+TO TRUST. No one or two statements are worth a farthing; the facts are
+so complicated. I hope and think I have been really cautious in what I
+state on this subject, although all that I have given, as yet, is FAR
+too briefly. I have found it very important associating with fanciers
+and breeders. For instance, I sat one evening in a gin palace in the
+Borough amongst a set of pigeon fanciers, when it was hinted that Mr.
+Bull had crossed his Pouters with Runts to gain size; and if you had
+seen the solemn, the mysterious, and awful shakes of the head which
+all the fanciers gave at this scandalous proceeding, you would have
+recognised how little crossing has had to do with improving breeds,
+and how dangerous for endless generations the process was. All this was
+brought home far more vividly than by pages of mere statements, etc.
+But I am scribbling foolishly. I really do not know how to advise about
+getting up facts on breeding and improving breeds. Go to Shows is one
+way. Read ALL treatises on any ONE domestic animal, and believe nothing
+without largely confirmed. For your lectures I can give you a few
+amusing anecdotes and sentences, if you want to make the audience laugh.
+
+I thank you particularly for telling me what naturalists think. If we
+can once make a compact set of believers we shall in time conquer. I
+am EMINENTLY glad Ramsey is on our side, for he is, in my opinion, a
+firs-rate geologist. I sent him a copy. I hope he got it. I shall be
+very curious to hear whether any effect has been produced on Prestwich;
+I sent him a copy, not as a friend, but owing to a sentence or two in
+some paper, which made me suspect he was doubting.
+
+Rev. C. Kingsley has a mind to come round. Quatrefages writes that he
+goes some long way with me; says he exhibited diagrams like mine. With
+most hearty thanks,
+
+Yours very tired, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[I give the conclusion of Professor Huxley's lecture, as being one of
+the earliest, as well as one of the most eloquent of his utterances in
+support of the 'Origin of Species']:
+
+"I have said that the man of science is the sworn interpreter of nature
+in the high court of reason. But of what avail is his honest speech, if
+ignorance is the assessor of the judge, and prejudice the foreman of the
+jury? I hardly know of a great physical truth, whose universal reception
+has not been preceded by an epoch in which most estimable persons have
+maintained that the phenomena investigated were directly dependent on
+the Divine Will, and that the attempt to investigate them was not only
+futile, but blasphemous. And there is a wonderful tenacity of life about
+this sort of opposition to physical science. Crushed and maimed in every
+battle, it yet seems never to be slain; and after a hundred defeats it
+is at this day as rampant, though happily not so mischievous, as in the
+time of Galileo.
+
+"But to those whose life is spent, to use Newton's noble words, in
+picking up here a pebble and there a pebble on the shores of the great
+ocean of truth--who watch, day by day, the slow but sure advance of that
+mighty tide, bearing on its bosom the thousand treasures wherewith man
+ennobles and beautifies his life--it would be laughable, if it were not
+so sad, to see the little Canutes of the hour enthroned in solemn state,
+bidding that great wave to stay, and threatening to check its beneficent
+progress. The wave rises and they fly; but, unlike the brave old Dane,
+they learn no lesson of humility: the throne is pitched at what seems a
+safe distance, and the folly is repeated.
+
+"Surely it is the duty of the public to discourage anything of this
+kind, to discredit these foolish meddlers who think they do the Almighty
+a service by preventing a thorough study of His works.
+
+"The Origin of Species is not the first, and it will not be the last, of
+the great questions born of science, which will demand settlement from
+this generation. The general mind is seething strangely, and to those
+who watch the signs of the times, it seems plain that this nineteenth
+century will see revolutions of thought and practice as great as those
+which the sixteenth witnessed. Through what trials and sore contests the
+civilised world will have to pass in the course of this new reformation,
+who can tell?
+
+"But I verily believe that come what will, the part which England may
+play in the battle is a grand and a noble one. She may prove to the
+world that, for one people, at any rate, despotism and demagogy are not
+the necessary alternatives of government; that freedom and order are
+not incompatible; that reverence is the handmaid of knowledge; that free
+discussion is the life of truth, and of true unity in a nation.
+
+"Will England play this part? That depends upon how you, the public,
+deal with science. Cherish her, venerate her, follow her methods
+faithfully and implicitly in their application to all branches of human
+thought, and the future of this people will be greater than the past.
+
+"Listen to those who would silence and crush her, and I fear our
+children will see the glory of England vanishing like Arthur in the
+mist; they will cry too late the woful cry of Guinever:--
+
+     'It was my duty to have loved the highest;
+     It surely was my profit had I known;
+     It would have been my pleasure had I seen.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [February 15th, 1860].
+
+... I am perfectly convinced (having read this morning) that the review
+in the 'Annals' (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. third series, vol. 5,
+page 132. My father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from
+the following passage (page 138): "But who is this Nature, we have a
+right to ask, who has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency
+such marvellous performances are ascribed? What are her image and
+attributes, when dragged from her wordy lurking-place? Is she aught
+but a pestilent abstraction, like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the
+workings of an Intelligent First Cause of all?" The reviewer pays a
+tribute to my father's candour, "so manly and outspoken as almost to
+'cover a multitude of sins.'" The parentheses (to which allusion is made
+above) are so frequent as to give a characteristic appearance to Mr.
+Wollaston's pages.) is by Wollaston; no one else in the world would have
+used so many parentheses. I have written to him, and told him that the
+"pestilent" fellow thanks him for his kind manner of speaking about him.
+I have also told him that he would be pleased to hear that the Bishop of
+Oxford says it is the most unphilosophical (Another version of the words
+is given by Lyell, to whom they were spoken, viz. "the most illogical
+book ever written."--'Life,' volume ii. page 358.) work he ever read.
+The review seems to me clever, and only misinterprets me in a few
+places. Like all hostile men, he passes over the explanation given of
+Classification, Morphology, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs, etc. I
+read Wallace's paper in MS. ("On the Zoological Geography of the Malay
+Archipelago."--Linn. Soc. Journ. 1860.), and thought it admirably
+good; he does not know that he has been anticipated about the depth of
+intervening sea determining distribution... The most curious point in
+the paper seems to me that about the African character of the Celebes
+productions, but I should require further confirmation...
+
+Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much
+the same state as Bunbury (The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well-known as a
+Palaeo-botanist.), and will go a very little way with us, but brings up
+no real argument against going further. He also shudders at the eye!
+It is really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our favour) how
+differently different opposers view the subject. Henslow used to rest
+his opposition on the imperfection of the Geological Record, but he now
+thinks nothing of this, and says I have got well out of it; I wish I
+could quite agree with him. Baden Powell says he never read anything so
+conclusive as my statement about the eye!! A stranger writes to me about
+sexual selection, and regrets that I boggle about such a trifle as the
+brush of hair on the male turkey, and so on. As L. Jenyns has a really
+philosophical mind, and as you say you like to see everything, I send an
+old letter of his. In a later letter to Henslow, which I have seen, he
+is more candid than any opposer I have heard of, for he says, though he
+CANNOT go so far as I do, yet he can give no good reason why he should
+not. It is funny how each man draws his own imaginary line at which to
+halt. It reminds me so vividly what I was told (By Professor Henslow.)
+about you when I first commenced geology--to believe a LITTLE, but on no
+account to believe all.
+
+Ever yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 18th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I received about a week ago two sheets of your Review (The 'American
+Journal of Science and Arts,' March, 1860. Reprinted in 'Darwiniana,'
+1876.); read them, and sent them to Hooker; they are now returned and
+r-read with care, and to-morrow I send them to Lyell. Your Review seems
+to me ADMIRABLE; by far the best which I have read. I thank you from
+my heart both for myself, but far more for the subject's sake. Your
+contrast between the views of Agassiz and such as mine is very curious
+and instructive. (The contrast is briefly summed up thus: "The theory
+of Agassiz regards the origin of species and their present general
+distribution over the world as equally primordial, equally supernatural;
+that of Darwin as equally derivative, equally natural."--'Darwiniana,'
+page 14.) By the way, if Agassiz writes anything on the subject, I hope
+you will tell me. I am charmed with your metaphor of the streamlet never
+running against the force of gravitation. Your distinction between an
+hypothesis and theory seems to me very ingenious; but I do not think
+it is ever followed. Every one now speaks of the undulatory THEORY of
+light; yet the ether is itself hypothetical, and the undulations are
+inferred only from explaining the phenomena of light. Even in the THEORY
+of gravitation is the attractive power in any way known, except by
+explaining the fall of the apple, and the movements of the Planets?
+It seems to me that an hypothesis is DEVELOPED into a theory solely by
+explaining an ample lot of facts. Again and again I thank you for your
+generous aid in discussing a view, about which you very properly hold
+yourself unbiassed.
+
+My dear Gray, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Several clergymen go far with me. Rev. L. Jenyns, a very good
+naturalist. Henslow will go a very little way with me, and is not
+shocked with me. He has just been visiting me.
+
+
+[With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+Church, the following letter (already referred to) from Charles Kingsley
+is of interest:]
+
+
+C. KINGSLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Eversley Rectory, Winchfield, November
+18th, 1859.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book. That the
+Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know and to
+learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book, encourages me
+at least to observe more carefully, and perhaps more slowly.
+
+I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now
+as I ought. All I have seen of it AWES me; both with the heap of facts
+and the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that
+if you be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.
+
+In that I care little. Let God be true, and every man a liar! Let us
+know what IS, and, as old Socrates has it, epesthai to logo--follow up
+the villainous shifty fox of an argument, into whatsoever unexpected
+bogs and brakes he may lead us, if we do but run into him at last.
+
+From two common superstitions, at least, I shall be free while judging
+of your books:--
+
+1. I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated animals
+and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species.
+
+2. I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a conception
+of Deity, to believe that he created primal forms capable of self
+development into all forms needful pro tempore and pro loco, as to
+believe that He required a fresh act of intervention to supply the
+lacunas which He Himself had made. I question whether the former be not
+the loftier thought.
+
+Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a
+proof that you are aware of the existence of such a person as
+
+Your faithful servant, C. KINGSLEY.
+
+
+[My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+was for many years Vicar of Down, writes in the same spirit:
+
+"We never attacked each other. Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted,
+and publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference
+to the Bible. That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same
+Divine source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would
+never cross...
+
+"His views on this subject were very much to the same effect from his
+side. Of course any conversations we may have had on purely religious
+subjects are as sacredly private now as in his life; but the quaint
+conclusion of one may be given. We had been speaking of the apparent
+contradiction of some supposed discoveries with the Book of Genesis; he
+said, 'you are (it would have been more correct to say you ought to be)
+a theologian, I am a naturalist, the lines are separate. I endeavour to
+discover facts without considering what is said in the Book of Genesis.
+I do not attack Moses, and I think Moses can take care of himself.' To
+the same effect he wrote more recently, 'I cannot remember that I ever
+published a word directly against religion or the clergy; but if you
+were to read a little pamphlet which I received a couple of days ago
+by a clergyman, you would laugh, and admit that I had some excuse
+for bitterness. After abusing me for two or three pages, in language
+sufficiently plain and emphatic to have satisfied any reasonable man,
+he sums up by saying that he has vainly searched the English language
+to find terms to express his contempt for me and all Darwinians.' In
+another letter, after I had left Down, he writes, 'We often differed,
+but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ and yet
+feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I should feel
+very proud, if any one could say [it] of me.'
+
+"On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Brodie
+Innes and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never
+thoroughly agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at
+each other, and thought one of us must be very ill.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 23rd [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+That is a splendid answer of the father of Judge Crompton. How curious
+that the Judge should have hit on exactly the same points as yourself.
+It shows me what a capital lawyer you would have made, how many unjust
+acts you would have made appear just! But how much grander a field has
+science been than the law, though the latter might have made you Lord
+Kinnordy. I will, if there be another edition, enlarge on gradation in
+the eye, and on all forms coming from one prototype, so as to try and
+make both less glaringly improbable...
+
+With respect to Bronn's objection that it cannot be shown how life
+arises, and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that
+natural selection is not a vera causa, I was much interested by finding
+accidentally in Brewster's 'Life of Newton,' that Leibnitz objected to
+the law of gravity because Newton could not show what gravity itself
+is. As it has chanced, I have used in letters this very same argument,
+little knowing that any one had really thus objected to the law of
+gravity. Newton answers by saying that it is philosophy to make out the
+movements of a clock, though you do not know why the weight descends
+to the ground. Leibnitz further objected that the law of gravity was
+opposed to Natural Religion! Is this not curious? I really think I shall
+use the facts for some introductory remarks for my bigger book.
+
+... You ask (I see) why we do not have monstrosities in higher animals;
+but when they live they are almost always sterile (even giants and
+dwarfs are GENERALLY sterile), and we do not know that Harvey's monster
+would have bred. There is I believe only one case on record of a peloric
+flower being fertile, and I cannot remember whether this reproduced
+itself.
+
+To recur to the eye. I really think it would have been dishonest, not to
+have faced the difficulty; and worse (as Talleyrand would have said), it
+would have been impolitic I think, for it would have been thrown in my
+teeth, as H. Holland threw the bones of the ear, till Huxley shut him up
+by showing what a fine gradation occurred amongst living creatures.
+
+I thank you much for your most pleasant letter.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I send a letter by Herbert Spencer, which you can read or not
+as you think fit. He puts, to my mind, the philosophy of the argument
+better than almost any one, at the close of the letter. I could make
+nothing of Dana's idealistic notions about species; but then, as
+Wollaston says, I have not a metaphysical head.
+
+By the way, I have thrown at Wollaston's head, a paper by Alexander
+Jordan, who demonstrates metaphysically that all our cultivated races
+are Go-created species.
+
+Wollaston misrepresents accidentally, to a wonderful extent, some
+passages in my book. He reviewed, without relooking at certain passages.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 25th [1860].
+
+... I cannot help wondering at your zeal about my book. I declare to
+heaven you seem to care as much about my book as I do myself. You have
+no right to be so eminently unselfish! I have taken off my spit [i.e.
+file] a letter of Ramsay's, as every geologist convert I think very
+important. By the way, I saw some time ago a letter from H.D. Rogers
+(Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Born in the United
+States 1809, died 1866.) to Huxley, in which he goes very far with us...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Saturday, March 3rd, [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+What a day's work you had on that Thursday! I was not able to go to
+London till Monday, and then I was a fool for going, for, on Tuesday
+night, I had an attack of fever (with a touch of pleurisy), which came
+on like a lion, but went off as a lamb, but has shattered me a good bit.
+
+I was much interested by your last note... I think you expect too much in
+regard to change of opinion on the subject of Species. One large class
+of men, more especially I suspect of naturalists, never will care about
+ANY general question, of which old Gray, of the British Museum, may
+be taken as a type; and secondly, nearly all men past a moderate age,
+either in actual years or in mind, are, I am fully convinced, incapable
+of looking at facts under a new point of view. Seriously, I am
+astonished and rejoiced at the progress which the subject has made; look
+at the enclosed memorandum. (See table of names below.) -- says my book
+will be forgotten in ten years, perhaps so; but, with such a list, I
+feel convinced the subject will not. The outsiders, as you say, are
+strong.
+
+You say that you think that Bentham is touched, "but, like a wise
+man, holds his tongue." Perhaps you only mean that he cannot decide,
+otherwise I should think such silence the reverse of magnanimity; for
+if others behaved the same way, how would opinion ever progress? It is
+a dereliction of actual duty. (In a subsequent letter to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(March 12th, 1860), my father wrote, "I now quite understand Bentham's
+silence.")
+
+I am so glad to hear about Thwaites. (Dr. G.J.K. Thwaites, who was
+born in 1811, established a reputation in this country as an expert
+microscopist, and an acute observer, working especially at cryptogamic
+botany. On his appointment as Director of the Botanic Gardens at
+Peradenyia, Ceylon, Dr. Thwaites devoted himself to the flora of Ceylon.
+As a result of this he has left numerous and valuable collections, a
+description of which he embodied in his 'Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae'
+(1864). Dr. Thwaites was a fellow of the Linnean Society, but beyond the
+above facts little seems to have been recorded of his life. His death
+occurred in Ceylon on September 11th, 1882, in his seventy-second year.
+"Athenaeum", October 14th, 1882, page 500.)... I have had an astounding
+letter from Dr. Boott (The letter is enthusiastically laudatory, and
+obviously full of genuine feeling.); it might be turned into ridicule
+against him and me, so I will not send it to any one. He writes in a
+noble spirit of love of truth.
+
+I wonder what Lindley thinks; probably too busy to read or think on the
+question.
+
+I am vexed about Bentham's reticence, for it would have been of real
+value to know what parts appeared weakest to a man of his powers of
+observation.
+
+Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Is not Harvey in the class of men who do not at all care for
+generalities? I remember your saying you could not get him to write on
+Distribution. I have found his works very unfruitful in every respect.
+
+
+  [Here follows the memorandum referred to:]
+
+  Geologists.    Zoologists and       Physiologists.    Botanists.
+                 Palaeontologists.
+
+  Lyell.         Huxley.              Carpenter.        Hooker.
+
+  Ramsay.*       J. Lubbock.           Sir H. Holland   H.C. Watson.
+                                      (to large extent).
+
+  Jukes.*        L. Jenyns                              Asa Gray
+                 (to large extent).                     (to some extent).
+
+  H.D. Rogers.   Searles Wood.*                         Dr. Boott
+                                                        (to large extent).
+
+                                                        Thwaites.
+
+  (*Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological Survey.
+
+Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., 1811-1869. He was educated at
+Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as naturalist to H.M.S.
+"Fly", on an exploring expedition in Australia and New Guinea. He was
+afterwards appointed Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland. He
+was the author of many papers, and of more than one good hand-book of
+geology.
+
+Searles Valentine Wood, February 14, 1798-1880. Chiefly known for his
+work on the Mollusca of the 'Crag.')
+
+
+[The following letter is of interest in connection with the mention of
+Mr. Bentham in the last letter:]
+
+G. BENTHAM TO FRANCIS DARWIN. 25 Wilton Place, S.W., May 30th, 1882.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+In compliance with your note which I received last night, I send
+herewith the letters I have from your father. I should have done so on
+seeing the general request published in the papers, but that I did not
+think there were any among them which could be of any use to you. Highly
+flattered as I was by the kind and friendly notice with which Mr. Darwin
+occasionally honoured me, I was never admitted into his intimacy, and he
+therefore never made any communications to me in relation to his views
+and labours. I have been throughout one of his most sincere admirers,
+and fully adopted his theories and conclusions, notwithstanding the
+severe pain and disappointment they at first occasioned me. On the day
+that his celebrated paper was read at the Linnean Society, July 1st,
+1858, a long paper of mine had been set down for reading, in which,
+in commenting on the British Flora, I had collected a number of
+observations and facts illustrating what I then believed to be a fixity
+in species, however difficult it might be to assign their limits,
+and showing a tendency of abnormal forms produced by cultivation
+or otherwise, to withdraw within those original limits when left to
+themselves. Most fortunately my paper had to give way to Mr.
+Darwin's and when once that was read, I felt bound to defer mine for
+reconsideration; I began to entertain doubts on the subject, and on
+the appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' I was forced, however
+reluctantly, to give up my long-cherished convictions, the results of
+much labour and study, and I cancelled all that part of my paper which
+urged original fixity, and published only portions of the remainder
+in another form, chiefly in the 'Natural History Review.' I have since
+acknowledged on various occasions my full adoption of Mr. Darwin's
+views, and chiefly in my Presidential Address of 1863, and in my
+thirteenth and last address, issued in the form of a report to the
+British Association at its meeting at Belfast in 1874.
+
+I prize so highly the letters that I have of Mr. Darwin's, that I should
+feel obliged by your returning them to me when you have done with them.
+Unfortunately I have not kept the envelopes, and Mr. Darwin usually only
+dated them by the month not by the year, so that they are not in any
+chronological order.
+
+Yours very sincerely, GEORGE BENTHAM.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [March] 12th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Thinking over what we talked about, the high state of intellectual
+development of the old Grecians with the little or no subsequent
+improvement, being an apparent difficulty, it has just occurred to me
+that in fact the case harmonises perfectly with our views. The case
+would be a decided difficulty on the Lamarckian or Vestigian doctrine
+of necessary progression, but on the view which I hold of progression
+depending on the conditions, it is no objection at all, and harmonises
+with the other facts of progression in the corporeal structure of other
+animals. For in a state of anarchy, or despotism, or bad government,
+or after irruption of barbarians, force, strength, or ferocity, and not
+intellect, would be apt to gain the day.
+
+We have so enjoyed your and Lady Lyell's visit.
+
+Good-night. C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--By an odd chance (for I had not alluded even to the subject)
+the ladies attacked me this evening, and threw the high state of old
+Grecians into my teeth, as an unanswerable difficulty, but by good
+chance I had my answer all pat, and silenced them. Hence I have thought
+it worth scribbling to you...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. PRESTWICH. (Now Professor of Geology in the
+University of Oxford.) Down, March 12th [1860].
+
+... At some future time, when you have a little leisure, and when you
+have read my 'Origin of Species,' I should esteem it a SINGULAR
+favour if you would send me any general criticisms. I do not mean of
+unreasonable length, but such as you could include in a letter. I have
+always admired your various memoirs so much that I should be eminently
+glad to receive your opinion, which might be of real service to me.
+
+Pray do not suppose that I expect to CONVERT or PERVERT you; if I could
+stagger you in ever so slight a degree I should be satisfied; nor fear
+to annoy me by severe criticisms, for I have had some hearty kicks from
+some of my best friends. If it would not be disagreeable to you to send
+me your opinion, I certainly should be truly obliged...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 3rd [1860].
+
+... I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold
+all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The
+sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me
+sick!...
+
+You may like to hear about reviews on my book. Sedgwick (as I and
+Lyell feel CERTAIN from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely
+and unfairly in the "Spectator". (See the quotations which follow the
+present letter.) The notice includes much abuse, and is hardly fair in
+several respects. He would actually lead any one, who was ignorant
+of geology, to suppose that I had invented the great gaps between
+successive geological formations, instead of its being an almost
+universally admitted dogma. But my dear old friend Sedgwick, with his
+noble heart, is old, and is rabid with indignation. It is hard to please
+every one; you may remember that in my last letter I asked you to leave
+out about the Weald denudation: I told Jukes this (who is head man of
+the Irish geological survey), and he blamed me much, for he believed
+every word of it, and thought it not at all exaggerated! In fact,
+geologists have no means of gauging the infinitude of past time. There
+has been one prodigy of a review, namely, an OPPOSED one (by Pictet
+(Francois Jules Pictet, in the 'Archives des Sciences de la Bibliotheque
+Universelle,' Mars 1860. The article is written in a courteous and
+considerate tone, and concludes by saying that the 'Origin' will be of
+real value to naturalists, especially if they are not led away by
+its seductive arguments to believe in the dangerous doctrine of
+modification. A passage which seems to have struck my father as being
+valuable, and opposite which he has made double pencil marks and written
+the word "good," is worth quoting: "La theorie de M. Darwin s'accorde
+mal avec l'histoire des types a formes bien tranchees et definies qui
+paraissent n'avoir vecu que pendant un temps limite. On en pourrait
+citer des centaines d'exemples, tel que les reptiles volants, les
+ichthyosaures, les belemnites, les ammonites, etc." Pictet was born in
+1809, died 1872; he was Professor of Anatomy and Zoology at Geneva.),
+the palaeontologist, in the Bib. Universelle of Geneva) which is
+PERFECTLY fair and just, and I agree to every word he says; our only
+difference being that he attaches less weight to arguments in favour,
+and more to arguments opposed, than I do. Of all the opposed reviews,
+I think this the only quite fair one, and I never expected to see one.
+Please observe that I do not class your review by any means as opposed,
+though you think so yourself! It has done me MUCH too good service ever
+to appear in that rank in my eyes. But I fear I shall weary you with so
+much about my book. I should rather think there was a good chance of
+my becoming the most egotistical man in all Europe! What a proud
+pre-eminence! Well, you have helped to make me so and therefore you must
+forgive me if you can.
+
+My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In a letter to Sir Charles Lyell reference is made to Sedgwick's review
+in the "Spectator", March 24:
+
+"I now feel certain that Sedgwick is the author of the article in
+the "Spectator". No one else could use such abusive terms. And what a
+misrepresentation of my notions! Any ignoramus would suppose that I
+had FIRST broached the doctrine, that the breaks between successive
+formations marked long intervals of time. It is very unfair. But
+poor dear old Sedgwick seems rabid on the question. "Demoralised
+understanding!" If ever I talk with him I will tell him that I never
+could believe that an inquisitor could be a good man: but now I know
+that a man may roast another, and yet have as kind and noble a heart as
+Sedgwick's."
+
+The following passages are taken from the review:
+
+"I need hardly go on any further with these objections. But I cannot
+conclude without expressing my detestation of the theory, because of its
+unflinching materialism;--because it has deserted the inductive track,
+the only track that leads to physical truth;--because it utterly
+repudiates final causes, and thereby indicates a demoralised
+understanding on the part of its advocates."
+
+"Not that I believe that Darwin is an atheist; though I cannot but
+regard his materialism as atheistical. I think it untrue, because
+opposed to the obvious course of nature, and the very opposite of
+inductive truth. And I think it intensely mischievous."
+
+"Each series of facts is laced together by a series of assumptions, and
+repetitions of the one false principle. You cannot make a good rope out
+of a string of air bubbles."
+
+"But any startling and (supposed) novel paradox, maintained very boldly
+and with something of imposing plausibility, produces in some minds a
+kind of pleasing excitement which predisposes them in its favour; and
+if they are unused to careful reflection, and averse to the labour of
+accurate investigation, they will be likely to conclude that what is
+(apparently) ORIGINAL, must be a production of original GENIUS, and
+that anything very much opposed to prevailing notions must be a grand
+DISCOVERY,--in short, that whatever comes from the 'bottom of a well'
+must be the 'truth' supposed to be hidden there."
+
+In a review in the December number of 'Macmillan's Magazine,' 1860,
+Fawcett vigorously defended my father from the charge of employing a
+false method of reasoning; a charge which occurs in Sedgwick's review,
+and was made at the time ad nauseam, in such phrases as: "This is not
+the true Baconian method." Fawcett repeated his defence at the meeting
+of the British Association in 1861. (See an interesting letter from my
+father in Mr. Stephen's 'Life of Henry Fawcett,' 1886, page 101.)]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B CARPENTER. Down, April 6th [1860].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I have this minute finished your review in the 'Med. Chirurg. Review.'
+(April 1860.) You must let me express my admiration at this most able
+essay, and I hope to God it will be largely read, for it must produce a
+great effect. I ought not, however, to express such warm admiration, for
+you give my book, I fear, far too much praise. But you have gratified me
+extremely; and though I hope I do not care very much for the approbation
+of the non-scientific readers, I cannot say that this is at all so with
+respect to such few men as yourself. I have not a criticism to make, for
+I object to not a word; and I admire all, so that I cannot pick out
+one part as better than the rest. It is all so well balanced. But it is
+impossible not to be struck with your extent of knowledge in geology,
+botany, and zoology. The extracts which you give from Hooker seem to me
+EXCELLENTLY chosen, and most forcible. I am so much pleased in what
+you say also about Lyell. In fact I am in a fit of enthusiasm, and had
+better write no more. With cordial thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 10th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Thank you much for your note of the 4th; I am very glad to hear that you
+are at Torquay. I should have amused myself earlier by writing to you,
+but I have had Hooker and Huxley staying here, and they have fully
+occupied my time, as a little of anything is a full dose for me... There
+has been a plethora of reviews, and I am really quite sick of myself.
+There is a very long review by Carpenter in the 'Medical and Chirurg.
+Review,' very good and well balanced, but not brilliant. He discusses
+Hooker's books at as great length as mine, and makes excellent extracts;
+but I could not get Hooker to feel the least interest in being praised.
+
+Carpenter speaks of you in thoroughly proper terms. There is a BRILLIANT
+review by Huxley ('Westminster Review,' April 1860.), with capital hits,
+but I do not know that he much advances the subject. I THINK I have
+convinced him that he has hardly allowed weight enough to the case of
+varieties of plants being in some degrees sterile.
+
+To diverge from reviews: Asa Gray sends me from Wyman (who will write),
+a good case of all the pigs being black in the Everglades of Virginia.
+On asking about the cause, it seems (I have got capital analogous cases)
+that when the BLACK pigs eat a certain nut their bones become red, and
+they suffer to a certain extent, but that the WHITE pigs lose their
+hoofs and perish, "and we aid by SELECTION, for we kill most of the
+young white pigs." This was said by men who could hardly read. By the
+way, it is a great blow to me that you cannot admit the potency of
+natural selection. The more I think of it, the less I doubt its
+power for great and small changes. I have just read the 'Edinburgh'
+('Edinburgh Review,' April 1860.), which without doubt is by --. It is
+extremely malignant, clever, and I fear will be very damaging. He is
+atrociously severe on Huxley's lecture, and very bitter against Hooker.
+So we three ENJOYED it together. Not that I really enjoyed it, for
+it made me uncomfortable for one night; but I have got quite over it
+to-day. It requires much study to appreciate all the bitter spite of
+many of the remarks against me; indeed I did not discover all myself.
+It scandalously misrepresents many parts. He misquotes some passages,
+altering words within inverted commas...
+
+It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which -- hates me.
+
+Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done. In last
+Saturday's "Gardeners' Chronicle" (April 7th, 1860.), a Mr. Patrick
+Matthew publishes a long extract from his work on 'Naval Timber and
+Arboriculture,' published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely
+anticipates the theory of Natural Selection. I have ordered the book,
+as some few passages are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a
+complete but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely
+this would be shown to be the case some day. Anyhow, one may be excused
+in not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.
+
+I heartily hope that your Torquay work may be successful. Give my
+kindest remembrances to Falconer, and I hope he is pretty well. Hooker
+and Huxley (with Mrs. Huxley) were extremely pleasant. But poor dear
+Hooker is tired to death of my book, and it is a marvel and a prodigy if
+you are not worse tired--if that be possible. Farewell, my dear Lyell,
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April 13th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels, that I should
+esteem it a great favour if you would read the enclosed. ((My father
+wrote ("Gardeners' Chronicle", 1860, page 362, April 21st): "I have been
+much interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in the number of
+your paper dated April 7th. I freely acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has
+anticipated by many years the explanation which I have offered of the
+origin of species, under the name of natural selection. I think that
+no one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any other
+naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how briefly
+they are given, and that they appeared in the appendix to a work on
+Naval Timber and Arboriculture. I can do no more than offer my apologies
+to Mr. Matthew for my entire ignorance of this publication. If any
+other edition of my work is called for, I will insert to the foregoing
+effect." In spite of my father's recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew
+remained unsatisfied, and complained that an article in the 'Saturday
+Analyst and Leader' was "scarcely fair in alluding to Mr. Darwin as the
+parent of the origin of species, seeing that I published the whole
+that Mr. Darwin attempts to prove, more than twenty-nine years
+ago."--"Saturday Analyst and Leader", November 24, 1860.) If you think
+it proper that I should send it (and of this there can hardly be any
+question), and if you think it full and ample enough, please alter the
+date to the day on which you post it, and let that be soon. The case in
+the "Gardeners' Chronicle" seems a LITTLE stronger than in Mr. Matthew's
+book, for the passages are therein scattered in three places; but it
+would be mere hair-splitting to notice that. If you object to my letter,
+please return it; but I do not expect that you will, but I thought that
+you would not object to run your eye over it. My dear Hooker, it is a
+great thing for me to have so good, true, and old a friend as you. I owe
+much for science to my friends.
+
+Many thanks for Huxley's lecture. The latter part seemed to be grandly
+eloquent.
+
+... I have gone over [the 'Edinburgh'] review again, and compared
+passages, and I am astonished at the misrepresentations. But I am glad
+I resolved not to answer. Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think
+more on the subject is too unpleasant. I am so sorry that Huxley by my
+means has been thus atrociously attacked. I do not suppose you much care
+about the gratuitous attack on you.
+
+Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+overworked. Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+has done this--who thought it absurd till too late. I have often thought
+the same. You know that you were bad enough before your Indian journey.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I was very glad to get your nice long letter from Torquay. A press of
+letters prevented me writing to Wells. I was particularly glad to hear
+what you thought about not noticing [the 'Edinburgh'] review. Hooker and
+Huxley thought it a sort of duty to point out the alteration of quoted
+citations, and there is truth in this remark; but I so hated the thought
+that I resolved not to do so. I shall come up to London on Saturday the
+14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I have an accumulation of things to
+do in London, and will (if I do not hear to the contrary) call about a
+quarter before ten on Sunday morning, and sit with you at breakfast, but
+will not sit long, and so take up much of your time. I must say one more
+word about our quasi-theological controversy about natural selection,
+and let me have your opinion when we meet in London. Do you consider
+that the successive variations in the size of the crop of the Pouter
+Pigeon, which man has accumulated to please his caprice, have been due
+to "the creative and sustaining powers of Brahma?" In the sense that
+an omnipotent and omniscient Deity must order and know everything, this
+must be admitted; yet, in honest truth, I can hardly admit it. It seems
+preposterous that a maker of a universe should care about the crop of a
+pigeon solely to please man's silly fancies. But if you agree with me in
+thinking such an interposition of the Deity uncalled for, I can see
+no reason whatever for believing in such interpositions in the case of
+natural beings, in which strange and admirable peculiarities have been
+naturally selected for the creature's own benefit. Imagine a Pouter in
+a state of nature wading into the water and then, being buoyed up by
+its inflated crop, sailing about in search of food. What admiration this
+would have excited--adaptation to the laws of hydrostatic pressure, etc.
+etc. For the life of me I cannot see any difficulty in natural selection
+producing the most exquisite structure, IF SUCH STRUCTURE CAN BE ARRIVED
+AT BY GRADATION, and I know from experience how hard it is to name any
+structure towards which at least some gradations are not known.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray, is
+that such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the human
+intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of evil."
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April 18th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return --'s letter... Some of my relations say it cannot POSSIBLY be
+--'s article (The 'Edinburgh Review.'), because the reviewer speaks
+so very highly of --. Poor dear simple folk! My clever neighbour, Mr.
+Norman, says the article is so badly written, with no definite object,
+that no one will read it. Asa Gray has sent me an article ('North
+American Review,' April, 1860. "By Professor Bowen," is written on my
+father's copy. The passage referred to occurs at page 488, where
+the author says that we ought to find "an infinite number of other
+varieties--gross, rude, and purposeless--the unmeaning creations of an
+unconscious cause.") from the United States, clever, and dead against
+me. But one argument is funny. The reviewer says, that if the doctrine
+were true, geological strata would be full of monsters which have
+failed! A very clear view this writer had of the struggle for existence!
+
+... I am glad you like Adam Bede so much. I was charmed with it...
+
+We think you must by mistake have taken with your own numbers of the
+'National Review' my precious number. (This no doubt refers to the
+January number, containing Dr. Carpenter's review of the 'Origin.') I
+wish you would look.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 25th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have no doubt I have to thank you for the copy of a review on the
+'Origin' in the 'North American Review.' It seems to me clever, and I do
+not doubt will damage my book. I had meant to have made some remarks
+on it; but Lyell wished much to keep it, and my head is quite confused
+between the many reviews which I have lately read. I am sure the
+reviewer is wrong about bees' cells, i.e. about the distance; any lesser
+distance would do, or even greater distance, but then some of the places
+would lie outside the generative spheres; but this would not add much
+difficulty to the work. The reviewer takes a strange view of instinct:
+he seems to regard intelligence as a developed instinct; which I believe
+to be wholly false. I suspect he has never much attended to instinct and
+the minds of animals, except perhaps by reading.
+
+My chief object is to ask you if you could procure for me a copy of the
+"New York Times" for Wednesday, March 28th. It contains A VERY STRIKING
+review of my book, which I should much like to keep. How curious that
+the two most striking reviews (i.e. yours and this) should have appeared
+in America. This review is not really useful, but somehow is impressive.
+There was a good review in the 'Revue des Deux Mondes,' April 1st, by M.
+Laugel, said to be a very clever man.
+
+Hooker, about a fortnight ago, stayed here a few days, and was very
+pleasant; but I think he overworks himself. What a gigantic undertaking,
+I imagine, his and Bentham's 'Genera Plantarum' will be! I hope he
+will not get too much immersed in it, so as not to spare some time for
+Geographical Distribution and other such questions.
+
+I have begun to work steadily, but very slowly as usual, at details on
+variation under domestication.
+
+My dear Gray, Yours always truly and gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [May 8th, 1860].
+
+... I have sent for the 'Canadian Naturalist.' If I cannot procure a copy
+I will borrow yours. I had a letter from Henslow this morning, who says
+that Sedgwick was, on last Monday night, to open a battery on me at the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society. Anyhow, I am much honoured by being
+attacked there, and at the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+
+I do not think it worth while to contradict single cases nor is it
+worth while arguing against those who do not attend to what I state. A
+moment's reflection will show you that there must be (on our doctrine)
+large genera not varying (see page 56 on the subject, in the second
+edition of the 'Origin'). Though I do not there discuss the case in
+detail.
+
+It may be sheer bigotry for my own notions, but I prefer to the
+Atlantis, my notion of plants and animals having migrated from the Old
+to the New World, or conversely, when the climate was much hotter, by
+approximately the line of Behring's Straits. It is most important, as
+you say, to see living forms of plants going back so far in time. I
+wonder whether we shall ever discover the flora of the dry land of the
+coal period, and find it not so anomalous as the swamp or coal-making
+flora. I am working away over the blessed Pigeon Manuscript; but, from
+one cause or another, I get on very slowly...
+
+This morning I got a letter from the Academy of Natural Sciences of
+Philadelphia, announcing that I am elected a correspondent... It shows
+that some Naturalists there do not think me such a scientific profligate
+as many think me here.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--What a grand fact about the extinct stag's horn worked by man!
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [May 13th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return Henslow, which I was very glad to see. How good of him to
+defend me. (Against Sedgwick's attack before the Cambridge Philosophical
+Society.) I will write and thank him.
+
+As you said you were curious to hear Thomson's (Dr. Thomas Thomson the
+Indian Botanist. He was a collaborateur in Hooker and Thomson's Flora
+Indica. 1855.) opinion, I send his kind letter. He is evidently a strong
+opposer to us...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [May 15th, 1860].
+
+... How paltry it is in such men as X, Y and Co. not reading your essay.
+It is incredibly paltry. (These remarks do not apply to Dr. Harvey, who
+was, however, in a somewhat similar position. See below.) They may all
+attack me to their hearts' content. I am got case-hardened. As for the
+old fogies in Cambridge, it really signifies nothing. I look at their
+attacks as a proof that our work is worth the doing. It makes me resolve
+to buckle on my armour. I see plainly that it will be a long uphill
+fight. But think of Lyell's progress with Geology. One thing I see most
+plainly, that without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my
+book would have been a mere flash in the pan. But if we all stick to
+it, we shall surely gain the day. And I now see that the battle is worth
+fighting. I deeply hope that you think so. Does Bentham progress at all?
+I do not know what to say about Oxford. (His health prevented him from
+going to Oxford for the meeting of the British Association.) I should
+like it much with you, but it must depend on health...
+
+Yours must affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, May 18th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I send a letter from Asa Gray to show how hotly the battle rages there.
+Also one from Wallace, very just in his remarks, though too laudatory
+and too modest, and how admirably free from envy or jealousy. He must be
+a good fellow. Perhaps I will enclose a letter from Thomson of Calcutta;
+not that it is much, but Hooker thinks so highly of him...
+
+Henslow informs me that Sedgwick (Sedgwick's address is given somewhat
+abbreviated in "The Cambridge Chronicle", May 19th, 1860.) and then
+Professor Clarke [sic] (The late William Clark, Professor of Anatomy,
+my father seems to have misunderstood his informant. I am assured by Mr.
+J.W. Clark that his father (Prof. Clark) did not support Sedgwick in the
+attack.) made a regular and savage onslaught on my book lately at the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society, but Henslow seems to have defended
+me well, and maintained that the subject was a legitimate one for
+investigation. Since then Phillips (John Phillips, M.A., F.R.S., born
+1800, died 1874, from the effects of a fall. Professor of Geology at
+King's College, London, and afterwards at Oxford. He gave the 'Rede'
+lecture at Cambridge on May 15th, 1860, on 'The Succession of Life
+on the earth.' The Rede Lecturer is appointed annually by the
+Vice-Chancellor, and is paid by an endowment left in 1524 by Sir
+Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, in the reign of Henry VIII.) has given
+lectures at Cambridge on the same subject, but treated it very fairly.
+How splendidly Asa Gray is fighting the battle. The effect on me of
+these multiplied attacks is simply to show me that the subject is worth
+fighting for, and assuredly I will do my best... I hope all the attacks
+make you keep up your courage, and courage you assuredly will require...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, May 18th, 1860.
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,
+
+I received this morning your letter from Amboyna, dated February 16th,
+containing some remarks and your too high approval of my book. Your
+letter has pleased me very much, and I most completely agree with you on
+the parts which are strongest and which are weakest. The imperfection of
+the Geological Record is, as you say, the weakest of all; but yet I am
+pleased to find that there are almost more geological converts than of
+pursuers of other branches of natural science... I think geologists are
+more easily converted than simple naturalists, because more accustomed
+to reasoning. Before telling you about the progress of opinion on the
+subject, you must let me say how I admire the generous manner in which
+you speak of my book. Most persons would in your position have felt some
+envy or jealousy. How nobly free you seem to be of this common failing
+of mankind. But you speak far too modestly of yourself. You would, if
+you had my leisure, have done the work just as well, perhaps better,
+than I have done it...
+
+... Agassiz sends me a personal civil message, but incessantly attacks
+me; but Asa Gray fights like a hero in defence. Lyell keeps as firm as a
+tower, and this Autumn will publish on the 'Geological History of Man,'
+and will then declare his conversion, which now is universally known. I
+hope that you have received Hooker's splendid essay... Yesterday I heard
+from Lyell that a German, Dr. Schaaffhausen (Hermann Schaaffhausen
+'Ueber Bestandigkeit und Umwandlung der Arten.' Verhandl. d. Naturhist.
+Vereins, Bonn, 1853. See 'Origin,' Historical Sketch.), has sent him
+a pamphlet published some years ago, in which the same view is nearly
+anticipated; but I have not yet seen this pamphlet. My brother, who is a
+very sagacious man, always said, "you will find that some one will have
+been before you." I am at work at my larger work, which I shall publish
+in a separate volume. But from ill-health and swarms of letters, I get
+on very very slowly. I hope that I shall not have wearied you with these
+details. With sincere thanks for your letter, and with most deeply felt
+wishes for your success in science, and in every way, believe me,
+
+Your sincere well-wisher, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, May 22nd 1860.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant letters of May
+7th, enclosing a very pleasant remittance of 22 pounds. I am in simple
+truth astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me. I
+return Appleton's account. For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+acknowledgment I send one. If you have any further communication to the
+Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for
+it is generosity in my opinion. I am not at all surprised at the sale
+diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale. No
+doubt the public has been SHAMEFULLY imposed on! for they bought the
+book thinking that it would be nice easy reading. I expect the sale to
+stop soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling
+at Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous
+forty-eight hours. I am extremely glad that you will notice in
+'Silliman' the additions in the 'Origin.' Judging from letters (and I
+have just seen one from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the most
+serious omission in my book was not explaining how it is, as I believe,
+that all forms do not necessarily advance, how there can now be SIMPLE
+organisms still existing... I hear there is a VERY severe review on me
+in the 'North British,' by a Rev. Mr. Dunns (This statement as to
+authorship was made on the authority of Robert Chambers.), a Free Kirk
+minister, and dabbler in Natural History. I should be very glad to see
+any good American reviews, as they are all more or less useful. You say
+that you shall touch on other reviews. Huxley told me some time ago that
+after a time he would write a review on all the reviews, whether he will
+I know not. If you allude to the 'Edinburgh,' pray notice SOME of the
+points which I will point out on a separate slip. In the "Saturday
+Review" (one of our cleverest periodicals) of May 5th, page 573, there
+is a nice article on [the 'Edinburgh'] review, defending Huxley, but not
+Hooker; and the latter, I think, [the 'Edinburgh' reviewer] treats most
+ungenerously. (In a letter to Mr. Huxley my father wrote: "Have you seen
+the last "Saturday Review"? I am very glad of the defence of you and of
+myself. I wish the reviewer had noticed Hooker. The reviewer, whoever he
+is, is a jolly good fellow, as this review and the last on me showed.
+He writes capitally, and understands well his subject. I wish he had
+slapped [the 'Edinburgh' reviewer] a little bit harder.") But surely you
+will get sick unto death of me and my reviewers.
+
+With respect to the theological view of the question. This is
+always painful to me. I am bewildered. I had no intention to write
+atheistically. But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and
+as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides
+of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade
+myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly
+created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding
+within the living bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with
+mice. Not believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye
+was expressly designed. On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented
+to view this wonderful universe, and especially the nature of man, and
+to conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined
+to look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details,
+whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance.
+Not that this notion AT ALL satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the
+whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as
+well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe
+what he can. Certainly I agree with you that my views are not at all
+necessarily atheistical. The lightning kills a man, whether a good one
+or bad one, owing to the excessively complex action of natural laws.
+A child (who may turn out an idiot) is born by the action of even more
+complex laws, and I can see no reason why a man, or other animal, may
+not have been aboriginally produced by other laws, and that all these
+laws may have been expressly designed by an omniscient Creator, who
+foresaw every future event and consequence. But the more I think the
+more bewildered I become; as indeed I probably have shown by this
+letter.
+
+Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.
+
+Yours sincerely and cordially, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+{Here follow my father's criticisms on the 'Edinburgh Review'}:
+
+"What a quibble to pretend he did not understand what I meant by
+INHABITANTS of South America; and any one would suppose that I had not
+throughout my volume touched on Geographical Distribution. He ignores
+also everything which I have said on Classification, Geological
+Succession, Homologies, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs--page 496.
+
+He falsely applies what I said (too rudely) about "blindness of
+preconceived opinions" to those who believe in creation, whereas I
+exclusively apply the remark to those who give up multitudes of species
+as true species, but believe in the remainder--page 500.
+
+He slightly alters what I say,--I ASK whether creationists really
+believe that elemental atoms have flashed into life. He says that I
+describe them as so believing, and this, surely, is a difference--page
+501.
+
+He speaks of my "clamouring against" all who believe in creation, and
+this seems to me an unjust accusation--page 501.
+
+He makes me say that the dorsal vertebrae vary; this is simply false: I
+nowhere say a word about dorsal vertebrae--page 522.
+
+What an illiberal sentence that is about my pretension to candour, and
+about my rushing through barriers which stopped Cuvier: such an argument
+would stop any progress in science--page 525.
+
+How disingenuous to quote from my remark to you about my BRIEF letter
+[published in the 'Linn. Soc. Journal'], as if it applied to the whole
+subject--page 530.
+
+How disingenuous to say that we are called on to accept the theory, from
+the imperfection of the geological record, when I over and over again
+[say] how grave a difficulty the imperfection offers--page 530."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 30th [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return Harvey's letter, I have been very glad to see the reason why he
+has not read your Essay. I feared it was bigotry, and I am glad to see
+that he goes a little way (VERY MUCH further than I supposed) with us...
+
+I was not sorry for a natural opportunity of writing to Harvey, just to
+show that I was not piqued at his turning me and my book into ridicule
+(A "serio-comic squib," read before the 'Dublin University Zoological
+and Botanical Association,' February 17, 1860, and privately printed. My
+father's presentation copy is inscribed "With the writer's REPENTANCE,
+October 1860."), not that I think it was a proceeding which I deserved,
+or worthy of him. It delights me that you are interested in watching
+the progress of opinion on the change of Species; I feared that you were
+weary of the subject; and therefore did not send A. Gray's letters. The
+battle rages furiously in the United States. Gray says he was preparing
+a speech, which would take 1 1/2 hours to deliver, and which he "fondly
+hoped would be a stunner." He is fighting splendidly, and there seems
+to have been many discussions with Agassiz and others at the meetings.
+Agassiz pities me much at being so deluded. As for the progress of
+opinion, I clearly see that it will be excessively slow, almost as slow
+as the change of species... I am getting wearied at the storm of hostile
+reviews and hardly any useful...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, Friday night [June 1st, 1860].
+
+... Have you seen Hopkins (William Hopkins died in 1866, "in his
+sevent-third year." He began life with a farm in Suffolk, but ultimately
+entered, comparatively late in life, at Peterhouse, Cambridge; he
+took his degree in 1827, and afterward became an Esquire Bedell of the
+University. He was chiefly known as a mathematical "coach," and
+was eminently successful in the manufacture of Senior Wranglers.
+Nevertheless Mr. Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page 26) that he
+"was conspicuous for inculcating" a "liberal view of the studies of
+the place. He endeavoured to stimulate a philosophical interest in
+the mathematical sciences, instead of simply rousing an ardour for
+competition." He contributed many papers on geological and mathematical
+subjects to the scientific journals. He had a strong influence for good
+over the younger men with whom he came in contact. The letter which
+he wrote to Henry Fawcett on the occasion of his blindness illustrates
+this. Mr. Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page 48) that by "this
+timely word of good cheer," Fawcett was roused from "his temporary
+prostration," and enabled to take a "more cheerful and resolute tone.")
+in the new 'Fraser'? the public will, I should think, find it heavy. He
+will be dead against me, as you prophesied; but he is generally civil
+to me personally. ('Fraser's Magazine,' June 1860. My father, no doubt,
+refers to the following passage, page 752, where the Reviewer Expresses
+his "full participation in the high respect in which the author is
+universally held, both as a man and a naturalist; and the more so,
+because in the remarks which will follow in the second part of this
+Essay we shall be found to differ widely from him as regards many of his
+conclusions and the reasonings on which he has founded them, and shall
+claim the full right to express such differences of opinion with all
+that freedom which the interests of scientific truth demands, and which
+we are sure Mr. Darwin would be one of the last to refuse to any one
+prepared to exercise it with candour and courtesy." Speaking of this
+review, my father wrote to Dr. Asa Gray: "I have remonstrated with him
+[Hopkins] for so coolly saying that I base my views on what I reckon
+as great difficulties. Any one, by taking these difficulties alone, can
+make a most strong case against me. I could myself write a more damning
+review than has as yet appeared!" A second notice by Hopkins appeared
+in the July number of 'Fraser's Magazine.') On his standard of proof,
+NATURAL science would never progress, for without the making of theories
+I am convinced there would be no observation.
+
+... I have begun reading the 'North British' (May 1860.), which so far
+strikes me as clever.
+
+Phillips's Lecture at Cambridge is to be published.
+
+All these reiterated attacks will tell heavily; there will be no
+more converts, and probably some will go back. I hope you do not grow
+disheartened, I am determined to fight to the last. I hear, however,
+that the great Buckle highly approves of my book.
+
+I have had a note from poor Blyth (Edward Blyth, 1810-1873. His
+indomitable love of natural history made him neglect the druggist's
+business with which he started in life, and he soon got into serious
+difficulties. After supporting himself for a few years as a writer on
+Field Natural History, he ultimately went out to India as Curator of the
+Museum of the R. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, where the greater part of his
+working life was spent. His chief publications were the monthly reports
+made as part of his duty to the Society. He had stored in his remarkable
+memory a wonderful wealth of knowledge, especially with regard to the
+mammalia and birds of India--knowledge of which he freely gave to
+those who asked. His letters to my father give evidence of having been
+carefully studied, and the long list of entries after his name in the
+index to 'Animals and Plants,' show how much help was received from him.
+His life was an unprosperous and unhappy one, full of money difficulties
+and darkened by the death of his wife after a few years of marriage.),
+of Calcutta, who is much disappointed at hearing that Lord Canning will
+not grant any money; so I much fear that all your great pains will be
+thrown away. Blyth says (and he is in many respects a very good judge)
+that his ideas on species are quite revolutionised...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 5th [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+It is a pleasure to me to write to you, as I have no one to talk about
+such matters as we write on. But I seriously beg you not to write to
+me unless so inclined; for busy as you are, and seeing many people, the
+case is very different between us...
+
+Have you seen --'s abusive article on me?... It out does even the 'North
+British' and 'Edinburgh' in misapprehension and misrepresentation.
+I never knew anything so unfair as in discussing cells of bees, his
+ignoring the case of Melipona, which builds combs almost exactly
+intermediate between hive and humble bees. What has -- done that he
+feels so immeasurably superior to all us wretched naturalists, and to
+all political economists, including that great philosopher Malthus? This
+review, however, and Harvey's letter have convinced me that I must be
+a very bad explainer. Neither really understand what I mean by Natural
+Selection. I am inclined to give up the attempt as hopeless. Those who
+do not understand, it seems, cannot be made to understand.
+
+By the way, I think, we entirely agree, except perhaps that I use too
+forcible language about selection. I entirely agree, indeed would almost
+go further than you when you say that climate (i.e. variability from all
+unknown causes) is "an active handmaid, influencing its mistress most
+materially." Indeed, I have never hinted that Natural Selection is "the
+efficient cause to the exclusion of the other," i.e. variability from
+Climate, etc. The very term SELECTION implies something, i.e. variation
+or difference, to be selected...
+
+How does your book progress (I mean your general sort of book on
+plants), I hope to God you will be more successful than I have been in
+making people understand your meaning. I should begin to think myself
+wholly in the wrong, and that I was an utter fool, but then I cannot yet
+persuade myself, that Lyell, and you and Huxley, Carpenter, Asa Gray,
+and Watson, etc., are all fools together. Well, time will show, and
+nothing but time. Farewell...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, June 6th [1860].
+
+... It consoles me that -- sneers at Malthus, for that clearly shows,
+mathematician though he may be, he cannot understand common reasoning.
+By the way what a discouraging example Malthus is, to show during what
+long years the plainest case may be misrepresented and misunderstood. I
+have read the 'Future'; how curious it is that several of my reviewers
+should advance such wild arguments, as that varieties of dogs and cats
+do not mingle; and should bring up the old exploded doctrine of definite
+analogies... I am beginning to despair of ever making the majority
+understand my notions. Even Hopkins does not thoroughly. By the way, I
+have been so much pleased by the way he personally alludes to me. I must
+be a very bad explainer. I hope to Heaven that you will succeed better.
+Several reviews and several letters have shown me too clearly how little
+I am understood. I suppose "natural selection" was a bad term; but to
+change it now, I think, would make confusion worse confounded, nor can I
+think of a better; "Natural Preservation" would not imply a preservation
+of particular varieties, and would seem a truism, and would not bring
+man's and nature's selection under one point of view. I can only hope
+by reiterated explanations finally to make the matter clearer. If my MS.
+spreads out, I think I shall publish one volume exclusively on variation
+of animals and plants under domestication. I want to show that I have
+not been quite so rash as many suppose.
+
+Though weary of reviews, I should like to see Lowell's (The late J.A.
+Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner' (Boston, U.S., May, 1860.) some
+time... I suppose Lowell's difficulty about instinct is the same as
+Bowen's; but it seems to me wholly to rest on the assumption that
+instincts cannot graduate as finely as structures. I have stated in my
+volume that it is hardly possible to know which, i.e. whether instinct
+or structure, change first by insensible steps. Probably sometimes
+instinct, sometimes structure. When a British insect feeds on an exotic
+plant, instinct has changed by very small steps, and their structures
+might change so as to fully profit by the new food. Or structure
+might change first, as the direction of tusks in one variety of Indian
+elephants, which leads it to attack the tiger in a different manner from
+other kinds of elephants. Thanks for your letter of the 2nd, chiefly
+about Murray. (N.B. Harvey of Dublin gives me, in a letter, the argument
+of tall men marrying short women, as one of great weight!)
+
+I do not quite understand what you mean by saying, "that the more they
+prove that you underrate physical conditions, the better for you, as
+Geology comes in to your aid."
+
+... I see in Murray and many others one incessant fallacy, when alluding
+to slight differences of physical conditions as being very important;
+namely, oblivion of the fact that all species, except very local ones,
+range over a considerable area, and though exposed to what the world
+calls considerable DIVERSITIES, yet keep constant. I have just alluded
+to this in the 'Origin' in comparing the productions of the Old and the
+New Worlds. Farewell, shall you be at Oxford? If H. gets quite well,
+perhaps I shall go there.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [June 14th, 1860].
+
+... Lowell's review (J.A. Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner,' May 1860.)
+is pleasantly written, but it is clear that he is not a naturalist. He
+quite overlooks the importance of the accumulation of mere individual
+differences, and which, I think I can show, is the great agency of
+change under domestication. I have not finished Schaaffhausen, as I read
+German so badly. I have ordered a copy for myself, and should like to
+keep yours till my own arrives, but will return it to you instantly if
+wanted. He admits statements rather rashly, as I dare say I do. I see
+only one sentence as yet at all approaching natural selection.
+
+There is a notice of me in the penultimate number of 'All the Year
+Round,' but not worth consulting; chiefly a well-done hash of my own
+words. Your last note was very interesting and consolatory to me.
+
+I have expressly stated that I believe physical conditions have a more
+direct effect on plants than on animals. But the more I study, the
+more I am led to think that natural selection regulates, in a state
+of nature, most trifling differences. As squared stone, or bricks, or
+timber, are the indispensable materials for a building, and influence
+its character, so is variability not only indispensable, but
+influential. Yet in the same manner as the architect is the ALL
+important person in a building, so is selection with organic bodies...
+
+
+[The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous
+for two pitched battles over the 'Origin of Species.' Both of them
+originated in unimportant papers. On Thursday, June 28, Dr. Daubeny of
+Oxford made a communication to Section D: "On the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the 'Origin of Species.'" Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but
+tried (according to the "Athenaeum" report) to avoid a discussion, on
+the ground "that a general audience, in which sentiment would unduly
+interfere with intellect, was not the public before which such a
+discussion should be carried on." However, the subject was not allowed
+to drop. Sir R. Owen (I quote from the "Athenaeum", July 7, 1860), who
+"wished to approach this subject in the spirit of the philosopher,"
+expressed his "conviction that there were facts by which the public
+could come to some conclusion with regard to the probabilities of the
+truth of Mr. Darwin's theory." He went on to say that the brain of the
+gorilla "presented more differences, as compared with the brain of man,
+than it did when compared with the brains of the very lowest and most
+problematical of the Quadrumana." Mr. Huxley replied, and gave these
+assertions a "direct and unqualified contradiction," pledging himself to
+"justify that unusual procedure elsewhere" ('Man's Place in Nature,' by
+T.H. Huxley, 1863, page 114.), a pledge which he amply fulfilled.
+(See the 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861.) On Friday there was peace, but on
+Saturday 30th, the battle arose with redoubled fury over a paper by
+Dr. Draper of New York, on the 'Intellectual development of Europe
+considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin.'
+
+The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The excitement was tremendous. The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for
+the audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum,
+which was crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered
+the lists. The numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000. Had it been
+term-time, or had the general public been admitted, it would have been
+impossible to have accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the
+bold Bishop. Professor Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied
+the chair and wisely announced in limine that none who had not valid
+arguments to bring forward on one side or the other, would be allowed to
+address the meeting: a caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than
+four combatants had their utterances burked by him, because of their
+indulgence in vague declamation.
+
+"The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour with
+inimitable spirit, emptiness and unfairness. It was evident from his
+handling of the subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and
+that he knew nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not
+to be found in his 'Quarterly' article. He ridiculed Darwin badly, and
+Huxley savagely, but all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner,
+and in such well-turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame
+the President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific
+purpose now forgave him from the bottom of my heart. Unfortunately the
+Bishop, hurried along on the current of his own eloquence, so far forgot
+himself as to push his attempted advantage to the verge of personality
+in a telling passage in which he turned round and addressed Huxley:
+I forgot the precise words, and quote from Lyell. 'The Bishop asked
+whether Huxley was related by his grandfather's or grandmother's side to
+an ape.' (Lyell's 'Letters,' vol. ii. page 335.) Huxley replied to the
+scientific argument of his opponent with force and eloquence, and to
+the personal allusion with a sel-restraint, that gave dignity to his
+crushing rejoinder."
+
+Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current: the following report
+of his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard
+Green, then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd
+Dawkins. "I asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be
+ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather. If there were an ancestor
+whom I should feel shame in recalling, it would be a MAN, a man of
+restless and versatile intellect, who, not content with an equivocal
+(Prof. V. Carus, who has a distinct recollection of the scene, does not
+remember the word equivocal. He believes too that Lyell's version of
+the "ape" sentence is slightly incorrect.) success in his own sphere of
+activity, plunges into scientific questions with which he has no real
+acquaintance, only to obscure them by an aimless rhetoric, and distract
+the attention of his hearers from the real point at issue by eloquent
+digressions, and skilled appeals to religious prejudice."
+
+The letter above quoted continues:
+
+"The excitement was now at its height; a lady fainted and had to be
+carried out, and it was some time before the discussion was resumed.
+Some voices called for Hooker, and his name having been handed up, the
+President invited him to give his view of the theory from the Botanical
+side. This he did, demonstrating that the Bishop, by his own showing,
+had never grasped the principles of the 'Origin' (With regard to the
+Bishop's 'Quarterly Review,' my father wrote: "These very clever men
+think they can write a review with a very slight knowledge of the book
+reviewed or subject in question."), and that he was absolutely ignorant
+of the elements of botanical science. The Bishop made no reply, and the
+meeting broke up.
+
+"There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+sole topic was the battle of the 'Origin,' and I was much struck with
+the fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats
+of Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they
+offered their congratulations to the winners in the combat.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Sudbrook Park, Monday night [July 2nd,
+1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have just received your letter. I have been very poorly, with almost
+continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I was low enough,
+and thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and all others, when
+your letter came, and it has so cheered me; your kindness and affection
+brought tears into my eyes. Talk of fame, honour, pleasure, wealth, all
+are dirt compared with affection; and this is a doctrine with which, I
+know, from your letter, that you will agree with from the bottom of your
+heart... How I should have liked to have wandered about Oxford with you,
+if I had been well enough; and how still more I should have liked to
+have heard you triumphing over the Bishop. I am astonished at your
+success and audacity. It is something unintelligible to me how any one
+can argue in public like orators do. I had no idea you had this power.
+I have read lately so many hostile views, that I was beginning to think
+that perhaps I was wholly in the wrong, and that -- was right when he
+said the whole subject would be forgotten in ten years; but now that I
+hear that you and Huxley will fight publicly (which I am sure I never
+could do), I fully believe that our cause will, in the long-run,
+prevail. I am glad I was not in Oxford, for I should have been
+overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present state.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Sudbrook Park, Richmond, July 3rd [1860].
+
+... I had a letter from Oxford, written by Hooker late on Sunday night,
+giving me some account of the awful battles which have raged about
+species at Oxford. He tells me you fought nobly with Owen (but I have
+heard no particulars), and that you answered the B. of O. capitally. I
+often think that my friends (and you far beyond others) have good cause
+to hate me, for having stirred up so much mud, and led them into so much
+odious trouble. If I had been a friend of myself, I should have hated
+me. (How to make that sentence good English, I know not.) But remember,
+if I had not stirred up the mud, some one else certainly soon would.
+I honour your pluck; I would as soon have died as tried to answer the
+Bishop in such an assembly...
+
+
+[On July 20th, my father wrote to Mr. Huxley:
+
+"From all that I hear from several quarters, it seems that Oxford did
+the subject great good. It is of enormous importance, the showing the
+world that a few first-rate men are not afraid of expressing their
+opinion."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. [July 1860].
+
+... I have just read the 'Quarterly.' ('Quarterly Review,' July 1860.
+The article in question was by Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and
+was afterwards published in his "Essays Contributed to the 'Quarterly
+Review,' 1874." The passage from the 'Anti-Jacobin' gives the history of
+the evolution of space from the "primaeval point or punctum saliens of
+the universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line
+ad infinitum, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which
+it had generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral
+direction, describing an area of infinite extent. This area, as soon
+as it became conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or
+descend according as its specific gravity would determine it, forming
+an immense solid space filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the
+present universe."
+
+The following (page 263) may serve as an example of the passages in
+which the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:--"That Mr. Darwin should
+have wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle
+of fanciful assumption is no small evil. We trust that he is mistaken
+in believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts. We
+know, indeed, that the strength of the temptations which he can bring to
+bear upon his geological brother... Yet no man has been more distinct and
+more logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C.
+Lyell, and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its
+full vigour and maturity." The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in
+order that with his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely
+put down as was what in spite of all denials we must venture to call its
+twin though less instructed brother, the 'Vestiges of Creation.'"
+
+With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+and neighbour, writes:--"Most men would have been annoyed by an article
+written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument
+and ridicule. Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+postscript--'If you have not seen the last 'Quarterly,' do get it; the
+Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.' By
+a curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the
+same house with the Bishop, and showed it to him. He said, 'I am very
+glad he takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'") It is
+uncommonly clever; it picks out with skill all the most conjectural
+parts, and brings forward well all the difficulties. It quizzes me quite
+splendidly by quoting the 'Anti-Jacobin' versus my Grandfather. You are
+not alluded to, nor, strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here
+and there, --'s hand. The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his
+shoes. By Jove, if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero. Good-night.
+Your wel-quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend.
+
+C.D.
+
+I can see there has been some queer tampering with the Review, for a
+page has been cut out and reprinted.
+
+
+[Writing on July 22 to Dr. Asa Gray my father thus refers to Lyell's
+position:--
+
+"Considering his age, his former views and position in society, I think
+his conduct has been heroic on this subject."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having to move my sick
+girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read the discussion
+in Proc. American Acad. (April 10, 1860. Dr. Gray criticised in detail
+"several of the positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr.
+[J.A.] Lowell, Prof. Bowen and Prof. Agassiz." It was reprinted in the
+"Athenaeum", August 4, 1860.), and now I cannot resist expressing my
+sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning. As Hooker
+lately said in a note to me, you are more than ANY ONE else the thorough
+master of the subject. I declare that you know my book as well as I do
+myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration and argument
+in a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my envy! I admire
+these discussions, I think, almost more than your article in Silliman's
+Journal. Every single word seems weighed carefully, and tells like a
+32-pound shot. It makes me much wish (but I know that you have not time)
+that you could write more in detail, and give, for instance, the facts
+on the variability of the American wild fruits. The "Athenaeum" has
+the largest circulation, and I have sent my copy to the editor with a
+request that he would republish the first discussion; I much fear he
+will not, as he reviewed the subject in so hostile a spirit... I shall
+be curious [to see] and will order the August number, as soon as I know
+that it contains your review of Reviews. My conclusion is that you have
+made a mistake in being a botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.
+
+... Henslow (Professor Henslow was mentioned in the December number of
+'Macmillan's Magazine' as being an adherent of Evolution. In consequence
+of this he published, in the February number of the following year, a
+letter defining his position. This he did by means of an extract from a
+letter addressed to him by the Rev. L. Jenyns (Blomefield) which "very
+nearly," as he says, expressed his views. Mr. Blomefield wrote, "I was
+not aware that you had become a convert to his (Darwin's) theory, and
+can hardly suppose you have accepted it as a whole, though, like myself,
+you may go to the length of imagining that many of the smaller groups,
+both of animals and plants, may at some remote period have had a common
+parentage. I do not with some say that the whole of his theory cannot
+be true--but that it is very far from proved; and I doubt its ever being
+possible to prove it.") and Daubeny are shaken. I hear from Hooker that
+he hears from Hochstetter that my views are making very considerable
+progress in Germany, and the good workers are discussing the question.
+Bronn at the end of his translation has a chapter of criticism, but it
+is such difficult German that I have not yet read it. Hopkins's review
+in 'Fraser' is thought the best which has appeared against us. I believe
+that Hopkins is so much opposed because his course of study has never
+led him to reflect much on such subjects as geographical distribution,
+classification, homologies, etc., so that he does not feel it a relief
+to have some kind of explanation.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Hartfield [Sussex], July 30th [1860].
+
+... I had lots of pleasant letters about the British Association, and our
+side seems to have got on very well. There has been as much discussion
+on the other side of the Atlantic as on this. No one I think understands
+the whole case better than Asa Gray, and he has been fighting nobly. He
+is a capital reasoner. I have sent one of his printed discussions to our
+"Athenaeum", and the editor says he will print it. The 'Quarterly' has
+been out some time. It contains no malice, which is wonderful... It makes
+me say many things which I do not say. At the end it quotes all your
+conclusions against Lamarck, and makes a solemn appeal to you to keep
+firm in the true faith. I fancy it will make you quake a little. -- has
+ingeniously primed the Bishop (with Murchison) against you as head of
+the uniformitarians. The only other review worth mentioning, which I can
+think of, is in the third No. of the 'London Review,' by some geologist,
+and favorable for a wonder. It is very ably done, and I should like
+much to know who is the author. I shall be very curious to hear on your
+return whether Bronn's German translation of the 'Origin' has drawn
+any attention to the subject. Huxley is eager about a 'Natural History
+Review,' which he and others are going to edit, and he has got so
+many first-rate assistants, that I really believe he will make it
+a first-rate production. I have been doing nothing, except a little
+botanical work as amusement. I shall hereafter be very anxious to hear
+how your tour has answered. I expect your book on the geological history
+of Man will, with a vengeance, be a bomb-shell. I hope it will not be
+very long delayed. Our kindest remembrances to Lady Lyell. This is not
+worth sending, but I have nothing better to say.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. WATKINS. (See Volume I.) Down, July 30th, [1860?].
+
+My dear Watkins,
+
+Your note gave me real pleasure. Leading the retired life which I do,
+with bad health, I oftener think of old times than most men probably do;
+and your face now rises before me, with the pleasant old expression, as
+vividly as if I saw you.
+
+My book has been well abused, praised, and splendidly quizzed by the
+Bishop of Oxford; but from what I see of its influence on really good
+workers in science, I feel confident that, IN THE MAIN, I am on the
+right road. With respect to your question, I think the arguments
+are valid, showing that all animals have descended from four or five
+primordial forms; and that analogy and weak reasons go to show that all
+have descended from some single prototype.
+
+Farewell, my old friend. I look back to old Cambridge days with
+unalloyed pleasure.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. August 6th, 1860.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have to announce a new and great ally for you...
+
+Von Baer writes to me thus:--Et outre cela, je trouve que vous ecrivez
+encore des redactions. Vous avez ecrit sur l'ouvrage de M. Darwin une
+critique dont je n'ai trouve que des debris dans un journal allemand.
+J'ai oublie le nom terrible du journal anglais dans lequel se trouve
+votre recension. En tout cas aussi je ne peux pas trouver le journal
+ici. Comme je m'interesse beaucoup pour les idees de M. Darwin, sur
+lesquelles j'ai parle publiquement et sur lesquelles je ferai peut-etre
+imprimer quelque chose--vous m'obligeriez infiniment si vous pourriez me
+faire parvenir ce que vous avez ecrit sur ces idees.
+
+"J'ai enonce les memes idees sur la transformation des types ou origine
+d'especes que M. Darwin. (See Vol. I.) Mais c'est seulement sur la
+geographie zoologique que je m'appuie. Vous trouverez, dans le dernier
+chapitre du traite 'Ueber Papuas und Alfuren,' que j'en parle tres
+decidement sans savoir que M. Darwin s'occupait de cet objet."
+
+The treatise to which Von Baer refers he gave me when over here, but I
+have not been able to lay hands on it since this letter reached me two
+days ago. When I find it I will let you know what there is in it.
+
+Ever yours faithfully, T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, August 8 [1860].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your note contained magnificent news, and thank you heartily for sending
+it me. Von Baer weighs down with a vengeance all the virulence of [the
+'Edinburgh' reviewer] and weak arguments of Agassiz. If you write to
+Von Baer, for heaven's sake tell him that we should think one nod of
+approbation on our side, of the greatest value; and if he does write
+anything, beg him to send us a copy, for I would try and get it
+translated and published in the "Athenaeum" and in 'Silliman' to touch
+up Agassiz... Have you seen Agassiz's weak metaphysical and theological
+attack on the 'Origin' in the last 'Silliman'? (The 'American Journal
+of Science and Arts' (commonly called 'Silliman's Journal'), July 1860.
+Printed from advanced sheets of vol. iii. of 'Contributions to the Nat.
+Hist. of the U.S.' My father's copy has a pencilled "Truly" opposite the
+following passage:--"Unless Darwin and his followers succeed in showing
+that the struggle for life tends to something beyond favouring the
+existence of certain individuals over that of other individuals, they
+will soon find that they are following a shadow.") I would send it you,
+but apprehend it would be less trouble for you to look at it in London
+than return it to me. R. Wagner has sent me a German pamphlet ('Louis
+Agassiz's Prinzipien der Classification, etc., mit Rucksicht auf Darwins
+Ansichten. Separat-Abdruck aus den Gottingischen gelehrten Anzeigen,'
+1860.), giving an abstract of Agassiz's 'Essay on Classification,' "mit
+Rucksicht auf Darwins Ansichten," etc. etc. He won't go very "dangerous
+lengths," but thinks the truth lies half-way between Agassiz and
+the 'Origin.' As he goes thus far he will, nolens volens, have to go
+further. He says he is going to review me in [his] yearly Report. My
+good and kind agent for the propagation of the Gospel--i.e. the devil's
+gospel.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, August 11th [1860].
+
+... I have laughed at Woodward thinking that you were a man who could be
+influenced in your judgment by the voice of the public; and yet after
+mortally sneering at him, I was obliged to confess to myself, that I had
+had fears, what the effect might be of so many heavy guns fired by great
+men. As I have (sent by Murray) a spare 'Quarterly Review,' I send it by
+this post, as it may amuse you. The Anti-Jacobin part amused me. It is
+full of errors, and Hooker is thinking of answering it. There has been
+a cancelled page; I should like to know what gigantic blunder it
+contained. Hooker says that -- has played on the Bishop, and made him
+strike whatever note he liked; he has wished to make the article as
+disagreeable to you as possible. I will send the "Athenaeum" in a day or
+two.
+
+As you wish to hear what reviews have appeared, I may mention that
+Agassiz has fired off a shot in the last 'Silliman,' not good at all,
+denies variations and rests on the perfection of Geological evidence.
+Asa Gray tells me that a very clever friend has been almost converted
+to our side by this review of Agassiz's... Professor Parsons (Theophilus
+Parsons, Professor of Law in Harvard University.) has published in
+the same 'Silliman' a speculative paper correcting my notions, worth
+nothing. In the 'Highland Agricultural Journal' there is a review by
+some Entomologist, not worth much. This is all that I can remember... As
+Huxley says, the platoon firing must soon cease. Hooker and Huxley, and
+Asa Gray, I see, are determined to stick to the battle and not give in;
+I am fully convinced that whenever you publish, it will produce a great
+effect on all TRIMMERS, and on many others. By the way I forgot
+to mention Daubeny's pamphlet ('Remarks on the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the "Origin of Species."'--British Association Report, 1860.), very
+liberal and candid, but scientifically weak. I believe Hooker is going
+nowhere this summer; he is excessively busy... He has written me many,
+most nice letters. I shall be very curious to hear on your return some
+account of your Geological doings. Talking of Geology, you used to
+be interested about the "pipes" in the chalk. About three years ago
+a perfectly circular hole suddenly appeared in a flat grass field to
+everyone's astonishment, and was filled up with many waggon loads of
+earth; and now two or three days ago, again it has circularly subsided
+about two feet more. How clearly this shows what is still slowly going
+on. This morning I recommenced work, and am at dogs; when I have written
+my short discussion on them, I will have it copied, and if you like, you
+can then see how the argument stands, about their multiple origin. As
+you seemed to think this important, it might be worth your reading;
+though I do not feel sure that you will come to the same probable
+conclusion that I have done. By the way, the Bishop makes a very telling
+case against me, by accumulating several instances where I speak very
+doubtfully; but this is very unfair, as in such cases as this of the
+dog, the evidence is and must be very doubtful...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 11 [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+On my return home from Sussex about a week ago, I found several articles
+sent by you. The first article, from the 'Atlantic Monthly,' I am very
+glad to possess. By the way, the editor of the "Athenaeum" (August 4,
+1860.) has inserted your answer to Agassiz, Bowen, and Co., and when I
+therein read them, I admired them even more than at first. They really
+seemed to be admirable in their condensation, force, clearness and
+novelty.
+
+I am surprised that Agassiz did not succeed in writing something better.
+How absurd that logical quibble--"if species do not exist, how can they
+vary?" As if any one doubted their temporary existence. How coolly
+he assumes that there is some clearly defined distinction between
+individual differences and varieties. It is no wonder that a man who
+calls identical forms, when found in two countries, distinct species,
+cannot find variation in nature. Again, how unreasonable to suppose that
+domestic varieties selected by man for his own fancy should resemble
+natural varieties or species. The whole article seems to me poor; it
+seems to me hardly worth a detailed answer (even if I could do it, and
+I much doubt whether I possess your skill in picking out salient points
+and driving a nail into them), and indeed you have already answered
+several points. Agassiz's name, no doubt, is a heavy weight against
+us...
+
+If you see Professor Parsons, will you thank him for the extremely
+liberal and fair spirit in which his Essay ('Silliman's Journal,' July,
+1860.) is written. Please tell him that I reflected much on the chance
+of favourable monstrosities (i.e. great and sudden variation) arising.
+I have, of course, no objection to this, indeed it would be a great aid,
+but I do not allude to the subject, for, after much labour, I could find
+nothing which satisfied me of the probability of such occurrences.
+There seems to me in almost every case too much, too complex, and too
+beautiful adaptation, in every structure, to believe in its sudden
+production. I have alluded under the head of beautifully hooked seeds
+to such possibility. Monsters are apt to be sterile, or NOT to transmit
+monstrous peculiarities. Look at the fineness of gradation in the shells
+of successive SUB-STAGES of the same great formation; I could give
+many other considerations which made me doubt such view. It holds, to a
+certain extent, with domestic productions no doubt, where man preserves
+some abrupt change in structure. It amused me to see Sir R. Murchison
+quoted as a judge of affinities of animals, and it gave me a cold
+shudder to hear of any one speculating about a true crustacean
+giving birth to a true fish! (Parson's, loc. cit. page 5, speaking of
+Pterichthys and Cephalaspis, says:--"Now is it too much to infer from
+these facts that either of these animals, if a crustacean, was so nearly
+a fish that some of its ova may have become fish; or, if itself a fish,
+was so nearly a crustacean that it may have been born from the ovum of a
+crustacean?")
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, September 1st [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+morning. It has DELIGHTED me, because it demonstrates that you have
+thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection. Few things have
+surprised me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties
+new to me in the published reviews. Your remarks are of a different
+stamp and new to me. I will run through them, and make a few pleadings
+such as occur to me.
+
+I put in the possibility of the Galapagos having been CONTINUOUSLY
+joined to America, out of mere subservience to the many who believe in
+Forbes's doctrine, and did not see the danger of admission, about small
+mammals surviving there in such case. The case of the Galapagos, from
+certain facts on littoral sea-shells (viz. Pacific Ocean and South
+American littoral species), in fact convinced me more than in any other
+case of other islands, that the Galapagos had never been continuously
+united with the mainland; it was mere base subservience, and terror of
+Hooker and Co.
+
+With respect to atolls, I think mammals would hardly survive VERY LONG,
+even if the main islands (for as I have said in the Coral Book, the
+outline of groups of atolls do not look like a former CONTINENT) had
+been tenanted by mammals, from the extremely small area, the very
+peculiar conditions, and the probability that during subsidence all or
+nearly all atolls have been breached and flooded by the sea many times
+during their existence as atolls.
+
+I cannot conceive any existing reptile being converted into a mammal.
+From homologies I should look at it as certain that all mammals had
+descended from some single progenitor. What its nature was, it is
+impossible to speculate. More like, probably, the Ornithorhynchus
+or Echidna than any known form; as these animals combine reptilian
+characters (and in a less degree bird character) with mammalian. We
+must imagine some form as intermediate, as is Lepidosiren now, between
+reptiles and fish, between mammals and birds on the one hand (for they
+retain longer the same embryological character) and reptiles on the
+other hand. With respect to a mammal not being developed on any island,
+besides want of time for so prodigious a development, there must have
+arrived on the island the necessary and peculiar progenitor, having
+a character like the embryo of a mammal; and not an ALREADY DEVELOPED
+reptile, bird or fish.
+
+We might give to a bird the habits of a mammal, but inheritance would
+retain almost for eternity some of the bird-like structure, and prevent
+a new creature ranking as a true mammal.
+
+I have often speculated on antiquity of islands, but not with your
+precision, or at all under the point of view of Natural Selection NOT
+having done what might have been anticipated. The argument of littoral
+Miocene shells at the Canary Islands is new to me. I was deeply
+impressed (from the amount of the denudation) [with the] antiquity of
+St. Helena, and its age agrees with the peculiarity of the flora. With
+respect to bats at New Zealand (N.B. There are two or three European
+bats in Madeira, and I think in the Canary Islands) not having given
+rise to a group of non-volant bats, it is, now you put the case,
+surprising; more especially as the genus of bats in New Zealand is very
+peculiar, and therefore has probably been long introduced, and they now
+speak of Cretacean fossils there. But the first necessary step has to
+be shown, namely, of a bat taking to feed on the ground, or anyhow, and
+anywhere, except in the air. I am bound to confess I do know one single
+such fact, viz. of an Indian species killing frogs. Observe, that in my
+wretched Polar Bear case, I do show the first step by which conversion
+into a whale "would be easy," "would offer no difficulty"!! So with
+seals, I know of no fact showing any the least incipient variation of
+seals feeding on the shore. Moreover, seals wander much; I searched in
+vain, and could not find ONE case of any species of seal confined to
+any islands. And hence wanderers would be apt to cross with individuals
+undergoing any change on an island, as in the case of land birds of
+Madeira and Bermuda. The same remark applies even to bats, as they
+frequently come to Bermuda from the mainland, though about 600 miles
+distant. With respect to the Amblyrhynchus of the Galapagos, one may
+infer as probable, from marine habits being so rare with Saurians, and
+from the terrestrial species being confined to a few central islets,
+that its progenitor first arrived at the Galapagos; from what country it
+is impossible to say, as its affinity I believe is not very clear to
+any known species. The offspring of the terrestrial species was probably
+rendered marine. Now in this case I do not pretend I can show variation
+in habits; but we have in the terrestrial species a vegetable feeder (in
+itself a rather unusual circumstance), largely on LICHENS, and it would
+not be a great change for its offspring to feed first on littoral algae
+and then on submarine algae. I have said what I can in defence, but
+yours is a good line of attack. We should, however, always remember
+that no change will ever be effected till a variation in the habits or
+structure or of both CHANCE to occur in the right direction, so as
+to give the organism in question an advantage over other already
+established occupants of land or water, and this may be in any
+particular case indefinitely long. I am very glad you will read my dogs
+MS., for it will be important to me to see what you think of the balance
+of evidence. After long pondering on a subject it is often hard to
+judge. With hearty thanks for your most interesting letter. Farewell.
+
+My dear old master, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 2nd [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am astounded at your news received this morning. I am become such an
+old fogy that I am amazed at your spirit. For God's sake do not go and
+get your throat cut. Bless my soul, I think you must be a little insane.
+I must confess it will be a most interesting tour; and, if you get
+to the top of Lebanon, I suppose extremely interesting--you ought to
+collect any beetles under stones there; but the Entomologists are such
+slow coaches. I dare say no result could be made out of them. [They]
+have never worked the Alpines of Britain.
+
+If you come across any Brine lakes, do attend to their minute flora and
+fauna; I have often been surprised how little this has been attended to.
+
+I have had a long letter from Lyell, who starts ingenious difficulties
+opposed to Natural Selection, because it has not done more than it
+has. This is very good, as it shows that he has thoroughly mastered the
+subject; and shows he is in earnest. Very striking letter altogether and
+it rejoices the cockles of my heart.
+
+... How I shall miss you, my best and kindest of friends. God bless you.
+
+Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 10 [1860].
+
+... You will be weary of my praise, but it (Dr. Gray in the 'Atlantic
+Monthly' for July, 1860.) does strike me as quite admirably argued, and
+so well and pleasantly written. Your many metaphors are inimitably good.
+I said in a former letter that you were a lawyer, but I made a gross
+mistake, I am sure that you are a poet. No, by Jove, I will tell you
+what you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist and
+theologian! Was there ever such a monster seen before?
+
+I have just looked through the passages which I have marked as appearing
+to me extra good, but I see that they are too numerous to specify, and
+this is no exaggeration. My eye just alights on the happy comparison
+of the colours of the prism and our artificial groups. I see one little
+error of fossil CATTLE in South America.
+
+It is curious how each one, I suppose, weighs arguments in a different
+balance: embryology is to me by far the strongest single class of facts
+in favour of change of forms, and not one, I think, of my reviewers has
+alluded to this. Variation not coming on at a very early age, and being
+inherited at not a very early corresponding period, explains, as it
+seems to me, the grandest of all facts in natural history, or rather in
+zoology, viz. the resemblance of embryos.
+
+
+[Dr. Gray wrote three articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly' for July,
+August, and October, which were reprinted as a pamphlet in 1861, and
+now form chapter iii. in 'Darwiniana' (1876), with the heading 'Natural
+Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL Down, September 12th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I never thought of showing your letter to any one. I mentioned in a
+letter to Hooker that I had been much interested by a letter of yours
+with original objections, founded chiefly on Natural Selection not
+having done so much as might have been expected... In your letter just
+received, you have improved your case versus Natural Selection; and it
+would tell with the public (do not be tempted by its novelty to make
+it too strong); yet is seems to me, not REALLY very killing, though I
+cannot answer your case, especially, why Rodents have not become
+highly developed in Australia. You must assume that they have inhabited
+Australia for a very long period, and this may or may not be the case.
+But I feel that our ignorance is so profound, why one form is preserved
+with nearly the same structure, or advances in organisation or even
+retrogrades, or becomes extinct, that I cannot put very great weight on
+the difficulty. Then, as you say often in your letter, we know not how
+many geological ages it may have taken to make any great advance in
+organisation. Remember monkeys in the Eocene formations: but I admit
+that you have made out an excellent objection and difficulty, and I
+can give only unsatisfactory and quite vague answers, such as you have
+yourself put; however, you hardly put weight enough on the absolute
+necessity of variations first arising in the right direction, videlicet,
+of seals beginning to feed on the shore.
+
+I entirely agree with what you say about only one species of many
+becoming modified. I remember this struck me much when tabulating the
+varieties of plants, and I have a discussion somewhere on this point. It
+is absolutely implied in my ideas of classification and divergence
+that only one or two species, of even large genera, give birth to new
+species; and many whole genera become WHOLLY extinct... Please see page
+341 of the 'Origin.' But I cannot remember that I have stated in the
+'Origin' the fact of only very few species in each genus varying. You
+have put the view much better in your letter. Instead of saying, as I
+often have, that very few species vary at the same time, I ought to
+have said, that very few species of a genus EVER vary so as to become
+modified; for this is the fundamental explanation of classification, and
+is shown in my engraved diagram...
+
+I quite agree with you on the strange and inexplicable fact of
+Ornithorhynchus having been preserved, and Australian Trigonia, or the
+Silurian Lingula. I always repeat to myself that we hardly know why any
+one single species is rare or common in the best-known countries. I have
+got a set of notes somewhere on the inhabitants of fresh water; and it
+is singular how many of these are ancient, or intermediate forms; which
+I think is explained by the competition having been less severe, and
+the rate of change of organic forms having been slower in small confined
+areas, such as all the fresh waters make compared with sea or land.
+
+I see that you do allude in the last page, as a difficulty, to
+Marsupials not having become Placentals in Australia; but this I think
+you have no right at all to expect; for we ought to look at Marsupials
+and Placentals as having descended from some intermediate and lower
+form. The argument of Rodents not having become highly developed
+in Australia (supposing that they have long existed there) is much
+stronger. I grieve to see you hint at the creation "of distinct
+successive types, as well as of a certain number of distinct aboriginal
+types." Remember, if you admit this, you give up the embryological
+argument (THE WEIGHTIEST OF ALL TO ME), and the morphological or
+homological argument. You cut my throat, and your own throat; and I
+believe will live to be sorry for it. So much for species.
+
+The striking extract which E. copied was your own writing!! in a note to
+me, many long years ago--which she copied and sent to Mme. Sismondi; and
+lately my aunt, in sorting her letters, found E.'s and returned them
+to her... I have been of late shamefully idle, i.e. observing (Drosera)
+instead of writing, and how much better fun observing is than writing.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Sunday
+[September 23rd, 1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I got your letter of the 18th just before starting here. You speak of
+saving me trouble in answering. Never think of this, for I look at every
+letter of yours as an honour and pleasure, which is a pretty deal more
+than I can say of some of the letters which I receive. I have now one of
+13 CLOSELY WRITTEN FOLIO PAGES to answer on species!...
+
+I have a very decided opinion that all mammals must have descended from
+a SINGLE parent. Reflect on the multitude of details, very many of them
+of extremely little importance to their habits (as the number of
+bones of the head, etc., covering of hair, identical embryological
+development, etc. etc.). Now this large amount of similarity I must look
+at as certainly due to inheritance from a common stock. I am aware that
+some cases occur in which a similar or nearly similar organ has been
+acquired by independent acts of natural selection. But in most of such
+cases of these apparently so closely similar organs, some important
+homological difference may be detected. Please read page 193, beginning,
+"The electric organs," and trust me that the sentence, "In all these
+cases of two very distinct species," etc. etc., was not put in rashly,
+for I went carefully into every case. Apply this argument to the whole
+frame, internal and external, of mammifers, and you will see why I think
+so strongly that all have descended from one progenitor. I have just
+re-read your letter, and I am not perfectly sure that I understand your
+point.
+
+I enclose two diagrams showing the sort of manner I CONJECTURE that
+mammals have been developed. I thought a little on this when writing
+page 429, beginning, "Mr. Waterhouse." (Please read the paragraph.) I
+have not knowledge enough to choose between these two diagrams. If the
+brain of Marsupials in embryo closely resembles that of Placentals,
+I should strongly prefer No.2, and this agrees with the antiquity of
+Microlestes. As a general rule I should prefer No.1 diagram; whether or
+not Marsupials have gone on being developed, or rising in rank, from a
+very early period would depend on circumstances too complex for even
+a conjecture. Lingula has not risen since the Silurian epoch, whereas
+other molluscs may have risen.
+
+Here appear two diagrams.
+
+Diagram I.
+
+A - Mammals, not true Marsupials nor true Placentals. - 2 branches -
+Branch I, True Placental, from which branch off Rodents, Insectivora, a
+branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms, Canidae and terminates
+in Quadrumana. - Branch II, True Marsupial, from which branches off
+Kangaroo family an unnamed branch terminating in 2 unnamed branches and
+terminates in Didelphys Family.
+
+Diagram II.
+
+A - True Marsupials, lowly developed. - True Marsupials, highly
+developed. - 2 branches - Branch I, Placentals, from which branch off
+Rodents, Insectivora, a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms,
+Canidae and terminates in Quadrumana. - Branch II, Present Marsupials,
+splitting into two branches terminating in Kangaroo family (with 2
+unnamed branches) and Didelphys family.
+
+A, in the two diagrams, represents an unknown form, probably
+intermediate between Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds, as intermediate as
+Lepidosiren now is between Fish and Batrachians. This unknown form is
+probably more closely related to Ornithorhynchus than to any other known
+form.
+
+I do not think that the multiple origin of dogs goes against the single
+origin of man... All the races of man are so infinitely closer together
+than to any ape, that (as in the case of descent of all mammals from
+one progenitor), I should look at all races of men as having certainly
+descended from one parent. I should look at it as probable that the
+races of men were less numerous and less divergent formerly than
+now, unless, indeed, some lower and more aberrant race even than the
+Hottentot has become extinct. Supposing, as I do for one believe, that
+our dogs have descended from two or three wolves, jackals, etc.,
+yet these have, on OUR VIEW, descended from a single remote unknown
+progenitor. With domestic dogs the question is simply whether the whole
+amount of difference has been produced since man domesticated a single
+species; or whether part of the difference arises in the state of
+nature. Agassiz and Co. think the negro and Caucasian are now distinct
+species, and it is a mere vain discussion whether, when they were rather
+less distinct, they would, on this standard of specific value, deserve
+to be called species.
+
+I agree with your answer which you give to yourself on this point; and
+the simile of man now keeping down any new man which might be developed,
+strikes me as good and new. The white man is "improving off the face
+of the earth" even races nearly his equals. With respect to islands, I
+think I would trust to want of time alone, and not to bats and Rodents.
+
+N.B.--I know of no rodents on oceanic islands (except my Galapagos
+mouse, which MAY have been introduced by man) keeping down the
+development of other classes. Still MUCH more weight I should attribute
+to there being now, neither in islands nor elsewhere, [any] known
+animals of a grade of organisation intermediate between mammals,
+fish, reptiles, etc., whence a new mammal could be developed. If
+every vertebrate were destroyed throughout the world, except our NOW
+WELL-ESTABLISHED reptiles, millions of ages might elapse before reptiles
+could become highly developed on a scale equal to mammals; and, on the
+principle of inheritance, they would make some quite NEW CLASS, and not
+mammals; though POSSIBLY more intellectual! I have not an idea that you
+will care for this letter, so speculative.
+
+Most truly yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 26 [1860].
+
+... I have had a letter of fourteen folio pages from Harvey against my
+book, with some ingenious and new remarks; but it is an extraordinary
+fact that he does not understand at all what I mean by Natural
+Selection. I have begged him to read the Dialogue in next 'Silliman,' as
+you never touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at it
+as even more extraordinary that you never say a word or use an epithet
+which does not express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and others,
+who perfectly understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions to which
+I demur. Well, your extraordinary labour is over; if there is any fair
+amount of truth in my view, I am well assured that your great labour has
+not been thrown away...
+
+I yet hope and almost believe, that the time will come when you will go
+further, in believing a very large amount of modification of species,
+than you did at first or do now. Can you tell me whether you believe
+further or more firmly than you did at first? I should really like to
+know this. I can perceive in my immense correspondence with Lyell, who
+objected to much at first, that he has, perhaps unconsciousnessly to
+himself, converted himself very much during the last six months, and
+I think this is the case even with Hooker. This fact gives me far more
+confidence than any other fact.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Friday evening
+[September 28th, 1860].
+
+... I am very glad to hear about the Germans reading my book. No one will
+be converted who has not independently begun to doubt about species. Is
+not Krohn (There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands,
+and the other on the development of Cirripedes, 'Wiegmann's Archiv,'
+xxv. and xxvi. My father has remarked that he "blundered dreadfully
+about the cement glands," 'Autobiography.') a good fellow? I have
+long meant to write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and has
+detected two or three gigantic blunders,... about which, I thank Heaven,
+I spoke rather doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even Huxley
+failed. It is chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is
+so wrong, and not the parts which I describe. But they were gigantic
+blunders, and why I say all this is because Krohn, instead of crowing at
+all, pointed out my errors with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness.
+I have always meant to write to him and thank him. I suppose Dr. Krohn,
+Bonn, would reach him.
+
+I cannot see yet how the multiple origin of dog can be properly brought
+as argument for the multiple origin of man. Is not your feeling a
+remnant of the deeply impressed one on all our minds, that a species is
+an entity, something quite distinct from a variety? Is it not that the
+dog case injures the argument from fertility, so that one main argument
+that the races of man are varieties and not species--i.e., because they
+are fertile inter se, is much weakened?
+
+I quite agree with what Hooker says, that whatever variation is possible
+under culture, is POSSIBLE under nature; not that the same form would
+ever be accumulated and arrived at by selection for man's pleasure, and
+by natural selection for the organism's own good.
+
+Talking of "natural selection;" if I had to commence de novo, I would
+have used "natural preservation." For I find men like Harvey of Dublin
+cannot understand me, though he has read the book twice. Dr. Gray of the
+British Museum remarked to me that, "SELECTION was obviously impossible
+with plants! No one could tell him how it could be possible!" And he may
+now add that the author did not attempt it to him!
+
+Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, October 8th
+[1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I send the [English] translation of Bronn (A MS. translation of Bronn's
+chapter of objections at the end of his German translation of the
+'Origin of Species.'), the first part of the chapter with generalities
+and praise is not translated. There are some good hits. He makes an
+apparently, and in part truly, telling case against me, says that I
+cannot explain why one rat has a longer tail and another longer ears,
+etc. But he seems to muddle in assuming that these parts did not all
+vary together, or one part so insensibly before the other, as to be
+in fact contemporaneous. I might ask the creationist whether he thinks
+these differences in the two rats of any use, or as standing in some
+relation from laws of growth; and if he admits this, selection might
+come into play. He who thinks that God created animals unlike for mere
+sport or variety, as man fashions his clothes, will not admit any force
+in my argumentum ad hominem.
+
+Bronn blunders about my supposing several Glacial periods, whether or no
+such ever did occur.
+
+He blunders about my supposing that development goes on at the same rate
+in all parts of the world. I presume that he has misunderstood this from
+the supposed migration into all regions of the more dominant forms.
+
+I have ordered Dr. Bree ('Species not Transmutable,' by C.R. Bree,
+1860.), and will lend it to you, if you like, and if it turns out good.
+
+... I am very glad that I misunderstood you about species not having the
+capacity to vary, though in fact few do give birth to new species. It
+seems that I am very apt to misunderstand you; I suppose I am always
+fancying objections. Your case of the Red Indian shows me that we agree
+entirely...
+
+I had a letter yesterday from Thwaites of Ceylon, who was much opposed
+to me. He now says, "I find that the more familiar I become with your
+views in connection with the various phenomena of nature, the more they
+commend themselves to my mind."
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.M. RODWELL. (Rev. J.M. Rodwell, who was at Cambridge
+with my father, remembers him saying:--"It strikes me that all our
+knowledge about the structure of our earth is very much like what an
+old hen would know of a hundred acre field, in a corner of which she is
+scratching.") 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne. November 5th [1860].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am extremely much obliged for your letter, which I can compare only to
+a plum-pudding, so full it is of good things. I have been rash about the
+cats ("Cats with blue eyes are invariably deaf," 'Origin of Species,'
+edition i. page 12.): yet I spoke on what seemed to me, good authority.
+The Rev. W.D. Fox gave me a list of cases of various foreign breeds
+in which he had observed the correlation, and for years he had vainly
+sought an exception. A French paper also gives numerous cases, and one
+very curious case of a kitten which GRADUALLY lost the blue colour in
+its eyes and as gradually acquired its power of hearing. I had not
+heard of your uncle, Mr. Kirby's case (William Kirby, joint author with
+Spence, of the well-known 'Introduction to Entomology,' 1818.) (whom I,
+for as long as I can remember, have venerated) of care in breeding cats.
+I do not know whether Mr. Kirby was your uncle by marriage, but your
+letters show me that you ought to have Kirby blood in your veins, and
+that if you had not taken to languages you would have been a first-rate
+naturalist.
+
+I sincerely hope that you will be able to carry out your intention of
+writing on the "Birth, Life, and Death of Words." Anyhow, you have a
+capital title, and some think this the most difficult part of a book. I
+remember years ago at the Cape of Good Hope, Sir J. Herschel saying to
+me, I wish some one would treat language as Lyell has treated geology.
+What a linguist you must be to translate the Koran! Having a vilely bad
+head for languages, I feel an awful respect for linguists.
+
+I do not know whether my brother-in-law, Hensleigh Wedgwood's
+'Etymological Dictionary' would be at all in your line; but he
+treats briefly on the genesis of words; and, as it seems to me, very
+ingeniously. You kindly say that you would communicate any facts which
+might occur to you, and I am sure that I should be most grateful. Of
+the multitude of letters which I receive, not one in a thousand is like
+yours in value.
+
+With my cordial thanks, and apologies for this untidy letter written in
+haste, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours sincerely obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. November 20th [1860].
+
+... I have not had heart to read Phillips ('Life on the Earth.') yet, or
+a tremendous long hostile review by Professor Bowen in the 4to Mem. of
+the American Academy of Sciences. ("Remarks on the latest form of the
+Development Theory." By Francis Bowen, Professor of Natural Religion and
+Moral Philosophy, at Harvard University. 'American Academy of Arts and
+Sciences,' vol. viii.) (By the way, I hear Agassiz is going to thunder
+against me in the next part of the 'Contributions.') Thank you for
+telling me of the sale of the 'Origin,' of which I had not heard. There
+will be some time, I presume, a new edition, and I especially want your
+advice on one point, and you know I think you the wisest of men, and I
+shall be ABSOLUTELY GUIDED BY YOUR ADVICE. It has occurred to me, that
+it would PERHAPS be a good plan to put a set of notes (some twenty to
+forty or fifty) to the 'Origin,' which now has none, exclusively devoted
+to errors of my reviewers. It has occurred to me that where a reviewer
+has erred, a common reader might err. Secondly, it will show the reader
+that he must not trust implicitly to reviewers. Thirdly, when any
+special fact has been attacked, I should like to defend it. I would show
+no sort of anger. I enclose a mere rough specimen, done without any care
+or accuracy--done from memory alone--to be torn up, just to show the
+sort of thing that has occurred to me. WILL YOU DO ME THE GREAT KINDNESS
+TO CONSIDER THIS WELL?
+
+It seems to me it would have a good effect, and give some confidence to
+the reader. It would [be] a horrid bore going through all the reviews.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Here follow samples of foot-notes, the references to volume and page
+being left blank. It will be seen that in some cases he seems to have
+forgotten that he was writing foot-notes, and to have continued as if
+writing to Lyell:--
+
+*Dr. Bree asserts that I explain the structure of the cells of the Hive
+Bee by "the exploded doctrine of pressure." But I do not say one word
+which directly or indirectly can be interpreted into any reference to
+pressure.
+
+*The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer quotes my work as saying that the "dorsal
+vertebrae of pigeons vary in number, and disputes the fact." I nowhere
+even allude to the dorsal vertebrae, only to the sacral and caudal
+vertebrae.
+
+*The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer throws a doubt on these organs being the
+Branchiae of Cirripedes. But Professor Owen in 1854 admits, without
+hesitation, that they are Branchiae, as did John Hunter long ago.
+
+*The confounded Wealden Calculation to be struck out, and a note to
+be inserted to the effect that I am convinced of its inaccuracy from
+a review in the "Saturday Review", and from Phillips, as I see in his
+Table of Contents that he alludes to it.
+
+*Mr. Hopkins ('Fraser') states--I am quoting only from vague
+memory--that, "I argue in favour of my views from the extreme
+imperfection of the Geological Record," and says this is the first time
+in the history of Science he has ever heard of ignorance being adduced
+as an argument. But I repeatedly admit, in the most emphatic language
+which I can use, that the imperfect evidence which Geology offers in
+regard to transitorial forms is most strongly opposed to my views.
+Surely there is a wide difference in fully admitting an objection, and
+then in endeavouring to show that it is not so strong as it at first
+appears, and in Mr. Hopkins's assertion that I found my argument on the
+Objection.
+
+*I would also put a note to "Natural Selection," and show how variously
+it has been misunderstood.
+
+*A writer in the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal' denies my statement
+that the Woodpecker of La Plata never frequents trees. I observed its
+habits during two years, but, what is more to the purpose, Azara, whose
+accuracy all admit, is more emphatic than I am in regard to its never
+frequenting trees. Mr. A. Murray denies that it ought to be called
+a woodpecker; it has two toes in front and two behind, pointed tail
+feathers, a long pointed tongue, and the same general form of body,
+the same manner of flight, colouring and voice. It was classed, until
+recently, in the same genus--Picus--with all other woodpeckers, but now
+has been ranked as a distinct genus amongst the Picidae. It differs from
+the typical Picus only in the beak, not being quite so strong, and in
+the upper mandible being slightly arched. I think these facts fully
+justify my statement that it is "in all essential parts of its
+organisation" a Woodpecker.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, November 22 [1860].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+For heaven's sake don't write an anti-Darwinian article; you would do it
+so confoundedly well. I have sometimes amused myself with thinking how
+I could best pitch into myself, and I believe I could give two or three
+good digs; but I will see you -- first before I will try. I shall be
+very impatient to see the Review. (The first number of the new series of
+the 'Nat. Hist. Review' appeared in 1861.) If it succeeds it may really
+do much, very much good...
+
+I heard to-day from Murray that I must set to work at once on a new
+edition (The 3rd edition.) of the 'Origin.' [Murray] says the Reviews
+have not improved the sale. I shall always think those early reviews,
+almost entirely yours, did the subject an ENORMOUS service. If you
+have any important suggestions or criticisms to make on any part of the
+'Origin,' I should, of course, be very grateful for [them]. For I mean
+to correct as far as I can, but not enlarge. How you must be wearied
+with and hate the subject, and it is God's blessing if you do not get to
+hate me. Adios.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, November 24th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you much for your letter. I had got to take pleasure in thinking
+how I could best snub my reviewers; but I was determined, in any case,
+to follow your advice, and, before I had got to the end of your letter,
+I was convinced of the wisdom of your advice. ("I get on slowly with
+my new edition. I find that your advice was EXCELLENT. I can answer all
+reviews, without any direct notice of them, by a little enlargement
+here and there, with here and there a new paragraph. Bronn alone I shall
+treat with the respect of giving his objections with his name. I think
+I shall improve my book a good deal, and add only some twenty
+pages."--From a letter to Lyell, December 4th, 1860.) What an advantage
+it is to me to have such friends as you. I shall follow every hint in
+your letter exactly.
+
+I have just heard from Murray; he says he sold 700 copies at his sale,
+and that he has not half the number to supply; so that I must begin
+at once (On the third edition of the 'Origin of Species,' published in
+April 1861.)...
+
+P.S.--I must tell you one little fact which has pleased me. You may
+remember that I adduce electrical organs of fish as one of the greatest
+difficulties which have occurred to me, and -- notices the passage in a
+singularly disingenuous spirit. Well, McDonnell, of Dublin (a first-rate
+man), writes to me that he felt the difficulty of the whole case as
+overwhelming against me. Not only are the fishes which have electric
+organs very remote in scale, but the organ is near the head in some,
+and near the tail in others, and supplied by wholly different nerves. It
+seems impossible that there could be any transition. Some friend, who
+is much opposed to me, seems to have crowed over McDonnell, who
+reports that he said to himself, that if Darwin is right, there must
+be homologous organs both near the head and tail in other non-electric
+fish. He set to work, and, by Jove, he has found them! ('On an organ in
+the Skate, which appears to be the homologue of the electrical organ of
+the Torpedo,' by R. McDonnell, 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861, page 57.) so
+that some of the difficulty is removed; and is it not satisfactory that
+my hypothetical notions should have led to pretty discoveries? McDonnell
+seems very cautious; he says, years must pass before he will venture to
+call himself a believer in my doctrine, but that on the subjects which
+he knows well, viz., Morphology and Embryology, my views accord well,
+and throw light on the whole subject.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 26th, 1860.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have to thank you for two letters. The latter with corrections,
+written before you received my letter asking for an American reprint,
+and saying that it was hopeless to print your reviews as a pamphlet,
+owing to the impossibility of getting pamphlets known. I am very glad to
+say that the August or second 'Atlantic' article has been reprinted in
+the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History'; but I have not seen it
+there. Yesterday I read over with care the third article; and it seems
+to me, as before, ADMIRABLE. But I grieve to say that I cannot honestly
+go as far as you do about Design. I am conscious that I am in an utterly
+hopeless muddle. I cannot think that the world, as we see it, is the
+result of chance; and yet I cannot look at each separate thing as the
+result of Design. To take a crucial example, you lead me to infer
+(page 414) that you believe "that variation has been led along certain
+beneficial lines." I cannot believe this; and I think you would have to
+believe, that the tail of the Fantail was led to vary in the number and
+direction of its feathers in order to gratify the caprice of a few men.
+Yet if the Fantail had been a wild bird, and had used its abnormal tail
+for some special end, as to sail before the wind, unlike other birds,
+every one would have said, "What a beautiful and designed adaptation."
+Again, I say I am, and shall ever remain, in a hopeless muddle.
+
+Thank you much for Bowen's 4to. review. ('Memoirs of the American
+Academy of Arts and Sciences,' vol. viii.) The coolness with which he
+makes all animals to be destitute of reason is simply absurd. It is
+monstrous at page 103, that he should argue against the possibility of
+accumulative variation, and actually leave out, entirely, selection! The
+chance that an improved Short-horn, or improved Pouter-pigeon, should be
+produced by accumulative variation without man's selection is as almost
+infinity to nothing; so with natural species without natural selection.
+How capitally in the 'Atlantic' you show that Geology and Astronomy
+are, according to Bowen, Metaphysics; but he leaves out this in the 4to.
+Memoir.
+
+I have not much to tell you about my Book. I have just heard that Du
+Boi-Reymond agrees with me. The sale of my book goes on well, and the
+multitude of reviews has not stopped the sale...; so I must begin at
+once on a new corrected edition. I will send you a copy for the chance
+of your ever re-reading; but, good Heavens, how sick you must be of it!
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 2nd [1860].
+
+... I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have
+been of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce
+a few new discussions. OF COURSE I will send you a copy of the new
+edition.
+
+I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me,
+I have far more confidence in the GENERAL truth of the doctrine than I
+formerly had. Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went
+half an inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly
+opposed are now less bitterly opposed. And this makes me feel a little
+disappointed that you are not inclined to think the general view in
+some slight degree more probable than you did at first. This I consider
+rather ominous. Otherwise I should be more contented with your degree
+of belief. I can pretty plainly see that, if my view is ever to be
+generally adopted, it will be by young men growing up and replacing the
+old workers, and then young ones finding that they can group facts and
+search out new lines of investigation better on the notion of
+descent, than on that of creation. But forgive me for running on so
+egotistically. Living so solitary as I do, one gets to think in a silly
+manner of one's own work.
+
+Ever yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 11th [1860].
+
+... I heard from A. Gray this morning; at my suggestion he is going to
+reprint the three 'Atlantic' articles as a pamphlet, and send 250
+copies to England, for which I intend to pay half the cost of the
+whole edition, and shall give away, and try to sell by getting a few
+advertisements put in, and if possible notices in Periodicals.
+
+... David Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and as
+I value praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other
+quality, forgive (if you can) the INSUFFERABLE vanity of my copying the
+last sentence in his note: "I regard your Monograph on Chile as, without
+exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological enquiry." I feel
+inclined to strut like a Turkey-cock!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.III. -- SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+1861-1862.
+
+[The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father with the third chapter of
+'The Variation of Animals and Plants' still on his hands. It had been
+begun in the previous August, and was not finished until March 1861. He
+was, however, for part of this time (I believe during December 1860 and
+January 1861) engaged in a new edition (2000 copies) of the 'Origin,'
+which was largely corrected and added to, and was published in April
+1861.
+
+With regard to this, the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in
+December 1860:--
+
+"I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+print off--the more the better for me in all ways, as far as compatible
+with safety; for I hope never again to make so many corrections, or
+rather additions, which I have made in hopes of making my many rather
+stupid reviewers at least understand what is meant. I hope and think I
+shall improve the book considerably."
+
+An interesting feature in the new edition was the "Historical Sketch of
+the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species" (The Historical
+Sketch had already appeared in the first German edition (1860) and the
+American edition. Bronn states in the German edition (footnote, page
+1) that it was his critique in the 'N. Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie' that
+suggested the idea of such a sketch to my father.) which now appeared
+for the first time, and was continued in the later editions of the work.
+It bears a strong impress of the author's personal character in the
+obvious wish to do full justice to all his predecessors,--though even in
+this respect it has not escaped some adverse criticism.
+
+Towards the end of the present year (1861), the final arrangements
+for the first French edition of the 'Origin' were completed, and in
+September a copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle.
+Clemence Royer, who undertook the work of translation. The book was now
+spreading on the Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we
+have seen, a German translation had been published in 1860. In a letter
+to Mr. Murray (September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting
+much attention in Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent
+me." The silence had been broken, and in a few years the voice of
+German science was to become one of the strongest of the advocates of
+evolution.
+
+During all the early part of the year (1861) he was working at the
+mass of details which are marshalled in order in the early chapter of
+'Animals and Plants.' Thus in his Diary occur the laconic entries, "May
+16, Finished Fowls (eight weeks); May 31, Ducks."
+
+On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+until August 27--a holiday which he characteristically enters in his
+diary as "eight weeks and a day." The house he occupied was in Hesketh
+Crescent, a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea,
+somewhat removed from what was then the main body of the town, and
+not far from the beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of
+Anstey's Cove.
+
+During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked
+at the fertilisation of orchids. This part of the year 1861 is not dealt
+with in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the
+record of his life, as told in his letters, seems to become clearer
+when the whole of his botanical work is placed together and treated
+separately. The present series of chapters will, therefore, include only
+the progress of his works in the direction of a general amplification of
+the 'Origin of Species'--e.g., the publication of 'Animals and Plants,'
+'Descent of Man,' etc.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 15 [1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+The sight of your handwriting always rejoices the very cockles of my
+heart...
+
+I most fully agree to what you say about Huxley's Article ('Natural
+History Review,' 1861, page 67, "On the Zoological Relations of Man with
+the Lower Animals." This memoir had its origin in a discussion at the
+previous meeting of the British Association, when Professor Huxley
+felt himself "compelled to give a diametrical contradiction to certain
+assertions respecting the differences which obtain between the brains
+of the higher apes and of man, which fell from Professor Owen." But in
+order that his criticisms might refer to deliberately recorded words, he
+bases them on Professor Owen's paper, "On the Characters, etc., of the
+Class Mammalia," read before the Linnean Society in February and April,
+1857, in which he proposed to place man not only in a distinct order,
+but in "a distinct su-class of the Mammalia"--the Archencephala.),
+and the power of writing... The whole review seems to me excellent. How
+capitally Oliver has done the resume of botanical books. Good Heavens,
+how he must have read!...
+
+I quite agree that Phillips ('Life on the Earth' (1860), by Prof.
+Phillips, containing the substance of the Rede Lecture (May 1860).)
+is unreadably dull. You need not attempt Bree. (The following sentence
+(page 16) from 'Species not Transmutable,' by Dr. Bree, illustrates the
+degree in which he understood the 'Origin of Species': "The only real
+difference between Mr. Darwin and his two predecessors" [Lamarck and the
+'Vestiges'] "is this:--that while the latter have each given a mode by
+which they conceive the great changes they believe in have been brought
+about, Mr. Darwin does no such thing." After this we need not be
+surprised at a passage in the preface: "No one has derived greater
+pleasure than I have in past days from the study of Mr. Darwin's other
+works, and no one has felt a greater degree of regret that he should
+have imperilled his fame by the publication of his treatise upon the
+'Origin of Species.'")...
+
+If you come across Dr. Freke on 'Origin of Species by means of Organic
+Affinity,' read a page here and there... He tells the reader to observe
+[that his result] has been arrived at by "induction," whereas all my
+results are arrived at only by "analogy." I see a Mr. Neale has read
+a paper before the Zoological Society on 'Typical Selection;' what it
+means I know not. I have not read H. Spencer, for I find that I must
+more and more husband the very little strength which I have. I sometimes
+suspect I shall soon entirely fail... As soon as this dreadful weather
+gets a little milder, I must try a little water cure. Have you read the
+'Woman in White'? the plot is wonderfully interesting. I can recommend
+a book which has interested me greatly, viz. Olmsted's 'Journey in the
+Back Country.' It is an admirably lively picture of man and slavery in
+the Southern States...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. February 2, 1861.
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have thought you would like to read the enclosed passage in a letter
+from A. Gray (who is printing his reviews as a pamphlet ("Natural
+Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology," from the 'Atlantic
+Monthly' for July, August, and October, 1860; published by Trubner.),
+and will send copies to England), as I think his account is really
+favourable in high degree to us:--
+
+"I wish I had time to write you an account of the lengths to which Bowen
+and Agassiz, each in their own way, are going. The first denying all
+heredity (all transmission except specific) whatever. The second
+coming near to deny that we are genetically descended from our
+great-grea-grandfathers; and insisting that evidently affiliated
+languages, e.g. Latin, Greek, Sanscrit, owe none of their similarities
+to a community of origin, are all autochthonal; Agassiz admits that the
+derivation of languages, and that of species or forms, stand on the same
+foundation, and that he must allow the latter if he allows the former,
+which I tell him is perfectly logical."
+
+Is not this marvellous?
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 4 [1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I was delighted to get your long chatty letter, and to hear that you are
+thawing towards science. I almost wish you had remained frozen rather
+longer; but do not thaw too quickly and strongly. No one can work long
+as you used to do. Be idle; but I am a pretty man to preach, for I
+cannot be idle, much as I wish it, and am never comfortable except when
+at work. The word holiday is written in a dead language for me, and much
+I grieve at it. We thank you sincerely for your kind sympathy about
+poor H. [his daughter]... She has now come up to her old point, and can
+sometimes get up for an hour or two twice a day... Never to look to the
+future or as little as possible is becoming our rule of life. What
+a different thing life was in youth with no dread in the future; all
+golden, if baseless, hopes.
+
+... With respect to the 'Natural History Review' I can hardly think
+that ladies would be so very sensitive about "lizards' guts;" but the
+publication is at present certainly a sort of hybrid, and original
+illustrated papers ought hardly to appear in a review. I doubt its ever
+paying; but I shall much regret if it dies. All that you say seems very
+sensible, but could a review in the strict sense of the word be filled
+with readable matter?
+
+I have been doing little, except finishing the new edition of the
+'Origin,' and crawling on most slowly with my volume of 'Variation under
+Domestication'...
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Mr. Bates's paper, "Contributions to
+an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley," in the 'Transactions of the
+Entomological Society,' vol.5, N.S. (The paper was read November 24,
+1860.) Mr. Bates points out that with the return, after the glacial
+period, of a warmer climate in the equatorial regions, the "species then
+living near the equator would retreat north and south to their
+former homes, leaving some of their congeners, slowly modified
+subsequently... to re-people the zone they had forsaken." In this case
+the species now living at the equator ought to show clear relationship
+to the species inhabiting the regions about the 25th parallel, whose
+distant relatives they would of course be. But this is not the case,
+and this is the difficulty my father refers to. Mr. Belt has offered
+an explanation in his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua' (1874), page 266. "I
+believe the answer is that there was much extermination during the
+glacial period, that many species (and some genera, etc., as, for
+instance, the American horse), did not survive it... but that a refuge
+was found for many species on lands now below the ocean, that were
+uncovered by the lowering of the sea, caused by the immense quantity of
+water that was locked up in frozen masses on the land."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 27th [March 1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I had intended to have sent you Bates's article this very day. I am so
+glad you like it. I have been extremely much struck with it. How well
+he argues, and with what crushing force against the glacial doctrine. I
+cannot wriggle out of it: I am dumbfounded; yet I do believe that
+some explanation some day will appear, and I cannot give up equatorial
+cooling. It explains so much and harmonises with so much. When you
+write (and much interested I shall be in your letter) please say how far
+floras are generally uniform in generic character from 0 to 25 degrees
+N. and S.
+
+Before reading Bates, I had become thoroughly dissatisfied with what I
+wrote to you. I hope you may get Bates to write in the 'Linnean.'
+
+Here is a good joke: H.C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+review the new edition (third edition of 2000 copies, published in
+April, 1861.) of the 'Origin') says that in the first four paragraphs of
+the introduction, the words "I," "me," "my," occur forty-three times!
+I was dimly conscious of the accursed fact. He says it can be explained
+phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that I am the most
+egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so. I wonder whether
+he will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the parentheses in
+Wollaston's writing.
+
+_I_ am, MY dear Hooker, ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April] 23? [1861].
+
+... I quite agree with what you say on Lieutenant Hutton's Review (In the
+'Geologist,' 1861, page 132, by Lieutenant Frederick Wollaston Hutton,
+now Professor of Biology and Geology at Canterbury College, New
+Zealand.) (who he is I know not); it struck me as very original. He
+is one of the very few who see that the change of species cannot be
+directly proved, and that the doctrine must sink or swim according as it
+groups and explains phenomena. It is really curious how few judge it in
+this way, which is clearly the right way. I have been much interested by
+Bentham's paper ("On the Species and Genera of Plants, etc.," 'Natural
+History Review,' 1861, page 133.) in the N.H.R., but it would not, of
+course, from familiarity strike you as it did me. I liked the whole; all
+the facts on the nature of close and varying species. Good Heavens! to
+think of the British botanists turning up their noses, and saying that
+he knows nothing of British plants! I was also pleased at his remarks on
+classification, because it showed me that I wrote truly on this subject
+in the 'Origin.' I saw Bentham at the Linnean Society, and had some
+talk with him and Lubbock, and Edgeworth, Wallich, and several others. I
+asked Bentham to give us his ideas of species; whether partially with us
+or dead against us, he would write EXCELLENT matter. He made no answer,
+but his manner made me think he might do so if urged; so do you attack
+him. Every one was speaking with affection and anxiety of Henslow.
+(Prof. Henslow was in his last illness.) I dined with Bell at the
+Linnean Club, and liked my dinner... Dining out is such a novelty to
+me that I enjoyed it. Bell has a real good heart. I liked Rolleston's
+paper, but I never read anything so obscure and not sel-evident as his
+'Canons.' (George Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., 1829-1881. Linacre Professor
+of Anatomy and Physiology at Oxford. A man of much learning, who left
+but few published works, among which may be mentioned his handbook
+'Forms of Animal Life.' For the 'Canons,' see 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861,
+page 206.)... I called on R. Chambers, at his very nice house in St.
+John's Wood, and had a very pleasant half-hour's talk; he is really a
+capital fellow. He made one good remark and chuckled over it, that
+the laymen universally had treated the controversy on the 'Essays and
+Reviews' as a merely professional subject, and had not joined in it, but
+had left it to the clergy. I shall be anxious for your next letter about
+Henslow. (Sir Joseph Hooker was Prof. Henslow's son-in-law.) Farewell,
+with sincere sympathy, my old friend,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--We are very much obliged for the 'London Review.' We like
+reading much of it, and the science is incomparably better than in the
+"Athenaeum". You shall not go on very long sending it, as you will be
+ruined by pennies and trouble, but I am under a horrid spell to the
+"Athenaeum" and the "Gardener's Chronicle", but I have taken them in for
+so many years, that I CANNOT give them up.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Lyell's visit to the Biddenham gravel-pits
+near Bedford in April 1861. The visit was made at the invitation of Mr.
+James Wyatt, who had recently discovered two stone implements "at
+the depth of thirteen feet from the surface of the soil," resting
+"immediately on solid beds of oolitic-limestone." ('Antiquity of Man,'
+fourth edition, page 214.) Here, says Sir C. Lyell, "I... for the first
+time, saw evidence which satisfied me of the chronological relations of
+those three phenomena--the antique tools, the extinct mammalia, and the
+glacial formation."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 12 [1861].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been most deeply interested by your letter. You seem to have done
+the grandest work, and made the greatest step, of any one with respect
+to man.
+
+It is an especial relief to hear that you think the French superficial
+deposits are deltoid and semi-marine; but two days ago I was saying to
+a friend, that the unknown manner of the accumulation of these deposits,
+seemed the great blot in all the work done. I could not stomach debacles
+or lacustrine beds. It is grand. I remember Falconer told me that he
+thought some of the remains in the Devonshire caverns were pre-glacial,
+and this, I presume, is now your conclusion for the older celts with
+hyena and hippopotamus. It is grand. What a fine long pedigree you have
+given the human race!
+
+I am sure I never thought of parallel roads having been accumulated
+during subsidence. I think I see some difficulties on this view, though,
+at first reading your note, I jumped at the idea. But I will think over
+all I saw there. I am (stomacho volente) coming up to London on Tuesday
+to work on cocks and hens, and on Wednesday morning, about a quarter
+before ten, I will call on you (unless I hear to the contrary), for I
+long to see you. I congratulate you on your grand work.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Tell Lady Lyell that I was unable to digest the funereal
+ceremonies of the ants, notwithstanding that Erasmus has often told me
+that I should find some day that they have their bishops. After a battle
+I have always seen the ants carry away the dead for food. Ants display
+the utmost economy, and always carry away a dead fellow-creature as
+food. But I have just forwarded two most extraordinary letters to Busk,
+from a backwoodsman in Texas, who has evidently watched ants carefully,
+and declares most positively that they plant and cultivate a kind of
+grass for store food, and plant other bushes for shelter! I do not
+know what to think, except that the old gentleman is not fibbing
+intentionally. I have left the responsibility with Busk whether or no to
+read the letters. (I.e. to read them before the Linnean Society.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON. (Thomas Davidson, F.R.S., born
+in Edinburgh, May 17, 1817; died 1885. His researches were chiefly
+connected with the sciences of geology and palaeontology, and
+were directed especially to the elucidation of the characters,
+classification, history, geological and geographical distribution
+of recent and fossil Brachiopoda. On this subject he brought out an
+important work, 'British Fossil Brachiopoda,' 5 vols. 4to. (Cooper, 'Men
+of the Time,' 1884.)) Down, April 26, 1861.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will excuse me for venturing to make a suggestion to
+you which I am perfectly well aware it is a very remote chance that you
+would adopt. I do not know whether you have read my 'Origin of
+Species'; in that book I have made the remark, which I apprehend will
+be universally admitted, that AS A WHOLE, the fauna of any formation
+is intermediate in character between that of the formations above and
+below. But several really good judges have remarked to me how desirable
+it would be that this should be exemplified and worked out in some
+detail and with some single group of beings. Now every one will admit
+that no one in the world could do this better than you with Brachiopods.
+The result might turn out very unfavourable to the views which I
+hold; if so, so much the better for those who are opposed to me. ("Mr.
+Davidson is not at all a full believer in great changes of species,
+which will make his work all the more valuable.--C. Darwin to R.
+Chambers (April 30, 1861).) But I am inclined to suspect that on the
+whole it would be favourable to the notion of descent with modification;
+for about a year ago, Mr. Salter (John William Salter; 1820- 1869. He
+entered the service of the Geological Survey in 1846, and ultimately
+became its Palaeontologist, on the retirement of Edward Forbes, and
+gave up the office in 1863. He was associated with several well-known
+naturalists in their work--with Sedgwick, Murchison, Lyell, Ramsay,
+and Huxley. There are sixty entries under his name in the Royal Society
+Catalogue. The above facts are taken from an obituary notice of Mr.
+Salter in the 'Geological Magazine,' 1869.) in the Museum in Jermyn
+Street, glued on a board some Spirifers, etc., from three palaeozoic
+stages, and arranged them in single and branching lines, with horizontal
+lines marking the formations (like the diagram in my book, if you
+know it), and the result seemed to me very striking, though I was too
+ignorant fully to appreciate the lines of affinities. I longed to have
+had these shells engraved, as arranged by Mr. Salter, and connected by
+dotted lines, and would have gladly paid the expense: but I could not
+persuade Mr. Salter to publish a little paper on the subject. I can
+hardly doubt that many curious points would occur to any one thoroughly
+instructed in the subject, who would consider a group of beings under
+this point of view of descent with modification. All those forms which
+have come down from an ancient period very slightly modified ought,
+I think, to be omitted, and those forms alone considered which have
+undergone considerable change at each successive epoch. My fear
+is whether brachiopods have changed enough. The absolute amount of
+difference of the forms in such groups at the opposite extremes of time
+ought to be considered, and how far the early forms are intermediate in
+character between those which appeared much later in time. The antiquity
+of a group is not really diminished, as some seem vaguely to think,
+because it has transmitted to the present day closely allied forms.
+Another point is how far the succession of each genus is unbroken, from
+the first time it appeared to its extinction, with due allowance made
+for formations poor in fossils. I cannot but think that an important
+essay (far more important than a hundred literary reviews) might be
+written by one like yourself, and without very great labour. I know it
+is highly probable that you may not have leisure, or not care for, or
+dislike the subject, but I trust to your kindness to forgive me for
+making this suggestion. If by any extraordinary good fortune you were
+inclined to take up this notion, I would ask you to read my Chapter X.
+on Geological Succession. And I should like in this case to be permitted
+to send you a copy of the new edition, just published, in which I have
+added and corrected somewhat in Chapters IX. and X.
+
+Pray excuse this long letter, and believe me, My dear Sir, yours very
+faithfully, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I write so bad a hand that I have had this note copied.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON. Down, April 30, 1861.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you warmly for your letter; I did not in the least know that you
+had attended to my work. I assure you that the attention which you have
+paid to it, considering your knowledge and the philosophical tone of
+your mind (for I well remember one remarkable letter you wrote to me,
+and have looked through your various publications), I consider one
+of the highest, perhaps the very highest, compliments which I have
+received. I live so solitary a life that I do not often hear what goes
+on, and I should much like to know in what work you have published some
+remarks on my book. I take a deep interest in the subject, and I hope
+not simply an egotistical interest; therefore you may believe how much
+your letter has gratified me; I am perfectly contented if any one
+will fairly consider the subject, whether or not he fully or only
+very slightly agrees with me. Pray do not think that I feel the least
+surprise at your demurring to a ready acceptance; in fact, I should
+not much respect anyone's judgment who did so: that is, if I may judge
+others from the long time which it has taken me to go round. Each stage
+of belief cost me years. The difficulties are, as you say, many and very
+great; but the more I reflect, the more they seem to me to be due to our
+underestimating our ignorance. I belong so much to old times that I find
+that I weigh the difficulties from the imperfection of the geological
+record, heavier than some of the younger men. I find, to my astonishment
+and joy, that such good men as Ramsay, Jukes, Geikie, and one old
+worker, Lyell, do not think that I have in the least exaggerated the
+imperfection of the record. (Professor Sedgwick treated this part of the
+'Origin of Species' very differently, as might have been expected from
+his vehement objection to Evolution in general. In the article in the
+"Spectator" of March 24, 1860, already noticed, Sedgwick wrote: "We know
+the complicated organic phenomena of the Mesozoic (or Oolitic) period.
+It defies the transmutationist at every step. Oh! but the document, says
+Darwin, is a fragment; I will interpolate long periods to account for
+all the changes. I say, in reply, if you deny my conclusion, grounded
+on positive evidence, I toss back your conclusion, derived from negative
+evidence,--the inflated cushion on which you try to bolster up the
+defects of your hypothesis." [The punctuation of the imaginary dialogue
+is slightly altered from the original, which is obscure in one place.])
+If my views ever are proved true, our current geological views will have
+to be considerably modified. My greatest trouble is, not being able
+to weigh the direct effects of the long-continued action of changed
+conditions of life without any selection, with the action of selection
+on mere accidental (so to speak) variability. I oscillate much on this
+head, but generally return to my belief that the direct action of the
+conditions of life has not been great. At least this direct action can
+have played an extremely small part in producing all the numberless
+and beautiful adaptations in every living creature. With respect to
+a person's belief, what does rather surprise me is that any one (like
+Carpenter) should be willing TO GO SO VERY FAR as to believe that all
+birds may have descended from one parent, and not go a little farther
+and include all the members of the same great division; for on such a
+scale of belief, all the facts in Morphology and in Embryology (the
+most important in my opinion of all subjects) become mere Divine
+mockeries... I cannot express how profoundly glad I am that some day you
+will publish your theoretical view on the modification and endurance of
+Brachiopodous species; I am sure it will be a most valuable contribution
+to knowledge.
+
+Pray forgive this very egotistical letter, but you yourself are partly
+to blame for having pleased me so much. I have told Murray to send a
+copy of my new edition to you, and have written your name.
+
+With cordial thanks, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In Mr. Davidson's Monograph on British Brachiopoda, published shortly
+afterwards by the Palaeontographical Society, results such as my father
+anticipated were to some extent obtained. "No less than fifteen commonly
+received species are demonstrated by Mr. Davidson by the aid of a
+long series of transitional forms to appertain to... one type." "Lyell,
+'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 428.)
+
+In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, my father had a good
+deal of correspondence with Professor Asa Gray on a subject to which
+reference has already been made--the publication in the form of a
+pamphlet, of Professor Gray's three articles in the July, August,
+and October numbers of the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 1860. The pamphlet was
+published by Messrs. Trubner, with reference to whom my father wrote,
+"Messrs. Trubner have been most liberal and kind, and say they shall
+make no charge for all their trouble. I have settled about a few
+advertisements, and they will gratuitously insert one in their own
+periodicals."
+
+The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's
+'Darwiniana,' page 87, under the title "Natural Selection not
+inconsistent with Natural Theology." The pamphlet found many admirers
+among those most capable of judging of its merits, and my father
+believed that it was of much value in lessening opposition, and making
+converts to Evolution. His high opinion of it is shown not only in his
+letters, but by the fact that he inserted a special notice of it in a
+most prominent place in the third edition of the 'Origin.' Lyell, among
+others, recognised its value as an antidote to the kind of criticism
+from which the cause of Evolution suffered. Thus my father wrote to Dr.
+Gray:--"Just to exemplify the use of your pamphlet, the Bishop of London
+was asking Lyell what he thought of the review in the 'Quarterly,' and
+Lyell answered, 'Read Asa Gray in the 'Atlantic.'". It comes out very
+clearly that in the case of such publications as Dr. Gray's, my father
+did not rejoice over the success of his special view of Evolution, viz.
+that modification is mainly due to Natural Selection; on the contrary,
+he felt strongly that the really important point was that the doctrine
+of Descent should be accepted. Thus he wrote to Professor Gray (May 11,
+1863), with reference to Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man':--
+
+"You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he
+declines to be a judge... I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had
+pronounced against me. When I say 'me,' I only mean CHANGE OF SPECIES
+BY DESCENT. That seems to me the turning-point. Personally, of course,
+I care much about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly
+unimportant, compared to the question of Creation OR Modification."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 11 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I was very glad to get your photograph: I am expecting mine, which I
+will send off as soon as it comes. It is an ugly affair, and I fear the
+fault does not lie with the photographer... Since writing last, I have
+had several letters full of the highest commendation of your Essay; all
+agree that it is by far the best thing written, and I do not doubt it
+has done the 'Origin' much good. I have not yet heard how it has sold.
+You will have seen a review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". Poor dear
+Henslow, to whom I owe much, is dying, and Hooker is with him. Many
+thanks for two sets of sheets of your Proceedings. I cannot understand
+what Agassiz is driving at. You once spoke, I think, of Professor Bowen
+as a very clever man. I should have thought him a singularly unobservant
+man from his writings. He never can have seen much of animals, or he
+would have seen the difference of old and wise dogs and young ones.
+His paper about hereditariness beats everything. Tell a breeder that
+he might pick out his worst INDIVIDUAL animals and breed from them, and
+hope to win a prize, and he would think you... insane.
+
+
+[Professor Henslow died on May 16, 1861, from a complication of
+bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, and enlargement of the heart. His
+strong constitution was slow in giving way, and he lingered for weeks
+in a painful condition of weakness, knowing that his end was near,
+and looking at death with fearless eyes. In Mr. Blomefield's (Jenyns)
+'Memoir of Henslow' (1862) is a dignified and touching description
+of Prof. Sedgwick's farewell visit to his old friend. Sedgwick said
+afterwards that he had never seen "a human being whose soul was nearer
+heaven."
+
+My father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker on hearing of Henslow's death, "I
+fully believe a better man never walked this earth."
+
+He gave his impressions of Henslow's character in Mr. Blomefield's
+'Memoir.' In reference to these recollections he wrote to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (May 30, 1861):--
+
+"This morning I wrote my recollections and impressions of character
+of poor dear Henslow about the year 1830. I liked the job, and so have
+written four or five pages, now being copied. I do not suppose you will
+use all, of course you can chop and change as much as you like. If more
+than a sentence is used, I should like to see a proof-page, as I never
+can write decently till I see it in print. Very likely some of my
+remarks may appear too trifling, but I thought it best to give my
+thoughts as they arose, for you or Jenyns to use as you think fit.
+
+"You will see that I have exceeded your request, but, as I said when
+I began, I took pleasure in writing my impression of his admirable
+character."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 5 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have been rather extra busy, so have been slack in answering your note
+of May 6th. I hope you have received long ago the third edition of the
+'Origin.'... I have heard nothing from Trubner of the sale of your Essay,
+hence fear it has not been great; I wrote to say you could supply
+more. I send a copy to Sir J. Herschel, and in his new edition of his
+'Physical Geography' he has a note on the 'Origin of Species,'
+and agrees, to a certain limited extent, but puts in a caution on
+design--much like yours... I have been led to think more on this subject
+of late, and grieve to say that I come to differ more from you. It is
+not that designed variation makes, as it seems to me, my deity "Natural
+Selection" superfluous, but rather from studying, lately, domestic
+variation, and seeing what an enormous field of undesigned variability
+there is ready for natural selection to appropriate for any purpose
+useful to each creature.
+
+I thank you much for sending me your review of Phillips. ('Life on the
+Earth,' 1860.) I remember once telling you a lot of trades which you
+ought to have followed, but now I am convinced that you are a born
+reviewer. By Jove, how well and often you hit the nail on the head! You
+rank Phillips's book higher than I do, or than Lyell does, who thinks it
+fearfully retrograde. I amused myself by parodying Phillips's argument
+as applied to domestic variation; and you might thus prove that the
+duck or pigeon has not varied because the goose has not, though more
+anciently domesticated, and no good reason can be assigned why it has
+not produced many varieties ...
+
+I never knew the newspapers so profoundly interesting. North America
+does not do England justice; I have not seen or heard of a soul who is
+not with the North. Some few, and I am one of them, even wish to God,
+though at the loss of millions of lives, that the North would proclaim a
+crusade against slavery. In the long-run, a million horrid deaths would
+be amply repaid in the cause of humanity. What wonderful times we live
+in! Massachusetts seems to show noble enthusiasm. Great God! How I
+should like to see the greatest curse on earth--slavery--abolished!
+
+Farewell. Hooker has been absorbed with poor dear revered Henslow's
+affairs. Farewell.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+HUGH FALCONER TO CHARLES DARWIN. 31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me a live Proteus
+anguinus, designed for you from the moment I got it; i.e. if you have
+got an aquarium and would care to have it. I only returned last night
+from the continent, and hearing from your brother that you are about
+to go to Torquay, I lose no time in making you the offer. The poor
+dear animal is still alive--although it has had no appreciable means
+of sustenance for a month--and I am most anxious to get rid of the
+responsibility of starving it longer. In your hands it will thrive and
+have a fair chance of being developed without delay into some type of
+the Columbidae--say a Pouter or a Tumbler.
+
+My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+Germany lately. Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+essay canvassed--the views of course often dissented from, according to
+the special bias of the speaker--but the work, its honesty of purpose,
+grandeur of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous
+exposition, always referred to in terms of the highest admiration. And
+among your warmest friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just
+appreciation of Charles Darwin than did
+
+Yours very truly, H. FALCONER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER. Down [June 24, 1861].
+
+My dear Falconer,
+
+I have just received your note, and by good luck a day earlier than
+properly, and I lose not a moment in answering you, and thanking you
+heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I have no aquarium
+and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a thousand pities
+that I should have it. Yet I should certainly much like to see it, but
+I fear it is impossible. Would not the Zoological Society be the best
+place? and then the interest which many would take in this extraordinary
+animal would repay you for your trouble.
+
+Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this
+specimen, to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen. I
+shall keep your note amongst a very few precious letters. Your kindness
+has quite touched me.
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. 2 Hesketh Crescent, Torquay, July 13
+[1861].
+
+... I hope Harvey is better; I got his review (The 'Dublin Hospital
+Gazette,' May 15, 1861. The passage referred to is at page 150.) of me
+a day or two ago, from which I infer he must be convalescent; it's very
+good and fair; but it is funny to see a man argue on the succession
+of animals from Noah's Deluge; as God did not then wholly destroy man,
+probably he did not wholly destroy the races of other animals at each
+geological period! I never expected to have a helping hand from the Old
+Testament...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 2, Hesketh Crescent, Torquay, July 20
+[1861].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I sent you two or three days ago a duplicate of a good review of the
+'Origin' by a Mr. Maw (Mr. George Maw, of Benthall Hall. The review was
+published in the 'Zoologist,' July, 1861. On the back of my father's
+copy is written, "Must be consulted before new edit. of 'Origin'"--words
+which are wanting on many more pretentious notices, on which frequently
+occur my father's brief o/-, or "nothing new."), evidently a thoughtful
+man, as I thought you might like to have it, as you have so many...
+
+This is quite a charming place, and I have actually walked, I believe,
+good two miles out and back, which is a grand feat.
+
+I saw Mr. Pengelly (William Pengelly, the geologist, and well-known
+explorer of the Devonshire caves.) the other day, and was pleased at his
+enthusiasm. I do not in the least know whether you are in London. Your
+illness must have lost you much time, but I hope you have nearly got
+your great job of the new edition finished. You must be very busy, if
+in London, so I will be generous, and on honour bright do not expect any
+answer to this dull little note...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 17 [1861?].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your very long and interesting letter,
+political and scientific, of August 27th and 29th, and September 2nd
+received this morning. I agree with much of what you say, and I hope
+to God we English are utterly wrong in doubting (1) whether the N. can
+conquer the S.; (2) whether the N. has many friends in the South, and
+(3) whether you noble men of Massachusetts are right in transferring
+your own good feelings to the men of Washington. Again I say I hope to
+God we are wrong in doubting on these points. It is number (3) which
+alone causes England not to be enthusiastic with you. What it may be in
+Lancashire I know not, but in S. England cotton has nothing whatever
+to do with our doubts. If abolition does follow with your victory, the
+whole world will look brighter in my eyes, and in many eyes. It would be
+a great gain even to stop the spread of slavery into the Territories;
+if that be possible without abolition, which I should have doubted. You
+ought not to wonder so much at England's coldness, when you recollect
+at the commencement of the war how many propositions were made to get
+things back to the old state with the old line of latitude, but enough
+of this, all I can say is that Massachusetts and the adjoining States
+have the full sympathy of every good man whom I see; and this sympathy
+would be extended to the whole Federal States, if we could be persuaded
+that your feelings were at all common to them. But enough of this. It
+is out of my line, though I read every word of news, and formerly well
+studied Olmsted...
+
+Your question what would convince me of Design is a poser. If I saw an
+angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others
+seeing him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. If I could be
+convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function
+of other imponderable force, I should be convinced. If man was made of
+brass or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had
+ever lived, I should perhaps be convinced. But this is childish writing.
+
+I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your
+idea of the stream of variation having been led or designed. I have
+asked him (and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether
+he believes that the shape of my nose was designed. If he does I have
+nothing more to say. If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting
+individual differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that
+it is illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection
+preserves for the good of any being have been designed. But I know that
+I am in the same sort of muddle (as I have said before) as all the world
+seems to be in with respect to free will, yet with everything supposed
+to have been foreseen or pre-ordained.
+
+Farewell, my dear Gray, with many thanks for your interesting letter.
+
+Your unmerciful correspondent. C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, December 3 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your extremely interesting letter, and valuable
+references, though God knows when I shall come again to this part of
+my subject. One cannot of course judge of style when one merely hears
+a paper (On Mimetic Butterflies, read before the Linnean Soc., November
+21, 1861. For my father's opinion of it when published, see below.), but
+yours seemed to me very clear and good. Believe me that I estimate its
+value most highly. Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced
+(Hooker and Huxley took the same view some months ago) that a
+philosophic view of nature can solely be driven into naturalists by
+treating special subjects as you have done. Under a special point of
+view, I think you have solved one of the most perplexing problems which
+could be given to solve. I am glad to hear from Hooker that the Linnean
+Society will give plates if you can get drawings...
+
+Do not complain of want of advice during your travels; I dare say
+part of your great originality of views may be due to the necessity of
+sel-exertion of thought. I can understand that your reception at the
+British Museum would damp you; they are a very good set of men, but not
+the sort to appreciate your work. In fact I have long thought that TOO
+MUCH systematic work [and] description somehow blunts the faculties. The
+general public appreciates a good dose of reasoning, or generalisation,
+with new and curious remarks on habits, final causes, etc. etc., far
+more than do the regular naturalists.
+
+I am extremely glad to hear that you have begun your travels... I am very
+busy, but I shall be TRULY glad to render any aid which I can by reading
+your first chapter or two. I do not think I shall be able to correct
+style, for this reason, that after repeated trials I find I cannot
+correct my own style till I see the MS. in type. Some are born with a
+power of good writing, like Wallace; others like myself and Lyell have
+to labour very hard and slowly at every sentence. I find it a very good
+plan, when I cannot get a difficult discussion to please me, to fancy
+that some one comes into the room and asks me what I am doing; and then
+try at once and explain to the imaginary person what it is all about. I
+have done this for one paragraph to myself several times, and sometimes
+to Mrs. Darwin, till I see how the subject ought to go. It is, I think,
+good to read one's MS. aloud. But style to me is a great difficulty;
+yet some good judges think I have succeeded, and I say this to encourage
+you.
+
+What I THINK I can do will be to tell you whether parts had better be
+shortened. It is good, I think, to dash "in media res," and work in
+later any descriptions of country or any historical details which may
+be necessary. Murray likes lots of wood-cuts--give some by all means
+of ants. The public appreciate monkeys--our poor cousins. What sexual
+differences are there in monkeys? Have you kept them tame? if so, about
+their expression. I fear that you will hardly read my vile hand-writing,
+but I cannot without killing trouble write better.
+
+You shall have my candid opinion on your MS., but remember it is hard to
+judge from MS., one reads slowly, and heavy parts seem much heavier. A
+first-rate judge thought my Journal very poor; now that it is in print,
+I happen to know, he likes it. I am sure you will understand why I am so
+egotistical.
+
+I was a LITTLE disappointed in Wallace's book ('Travels on the Amazon
+and Rio Negro,' 1853.) on the Amazon; hardly facts enough. On the other
+hand, in Gosse's book (Probably the 'Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica,'
+1851.) there is not reasoning enough to my taste. Heaven knows whether
+you will care to read all this scribbling...
+
+I am glad you had a pleasant day with Hooker (In a letter to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (December 1861), my father wrote: "I am very glad to hear that
+you like Bates. I have seldom in my life been more struck with a man's
+power of mind."), he is an admirably good man in every sense.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter to Mr. Bates on the same subject
+is interesting as giving an idea of the plan followed by my father in
+writing his 'Naturalist's Voyage:'
+
+"As an old hackneyed author, let me give you a bit of advice, viz.
+to strike out every word which is not quite necessary to the current
+subject, and which could not interest a stranger. I constantly asked
+myself, would a stranger care for this? and struck out or left in
+accordingly. I think too much pains cannot be taken in making the style
+transparently clear and throwing eloquence to the dogs."
+
+Mr. Bates's book, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' was published in
+1865, but the following letter may be given here rather than in its due
+chronological position:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, April 18, 1863.
+
+Dear Bates,
+
+I have finished volume i. My criticisms may be condensed into a single
+sentence, namely, that it is the best work of Natural History Travels
+ever published in England. Your style seems to me admirable. Nothing can
+be better than the discussion on the struggle for existence, and nothing
+better than the description of the Forest scenery. (In a letter to Lyell
+my father wrote: "He [i.e. Mr. Bates] is second only to Humboldt in
+describing a tropical forest.") It is a grand book, and whether or not
+it sells quickly, it will last. You have spoken out boldly on
+Species; and boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer. How
+beautifully illustrated it is. The cut on the back is most tasteful. I
+heartily congratulate you on its publication.
+
+The "Athenaeum" ("I have read the first volume of Bates's Book; it is
+capital, and I think the best Natural History Travels ever published in
+England. He is bold about Species, etc., and the "Athenaeum" coolly
+says 'he bends his facts' for this purpose."--(From a letter to Sir J.D.
+Hooker.)) was rather cold, as it always is, and insolent in the highest
+degree about your leading facts. Have you seen the "Reader"? I can send
+it to you if you have not seen it...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 11 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Many and cordial thanks for your two last most valuable notes. What a
+thing it is that when you receive this we may be at war, and we two be
+bound, as good patriots, to hate each other, though I shall find this
+hating you very hard work. How curious it is to see two countries, just
+like two angry and silly men, taking so opposite a view of the same
+transaction! I fear there is no shadow of doubt we shall fight if the
+two Southern rogues are not given up. (The Confederate Commissioners
+Slidell and Mason were forcibly removed from the "Trent", a West India
+mail steamer on November 8, 1861. The news that the U.S. agreed to
+release them reached England on January 8, 1862.) And what a wretched
+thing it will be if we fight on the side of slavery. No doubt it will be
+said that we fight to get cotton; but I fully believe that this has not
+entered into the motive in the least. Well, thank Heaven, we private
+individuals have nothing to do with so awful a responsibility. Again,
+how curious it is that you seem to think that you can conquer the South;
+and I never meet a soul, even those who would most wish it, who thinks
+it possible--that is, to conquer and retain it. I do not suppose the
+mass of people in your country will believe it, but I feel sure if we
+do go to war it will be with the utmost reluctance by all classes,
+Ministers of Government and all. Time will show, and it is no use
+writing or thinking about it. I called the other day on Dr. Boott, and
+was pleased to find him pretty well and cheerful. I see, by the way, he
+takes quite an English opinion of American affairs, though an American
+in heart. (Dr. Boott was born in the U.S.) Buckle might write a chapter
+on opinion being entirely dependent on longitude!
+
+... With respect to Design, I feel more inclined to show a white flag
+than to fire my usual long-range shot. I like to try and ask you a
+puzzling question, but when you return the compliment I have great
+doubts whether it is a fair way of arguing. If anything is designed,
+certainly man must be: one's "inner consciousness" (though a false
+guide) tells one so; yet I cannot admit that man's rudimentary
+mammae... were designed. If I was to say I believed this, I should
+believe it in the same incredible manner as the orthodox believe the
+Trinity in Unity. You say that you are in a haze; I am in thick mud; the
+orthodox would say in fetid, abominable mud; yet I cannot keep out of
+the question. My dear Gray, I have written a deal of nonsense.
+
+Yours most cordially, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+1862.
+
+[Owing to the illness from scarlet fever of one of his boys, he took
+a house at Bournemouth in the autumn. He wrote to Dr. Gray from
+Southampton (August 21, 1862):--
+
+"We are a wretched family, and ought to be exterminated. We slept here
+to rest our poor boy on his journey to Bournemouth, and my poor dear
+wife sickened with scarlet fever, and has had it pretty sharply, but is
+recovering well. There is no end of trouble in this weary world. I shall
+not feel safe till we are all at home together, and when that will be I
+know not. But it is foolish complaining."
+
+
+Dr. Gray used to send postage stamps to the scarlet fever patient; with
+regard to this good-natured deed my father wrote--
+
+"I must just recur to stamps; my little man has calculated that he
+will now have 6 stamps which no other boy in the school has. Here is a
+triumph. Your last letter was plaistered with many coloured stamps, and
+he long surveyed the envelope in bed with much quiet satisfaction."
+
+
+The greater number of the letters of 1862 deal with the Orchid work, but
+the wave of conversion to Evolution was still spreading, and reviews and
+letters bearing on the subject still came in numbers. As an example
+of the odd letters he received may be mentioned one which arrived in
+January of this year "from a German homoeopathic doctor, an ardent
+admirer of the 'Origin.' Had himself published nearly the same sort of
+book, but goes much deeper. Explains the origin of plants and animals on
+the principles of homoeopathy or by the law of spirality. Book fell dead
+in Germany. Therefore would I translate it and publish it in England."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, [January?] 14 [1862].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I am heartily glad of your success in the North (This refers to two of
+Mr. Huxley's lectures, given before the Philosophical Institution of
+Edinburgh in 1862. The substance of them is given in 'Man's Place
+in Nature.'), and thank you for your note and slip. By Jove you have
+attacked Bigotry in its stronghold. I thought you would have been
+mobbed. I am so glad that you will publish your Lectures. You seem
+to have kept a due medium between extreme boldness and caution. I am
+heartily glad that all went off so well. I hope Mrs. Huxley is pretty
+well... I must say one word on the Hybrid question. No doubt you are
+right that here is a great hiatus in the argument; yet I think you
+overrate it--you never allude to the excellent evidence of VARIETIES of
+Verbascum and Nicotiana being partially sterile together. It is curious
+to me to read (as I have to-day) the greatest crossing GARDENER utterly
+pooh-poohing the distinction which BOTANISTS make on this head, and
+insisting how frequently crossed VARIETIES produce sterile offspring. Do
+oblige me by reading the latter half of my Primula paper in the 'Linn.
+Journal,' for it leads me to suspect that sterility will hereafter have
+to be largely viewed as an acquired or SELECTED character--a view which
+I wish I had had facts to maintain in the 'Origin.' (The view here given
+will be discussed in the chapter on hetero-styled plants.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 25 [1862].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Many thanks for your last Sunday's letter, which was one of the
+pleasantest I ever received in my life. We are all pretty well
+redivivus, and I am at work again. I thought it best to make a clean
+breast to Asa Gray; and told him that the Boston dinner, etc. etc., had
+quite turned my stomach, and that I almost thought it would be good for
+the peace of the world if the United States were split up; on the
+other hand, I said that I groaned to think of the slave-holders being
+triumphant, and that the difficulties of making a line of separation
+were fearful. I wonder what he will say... Your notion of the Aristocrat
+being kenspeckle, and the best men of a good lot being thus easily
+selected is new to me, and striking. The 'Origin' having made you in
+fact a jolly old Tory, made us all laugh heartily. I have sometimes
+speculated on this subject; primogeniture (My father had a strong
+feeling as to the injustice of primogeniture, and in a similar spirit
+was often indignant over the unfair wills that appear from time to time.
+He would declare energetically that if he were law-giver no will should
+be valid that was not published in the testator's lifetime; and this he
+maintained would prevent much of the monstrous injustice and meanness
+apparent in so many wills.) is dreadfully opposed to selection; suppose
+the first-born bull was necessarily made by each farmer the begetter
+of his stock! On the other hand, as you say, ablest men are continually
+raised to the peerage, and get crossed with the older Lord-breeds, and
+the Lords continually select the most beautiful and charming women out
+of the lower ranks; so that a good deal of indirect selection improves
+the Lords. Certainly I agree with you the present American row has
+a very Torifying influence on us all. I am very glad to hear you are
+beginning to print the 'Genera;' it is a wonderful satisfaction to be
+thus brought to bed, indeed it is one's chief satisfaction, I think,
+though one knows that another bantling will soon be developing...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MAXWELL MASTERS. (Dr. Masters is a well-known
+vegetable teratologist, and has been for many years the editor of the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle".) Down, February 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am much obliged to you for sending me your article (Refers to a paper
+on "Vegetable Morphology," by Dr. Masters, in the 'British and Foreign
+Medic-Chirurgical Review' for 1862), which I have just read with much
+interest. The history, and a good deal besides, was quite new to me. It
+seems to me capitally done, and so clearly written. You really ought to
+write your larger work. You speak too generously of my book; but I must
+confess that you have pleased me not a little; for no one, as far as I
+know, has ever remarked on what I say on classification--a part, which
+when I wrote it, pleased me. With many thanks to you for sending me your
+article, pray believe me,
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of this year (1862) my father read the second volume of
+Buckle's 'History of Civilisation." The following strongly expressed
+opinion about it may be worth quoting:--
+
+"Have you read Buckle's second volume? It has interested me greatly;
+I do not care whether his views are right or wrong, but I should think
+they contained much truth. There is a noble love of advancement and
+truth throughout; and to my taste he is the very best writer of the
+English language that ever lived, let the other be who he may."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, March 15 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Thanks for the newspapers (though they did contain digs at England),
+and for your note of February 18th. It is really almost a pleasure to
+receive stabs from so smooth, polished, and sharp a dagger as your
+pen. I heartily wish I could sympathise more fully with you, instead of
+merely hating the South. We cannot enter into your feelings; if Scotland
+were to rebel, I presume we should be very wrath, but I do not think we
+should care a penny what other nations thought. The millennium must come
+before nations love each other; but try and do not hate me. Think of me,
+if you will as a poor blinded fool. I fear the dreadful state of affairs
+must dull your interest in Science...
+
+I believe that your pamphlet has done my book GREAT good; and I thank
+you from my heart for myself; and believing that the views are in large
+part true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn.
+Natural Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and
+on the Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French (In
+June, 1862, my father wrote to Dr. Gray: "I received, 2 or 3 days ago, a
+French translation of the 'Origin,' by a Madlle. Royer, who must be one
+of the cleverest and oddest women in Europe: is an ardent Deist, and
+hates Christianity, and declares that natural selection and the struggle
+for life will explain all morality, nature of man, politics, etc. etc.!
+She makes some very curious and good hits, and says she shall publish
+a book on these subjects." Madlle. Royer added foot-notes to her
+translation, and in many places where the author expresses great doubt,
+she explains the difficulty, or points out that no real difficulty
+exists.) one has just appeared. One of the best men, though at present
+unknown, who has taken up these views, is Mr. Bates; pray read his
+'Travels in Amazonia,' when they appear; they will be very good, judging
+from MS. of the first two chapters.
+
+... Again I say, do not hate me.
+
+Ever yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 1 Carlton Terrace, Southampton (The house of
+his son William.), August 22, [1862].
+
+... I heartily hope that you (I.e. 'The Antiquity of Man.') will be out
+in October... you say that the Bishop and Owen will be down on you; the
+latter hardly can, for I was assured that Owen in his Lectures this
+spring advanced as a new idea that wingless birds had lost their wings
+by disuse, also that magpies stole spoons, etc., from a REMNANT of
+some instinct like that of the Bower-Bird, which ornaments its
+playing-passage with pretty feathers. Indeed, I am told that he hinted
+plainly that all birds are descended from one...
+
+Your P.S. touches on, as it seems to me, very difficult points. I am
+glad to see [that] in the 'Origin,' I only say that the naturalists
+generally consider that low organisms vary more than high; and this I
+think certainly is the general opinion. I put the statement this way to
+show that I considered it only an opinion probably true. I must own that
+I do not at all trust even Hooker's contrary opinion, as I feel pretty
+sure that he has not tabulated any result. I have some materials at
+home, I think I attempted to make this point out, but cannot remember
+the result.
+
+Mere variability, though the necessary foundation of all modifications,
+I believe to be almost always present, enough to allow of any amount of
+selected change; so that it does not seem to me at all incompatible
+that a group which at any one period (or during all successive periods)
+varies less, should in the long course of time have undergone more
+modification than a group which is generally more variable.
+
+Placental animals, e.g. might be at each period less variable than
+Marsupials, and nevertheless have undergone more DIFFERENTIATION and
+development than marsupials, owing to some advantage, probably brain
+development.
+
+I am surprised, but do not pretend to form an opinion at Hooker's
+statement that higher species, genera, etc., are best limited. It seems
+to me a bold statement.
+
+Looking to the 'Origin,' I see that I state that the productions of the
+land seem to change quicker than those of the sea (Chapter X., page 339,
+3d edition), and I add there is some reason to believe that organisms
+considered high in the scale change quicker than those that are low. I
+remember writing these sentences after much deliberation... I remember
+well feeling much hesitation about putting in even the guarded sentences
+which I did. My doubts, I remember, related to the rate of change of
+the Radiata in the Secondary formation, and of the Foraminifera in the
+oldest Tertiary beds...
+
+Good night, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, October 1 [1862].
+
+... I found here (On his return from Bournemouth.) a short and very kind
+note of Falconer, with some pages of his 'Elephant Memoir,' which will
+be published, in which he treats admirably on long persistence of type.
+I thought he was going to make a good and crushing attack on me, but
+to my great satisfaction, he ends by pointing out a loophole, and
+adds (Falconer, "On the American Fossil Elephant," in the 'Nat. Hist.
+Review,' 1863, page 81. The words preceding those cited by my father
+make the meaning of his quotation clearer. The passage begins as
+follows: "The inferences which I draw from these facts are not opposed
+to one of the leading propositions of Darwin's theory. With him," etc.
+etc.) "with him I have no faith that the mammoth and other extinct
+elephants made their appearance suddenly... The most rational view seems
+to be that they are the modified descendants of earlier progenitors,
+etc." This is capital. There will not be soon one good palaeontologist
+who believes in immutability. Falconer does not allow for the
+Proboscidean group being a failing one, and therefore not likely to be
+giving off new races.
+
+He adds that he does not think Natural Selection suffices. I do not
+quite see the force of his argument, and he apparently overlooks that
+I say over and over again that Natural Selection can do nothing without
+variability, and that variability is subject to the most complex fixed
+laws...
+
+
+[In his letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, about the end of this year, are
+occasional notes on the progress of the 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants.' Thus on November 24th he wrote: "I hardly know why I am a
+little sorry, but my present work is leading me to believe rather more
+in the direct action of physical conditions. I presume I regret
+it, because it lessens the glory of natural selection, and is so
+confoundedly doubtful. Perhaps I shall change again when I get all my
+facts under one point of view, and a pretty hard job this will be."
+
+Again, on December 22nd, "To-day I have begun to think of arranging
+my concluding chapters on Inheritance, Reversion, Selection, and such
+things, and am fairly paralyzed how to begin and how to end, and what to
+do, with my huge piles of materials."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 6 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+When your note of October 4th and 13th (chiefly about Max Muller)
+arrived, I was nearly at the end of the same book ('Lectures on the
+Science of Language,' 1st edition 1861.), and had intended recommending
+you to read it. I quite agree that it is extremely interesting, but
+the latter part about the FIRST origin of language much the least
+satisfactory. It is a marvellous problem...[There are] covert sneers at
+me, which he seems to get the better of towards the close of the book.
+I cannot quite see how it will forward "my cause," as you call it; but I
+can see how any one with literary talent (I do not feel up to it) could
+make great use of the subject in illustration. (Language was treated
+in the manner here indicated by Sir C. Lyell in the 'Antiquity of
+Man.' Also by Prof. Schleicher, whose pamphlet was fully noticed in the
+"Reader", February 27, 1864 (as I learn from one of Prof. Huxley's 'Lay
+Sermons').) What pretty metaphors you would make from it! I wish some
+one would keep a lot of the most noisy monkeys, half free, and study
+their means of communication!
+
+A book has just appeared here which will, I suppose, make a noise, by
+Bishop Colenso ('The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined,'
+six parts, 1862-71.), who, judging from extracts, smashes most of the
+Old testament. Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases
+me, though it is very innocent food, viz., Miss Coopers 'Journal of
+a Naturalist.' Who is she? She seems a very clever woman, and gives a
+capital account of the battle between OUR and YOUR weeds. Does it not
+hurt your Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly? I am sure
+Mrs. Gray will stick up for your own weeds. Ask her whether they are not
+more honest, downright good sort of weeds. The book gives an extremely
+pretty picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though
+so much more gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one
+comfort...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, November 20 [1862].
+
+Dear Bates,
+
+I have just finished, after several reads, your paper. (This refers
+to Mr. Bates's paper, "Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazons
+Valley" ('Linn. Soc. Trans.' xxiii., 1862), in which the now familiar
+subject of mimicry was founded. My father wrote a short review of it in
+the 'Natural History Review,' 1863, page 219, parts of which occur in
+this review almost verbatim in the later editions of the 'Origin of
+Species.' A striking passage occurs showing the difficulties of the case
+from a creationist's point of view:--
+
+"By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the
+Amazonian region acquired their deceptive dress? Most naturalists will
+answer that they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation--an
+answer which will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only
+by long-drawn arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an
+effectual bar to all further enquiry. In this particular case, moreover,
+the creationist will meet with special difficulties; for many of the
+mimicking forms of Leptalis can be shown by a graduated series to
+be merely varieties of one species; other mimickers are undoubtedly
+distinct species, or even distinct genera. So again, some of the
+mimicked forms can be shown to be merely varieties; but the greater
+number must be ranked as distinct species. Hence the creationist will
+have to admit that some of these forms have become imitators, by means
+of the laws of variation, whilst others he must look at as separately
+created under their present guise; he will further have to admit that
+some have been created in imitation of forms not themselves created
+as we now see them, but due to the laws of variation? Prof. Agassiz,
+indeed, would think nothing of this difficulty; for he believes that
+not only each species and each variety, but that groups of individuals,
+though identically the same, when inhabiting distinct countries, have
+been all separately created in due proportional numbers to the wants
+of each land. Not many naturalists will be content thus to believe that
+varieties and individuals have been turned out all ready made, almost as
+a manufacturer turns out toys according to the temporary demand of the
+market.") In my opinion it is one of the most remarkable and admirable
+papers I ever read in my life. The mimetic cases are truly marvellous,
+and you connect excellently a host of analogous facts. The illustrations
+are beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it would have saved the
+reader not a little trouble, if the name of each had been engraved below
+each separate figure. No doubt this would have put the engraver into
+fits, as it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate. I am not at
+all surprised at such a paper having consumed much time. I am rejoiced
+that I passed over the whole subject in the 'Origin,' for I should have
+made a precious mess of it. You have most clearly stated and solved a
+wonderful problem. No doubt with most people this will be the cream
+of the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on
+variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete species,
+is not really more, or at least as valuable, a part. I never conceived
+the process nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the creation
+of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the
+pairing of similar varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts
+seems here wanted. Then, again, what a host of curious miscellaneous
+observations there are--as on related sexual and individual variability:
+these will some day, if I live, be a treasure to me.
+
+With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot
+defend themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds,
+therefore they escape by trickery and deception?
+
+I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of
+the paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent
+attention in it to the mimetic resemblances. Your paper is too good to
+be largely appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls;
+but, rely on it, that it will have LASTING value, and I cordially
+congratulate you on your first great work. You will find, I should
+think, that Wallace will fully appreciate it. How gets on your book?
+Keep your spirits up. A book is no light labour. I have been better
+lately, and working hard, but my health is very indifferent. How is your
+health? Believe me, dear Bates,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IV. -- THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS'
+
+1863-1866.
+
+[His book on animals and plants under domestication was my father's
+chief employment in the year 1863. His diary records the length of time
+spent over the composition of its chapters, and shows the rate at which
+he arranged and wrote out for printing the observations and deductions
+of several years.
+
+The three chapters in volume ii. on inheritance, which occupy 84 pages
+of print, were begun in January and finished on April 1st; the five on
+crossing, making 106 pages, were written in eight weeks, while the two
+chapters on selection, covering 57 pages, were begun on June 16th and
+finished on July 20th.
+
+The work was more than once interrupted by ill health, and in September,
+what proved to be the beginning of a six month's illness, forced him
+to leave home for the water-cure at Malvern. He returned in October and
+remained ill and depressed, in spite of the hopeful opinion of one of
+the most cheery and skilful physicians of the day. Thus he wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker in November:--
+
+"Dr. Brinton has been here (recommended by Busk); he does not believe my
+brain or heart are primarily affected, but I have been so steadily going
+down hill, I cannot help doubting whether I can ever crawl a little
+uphill again. Unless I can, enough to work a little, I hope my life
+may be very short, for to lie on a sofa all day and do nothing but
+give trouble to the best and kindest of wives and good dear children is
+dreadful."
+
+The minor works in this year were a short paper in the 'Natural
+History Review' (N.S. vol. iii. page 115), entitled "On the so-called
+'Auditor-Sac' of Cirripedes," and one in the 'Geological Society's
+Journal' (vol. xix), on the "Thickness of the Pampaean Formation
+near Buenos Ayres." The paper on Cirripedes was called forth by
+the criticisms of a German naturalist Krohn (Krohn stated that the
+structures described by my father as ovaries were in reality salivary
+glands, also that the oviduct runs down to the orifice described in the
+'Monograph of the Cirripedia' as the auditory meatus.), and is of some
+interest in illustration of my father's readiness to admit an error.
+
+With regard to the spread of a belief in Evolution, it could not yet be
+said that the battle was won, but the growth of belief was undoubtedly
+rapid. So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley could write to F.D.
+Maurice (Kingsley's 'Life,' ii, page 171.):
+
+"The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and
+fact."
+
+Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating the growing
+tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the 'Origin of
+Species.' He gave a series of lectures to working men at the School of
+Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the shorthand
+notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4 pence each, under
+the title, 'Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature.' When
+published they were read with interest by my father, who thus refers to
+them in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I am very glad you like Huxley's lectures. I have been very much
+struck with them, especially with the 'Philosophy of Induction.' I have
+quarrelled with him for overdoing sterility and ignoring cases from
+Gartner and Kolreuter about sterile varieties. His Geology is obscure;
+and I rather doubt about man's mind and language. But it seems to
+me ADMIRABLY done, and, as you say, "Oh my," about the praise of the
+'Origin.' I can't help liking it, which makes me rather ashamed of
+myself."
+
+My father admired the clearness of exposition shown in the lectures, and
+in the following letter urges their author to make use of his powers for
+the advantage of students:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. November 5 [1864].
+
+I want to make a suggestion to you, but which may probably have occurred
+to you. -- was reading your Lectures and ended by saying, "I wish he
+would write a book." I answered, "he has just written a great book on
+the skull." "I don't call that a book," she replied, and added, "I want
+something that people can read; he does write so well." Now, with your
+ease in writing, and with knowledge at your fingers' ends, do you not
+think you could write a popular Treatise on Zoology? Of course it would
+be some waste of time, but I have been asked more than a dozen times to
+recommend something for a beginner and could only think of Carpenter's
+Zoology. I am sure that a striking Treatise would do real service to
+science by educating naturalists. If you were to keep a portfolio open
+for a couple of years, and throw in slips of paper as subjects crossed
+your mind, you would soon have a skeleton (and that seems to me the
+difficulty) on which to put the flesh and colours in your inimitable
+manner. I believe such a book might have a brilliant success, but I did
+not intend to scribble so much about it.
+
+Give my kindest remembrance to Mrs. Huxley, and tell her I was looking
+at 'Enoch Arden,' and as I know how she admires Tennyson, I must call
+her attention to two sweetly pretty lines (page 105)...
+
+... and he meant, he said he meant, Perhaps he meant, or partly meant,
+you well.
+
+Such a gem as this is enough to make me young again, and like poetry
+with pristine fervour.
+
+My dear Huxley, Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In another letter (January 1865) he returns to the above suggestion,
+though he was in general strongly opposed to men of science giving up to
+the writing of text-books, or to teaching, the time that might otherwise
+have been given to original research.
+
+"I knew there was very little chance of your having time to write a
+popular Treatise on Zoology, but you are about the one man who could do
+it. At the time I felt it would be almost a sin for you to do it, as
+it would of course destroy some original work. On the other hand
+I sometimes think that general and popular treatises are almost as
+important for the progress of science as original work."
+
+
+The series of letters will continue the history of the year 1863.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 3 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am burning with indignation and must exhale... I could not get to sleep
+till past 3 last night for indignation (It would serve no useful purpose
+if I were to go into the matter which so strongly roused my father's
+anger. It was a question of literary dishonesty, in which a friend was
+the sufferer, but which in no way affected himself.)...
+
+Now for pleasanter subjects; we were all amused at your defence of stamp
+collecting and collecting generally... But, by Jove, I can hardly stomach
+a grown man collecting stamps. Who would ever have thought of your
+collecting Wedgwoodware! but that is wholly different, like engravings
+or pictures. We are degenerate descendants of old Josiah W., for we have
+not a bit of pretty ware in the house.
+
+... Notwithstanding the very pleasant reason you give for our not
+enjoying a holiday, namely, that we have no vices, it is a horrid bore.
+I have been trying for health's sake to be idle, with no success. What I
+shall now have to do, will be to erect a tablet in Down Church, "Sacred
+to the Memory, etc.," and officially die, and then publish books, "by
+the late Charles Darwin," for I cannot think what has come over me of
+late; I always suffered from the excitement of talking, but now it has
+become ludicrous. I talked lately 1 1/2 hours (broken by tea by myself)
+with my nephew, and I was [ill] half the night. It is a fearful evil for
+self and family.
+
+Good-night. Ever yours. C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter to Sir Julius von Haast (Sir Julius von Haast was
+a German by birth, but had long been resident in New Zealand. He was,
+in 1862, Government Geologist to the Province of Canterbury.), is an
+example of the sympathy which he felt with the spread and growth of
+science in the colonies. It was a feeling not expressed once only, but
+was frequently present in his mind, and often found utterance. When we,
+at Cambridge, had the satisfaction of receiving Sir J. von Haast into
+our body as a Doctor of Science (July 1886), I had the opportunity of
+hearing from him of the vivid pleasure which this, and other letters
+from my father, gave him. It was pleasant to see how strong had been
+the impression made by my father's warm-hearted sympathy--an impression
+which seemed, after more than twenty years, to be as fresh as when it
+was first received:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS VON HAAST. Down, January 22 [1863].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for sending me your Address and the
+Geological Report. (Address to the 'Philosophical Institute of
+Canterbury (N.Z.).' The "Report" is given in "The New Zealand Government
+Gazette, Province of Canterbury", October 1862.) I have seldom in my
+life read anything more spirited and interesting than your address. The
+progress of your colony makes one proud, and it is really admirable to
+see a scientific institution founded in so young a nation. I thank
+you for the very honourable notice of my 'Origin of Species.' You will
+easily believe how much I have been interested by your striking facts
+on the old glacial period, and I suppose the world might be searched in
+vain for so grand a display of terraces. You have, indeed, a noble
+field for scientific research and discovery. I have been extremely
+much interested by what you say about the tracks of supposed [living]
+mammalia. Might I ask, if you succeed in discovering what the creatures
+are, you would have the great kindness to inform me? Perhaps they may
+turn out something like the Solenhofen bird creature, with its long
+tail and fingers, with claws to its wings! I may mention that in South
+America, in completely uninhabited regions, I found spring rat-traps,
+baited with CHEESE, were very successful in catching the smaller
+mammals. I would venture to suggest to you to urge on some of the
+capable members of your institution to observe annually the rate and
+manner of spreading of European weeds and insects, and especially to
+observe WHAT NATIVE PLANTS MOST FAIL; this latter point has never been
+attended to. Do the introduced hive-bees replace any other insect? etc.
+All such points are, in my opinion, great desiderata in science. What an
+interesting discovery that of the remains of prehistoric man!
+
+Believe me, dear Sir, With the most cordial respect and thanks, Yours
+very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CAMILLE DARESTE. (Professor Dareste is a well-known
+worker in Animal Teratology. He was in 1863 living at Lille, but has
+since then been called to Paris. My father took a special interest in
+Dareste's work on the production of monsters, as bearing on the causes
+of variation.) Down, February 16 [1863].
+
+Dear and respected Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your letter and your pamphlet. I had heard
+(I think in one of M. Quatrefages' books) of your work, and was most
+anxious to read it, but did not know where to find it. You could not
+have made me a more valuable present. I have only just returned
+home, and have not yet read your work; when I do if I wish to ask any
+questions I will venture to trouble you. Your approbation of my book
+on Species has gratified me extremely. Several naturalists in England,
+North America, and Germany, have declared that their opinions on the
+subject have in some degree been modified, but as far as I know, my book
+has produced no effect whatever in France, and this makes me the more
+gratified by your very kind expression of approbation. Pray believe me,
+dear Sir, with much respect,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 24 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am astonished at your note, I have not seen the "Athenaeum" (In the
+'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 480, Lyell criticised somewhat
+severely Owen's account of the difference between the Human and Simian
+brains. The number of the "Athenaeum" here referred to (1863, page 262)
+contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's strictures. The surprise
+expressed by my father was at the revival of a controversy which every
+one believed to be closed. Prof. Huxley ("Medical Times", October 25,
+1862, quoted in 'Man's Place in Nature,' page 117) spoke of the "two
+years during which this preposterous controversy has dragged its weary
+length." And this no doubt expressed a very general feeling.) but I have
+sent for it, and may get it to-morrow; and will then say what I think.
+
+I have read Lyell's book. ['The Antiquity of Man.'] the whole certainty
+struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible
+the facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original
+work. The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent. I
+could hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss of novelty was completely
+worn off. But certainly the aggregation of the evidence produced a very
+striking effect on my mind. The chapter comparing language and changes
+of species, seems most ingenious and interesting. He has shown great
+skill in picking out salient points in the argument for change of
+species; but I am deeply disappointed (I do not mean personally) to
+find that his timidity prevents him giving any judgment... From all my
+communications with him I must ever think that he has really entirely
+lost faith in the immutability of species; and yet one of his strongest
+sentences is nearly as follows: "If it should EVER (The italics are not
+Lyell's.) be rendered highly probable that species change by variation
+and natural selection," etc., etc. I had hoped he would have guided the
+public as far as his own belief went... One thing does please me on this
+subject, that he seems to appreciate your work. No doubt the public or a
+part may be induced to think that as he gives to us a larger space than
+to Lamarck, he must think there is something in our views. When reading
+the brain chapter, it struck me forcibly that if he had said openly
+that he believed in change of species, and as a consequence that man was
+derived from some Quadrumanous animal, it would have been very proper
+to have discussed by compilation the differences in the most important
+organ, viz. the brain. As it is, the chapter seems to me to come in
+rather by the head and shoulders. I do not think (but then I am as
+prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so) that it is too severe;
+it struck me as given with judicial force. It might perhaps be said with
+truth that he had no business to judge on a subject on which he knows
+nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent. (You know I
+value and rank high compilers, being one myself!) I have taken you
+at your word, and scribbled at great length. If I get the "Athenaeum"
+to-morrow, I will add my impression of Owen's letter.
+
+... The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday.
+I dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not
+spoken out on species, still less on man. And the best of the joke is
+that he thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old. I
+hope I may have taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall
+PARTICULARLY be glad of your opinion on this head. (On this subject
+my father wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker: "Cordial thanks for your deeply
+interesting letters about Lyell, Owen, and Co. I cannot say how glad
+I am to hear that I have not been unjust about the species-question
+towards Lyell. I feared I had been unreasonable.") When I got his book I
+turned over the pages, and saw he had discussed the subject of species,
+and said that I thought he would do more to convert the public than all
+of us, and now (which makes the case worse for me) I must, in common
+honesty, retract. I wish to Heaven he had said not a word on the
+subject.
+
+WEDNESDAY MORNING:
+
+I have read the "Athenaeum". I do not think Lyell will be nearly so
+much annoyed as you expect. The concluding sentence is no doubt very
+stinging. No one but a good anatomist could unravel Owen's letter; at
+least it is quite beyond me.
+
+... Lyell's memory plays him false when he says all anatomists were
+astonished at Owen's paper ("On the Characters, etc., of the Class
+Mammalia." 'Linn. Soc. Journal,' ii, 1858.); it was often quoted
+with approbation. I WELL remember Lyell's admiration at this new
+classification! (Do not repeat this.) I remember it, because, though
+I knew nothing whatever about the brain, I felt a conviction that a
+classification thus founded on a single character would break down,
+and it seemed to me a great error not to separate more completely the
+Marsupialia...
+
+What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+within, what ought to be, the peaceful realms of science. I will go
+to my own present subject of inheritance and forget it all for a time.
+Farewell, my dear old friend,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 23 [1863].
+
+... If you have time to read you will be interested by parts of Lyell's
+book on man; but I fear that the best part, about the Glacial period,
+may be too geological for any one except a regular geologist. He quotes
+you at the end with gusto. By the way, he told me the other day how
+pleased some had been by hearing that they could purchase your pamphlet.
+The "Parthenon" also speaks of it as the ablest contribution to
+the literature of the subject. It delights me when I see your work
+appreciated.
+
+The Lyells come here this day week, and I shall grumble at his excessive
+caution... The public may well say, if such a man dare not or will not
+speak out his mind, how can we who are ignorant form even a guess on the
+subject? Lyell was pleased when I told him lately that you thought that
+language might be used as an excellent illustration of derivation of
+species; you will see that he has an ADMIRABLE chapter on this...
+
+I read Cairns's excellent Lecture (Prof. J.E. Cairns, 'The Slave Power,
+etc.: an attempt to explain the real issues involved in the American
+contest.' 1862.), which shows so well how your quarrel arose from
+Slavery. It made me for a time wish honestly for the North; but I could
+never help, though I tried, all the time thinking how we should be
+bullied and forced into a war by you, when you were triumphant. But I do
+most truly think it dreadful that the South, with its accursed slavery,
+should triumph, and spread the evil. I think if I had power, which thank
+God, I have not, I would let you conquer the border States, and all west
+of the Mississippi, and then force you to acknowledge the cotton States.
+For do you not now begin to doubt whether you can conquer and hold them?
+I have inflicted a long tirade on you.
+
+"The Times" is getting more detestable (but that is too weak a word)
+than ever. My good wife wishes to give it up, but I tell her that is a
+pitch of heroism to which only a woman is equal. To give up the "Bloody
+Old 'Times'," as Cobbett used to call it, would be to give up meat,
+drink and air. Farewell, my dear Gray,
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, March 6, [1863].
+
+... I have been of course deeply interested by your book. ('Antiquity
+of Man.') I have hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a
+little on what most interested me. But I will first get out what I hate
+saying, viz., that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not
+given judgment and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation
+of species. I should have been contented if you had boldly said that
+species have not been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt
+as you like on how far variation and natural selection suffices. I hope
+to Heaven I am wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems
+so), but I cannot see how your chapters can do more good than an
+extraordinary able review. I think the "Parthenon" is right, that you
+will leave the public in a fog. No doubt they may infer that as you give
+more space to myself, Wallace, and Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think
+more of us. But I had always thought that your judgment would have been
+an epoch in the subject. All that is over with me, and I will only think
+on the admirable skill with which you have selected the striking points,
+and explained them. No praise can be too strong, in my opinion, for the
+inimitable chapter on language in comparison with species.
+
+(After speculating on the sudden appearance of individuals far above the
+average of the human race, Lyell asks if such leaps upwards in the
+scale of intellect may not "have cleared at one bound the space which
+separated the higher stage of the unprogressive intelligence of the
+inferior animals from the first and lowest form of improvable reason
+manifested by man.") page 505--A sentence at the top of the page makes
+me groan...
+
+I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you
+must know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master.
+I heartily hope and expect that your book will have gigantic circulation
+and may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do. I am tired,
+so no more. I have written so briefly that you will have to guess my
+meaning. I fear my remarks are hardly worth sending. Farewell, with
+kindest remembrance to Lady Lyell.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Mr. Huxley has quoted (vol. i. page 546) some passages from Lyell's
+letters which show his state of mind at this time. The following
+passage, from a letter of March 11th to my father, is also of much
+interest:--
+
+"My feelings, however, more than any thought about policy or expediency,
+prevent me from dogmatising as to the descent of man from the brutes,
+which, though I am prepared to accept it, takes away much of the charm
+from my speculations on the past relating to such matters... But you
+ought to be satisfied, as I shall bring hundreds towards you who, if I
+treated the matter more dogmatically, would have rebelled."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, 12 [March, 1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may say, charming
+letter. I feared you might be huffed for a little time with me. I know
+some men would have been so. I have hardly any more criticisms, anyhow,
+worth writing. But I may mention that I felt a little surprise that
+old B. de Perthes (1788-1868. See footnote below.) was not rather more
+honourably mentioned. I would suggest whether you could not leave out
+some references to the 'Principles;' one for the real student is as
+good as a hundred, and it is rather irritating, and gives a feeling
+of incompleteness to the general reader to be often referred to other
+books. As you say that you have gone as far as you believe on the
+species question, I have not a word to say; but I must feel convinced
+that at times, judging from conversation, expressions, letters, etc.,
+you have as completely given up belief in immutability of specific forms
+as I have done. I must still think a clear expression from you, IF YOU
+COULD HAVE GIVEN IT, would have been potent with the public, and all
+the more so, as you formerly held opposite opinions. The more I work the
+more satisfied I become with variation and natural selection, but that
+part of the case I look at as less important, though more interesting
+to me personally. As you ask for criticisms on this head (and believe
+me that I should not have made them unasked), I may specify (pages 412,
+413) that such words as "Mr. D. labours to show," "is believed by the
+author to throw light," would lead a common reader to think that you
+yourself do NOT at all agree, but merely think it fair to give my
+opinion. Lastly, you refer repeatedly to my view as a modification
+of Lamarck's doctrine of development and progression. If this is your
+deliberate opinion there is nothing to be said, but it does not seem
+so to me. Plato, Buffon, my grandfather before Lamarck, and others,
+propounded the OBVIOUS views that if species were not created separately
+they must have descended from other species, and I can see nothing
+else in common between the 'Origin' and Lamarck. I believe this way
+of putting the case is very injurious to its acceptance, as it implies
+necessary progression, and closely connects Wallace's and my views with
+what I consider, after two deliberate readings, as a wretched book, and
+one from which (I well remember my surprise) I gained nothing. But I
+know you rank it higher, which is curious, as it did not in the least
+shake your belief. But enough, and more than enough. Please remember you
+have brought it all down on yourself!!!
+
+I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation." ("Falconer, whom
+I referred to oftener than to any other author, says I have not done
+justice to the part he took in resuscitating the cave question, and says
+he shall come out with a separate paper to prove it. I offered to alter
+anything in the new edition, but this he declined.--C. Lyell to C.
+Darwin, March 11, 1863; Lyell's 'Life,' vol. ii. page 364.) I hate the
+very word, and have a sincere affection for him.
+
+Did you ever read anything so wretched as the "Athenaeum" reviews of
+you, and of Huxley ('Man's Place in Nature,' 1863.) especially. Your
+OBJECT to make man old, and Huxley's OBJECT to degrade him. The wretched
+writer has not a glimpse what the discovery of scientific truth means.
+How splendid some pages are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be
+popular...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [March 13, 1863].
+
+I should have thanked you sooner for the "Athenaeum" and very pleasant
+previous note, but I have been busy, and not a little uncomfortable from
+frequent uneasy feeling of fullness, slight pain and tickling about
+the heart. But as I have no other symptoms of heart complaint I do not
+suppose it is affected... I have had a most kind and delightfully candid
+letter from Lyell, who says he spoke out as far as he believes. I have
+no doubt his belief failed him as he wrote, for I feel sure that at
+times he no more believed in Creation than you or I. I have grumbled a
+bit in my answer to him at his ALWAYS classing my work as a modification
+of Lamarck's, which it is no more than any author who did not believe in
+immutability of species, and did believe in descent. I am very sorry to
+hear from Lyell that Falconer is going to publish a formal reclamation
+of his own claims...
+
+It is cruel to think of it, but we must go to Malvern in the middle of
+April; it is ruin to me. (He went to Hartfield in Sussex, on April 27,
+and to Malvern in the autumn.)...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, March 17 [1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been much interested by your letters and enclosure, and thank you
+sincerely for giving me so much time when you must be so busy. What a
+curious letter from B. de P. [Boucher de Perthes]. He seems perfectly
+satisfied, and must be a very amiable man. I know something about his
+errors, and looked at his book many years ago, and am ashamed to
+think that I concluded the whole was rubbish! Yet he has done for
+man something like what Agassiz did for glaciers. (In his 'Antiquites
+Celtiques' (1847), Boucher de Perthes described the flint tools found
+at Abbeville with bones of rhinoceros, hyaena, etc. "But the scientific
+world had no faith in the statement that works of art, however rude,
+had been met with in undisturbed beds of such antiquity." ('Antiquity of
+Man,' first edition, page 95).)
+
+I cannot say that I agree with Hooker about the public not liking to
+be told what to conclude, IF COMING FROM ONE IN YOUR POSITION. But I am
+heartily sorry that I was led to make complaints, or something very like
+complaints, on the manner in which you have treated the subject, and
+still more so anything about myself. I steadily ENDEAVOUR never to
+forget my firm belief that no one can at all judge about his own work.
+As for Lamarck, as you have such a man as Grove with you, you are
+triumphant; not that I can alter my opinion that to me it was an
+absolutely useless book. Perhaps this was owing to my always searching
+books for facts, perhaps from knowing my grandfather's earlier and
+identically the same speculation. I will only further say that if I can
+analyse my own feelings (a very doubtful process), it is nearly as much
+for your sake as for my own, that I so much wish that your state of
+belief could have permitted you to say boldly and distinctly out that
+species were not separately created. I have generally told you the
+progress of opinion, as I have heard it, on the species question. A
+first-rate German naturalist (No doubt Haeckel, whose monograph on the
+Radiolaria was published in 1862. In the same year Professor W. Preyer
+of Jena published a dissertation on Alca impennis, which was one of
+the earliest pieces of special work on the basis of the 'Origin of
+Species.') (I now forget the name!), who has lately published a grand
+folio, has spoken out to the utmost extent on the 'Origin.' De Candolle,
+in a very good paper on "Oaks," goes, in Asa Gray's opinion, as far as
+he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing to me, says WE, "we think
+this and that;" so that I infer he really goes to the full extent
+with me, and tells me of a French good botanical palaeontologist (name
+forgotten) (The Marquis de Saporta.), who writes to De Candolle that he
+is sure that my views will ultimately prevail. But I did not intend to
+have written all this. It satisfies me with the final results, but
+this result, I begin to see, will take two or three lifetimes. The
+entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half a century. I
+really pity your having to balance the claims of so many eager aspirants
+for notice; it is clearly impossible to satisfy all... Certainly I was
+struck with the full and due honour you conferred on Falconer. I have
+just had a note from Hooker... I am heartily glad that you have made him
+so conspicuous; he is so honest, so candid, and so modest...
+
+I have read --. I could find nothing to lay hold of, which in one sense
+I am very glad of, as I should hate a controversy; but in another
+sense I am very sorry for, as I long to be in the same boat with all my
+friends... I am heartily glad the book is going off so well.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [March 29, 1863].
+
+... Many thanks for "Athenaeum", received this morning, and to be
+returned to-morrow morning. Who would have ever thought of the old
+stupid "Athenaeum" taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy
+written in Owenian style! (This refers to a review of Dr. Carpenter's
+'Introduction to the study of Foraminifera,' that appeared in the
+"Athenaeum" of March 28, 1863 (page 417). The reviewer attacks Dr.
+Carpenter's views in as much as they support the doctrine of Descent;
+and he upholds spontaneous generation (Heterogeny) in place of what Dr.
+Carpenter, naturally enough, believed in, viz. the genetic connection of
+living and extinct Foraminifera. In the next number is a letter by Dr.
+Carpenter, which chiefly consists of a protest against the reviewer's
+somewhat contemptuous classification of Dr. Carpenter and my father
+as disciple and master. In the course of the letter Dr. Carpenter
+says--page 461:--
+
+"Under the influence of his foregone conclusion that I have accepted
+Mr. Darwin as my master, and his hypothesis as my guide, your reviewer
+represents me as blind to the significance of the general fact stated by
+me, that 'there has been no advance in the foraminiferous type from
+the palaeozoic period to the present time.' But for such a foregone
+conclusion he would have recognised in this statement the expression of
+my conviction that the present state of scientific evidence, instead of
+sanctioning the idea that the descendants of the primitive type or
+types of Foraminifera can ever rise to any higher grade, justifies the
+ANTI-DARWINIAN influence, that however widely they diverge from each
+other and from their originals, THEY STILL REMAIN FORAMINIFERA.")... It
+will be some time before we see "slime, protoplasm, etc.," generating a
+new animal. (On the same subject my father wrote in 1871: "It is often
+said that all the conditions for the first production of a living
+organism are now present, which could ever have been present. But if
+(and oh! what a big if!) we could conceive in some warm little
+pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat,
+electricity, etc., present, that a proteine compound was chemically
+formed ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the present day
+such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which would not
+have been the case before living creatures were formed.") But I
+have long regretted that I truckled to public opinion, and used the
+Pentateuchal term of creation (This refers to a passage in which the
+reviewer of Dr. Carpenter's books speaks of "an operation of force," or
+"a concurrence of forces which have now no place in nature," as
+being, "a creative force, in fact, which Darwin could only express in
+Pentateuchal terms as the primordial form 'into which life was
+first breathed.'" The conception of expressing a creative force as a
+primordial form is the Reviewer's.), by which I really meant "appeared"
+by some wholly unknown process. It is mere rubbish, thinking at present
+of the origin of life; one might as well think of the origin of matter.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Friday night [April 17, 1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have heard from Oliver that you will be now at Kew, and so I am going
+to amuse myself by scribbling a bit. I hope you have thoroughly enjoyed
+your tour. I never in my life saw anything like the spring flowers this
+year. What a lot of interesting things have been lately published.
+I liked extremely your review of De Candolle. What an awfully severe
+article that by Falconer on Lyell ("Athenaeum", April 4, 1863, page 459.
+The writer asserts that justice has not been done either to himself
+or Mr. Prestwich--that Lyell has not made it clear that it was their
+original work which supplied certain material for the 'Antiquity
+of Man.' Falconer attempts to draw an unjust distinction between a
+"philosopher" (here used as a polite word for compiler) like Sir Charles
+Lyell, and original observers, presumably such as himself, and Mr.
+Prestwich. Lyell's reply was published in the "Athenaeum", April
+18, 1863. It ought to be mentioned that a letter from Mr. Prestwich
+("Athenaeum", page 555), which formed part of the controversy, though of
+the nature of a reclamation, was written in a very different spirit and
+tone from Dr. Falconer's.); I am very sorry for it; I think Falconer on
+his side does not do justice to old Perthes and Schmerling... I shall
+be very curious to see how he [Lyell] answers it t-morrow. (I have been
+compelled to take in the "Athenaeum" for a while.) I am very sorry that
+Falconer should have written so spitefully, even if there is some truth
+in his accusations; I was rather disappointed in Carpenter's letter, no
+one could have given a better answer, but the chief object of his letter
+seems to me to be to show that though he has touched pitch he is not
+defiled. No one would suppose he went so far as to believe all birds
+came from one progenitor. I have written a letter to the "Athenaeum"
+("Athenaeum", 1863, page 554: "The view given by me on the origin or
+derivation of species, whatever its weaknesses may be, connects (as has
+been candidly admitted by some of its opponents, such as Pictet, Bronn,
+etc.), by an intelligible thread of reasoning, a multitude of facts:
+such as the formation of domestic races by man's selection,--the
+classification and affinities of all organic beings,--the innumerable
+gradations in structure and instincts,--the similarity of pattern in the
+hand, wing, or paddle of animals of the same great class,--the existence
+of organs become rudimentary by disuse,--the similarity of an embryonic
+reptile, bird, and mammal, with the retention of traces of an apparatus
+fitted for aquatic respiration; the retention in the young calf of
+incisor teeth in the upper jaw, etc.--the distribution of animals and
+plants, and their mutual affinities within the same region,--their
+general geological succession, and the close relationship of the fossils
+in closely consecutive formations and within the same country;
+extinct marsupials having preceded living marsupials in Australia, and
+armadillo-like animals having preceded and generated armadilloes in
+South America,--and many other phenomena, such as the gradual extinction
+of old forms and their gradual replacement by new forms better fitted
+for their new conditions in the struggle for life. When the advocate of
+Heterogeny can thus connect large classes of facts, and not until then,
+he will have respectful and patient listeners.") (the first and last
+time I shall take such a step) to say, under the cloak of attacking
+Heterogeny, a word in my own defence. My letter is to appear next week,
+so the Editor says; and I mean to quote Lyell's sentence (See the next
+letter.) in his second edition, on the principle if one puffs oneself,
+one had better puff handsomely...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 18 [1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I was really quite sorry that you had sent me a second copy (The second
+edition of the 'Antiquity of Man' was published a few months after the
+first had appeared.) of your valuable book. But after a few hours
+my sorrow vanished for this reason: I have written a letter to the
+"Athenaeum", in order, under the cloak of attacking the monstrous
+article on Heterogeny, to say a word for myself in answer to Carpenter,
+and now I have inserted a few sentences in allusion to your analogous
+objection (Lyell objected that the mammalia (e.g. bats and seals) which
+alone have been able to reach oceanic islands ought to have become
+modified into various terrestrial forms fitted to fill various places
+in their new home. My father pointed out in the "Athenaeum" that Sir
+Charles has in some measure answered his own objection, and went on to
+quote the "amended sentence" ('Antiquity of Man,' 2nd Edition page
+469) as showing how far Lyell agreed with the general doctrines of
+the "Origin of Species': "Yet we ought by no means to undervalue the
+importance of the step which will have been made, should it hereafter
+become the generally received opinion of men of science (as I fully
+expect it will) that the past changes of the organic world have been
+brought about by the subordinate agency of such causes as Variation and
+Natural Selection." In the first edition the words (as I fully expect
+it will," do not occur.) about bats on islands, and then with infinite
+slyness have quoted your amended sentence, with your parenthesis ("as
+I fully believe") (My father here quotes Lyell incorrectly; see the
+previous foot-note.); I do not think you can be annoyed at my doing
+this, and you see, that I am determined as far as I can, that the public
+shall see how far you go. This is the first time I have ever said a word
+for myself in any journal, and it shall, I think, be the last. My
+letter is short, and no great things. I was extremely concerned to see
+Falconer's disrespectful and virulent letter. I like extremely your
+answer just read; you take a lofty and dignified position, to which you
+are so well entitled. (In a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he wrote: "I
+much like Lyell's letter. But all this squabbling will greatly sink
+scientific men. I have seen sneers already in the 'Times'.")
+
+I suspect that if you had inserted a few more superlatives in speaking
+of the several authors there would have been none of this horrid noise.
+No one, I am sure, who knows you could doubt about your hearty sympathy
+with every one who makes any little advance in science. I still well
+remember my surprise at the manner in which you listened to me in Hart
+Street on my return from the "Beagle's" voyage. You did me a world of
+good. It is horridly vexatious that so frank and apparently amiable a
+man as Falconer should have behaved so. (It is to this affair that the
+extract from a letter to Falconer, given in volume i., refers.) Well it
+will all soon be forgotten...
+
+
+[In reply to the above-mentioned letter of my father's to the
+"Athenaeum", an article appeared in that Journal (May 2nd, 1863, page
+586), accusing my father of claiming for his views the exclusive merit
+of "connecting by an intelligible thread of reasoning" a number of
+facts in morphology, etc. The writer remarks that, "The different
+generalizations cited by Mr. Darwin as being connected by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning exclusively through his attempt to
+explain specific transmutation are in fact related to it in this wise,
+that they have prepared the minds of naturalists for a better reception
+of such attempts to explain the way of the origin of species from
+species."
+
+To this my father replied in the "Athenaeum" of May 9th, 1863:]
+
+Down, May 5 [1863].
+
+I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+specified. I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially
+the formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species,
+the principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, etc.) as the
+theory, or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of
+Natural Selection. Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever
+offered of the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each
+other, and to their physical conditions of life. Whether the naturalist
+believes in the views given by Lamarck, by Geoffrey St. Hilaire, by the
+author of the 'Vestiges,' by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other
+such view, signifies extremely little in comparison with the admission
+that species have descended from other species, and have not been
+created immutable; for he who admits this as a great truth has a wide
+field opened to him for further inquiry. I believe, however, from what
+I see of the progress of opinion on the Continent, and in this country,
+that the theory of Natural Selection will ultimately be adopted, with,
+no doubt, many subordinate modifications and improvements.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the following, he refers to the above letter to the "Athenaeum:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Leith Hill Place, Saturday [May 11,
+1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I have been
+gnashing my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by --'s sneers,
+which were so good that I almost enjoyed them. I have written once again
+to own to a certain extent of truth in what he says, and then if I am
+ever such a fool again, have no mercy on me. I have read the squib in
+"Public Opinion" ("Public Opinion", April 23, 1863. A lively account of
+a police case, in which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised.
+Mr. John Bull gives evidence that--
+
+"The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley
+quarrelled with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and
+Prestwich with Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody. He had
+pleasure, however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.
+They were always picking bones with each other and fighting over their
+gains. If either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything,
+he was obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone
+collectors would be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft
+afterwards, and the consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as
+they were wearisome.
+
+"Lord Mayor.--Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+influence over them?
+
+"The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to
+say that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the
+clergy as that to which these unhappy men belonged."); it is capital;
+if there is more, and you have a copy, do lend it. It shows well that a
+scientific man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble. I have
+been drawing diagrams, dissecting shoots, and muddling my brains to
+a hopeless degree about the divergence of leaves, and have of course
+utterly failed. But I can see that the subject is most curious, and
+indeed astonishing...
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Mr. Bentham's presidential address to the
+Linnean Society (May 25, 1863). Mr. Bentham does not yield to the new
+theory of Evolution, "cannot surrender at discretion as long as many
+important outworks remain contestable." But he shows that the great body
+of scientific opinion is flowing in the direction of belief.
+
+The mention of Pasteur by Mr. Bentham is in reference to the
+promulgation "as it were ex cathedra," of a theory of spontaneous
+generation by the reviewer of Dr. Carpenter in the "Athenaeum" (March
+28, 1863). Mr. Bentham points out that in ignoring Pasteur's refutation
+of the supposed facts of spontaneous generation, the writer fails to act
+with "that impartiality which every reviewer is supposed to possess."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, May 22 [1863].
+
+My dear Bentham,
+
+I am much obliged for your kind and interesting letter. I have no fear
+of anything that a man like you will say annoying me in the very least
+degree. On the other hand, any approval from one whose judgment and
+knowledge I have for many years so sincerely respected, will gratify
+me much. The objection which you well put, of certain forms remaining
+unaltered through long time and space, is no doubt formidable in
+appearance, and to a certain extent in reality according to my judgment.
+But does not the difficulty rest much on our silently assuming that we
+know more than we do? I have literally found nothing so difficult as to
+try and always remember our ignorance. I am never weary, when walking
+in any new adjoining district or country, of reflecting how absolutely
+ignorant we are why certain old plants are not there present, and other
+new ones are, and others in different proportions. If we once fully feel
+this, then in judging the theory of Natural Selection, which implies
+that a form will remain unaltered unless some alteration be to its
+benefit, is it so very wonderful that some forms should change much
+slower and much less, and some few should have changed not at all under
+conditions which to us (who really know nothing what are the important
+conditions) seem very different. Certainly a priori we might have
+anticipated that all the plants anciently introduced into Australia
+would have undergone some modification; but the fact that they have not
+been modified does not seem to me a difficulty of weight enough to shake
+a belief grounded on other arguments. I have expressed myself miserably,
+but I am far from well to-day.
+
+I am very glad that you are going to allude to Pasteur; I was struck
+with infinite admiration at his work. With cordial thanks, believe me,
+dear Bentham,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--In fact, the belief in Natural Selection must at present be
+grounded entirely on general considerations. (1) On its being a vera
+causa, from the struggle for existence; and the certain geological fact
+that species do somehow change. (2) From the analogy of change under
+domestication by man's selection. (3) And chiefly from this view
+connecting under an intelligible point of view a host of facts. When we
+descend to details, we can prove that no one species has changed [i.e.
+we cannot prove that a single species has changed]; nor can we prove
+that the supposed changes are beneficial, which is the groundwork of the
+theory. Nor can we explain why some species have changed and others have
+not. The latter case seems to me hardly more difficult to understand
+precisely and in detail than the former case of supposed change. Bronn
+may ask in vain, the old creationist school and the new school, why one
+mouse has longer ears than another mouse, and one plant more pointed
+leaves than another plant.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 19 [1863].
+
+My dear Bentham,
+
+I have been extremely much pleased and interested by your address,
+which you kindly sent me. It seems to be excellently done, with as much
+judicial calmness and impartiality as the Lord Chancellor could have
+shown. But whether the "immutable" gentlemen would agree with the
+impartiality may be doubted, there is too much kindness shown towards
+me, Hooker, and others, they might say. Moreover I verily believe that
+your address, written as it is, will do more to shake the unshaken and
+bring on those leaning to our side, than anything written directly in
+favour of transmutation. I can hardly tell why it is, but your address
+has pleased me as much as Lyell's book disappointed me, that is, the
+part on species, though so cleverly written. I agree with all your
+remarks on the reviewers. By the way, Lecoq (Author of 'Geographie
+Botanique.' 9 vols. 1854-58.) is a believer in the change of species. I,
+for one, can conscientiously declare that I never feel surprised at
+any one sticking to the belief of immutability; though I am often not a
+little surprised at the arguments advanced on this side. I remember too
+well my endless oscillations of doubt and difficulty. It is to me really
+laughable when I think of the years which elapsed before I saw what I
+believe to be the explanation of some parts of the case; I believe it
+was fifteen years after I began before I saw the meaning and cause of
+the divergence of the descendants of any one pair. You pay me some most
+elegant and pleasing compliments. There is much in your address which
+has pleased me much, especially your remarks on various naturalists. I
+am so glad that you have alluded so honourably to Pasteur. I have just
+read over this note; it does not express strongly enough the interest
+which I have felt in reading your address. You have done, I believe, a
+real good turn to the RIGHT SIDE. Believe me, dear Bentham,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1864.
+
+[In my father's diary for 1864 is the entry, "Ill all January, February,
+March." About the middle of April (seven months after the beginning
+of the illness in the previous autumn) his health took a turn for the
+better. As soon as he was able to do any work, he began to write his
+papers on Lythrum, and on Climbing Plants, so that the work which now
+concerns us did not begin until September, when he again set to work on
+'Animals and Plants.' A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker gives some account of
+the r-commencement of the work: "I have begun looking over my old MS.,
+and it is as fresh as if I had never written it; parts are astonishingly
+dull, but yet worth printing, I think; and other parts strike me as very
+good. I am a complete millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I
+have been really astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters
+on Inheritance and Selection. God knows when the book will ever be
+completed, for I find that I am very weak and on my best days cannot do
+more than one or one and a half hours' work. It is a good deal harder
+than writing about my dear climbing plants."
+
+In this year he received the greatest honour which a scientific man can
+receive in this country--the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. It is
+presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St. Andrew's Day (November 30),
+the medalist being usually present to receive it, but this the state of
+my father's health prevented. He wrote to Mr. Fox on this subject:--
+
+"I was glad to see your hand-writing. The Copley, being open to all
+sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting
+from several kind letters, such things make little difference to me. It
+shows, however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this
+country, and that pleases me. The subject, however, is safe in foreign
+lands."
+
+To Sir J.D. Hooker, also, he wrote:--
+
+"How kind you have been about this medal; indeed, I am blessed with many
+good friends, and I have received four or five notes which have warmed
+my heart. I often wonder that so old a worn-out dog as I am is not quite
+forgotten. Talking of medals, has Falconer had the Royal? he surely
+ought to have it, as ought John Lubbock. By the way, the latter tells
+me that some old members of the Royal are quite shocked at my having the
+Copley. Do you know who?"
+
+He wrote to Mr. Huxley:--
+
+"I must and will answer you, for it is a real pleasure for me to thank
+you cordially for your note. Such notes as this of yours, and a few
+others, are the real medal to me, and not the round bit of gold. These
+have given me a pleasure which will long endure; so believe in my
+cordial thanks for your note."
+
+Sir Charles Lyell, writing to my father in November 1864 ('Life,' vol.
+ii. page 384), speaks of the supposed malcontents as being afraid to
+crown anything so unorthodox as the 'Origin.' But he adds that if such
+were their feelings "they had the good sense to draw in their horns."
+It appears, however, from the same letter, that the proposal to give the
+Copley Medal to my father in the previous year failed owing to a similar
+want of courage--to Lyell's great indignation.
+
+In the "Reader", December 3, 1864, General Sabine's presidential address
+at the Anniversary Meeting is reported at some length. Special weight
+was laid on my father's work in Geology, Zoology, and Botany, but
+the 'Origin of Species' is praised chiefly as containing "a mass of
+observations," etc. It is curious that as in the case of his election
+to the French Institution, so in this case, he was honoured not for
+the great work of his life, but for his less important work in special
+lines. The paragraph in General Sabine's address which refers to the
+'Origin of Species,' is as follows:--
+
+"In his most recent work 'On the Origin of Species,' although opinions
+may be divided or undecided with respect to its merits in some respects,
+all will allow that it contains a mass of observations bearing upon
+the habits, structure, affinities, and distribution of animals, perhaps
+unrivalled for interest, minuteness, and patience of observation. Some
+amongst us may perhaps incline to accept the theory indicated by the
+title of this work, while others may perhaps incline to refuse, or
+at least to remit it to a future time, when increased knowledge shall
+afford stronger grounds for its ultimate acceptance or rejection.
+Speaking generally and collectively, we have expressly omitted it from
+the grounds of our award."
+
+I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+President's manner of allusion to the 'Origin' was felt by some Fellows
+of the Society.
+
+The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in another way,
+inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his after-dinner speech, a
+"confession of faith as to the 'Origin.'" He wrote to my father ('Life,'
+vol. ii. page 384), "I said I had been forced to give up my old faith
+without thoroughly seeing my way to a new one. But I think you would
+have been satisfied with the length I went."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, October 3 [1864].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+If I do not pour out my admiration of your article ("Criticisms on
+the Origin of Species," 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1864. Republished in 'Lay
+Sermons,' 1870, page 328. The work of Professor Kolliker referred to
+is 'Ueber die Darwin'sche Schopfungstheorie' (Leipzig, 1864). Toward
+Professor Kolliker my father felt not only the respect due to so
+distinguished a naturalist (a sentiment well expressed in Professor
+Huxley's review), but he had also a personal regard for him, and often
+alluded with satisfaction to the visit which Professor Kolliker paid at
+Down.) on Kolliker, I shall explode. I never read anything better done.
+I had much wished his article answered, and indeed thought of doing so
+myself, so that I considered several points. You have hit on all, and on
+some in addition, and oh! by Jove, how well you have done it. As I read
+on and came to point after point on which I had thought, I could not
+help jeering and scoffing at myself, to see how infinitely better you
+had done it than I could have done. Well, if any one, who does not
+understand Natural Selection, will read this, he will be a blockhead
+if it is not as clear as daylight. Old Flourens ('Examen du livre de M.
+Darwin sur l'origine des especes.' Par P. Flourens. 8vo. Paris, 1864.)
+was hardly worth the powder and shot; but how capitally you bring in
+about the Academician, and your metaphor of the sea-sand is INIMITABLE.
+
+It is a marvel to me how you can resist becoming a regular reviewer.
+Well, I have exploded now, and it has done me a deal of good...
+
+
+[In the same article in the 'Natural History Review,' Mr. Huxley speaks
+of the book above alluded to by Flourens, the Secretaire Perpetuel of
+the Academie des Sciences, as one of the two "most elaborate criticisms"
+of the 'Origin of Species' of the year. He quotes the following
+passage:--
+
+"M. Darwin continue: 'Aucune distinction absolue n'a ete et ne peut etre
+entre les especes et les varietes!' Je vous ai deja dit que vous
+vous trompiez; une distinction absolue separe les varietes d'avec les
+especes." Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of
+an Academy in England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated
+in this way even by a Perpetual Secretary." After demonstrating M.
+Flourens' misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How
+one knows it all by heart, and with what relief one reads at page 65 'Je
+laisse M. Darwin.'"
+
+On the same subject my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book against me which
+pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading in
+France. He speaks of the "engouement" about this book [the 'Origin'] "so
+full of empty and presumptuous thoughts." The passage here alluded to is
+as follows:--
+
+"Enfin l'ouvrage de M. Darwin a paru. On ne peut qu'etre frappe du
+talent de l'auteur. Mais que d'idees obscures, que d'idees fausses! Quel
+jargon metaphysique jete mal a propos dans l'histoire naturelle, qui
+tombe dans le galimatias des qu'elle sort des idees claires, des idees
+justes. Quel langage pretentieux et vide! Quelles personifications
+pueriles et surannees! O lucidite! O solidite de l'esprit francais, que
+devene-vous?"]
+
+
+1865.
+
+[This was again a time of much ill-health, but towards the close of the
+year he began to recover under the care of the late Dr. Bence-Jones,
+who dieted him severely, and as he expressed it, "half-starved him to
+death." He was able to work at 'Animals and Plants' until nearly the end
+of April, and from that time until December he did practically no work,
+with the exception of looking over the 'Origin of Species' for a second
+French edition. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--"I am, as it were, reading
+the 'Origin' for the first time, for I am correcting for a second French
+edition: and upon my life, my dear fellow, it is a very good book, but
+oh! my gracious, it is tough reading, and I wish it were done." (Towards
+the end of the year my father received the news of a new convert to
+his views, in the person of the distinguished American naturalist
+Lesquereux. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I have had an enormous letter
+from Leo Lesquereux (after doubts, I did not think it worth sending you)
+on Coal Flora. He wrote some excellent articles in 'Silliman' against
+'Origin' views; but he says now, after repeated reading of the book, he
+is a convert!")
+
+
+The following letter refers to the Duke of Argyll's address to the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh, December 5th, 1864, in which he criticises the
+'Origin of Species.' My father seems to have read the Duke's address
+as reported in the "Scotsman" of December 6th, 1865. In a letter to my
+father (January 16, 1865, 'Life,' vol. ii. page 385), Lyell wrote, "The
+address is a great step towards your views--far greater, I believe, than
+it seems when read merely with reference to criticisms and objections."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 22, [1865].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you for your very interesting letter. I have the true English
+instinctive reverence for rank, and therefore liked to hear about the
+Princess Royal. ("I had... an animated conversation on Darwinism with the
+Princess Royal, who is a worthy daughter of her father, in the reading
+of good books, and thinking of what she reads. She was very much au fait
+at the 'Origin,' and Huxley's book, the 'Antiquity,' etc."--(Lyell's
+'Life,' vol. ii. page 385.) You ask what I think of the Duke's address,
+and I shall be glad to tell you. It seems to me EXTREMELY clever, like
+everything I have read of his; but I am not shaken--perhaps you will
+say that neither gods nor men could shake me. I demur to the Duke
+reiterating his objection that the brilliant plumage of the male
+humming-bird could not have been acquired through selection, at the same
+time entirely ignoring my discussion (page 93, 3rd edition) on beautiful
+plumage being acquired through SEXUAL selection. The duke may think this
+insufficient, but that is another question. All analogy makes me quite
+disagree with the Duke that the difference in the beak, wing and tail,
+are not of importance to the several species. In the only two species
+which I have watched, the difference in flight and in the use of the
+tail was conspicuously great.
+
+The Duke, who knows my Orchid book so well, might have learnt a lesson
+of caution from it, with respect to his doctrine of differences for mere
+variety or beauty. It may be confidently said that no tribe of plants
+presents such grotesque and beautiful differences, which no one until
+lately, conjectured were of any use; but now in almost every case I have
+been able to show their important service. It should be remembered that
+with humming birds or orchids, a modification in one part will cause
+correlated changes in other parts. I agree with what you say about
+beauty. I formerly thought a good deal on the subject, and was led quite
+to repudiate the doctrine of beauty being created for beauty's sake. I
+demur also to the Duke's expression of "new births." That may be a very
+good theory, but it is not mine, unless indeed he calls a bird born with
+a beak 1/100th of an inch longer than usual "a new birth;" but this is
+not the sense in which the term would usually be understood. The more
+I work the more I feel convinced that it is by the accumulation of
+such extremely slight variations that new species arise. I do not plead
+guilty to the Duke's charge that I forget that natural selection
+means only the preservation of variations which independently arise.
+("Strictly speaking, therefore, Mr. Darwin's theory is not a theory on
+the Origin of Species at all, but only a theory on the causes which lead
+to the relative success and failure of such new forms as may be born
+into the world."--"Scotsman", December 6, 1864.) I have expressed this
+in as strong language as I could use, but it would have been infinitely
+tedious had I on every occasion thus guarded myself. I will cry
+"peccavi" when I hear of the Duke or you attacking breeders for saying
+that man has made his improved shorthorns, or pouter pigeons,
+or bantams. And I could quote still stronger expressions used by
+agriculturists. Man does make his artificial breeds, for his selective
+power is of such importance relatively to that of the slight spontaneous
+variations. But no one will attack breeders for using such expressions,
+and the rising generation will not blame me.
+
+Many thanks for your offer of sending me the 'Elements.' (Sixth edition
+in one volume.) I hope to read it all, but unfortunately reading makes
+my head whiz more than anything else. I am able most days to work for
+two or three hours, and this makes all the difference in my happiness.
+I have resolved not to be tempted astray, and to publish nothing till my
+volume on Variation is completed. You gave me excellent advice about
+the footnotes in my Dog chapter, but their alteration gave me infinite
+trouble, and I often wished all the dogs, and I fear sometimes you
+yourself, in the nether regions.
+
+We (dictator and writer) send our best love to Lady Lyell.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If ever you should speak with the Duke on the subject, please say
+how much interested I was with his address.
+
+
+[In his autobiographical sketch my father has remarked that owing to
+certain early memories he felt the honour of being elected to the Royal
+and Royal Medical Societies of Edinburgh "more than any similar honour."
+The following extract from a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker refers to
+his election to the former of these societies. The latter part of the
+extract refers to the Berlin Academy, to which he was elected in 1878:--
+
+"Here is a really curious thing, considering that Brewster is President
+and Balfour Secretary. I have been elected Honorary Member of the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh. And this leads me to a third question. Does the
+Berlin Academy of Sciences send their Proceedings to Honorary Members?
+I want to know, to ascertain whether I am a member; I suppose not, for
+I think it would have made some impression on me; yet I distinctly
+remember receiving some diploma signed by Ehrenberg. I have been so
+careless; I have lost several diplomas, and now I want to know what
+Societies I belong to, as I observe every [one] tacks their titles to
+their names in the catalogue of the Royal Soc."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 21 [1865].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have taken a long time to thank you very much for your present of the
+'Elements.'
+
+I am going through it all, reading what is new, and what I have
+forgotten, and this is a good deal.
+
+I am simply astonished at the amount of labour, knowledge, and clear
+thought condensed in this work. The whole strikes me as something quite
+grand. I have been particularly interested by your account of Heer's
+work and your discussion on the Atlantic Continent. I am particularly
+delighted at the view which you take on this subject; for I have long
+thought Forbes did an ill service in so freely making continents.
+
+I have also been very glad to read your argument on the denudation of
+the Weald, and your excellent resume on the Purbeck Beds; and this is
+the point at which I have at present arrived in your book. I cannot
+say that I am quite convinced that there is no connection beyond that
+pointed out by you, between glacial action and the formation of lake
+basins; but you will not much value my opinion on this head, as I have
+already changed my mind some half-dozen times.
+
+I want to make a suggestion to you. I found the weight of your volume
+intolerable, especially when lying down, so with great boldness cut
+it into two pieces, and took it out of its cover; now could not Murray
+without any other change add to his advertisement a line saying, "if
+bound in two volumes, one shilling or one shilling and sixpence extra."
+You thus might originate a change which would be a blessing to all
+weak-handed readers.
+
+Believe me, my dear Lyell, Yours most sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Originate a second REAL BLESSING and have the edges of the sheets cut
+like a bound book. (This was a favourite reform of my father's. He wrote
+to the "Athenaeum" on the subject, February 5, 1867, pointing out how
+that a book cut, even carefully, with a paper knife collects dust on its
+edges far more than a machine-cut book. He goes on to quote the case of
+a lady of his acquaintance who was in the habit of cutting books with
+her thumb, and finally appeals to the "Athenaeum" to earn the gratitude
+of children "who have to cut through dry and pictureless books for the
+benefit of their elders." He tried to introduce the reform in the case
+of his own books, but found the conservatism of booksellers too strong
+for him. The presentation copies, however, of all his later books were
+sent out with the edges cut.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Down, June 11 [1865].
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+The latter half of your book ('Prehistoric Times,' 1865.) has been
+read aloud to me, and the style is so clear and easy (we both think it
+perfection) that I am now beginning at the beginning. I cannot resist
+telling you how excellently well, in my opinion, you have done the very
+interesting chapter on savage life. Though you have necessarily only
+compiled the materials the general result is most original. But I ought
+to keep the term original for your last chapter, which has struck me as
+an admirable and profound discussion. It has quite delighted me, for now
+the public will see what kind of man you are, which I am proud to think
+I discovered a dozen years ago.
+
+I do sincerely wish you all success in your election and in politics;
+but after reading this last chapter, you must let me say: oh, dear! oh,
+dear! oh dear!
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You pay me a superb compliment ('Prehistoric Times,' page 487,
+where the words, "the discoveries of a Newton or a Darwin," occur.),
+but I fear you will be quizzed for it by some of your friends as too
+exaggerated.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' which
+was afterwards translated, at my father's suggestion, by Mr. Dallas. It
+is of interest as being the first of the long series of letters which my
+father wrote to this distinguished naturalist. They never met, but the
+correspondence with Muller, which continued to the close of my father's
+life, was a source of very great pleasure to him. My impression is that
+of all his unseen friends Fritz Muller was the one for whom he had the
+strongest regard. Fritz Muller is the brother of another distinguished
+man, the late Hermann Muller, the author of 'Die Befruchtung der
+Blumen,' and of much other valuable work:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, August 10 [1865].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have been for a long time so ill that I have only just finished
+hearing read aloud your work on species. And now you must permit me to
+thank you cordially for the great interest with which I have read it.
+You have done admirable service in the cause in which we both believe.
+Many of your arguments seem to me excellent, and many of your facts
+wonderful. Of the latter, nothing has surprised me so much as the
+two forms of males. I have lately investigated the cases of dimorphic
+plants, and I should much like to send you one or two of my papers if
+I knew how. I did send lately by post a paper on climbing plants, as an
+experiment to see whether it would reach you. One of the points which
+has struck me most in your paper is that on the differences in the
+air-breathing apparatus of the several forms. This subject appeared to
+me very important when I formerly considered the electric apparatus of
+fishes. Your observations on Classification and Embryology seem to me
+very good and original. They show what a wonderful field there is for
+enquiry on the development of crustacea, and nothing has convinced me so
+plainly what admirable results we shall arrive at in Natural History
+in the course of a few years. What a marvellous range of structure the
+crustacea present, and how well adapted they are for your enquiry! Until
+reading your book I knew nothing of the Rhizocephala; pray look at my
+account and figures of Anelasma, for it seems to me that this latter
+cirripede is a beautiful connecting link with the Rhizocephala.
+
+If ever you have any opportunity, as you are so skilful a dissector, I
+much wish that you would look to the orifice at the base of the first
+pair of cirrhi in cirripedes, and at the curious organ in it, and
+discover what its nature is; I suppose I was quite in error, yet I
+cannot feel fully satisfied at Krohn's (See vol. ii., pages 138, 187.)
+observations. Also if you ever find any species of Scalpellum, pray
+look for complemental males; a German author has recently doubted my
+observations for no reason except that the facts appeared to him so
+strange.
+
+Permit me again to thank you cordially for the pleasure which I have
+derived from your work and to express my sincere admiration for your
+valuable researches.
+
+Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect, Yours very faithfully, CH.
+DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I do not know whether you care at all about plants, but if so,
+I should much like to send you my little work on the 'Fertilization of
+Orchids,' and I think I have a German copy.
+
+Could you spare me a photograph of yourself? I should much like to
+possess one.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Thursday, 27th [September, 1865].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I had intended writing this morning to thank Mrs. Hooker most sincerely
+for her last and several notes about you, and now your own note in your
+hand has rejoiced me. To walk between five and six miles is splendid,
+with a little patience you must soon be well. I knew you had been very
+ill, but I hardly knew how ill, until yesterday, when Bentham (from
+the Cranworths (Robert Rolfe, Lord Cranworth, and Lord Chancellor of
+England, lived at Holwood, near Down.)) called here, and I was able to
+see him for ten minutes. He told me also a little about the last days of
+your father (Sir William Hooker; 1785-1865. He took charge of the Royal
+Gardens at Kew, in 1840, when they ceased to be the private gardens
+of the Royal Family. In doing so, he gave up his professorship at
+Glasgow--and with it half of his income. He founded the herbarium and
+library, and within ten years he succeeded in making the gardens the
+first in the world. It is, thus, not too much to say that the creation
+of the establishment at Kew is due to the abilities and self-devotion of
+Sir William Hooker. While, for the subsequent development of the gardens
+up to their present magnificent condition, the nation must thank Sir
+Joseph Hooker, in whom the same qualities are so conspicuous.); I wish
+I had known your father better, my impression is confined to his
+remarkably cordial, courteous, and frank bearing. I fully concur and
+understand what you say about the difference of feeling in the loss of
+a father and child. I do not think any one could love a father much
+more than I did mine, and I do not believe three or four days ever pass
+without my still thinking of him, but his death at eight-four caused me
+nothing of that insufferable grief (I may quote here a passage from a
+letter of November, 1863. It was written to a friend who had lost his
+child: "How well I remember your feeling, when we lost Annie. It was my
+greatest comfort that I had never spoken a harsh word to her. Your grief
+has made me shed a few tears over our poor darling; but believe me that
+these tears have lost that unutterable bitterness of former days.")
+which the loss of our poor dear Annie caused. And this seems to me
+perfectly natural, for one knows for years previously that one's
+father's death is drawing slowly nearer and nearer, while the death of
+one's child is a sudden and dreadful wrench. What a wonderful deal you
+read; it is a horrid evil for me that I can read hardly anything, for
+it makes my head almost immediately begin to sing violently. My good
+womenkind read to me a great deal, but I dare not ask for much science,
+and am not sure that I could stand it. I enjoyed Tylor ('Researches into
+the Early History of Mankind,' by E.B. Tylor. 1865.) EXTREMELY, and
+the first part of Lecky 'The Rise of Rationalism in Europe,' by W.E.H.
+Lecky. 1865.); but I think the latter is often vague, and gives a false
+appearance of throwing light on his subject by such phrases as "spirit
+of the age," "spread of civilization," etc. I confine my reading to a
+quarter or half hour per day in skimming through the back volumes of the
+Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and find much that interests me.
+I miss my climbing plants very much, as I could observe them when very
+poorly.
+
+I did not enjoy the 'Mill on the Floss' so much as you, but from what
+you say we will read it again. Do you know 'Silas Marner'? it is a
+charming little story; if you run short, and like to have it, we could
+send it by post... We have almost finished the first volume of Palgrave
+(William Gifford Palgrave's 'Travels in Arabia,' published in 1865.),
+and I like it much; but did you ever see a book so badly arranged? The
+frequency of the allusions to what will be told in the future are quite
+laughable... By the way, I was very much pleased with the foot-note (The
+passage which seems to be referred to occurs in the text (page 479) of
+'Prehistoric Times.' It expresses admiration of Mr. Wallace's paper in
+the 'Anthropological Review' (May, 1864), and speaks of the author's
+"characteristic unselfishness" in ascribing the theory of Natural
+Selection "unreservedly to Mr. Darwin." about Wallace in Lubbock's
+last chapter. I had not heard that Huxley had backed up Lubbock about
+Parliament... Did you see a sneer some time ago in the "Times" about how
+incomparably more interesting politics were compared with science even
+to scientific men? Remember what Trollope says, in 'Can you Forgive
+her,' about getting into Parliament, as the highest earthly ambition.
+Jeffrey, in one of his letters, I remember, says that making an
+effective speech in Parliament is a far grander thing than writing the
+grandest history. All this seems to me a poor short-sighted view.
+I cannot tell you how it has rejoiced me once again seeing your
+handwriting-- my best of old friends.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In October he wrote Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Talking of the 'Origin,' a Yankee has called my attention to a paper
+attached to Dr. Wells's famous 'Essay on Dew,' which was read in 1813
+to the Royal Society, but not [then] printed, in which he applies most
+distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the Races of Man. So
+poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not,
+any longer to put on his title-pages, 'Discoverer of the principle of
+Natural Selection'!"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F.W. FARRAR. (Canon of Westminster.) Down, November 2
+[1865?].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+As I have never studied the science of language, it may perhaps seem
+presumptuous, but I cannot resist the pleasure of telling you what
+interest and pleasure I have derived from hearing read aloud your volume
+('Chapters on Language,' 1865.)
+
+I formerly read Max Muller, and thought his theory (if it deserves to be
+called so) both obscure and weak; and now, after hearing what you say,
+I feel sure that this is the case, and that your cause will ultimately
+triumph. My indirect interest in your book has been increased from Mr.
+Hensleigh Wedgwood, whom you often quote, being my brother-in-law.
+
+No one could dissent from my views on the modification of species with
+more courtesy than you do. But from the tenor of your mind I feel
+an entire and comfortable conviction (and which cannot possibly be
+disturbed) that if your studies led you to attend much to general
+questions in natural history you would come to the same conclusion that
+I have done.
+
+Have you ever read Huxley's little book of Lectures? I would gladly send
+a copy if you think you would read it.
+
+Considering what Geology teaches us, the argument from the supposed
+immutability of specific types seems to me much the same as if, in a
+nation which had no old writings, some wise old savage was to say that
+his language had never changed; but my metaphor is too long to fill up.
+
+Pray believe me, dear Sir, yours very sincerely obliged, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+1866.
+
+[The year 1866 is given in my father's Diary in the following words:--
+
+"Continued correcting chapters of 'Domestic Animals.'
+
+March 1st.--Began on 4th edition of 'Origin' of 1250 copies (received
+for it 238 pounds), making 7500 copies altogether.
+
+May 10th.--Finished 'Origin,' except revises, and began going over
+Chapter XIII. of 'Domestic Animals.'
+
+November 21st.--Finished 'Pangenesis.'
+
+December 21st.--Finished re-going over all chapters, and sent them to
+printers.
+
+December 22nd.--Began concluding chapter of book."
+
+He was in London on two occasions for a week at a time, staying with his
+brother, and for a few days (May 29th-June 2nd) in Surrey; for the rest
+of the year he was at Down.
+
+There seems to have been a gradual mending in his health; thus he wrote
+to Mr. Wallace (January 1866):--"My health is so far improved that I am
+able to work one or two hours a day."
+
+With respect to the 4th edition he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"The new edition of the 'Origin' has caused me two great vexations. I
+forgot Bates's paper on variation (This appears to refer to "Notes on
+South American Butterflies," Trans. Entomolog. Soc., vol. v. (N.S.).),
+but I remembered in time his mimetic work, and now, strange to say, I
+find I have forgotten your Arctic paper! I know how it arose; I indexed
+for my bigger work, and never expected that a new edition of the
+'Origin' would be wanted.
+
+"I cannot say how all this has vexed me. Everything which I have read
+during the last four years I find is quite washy in my mind." As far as
+I know, Mr. Bates's paper was not mentioned in the later editions of the
+'Origin,' for what reason I cannot say.
+
+In connection with his work on 'The Variation of Animals and Plants,' I
+give here extracts from three letters addressed to Mr. Huxley, which
+are of interest as giving some idea of the development of the theory of
+'Pangenesis,' ultimately published in 1868 in the book in question:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, May 27, [1865?].
+
+... I write now to ask a favour of you, a very great favour from one so
+hard worked as you are. It is to read thirty pages of MS., excellently
+copied out and give me, not lengthened criticism, but your opinion
+whether I may venture to publish it. You may keep the MS. for a month
+or two. I would not ask this favour, but I REALLY know no one else whose
+judgment on the subject would be final with me.
+
+The case stands thus: in my next book I shall publish long chapters on
+bud- and seminal-variation, on inheritance, reversion, effects of use
+and disuse, etc. I have also for many years speculated on the different
+forms of reproduction. Hence it has come to be a passion with me to try
+to connect all such facts by some sort of hypothesis. The MS. which I
+wish to send you gives such a hypothesis; it is a very rash and crude
+hypothesis, yet it has been a considerable relief to my mind, and I
+can hang on it a good many groups of facts. I well know that a mere
+hypothesis, and this is nothing more, is of little value; but it is very
+useful to me as serving as a kind of summary for certain chapters. Now
+I earnestly wish for your verdict given briefly as, "Burn it"--or, which
+is the most favourable verdict I can hope for, "It does rudely connect
+together certain facts, and I do not think it will immediately pass
+out of my mind." If you can say this much, and you do not think it
+absolutely ridiculous, I shall publish it in my concluding chapter.
+Now will you grant me this favour? You must refuse if you are too much
+overworked.
+
+I must say for myself that I am a hero to expose my hypothesis to the
+fiery ordeal of your criticism.
+
+
+July 12, [1865?].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for having so carefully considered my MS. It
+has been a real act of kindness. It would have annoyed me extremely to
+have re-published Buffon's views, which I did not know of, but I will
+get the book; and if I have strength I will also read Bonnet. I do not
+doubt your judgment is perfectly just, and I will try to persuade myself
+not to publish. The whole affair is much too speculative; yet I think
+some such view will have to be adopted, when I call to mind such facts
+as the inherited effects of use and disuse, etc. But I will try to be
+cautious...
+
+
+[1865?].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Forgive my writing in pencil, as I can do so lying down. I have read
+Buffon: whole pages are laughably like mine. It is surprising how candid
+it makes one to see one's views in another man's words. I am rather
+ashamed of the whole affair, but not converted to a no-belief. What a
+kindness you have done me with your "vulpine sharpness." Nevertheless,
+there is a fundamental distinction between Buffon's views and mine. He
+does not suppose that each cell or atom of tissue throws off a little
+bud; but he supposes that the sap or blood includes his "organic
+molecules," WHICH ARE READY FORMED, fit to nourish each organ, and when
+this is fully formed, they collect to form buds and the sexual elements.
+It is all rubbish to speculate as I have done; yet, if I ever
+have strength to publish my next book, I fear I shall not resist
+"Pangenesis," but I assure you I will put it humbly enough. The ordinary
+course of development of beings, such as the Echinodermata, in which
+new organs are formed at quite remote spots from the analogous previous
+parts, seem to me extremely difficult to reconcile on any view except
+the free diffusion in the parent of the germs or gemmules of each
+separate new organ; and so in cases of alternate generation. But I will
+not scribble any more. Hearty thanks to you, you best of critics and
+most learned man...
+
+
+[The letters now take up the history of the year 1866.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, July 5 [1866].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have been much interested by your letter, which is as clear as
+daylight. I fully agree with all that you say on the advantages of
+H. Spencer's excellent expression of "the survival of the fittest."
+(Extract from a letter of Mr. Wallace's, July 2, 1866: "The term
+'survival of the fittest' is the plain expression of the fact; 'natural
+selection' is a metaphorical expression of it, and to a certain degree
+indirect and incorrect, since... Nature... does not so much select special
+varieties as exterminate the most unfavourable ones.") This, however,
+had not occurred to me till reading your letter. It is, however, a great
+objection to this term that it cannot be used as a substantive governing
+a verb; and that this is a real objection I infer from H. Spencer
+continually using the words, natural selection. I formerly thought,
+probably in an exaggerated degree, that it was a great advantage to
+bring into connection natural and artificial selection; this indeed led
+me to use a term in common, and I still think it some advantage. I wish
+I had received your letter two months ago, for I would have worked in
+"the survival, etc.," often in the new edition of the 'Origin,' which is
+now almost printed off, and of which I will of course send you a copy. I
+will use the term in my next book on Domestic Animals, etc., from which,
+by the way, I plainly see that you expect MUCH, too much. The term
+Natural Selection has now been so largely used abroad and at home, that
+I doubt whether it could be given up, and with all its faults I should
+be sorry to see the attempt made. Whether it will be rejected must now
+depend "on the survival of the fittest." As in time the term must grow
+intelligible the objections to its use will grow weaker and weaker.
+I doubt whether the use of any term would have made the subject
+intelligible to some minds, clear as it is to others; for do we not see
+even to the present day Malthus on Population absurdly misunderstood?
+This reflection about Malthus has often comforted me when I have been
+vexed at the misstatement of my views. As for M. Janet (This no doubt
+refers to Janet's 'Materialisme Contemporain.'), he is a metaphysician,
+and such gentlemen are so acute that I think they often misunderstand
+common folk. Your criticism on the double sense ("I find you use
+'Natural Selection' in two senses. 1st, for the simple preservation of
+favourable and rejection of unfavourable variations, in which case it is
+equivalent to the 'survival of the fittest,'--and 2ndly, for the effect
+or CHANGE produced by this preservation." Extract from Mr. Wallace's
+letter above quoted.) in which I have used Natural Selection is new
+to me and unanswerable; but my blunder has done no harm, for I do not
+believe that any one, excepting you, has ever observed it. Again, I
+agree that I have said too much about "favourable variations;" but I am
+inclined to think that you put the opposite side too strongly; if every
+part of every being varied, I do not think we should see the same end,
+or object, gained by such wonderfully diversified means.
+
+I hope you are enjoying the country, and are in good health, and are
+working hard at your Malay Archipelago book, for I will always put this
+wish in every note I write to you, like some good people always put in
+a text. My health keeps much the same, or rather improves, and I am able
+to work some hours daily. With many thanks for your interesting letter.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 30 [1866].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I was very glad to get your note and the Notts. Newspaper. I have seldom
+been more pleased in my life than at hearing how successfully your
+lecture (At the Nottingham meeting of the British Association,
+August 27, 1866. The subject of the lecture was 'Insular Floras.' See
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", 1866.) went off. Mrs. H. Wedgwood sent us an
+account, saying that you read capitally, and were listened to with
+profound attention and great applause. She says, when your final
+allegory (Sir Joseph Hooker allegorized the Oxford meeting of the
+British Association as the gathering of a tribe of savages who believed
+that the new moon was created afresh each month. The anger of the
+priests and medicine man at a certain heresy, according to which the new
+moon is but the offspring of the old one, is excellently given.) began,
+"for a minute or two we were all mystified, and then came such bursts
+of applause from the audience. It was thoroughly enjoyed amid roars of
+laughter and noise, making a most brilliant conclusion."
+
+I am rejoiced that you will publish your lecture, and felt sure that
+sooner or later it would come to this, indeed it would have been a
+sin if you had not done so. I am especially rejoiced as you give the
+arguments for occasional transport, with such perfect fairness; these
+will now receive a fair share of attention, as coming from you a
+professed botanist. Thanks also for Grove's address; as a whole it
+strikes me as very good and original, but I was disappointed in the part
+about Species; it dealt in such generalities that it would apply to any
+view or no view in particular...
+
+And now farewell. I do most heartily rejoice at your success, and for
+Grove's sake at the brilliant success of the whole meeting.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter is of interest, as giving the beginning of the
+connection which arose between my father and Professor Victor Carus. The
+translation referred to is the third German edition made from the
+fourth English one. From this time forward Professor Carus continued
+to translate my father's books into German. The conscientious care with
+which this work was done was of material service, and I well
+remember the admiration (mingled with a tinge of vexation at his
+own short-comings) with which my father used to receive the lists of
+oversights, etc., which Professor Carus discovered in the course
+of translation. The connection was not a mere business one, but was
+cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, November 10, 1866.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your extremely kind letter. I cannot express too
+strongly my satisfaction that you have undertaken the revision of the
+new edition, and I feel the honour which you have conferred on me. I
+fear that you will find the labour considerable, not only on account of
+the additions, but I suspect that Bronn's translation is very defective,
+at least I have heard complaints on this head from quite a large number
+of persons. It would be a great gratification to me to know that the
+translation was a really good one, such as I have no doubt you will
+produce. According to our English practice, you will be fully justified
+in entirely omitting Bronn's Appendix, and I shall be very glad of its
+omission. A new edition may be looked at as a new work... You could
+add anything of your own that you liked, and I should be much pleased.
+Should you make any additions or append notes, it appears to me that
+Nageli "Entstehung und Begriff," etc. ('Entstehung und Begriff der
+Naturhistorischen Art.' An address given at a public meeting of the
+'R. Academy of Sciences' at Munich, March 28, 1865.), would be worth
+noticing, as one of the most able pamphlets on the subject. I am,
+however, far from agreeing with him that the acquisition of certain
+characters which appear to be of no service to plants, offers any great
+difficulty, or affords a proof of some innate tendency in plants towards
+perfection. If you intend to notice this pamphlet, I should like to
+write hereafter a little more in detail on the subject.
+
+... I wish I had known when writing my Historical Sketch that you had
+in 1853 published your views on the genealogical connection of past and
+present forms.
+
+I suppose you have the sheets of the last English edition on which I
+marked with pencil all the chief additions, but many little corrections
+of style were not marked.
+
+Pray believe that I feel sincerely grateful for the great service and
+honour which you do me by the present translation.
+
+I remain, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I should be VERY MUCH pleased to possess your photograph, and I
+send mine in case you should like to have a copy.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. NAGELI. (Professor of Botany at Munich.) Down, June
+12 [1866].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I hope you will excuse the liberty which I take in writing to you. I
+have just read, though imperfectly, your 'Entstehung und Begriff,'
+and have been so greatly interested by it, that I have sent it to be
+translated, as I am a poor German scholar. I have just finished a new
+[4th] edition of my 'Origin,' which will be translated into German,
+and my object in writing to you is to say that if you should see
+this edition you would think that I had borrowed from you, without
+acknowledgment, two discussions on the beauty of flowers and fruit;
+but I assure you every word was printed off before I had opened your
+pamphlet. Should you like to possess a copy of either the German or
+English new edition, I should be proud to send one. I may add, with
+respect to the beauty of flowers, that I have already hinted the same
+views as you hold in my paper on Lythrum.
+
+Many of your criticisms on my views are the best which I have met with,
+but I could answer some, at least to my own satisfaction; and I regret
+extremely that I had not read your pamphlet before printing my new
+edition. On one or two points, I think, you have a little misunderstood
+me, though I dare say I have not been cautious in expressing myself. The
+remark which has struck me most, is that on the position of the leaves
+not having been acquired through natural selection, from not being of
+any special importance to the plant. I well remember being formerly
+troubled by an analogous difficulty, namely, the position of the ovules,
+their anatropous condition, etc. It was owing to forgetfulness that
+I did not notice this difficulty in the 'Origin.' (Nageli's Essay is
+noticed in the 5th edition.) Although I can offer no explanation of such
+facts, and only hope to see that they may be explained, yet I hardly see
+how they support the doctrine of some law of necessary development,
+for it is not clear to me that a plant, with its leaves placed at some
+particular angle, or with its ovules in some particular position, thus
+stands higher than another plant. But I must apologise for troubling you
+with these remarks.
+
+As I much wish to possess your photograph, I take the liberty of
+enclosing my own, and with sincere respect I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[I give a few extracts from letters of various dates showing my
+father's interest, alluded to in the last letter, in the problem of the
+arrangement of the leaves on the stems of plants. It may be added that
+Professor Schwendener of Berlin has successfully attacked the question
+in his 'Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen,' 1878.
+
+
+TO DR. FALCONER. August 26 [1863].
+
+"Do you remember telling me that I ought to study Phyllotaxy? Well I
+have often wished you at the bottom of the sea; for I could not resist,
+and I muddled my brains with diagrams, etc., and specimens, and made
+out, as might have been expected, nothing. Those angles are a most
+wonderful problem and I wish I could see some one give a rational
+explanation of them."
+
+
+TO DR. ASA GRAY. May 11 [1861].
+
+"If you wish to save me from a miserable death, do tell me why the
+angles 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, etc, series occur, and no other angles. It
+is enough to drive the quietest man mad. Did you and some mathematician
+(Probably my father was thinking of Chauncey Wright's work on
+Phyllotaxy, in Gould's 'Astronomical Journal,' No.99, 1856, and in the
+'Mathematical Monthly,' 1859. These papers are mentioned in the "Letters
+of Chauncey Wright.' Mr. Wright corresponded with my father on the
+subject.) publish some paper on the subject? Hooker says you did; where
+is it?
+
+
+TO DR. ASA GRAY. [May 31, 1863?].
+
+"I have been looking at Nageli's work on this subject, and am astonished
+to see that the angle is not always the same in young shoots when the
+lea-buds are first distinguishable, as in full-grown branches. This
+shows, I think, that there must be some potent cause for those angles
+which do occur: I dare say there is some explanation as simple as that
+for the angles of the Bees-cells."
+
+My father also corresponded with Dr. Hubert Airy and was interested in
+his views on the subject, published in the Royal Soc. Proceedings, 1873,
+page 176.
+
+
+We now return to the year 1866.
+
+In November, when the prosecution of Governor Eyre was dividing England
+into two bitterly opposed parties, he wrote to Sir J. Hooker:--
+
+"You will shriek at me when you hear that I have just subscribed to the
+Jamaica Committee." (He subscribed 10 pounds.)
+
+On this subject I quote from a letter of my brother's:--
+
+"With respect to Governor Eyre's conduct in Jamaica, he felt strongly
+that J.S. Mill was right in prosecuting him. I remember one evening, at
+my Uncle's, we were talking on the subject, and as I happened to think
+it was too strong a measure to prosecute Governor Eyre for murder, I
+made some foolish remark about the prosecutors spending the surplus of
+the fund in a dinner. My father turned on me almost with fury, and told
+me, if those were my feelings, I had better go back to Southampton; the
+inhabitants having given a dinner to Governor Eyre on his landing, but
+with which I had had nothing to do." The end of the incident, as told
+by my brother, is so characteristic of my father that I cannot resist
+giving it, though it has no bearing on the point at issue. "Next morning
+at 7 o'clock, or so, he came into my bedroom and sat on my bed, and said
+that he had not been able to sleep from the thought that he had been so
+angry with me, and after a few more kind words he left me."
+
+The same restless desire to correct a disagreeable or incorrect
+impression is well illustrated in an extract which I quote from some
+notes by Rev. J. Brodie Innes:--
+
+"Allied to the extreme carefulness of observation was his most
+remarkable truthfulness in all matters. On one occasion, when a parish
+meeting had been held on some disputed point of no great importance, I
+was surprised by a visit from Mr. Darwin at night. He came to say that,
+thinking over the debate, though what he had said was quite accurate,
+he thought I might have drawn an erroneous conclusion, and he would
+not sleep till he had explained it. I believe that if on any day some
+certain fact had come to his knowledge which contradicted his most
+cherished theories, he would have placed the fact on record for
+publication before he slept."
+
+This tallies with my father's habits, as described by himself. When a
+difficulty or an objection occurred to him, he thought it of paramount
+importance to make a note of it instantly because he found hostile facts
+to be especially evanescent.
+
+The same point is illustrated by the following incident, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"I have always remembered the following little incident as a good
+example of Mr. Darwin's extreme solicitude on the score of accuracy. One
+evening at Down there was a general conversation upon the difficulty of
+explaining the evolution of some of the distinctively human emotions,
+especially those appertaining to the recognition of beauty in natural
+scenery. I suggested a view of my own upon the subject, which, depending
+upon the principle of association, required the supposition that a long
+line of ancestors should have inhabited regions, the scenery of which is
+now regarded as beautiful. Just as I was about to observe that the chief
+difficulty attaching to my hypothesis arose from feelings of the sublime
+(seeing that these are associated with awe, and might therefore be
+expected not to be agreeable), Mr. Darwin anticipated the remark, by
+asking how the hypothesis was to meet the case of these feelings. In the
+conversation which followed, he said the occasion in his own life, when
+he was most affected by the emotions of the sublime was when he stood
+upon one of the summits of the Cordillera, and surveyed the magnificent
+prospect all around. It seemed, as he quaintly observed, as if
+his nerves had become fiddle strings, and had all taken to rapidly
+vibrating. This remark was only made incidentally, and the conversation
+passed into some other branch. About an hour afterwards Mr. Darwin
+retired to rest, while I sat up in the smoking-room with one of his
+sons. We continued smoking and talking for several hours, when at
+about one o'clock in the morning the door gently opened and Mr.
+Darwin appeared, in his slippers and dressing-gown. As nearly as I can
+remember, the following are the words he used:--
+
+"'Since I went to bed I have been thinking over our conversation in the
+drawing-room, and it has just occurred to me that I was wrong in telling
+you I felt most of the sublime when on the top of the Cordillera; I am
+quite sure that I felt it even more when in the forests of Brazil. I
+thought it best to come and tell you this at once in case I should
+be putting you wrong. I am sure now that I felt most sublime in the
+forests.'
+
+"This was all he had come to say, and it was evident that he had come to
+do so, because he thought that the fact of his feeling 'most sublime in
+forests' was more in accordance with the hypothesis which we had been
+discussing, than the fact which he had previously stated. Now, as no one
+knew better than Mr. Darwin the difference between a speculation and a
+fact, I thought this little exhibition of scientific conscientiousness
+very noteworthy, where the only question concerned was of so highly
+speculative a character. I should not have been so much impressed if he
+had thought that by his temporary failure of memory he had put me on a
+wrong scent in any matter of fact, although even in such a case he is
+the only man I ever knew who would care to get out of bed at such a time
+at night in order to make the correction immediately, instead of waiting
+till next morning. But as the correction only had reference to a flimsy
+hypothesis, I certainly was very much impressed by this display of
+character."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 10 [1866].
+
+... I have now read the last No. of H. Spencer. ('Principles of
+Biology.') I do not know whether to think it better than the previous
+number, but it is wonderfully clever, and I dare say mostly true. I feel
+rather mean when I read him: I could bear, and rather enjoy feeling that
+he was twice as ingenious and clever as myself, but when I feel that he
+is about a dozen times my superior, even in the master art of wriggling,
+I feel aggrieved. If he had trained himself to observe more, even if at
+the expense, by the law of balancement, of some loss of thinking power,
+he would have been a wonderful man.
+
+... I am HEARTILY glad you are taking up the Distribution of Plants in
+New Zealand, and suppose it will make part of your new book. Your view,
+as I understand it, that New Zealand subsided and formed two or
+more small islands, and then rose again, seems to me extremely
+probable... When I puzzled my brains about New Zealand, I remember I came
+to the conclusion, as indeed I state in the 'Origin,' that its flora, as
+well as that of other southern lands, had been tinctured by an Antarctic
+flora, which must have existed before the Glacial period. I concluded
+that New Zealand never could have been closely connected with Australia,
+though I supposed it had received some few Australian forms by
+occasional means of transport. Is there any reason to suppose that New
+Zealand could have been more closely connected with South Australia
+during the glacial period, when the Eucalypti, etc., might have been
+driven further North? Apparently there remains only the line, which
+I think you suggested, of sunken islands from New Caledonia. Please
+remember that the Edwardsia was certainly drifted there by the sea.
+
+I remember in old days speculating on the amount of life, i.e. of
+organic chemical change, at different periods. There seems to me one
+very difficult element in the problem, namely, the state of development
+of the organic beings at each period, for I presume that a Flora and
+Fauna of cellular cryptogamic plants, of Protozoa and Radiata would lead
+to much less chemical change than is now going on. But I have scribbled
+enough.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter is in acknowledgment of Mr. Rivers' reply to
+an earlier letter in which my father had asked for information on
+bu-variation:
+
+It may find a place here in illustration of the manner of my father's
+intercourse with those "whose avocations in life had to do with the
+rearing or use of living things" ("Mr. Dyer in 'Charles Darwin,'"
+"Nature Series", 1882, page 39.)--an intercourse which bore such good
+fruit in the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.' Mr. Dyer has some
+excellent remarks on the unexpected value thus placed on apparently
+trivial facts disinterred from weekly journals, or amassed by
+correspondence. He adds: "Horticulturists who had... moulded plants
+almost at their will at the impulse of taste or profit were at once
+amazed and charmed to find that they had been doing scientific work and
+helping to establish a great theory."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T. RIVERS. (The late Mr. Rivers was an eminent
+horticulturist and writer on horticulture.) Down, December 28 [1866?].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Permit me to thank you cordially for your most kind letter. For years
+I have read with interest every scrap which you have written in
+periodicals, and abstracted in MS. your book on Roses, and several times
+I thought I would write to you, but did not know whether you would think
+me too intrusive. I shall, indeed, be truly obliged for any information
+you can supply me on bud-variation or sports. When any extra
+difficult points occur to me in my present subject (which is a mass of
+difficulties), I will apply to you, but I will not be unreasonable. It
+is most true what you say that any one to study well the physiology of
+the life of plants, ought to have under his eye a multitude of plants.
+I have endeavoured to do what I can by comparing statements by many
+writers and observing what I could myself. Unfortunately few have
+observed like you have done. As you are so kind, I will mention one
+other point on which I am collecting facts; namely, the effect produced
+on the stock by the graft; thus, it is SAID, that the purple-leaved
+filbert affects the leaves of the common hazel on which it is grafted (I
+have just procured a plant to try), so variegated jessamine is SAID
+to affect its stock. I want these facts partly to throw light on the
+marvellous laburnum Adami, trifacial oranges, etc. That laburnum case
+seems one of the strangest in physiology. I have now growing splendid,
+FERTILE, yellow laburnums (with a long raceme like the so-called
+Waterer's laburnum) from seed of yellow flowers on the C. Adami. To a
+man like myself, who is compelled to live a solitary life, and sees few
+persons, it is no slight satisfaction to hear that I have been able at
+all [to] interest by my books observers like yourself.
+
+As I shall publish on my present subject, I presume, within a year, it
+will be of no use your sending me the shoots of peaches and nectarines
+which you so kindly offer; I have recorded your facts.
+
+Permit me again to thank you cordially; I have not often in my life
+received a kinder letter.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.V. -- THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.'
+
+JANUARY 1867, TO JUNE 1868.
+
+[At the beginning of the year 1867 he was at work on the final
+chapter--"Concluding Remarks" of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants
+under Domestication,' which was begun after the rest of the MS. had
+been sent to the printers in the preceding December. With regard to the
+publication of the book he wrote to Mr. Murray, on January 3:--
+
+"I cannot tell you how sorry I am to hear of the enormous size of my
+book. (On January 9 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I have been these last
+few days vexed and annoyed to a foolish degree by hearing that my MS.
+on Dom. An. and Cult. Plants will make 2 volumes, both bigger than
+the 'Origin.' The volumes will have to be full-sized octavo, so I have
+written to Murray to suggest details to be printed in small type. But I
+feel that the size is quite ludicrous in relation to the subject. I am
+ready to swear at myself and at every fool who writes a book.") I fear
+it can never pay. But I cannot shorten it now; nor, indeed, if I had
+foreseen its length, do I see which parts ought to have been omitted.
+
+"If you are afraid to publish it, say so at once, I beg you, and I will
+consider your note as cancelled. If you think fit, get any one whose
+judgment you rely on, to look over some of the more legible chapters,
+namely, the Introduction, and on dogs and plants, the latter chapters
+being in my opinion, the dullest in the book... The list of chapters, and
+the inspection of a few here and there, would give a good judge a fair
+idea of the whole book. Pray do not publish blindly, as it would vex me
+all my life if I led you to heavy loss."
+
+Mr. Murray referred the MS. to a literary friend, and, in spite of
+a somewhat adverse opinion, willingly agreed to publish the book. My
+father wrote:--
+
+"Your note has been a great relief to me. I am rather alarmed about the
+verdict of your friend, as he is not a man of science. I think if you
+had sent the 'Origin' to an unscientific man, he would have utterly
+condemned it. I am, however, VERY GLAD that you have consulted any one
+on whom you can rely.
+
+"I must add, that my 'Journal of Researches' was seen in MS. by an
+eminent semi-scientific man, and was pronounced unfit for publication."
+
+The proofs were begun in March, and the last revise was finished on
+November 15th, and during this period the only intervals of rest were
+two visits of a week each at his brother Erasmus's house in Queen Anne
+Street. He notes in his Diary:--
+
+"I began this book [in the] beginning of 1860 (and then had some MS.),
+but owing to interruptions from my illness, and illness of children;
+from various editions of the 'Origin,' and Papers, especially Orchis
+book and Tendrils, I have spent four years and two months over it."
+
+The edition of 'Animals and Plants' was of 1500 copies, and of these
+1260 were sold at Mr. Murray's autumnal sale, but it was not published
+until January 30, 1868. A new edition of 1250 copies was printed in
+February of the same year.
+
+In 1867 he received the distinction of being made a knight of the
+Prussian Order "Pour le Merite." (The Order "Pour le Merite" was
+founded in 1740 by Frederick II. by the re-christening of an "Order
+of Generosity," founded in 1665. It was at one time strictly military,
+having been previously both civil and military, and in 1840 the Order
+was again opened to civilians. The order consists of thirty members of
+German extraction, but distinguished foreigners are admitted to a kind
+of extraordinary membership. Faraday, Herschel, and Thomas Moore, have
+belonged to it in this way. From the thirty members a chancellor is
+elected by the king (the first officer of this kind was Alexander v.
+Humboldt); and it is the duty of the chancellor to notify a vacancy in
+the Order to the remainder of the thirty, who then elect by vote the new
+member--but the king has technically the appointment in his own hands.)
+He seems not to have known how great the distinction was, for in June
+1868 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"What a man you are for sympathy. I was made "Eques" some months ago,
+but did not think much about it. Now, by Jove, we all do; but you, in
+fact, have knighted me."
+
+The letters may now take up the story.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 8 [1867].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am heartily glad that you have been offered the Presidentship of the
+British Association, for it is a great honour, and as you have so
+much work to do, I am equally glad that you have declined it. I feel,
+however, convinced that you would have succeeded very well; but if I
+fancy myself in such a position, it actually makes my blood run cold. I
+look back with amazement at the skill and taste with which the Duke of
+Argyll made a multitude of little speeches at Glasgow. By the way,
+I have not seen the Duke's book ('The Reign of Law,' 1867.), but I
+formerly thought that some of the articles which appeared in periodicals
+were very clever, but not very profound. One of these was reviewed
+in the "Saturday Review" ("Saturday Review", November 15, 1862, 'The
+"Edinburgh Review" on the Supernatural.' Written by my cousin, Mr.
+Henry Parker.) some years ago, and the fallacy of some main argument
+was admirably exposed, and I sent the article to you, and you agreed
+strongly with it... There was the other day a rather good review of the
+Duke's book in the "Spectator", and with a new explanation, either by
+the Duke or the reviewer (I could not make out which), of rudimentary
+organs, namely, that economy of labour and material was a great guiding
+principle with God (ignoring waste of seed and of young monsters, etc.),
+and that making a new plan for the structure of animals was thought, and
+thought was labour, and therefore God kept to a uniform plan, and left
+rudiments. This is no exaggeration. In short, God is a man, rather
+cleverer than us... I am very much obliged for the "Nation" (returned by
+this post); it is ADMIRABLY good. You say I always guess wrong, but I do
+not believe any one, except Asa Gray, could have done the thing so well.
+I would bet even, or three to two, that it is Asa Gray, though one or
+two passages staggered me.
+
+I finish my book on 'Domestic Animals,' etc., by a single paragraph,
+answering, or rather throwing doubt, in so far as so little space
+permits, on Asa Gray's doctrine that each variation has been specially
+ordered or led along a beneficial line. It is foolish to touch such
+subjects, but there have been so many allusions to what I think about
+the part which God has played in the formation of organic beings (Prof.
+Judd allows me to quote from some notes which he has kindly given
+me:--"Lyell once told me that he had frequently been asked if Darwin was
+not one of the most unhappy of men, it being suggested that his outrage
+upon public opinion should have filled him with remorse." Sir Charles
+Lyell must have been able, I think, to give a satisfactory answer on
+this point. Professor Judd continues:--
+
+"I made a note of this and other conversations of Lyell's at the time.
+At the present time such statements must appear strange to any one
+who does not recollect the revolution in opinion which has taken place
+during the last 23 years [1882]."), that I thought it shabby to evade
+the question... I have even received several letters on the subject... I
+overlooked your sentence about Providence, and suppose I treated it as
+Buckland did his own theology, when his Bridgewater Treatise was read
+aloud to him for correction...
+
+
+[The following letter, from Mrs. Boole, is one of those referred to in
+the last letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:]
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+Will you excuse my venturing to ask you a question, to which no one's
+answer but your own would be quite satisfactory?
+
+Do you consider the holding of your theory of Natural Selection, in its
+fullest and most unreserved sense, to be inconsistent--I do not say with
+any particular scheme of theological doctrine--but with the following
+belief, namely:--
+
+That knowledge is given to man by the direct inspiration of the Spirit
+of God.
+
+That God is a personal and Infinitely good Being.
+
+That the effect of the action of the Spirit of God on the brain of man
+is especially a moral effect.
+
+And that each individual man has within certain limits a power of choice
+as to how far he will yield to his hereditary animal impulses, and how
+far he will rather follow the guidance of the Spirit, who is educating
+him into a power of resisting those impulses in obedience to moral
+motives?
+
+The reason why I ask you is this: my own impression has always been, not
+only that your theory was perfectly COMPATIBLE with the faith to which
+I have just tried to give expression, but that your books afforded me
+a clue which would guide me in applying that faith to the solution of
+certain complicated psychological problems which it was of practical
+importance to me as a mother to solve. I felt that you had supplied one
+of the missing links--not to say THE missing link--between the facts of
+science and the promises of religion. Every year's experience tends to
+deepen in me that impression.
+
+But I have lately read remarks on the probable bearing of your theory on
+religious and moral questions which have perplexed and pained me sorely.
+I know that the persons who make such remarks must be cleverer and wiser
+than myself. I cannot feel sure that they are mistaken, unless you will
+tell me so. And I think--I cannot know for certain--but I THINK--that if
+I were an author, I would rather that the humblest student of my works
+should apply to me directly in a difficulty, than that she should puzzle
+too long over adverse and probably mistaken or thoughtless criticisms.
+
+At the same time I feel that you have a perfect right to refuse to
+answer such questions as I have asked you. Science must take her
+path, and Theology hers, and they will meet when and where and how God
+pleases, and you are in no sense responsible for it if the meeting-point
+should still be very far off. If I receive no answer to this letter I
+shall infer nothing from your silence, except that you felt I had no
+right to make such enquiries of a stranger.
+
+[My father replied as follows:]
+
+Down, December 14, [1866].
+
+Dear Madam,
+
+It would have gratified me much if I could have sent satisfactory
+answers to your questions, or, indeed, answers of any kind. But I cannot
+see how the belief that all organic beings, including man, have been
+genetically derived from some simple being, instead of having been
+separately created, bears on your difficulties. These, as it seems to
+me, can be answered only by widely different evidence from science, or
+by the so-called "inner consciousness." My opinion is not worth more
+than that of any other man who has thought on such subjects, and it
+would be folly in me to give it. I may, however, remark that it has
+always appeared to me more satisfactory to look at the immense amount of
+pain and suffering in this world as the inevitable result of the natural
+sequence of events, i.e. general laws, rather than from the direct
+intervention of God, though I am aware this is not logical with
+reference to an omniscient Deity. Your last question seems to resolve
+itself into the problem of free will and necessity, which has been found
+by most persons insoluble. I sincerely wish that this note had not been
+as utterly valueless as it is. I would have sent full answers, though I
+have little time or strength to spare, had it been in my power. I have
+the honour to remain, dear Madam,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I am grieved that my views should incidentally have caused trouble
+to your mind, but I thank you for your judgment, and honour you for it,
+that theology and science should each run its own course, and that in
+the present case I am not responsible if their meeting-point should
+still be far off.
+
+
+[The next letter discusses the 'Reign of Law,' referred to a few pages
+back:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, June 1 [1867].
+
+... I am at present reading the Duke, and am VERY MUCH interested by him;
+yet I cannot but think, clever as the whole is, that parts are weak, as
+when he doubts whether each curvature of the beak of humming-birds is of
+service to each species. He admits, perhaps too fully, that I have shown
+the use of each little ridge and shape of each petal in orchids, and how
+strange he does not extend the view to humming-birds. Still odder, it
+seems to me, all that he says on beauty, which I should have thought a
+nonentity, except in the mind of some sentient being. He might have as
+well said that love existed during the secondary or Palaeozoic periods.
+I hope you are getting on with your book better than I am with mine,
+which kills me with the labour of correcting, and is intolerably dull,
+though I did not think so when I was writing it. A naturalist's life
+would be a happy one if he had only to observe, and never to write.
+
+We shall be in London for a week in about a fortnight's time, and I
+shall enjoy having a breakfast talk with you.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to the new and improved translation of the
+'Origin,' undertaken by Professor Carus:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. VICTOR CARUS. Down, February 17 [1867].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have read your preface with care. It seems to me that you have treated
+Bronn with complete respect and great delicacy, and that you have
+alluded to your own labour with much modesty. I do not think that any of
+Bronn's friends can complain of what you say and what you have done. For
+my own sake, I grieve that you have not added notes, as I am sure that
+I should have profited much by them; but as you have omitted Bronn's
+objections, I believe that you have acted with excellent judgment and
+fairness in leaving the text without comment to the independent verdict
+of the reader. I heartily congratulate you that the main part of your
+labour is over; it would have been to most men a very troublesome task,
+but you seem to have indomitable powers of work, judging from those two
+wonderful and most useful volumes on zoological literature ('Bibliotheca
+Zoologica,' 1861.) edited by you, and which I never open without
+surprise at their accuracy, and gratitude for their usefulness. I cannot
+sufficiently tell you how much I rejoice that you were persuaded to
+superintend the translation of the present edition of my book, for I
+have now the great satisfaction of knowing that the German public can
+judge fairly of its merits and demerits...
+
+With my cordial and sincere thanks, believe me,
+
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor
+Haeckel, was written in 1865, and from that time forward they
+corresponded (though not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of
+my father's life. His friendship with Haeckel was not nearly growth of
+correspondence, as was the case with some others, for instance, Fritz
+Muller. Haeckel paid more than one visit to Down, and these were
+thoroughly enjoyed by my father. The following letter will serve to
+show the strong feeling of regard which he entertained for his
+correspondent--a feeling which I have often heard him emphatically
+express, and which was warmly returned. The book referred to is
+Haeckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' published in 1866, a copy of which my
+father received from the author in January 1867.
+
+Dr. E. Krause ('Charles Darwin und sein Verhaltniss zu Deutschland,'
+1885.) has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's services to the
+cause of Evolution. After speaking of the lukewarm reception which the
+'Origin' met with in Germany on its first publication, he goes on to
+describe the first adherents of the new faith as more or less popular
+writers, not especially likely to advance its acceptance with the
+professorial or purely scientific world. And he claims for Haeckel that
+it was his advocacy of Evolution in his 'Radiolaria' (1862), and at
+the "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin in 1863, that placed the
+Darwinian question for the first time publicly before the forum
+of German science, and his enthusiastic propagandism that chiefly
+contributed to its success.
+
+Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+the Coryphaeus of the Darwinian movement in Germany. Of his 'Generelle
+Morphologie,' "an attempt to work out the practical application" of the
+doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+"force and suggestiveness, and... systematising power of Oken without his
+extravagance." Professor Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+'Schopfungs-Geschichte' as an exposition of the 'Generelle Morphologie'
+"for an educated public."
+
+Again, in his 'Evolution in Biology' (An article in the 'Encyclopaedia
+Britannica,' 9th edition, reprinted in 'Science and Culture,' 1881, page
+298.), Mr. Huxley wrote: "Whatever hesitation may, not unfrequently,
+be felt by less daring minds, in following Haeckel in many of his
+speculations, his attempt to systematise the doctrine of Evolution,
+and to exhibit its influence as the central thought of modern biology,
+cannot fail to have a far-reaching influence on the progress of
+science."
+
+In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner
+in which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and
+on this subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (page 162). He asks
+whether much that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well
+have been otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to
+deny this. Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked
+well for the cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated
+on himself by his 'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,' his 'Generelle
+Morphologie,' and 'Schopfungs-Geschichte,' all the hatred and
+bitterness which Evolution excited in certain quarters," so that, "in
+a surprisingly short time it became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel
+alone should be abused, while Darwin was held up as the ideal of
+forethought and moderation."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, May 21, 1867.
+
+Dear Haeckel,
+
+Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for you have
+received what I said in the most kind and cordial manner. You have
+in part taken what I said much stronger than I had intended. It never
+occurred to me for a moment to doubt that your work, with the whole
+subject so admirably and clearly arranged, as well as fortified by so
+many new facts and arguments, would not advance our common object in the
+highest degree. All that I think is that you will excite anger, and that
+anger so completely blinds every one, that your arguments would have
+no chance of influencing those who are already opposed to our views.
+Moreover, I do not at all like that you, towards whom I feel so much
+friendship, should unnecessarily make enemies, and there is pain and
+vexation enough in the world without more being caused. But I repeat
+that I can feel no doubt that your work will greatly advance our
+subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated into English, for
+my own sake and that of others. With respect to what you say about
+my advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some of
+my English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+policy. The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in England
+(In October 1867 he wrote to Mr. Wallace:--"Mr. Warrington has lately
+read an excellent and spirited abstract of the 'Origin' before the
+Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has gained
+the name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion which followed during
+three consecutive meetings is very rich from the nonsense talked. If you
+would care to see the number I could send it you."), even amongst those
+who can give no reason for their belief. No body of men were at first
+so much opposed to my views as the members of the London Entomological
+Society, but now I am assured that, with the exception of two or three
+old men, all the members concur with me to a certain extent. It has been
+a great disappointment to me that I have never received your long letter
+written to me from the Canary Islands. I am rejoiced to hear that your
+tour, which seems to have been a most interesting one, has done your
+health much good. I am working away at my new book, but make very slow
+progress, and the work tries my health, which is much the same as when
+you were here.
+
+Victor Carus is going to translate it, but whether it is worth
+translation, I am rather doubtful. I am very glad to hear that there is
+some chance of your visiting England this autumn, and all in this house
+will be delighted to see you here.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, July 31 [1867].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I received a week ago your letter of June 2, full as usual of valuable
+matter and specimens. It arrived at exactly the right time, for I was
+enabled to give a pretty full abstract of your observations on the
+plant's own pollen being poisonous. I have inserted this abstract in the
+proo-sheets in my chapter on sterility, and it forms the most striking
+part of my whole chapter. (In 'The Variation of Animals and Plants.') I
+thank you very sincerely for the most interesting observations, which,
+however, I regret that you did not publish independently. I have been
+forced to abbreviate one or two parts more than I wished... Your letters
+always surprise me, from the number of points to which you attend. I
+wish I could make my letters of any interest to you, for I hardly ever
+see a naturalist, and live as retired a life as you in Brazil. With
+respect to mimetic plants, I remember Hooker many years ago saying he
+believed that there were many, but I agree with you that it would
+be most difficult to distinguish between mimetic resemblance and the
+effects of peculiar conditions. Who can say to which of these causes to
+attribute the several plants with heath-like foliage at the Cape of Good
+Hope? Is it not also a difficulty that quadrupeds appear to recognise
+plants more by their [scent] than their appearance? What I have just
+said reminds me to ask you a question. Sir J. Lubbock brought me the
+other day what appears to be a terrestrial Planaria (the first ever
+found in the northern hemisphere) and which was coloured exactly like
+our dark-coloured slugs. Now slugs are not devoured by birds, like
+the shell-bearing species, and this made me remember that I found the
+Brazilian Planariae actually together with striped Vaginuli which I
+believe were similarly coloured. Can you throw any light on this? I wish
+to know, because I was puzzled some months ago how it would be possible
+to account for the bright colours of the Planariae in reference to
+sexual selection. By the way, I suppose they are hermaphrodites.
+
+Do not forget to aid me, if in your power, with answers to ANY of my
+questions on expression, for the subject interests me greatly. With
+cordial thanks for your never-failing kindness, believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, July 18 [1867].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Many thanks for your long letter. I am sorry to hear that you are in
+despair about your book (The 2nd volume of the 10th Edition of the
+'Principles.'); I well know that feeling, but am now getting out of the
+lower depths. I shall be very much pleased, if you can make the least
+use of my present book, and do not care at all whether it is published
+before yours. Mine will appear towards the end of November of this year;
+you speak of yours as not coming out till November, 1868, which I
+hope may be an error. There is nothing about Man in my book which can
+interfere with you, so I will order all the completed clean sheets to be
+sent (and others as soon as ready) to you, but please observe you will
+not care for the first volume, which is a mere record of the amount
+of variation; but I hope the second will be somewhat more interesting.
+Though I fear the whole must be dull.
+
+I rejoice from my heart that you are going to speak out plainly about
+species. My book about Man, if published, will be short, and a large
+portion will be devoted to sexual selection, to which subject I alluded
+in the 'Origin' as bearing on Man...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, August 22 [1867].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you cordially for your last two letters. The former one did me
+REAL good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could hardly
+bear to correct the proofs (The proofs of 'Animals and Plants,' which
+Lyell was then reading.), and you gave me fresh heart. I remember
+thinking that when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would pass it over
+as quite unreadable. Your last letter has interested me in very many
+ways, and I have been glad to hear about those horrid unbelieving
+Frenchmen. I have been particularly pleased that you have noticed
+Pangenesis. I do not know whether you ever had the feeling of having
+thought so much over a subject that you had lost all power of judging
+it. This is my case with Pangenesis (which is 26 or 27 years old), but I
+am inclined to think that if it be admitted as a probable hypothesis it
+will be a somewhat important step in Biology.
+
+I cannot help still regretting that you have ever looked at the slips,
+for I hope to improve the whole a good deal. It is surprising to me,
+and delightful, that you should care in the least about the plants.
+Altogether you have given me one of the best cordials I ever had in my
+life, and I heartily thank you. I despatched this morning the French
+edition. (Of the 'Origin.' It appears that my father was sending a copy
+of the French edition to Sir Charles. The introduction was by Mdlle.
+Royer, who translated the book.) The introduction was a complete
+surprise to me, and I dare say has injured the book in France;
+nevertheless... it shows, I think, that the woman is uncommonly clever.
+Once again many thanks for the renewed courage with which I shall attack
+the horrid proof-sheets.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--A Russian who is translating my new book into Russian has been
+here, and says you are immensely read in Russia, and many editions--how
+many I forget. Six editions of Buckle and four editions of the 'Origin.'
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, October 16 [1867].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I send by this post clean sheets of Volume I. up to page 336, and there
+are only 411 pages in this volume. I am VERY glad to hear that you are
+going to review my book; but if the "Nation" (The book was reviewed by
+Dr. Gray in the "Nation", March 19, 1868.) is a newspaper I wish it
+were at the bottom of the sea, for I fear that you will thus be stopped
+reviewing me in a scientific journal. The first volume is all details,
+and you will not be able to read it; and you must remember that the
+chapters on plants are written for naturalists who are not botanists.
+The last chapter in Volume I. is, however, I think, a curious
+compilation of facts; it is on bu-variation. In Volume II. some of the
+chapters are more interesting; and I shall be very curious to hear your
+verdict on the chapter on close inte-breeding. The chapter on what I
+call Pangenesis will be called a mad dream, and I shall be pretty well
+satisfied if you think it a dream worth publishing; but at the bottom of
+my own mind I think it contains a great truth. I finish my book with a
+semi-theological paragraph, in which I quote and differ from you; what
+you will think of it, I know not...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 17 [1867].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Congratulate me, for I have finished the last revise of the last sheet
+of my book. It has been an awful job: seven and a half months correcting
+the press: the book, from much small type, does not look big, but is
+really very big. I have had hard work to keep up to the mark, but during
+the last week only few revises came, so that I have rested and feel more
+myself. Hence, after our long mutual silence, I enjoy myself by writing
+a note to you, for the sake of exhaling, and hearing from you. On
+account of the index (The index was made by Mr. W.S. Dallas; I have
+often heard my father express his admiration of this excellent piece of
+work.), I do not suppose that you will receive your copy till the middle
+of next month. I shall be intensely anxious to hear what you think
+about Pangenesis; though I can see how fearfully imperfect, even in mere
+conjectural conclusions, it is; yet it has been an infinite satisfaction
+to me somehow to connect the various large groups of facts, which I
+have long considered, by an intelligible thread. I shall not be at all
+surprised if you attack it and me with unparalleled ferocity. It will
+be my endeavour to do as little as possible for some time, but [I] shall
+soon prepare a paper or two for the Linnean Society. In a short time we
+shall go to London for ten days, but the time is not yet fixed. Now I
+have told you a deal about myself, and do let me hear a good deal
+about your own past and future doings. Can you pay us a visit, early in
+December?... I have seen no one for an age, and heard no news.
+
+... About my book I will give you a bit of advice. Skip the WHOLE of
+Volume I., except the last chapter (and that need only be skimmed) and
+skip largely in the 2nd volume; and then you will say it is a very good
+book.
+
+
+1868.
+
+['The Variation of Animals and Plants' was, as already mentioned,
+published on January 30, 1868, and on that day he sent a copy to Fritz
+Muller, and wrote to him:--
+
+"I send by this post, by French packet, my new book, the publication of
+which has been much delayed. The greater part, as you will see, is not
+meant to be read; but I should very much like to hear what you think
+of 'Pangenesis,' though I fear it will appear to EVERY ONE far too
+speculative."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. February 3 [1868].
+
+... I am very much pleased at what you say about my Introduction; after
+it was in type I was as near as possible cancelling the whole. I have
+been for some time in despair about my book, and if I try to read a few
+pages I feel fairly nauseated, but do not let this make you praise it;
+for I have made up my mind that it is not worth a fifth part of the
+enormous labour it has cost me. I assure you that all that is worth your
+doing (if you have time for so much) is glancing at Chapter VI., and
+reading parts of the later chapters. The facts on self-impotent plants
+seem to me curious, and I have worked out to my own satisfaction the
+good from crossing and evil from interbreeding. I did read Pangenesis
+the other evening, but even this, my beloved child, as I had fancied,
+quite disgusted me. The devil take the whole book; and yet now I am at
+work again as hard as I am able. It is really a great evil that from
+habit I have pleasure in hardly anything except Natural History, for
+nothing else makes me forget my eve-recurrent uncomfortable sensations.
+But I must not howl any more, and the critics may say what they like;
+I did my best, and man can do no more. What a splendid pursuit Natural
+History would be if it was all observing and no writing!...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 10 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+What is the good of having a friend, if one may not boast to him? I
+heard yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole edition of
+1500 copies of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has agreed with
+Clowes to get another edition in fourteen days! This has done me a world
+of good, for I had got into a sort of dogged hatred of my book. And
+now there has appeared a review in the "Pall Mall" which has pleased me
+excessively, more perhaps than is reasonable. I am quite content, and
+do not care how much I may be pitched into. If by any chance you should
+hear who wrote the article in the "Pall Mall", do please tell me; it
+is some one who writes capitally, and who knows the subject. I went to
+luncheon on Sunday, to Lubbock's, partly in hopes of seeing you, and, be
+hanged to you, you were not there.
+
+Your cock-a-hoop friend, C.D.
+
+
+[Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in
+the "Pall Mall Gazette" (February 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well
+have been gratified by the following passages:--
+
+"We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on
+his antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. Considering
+the amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other
+side, this forbearance is supremely dignified."
+
+And again in the third notice, February 17:--
+
+"Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive
+sel-love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators... but while abstaining
+from impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest
+debts he may owe; and his book will make many men happy."
+
+I am indebted to Messrs. Smith & Elder for the information that these
+articles were written by Mr. G.H. Lewes.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 23 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have had almost as many letters to write of late as you can have, viz.
+from 8 to 10 per diem, chiefly getting up facts on sexual selection,
+therefore I have felt no inclination to write to you, and now I mean to
+write solely about my book for my own satisfaction, and not at all for
+yours. The first edition was 1500 copies, and now the second is
+printed off; sharp work. Did you look at the review in the "Athenaeum"
+("Athenaeum", February 15, 1868. My father quoted Pouchet's assertion
+that "variation under domestication throws no light on the natural
+modification of species." The reviewer quotes the end of a passage
+in which my father declares that he can see no force in Pouchet's
+arguments, or rather assertions, and then goes on: "We are sadly
+mistaken if there are not clear proofs in the pages of the book before
+us that, on the contrary, Mr. Darwin has perceived, felt, and yielded to
+the force of the arguments or assertions of his French antagonist." The
+following may serve as samples of the rest of the review:--
+
+"Henceforth the rhetoricians will have a better illustration of
+anti-climax than the mountain which brought forth a mouse,... in the
+discoverer of the origin of species, who tried to explain the variation
+of pigeons!
+
+"A few summary words. On the 'Origin of Species' Mr. Darwin has
+nothing, and is never likely to have anything, to say; but on the vastly
+important subject of inheritance, the transmission of peculiarities
+once acquired through successive generations, this work is a valuable
+store-house of facts for curious students and practical breeders."),
+showing profound contempt of me?... It is a shame that he should have
+said that I have taken much from Pouchet, without acknowledgment; for I
+took literally nothing, there being nothing to take. There is a capital
+review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" which will sell the book if
+anything will. I don't quite see whether I or the writer is in a
+muddle about man CAUSING variability. If a man drops a bit of iron into
+sulphuric acid he does not cause the affinities to come into play, yet
+he may be said to make sulphate of iron. I do not know how to avoid
+ambiguity.
+
+After what the "Pall Mall Gazette" and the "Chronicle" have said I do
+not care a d--.
+
+I fear Pangenesis is stillborn; Bates says he has read it twice, and
+is not sure that he understands it. H. Spencer says the view is quite
+different from his (and this is a great relief to me, as I feared to be
+accused of plagiarism, but utterly failed to be sure what he meant, so
+thought it safest to give my view as almost the same as his), and he
+says he is not sure he understands it... Am I not a poor devil? yet I
+took such pains, I must think that I expressed myself clearly. Old Sir
+H. Holland says he has read it twice, and thinks it very tough; but
+believes that sooner or later "some view akin to it" will be accepted.
+
+You will think me very self-sufficient, when I declare that I feel SURE
+if Pangenesis is now stillborn it will, thank God, at some future time
+reappear, begotten by some other father, and christened by some other
+name.
+
+Have you ever met with any tangible and clear view of what takes place
+in generation, whether by seeds or buds, or how a long-lost character
+can possibly reappear; or how the male element can possibly affect
+the mother plant, or the mother animal, so that her future progeny are
+affected? Now all these points and many others are connected together,
+whether truly or falsely is another question, by Pangenesis. You see I
+die hard, and stick up for my poor child.
+
+This letter is written for my own satisfaction, and not for yours. So
+bear it.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. NEWTON. (Prof. of Zoology at Cambridge.) Down,
+February 9 [1870].
+
+Dear Newton,
+
+I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant
+to write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his
+favour; and yet I am going thus to act. I have just read what you
+have said in the 'Record' ('Zoological Record.' The volume for 1868,
+published December 1869.) about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified
+me beyond measure. I have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the
+labour of so many years seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the
+first man capable of forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages),
+who seems to have thought anything of this part of my work. The amount
+of labour, correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more
+than you could well suppose. I thought the article in the "Athenaeum"
+was very unjust; but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you
+for your sympathy and too warm praise. What labour you have bestowed on
+your part of the 'Record'! I ought to be ashamed to speak of my amount
+of work. I thoroughly enjoyed the Sunday, which you and the others spent
+here, and
+
+I remain, dear Newton, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 27 [1868].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+You cannot well imagine how much I have been pleased by what you say
+about 'Pangenesis.' None of my friends will speak out... Hooker, as far
+as I understand him, which I hardly do at present, seems to think that
+the hypothesis is little more than saying that organisms have such
+and such potentialities. What you say exactly and fully expresses my
+feeling, viz. that it is a relief to have some feasible explanation
+of the various facts, which can be given up as soon as any better
+hypothesis is found. It has certainly been an immense relief to my mind;
+for I have been stumbling over the subject for years, dimly seeing that
+some relation existed between the various classes of facts. I now hear
+from H. Spencer that his views quoted in my foot-note refer to something
+quite distinct, as you seem to have perceived.
+
+I shall be very glad to hear at some future day your criticisms on
+the "causes of variability." Indeed I feel sure that I am right about
+sterility and natural selection... I do not quite understand your case,
+and we think that a word or two is misplaced. I wish sometime you would
+consider the case under the following point of view:--If sterility is
+caused or accumulated through natural selection, than as every degree
+exists up to absolute barrenness, natural selection must have the power
+of increasing it. Now take two species, A and B, and assume that they
+are (by any means) half-sterile, i.e. produce half the full number of
+offspring. Now try and make (by natural selection) A and B absolutely
+sterile when crossed, and you will find how difficult it is. I grant
+indeed, it is certain, that the degree of sterility of the individuals A
+and B will vary, but any such extra-sterile individuals of, we will
+say A, if they should hereafter breed with other individuals of A, will
+bequeath no advantage to their progeny, by which these families will
+tend to increase in number over other families of A, which are not more
+sterile when crossed with B. But I do not know that I have made this any
+clearer than in the chapter in my book. It is a most difficult bit of
+reasoning, which I have gone over and over again on paper with diagrams.
+
+... Hearty thanks for your letter. You have indeed pleased me, for I had
+given up the great god Pan as a stillborn deity. I wish you could be
+induced to make it clear with your admirable powers of elucidation in
+one of the scientific journals...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 28 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have been deeply interested by your letter, and we had a good laugh
+over Huxley's remark, which was so deuced clever that you could not
+recollect it. I cannot quite follow your train of thought, for in the
+last page you admit all that I wish, having apparently denied all, or
+thought all mere words in the previous pages of your note; but it may be
+my muddle. I see clearly that any satisfaction which Pan may give will
+depend on the constitution of each man's mind. If you have arrived
+already at any similar conclusion, the whole will of course appear stale
+to you. I heard yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity),
+"I can hardly tell you how much I admire the chapter on 'Pangenesis.'
+It is a POSITIVE COMFORT to me to have any feasible explanation of a
+difficulty that has always been haunting me, and I shall never be able
+to give it up till a better one supplies its place, and that I think
+hardly possible, etc." Now his foregoing [italicised] words express my
+sentiments exactly and fully: though perhaps I feel the relief extra
+strongly from having during many years vainly attempted to form some
+hypothesis. When you or Huxley say that a single cell of a plant, or the
+stump of an amputated limb, have the "potentiality" of reproducing
+the whole--or "diffuse an influence," these words give me no positive
+idea;--but when it is said that the cells of a plant, or stump, include
+atoms derived from every other cell of the whole organism and capable of
+development, I gain a distinct idea. But this idea would not be worth
+a rush, if it applied to one case alone; but it seems to me to apply
+to all the forms of reproduction--inheritance--metamorphosis--to the
+abnormal transposition of organs--to the direct action of the male
+element on the mother plant, etc. Therefore I fully believe that each
+cell does ACTUALLY throw off an atom or gemmule of its contents;--but
+whether or not, this hypothesis serves as a useful connecting link for
+various grand classes of physiological facts, which at present stand
+absolutely isolated.
+
+I have touched on the doubtful point (alluded to by Huxley) how far
+atoms derived from the same cell may become developed into different
+structure accordingly as they are differently nourished; I advanced as
+illustrations galls and polypoid excrescences...
+
+It is a real pleasure to me to write to you on this subject, and I
+should be delighted if we can understand each other; but you must not
+let your good nature lead you on. Remember, we always fight tooth and
+nail. We go to London on Tuesday, first for a week to Queen Anne Street,
+and afterwards to Miss Wedgwood's, in Regent's Park, and stay the whole
+month, which, as my gardener truly says, is a "terrible thing" for my
+experiments.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. (Dr. William Ogle, now the Superintendent of
+Statistics to the Registrar-General.) Down, March 6 [1868].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for your letter, which is very interesting
+to me. I wish I had known of these views of Hippocrates before I had
+published, for they seem almost identical with mine--merely a change
+of terms--and an application of them to classes of facts necessarily
+unknown to the old philosopher. The whole case is a good illustration of
+how rarely anything is new.
+
+Hippocrates has taken the wind out of my sails, but I care very little
+about being forestalled. I advance the views merely as a provisional
+hypothesis, but with the secret expectation that sooner or later some
+such view will have to be admitted.
+
+... I do not expect the reviewers will be so learned as you: otherwise,
+no doubt, I shall be accused of wilfully stealing Pangenesis from
+Hippocrates,--for this is the spirit some reviewers delight to show.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, March 21 [1868].
+
+... I am very much obliged to you for sending me so frankly your opinion
+on Pangenesis, and I am sorry it is unfavourable, but I cannot quite
+understand your remark on pangenesis, selection, and the struggle
+for life not being more methodical. I am not at all surprised at your
+unfavourable verdict; I know many, probably most, will come to the same
+conclusion. One English Review says it is much too complicated... Some
+of my friends are enthusiastic on the hypothesis... Sir C. Lyell says
+to every one, "you may not believe in 'Pangenesis,' but if you once
+understand it, you will never get it out of your mind." And with this
+criticism I am perfectly content. All cases of inheritance and reversion
+and development now appear to me under a new light...
+
+[An extract from a letter to Fritz Muller, though of later date (June),
+may be given here:--
+
+"Your letter of April 22 has much interested me. I am delighted that you
+approve of my book, for I value your opinion more than that of almost
+any one. I have yet hopes that you will think well of Pangenesis. I feel
+sure that our minds are somewhat alike, and I find it a great relief
+to have some definite, though hypothetical view, when I reflect on the
+wonderful transformations of animals,--the re-growth of parts,--and
+especially the direct action of pollen on the mother-form, etc. It often
+appears to me almost certain that the characters of the parents are
+"photographed" on the child, only by means of material atoms derived
+from each cell in both parents, and developed in the child."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, May 8 [1868].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have been a most ungrateful and ungracious man not to have written to
+you an immense time ago to thank you heartily for the "Nation", and for
+all your most kind aid in regard to the American edition [of 'Animals
+and Plants']. But I have been of late overwhelmed with letters, which
+I was forced to answer, and so put off writing to you. This morning
+I received the American edition (which looks capital), with your nice
+preface, for which hearty thanks. I hope to heaven that the book will
+succeed well enough to prevent you repenting of your aid. This arrival
+has put the finishing stroke to my conscience, which will endure its
+wrongs no longer.
+
+... Your article in the "Nation" [March 19] seems to me very good, and
+you give an excellent idea of Pangenesis--an infant cherished by few as
+yet, except his tender parent, but which will live a long life. There
+is parental presumption for you! You give a good slap at my concluding
+metaphor (A short abstract of the precipice metaphor is given in
+Volume I. Dr. Gray's criticism on this point is as follows: "But in Mr.
+Darwin's parallel, to meet the case of nature according to his own view
+of it, not only the fragments of rock (answering to variation) should
+fall, but the edifice (answering to natural selection) should rise,
+irrespective of will or choice!" But my father's parallel demands that
+natural selection shall be the architect, not the edifice--the question
+of design only comes in with regard to the form of the building
+materials.): undoubtedly I ought to have brought in and contrasted
+natural and artificial selection; but it seems so obvious to me that
+natural selection depended on contingencies even more complex than those
+which must have determined the shape of each fragment at the base of my
+precipice. What I wanted to show was that in reference to pre-ordainment
+whatever holds good in the formation of a pouter pigeon holds good in
+the formation of a natural species of pigeon. I cannot see that this
+is false. If the right variations occurred, and no others, natural
+selection would be superfluous. A reviewer in an Edinburgh paper, who
+treats me with profound contempt, says on this subject that Professor
+Asa Gray could with the greatest ease smash me into little pieces. (The
+"Daily Review", April 27, 1868. My father has given rather a highly
+coloured version of the reviewer's remarks: "We doubt not that Professor
+Asa Gray... could show that natural selection... is simply an instrument
+in the hands of an omnipotent and omniscient creator." The reviewer goes
+on to say that the passage in question is a "very melancholy one," and
+that the theory is the "apotheosis of materialism.")
+
+Believe me, my dear Gray, Your ungrateful but sincere friend, CHARLES
+DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 23, 1868.
+
+My dear Mr. Bentham,
+
+As your address (Presidential Address to the Linnean Society.) is
+somewhat of the nature of a verdict from a judge, I do not know whether
+it is proper for me to do so, but I must and will thank you for the
+pleasure which you have given me. I am delighted at what you say about
+my book. I got so tired of it, that for months together I thought
+myself a perfect fool for having given up so much time in collecting
+and observing little facts, but now I do not care if a score of common
+critics speak as contemptuously of the book as did the "Athenaeum".
+I feel justified in this, for I have so complete a reliance on your
+judgment that I feel certain that I should have bowed to your judgment
+had it been as unfavourable as it is the contrary. What you say about
+Pangenesis quite satisfies me, and is as much perhaps as any one is
+justified in saying. I have read your whole Address with the greatest
+interest. It must have cost you a vast amount of trouble. With cordial
+thanks, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I fear that it is not likely that you have a superfluous copy
+of your Address; if you have, I should much like to send one to Fritz
+Muller in the interior of Brazil. By the way let me add that I discussed
+bud-variation chiefly from a belief which is common to several persons,
+that all variability is related to sexual generation; I wished to show
+clearly that this was an error.
+
+[The above series of letters may serve to show to some extent the
+reception which the new book received. Before passing on (in the next
+chapter) to the 'Descent of Man,' I give a letter referring to the
+translation of Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' it was originally
+published in 1864, but the English translation, by Mr. Dallas, which
+bore the title suggested by Sir C. Lyell, of 'Facts and Arguments for
+Darwin,' did not appear until 1869:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, March 16 [1868].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your brother, as you will have heard from him, felt so convinced that
+you would not object to a translation of 'Fur Darwin' (In a letter to
+Fritz Muller, my father wrote:--"I am vexed to see that on the title my
+name is more conspicuous than yours, which I especially objected to, and
+I cautioned the printers after seeing one proof."), that I have ventured
+to arrange for a translation. Engelmann has very liberally offered me
+cliches of the woodcuts for 22 thalers; Mr. Murray has agreed to bring
+out a translation (and he is our best publisher) on commission, for he
+would not undertake the work on his own risk; and I have agreed with Mr.
+W.S. Dallas (who has translated Von Siebold on Parthenogenesis, and many
+German works, and who writes very good English) to translate the book.
+He thinks (and he is a good judge) that it is important to have some
+few corrections or additions, in order to account for a translation
+appearing so lately [i.e. at such a long interval of time] after the
+original; so that I hope you will be able to send some...
+
+
+[Two letters may be placed here as bearing on the spread of Evolutionary
+ideas in France and Germany:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GAUDRY. Down, January 21 [1868].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your interesting essay on the influence of the
+Geological features of the country on the mind and habits of the Ancient
+Athenians (This appears to refer to M. Gaudry's paper translated in the
+'Geol. Mag.,' 1868, page 372.), and for your very obliging letter. I am
+delighted to hear that you intend to consider the relations of fossil
+animals in connection with their genealogy; it will afford you a
+fine field for the exercise of your extensive knowledge and powers of
+reasoning. Your belief will I suppose, at present, lower you in the
+estimation of your countrymen; but judging from the rapid spread in all
+parts of Europe, excepting France, of the belief in the common descent
+of allied species, I must think that this belief will before long
+become universal. How strange it is that the country which gave birth to
+Buffon, the elder Geoffroy, and especially to Lamarck, should now cling
+so pertinaciously to the belief that species are immutable creations.
+
+My work on Variation, etc., under domestication, will appear in a French
+translation in a few months' time, and I will do myself the pleasure
+and honour of directing the publisher to send a copy to you to the same
+address as this letter.
+
+With sincere respect, I remain, dear sir, Yours very faithfully, CHARLES
+DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter is of especial interest, as showing how high a value my
+father placed on the support of the younger German naturalists:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. PREYER. (Now Professor of Physiology at Jena.)
+March 31, 1868.
+
+... I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the
+Modification of Species, and defend my views. The support which I
+receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views
+will ultimately prevail. To the present day I am continually abused
+or treated with contempt by writers of my own country; but the younger
+naturalists are almost all on my side, and sooner or later the public
+must follow those who make the subject their special study. The abuse
+and contempt of ignorant writers hurts me very little...
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VI. -- WORK ON 'MAN.'
+
+1864-1870.
+
+[In the autobiographical chapter in Volume I., my father gives the
+circumstances which led to his writing the 'Descent of Man.' He states
+that his collection of facts, begun in 1837 or 1838, was continued for
+many years without any definite idea of publishing on the subject. The
+following letter to Mr. Wallace shows that in the period of ill-health
+and depression about 1864 he despaired of ever being able to do so:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, [May?] 28 [1864].
+
+Dear Wallace,
+
+I am so much better that I have just finished a paper for Linnean
+Society (On the three forms, etc., of Lythrum.); but I am not yet at
+all strong, I felt much disinclination to write, and therefore you must
+forgive me for not having sooner thanked you for your paper on 'Man'
+('Anthropological Review,' March 1864.), received on the 11th. But first
+let me say that I have hardly ever in my life been more struck by any
+paper than that on 'Variation,' etc. etc., in the "Reader". ('"Reader",
+April 16, 1864. "On the Phenomena of Variation," etc. Abstract of a
+paper read before the Linnean Society, March 17, 1864.) I feel sure
+that such papers will do more for the spreading of our views on the
+modification of species than any separate Treatises on the simple
+subject itself. It is really admirable; but you ought not in the Man
+paper to speak of the theory as mine; it is just as much yours as mine.
+One correspondent has already noticed to me your "high-minded" conduct
+on this head. But now for your Man paper, about which I should like to
+write more than I can. The great leading idea is quite new to me, viz.
+that during late ages, the mind will have been modified more than the
+body; yet I had got as far as to see with you that the struggle between
+the races of man depended entirely on intellectual and MORAL qualities.
+The latter part of the paper I can designate only as grand and most
+eloquently done. I have shown your paper to two or three persons who
+have been here, and they have been equally struck with it. I am not
+sure that I go with you on all minor points: when reading Sir G. Grey's
+account of the constant battles of Australian savages, I remember
+thinking that natural selection would come in, and likewise with the
+Esquimaux, with whom the art of fishing and managing canoes is said to
+be hereditary. I rather differ on the rank, under a classificatory point
+of view, which you assign to man; I do not think any character simply in
+excess ought ever to be used for the higher divisions. Ants would not be
+separated from other hymenopterous insects, however high the instinct of
+the one, and however low the instincts of the other. With respect to the
+differences of race, a conjecture has occurred to me that much may
+be due to the correlation of complexion (and consequently hair) with
+constitution. Assume that a dusky individual best escaped miasma, and
+you will readily see what I mean. I persuaded the Director-General of
+the Medical Department of the Army to send printed forms to the surgeons
+of all regiments in tropical countries to ascertain this point, but I
+dare say I shall never get any returns. Secondly, I suspect that a sort
+of sexual selection has been the most powerful means of changing
+the races of man. I can show that the different races have a widely
+different standard of beauty. Among savages the most powerful men will
+have the pick of the women, and they will generally leave the most
+descendants. I have collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose
+that I shall ever use them. Do you intend to follow out your views, and
+if so, would you like at some future time to have my few references and
+notes? I am sure I hardly know whether they are of any value, and they
+are at present in a state of chaos.
+
+There is much more that I should like to write, but I have not strength.
+
+Believe me, dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Our aristocracy is handsomer (more hideous according to a Chinese
+or Negro) than the middle classes, from (having the) pick of the women;
+but oh, what a scheme is primogeniture for destroying natural selection!
+I fear my letter will be barely intelligible to you.
+
+
+[In February 1867, when the manuscript of 'Animals and Plants' had been
+sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to
+come in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "chapter on Man,"
+but he soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish
+it separately as a "very small volume."
+
+The work was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of
+'Animals and Plants,' and by some botanical work, but was resumed in the
+following year, 1868, the moment he could give himself up to it.
+
+He recognized with regret the gradual change in his mind that rendered
+continuous work more and more necessary to him as he grew older. This is
+expressed in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker, June 17, 1868, which repeats
+to some extent what is expressed in the Autobiography:--
+
+"I am glad you were at the 'Messiah,' it is the one thing that I should
+like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it
+is a horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf
+for every subject except Science. It sometimes makes me hate Science,
+though God knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest,
+which makes me forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."
+
+The work on Man was interrupted by illness in the early summer of 1868,
+and he left home on July 16th for Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight,
+where he remained with his family until August 21st. Here he made
+the acquaintance of Mrs. Cameron. She received the whole family with
+open-hearted kindness and hospitality, and my father always retained a
+warm feeling of friendship for her. She made an excellent photograph of
+him, which was published with the inscription written by him: "I like
+this photograph very much better than any other which has been taken of
+me." Further interruption occurred in the autumn so that continuous work
+on the 'Descent of Man' did not begin until 1869. The following letters
+give some idea of the earlier work in 1867:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 22, [1867?].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I am hard at work on sexual selection, and am driven half mad by the
+number of collateral points which require investigation, such as the
+relative number of the two sexes, and especially on polygamy. Can you
+aid me with respect to birds which have strongly marked secondary sexual
+characters, such as birds of paradise, humming-birds, the Rupicola, or
+any other such cases? Many gallinaceous birds certainly are polygamous.
+I suppose that birds may be known not to be polygamous if they are seen
+during the whole breeding season to associate in pairs, or if the male
+incubates or aids in feeding the young. Will you have the kindness to
+turn this in your mind? But it is a shame to trouble you now that, as I
+am HEARTILY glad to hear, you are at work on your Malayan travels. I am
+fearfully puzzled how far to extend your protective views with respect
+to the females in various classes. The more I work the more important
+sexual selection apparently comes out.
+
+Can butterflies be polygamous! i.e. will one male impregnate more than
+one female? Forgive me troubling you, and I dare say I shall have to ask
+forgiveness again...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 23 [1867].
+
+Dear Wallace,
+
+I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but after Monday I
+was unable even to leave the house. On Monday evening I called on Bates,
+and put a difficulty before him, which he could not answer, and, as on
+some former similar occasion, his first suggestion was, "You had better
+ask Wallace." My difficulty is, why are caterpillars sometimes so
+beautifully and artistically coloured? Seeing that many are coloured to
+escape danger, I can hardly attribute their bright colour in other cases
+to mere physical conditions. Bates says the most gaudy caterpillar he
+ever saw in Amazonia (of a sphinx) was conspicuous at the distance of
+yards, from its black and red colours, whilst feeding on large green
+leaves. If any one objected to male butterflies having been made
+beautiful by sexual selection, and asked why should they not have been
+made beautiful as well as their caterpillars, what would you answer?
+I could not answer, but should maintain my ground. Will you think over
+this, and some time, either by letter or when we meet, tell me what you
+think? Also I want to know whether your FEMALE mimetic butterfly is more
+beautiful and brighter than the male. When next in London I must get you
+to show me your kingfishers. My health is a dreadful evil; I failed in
+half my engagements during this last visit to London.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 26 [1867].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty. I
+never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion (The
+suggestion that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect insects (e.g. white
+butterflies), which are distasteful to birds, are protected by being
+easily recognised and avoided. See Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection,'
+2nd edition, page 117.), and I hope you may be able to prove it true.
+That is a splendid fact about the white moths; it warms one's very
+blood to see a theory thus almost proved to be true. (Mr. Jenner Weir's
+observations published in the Transactions of the Entomolog. Soc. (1869
+and 1870) give strong support to the theory in question.) With respect
+to the beauty of male butterflies, I must as yet think it is due to
+sexual selection. There is some evidence that dragon-flies are attracted
+by bright colours; but what leads me to the above belief is, so many
+male Orthoptera and Cicadas having musical instruments. This being the
+case, the analogy of birds makes me believe in sexual selection with
+respect to colour in insects. I wish I had strength and time to make
+some of the experiments suggested by you, but I thought butterflies
+would not pair in confinement. I am sure I have heard of some such
+difficulty. Many years ago I had a dragon-fly painted with gorgeous
+colours, but I never had an opportunity of fairly trying it.
+
+The reason of my being so much interested just at present about sexual
+selection is, that I have almost resolved to publish a little essay on
+the origin of Mankind, and I still strongly think (though I failed
+to convince you, and this, to me, is the heaviest blow possible) that
+sexual selection has been the main agent in forming the races of man.
+
+By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my
+essay, namely, expression of countenance. Now, do you happen to know
+by any odd chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay
+Archipelago, who you think would make a few easy observations for me on
+the expression of the Malays when excited by various emotions? For in
+this case I would send to such person a list of queries. I thank you for
+your most interesting letter, and remain,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March [1867].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I thank you much for your two notes. The case of Julia Pastrana (A
+bearded woman having an irregular double set of teeth. 'Animals and
+Plants,' volume ii. page 328.) is a splendid addition to my other cases
+of correlated teeth and hair, and I will add it in correcting the press
+of my present volume. Pray let me hear in the course of the summer if
+you get any evidence about the gaudy caterpillars. I should much like
+to give (or quote if published) this idea of yours, if in any way
+supported, as suggested by you. It will, however, be a long time hence,
+for I can see that sexual selection is growing into quite a large
+subject, which I shall introduce into my essay on Man, supposing that
+I ever publish it. I had intended giving a chapter on man, inasmuch as
+many call him (not QUITE truly) an eminently domesticated animal, but
+I found the subject too large for a chapter. Nor shall I be capable of
+treating the subject well, and my sole reason for taking it up is, that
+I am pretty well convinced that sexual selection has played an important
+part in the formation of races, and sexual selection has always been a
+subject which has interested me much. I have been very glad to see your
+impression from memory on the expression of Malays. I fully agree with
+you that the subject is in no way an important one; it is simply a
+"hobby-horse" with me, about twenty-seven years old; and AFTER thinking
+that I would write an essay on man, it flashed on me that I could work
+in some "supplemental remarks on expression." After the horrid,
+tedious, dull work of my present huge, and I fear unreadable, book ['The
+Variation of Animals and Plants'], I thought I would amuse myself with
+my hobby-horse. The subject is, I think, more curious and more amenable
+to scientific treatment than you seem willing to allow. I want, anyhow,
+to upset Sir C. Bell's view, given in his most interesting work, 'The
+Anatomy of Expression,' that certain muscles have been given to man
+solely that he may reveal to other men his feelings. I want to try
+and show how expressions have arisen. That is a good suggestion about
+newspapers, but my experience tells me that private applications are
+generally most fruitful. I will, however, see if I can get the queries
+inserted in some Indian paper. I do not know the names or addresses of
+any other papers.
+
+... My two female amanuenses are busy with friends, and I fear this
+scrawl will give you much trouble to read. With many thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter may be worth giving, as an example of his sources
+of information, and as showing what were the thoughts at this time
+occupying him:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, February 22 [1867].
+
+... Many thanks for all the curious facts about the unequal number of the
+sexes in Crustacea, but the more I investigate this subject the deeper
+I sink in doubt and difficulty. Thanks also for the confirmation of
+the rivalry of Cicadae. I have often reflected with surprise on the
+diversity of the means for producing music with insects, and still more
+with birds. We thus get a high idea of the importance of song in the
+animal kingdom. Please to tell me where I can find any account of the
+auditory organs in the Orthoptera. Your facts are quite new to me.
+Scudder has described an insect in the Devonian strata, furnished with
+a stridulating apparatus. I believe he is to be trusted, and, if so, the
+apparatus is of astonishing antiquity. After reading Landois's paper I
+have been working at the stridulating organ in the Lamellicorn beetles,
+in expectation of finding it sexual; but I have only found it as yet in
+two cases, and in these it was equally developed in both sexes. I wish
+you would look at any of your common lamellicorns, and take hold of
+both males and females, and observe whether they make the squeaking or
+grating noise equally. If they do not, you could, perhaps, send me a
+male and female in a light little box. How curious it is that there
+should be a special organ for an object apparently so unimportant as
+squeaking. Here is another point; have you any toucans? if so, ask any
+trustworthy hunter whether the beaks of the males, or of both sexes, are
+more brightly coloured during the breeding season than at other times
+of the year... Heaven knows whether I shall ever live to make use of
+half the valuable facts which you have communicated to me! Your paper
+on Balanus armatus, translated by Mr. Dallas, has just appeared in our
+'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' and I have read it with the
+greatest interest. I never thought that I should live to hear of a
+hybrid Balanus! I am very glad that you have seen the cement tubes; they
+appear to me extremely curious, and, as far as I know, you are the first
+man who has verified my observations on this point.
+
+With most cordial thanks for all your kindness, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, July 6, 1868.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I return you my SINCERE thanks for your long letter, which I consider a
+great compliment, and which is quite full of most interesting facts and
+views. Your references and remarks will be of great use should a new
+edition of my book ('Variation of Animals and Plants.') be demanded, but
+this is hardly probable, for the whole edition was sold within the first
+week, and another large edition immediately reprinted, which I should
+think would supply the demand for ever. You ask me when I shall publish
+on the 'Variation of Species in a State of Nature.' I have had the MS.
+for another volume almost ready during several years, but I was so much
+fatigued by my last book that I determined to amuse myself by publishing
+a short essay on the 'Descent of Man.' I was partly led to do this by
+having been taunted that I concealed my views, but chiefly from the
+interest which I had long taken in the subject. Now this essay has
+branched out into some collateral subjects, and I suppose will take me
+more than a year to complete. I shall then begin on 'Species,' but my
+health makes me a very slow workman. I hope that you will excuse these
+details, which I have given to show that you will have plenty of time to
+publish your views first, which will be a great advantage to me. Of all
+the curious facts which you mention in your letter, I think that of
+the strong inheritance of the scalp-muscles has interested me most. I
+presume that you would not object to my giving this very curious case on
+your authority. As I believe all anatomists look at the scalp-muscles
+as a remnant of the Panniculus carnosus which is common to all the lower
+quadrupeds, I should look at the unusual development and inheritance of
+these muscles as probably a case of reversion. Your observation on
+so many remarkable men in noble families having been illegitimate is
+extremely curious; and should I ever meet any one capable of writing an
+essay on this subject, I will mention your remarks as a good suggestion.
+Dr. Hooker has several times remarked to me that morals and politics
+would be very interesting if discussed like any branch of natural
+history, and this is nearly to the same effect with your remarks...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ. Down, August 19, 1868.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you cordially for your very kind letter. I certainly thought
+that you had formed so low an opinion of my scientific work that it
+might have appeared indelicate in me to have asked for information from
+you, but it never occurred to me that my letter would have been shown to
+you. I have never for a moment doubted your kindness and generosity, and
+I hope you will not think it presumption in me to say, that when we met,
+many years ago, at the British Association at Southampton, I felt for
+you the warmest admiration.
+
+Your information on the Amazonian fishes has interested me EXTREMELY,
+and tells me exactly what I wanted to know. I was aware, through notes
+given me by Dr. Gunther, that many fishes differed sexually in colour
+and other characters, but I was particularly anxious to learn how far
+this was the case with those fishes in which the male, differently from
+what occurs with most birds, takes the largest share in the care of
+the ova and young. Your letter has not only interested me much, but
+has greatly gratified me in other respects, and I return you my sincere
+thanks for your kindness. Pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Sunday, August 23 [1868].
+
+My dear old Friend,
+
+I have received your note. I can hardly say how pleased I have been
+at the success of your address (Sir Joseph Hooker was President of the
+British Association at the Norwich Meeting in 1868.), and of the
+whole meeting. I have seen the "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", and
+"Athenaeum", and have heard of other favourable newspapers, and have
+ordered a bundle. There is a "chorus of praise." The "Times" reported
+miserably, i.e. as far as errata was concerned; but I was very glad
+at the leader, for I thought the way you brought in the megalithic
+monuments most happy. (The British Association was desirous of
+interesting the Government in certain modern cromlech builders, the
+Khasia race of East Bengal, in order that their megalithic monuments
+might be efficiently described.) I particularly admired Tyndall's little
+speech (Professor Tyndall was President of Section A.)... The "Spectator"
+pitches a little into you about Theology, in accordance with its usual
+spirit...
+
+Your great success has rejoiced my heart. I have just carefully read the
+whole address in the "Athenaeum"; and though, as you know, I liked it
+very much when you read it to me, yet, as I was trying all the time to
+find fault, I missed to a certain extent the effect as a whole; and this
+now appears to me most striking and excellent. How you must rejoice at
+all your bothering labour and anxiety having had so grand an end. I must
+say a word about myself; never has such a eulogium been passed on me,
+and it makes me very proud. I cannot get over my AMAZEMENT at what you
+say about my botanical work. By Jove, as far as my memory goes, you have
+strengthened instead of weakened some of the expressions. What is far
+more important than anything personal, is the conviction which I feel
+that you will have immensely advanced the belief in the evolution of
+species. This will follow from the publicity of the occasion, your
+position, so responsible, as President, and your own high reputation.
+It will make a great step in public opinion, I feel sure, and I had not
+thought of this before. The "Athenaeum" takes your snubbing (Sir Joseph
+Hooker made some reference to the review of 'Animals and Plants' in the
+"Athenaeum" of February 15, 1868.) with the utmost mildness. I certainly
+do rejoice over the snubbing, and hope [the reviewer] will feel it a
+little. Whenever you have SPARE time to write again, tell me whether
+any astronomers (In discussing the astronomer's objection to Evolution,
+namely that our globe has not existed for a long enough period to give
+time for the assumed transmutation of living beings, Hooker challenged
+Whewell's dictum that, astronomy is the queen of sciences--the only
+perfect science.) took your remarks in ill part; as they now stand they
+do not seem at all too harsh and presumptuous. Many of your sentences
+strike me as extremely felicitous and eloquent. That of Lyell's
+"under-pinning" (After a eulogium on Sir Charles Lyell's heroic
+renunciation of his old views in accepting Evolution, Sir J.D. Hooker
+continued, "Well may he be proud of a superstructure, raised on the
+foundations of an insecure doctrine, when he finds that he can underpin
+it and substitute a new foundation; and after all is finished, survey
+his edifice, not only more secure but more harmonious in its proportion
+than it was before."), is capital. Tell me, was Lyell pleased? I am so
+glad that you remembered my old dedication. (The 'Naturalist's Voyage'
+was dedicated to Lyell.) Was Wallace pleased?
+
+How about photographs? Can you spare time for a line to our dear
+Mrs. Cameron? She came to see us off, and loaded us with presents of
+photographs, and Erasmus called after her, "Mrs. Cameron, there are six
+people in this house all in love with you." When I paid her, she cried
+out, "Oh what a lot of money!" and ran to boast to her husband.
+
+I must not write any more, though I am in tremendous spirits at your
+brilliant success.
+
+Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the "Athenaeum" of November 29, 1868, appeared an article which was
+in fact a reply to Sir Joseph Hooker's remarks at Norwich. He seems to
+have consulted my father as to the wisdom of answering the article. My
+father wrote on September 1:
+
+"In my opinion Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker need take no notice of the
+attack in the "Athenaeum" in reference to Mr. Charles Darwin. What
+an ass the man is to think he cuts one to the quick by giving one's
+Christian name in full. How transparently false is the statement that my
+sole groundwork is from pigeons, because I state I have worked them
+out more fully than other beings! He muddles together two books of
+Flourens."
+
+
+The following letter refers to a paper ('Transactions of the Ottawa
+Academy of Natural Sciences,' 1868, by John D. Caton, late Chief Justice
+of Illinois.) by Judge Caton, of which my father often spoke with
+admiration:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN D. CATON. Down, September 18, 1868.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I beg leave to thank you very sincerely for your kindness in sending me,
+through Mr. Walsh, your admirable paper on American Deer.
+
+It is quite full of most interesting observations, stated with the
+greatest clearness. I have seldom read a paper with more interest, for
+it abounds with facts of direct use for my work. Many of them consist
+of little points which hardly any one besides yourself has observed, or
+perceived the importance of recording. I would instance the age at which
+the horns are developed (a point on which I have lately been in vain
+searching for information), the rudiment of horns in the female elk, and
+especially the different nature of the plants devoured by the deer and
+elk, and several other points. With cordial thanks for the pleasure and
+instruction which you have afforded me, and with high respect for your
+power of observation, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter (September 24, 1868) to the
+Marquis de Saporta, the eminent palaeo-botanist, refers to the growth of
+evolutionary views in France (In 1868 he was pleased at being asked to
+authorise a French translation of his 'Naturalist's Voyage.':--
+
+"As I have formerly read with great interest many of your papers on
+fossil plants, you may believe with what high satisfaction I hear that
+you are a believer in the gradual evolution of species. I had supposed
+that my book on the 'Origin of Species' had made very little impression
+in France, and therefore it delights me to hear a different statement
+from you. All the great authorities of the Institute seem firmly
+resolved to believe in the immutability of species, and this has always
+astonished me... almost the one exception, as far as I know, is M.
+Gaudry, and I think he will be soon one of the chief leaders in
+Zoological Palaeontology in Europe; and now I am delighted to hear that
+in the sister department of Botany you take nearly the same view."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, November 19 [1868].
+
+My dear Haeckel,
+
+I must write to you again, for two reasons. Firstly, to thank you for
+your letter about your baby, which has quite charmed both me and
+my wife; I heartily congratulate you on its birth. I remember being
+surprised in my own case how soon the paternal instincts became
+developed, and in you they seem to be unusually strong,... I hope the
+large blue eyes and the principles of inheritance will make your child
+as good a naturalist as you are; but, judging from my own experience,
+you will be astonished to find how the whole mental disposition of your
+children changes with advancing years. A young child, and the same when
+nearly grown, sometimes differ almost as much as do a caterpillar and
+butterfly.
+
+The second point is to congratulate you on the projected translation of
+your great work ('Generelle Morphologie,' 1866. No English translation
+of this book has appeared.), about which I heard from Huxley last
+Sunday. I am heartily glad of it, but how it has been brought about,
+I know not, for a friend who supported the supposed translation at
+Norwich, told me he thought there would be no chance of it. Huxley tells
+me that you consent to omit and shorten some parts, and I am confident
+that this is very wise. As I know your object is to instruct the public,
+you will assuredly thus get many more readers in England. Indeed, I
+believe that almost every book would be improved by condensation. I
+have been reading a good deal of your last book ('Die Naturliche
+Schopfungs-Geschichte,' 1868. It was translated and published in
+1876, under the title, 'The History of Creation.'), and the style is
+beautifully clear and easy to me; but why it should differ so much in
+this respect from your great work I cannot imagine. I have not yet read
+the first part, but began with the chapter on Lyell and myself, which
+you will easily believe pleased me VERY MUCH. I think Lyell, who
+was apparently much pleased by your sending him a copy, is also much
+gratified by this chapter. (See Lyell's interesting letter to Haeckel.
+'Life of Sir C. Lyell,' ii. page 435.) Your chapters on the affinities
+and genealogy of the animal kingdom strike me as admirable and full of
+original thought. Your boldness, however, sometimes makes me tremble,
+but as Huxley remarked, some one must be bold enough to make a
+beginning in drawing up tables of descent. Although you fully admit
+the imperfection of the geological record, yet Huxley agreed with me in
+thinking that you are sometimes rather rash in venturing to say at what
+periods the several groups first appeared. I have this advantage over
+you, that I remember how wonderfully different any statement on this
+subject made 20 years ago, would have been to what would now be
+the case, and I expect the next 20 years will make quite as great a
+difference. Reflect on the monocotyledonous plant just discovered in the
+PRIMORDIAL formation in Sweden.
+
+I repeat how glad I am at the prospect of the translation, for I fully
+believe that this work and all your works will have a great influence in
+the advancement of Science.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, your sincere friend, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[It was in November of this year that he sat for the bust by Mr.
+Woolner: he wrote:--
+
+"I should have written long ago, but I have been pestered with stupid
+letters, and am undergoing the purgatory of sitting for hours to
+Woolner, who, however, is wonderfully pleasant, and lightens as much as
+man can, the penance; as far as I can judge, it will make a fine bust."
+
+If I may criticise the work of so eminent a sculptor as Mr. Woolner,
+I should say that the point in which the bust fails somewhat as a
+portrait, is that it has a certain air, almost of pomposity, which seems
+to me foreign to my father's expression.]
+
+
+1869.
+
+[At the beginning of the year he was at work in preparing the fifth
+edition of the 'Origin.' This work was begun on the day after Christmas,
+1868, and was continued for "forty-six days," as he notes in his diary,
+i.e. until February 10th, 1869. He then, February 11th, returned to
+Sexual Selection, and continued at this subject (excepting for ten days
+given up to Orchids, and a week in London), until June 10th, when he
+went with his family to North Wales, where he remained about seven
+weeks, returning to Down on July 31st.
+
+Caerdeon, the house where he stayed, is built on the north shore of the
+beautiful Barmouth estuary, and is pleasantly placed, in being close
+to wild hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded
+"hummocks," between the steeper hills and the river. My father was ill
+and somewhat depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt saddened
+at being imprisoned by his want of strength, and unable even to reach
+the hills over which he had once wandered for days together.
+
+He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J.D. Hooker (June 22nd):--
+
+"We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to
+pay us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden,
+and a really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite. Old Cader is a
+grand fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light.
+We remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the
+house. I have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the
+stimulus of mental work stops, my whole strength gives way. As yet
+I have hardly crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been
+fearfully fatigued. It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a
+comfortable tomb."
+
+With regard to the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' he wrote to Mr.
+Wallace (January 22, 1869):--
+
+"I have been interrupted in my regular work in preparing a new edition
+of the 'Origin,' which has cost me much labour, and which I hope I have
+considerably improved in two or three important points. I always thought
+individual differences more important than single variations, but now I
+have come to the conclusion that they are of paramount importance, and
+in this I believe I agree with you. Fleeming Jenkin's arguments have
+convinced me."
+
+This somewhat obscure sentence was explained, February 2, in another
+letter to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I must have expressed myself atrociously; I meant to say exactly the
+reverse of what you have understood. F. Jenkin argued in the 'North
+British Review' against single variations ever being perpetuated, and
+has convinced me, though not in quite so broad a manner as here put. I
+always thought individual differences more important; but I was blind
+and thought that single variations might be preserved much oftener than
+I now see is possible or probable. I mentioned this in my former note
+merely because I believed that you had come to a similar conclusion, and
+I like much to be in accord with you. I believe I was mainly deceived
+by single variations offering such simple illustrations, as when man
+selects."
+
+The late Mr. Fleeming Jenkin's review, on the 'Origin of Species,'
+was published in the 'North British Review' for June 1867. It is not a
+little remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I believe,
+felt to be the most valuable ever made on his views should have come,
+not from a professed naturalist but from a Professor of Engineering.
+
+It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming
+Jenkin's argument. My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the
+volume as usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil
+in many places. I may quote one passage opposite which my father has
+written "good sneers"--but it should be remembered that he used the word
+"sneer" in rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling
+of bitterness in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter."
+Speaking of the 'true believer,' Fleeming Jenkin says, page 293:--
+
+"He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no
+evidence; he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call
+up continents, floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans,
+split islands, and parcel out eternity at will; surely with these
+advantages he must be a dull fellow if he cannot scheme some series
+of animals and circumstances explaining our assumed difficulty quite
+naturally. Feeling the difficulty of dealing with adversaries who
+command so huge a domain of fancy, we will abandon these arguments,
+and trust to those which at least cannot be assailed by mere efforts of
+imagination."
+
+In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' my father altered a passage in the
+Historical Sketch (fourth edition page xviii.). He thus practically gave
+up the difficult task of understanding whether or no Sir R. Owen claims
+to have discovered the principle of Natural Selection. Adding, "As
+far as the mere enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is
+concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded
+me, for both of us... were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr.
+Matthew."
+
+A somewhat severe critique on the fifth edition, by Mr. John Robertson,
+appeared in the "Athenaeum", August 14, 1869. The writer comments with
+some little bitterness on the success of the 'Origin:' "Attention is not
+acceptance. Many editions do not mean real success. The book has sold;
+the guess has been talked over; and the circulation and discussion sum
+up the significance of the editions." Mr. Robertson makes the true, but
+misleading statement: "Mr. Darwin prefaces his fifth English edition
+with an Essay, which he calls 'An Historical Sketch,' etc." As a matter
+of fact the Sketch appeared in the third edition in 1861.
+
+Mr. Robertson goes on to say that the Sketch ought to be called a
+collection of extracts anticipatory or corroborative of the hypothesis
+of Natural Selection. "For no account is given of any hostile opinions.
+The fact is very significant. This historical sketch thus resembles the
+histories of the reign of Louis XVIII., published after the Restoration,
+from which the Republic and the Empire, Robespierre and Buonaparte were
+omitted."
+
+The following letter to Prof. Victor Carus gives an idea of the
+character of the new edition of the 'Origin:']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, May 4, 1869.
+
+... I have gone very carefully through the whole, trying to make
+some parts clearer, and adding a few discussions and facts of some
+importance. The new edition is only two pages at the end longer than
+the old; though in one part nine pages in advance, for I have condensed
+several parts and omitted some passages. The translation I fear will
+cause you a great deal of trouble; the alterations took me six weeks,
+besides correcting the press; you ought to make a special agreement with
+M. Koch [the publisher]. Many of the corrections are only a few words,
+but they have been made from the evidence on various points appearing to
+have become a little stronger or weaker.
+
+Thus I have been led to place somewhat more value on the definite and
+direct action of external conditions; to think the lapse of time, as
+measured by years, not quite so great as most geologists have thought;
+and to infer that single variations are of even less importance, in
+comparison with individual differences, than I formerly thought. I
+mention these points because I have been thus led to alter in many
+places A FEW WORDS; and unless you go through the whole new edition, one
+part will not agree with another, which would be a great blemish...
+
+[The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with
+my father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869
+the Editor of the first French edition had brought out a third edition
+without consulting the author. He was accordingly glad to enter into
+an arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this
+was undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+relations as the publisher of many of his books into French.
+
+He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated
+the 'Origin' into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite
+trouble. She has now just brought out a third edition without informing
+me, so that all the corrections, etc., in the fourth and fifth English
+editions are lost. Besides her enormously long preface to the first
+edition, she has added a second preface abusing me like a pick-pocket
+for Pangenesis, which of course has no relation to the 'Origin.' So
+I wrote to Paris; and Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new
+translation from the fifth English edition, in competition with her
+third edition... This fact shows that "evolution of species" must at last
+be spreading in France."
+
+With reference to the spread of Evolution among the orthodox, the
+following letter is of some interest. In March he received, from the
+author, a copy of a lecture by Rev. T.R.R. Stebbing, given before the
+Torquay Natural History Society, February 1, 1869, bearing the title
+"Darwinism." My father wrote to Mr. Stebbing:]
+
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged to you for your kindness in sending me your
+spirited and interesting lecture; if a layman had delivered the same
+address, he would have done good service in spreading what, as I
+hope and believe, is to a large extent the truth; but a clergyman in
+delivering such an address does, as it appears to me, much more good
+by his power to shake ignorant prejudices, and by setting, if I may be
+permitted to say so, an admirable example of liberality.
+
+With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain, Dear Sir, yours faithfully
+and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The references to the subject of expression in the following letter are
+explained by the fact that my father's original intention was to give
+his essay on this subject as a chapter in the 'Descent of Man,' which
+in its turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in 'Animals
+and Plants:']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, February 22 [1869?].
+
+... Although you have aided me to so great an extent in many ways, I am
+going to beg for any information on two other subjects. I am preparing
+a discussion on "Sexual Selection," and I want much to know how low down
+in the animal scale sexual selection of a particular kind extends.
+Do you know of any lowly organised animals, in which the sexes are
+separated, and in which the male differs from the female in arms of
+offence, like the horns and tusks of male mammals, or in gaudy plumage
+and ornaments, as with birds and butterflies? I do not refer to
+secondary sexual characters, by which the male is able to discover
+the female, like the plumed antennae of moths, or by which the male is
+enabled to seize the female, like the curious pincers described by you
+in some of the lower Crustaceans. But what I want to know is, how low
+in the scale sexual differences occur which require some degree of
+self-consciousness in the males, as weapons by which they fight for the
+female, or ornaments which attract the opposite sex. Any differences
+between males and females which follow different habits of life would
+have to be excluded. I think you will easily see what I wish to learn.
+A priori, it would never have been anticipated that insects would have
+been attracted by the beautiful colouring of the opposite sex, or by
+the sounds emitted by the various musical instruments of the male
+Orthoptera. I know no one so likely to answer this question as yourself,
+and should be grateful for any information, however small.
+
+My second subject refers to expression of countenance, to which I
+have long attended, and on which I feel a keen interest; but to which,
+unfortunately, I did not attend when I had the opportunity of observing
+various races of man. It has occurred to me that you might, without much
+trouble, make a FEW observations for me, in the course of some months,
+on Negroes, or possibly on native South Americans, though I care most
+about Negroes; accordingly I enclose some questions as a guide, and if
+you could answer me even one or two I should feel truly obliged. I am
+thinking of writing a little essay on the Origin of Mankind, as I
+have been taunted with concealing my opinions, and I should do this
+immediately after the completion of my present book. In this case I
+should add a chapter on the cause or meaning of expression...
+
+
+[The remaining letters of this year deal chiefly with the books,
+reviews, etc., which interested him.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. THIEL. Down, February 25, 1869.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+On my return home after a short absence, I found your very courteous
+note, and the pamphlet ('Ueber einige Formen der Landwirthschaftlichen
+Genossenschaften.' by Dr. H. Thiel, then of the Agricultural Station
+at Poppelsdorf.), and I hasten to thank you for both, and for the very
+honourable mention which you make of my name. You will readily believe
+how much interested I am in observing that you apply to moral and social
+questions analogous views to those which I have used in regard to the
+modification of species. It did not occur to me formerly that my
+views could be extended to such widely different, and most important,
+subjects. With much respect, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, March 19 [1869].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Thanks for your 'Address.' (In his 'Anniversary Address' to the
+Geological Society, 1869, Mr. Huxley criticised Sir William Thomson's
+paper ('Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow,' volume iii.) "On Geological Time.")
+People complain of the unequal distribution of wealth, but it is a much
+greater shame and injustice that any one man should have the power to
+write so many brilliant essays as you have lately done. There is no one
+who writes like you... If I were in your shoes, I should tremble for my
+life. I agree with all you say, except that I must think that you
+draw too great a distinction between the evolutionists and the
+uniformitarians.
+
+I find that the few sentences which I have sent to press in the 'Origin'
+about the age of the world will do fairly well...
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March 22 [1869].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have finished your book ('The Malay Archipelago,' etc., 1869.); it
+seems to me excellent, and at the same time most pleasant to read. That
+you ever returned alive is wonderful after all your risks from illness
+and sea voyages, especially that most interesting one to Waigiou and
+back. Of all the impressions which I have received from your book, the
+strongest is that your perseverance in the cause of science was heroic.
+Your descriptions of catching the splendid butterflies have made me
+quite envious, and at the same time have made me feel almost young
+again, so vividly have they brought before my mind old days when
+I collected, though I never made such captures as yours. Certainly
+collecting is the best sport in the world. I shall be astonished if
+your book has not a great success; and your splendid generalizations on
+Geographical Distribution, with which I am familiar from your papers,
+will be new to most of your readers. I think I enjoyed most the Timor
+case, as it is best demonstrated; but perhaps Celebes is really the
+most valuable. I should prefer looking at the whole Asiatic continent
+as having formerly been more African in its fauna, than admitting the
+former existence of a continent across the Indian Ocean...
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Mr. Wallace's article in the April
+number of the 'Quarterly Review' (My father wrote to Mr. Murray: "The
+article by Wallace is inimitably good, and it is a great triumph that
+such an article should appear in the 'Quarterly,' and will make the
+Bishop of Oxford and --gnash their teeth."), 1869, which to a large
+extent deals with the tenth edition of Sir Charles Lyell's 'Principles,'
+published in 1867 and 1868. The review contains a striking passage
+on Sir Charles Lyell's confession of evolutionary faith in the tenth
+edition of his 'Principles,' which is worth quoting: "The history of
+science hardly presents so striking an instance of youthfulness of mind
+in advanced life as is shown by this abandonment of opinions so long
+held and so powerfully advocated; and if we bear in mind the extreme
+caution, combined with the ardent love of truth which characterise every
+work which our author has produced, we shall be convinced that so great
+a change was not decided on without long and anxious deliberation, and
+that the views now adopted must indeed be supported by arguments of
+overwhelming force. If for no other reason than that Sir Charles Lyell
+in his tenth edition has adopted it, the theory of Mr. Darwin deserves
+an attentive and respectful consideration from every earnest seeker
+after truth."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 14, 1869.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have been wonderfully interested by your article, and I should think
+Lyell will be much gratified by it. I declare if I had been editor, and
+had the power of directing you, I should have selected for discussion
+the very points which you have chosen. I have often said to younger
+geologists (for I began in the year 1830) that they did not know what a
+revolution Lyell had effected; nevertheless, your extracts from Cuvier
+have quite astonished me. Though not able really to judge, I am inclined
+to put more confidence in Croll than you seem to do; but I have been
+much struck by many of your remarks on degradation. Thomson's views of
+the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest
+troubles, and so I have been glad to read what you say. Your exposition
+of Natural Selection seems to me inimitably good; there never lived a
+better expounder than you. I was also much pleased at your discussing
+the difference between our views and Lamarck's. One sometimes sees the
+odious expression, "Justice to myself compels me to say," etc., but
+you are the only man I ever heard of who persistently does himself an
+injustice, and never demands justice. Indeed, you ought in the review to
+have alluded to your paper in the 'Linnean Journal,' and I feel sure all
+our friends will agree in this. But you cannot "Burke" yourself, however
+much you may try, as may be seen in half the articles which appear. I
+was asked but the other day by a German professor for your paper,
+which I sent him. Altogether I look at your article as appearing in the
+'Quarterly' as an immense triumph for our cause. I presume that your
+remarks on Man are those to which you alluded in your note. If you had
+not told me I should have thought that they had been added by some one
+else. As you expected, I differ grievously from you, and I am very
+sorry for it. I can see no necessity for calling in an additional and
+proximate cause in regard to man. (Mr. Wallace points out that any
+one acquainted merely with the "unaided productions of nature," might
+reasonably doubt whether a dray-horse, for example, could have been
+developed by the power of man directing the "action of the laws of
+variation, multiplication, and survival, for his own purpose. We know,
+however, that this has been done, and we must therefore admit the
+possibility that in the development of the human race, a higher
+intelligence has guided the same laws for nobler ends.") But the subject
+is too long for a letter. I have been particularly glad to read your
+discussion because I am now writing and thinking much about man.
+
+I hope that your Malay book sells well; I was extremely pleased with
+the article in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science,' inasmuch as it is
+thoroughly appreciative of your work: alas! you will probably agree with
+what the writer says about the uses of the bamboo.
+
+I hear that there is also a good article in the "Saturday Review", but
+have heard nothing more about it. Believe me my dear Wallace,
+
+Yours ever sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, May 4 [1869].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been applied to for some photographs (carte de visite) to be
+copied to ornament the diplomas of honorary members of a new Society
+in Servia! Will you give me one for this purpose? I possess only a
+full-length one of you in my own album, and the face is too small, I
+think, to be copied.
+
+I hope that you get on well with your work, and have satisfied yourself
+on the difficult point of glacier lakes. Thank heaven, I have finished
+correcting the new edition of the 'Origin,' and am at my old work of
+Sexual Selection.
+
+Wallace's article struck me as ADMIRABLE; how well he brought out the
+revolution which you effected some 30 years ago. I thought I had fully
+appreciated the revolution, but I was astounded at the extracts from
+Cuvier. What a good sketch of natural selection! but I was dreadfully
+disappointed about Man, it seems to me incredibly strange...; and had I
+not known to the contrary, would have sworn it had been inserted by some
+other hand. But I believe that you will not agree quite in all this.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES. Down, May 28 [1869 or 1870].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have received and read your volume (Essays reprinted from the 'Revue
+des Deux Mondes,' under the title 'Histoire Naturelle Generale,' etc.,
+1869.), and am much obliged for your present. The whole strikes me as a
+wonderfully clear and able discussion, and I was much interested by it
+to the last page. It is impossible that any account of my views could be
+fairer, or, as far as space permitted, fuller, than that which you
+have given. The way in which you repeatedly mention my name is most
+gratifying to me. When I had finished the second part, I thought that
+you had stated the case so favourably that you would make more converts
+on my side than on your own side. On reading the subsequent parts I
+had to change my sanguine view. In these latter parts many of your
+strictures are severe enough, but all are given with perfect courtesy
+and fairness. I can truly say I would rather be criticised by you in
+this manner than praised by many others. I agree with some of your
+criticisms, but differ entirely from the remainder; but I will not
+trouble you with any remarks. I may, however, say, that you must have
+been deceived by the French translation, as you infer that I believe
+that the Parus and the Nuthatch (or Sitta) are related by direct
+filiation. I wished only to show by an imaginary illustration, how
+either instincts or structures might first change. If you had seen Canis
+Magellanicus alive you would have perceived how foxlike its appearance
+is, or if you had heard its voice, I think that you would never have
+hazarded the idea that it was a domestic dog run wild; but this does
+not much concern me. It is curious how nationality influences opinion; a
+week hardly passes without my hearing of some naturalist in Germany
+who supports my views, and often puts an exaggerated value on my works;
+whilst in France I have not heard of a single zoologist, except M.
+Gaudry (and he only partially), who supports my views. But I must have
+a good many readers as my books are translated, and I must hope,
+notwithstanding your strictures, that I may influence some embryo
+naturalists in France.
+
+You frequently speak of my good faith, and no compliment can be more
+delightful to me, but I may return you the compliment with interest, for
+every word which you write bears the stamp of your cordial love for the
+truth. Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, October 14 [1869].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I have been delighted to see your review of Haeckel (A review of
+Haeckel's 'Schopfungs-Geschichte.' The "Academy", 1869. Reprinted in
+'Critiques and Addresses,' page 303.), and as usual you pile honours
+high on my head. But I write now (REQUIRING NO ANSWER) to groan a
+little over what you have said about rudimentary organs. (In discussing
+Teleology and Haeckel's "Dysteleology," Prof. Huxley says:--"Such cases
+as the existence of lateral rudiments of toes, in the foot of a horse,
+place us in a dilemma. For either these rudiments are of no use to the
+animals, in which case... they surely ought to have disappeared; or
+they are of some use to the animal, in which case they are of no use as
+arguments against Teleology."--('Critiques and Addresses,' page 308.)
+Many heretics will take advantage of what you have said. I cannot but
+think that the explanation given at page 541 of the last edition of
+the 'Origin' of the long retention of rudimentary organs and of their
+greater relative size during early life, is satisfactory. Their final
+and complete abortion seems to me a much greater difficulty. Do look
+in my 'Variations under Domestication,' volume ii. page 397, at what
+Pangenesis suggests on this head, though I did not dare to put in the
+'Origin.' The passage bears also a little on the struggle between the
+molecules or gemmules. ("It is a probable hypothesis, that what the
+world is to organisms in general, each organism is to the molecules of
+which it is composed. Multitudes of these having diverse tendencies, are
+competing with one another for opportunity to exist and multiply; and
+the organism, as a whole, is as much the product of the molecules which
+are victorious as the Fauna, or Flora, of a country is the product of
+the victorious organic beings in it."--('Critiques and Addresses,' page
+309.) There is likewise a word or two indirectly bearing on this subject
+at pages 394-395. It won't take you five minutes, so do look at these
+passages. I am very glad that you have been bold enough to give your
+idea about Natural Selection amongst the molecules, though I can not
+quite follow you.
+
+
+1870 AND BEGINNING OF 1871.
+
+[My father wrote in his Diary:--"The whole of this year [1870] at work
+on the 'Descent of Man.'... Went to Press August 30, 1870."
+
+The letters are again of miscellaneous interest, dealing, not only with
+his work, but also serving to indicate the course of his reading.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. RAY LANKESTER. Down, March 15 [1870].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I do not know whether you will consider me a very troublesome man, but
+I have just finished your book ('Comparative Longevity.'), and can not
+resist telling you how the whole has much interested me. No doubt, as
+you say, there must be much speculation on such a subject, and certain
+results can not be reached; but all your views are highly suggestive,
+and to my mind that is high praise. I have been all the more interested
+as I am now writing on closely allied though not quite identical points.
+I was pleased to see you refer to my much despised child, 'Pangenesis,'
+who I think will some day, under some better nurse, turn out a fine
+stripling. It has also pleased me to see how thoroughly you appreciate
+(and I do not think that this is general with the men of science) H.
+Spencer; I suspect that hereafter he will be looked at as by far the
+greatest living philosopher in England; perhaps equal to any that have
+lived. But I have no business to trouble you with my notions. With
+sincere thanks for the interest which your work has given me,
+
+I remain, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection' (1870), a
+collection of essays reprinted with certain alterations of which a list
+is given in the volume:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 20 [1870].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have just received your book, and read the preface. There never has
+been passed on me, or indeed on any one, a higher eulogium than yours.
+I wish that I fully deserved it. Your modesty and candour are very far
+from new to me. I hope it is a satisfaction to you to reflect--and very
+few things in my life have been more satisfactory to me--that we have
+never felt any jealousy towards each other, though in one sense rivals.
+I believe that I can say this of myself with truth, and I am absolutely
+sure that it is true of you.
+
+You have been a good Christian to give a list of your additions, for
+I want much to read them, and I should hardly have had time just at
+present to have gone through all your articles. Of course I shall
+immediately read those that are new or greatly altered, and I will
+endeavour to be as honest as can reasonably be expected. Your book looks
+remarkably well got up.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, to remain, Yours very cordially, CH.
+DARWIN.
+
+
+[Here follow one or two letters indicating the progress of the 'Descent
+of Man;' the woodcuts referred to were being prepared for that work:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER. (Dr. Gunther, Keeper of Zoology in the
+British Museum.) March 23, [1870?].
+
+Dear Gunther,
+
+As I do not know Mr. Ford's address, will you hand him this note, which
+is written solely to express my unbounded admiration of the woodcuts.
+I fairly gloat over them. The only evil is that they will make all
+the other woodcuts look very poor! They are all excellent, and for the
+feathers I declare I think it the most wonderful woodcut I ever saw; I
+can not help touching it to make sure that it is smooth. How I wish to
+see the two other, and even more important, ones of the feathers, and
+the four [of] reptiles, etc. Once again accept my very sincere thanks
+for all your kindness. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Ford. Engravings
+have always hitherto been my greatest misery, and now they are a real
+pleasure to me.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I thought I should have been in press by this time, but my subject
+has branched off into sub-branches, which have cost me infinite time,
+and heaven knows when I shall have all my MS. ready, but I am never
+idle.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER. May 15 [1870].
+
+My dear Dr. Gunther,
+
+Sincere thanks. Your answers are wonderfully clear and complete. I have
+some analogous questions on reptiles, etc., which I will send in a few
+days, and then I think I shall cause no more trouble. I will get the
+books you refer me to. The case of the Solenostoma (In most of the
+Lophobranchii the male has a marsupial sack in which the eggs are
+hatched, and in these species the male is slightly brighter coloured
+than the female. But in Solenostoma the female is the hatcher, and
+is also the more brightly coloured.--'Descent of Man,' ii. 21.) is
+magnificent, so exactly analogous to that of those birds in which the
+female is the more gay, but ten times better for me, as she is the
+incubator. As I crawl on with the successive classes I am astonished to
+find how similar the rules are about the nuptial or "wedding dress" of
+all animals. The subject has begun to interest me in an extraordinary
+degree; but I must try not to fall into my common error of being too
+speculative. But a drunkard might as well say he would drink a little
+and not too much! My essay, as far as fishes, batrachians and reptiles
+are concerned, will be in fact yours, only written by me. With hearty
+thanks.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter is of interest, as showing the excessive care and
+pains which my father took in forming his opinion on a difficult point:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, September 23 [undated].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I am very much obliged for all your trouble in writing me your long
+letter, which I will keep by me and ponder over. To answer it would
+require at least 200 folio pages! If you could see how often I have
+re-written some pages you would know how anxious I am to arrive as near
+as I can to the truth. I lay great stress on what I know takes place
+under domestication; I think we start with different fundamental notions
+on inheritance. I find it is most difficult, but not I think impossible,
+to see how, for instance, a few red feathers appearing on the head of a
+male bird, and which ARE AT FIRST TRANSMITTED TO BOTH SEXES, could come
+to be transmitted to males alone. It is not enough that females should
+be produced from the males with red feathers, which should be destitute
+of red feathers; but these females must have a LATENT TENDENCY to
+produce such feathers, otherwise they would cause deterioration in the
+red head-feathers of their male offspring. Such latent tendency would be
+shown by their producing the red feathers when old, or diseased in their
+ovaria. But I have no difficulty in making the whole head red if the
+few red feathers in the male from the first tended to be sexually
+transmitted. I am quite willing to admit that the female may have been
+modified, either at the same time or subsequently, for protection by the
+accumulation of variations limited in their transmission to the female
+sex. I owe to your writings the consideration of this latter point. But
+I cannot yet persuade myself that females ALONE have often been modified
+for protection. Should you grudge the trouble briefly to tell me whether
+you believe that the plainer head and less bright colours of a female
+chaffinch, the less red on the head and less clean colours of the female
+goldfinch, the much less red on the breast of the female bull-finch, the
+paler crest of golden-crested wren, etc., have been acquired by them for
+protection. I cannot think so any more than I can that the considerable
+differences between female and male house sparrow, or much greater
+brightness of the male Parus coeruleus (both of which build under cover)
+than of the female Parus, are related to protection. I even mis-doubt
+much whether the less blackness of the female blackbird is for
+protection.
+
+Again, can you give me reasons for believing that the moderate
+differences between the female pheasant, the female Gallus bankiva,
+the female black grouse, the pea-hen, the female partridge, [and their
+respective males,] have all special references to protection under
+slightly different conditions? I, of course, admit that they are all
+protected by dull colours, derived, as I think, from some dull-ground
+progenitor; and I account partly for their difference by partial
+transference of colour from the male and by other means too long to
+specify; but I earnestly wish to see reason to believe that each is
+specially adapted for concealment to its environment.
+
+I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me and makes me
+constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite understand each
+other. I value the cases of bright-coloured, incubating male fishes, and
+brilliant female butterflies, solely as showing that one sex may be made
+brilliant without any necessary transference of beauty to the other sex;
+for in these cases I cannot suppose that beauty in the other sex was
+checked by selection.
+
+I fear this letter will trouble you to read it. A very short answer
+about your belief in regard to the female finches and gallinaceae would
+suffice.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 25 [1870].
+
+... Last Friday we all went to the Bull Hotel at Cambridge to see the
+boys, and for a little rest and enjoyment. The backs of the Colleges are
+simply paradisaical. On Monday I saw Sedgwick, who was most cordial and
+kind; in the morning I thought his brain was enfeebled; in the evening
+he was brilliant and quite himself. His affection and kindness charmed
+us all. My visit to him was in one way unfortunate; for after a long
+sit he proposed to take me to the museum, and I could not refuse, and
+in consequence he utterly prostrated me; so that we left Cambridge
+next morning, and I have not recovered the exhaustion yet. Is it not
+humiliating to be thus killed by a man of eighty-six, who evidently
+never dreamed that he was killing me? As he said to me, "Oh, I consider
+you as a mere baby to me!" I saw Newton several times, and several nice
+friends of F.'s. But Cambridge without dear Henslow was not itself; I
+tried to get to the two old houses, but it was too far for me...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO B.J. SULIVAN. (Admiral Sir James Sulivan was a
+lieutenant on board the "Beagle".) Down, June 30 [1870].
+
+My dear Sulivan,
+
+It was very good of you to write to me so long a letter, telling me much
+about yourself and your children, which I was extremely glad to hear.
+Think what a benighted wretch I am, seeing no one and reading but little
+in the newspapers, for I did not know (until seeing the paper of your
+Natural History Society) that you were a K.C.B. Most heartily glad I am
+that the Government have at last appreciated your most just claim for
+this high distinction. On the other hand, I am sorry to hear so poor an
+account of your health; but you were surely very rash to do all that you
+did and then pass through so exciting a scene as a ball at the Palace.
+It was enough to have tired a man in robust health. Complete rest will,
+however, I hope, quite set you up again. As for myself, I have been
+rather better of late, and if nothing disturbs me I can do some hours'
+work every day. I shall this autumn publish another book partly on man,
+which I dare say many will decry as very wicked. I could have travelled
+to Oxford, but could no more have withstood the excitement of a
+commemoration (This refers to an invitation to receive the honorary
+degree of D.C.L. He was one of those nominated for the degree by Lord
+Salisbury on assuming the office of Chancellor of the University of
+Oxford. The fact that the honour was declined on the score of ill-health
+was published in the "Oxford University Gazette", June 17, 1870.) than
+I could a ball at Buckingham Palace. Many thanks for your kind remarks
+about my boys. Thank God, all give me complete satisfaction; my fourth
+stands second at Woolwich, and will be an Engineer Officer at Christmas.
+My wife desires to be very kindly remembered to Lady Sulivan, in which
+I very sincerely join, and in congratulation about your daughter's
+marriage. We are at present solitary, for all our younger children are
+gone a tour in Switzerland. I had never heard a word about the success
+of the T. del Fuego mission. It is most wonderful, and shames me, as
+I always prophesied utter failure. It is a grand success. I shall feel
+proud if your Committee think fit to elect me an honorary member of your
+society. With all good wishes and affectionate remembrances of ancient
+days,
+
+Believe me, my dear Sulivan, Your sincere friend, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[My father's connection with the South American Mission, which is
+referred to in the above letter, has given rise to some public comment,
+and has been to some extent misunderstood. The Archbishop of Canterbury,
+speaking at the annual meeting of the South American Missionary Society,
+April 21st, 1885 (I quote a 'Leaflet,' published by the Society.), said
+that the Society "drew the attention of Charles Darwin, and made him, in
+his pursuit of the wonders of the kingdom of nature, realise that there
+was another kingdom just as wonderful and more lasting." Some discussion
+on the subject appeared in the "Daily News" of April 23rd, 24th, 29th,
+1885, and finally Admiral Sir James Sulivan, on April 24th, wrote to the
+same journal, giving a clear account of my father's connection with the
+Society:--
+
+"Your article in the "Daily News" of yesterday induces me to give you
+a correct statement of the connection between the South American
+Missionary Society and Mr. Charles Darwin, my old friend and shipmate
+for five years. I have been closely connected with the Society from
+the time of Captain Allen Gardiner's death, and Mr. Darwin has often
+expressed to me his conviction that it was utterly useless to send
+Missionaries to such a set of savages as the Fuegians, probably the very
+lowest of the human race. I had always replied that I did not believe
+any human beings existed too low to comprehend the simple message of the
+Gospel of Christ. After many years, I think about 1869 (It seems to have
+been in 1867.), but I cannot find the letter, he wrote to me that the
+recent accounts of the Mission proved to him that he had been wrong and
+I right in our estimates of the native character, and the possibility of
+doing them good through Missionaries; and he requested me to forward
+to the Society an enclosed cheque for 5 pounds, as a testimony of the
+interest he took in their good work. On June 6th, 1874, he wrote: 'I
+am very glad to hear so good an account of the Fuegians, and it is
+wonderful.' On June 10th, 1879: 'The progress of the Fuegians is
+wonderful, and had it not occurred would have been to me quite
+incredible.' On January 3rd, 1880: 'Your extracts' [from a journal]
+'about the Fuegians are extremely curious, and have interested me much.
+I have often said that the progress of Japan was the greatest wonder in
+the world, but I declare that the progress of Fuegia is almost equally
+wonderful. On March 20th, 1881: 'The account of the Fuegians interested
+not only me, but all my family. It is truly wonderful what you have
+heard from Mr. Bridges about their honesty and their language. I
+certainly should have predicted that not all the Missionaries in the
+world could have done what has been done.' On December 1st, 1881,
+sending me his annual subscription to the Orphanage at the Mission
+Station, he wrote: 'Judging from the "Missionary Journal", the Mission
+in Tierra del Fuego seems going on quite wonderfully well.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Down, July 17, 1870.
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+As I hear that the Census will be brought before the House to-morrow, I
+write to say how much I hope that you will express your opinion on the
+desirability of queries in relation to consanguineous marriages being
+inserted. As you are aware, I have made experiments on the subject
+during several years; AND IT IS MY CLEAR CONVICTION THAT THERE IS NOW
+AMPLE EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GREAT PHYSIOLOGICAL LAW, RENDERING
+AN ENQUIRY WITH REFERENCE TO MANKIND OF MUCH IMPORTANCE. IN ENGLAND AND
+MANY PARTS OF EUROPE THE MARRIAGES OF COUSINS ARE OBJECTED TO FROM THEIR
+SUPPOSED INJURIOUS CONSEQUENCES; BUT THIS BELIEF RESTS ON NO DIRECT
+EVIDENCE. IT IS THEREFORE MANIFESTLY DESIRABLE THAT THE BELIEF SHOULD
+EITHER BE PROVED FALSE, OR SHOULD BE CONFIRMED, so that in this latter
+case the marriages of cousins might be discouraged. If the proper
+queries are inserted, the returns would show whether married cousins
+have in their households on the night of the census as many children as
+have parents of who are not related; and should the number prove fewer,
+we might safely infer either lessened fertility in the parents, or which
+is more probable, lessened vitality in the offspring.
+
+It is, moreover, much to be wished that the truth of the often repeated
+assertion that consanguineous marriages lead to deafness, and dumbness,
+blindness, etc., should be ascertained; and all such assertions could be
+easily tested by the returns from a single census.
+
+Believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[When the Census Act was passing through the House of Commons, Sir John
+Lubbock and Dr. Playfair attempted to carry out this suggestion. The
+question came to a division, which was lost, but not by many votes.
+
+The subject of cousin marriages was afterwards investigated by my
+brother. ("Marriages between First Cousins in England, and their
+Effects.' By George Darwin. 'Journal of the Statistical Society,' June,
+1875.) The results of this laborious piece of work were negative; the
+author sums up in the sentence:--
+
+"My paper is far from giving any thing like a satisfactory solution of
+the question as to the effects of consanguineous marriages, but it does,
+I think, show that the assertion that this question has already been set
+at rest, cannot be substantiated."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII. -- PUBLICATION OF THE 'DESCENT OF MAN.'
+
+WORK ON 'EXPRESSION.'
+
+1871-1873.
+
+[The last revise of the 'Descent of Man' was corrected on January 15th,
+1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years. He wrote to
+Sir J. Hooker: "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago,
+the work half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the
+book is worth publishing."
+
+He also wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have finished my book on the 'Descent of Man,' etc., and its
+publication is delayed only by the Index: when published, I will send
+you a copy, but I do not know that you will care about it. Parts, as
+on the moral sense, will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from
+you, I shall probably receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of
+a pen."
+
+The book was published on February 24, 1871. 2500 copies were printed at
+first, and 5000 more before the end of the year. My father notes that he
+received for this edition 1470 pounds. The letters given in the present
+chapter deal with its reception, and also with the progress of the work
+on Expression. The letters are given, approximately, in chronological
+order, an arrangement which necessarily separates letters of kindred
+subjec-matter, but gives perhaps a truer picture of the mingled
+interests and labours of my father's life.
+
+Nothing can give a better idea (in small compass) of the growth of
+Evolutionism and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+Huxley ('Contemporary Review,' 1871.):--
+
+"The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade
+from the date of the publication of the 'Origin of Species;' and
+whatever may be thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the
+manner in which he has propounded them, this much is certain, that in a
+dozen years the 'Origin of Species' has worked as complete a revolution
+in Biological Science as the 'Principia' did in Astronomy;" and it
+has done so, "because, in the words of Helmholtz, it contains 'an
+essentially new creative thought.' And, as time has slipped by, a happy
+change has come over Mr. Darwin's critics. The mixture of ignorance and
+insolence which at first characterised a large proportion of the
+attacks with which he was assailed, is no longer the sad distinction of
+anti-Darwinian criticism."
+
+A passage in the Introduction to the 'Descent of Man' shows that the
+author recognised clearly this improvement in the position of Evolution.
+"When a naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his address, as
+President of the National Institution of Geneva (1869), 'personne en
+Europe au moins, n'ose plus soutenir la creation independante et de
+toutes pieces, des especes,' it is manifest that at least a large number
+of naturalists must admit that species are the modified descendants
+of other species; and this especially holds good with the younger
+and rising naturalists... Of the older and honoured chiefs in natural
+science, many, unfortunately, are still opposed to Evolution in every
+form."
+
+In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+Darwin" ('Harper's Magazine,' October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+father "early in 1871" (it must have been at the end of February,
+within a week after the publication of the book.), shortly after the
+publication of the 'Descent of Man.' Mr. Hague represents my father
+as "much impressed by the general assent with which his views had been
+received," and as remarking that "everybody is talking about it without
+being shocked."
+
+Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+language in the 'Edinburgh Review' (July 1871. An adverse criticism.
+The reviewer sums up by saying that: "Never perhaps in the history of
+philosophy have such wide generalisations been derived from such a small
+basis of fact."): "On every side it is raising a storm of mingled wrath,
+wonder, and admiration."
+
+With regard to the subsequent reception of the 'Descent of Man,' my
+father wrote to Dr. Dohrn, February 3, 1872:--
+
+"I did not know until reading your article (In 'Das Ausland.'), that my
+'Descent of Man' had excited so much furore in Germany. It has had an
+immense circulation in this country and in America, but has met the
+approval of hardly any naturalists as far as I know. Therefore I suppose
+it was a mistake on my part to publish it; but, anyhow, it will pave the
+way for some better work."
+
+The book on the 'Expression of the Emotions' was begun on January 17th,
+1871, the last proof of the 'Descent of Man' having been finished on
+January 15th. The rough copy was finished by April 27th, and shortly
+after this (in June) the work was interrupted by the preparation of a
+sixth edition of the 'Origin.' In November and December the proofs of
+the 'Expression' book were taken in hand, and occupied him until the
+following year, when the book was published.
+
+Some references to the work on Expression have occurred in letters
+already given, showing that the foundation of the book was, to some
+extent, laid down for some years before he began to write it. Thus he
+wrote to Dr. Asa Gray, April 15, 1867:--
+
+"I have been lately getting up and looking over my old notes on
+Expression, and fear that I shall not make so much of my hobby-horse as
+I thought I could; nevertheless, it seems to me a curious subject which
+has been strangely neglected."
+
+It should, however, be remembered that the subject had been before his
+mind, more or less, from 1837 or 1838, as I judge from entries in
+his early note-books. It was in December, 1839, that he began to make
+observations on children.
+
+The work required much correspondence, not only with missionaries and
+others living among savages, to whom he sent his printed queries, but
+among physiologists and physicians. He obtained much information from
+Professor Donders, Sir W. Bowman, Sir James Paget, Dr. W. Ogle, Dr.
+Crichton Browne, as well as from other observers.
+
+The first letter refers to the 'Descent of Man.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, January 30 [1871].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+(In the note referred to, dated January 27, Mr. Wallace wrote:--
+
+"Many thanks for your first volume which I have just finished reading
+through with the greatest pleasure and interest; and I have also to
+thank you for the great tenderness with which you have treated me and my
+heresies."
+
+The heresy is the limitation of natural selection as applied to man.
+My father wrote ('Descent of Man,' i. page 137):--"I cannot therefore
+understand how it is that Mr. Wallace maintains that 'natural selection
+could only have endowed the savage with a brain a little superior to
+that of an ape.'" In the above quoted letter Mr. Wallace wrote:--"Your
+chapters on 'Man' are of intense interest, but as touching my special
+heresy not as yet altogether convincing, though of course I fully agree
+with every word and every argument which goes to prove the evolution or
+development of man out of a lower form.")
+
+Your note has given me very great pleasure, chiefly because I was
+so anxious not to treat you with the least disrespect, and it is so
+difficult to speak fairly when differing from any one. If I had offended
+you, it would have grieved me more than you will readily believe.
+Secondly, I am greatly pleased to hear that Volume I. interests you; I
+have got so sick of the whole subject that I felt in utter doubt about
+the value of any part. I intended, when speaking of females not having
+been specially modified for protection, to include the prevention of
+characters acquired by the male being transmitted to the female; but I
+now see it would have been better to have said "specially acted on," or
+some such term. Possibly my intention may be clearer in Volume II. Let
+me say that my conclusions are chiefly founded on the consideration of
+all animals taken in a body, bearing in mind how common the rules of
+sexual differences appear to be in all classes. The first copy of the
+chapter on Lepidoptera agreed pretty closely with you. I then worked
+on, came back to Lepidoptera, and thought myself compelled to
+alter it--finished Sexual Selection and for the last time went over
+Lepidoptera, and again I felt forced to alter it. I hope to God there
+will be nothing disagreeable to you in Volume II., and that I have
+spoken fairly of your views; I am fearful on this head, because I have
+just read (but not with sufficient care) Mivart's book ('The Genesis of
+Species,' by St. G. Mivart, 1871.), and I feel ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN that
+he meant to be fair (but he was stimulated by theological fervour); yet
+I do not think he has been quite fair... The part which, I think, will
+have most influence is where he gives the whole series of cases like
+that of the whalebone, in which we cannot explain the gradational steps;
+but such cases have no weight on my mind--if a few fish were extinct,
+who on earth would have ventured even to conjecture that lungs had
+originated in a swi-bladder? In such a case as the Thylacine, I think he
+was bound to say that the resemblance of the jaw to that of the dog
+is superficial; the number and correspondence and development of teeth
+being widely different. I think again when speaking of the necessity of
+altering a number of characters together, he ought to have thought
+of man having power by selection to modify simultaneously or almost
+simultaneously many points, as in making a greyhound or racehorse--as
+enlarged upon in my 'Domestic Animals.' Mivart is savage or contemptuous
+about my "moral sense," and so probably will you be. I am extremely
+pleased that he agrees with my position, AS FAR AS ANIMAL NATURE IS
+CONCERNED, of man in the series; or if anything, thinks I have erred in
+making him too distinct.
+
+Forgive me for scribbling at such length. You have put me quite in good
+spirits; I did so dread having been unintentionally unfair towards your
+views. I hope earnestly the second volume will escape as well. I care
+now very little what others say. As for our not quite agreeing, really
+in such complex subjects, it is almost impossible for two men who arrive
+independently at their conclusions to agree fully, it would be unnatural
+for them to do so.
+
+Yours ever, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Professor Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my
+father about the 'Descent of Man.' I quote from his reply:--
+
+"I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I
+may truly say, charming letter. I am delighted that you approve of my
+book, as far as you have read it. I felt very great difficulty and
+doubt how often I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly
+speaking every idea, although occurring independently to me, if
+published by you previously ought to have appeared as if taken from your
+works, but this would have made my book very dull reading; and I hoped
+that a full acknowledgment at the beginning would suffice. (In the
+introduction to the 'Descent of Man' the author wrote:--
+
+"This last naturalist [Haeckel]... has recently... published his
+'Naturliche Schopfungs-geschichte,' in which he fully discusses the
+genealogy of man. If this work had appeared before my essay had been
+written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all
+the conclusions at which I have arrived, I find confirmed by this
+naturalist, whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine.")
+I cannot tell you how glad I am to find that I have expressed my high
+admiration of your labours with sufficient clearness; I am sure that I
+have not expressed it too strongly."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March 16, 1871.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have just read your grand review. ("Academy", March 15, 1871.) It is
+in every way as kindly expressed towards myself as it is excellent in
+matter. The Lyells have been here, and Sir C. remarked that no one wrote
+such good scientific reviews as you, and as Miss Buckley added, you
+delight in picking out all that is good, though very far from blind to
+the bad. In all this I most entirely agree. I shall always consider
+your review as a great honour; and however much my book may hereafter
+be abused, as no doubt it will be, your review will console me,
+notwithstanding that we differ so greatly. I will keep your objections
+to my views in my mind, but I fear that the latter are almost
+stereotyped in my mind. I thought for long weeks about the inheritance
+and selection difficulty, and covered quires of paper with notes in
+trying to get out of it, but could not, though clearly seeing that it
+would be a great relief if I could. I will confine myself to two or
+three remarks. I have been much impressed with what you urge against
+colour (Mr. Wallace says that the pairing of butterflies is probably
+determined by the fact that one male is stronger-winged, or more
+pertinacious than the rest, rather than by the choice of the females.
+He quotes the case of caterpillars which are brightly coloured and yet
+sexless. Mr. Wallace also makes the good criticism that the 'Descent
+of Man' consists of two books mixed together.) in the case of insects,
+having been acquired through sexual selection. I always saw that the
+evidence was very weak; but I still think, if it be admitted that
+the musical instruments of insects have been gained through sexual
+selection, that there is not the least improbability in colour having
+been thus gained. Your argument with respect to the denudation of
+mankind and also to insects, that taste on the part of one sex would
+have to remain nearly the same during many generations, in order that
+sexual selection should produce any effect, I agree to; and I think this
+argument would be sound if used by one who denied that, for instance,
+the plumes of birds of Paradise had been so gained. I believe you admit
+this, and if so I do not see how your argument applies in other cases. I
+have recognized for some short time that I have made a great omission in
+not having discussed, as far as I could, the acquisition of taste, its
+inherited nature, and its permanence within pretty close limits for long
+periods.
+
+
+[With regard to the success of the 'Descent of Man,' I quote from a
+letter to Professor Ray Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the increasing
+liberality of England, that my book has sold wonderfully... and as yet
+no abuse (though some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only
+contempt even in the poor old 'Athenaeum'."
+
+As to reviews that struck him he wrote to Mr. Wallace (March 24,
+1871):--
+
+"There is a very striking second article on my book in the 'Pall Mall'.
+The articles in the "Spectator" ("Spectator", March 11 and 18, 1871.
+With regard to the evolution of conscience the reviewer thinks that my
+father comes much nearer to the "kernel of the psychological problem"
+than many of his predecessors. The second article contains a good
+discussion of the bearing of the book on the question of design, and
+concludes by finding in it a vindication of Theism more wonderful than
+that in Paley's 'Natural Theology.') have also interested me much."
+
+On March 20 he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"Many thanks for the "Nonconformist" [March 8, 1871]. I like to see all
+that is written, and it is of some real use. If you hear of reviewers
+in out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as "Record",
+"Guardian", "Tablet", kindly inform me. It is wonderful that there has
+been no abuse ("I feel a full conviction that my chapter on man will
+excite attention and plenty of abuse, and I suppose abuse is as good as
+praise for selling a book."--(from a letter to Mr. Murray, January
+31, 1867.) as yet, but I suppose I shall not escape. On the whole, the
+reviews have been highly favourable."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871)
+refers to a review in the "Times". ("Times", April 7 and 8, 1871. The
+review is not only unfavourable as regards the book under discussion,
+but also as regards Evolution in general, as the following citation will
+show: "Even had it been rendered highly probable, which we doubt, that
+the animal creation has been developed into its numerous and widely
+different varieties by mere evolution, it would still require an
+independent investigation of overwhelming force and completeness to
+justify the presumption that man is but a term in this self-evolving
+series.")
+
+"I have no idea who wrote the "Times" review. He has no knowledge of
+science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+injure the sale."
+
+A review of the 'Descent of Man,' which my father spoke of as "capital,"
+appeared in the "Saturday Review" (March 4 and 11, 1871). A passage from
+the first notice (March 4) may be quoted in illustration of the broad
+basis as regards general acceptance, on which the doctrine of Evolution
+now stood: "He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and
+constitution, within that unity which he had previously sought to trace
+through all lower animal forms. The growth of opinion in the interval,
+due in chief measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the
+discussion of this problem in a position very much in advance of that
+held by it fifteen years ago. The problem of Evolution is hardly any
+longer to be treated as one of first principles; nor has Mr. Darwin to
+do battle for a first hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as
+it is by a phalanx of names full of distinction and promise, in either
+hemisphere."
+
+The infolded point of the human ear, discovered by Mr. Woolner, and
+described in the 'Descent of Man,' seems especially to have struck the
+popular imagination; my father wrote to Mr. Woolner:--
+
+"The tips to the ears have become quite celebrated. One reviewer
+('Nature') says they ought to be called, as I suggested in joke, Angulus
+Woolnerianus. ('Nature' April 6, 1871. The term suggested is Angulus
+Woolnerii.) A German is very proud to find that he has the tips well
+developed, and I believe will send me a photograph of his ears."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN BRODIE INNES. (Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton
+Brodie, formerly Vicar of Down.) Down, May 29 [1871].
+
+My dear Innes,
+
+I have been very glad to receive your pleasant letter, for to tell you
+the truth, I have sometimes wondered whether you would not think me
+an outcast and a reprobate after the publication of my last book
+['Descent']. (In a former letter of my father's to Mr. Innes:--"We often
+differed, but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ
+and yet feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing which I should
+feel very proud of, if any one could say it of me.") I do not wonder at
+all at your not agreeing with me, for a good many professed naturalists
+do not. Yet when I see in how extraordinary a manner the judgment of
+naturalists has changed since I published the 'Origin,' I feel convinced
+that there will be in ten years quite as much unanimity about man, as
+far as his corporeal frame is concerned...
+
+
+[The following letters addressed to Dr. Ogle deal with the progress of
+the work on expression.]
+
+
+Down, March 12 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+I have received both your letters, and they tell me all that I wanted
+to know in the clearest possible way, as, indeed, all your letters have
+ever done. I thank you cordially. I will give the case of the murderer
+('Expression of the Emotions,' page 294. The arrest of a murderer,
+as witnessed by Dr. Ogle in a hospital.) in my hobby-horse essay on
+expression. I fear that the Eustachian tube question must have cost
+you a deal of labour; it is quite a complete little essay. It is pretty
+clear that the mouth is not opened under surprise merely to improve the
+hearing. Yet why do deaf men generally keep their mouths open? The other
+day a man here was mimicking a deaf friend, leaning his head forward
+and sideways to the speaker, with his mouth well open; it was a lifelike
+representation of a deaf man. Shakespeare somewhere says: "Hold your
+breath, listen" or "hark," I forget which. Surprise hurries the breath,
+and it seems to me one can breathe, at least hurriedly, much quieter
+through the open mouth than through the nose. I saw the other day
+you doubted this. As objection is your province at present, I think
+breathing through the nose ought to come within it likewise, so do pray
+consider this point, and let me hear your judgment. Consider the nose to
+be a flower to be fertilised, and then you will make out all about it.
+(Dr. Ogle had corresponded with my father on his own observations on the
+fertilisation of flowers.) I have had to allude to your paper on 'Sense
+of Smell' (Medico-chirurg. Trans. liii.); is the paging right, namely,
+1, 2, 3? If not, I protest by all the gods against the plan followed
+by some, of having presentation copies falsely paged; and so does
+Rolleston, as he wrote to me the other day. In haste.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, March 25 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+You will think me a horrid bore, but I beg you, IN RELATION TO A NEW
+POINT FOR OBSERVATION, to imagine as well as you can that you suddenly
+come across some dreadful object, and act with a sudden little start, a
+SHUDDER OF HORROR; please do this once or twice, and observe yourself as
+well as you can, and AFTERWARDS read the rest of this note, which I have
+consequently pinned down. I find, to my surprise, whenever I act thus
+my platysma contracts. Does yours? (N.B.--See what a man will do for
+science; I began this note with a horrid fib, namely, that I want you to
+attend to a new point. (The point was doubtless described as a new one,
+to avoid the possibility of Dr. Ogle's attention being directed to the
+platysma, a muscle which had been the subject of discussion in other
+letters.)) I will try and get some persons thus to act who are so lucky
+as not to know that they even possess this muscle, so troublesome for
+any one making out about expression. Is a shudder akin to the rigor or
+shivering before fever? If so, perhaps the platysma could be observed
+in such cases. Paget told me that he had attended much to shivering, and
+had written in MS. on the subject, and been much perplexed about it. He
+mentioned that passing a catheter often causes shivering. Perhaps I will
+write to him about the platysma. He is always most kind in aiding me in
+all ways, but he is so overworked that it hurts my conscience to trouble
+him, for I have a conscience, little as you have reason to think so.
+Help me if you can, and forgive me. Your murderer case has come in
+splendidly as the acme of prostration from fear.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO DR. OGLE. Down, April 29 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+I am truly obliged for all the great trouble which you have so kindly
+taken. I am sure you have no cause to say that you are sorry you can
+give me no definite information, for you have given me far more than I
+ever expected to get. The action of the platysma is not very important
+for me, but I believe that you will fully understand (for I have always
+fancied that our minds were very similar) the intolerable desire I had
+not to be utterly baffled. Now I know that it sometimes contracts from
+fear and from shuddering, but not apparently from a prolonged state of
+fear such as the insane suffer...
+
+
+[Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,'--a contribution to the literature of
+Evolution, which excited much attention--was published in 1871, before
+the appearance of the 'Descent of Man.' To this book the following
+letter (June 21, 1871) from the late Chauncey Wright to my father
+refers. (Chauncey Wright was born at Northampton, Massachusetts,
+September 20, 1830, and came of a family settled in that town since
+1654. He became in 1852 a computer in the Nautical Almanac office at
+Cambridge, Mass., and lived a quiet uneventful life, supported by the
+small stipend of his office, and by what he earned from his occasional
+articles, as well as by a little teaching. He thought and read much on
+metaphysical subjects, but on the whole with an outcome (as far as the
+world was concerned) not commensurate to the power of his mind. He seems
+to have been a man of strong individuality, and to have made a lasting
+impression on his friends. He died in September, 1875.)]:
+
+"I send... revised proofs of an article which will be published in the
+July number of the 'North American Review,' sending it in the hope that
+it will interest or even be of greater value to you. Mr. Mivart's book
+['Genesis of Species'] of which this article is substantially a
+review, seems to me a very good background from which to present the
+considerations which I have endeavoured to set forth in the article, in
+defence and illustration of the theory of Natural Selection. My special
+purpose has been to contribute to the theory by placing it in its proper
+relations to philosophical enquiries in general." ('Letters of Chauncey
+Wright,' by J.B. Thayer. Privately printed, 1878, page 230.)
+
+With regard to the proofs received from Mr. Wright, my father wrote to
+Mr. Wallace:]
+
+
+Down, July 9 [1871].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I send by this post a review by Chauncey Wright, as I much want your
+opinion of it as soon as you can send it. I consider you an incomparably
+better critic than I am. The article, though not very clearly written,
+and poor in parts from want of knowledge, seems to me admirable.
+Mivart's book is producing a great effect against Natural Selection,
+and more especially against me. Therefore if you think the article
+even somewhat good I will write and get permission to publish it as a
+shilling pamphlet, together with the MS. additions (enclosed), for which
+there was not room at the end of the review...
+
+I am now at work at a new and cheap edition of the 'Origin,' and shall
+answer several points in Mivart's book, and introduce a new chapter for
+this purpose; but I treat the subject so much more concretely, and I
+dare say less philosophically, than Wright, that we shall not interfere
+with each other. You will think me a bigot when I say, after studying
+Mivart, I was never before in my life so convinced of the GENERAL (i.e.
+not in detail) truth of the views in the 'Origin.' I grieve to see the
+omission of the words by Mivart, detected by Wright. ('North American
+Review,' volume 113, pages 83, 84. Chauncey Wright points out that the
+words omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart] cites
+Mr. Darwin's authority." It should be mentioned that the passage from
+which words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr.
+Mivart.) I complained to Mivart that in two cases he quotes only the
+commencement of sentences by me, and thus modifies my meaning; but I
+never supposed he would have omitted words. There are other cases of
+what I consider unfair treatment. I conclude with sorrow that though he
+means to be honourable he is so bigoted that he cannot act fairly...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, July 14, 1871.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have hardly ever in my life read an article which has given me so much
+satisfaction as the review which you have been so kind as to send me.
+I agree to almost everything which you say. Your memory must be
+wonderfully accurate, for you know my works as well as I do myself,
+and your power of grasping other men's thoughts is something quite
+surprising; and this, as far as my experience goes, is a very rare
+quality. As I read on I perceived how you have acquired this power, viz.
+by thoroughly analyzing each word.
+
+... Now I am going to beg a favour. Will you provisionally give me
+permission to reprint your article as a shilling pamphlet? I ask only
+provisionally, as I have not yet had time to reflect on the subject. It
+would cost me, I fancy, with advertisements, some 20 or 30 pounds; but
+the worst is that, as I hear, pamphlets never will sell. And this makes
+me doubtful. Should you think it too much trouble to send me a title FOR
+THE CHANCE? The title ought, I think, to have Mr. Mivart's name on it.
+
+... If you grant permission and send a title, you will kindly understand
+that I will first make further enquiries whether there is any chance of
+a pamphlet being read.
+
+Pray believe me yours very sincerely obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The pamphlet was published in the autumn, and on October 23 my father
+wrote to Mr. Wright:--
+
+"It pleases me much that you are satisfied with the appearance of your
+pamphlet. I am sure it will do our cause good service; and this same
+opinion Huxley has expressed to me. ('Letters of Chauncey Wright,' page
+235."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, July 12 [1871].
+
+... I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it
+is so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+discussion readable. I shall make only a selection. The worst of it
+is, that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated
+points, it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work. I wish I
+had your power of arguing clearly. At present I feel sick of everything,
+and if I could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather
+miseries, I would never publish another word. But I shall cheer up, I
+dare say, soon, having only just got over a bad attack. Farewell;
+God knows why I bother you about myself. I can say nothing more about
+missing-links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-silurian
+times; but then comes Sir W. Thomson like an odious spectre. Farewell.
+
+... There is a most cutting review of me in the 'Quarterly' (July 1871.);
+I have only read a few pages. The skill and style make me think of
+Mivart. I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men. This
+'Quarterly Review' tempts me to republish Ch. Wright, even if not read
+by any one, just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and
+that his (i.e. Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some
+reflection... God knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to
+write a chapter versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and
+feel I shall do it so badly.
+
+[The above-mentioned 'Quarterly' review was the subject of an article
+by Mr. Huxley in the November number of the 'Contemporary Review.' Here,
+also, are discussed Mr. Wallace's 'Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+Selection,' and the second edition of Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species.'
+What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article. The 'Quarterly'
+reviewer, though being to some extent an evolutionist, believes that Man
+"differs more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from the dust
+of the earth on which they tread." The reviewer also declares that my
+father has "with needless opposition, set at naught the first principles
+of both philosophy and religion." Mr. Huxley passes from the 'Quarterly'
+reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary opposition
+between evolution and religion, to the more definite position taken by
+Mr. Mivart, that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic Church
+agree in distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their
+teachings harmonise with all that modern science can possibly require."
+Here Mr. Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy"
+(at any rate, in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it
+was a want he at once set to work to fill up. He was then staying at St.
+Andrews, whence he wrote to my father:--
+
+"By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy
+of Suarez (The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.), in a
+dozen big folios. Among these I dived, to the great astonishment of the
+librarian, and looking into them 'as the careful robin eyes the delver's
+toil' (vide 'Idylls'), I carried off the two venerable clasped volumes
+which were most promising." Even those who know Mr. Huxley's unrivalled
+power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel at the skill with
+which he has made Suarez speak on his side. "So I have come out," he
+wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic orthodoxy, and
+upset Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."
+
+The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+dissection of the 'Quarterly' reviewer's psychology, and his ethical
+views. He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of
+Evolution by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.
+Finally, he devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of
+the 'Quarterly' reviewer's "treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike unjust and
+unbecoming."
+
+It will be seen that the two following letters were written before the
+publication of Mr. Huxley's article.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, September 21 [1871].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your letter has pleased me in many ways, to a wonderful degree... What
+a wonderful man you are to grapple with those old metaphysico-divinity
+books. It quite delights me that you are going to some extent to answer
+and attack Mivart. His book, as you say, has produced a great effect;
+yesterday I perceived the reverberations from it, even from Italy. It
+was this that made me ask Chauncey Wright to publish at my expense his
+article, which seems to me very clever, though ill-written. He has not
+knowledge enough to grapple with Mivart in detail. I think there can
+be no shadow of doubt that he is the author of the article in the
+'Quarterly Review'... I am preparing a new edition of the 'Origin,' and
+shall introduce a new chapter in answer to miscellaneous objections, and
+shall give up the greater part to answer Mivart's cases of difficulty of
+incipient structures being of no use: and I find it can be done easily.
+He never states his case fairly, and makes wonderful blunders... The
+pendulum is now swinging against our side, but I feel positive it will
+soon swing the other way; and no mortal man will do half as much as you
+in giving it a start in the right direction, as you did at the first
+commencement. God forgive me for writing so long and egotistical a
+letter; but it is your fault, for you have so delighted me; I never
+dreamed that you would have time to say a word in defence of the cause
+which you have so often defended. It will be a long battle, after we are
+dead and gone... Great is the power of misrepresentation...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, September 30 [1871].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+It was very good of you to send the proof-sheets, for I was VERY anxious
+to read your article. I have been delighted with it. How you do smash
+Mivart's theology: it is almost equal to your article versus Comte
+('Fortnightly Review,' 1869. With regard to the relations of Positivism
+to Science my father wrote to Mr. Spencer in 1875: "How curious and
+amusing it is to see to what an extent the Positivists hate all men of
+science; I fancy they are dimly conscious what laughable and
+gigantic blunders their prophet made in predicting the course
+of science."),--that never can be transcended... But I have been
+preeminently glad to read your discussion on [the 'Quarterly'
+reviewer's] metaphysics, especially about reason and his definition of
+it. I felt sure he was wrong, but having only common observation and
+sense to trust to, I did not know what to say in my second edition of
+my 'Descent.' Now a footnote and reference to you will do the work... For
+me, this is one of the most IMPORTANT parts of the review. But for
+PLEASURE, I have been particularly glad that my few words ('Descent of
+Man,' volume i. page 87. A discussion on the question whether an
+act done impulsively or instinctively can be called moral.) on the
+distinction, if it can be so called, between Mivart's two forms of
+morality, caught your attention. I am so pleased that you take the same
+view, and give authorities for it; but I searched Mill in vain on this
+head. How well you argue the whole case. I am mounting climax on climax;
+for after all there is nothing, I think, better in your whole review
+than your arguments v. Wallace on the intellect of savages. I must tell
+you what Hooker said to me a few years ago. "When I read Huxley, I feel
+quite infantile in intellect." By Jove I have felt the truth of this
+throughout your review. What a man you are. There are scores of splendid
+passages, and vivid flashes of wit. I have been a good deal more than
+merely pleased by the concluding part of your review; and all the more,
+as I own I felt mortified by the accusation of bigotry, arrogance, etc.,
+in the 'Quarterly Review.' But I assure you, he may write his worst, and
+he will never mortify me again.
+
+My dear Huxley, yours gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Haredene, Albury, August 2 [1871].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your last letter has interested me greatly; it is wonderfully rich in
+facts and original thoughts. First, let me say that I have been much
+pleased by what you say about my book. It has had a VERY LARGE sale; but
+I have been much abused for it, especially for the chapter on the moral
+sense; and most of my reviewers consider the book as a poor affair. God
+knows what its merits may really be; all that I know is that I did my
+best. With familiarity I think naturalists will accept sexual selection
+to a greater extent than they now seem inclined to do. I should very
+much like to publish your letter, but I do not see how it could be
+made intelligible, without numerous coloured illustrations, but I will
+consult Mr. Wallace on this head. I earnestly hope that you keep notes
+of all your letters, and that some day you will publish a book: 'Notes
+of a Naturalist in S. Brazil,' or some such title. Wallace will hardly
+admit the possibility of sexual selection with Lepidoptera, and no doubt
+it is very improbable. Therefore, I am very glad to hear of your cases
+(which I will quote in the next edition) of the two sets of Hesperiadae,
+which display their wings differently, according to which surface
+is coloured. I cannot believe that such display is accidental and
+purposeless...
+
+No fact of your letter has interested me more than that about mimicry.
+It is a capital fact about the males pursuing the wrong females. You put
+the difficulty of the first steps in imitation in a most striking and
+CONVINCING manner. Your idea of sexual selection having aided protective
+imitation interests me greatly, for the same idea had occurred to me in
+quite different cases, viz. the dulness of all animals in the Galapagos
+Islands, Patagonia, etc., and in some other cases; but I was afraid
+even to hint at such an idea. Would you object to my giving some such
+sentence as follows: "F. Muller suspects that sexual selection may
+have come into play, in aid of protective imitation, in a very peculiar
+manner, which will appear extremely improbable to those who do not fully
+believe in sexual selection. It is that the appreciation of certain
+colour is developed in those species which frequently behold other
+species thus ornamented." Again let me thank you cordially for your most
+interesting letter...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E.B. TYLOR. Down, [September 24, 1871].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of telling you how
+greatly I have been interested by your 'Primitive Culture,' now that
+I have finished it. It seems to me a most profound work, which will
+be certain to have permanent value, and to be referred to for years to
+come. It is wonderful how you trace animism from the lower races up
+to the religious belief of the highest races. It will make me for the
+future look at religion--a belief in the soul, etc.--from a new point
+of view. How curious, also, are the survivals or rudiments of old
+customs... You will perhaps be surprised at my writing at so late
+a period, but I have had the book read aloud to me, and from much
+ill-health of late could only stand occasional short reads. The
+undertaking must have cost you gigantic labour. Nevertheless, I
+earnestly hope that you may be induced to treat morals in the same
+enlarged yet careful manner, as you have animism. I fancy from the last
+chapter that you have thought of this. No man could do the work so well
+as you, and the subject assuredly is a most important and interesting
+one. You must now possess references which would guide you to a sound
+estimation of the morals of savages; and how writers like Wallace,
+Lubbock, etc., etc., do differ on this head. Forgive me for troubling
+you, and believe me, with much respect,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1872.
+
+[At the beginning of the year the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' which
+had been begun in June, 1871, was nearly completed. The last sheet was
+revised on January 10, 1872, and the book was published in the course of
+the month. This volume differs from the previous ones in appearance and
+size--it consists of 458 pages instead of 596 pages and is a few ounces
+lighter; it is printed on bad paper, in small type, and with the
+lines unpleasantly close together. It had, however, one advantage over
+previous editions, namely that it was issued at a lower price. It is
+to be regretted that this the final edition of the 'Origin' should have
+appeared in so unattractive a form; a form which has doubtless kept off
+many readers from the book.
+
+The discussion suggested by the 'Genesis of Species' was perhaps the
+most important addition to the book. The objection that incipient
+structures cannot be of use was dealt with in some detail, because it
+seemed to the author that this was the point in Mr. Mivart's book which
+has struck most readers in England.
+
+It is a striking proof of how wide and general had become the acceptance
+of his views that my father found it necessary to insert (sixth edition,
+page 424), the sentence: "As a record of a former state of things, I
+have retained in the foregoing paragraphs and also elsewhere, several
+sentences which imply that naturalists believe in the separate creation
+of each species; and I have been much censured for having thus expressed
+myself. But undoubtedly this was the general belief when the first
+edition of the present work appeared... Now things are wholly changed,
+and almost every naturalist admits the great principle of evolution."
+
+A small correction introduced into this sixth edition is connected with
+one of his minor papers: "Note on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker."
+(Zoolog. Soc. Proc. 1870.) In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' page
+220, he wrote:--
+
+"Yet as I can assert not only from my own observation, but from that of
+the accurate Azara, it [the ground woodpecker] never climbs a tree." The
+paper in question was a reply to Mr. Hudson's remarks on the woodpecker
+in a previous number of the same journal. The last sentence of my
+father's paper is worth quoting for its temperate tone: "Finally, I
+trust that Mr. Hudson is mistaken when he says that any one acquainted
+with the habits of this bird might be induced to believe that I 'had
+purposely wrested the truth' in order to prove my theory. He exonerates
+me from this charge; but I should be loath to think that there are many
+naturalists who, without any evidence, would accuse a fellow-worker
+of telling a deliberate falsehood to prove his theory." In the sixth
+edition, page 142, the passage runs "in certain large districts it does
+not climb trees." And he goes on to give Mr. Hudson's statement that in
+other regions it does frequent trees.
+
+One of the additions in the sixth edition (page 149), was a reference
+to Mr. A. Hyatt's and Professor Cope's theory of "acceleration." With
+regard to this he wrote (October 10, 1872) in characteristic words to
+Mr. Hyatt:--
+
+"Permit me to take this opportunity to express my sincere regret at
+having committed two grave errors in the last edition of my 'Origin
+of Species,' in my allusion to yours and Professor Cope's views
+on acceleration and retardation of development. I had thought that
+Professor Cope had preceded you; but I now well remember having formerly
+read with lively interest, and marked, a paper by you somewhere in my
+library, on fossil Cephalapods with remarks on the subject. It seems
+also that I have quite misrepresented your joint view. This has vexed me
+much. I confess that I have never been able to grasp fully what you wish
+to show, and I presume that this must be owing to some dulness on my
+part."
+
+Lastly, it may be mentioned that this cheap edition being to some extent
+intended as a popular one, was made to include a glossary of technical
+terms, "given because several readers have complained... that some of the
+terms used were unintelligible to them." The glossary was compiled by
+Mr. Dallas, and being an excellent collection of clear and sufficient
+definitions, must have proved useful to many readers.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES. Down, January 15, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am much obliged for your very kind letter and exertions in my favour.
+I had thought that the publication of my last book ['Descent of Man']
+would have destroyed all your sympathy with me, but though I estimated
+very highly your great liberality of mind, it seems that I underrated
+it.
+
+I am gratified to hear that M. Lacaze-Duthiers will vote (He was not
+elected as a corresponding member of the French Academy until 1878.) for
+me, for I have long honoured his name. I cannot help regretting that you
+should expend your valuable time in trying to obtain for me the honour
+of election, for I fear, judging from the last time, that all your
+labour will be in vain. Whatever the result may be, I shall always
+retain the most lively recollection of your sympathy and kindness, and
+this will quite console me for my rejection.
+
+With much respect and esteem, I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours truly obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--With respect to the great stress which you lay on man walking on
+two legs, whilst the quadrumana go on all fours, permit me to remind you
+that no one much values the great difference in the mode of locomotion,
+and consequently in structure, between seals and the terrestrial
+carnivora, or between the almost biped kangaroos and other marsupials.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. (Professor of Zoology in Freiburg.)
+Down, April 5, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now read your essay ('Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirung auf die
+Artbildung.' Leipzig, 1872.) with very great interest. Your view of the
+'Origin' of local races through "Amixie," is altogether new to me,
+and seems to throw an important light on an obscure problem. There
+is, however, something strange about the periods or endurance of
+variability. I formerly endeavoured to investigate the subject, not
+by looking to past time, but to species of the same genus widely
+distributed; and I found in many cases that all the species, with
+perhaps one or two exceptions, were variable. It would be a very
+interesting subject for a conchologist to investigate, viz., whether
+the species of the same genus were variable during many successive
+geological formations. I began to make enquiries on this head, but
+failed in this, as in so many other things, from the want of time and
+strength. In your remarks on crossing, you do not, as it seems to
+me, lay nearly stress enough on the increased vigour of the offspring
+derived from parents which have been exposed to different conditions. I
+have during the last five years been making experiments on this subject
+with plants, and have been astonished at the results, which have not yet
+been published.
+
+In the first part of your essay, I thought that you wasted (to use an
+English expression) too much powder and shot on M. Wagner (Prof. Wagner
+has written two essays on the same subject. 'Die Darwin'sche Theorie
+und das Migrationsgesetz, in 1868, and 'Ueber den Einfluss der
+Geographischen Isolirung, etc.,' an address to the Bavarian Academy
+of Sciences at Munich, 1870.); but I changed my opinion when I saw how
+admirably you treated the whole case, and how well you used the
+facts about the Planorbis. I wish I had studied this latter case more
+carefully. The manner in which, as you show, the different varieties
+blend together and make a constant whole, agrees perfectly with my
+hypothetical illustrations.
+
+Many years ago the late E. Forbes described three closely consecutive
+beds in a secondary formation, each with representative forms of the
+same fres-water shells: the case is evidently analogous with that
+of Hilgendorf ("Ueber Planorbis multiformis im Steinheimer
+Susswasser-kalk." Monatsbericht of the Berlin Academy, 1866.), but the
+interesting connecting varieties or links were here absent. I rejoice
+to think that I formerly said as emphatically as I could, that neither
+isolation nor time by themselves do anything for the modification
+of species. Hardly anything in your essay has pleased me so much
+personally, as to find that you believe to a certain extent in sexual
+selection. As far as I can judge, very few naturalists believe in this.
+I may have erred on many points, and extended the doctrine too far,
+but I feel a strong conviction that sexual selection will hereafter be
+admitted to be a powerful agency. I cannot agree with what you say about
+the taste for beauty in animals not easily varying. It may be suspected
+that even the habit of viewing differently coloured surrounding objects
+would influence their taste, and Fritz Muller even goes so far as to
+believe that the sight of gaudy butterflies might influence the taste
+of distinct species. There are many remarks and statements in your essay
+which have interested me greatly, and I thank you for the pleasure which
+I have received from reading it.
+
+With sincere respect, I remain, My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you should ever be induced to consider the whole doctrine of
+sexual selection, I think that you will be led to the conclusion, that
+characters thus gained by one sex are very commonly transferred in a
+greater or less degree to the other sex.
+
+
+[With regard to Moritz Wagner's first Essay, my father wrote to that
+naturalist, apparently in 1868:]
+
+Dear and respected Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for sending me your 'Migrationsgesetz, etc.,' and
+for the very kind and most honourable notice which you have taken of my
+works. That a naturalist who has travelled into so many and such distant
+regions, and who has studied animals of so many classes, should, to a
+considerable extent, agree with me, is, I can assure you, the highest
+gratification of which I am capable... Although I saw the effects of
+isolation in the case of islands and mountain-ranges, and knew of a few
+instances of rivers, yet the greater number of your facts were quite
+unknown to me. I now see that from the want of knowledge I did not make
+nearly sufficient use of the views which you advocate; and I almost wish
+I could believe in its importance to the same extent with you; for you
+well show, in a manner which never occurred to me, that it removes many
+difficulties and objections. But I must still believe that in many large
+areas all the individuals of the same species have been slowly modified,
+in the same manner, for instance, as the English race-horse has
+been improved, that is by the continued selection of the fleetest
+individuals, without any separation. But I admit that by this process
+two or more new species could hardly be found within the same limited
+area; some degree of separation, if not indispensable, would be highly
+advantageous; and here your facts and views will be of great value...
+
+
+[The following letter bears on the same subject. It refers to Professor
+M. Wagner's Essay, published in "Das Ausland", May 31, 1875:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MORITZ WAGNER. Down, October 13, 1876.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have now finished reading your essays, which have interested me in a
+very high degree, notwithstanding that I differ much from you on various
+points. For instance, several considerations make me doubt whether
+species are much more variable at one period than at another, except
+through the agency of changed conditions. I wish, however, that I
+could believe in this doctrine, as it removes many difficulties. But
+my strongest objection to your theory is that it does not explain the
+manifold adaptations in structure in every organic being--for instance
+in a Picus for climbing trees and catching insects--or in a Strix for
+catching animals at night, and so on ad infinitum. No theory is in the
+least satisfactory to me unless it clearly explains such adaptations. I
+think that you misunderstand my views on isolation. I believe that all
+the individuals of a species can be slowly modified within the same
+district, in nearly the same manner as man effects by what I have called
+the process of unconscious selection... I do not believe that one species
+will give birth to two or more new species as long as they are mingled
+together within the same district. Nevertheless I cannot doubt that many
+new species have been simultaneously developed within the same large
+continental area; and in my 'Origin of Species' I endeavoured to
+explain how two new species might be developed, although they met and
+intermingled on the BORDERS of their range. It would have been a strange
+fact if I had overlooked the importance of isolation, seeing that it was
+such cases as that of the Galapagos Archipelago, which chiefly led me
+to study the origin of species. In my opinion the greatest error which
+I have committed, has been not allowing sufficient weight to the direct
+action of the environment, i.e. food, climate, etc., independently
+of natural selection. Modifications thus caused, which are neither of
+advantage nor disadvantage to the modified organism, would be especially
+favoured, as I can now see chiefly through your observations, by
+isolation in a small area, where only a few individuals lived under
+nearly uniform conditions.
+
+When I wrote the 'Origin,' and for some years afterwards, I could find
+little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there
+is a large body of evidence, and your case of the Saturnia is one of the
+most remarkable of which I have heard. Although we differ so greatly,
+I hope that you will permit me to express my respect for your
+long-continued and successful labours in the good cause of natural
+science.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The two following letters are also of interest as bearing on my
+father's views on the action of isolation as regards the origin of new
+species:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, November 26, 1878.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+When I published the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' I thought a
+good deal on the subject to which you refer, and the opinion therein
+expressed was my deliberate conviction. I went as far as I could,
+perhaps too far in agreement with Wagner; since that time I have seen no
+reason to change my mind, but then I must add that my attention has been
+absorbed on other subjects. There are two different classes of cases, as
+it appears to me, viz. those in which a species becomes slowly modified
+in the same country (of which I cannot doubt there are innumerable
+instances) and those cases in which a species splits into two or three
+or more new species, and in the latter case, I should think nearly
+perfect separation would greatly aid in their "specification," to coin a
+new word.
+
+I am very glad that you are taking up this subject, for you will be sure
+to throw much light on it. I remember well, long ago, oscillating much;
+when I thought of the Fauna and Flora of the Galapagos Islands I was all
+for isolation, when I thought of S. America I doubted much. Pray believe
+me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I hope that this letter will not be quite illegible, but I have no
+amanuensis at present.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, November 30, 1878.
+
+Dear Professor Semper,
+
+Since writing I have recalled some of the thoughts and conclusions which
+have passed through my mind of late years. In North America, in going
+from north to south or from east to west, it is clear that the changed
+conditions of life have modified the organisms in the different regions,
+so that they now form distinct races or even species. It is further
+clear that in isolated districts, however small, the inhabitants almost
+always get slightly modified, and how far this is due to the nature of
+the slightly different conditions to which they are exposed, and how far
+to mere interbreeding, in the manner explained by Weismann, I can
+form no opinion. The same difficulty occurred to me (as shown in my
+'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication') with respect to
+the aboriginal breeds of cattle, sheep, etc., in the separated districts
+of Great Britain, and indeed throughout Europe. As our knowledge
+advances, very slight differences, considered by systematists as of
+no importance in structure, are continually found to be functionally
+important; and I have been especially struck with this fact in the case
+of plants to which my observations have of late years been confined.
+Therefore it seems to me rather rash to consider the slight differences
+between representative species, for instance those inhabiting the
+different islands of the same archipelago, as of no functional
+importance, and as not in any way due to natural selection. With respect
+to all adapted structures, and these are innumerable, I cannot see
+how M. Wagner's view throws any light, nor indeed do I see at all more
+clearly than I did before, from the numerous cases which he has brought
+forward, how and why it is that a long isolated form should almost
+always become slightly modified. I do not know whether you will care
+about hearing my further opinion on the point in question, for as before
+remarked I have not attended much of late years to such questions,
+thinking it prudent, now that I am growing old, to work at easier
+subjects.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+I hope and trust that you will throw light on these points.
+
+P.S.--I will add another remark which I remember occurred to me when I
+first read M. Wagner. When a species first arrives on a small island,
+it will probably increase rapidly, and unless all the individuals change
+instantaneously (which is improbable in the highest degree), the slowly,
+more or less, modifying offspring must intercross one with another, and
+with their unmodified parents, and any offspring not as yet modified.
+The case will then be like that of domesticated animals which have
+slowly become modified, either by the action of the external conditions
+or by the process which I have called the UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION by
+man--i.e., in contrast with methodical selection.
+
+
+[The letters continue the history of the year 1872, which has been
+interrupted by a digression on Isolation.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, April 8, 1872.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you very sincerely and feel much honoured by the trouble which
+you have taken in giving me your reflections on the origin of Man. It
+gratifies me extremely that some parts of my work have interested you,
+and that we agree on the main conclusion of the derivation of man from
+some lower form.
+
+I will reflect on what you have said, but I cannot at present give up my
+belief in the close relationship of Man to the higher Simiae. I do not
+put much trust in any single character, even that of dentition; but
+I put the greatest faith in resemblances in many parts of the whole
+organisation, for I cannot believe that such resemblances can be due to
+any cause except close blood relationship. That man is closely allied to
+the higher Simiae is shown by the classification of Linnaeus, who was
+so good a judge of affinity. The man who in England knows most about the
+structure of the Simiae, namely, Mr. Mivart, and who is bitterly opposed
+to my doctrines about the derivation of the mental powers, yet has
+publicly admitted that I have not put man too close to the higher
+Simiae, as far as bodily structure is concerned. I do not think the
+absence of reversions of structure in man is of much weight; C. Vogt,
+indeed, argues that [the existence of] Micr-cephalous idiots is a case
+of reversion. No one who believes in Evolution will doubt that the
+Phocae are descended from some terrestrial Carnivore. Yet no one would
+expect to meet with any such reversion in them. The lesser divergence of
+character in the races of man in comparison with the species of Simiadae
+may perhaps be accounted for by man having spread over the world at a
+much later period than did the Simiadae. I am fully prepared to
+admit the high antiquity of man; but then we have evidence, in the
+Dryopithecus, of the high antiquity of the Anthropomorphous Simiae.
+
+I am glad to hear that you are at work on your fossil plants, which of
+late years have afforded so rich a field for discovery. With my best
+thanks for your great kindness, and with much respect, I remain,
+
+Dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In April, 1872, he was elected to the Royal Society of Holland, and
+wrote to Professor Donders:--
+
+"Very many thanks for your letter. The honour of being elected a foreign
+member of your Royal Society has pleased me much. The sympathy of his
+fellow workers has always appeared to me by far the highest reward
+to which any scientific man can look. My gratification has been not a
+little increased by first hearing of the honour from you."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, June 3, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Many thanks for your article (The proof-sheets of an article which
+appeared in the July number of the 'North American Review.' It was a
+rejoinder to Mr. Mivart's reply ('North American Review,' April 1872) to
+Mr. Chauncey Wright's pamphlet. Chauncey Wright says of it ('Letters,'
+page 238):--"It is not properly a rejoinder but a new article, repeating
+and expounding some of the points of my pamphlet, and answering some
+of Mr. Mivart's replies incidentally.") in the 'North American Review,'
+which I have read with great interest. Nothing can be clearer than the
+way in which you discuss the permanence or fixity of species. It never
+occurred to me to suppose that any one looked at the case as it seems
+Mr. Mivart does. Had I read his answer to you, perhaps I should have
+perceived this; but I have resolved to waste no more time in reading
+reviews of my works or on Evolution, excepting when I hear that they
+are good and contain new matter... It is pretty clear that Mr. Mivart has
+come to the end of his tether on this subject.
+
+As your mind is so clear, and as you consider so carefully the meaning
+of words, I wish you would take some incidental occasion to consider
+when a thing may properly be said to be effected by the will of man.
+I have been led to the wish by reading an article by your Professor
+Whitney versus Schleicher. He argues, because each step of change in
+language is made by the will of man, the whole language so changes;
+but I do not think that this is so, as man has no intention or wish
+to change the language. It is a parallel case with what I have called
+"unconscious selection," which depends on men consciously preserving the
+best individuals, and thus unconsciously altering the breed.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[Not long afterwards (September) Mr. Chauncey Wright paid a visit to
+Down (Mr. and Mrs. C.L. Brace, who had given much of their lives to
+philanthropic work in New York, also paid a visit at Down in this
+summer. Some of their work is recorded in Mr. Brace's 'The Dangerous
+Classes of New York,' and of this book my father wrote to the author:--
+
+"Since you were here my wife has read aloud to me more than half of your
+work, and it has interested us both in the highest degree, and we shall
+read every word of the remainder. The facts seem to me very well told,
+and the inferences very striking. But after all this is but a weak part
+of the impression left on our minds by what we have read; for we are
+both filled with earnest admiration at the heroic labours of yourself
+and others."), which he described in a letter ('Letters, page 246-248.)
+to Miss S. Sedgwick (now Mrs. William Darwin): "If you can imagine
+me enthusiastic--absolutely and unqualifiedly so, without a BUT or
+criticism, then think of my last evening's and this morning's talks with
+Mr. Darwin... I was never so worked up in my life, and did not sleep many
+hours under the hospitable roof... It would be quite impossible to give
+by way of report any idea of these talks before and at and after dinner,
+at breakfast, and at leav-taking; and yet I dislike the egotism of
+'testifying' like other religious enthusiasts, without any verification,
+or hint of similar experience."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HERBERT SPENCER. Bassett, Southampton, June 10,
+[1872].
+
+Dear Spencer,
+
+I dare say you will think me a foolish fellow, but I cannot resist the
+wish to express my unbounded admiration of your article ('Mr. Martineau
+on Evolution,' by Herbert Spencer, 'Contemporary Review,' July 1872.)
+in answer to Mr. Martineau. It is, indeed, admirable, and hardly less
+so your second article on Sociology (which, however, I have not yet
+finished): I never believed in the reigning influence of great men on
+the world's progress; but if asked why I did not believe, I should have
+been sorely perplexed to have given a good answer. Every one with eyes
+to see and ears to hear (the number, I fear, are not many) ought to bow
+their knee to you, and I for one do.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 12 [1872].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I must exhale and express my joy at the way in which the newspapers have
+taken up your case. I have seen the "Times", the "Daily News", and the
+"Pall Mall", and hear that others have taken up the case.
+
+The Memorial has done great good this way, whatever may be the result in
+the action of our wretched Government. On my soul, it is enough to make
+one turn into an old honest Tory...
+
+If you answer this, I shall be sorry that I have relieved my feelings by
+writing.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The memorial here referred to was addressed to Mr. Gladstone, and was
+signed by a number of distinguished men, including Sir Charles Lyell,
+Mr. Bentham, Mr. Huxley, and Sir James Paget. It gives a complete
+account of the arbitrary and unjust treatment received by Sir J.D.
+Hooker at the hands of his official chief, the First Commissioner of
+Works. The document is published in full in 'Nature' (July 11, 1872),
+and is well worth studying as an example of the treatment which it is
+possible for science to receive from officialism. As 'Nature' observes,
+it is a paper which must be read with the greatest indignation by
+scientific men in every part of the world, and with shame by all
+Englishmen. The signatories of the memorial conclude by protesting
+against the expected consequences of Sir Joseph Hooker's
+persecution--namely his resignation, and the loss of "a man honoured for
+his integrity, beloved for his courtesy and kindliness of heart; and who
+has spent in the public service not only a stainless but an illustrious
+life."
+
+Happily this misfortune was averted, and Sir Joseph was freed from
+further molestation.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, August 3 [1872].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I hate controversy, chiefly perhaps because I do it badly; but as
+Dr. Bree accuses you (Mr. Wallace had reviewed Dr. Bree's book, 'An
+Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin,' in 'Nature,'
+July 25, 1872.) of "blundering," I have thought myself bound to send
+the enclosed letter (The letter is as follows:--"Bree on Darwinism."
+'Nature,' August 8, 1872. Permit me to state--though the statement is
+almost superfluous--that Mr. Wallace, in his review of Dr. Bree's work,
+gives with perfect correctness what I intended to express, and what I
+believe was expressed clearly, with respect to the probable position
+of man in the early part of his pedigree. As I have not seen Dr. Bree's
+recent work, and as his letter is unintelligible to me, I cannot even
+conjecture how he has so completely mistaken my meaning: but, perhaps,
+no one who has read Mr. Wallace's article, or who has read a work
+formerly published by Dr. Bree on the same subject as his recent
+one, will be surprised at any amount of misunderstanding on his
+part.--Charles Darwin. August 3.) to 'Nature,' that is if you in the
+least desire it. In this case please post it. If you do not AT ALL wish
+it, I should rather prefer not sending it, and in this case please to
+tear it up. And I beg you to do the same, if you intend answering Dr.
+Bree yourself, as you will do it incomparably better than I should. Also
+please tear it up if you don't like the letter.
+
+My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, August 28, 1872.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have at last finished the gigantic job of reading Dr. Bastian's book
+('The Beginnings of Life.' H.C. Bastian, 1872.) and have been deeply
+interested by it. You wished to hear my impression, but it is not worth
+sending.
+
+He seems to me an extremely able man, as, indeed, I thought when I read
+his first essay. His general argument in favour of Archebiosis (That is
+to say, Spontaneous Generation. For the distinction between Archebiosis
+and Heterogenesis, see Bastian, chapter vi.) is wonderfully strong,
+though I cannot think much of some few of his arguments. The result
+is that I am bewildered and astonished by his statements, but am
+not convinced, though, on the whole, it seems to me probable that
+Archebiosis is true. I am not convinced, partly I think owing to the
+deductive cast of much of his reasoning; and I know not why, but I never
+feel convinced by deduction, even in the case of H. Spencer's writings.
+If Dr. Bastian's book had been turned upside down, and he had begun with
+the various cases of Heterogenesis, and then gone on to organic,
+and afterwards to saline solutions, and had then given his general
+arguments, I should have been, I believe, much more influenced.
+I suspect, however, that my chief difficulty is the effect of old
+convictions being stereotyped on my brain. I must have more evidence
+that germs, or the minutest fragments of the lowest forms, are always
+killed by 212 degrees of Fahr. Perhaps the mere reiteration of the
+statements given by Dr. Bastian [by] other men, whose judgment I
+respect, and who have worked long on the lower organisms, would suffice
+to convince me. Here is a fine confession of intellectual weakness; but
+what an inexplicable frame of mind is that of belief!
+
+As for Rotifers and Tardigrades being spontaneously generated, my mind
+can no more digest such statements, whether true or false, than my
+stomach can digest a lump of lead. Dr. Bastian is always comparing
+Archebiosis, as well as growth, to crystallisation; but, on this view,
+a Rotifer or Tardigrade is adapted to its humble conditions of life by
+a happy accident, and this I cannot believe... He must have worked with
+very impure materials in some cases, as plenty of organisms appeared in
+a saline solution not containing an atom of nitrogen.
+
+I wholly disagree with Dr. Bastian about many points in his latter
+chapters. Thus the frequency of generalised forms in the older strata
+seems to me clearly to indicate the common descent with divergence of
+more recent forms. Notwithstanding all his sneers, I do not strike
+my colours as yet about Pangenesis. I should like to live to see
+Archebiosis proved true, for it would be a discovery of transcendent
+importance; or, if false, I should like to see it disproved, and the
+facts otherwise explained; but I shall not live to see all this. If ever
+proved, Dr. Bastian will have taken a prominent part in the work. How
+grand is the onward rush of science; it is enough to console us for the
+many errors which we have committed, and for our efforts being overlaid
+and forgotten in the mass of new facts and new views which are daily
+turning up.
+
+This is all I have to say about Dr. Bastian's book, and it certainly has
+not been worth saying...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, December 11, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I began reading your new book ('Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+1873.) sooner than I intended, and when I once began, I could not stop;
+and now you must allow me to thank you for the very great pleasure which
+it has given me. I have hardly ever read anything more original
+and interesting than your treatment of the causes which favour the
+development of scientific men. The whole was quite new to me, and most
+curious. When I began your essay I was afraid that you were going to
+attack the principle of inheritance in relation to mind, but I soon
+found myself fully content to follow you and accept your limitations. I
+have felt, of course, special interest in the latter part of your work,
+but there was here less novelty to me. In many parts you do me much
+honour, and everywhere more than justice. Authors generally like to hear
+what points most strike different readers, so I will mention that of
+your shorter essays, that on the future prevalence of languages, and on
+vaccination interested me the most, as, indeed, did that on statistics,
+and free will. Great liability to certain diseases, being probably
+liable to atavism, is quite a new idea to me. At page 322 you suggest
+that a young swallow ought to be separated, and then let loose in
+order to test the power of instinct; but nature annually performs this
+experiment, as old cuckoos migrate in England some weeks before the
+young birds of the same year. By the way, I have just used the forbidden
+word "nature," which, after reading your essay, I almost determined
+never to use again. There are very few remarks in your book to which I
+demur, but when you back up Asa Gray in saying that all instincts are
+congenital habits, I must protest.
+
+Finally, will you permit me to ask you a question: have you yourself,
+or some one who can be quite trusted, observed (page 322) that the
+butterflies on the Alps are tamer than those on the lowlands? Do they
+belong to the same species? Has this fact been observed with more than
+one species? Are they brightly coloured kinds? I am especially curious
+about their alighting on the brightly coloured parts of ladies'
+dresses, more especially because I have been more than once assured
+that butterflies like bright colours, for instance, in India the scarlet
+leaves of Poinsettia.
+
+Once again allow me to thank you for having sent me your work, and for
+the very unusual amount of pleasure which I have received in reading it.
+
+With much respect, I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The last revise of the 'Expression of the Emotions' was finished on
+August 22nd, 1872, and he wrote in his Diary:--"Has taken me about
+twelve months." As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book
+being generally successful. The following passage in a letter to Haeckel
+gives the impression that he had felt the writing of this book as a
+somewhat severe strain:--
+
+"I have finished my little book on 'Expression,' and when it is
+published in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you
+would like to read it for amusement. I have resumed some old botanical
+work, and perhaps I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical
+views.
+
+"I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+powers begin to fail. Long life and happiness to you for your own sake
+and for that of science."
+
+It was published in the autumn. The edition consisted of 7000, and
+of these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November.
+Two thousand were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a
+misfortune, as they did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass
+of notes collected by the author was never employed for a second edition
+during his lifetime.
+
+Among the reviews of the 'Expression of the Emotions' may be mentioned
+the unfavourable notices in the "Athenaeum", November 9, 1872, and the
+"Times", December 13, 1872. A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the
+'Quarterly Journal of Science,' January 1873. Mr. Wallace truly remarks
+that the book exhibits certain "characteristics of the author's mind
+in an eminent degree," namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the
+causes of the varied and complex phenomena presented by living things."
+He adds that in the case of the author "the restless curiosity of the
+child to know the 'what for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything"
+seems "never to have abated its force."
+
+A writer in one of the theological reviews describes the book as the
+most "powerful and insidious" of all the author's works.
+
+Professor Alexander Bain criticised the book in a postscript to the
+'Senses and the Intellect;' to this essay the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ALEXANDER BAIN. Down, October 9, 1873.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for having send me your essay. Your
+criticisms are all written in a quite fair spirit, and indeed no one who
+knows you or your works would expect anything else. What you say about
+the vagueness of what I have called the direct action of the nervous
+system, is perfectly just. I felt it so at the time, and even more
+of late. I confess that I have never been able fully to grasp your
+principle of spontaneity, as well as some other of your points, so as to
+apply them to special cases. But as we look at everything from
+different points of view, it is not likely that we should agree closely.
+(Professor Bain expounded his theory of Spontaneity in the essay here
+alluded to. It would be impossible to do justice to it within the limits
+of a foot-note. The following quotations may give some notion of it:--
+
+"By Spontaneity I understand the readiness to pass into movement in the
+absence of all stimulation whatever; the essential requisite being
+that the nerve-centres and muscles shall be fresh and vigorous... The
+gesticulations and the carols of young and active animals are mere
+overflow of nervous energy; and although they are very apt to concur
+with pleasing emotion, they have an independent source... They are not
+properly movements of expression; they express nothing at all except an
+abundant stock of physical power.")
+
+I have been greatly pleased by what you say about the crying expression
+and about blushing. Did you read a review in a late 'Edinburgh?' (The
+review on the 'Expression of the Emotions' appeared in the April number
+of the 'Edinburgh Review,' 1873. The opening sentence is a fair sample
+of the general tone of the article: "Mr. Darwin has added another volume
+of amusing stories and grotesque illustrations to the remarkable
+series of works already devoted to the exposition and defence of the
+evolutionary hypothesis." A few other quotations may be worth giving.
+"His one-sided devotion to an a priori scheme of interpretation seems
+thus steadily tending to impair the author's hitherto unrivalled powers
+as an observer. However this may be, most impartial critics will, we
+think, admit that there is a marked falling off both in philosophical
+tone and scientific interest in the works produced since Mr. Darwin
+committed himself to the crude metaphysical conception so largely
+associated with his name." The article is directed against Evolution
+as a whole, almost as much as against the doctrines of the book under
+discussion. We find throughout plenty of that effective style of
+criticism which consists in the use of such expressions as "dogmatism,"
+"intolerance," "presumptuous," "arrogant." Together with accusations of
+such various faults a "virtual abandonment of the inductive method," and
+the use of slang and vulgarisms.
+
+The part of the article which seems to have interested my father is
+the discussion on the use which he ought to have made of painting and
+sculpture.) It was magnificently contemptuous towards myself and many
+others.
+
+I retain a very pleasant recollection of our sojourn together at that
+delightful place, Moor Park.
+
+With my renewed thanks, I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. (Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of
+my father's old friend, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse. Her husband, Judge
+Haliburton, was the well-known author of 'Sam Slick.') Down, November 1
+[1872].
+
+My dear Mrs. Haliburton,
+
+I dare say you will be surprised to hear from me. My object in writing
+now is to say that I have just published a book on the 'Expression of
+the Emotions in Man and Animals;' and it has occurred to me that you
+might possibly like to read some parts of it; and I can hardly think
+that this would have been the case with any of the books which I have
+already published. So I send by this post my present book. Although I
+have had no communication with you or the other members of your family
+for so long a time, no scenes in my whole life pass so frequently or so
+vividly before my mind as those which relate to happy old days spent at
+Woodhouse. I should very much like to hear a little news about yourself
+and the other members of your family, if you will take the trouble
+to write to me. Formerly I used to glean some news about you from my
+sisters.
+
+I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+anywhere; and now I feel very old. As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still
+my passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for
+collecting beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse. Excepting from my
+continued il-health, which has excluded me from society, my life has
+been a very happy one; the greatest drawback being that several of my
+children have inherited from me feeble health. I hope with all my
+heart that you retain, at least to a large extent, the famous "Owen
+constitution." With sincere feelings of gratitude and affection for all
+bearing the name of Owen, I venture to sign myself,
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. Down, November 6 [1872].
+
+My dear Sarah,
+
+I have been very much pleased by your letter, which I must call
+charming. I hardly ventured to think that you would have retained a
+friendly recollection of me for so many years. Yet I ought to have felt
+assured that you would remain as warm-hearted and as true-hearted as
+you have ever been from my earliest recollection. I know well how many
+grievous sorrows you have gone through; but I am very sorry to hear that
+your health is not good. In the spring or summer, when the weather is
+better, if you can summon up courage to pay us a visit here, both my
+wife, as she desires me to say, and myself, would be truly glad to see
+you, and I know that you would not care about being rather dull here. It
+would be a real pleasure to me to see you.--Thank you much for telling
+about your family,--much of which was new to me. How kind you all were
+to me as a boy, and you especially, and how much happiness I owe to you.
+Believe me your affectionate and obliged friend,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Perhaps you would like to see a photograph of me now that I am
+old.
+
+
+1873.
+
+[The only work (other than botanical) of this year was the preparation
+of a second edition of the 'Descent of Man,' the publication of which
+is referred to in the following chapter. This work was undertaken
+much against the grain, as he was at the time deeply immersed in the
+manuscript of 'Insectivorous Plants.' Thus he wrote to Mr. Wallace
+(November 19), "I never in my lifetime regretted an interruption so much
+as this new edition of the 'Descent.'" And later (in December) he wrote
+to Mr. Huxley: "The new edition of the 'Descent' has turned out an awful
+job. It took me ten days merely to glance over letters and reviews with
+criticisms and new facts. It is a devil of a job."
+
+The work was continued until April 1, 1874, when he was able to return
+to his much loved Drosera. He wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"I have at last finished, after above three months as hard work as I
+have ever had in my life, a corrected edition of the 'Descent,' and I
+much wish to have it printed off as soon as possible. As it is to be
+stereotyped I shall never touch it again."
+
+The first of the miscellaneous letters of 1873 refers to a pleasant
+visit received from Colonel Higginson of Newport, U.S.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOS. WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. Down, February 27th [1873].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+My wife has just finished reading aloud your 'Life with a Black
+Regiment,' and you must allow me to thank you heartily for the very
+great pleasure which it has in many ways given us. I always thought well
+of the negroes, from the little which I have seen of them; and I
+have been delighted to have my vague impressions confirmed, and their
+character and mental powers so ably discussed. When you were here I did
+not know of the noble position which you had filled. I had formerly read
+about the black regiments, but failed to connect your name with your
+admirable undertaking. Although we enjoyed greatly your visit to Down,
+my wife and myself have over and over again regretted that we did not
+know about the black regiment, as we should have greatly liked to have
+heard a little about the South from your own lips.
+
+Your descriptions have vividly recalled walks taken forty years ago in
+Brazil. We have your collected Essays, which were kindly sent us by Mr.
+[Moncure] Conway, but have not yet had time to read them. I occasionally
+glean a little news of you in the 'Index'; and within the last hour have
+read an interesting article of yours on the progress of Free Thought.
+
+Believe me, my dear sir, with sincere admiration, Yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[On May 28th he sent the following answers to the questions that Mr.
+Galton was at that time addressing to various scientific men, in the
+course of the inquiry which is given in his 'English Men of Science,
+their Nature and Nurture,' 1874. With regard to the questions my father
+wrote, "I have filled up the answers as well as I could, but it is
+simply impossible for me to estimate the degrees." For the sake of
+convenience, the questions and answers relating to "Nurture" are made to
+precede those on "Nature":
+
+
+NURTURE.
+
+EDUCATION?
+
+How taught? I consider that all I have learnt of any value has been
+sel-taught.
+
+Conducive to or restrictive of habits of observation? Restrictive of
+observation, being almost entirely classical.
+
+Conducive to health or otherwise? Yes.
+
+Peculiar merits? None whatever.
+
+Chief omissions? No mathematics or modern languages, nor any habits of
+observation or reasoning.
+
+RELIGION.
+
+Has the religious creed taught in your youth had any deterrent effect on
+the freedom of your researches? No.
+
+SCIENTIFIC TASTES.
+
+Do your scientific tastes appear to have been innate? Certainly innate.
+
+Were they determined by any and what events? My innate taste for natural
+history strongly confirmed and directed by the voyage in the "Beagle".
+
+
+NATURE.
+
+Specify any interests that have been very actively pursued. Science, and
+field sports to a passionate degree during youth.
+
+(C.D. = CHARLES DARWIN, R.D. = ROBERT DARWIN, his father.)
+
+RELIGION?
+
+C.D.--Nominally to Church of England. R.D.--Nominally to Church of
+England.
+
+POLITICS?
+
+C.D.--Liberal or Radical. R.D.--Liberal.
+
+HEALTH?
+
+C.D.--Good when young--bad for last 33 years. R.D.--Good throughout
+life, except from gout.
+
+HEIGHT, ETC?
+
+C.D.--6ft. Figure, etc.?--Spare, whilst young rather stout.
+Measurement round inside of hat?--22 1/4 in. Colour of Hair?--Brown.
+Complexion?--Rather sallow. R.D.--6ft. 2 in. Figure, etc?--Very broad
+and corpulent. Colour of hair? --Brown. Complexion?--Ruddy.
+
+TEMPERAMENT?
+
+C.D.--Somewhat nervous. R.D.--Sanguine.
+
+ENERGY OF BODY, ETC.?
+
+C.D.--Energy shown by much activity, and whilst I had health, power of
+resisting fatigue. I and one other man were alone able to fetch water
+for a large party of officers and sailors utterly prostrated. Some of
+my expeditions in S. America were adventurous. An early riser in the
+morning. R.D.--Great power of endurance although feeling much
+fatigue, as after consultations after long journeys; very active--not
+restless--very early riser, no travels. My father said his father
+suffered much from sense of fatigue, that he worked very hard.
+
+ENERGY OF MIND, ETC.?
+
+C.D.--Shown by rigorous and long-continued work on same subject, as
+20 years on the 'Origin of Species,' and 9 years on 'Cirripedia.'
+R.D.--Habitually very active mind--shown in conversation with a
+succession of people during the whole day.
+
+MEMORY?
+
+C.D.--Memory very bad for dates, and for learning by rote; but good in
+retaining a general or vague recollection of many facts. R.D.--Wonderful
+memory for dates. In old age he told a person, reading aloud to him
+a book only read in youth, the passages which were coming--knew the
+birthdays and death, etc., of all friends and acquaintances.
+
+STUDIOUSNESS?
+
+C.D.--Very studious, but not large acquirements. R.D.--Not very studious
+or mentally receptive, except for facts in conversation--great collector
+of anecdotes.
+
+INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGMENT?
+
+C.D.--I think fairly independent; but I can give no instances. I gave
+up common religious belief almost independently from my own reflections.
+R.D.--Free thinker in religious matters. Liberal, with rather a tendency
+to Toryism.
+
+ORIGINALITY OR ECCENTRICITY?
+
+C.D.-- -- Thinks this applies to me; I do not think so--i.e., as far as
+eccentricity. I suppose that I have shown originality in science, as
+I have made discoveries with regard to common objects. R.D.--Original
+character, had great personal influence and power of producing fear of
+himself in others. He kept his accounts with great care in a peculiar
+way, in a number of separate little books, without any general ledger.
+
+SPECIAL TALENTS?
+
+C.D.--None, except for business as evinced by keeping accounts, replies
+to correspondence, and investing money very well. Very methodical in all
+my habits. R.D.--Practical business--made a large fortune and incurred
+no losses.
+
+STRONGLY MARKED MENTAL PECULIARITIES, BEARING ON SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS, AND
+NOT SPECIFIED ABOVE?
+
+C.D.--Steadiness--great curiosity about facts and their meaning. Some
+love of the new and marvellous. R.D.--Strong social affection and great
+sympathy in the pleasures of others. Sceptical as to new things. Curious
+as to facts. Great foresight. Not much public spirit--great generosity
+in giving money and assistance.
+
+N.B.--I find it quite impossible to estimate my character by your
+degrees.
+
+
+The following letter refers inter alia to a letter which appeared in
+'Nature' (September 25, 1873), "On the Males and Complemental Males of
+certain Cirripedes, and on Rudimentary Organs:"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, September 25, 1873.
+
+My dear Haeckel,
+
+I thank you for the present of your book ('Schopfungs-geschichte,' 4th
+edition. The translation ('The History of Creation') was not published
+until 1876.), and I am heartily glad to see its great success. You will
+do a wonderful amount of good in spreading the doctrine of Evolution,
+supporting it as you do by so many original observations. I have read
+the new preface with very great interest. The delay in the appearance
+of the English translation vexes and surprises me, for I have never been
+able to read it thoroughly in German, and I shall assuredly do so when
+it appears in English. Has the problem of the later stages of reduction
+of useless structures ever perplexed you? This problem has of late
+caused me much perplexity. I have just written a letter to 'Nature' with
+a hypothetical explanation of this difficulty, and I will send you the
+paper with the passage marked. I will at the same time send a paper
+which has interested me; it need not be returned. It contains a singular
+statement bearing on so-called Spontaneous Generation. I much wish that
+this latter question could be settled, but I see no prospect of it. If
+it could be proved true this would be most important to us...
+
+Wishing you every success in your admirable labours,
+
+I remain, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII. -- MISCELLANEA
+
+INCLUDING SECOND EDITIONS OF 'CORAL REEFS,' THE 'DESCENT OF
+MAN,' AND THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.'
+
+1874 AND 1875.
+
+[The year 1874 was given up to 'Insectivorous Plants,' with the
+exception of the months devoted to the second edition of the 'Descent
+of Man,' and with the further exception of the time given to a second
+edition of his 'Coral Reefs' (1874). The Preface to the latter states
+that new facts have been added, the whole book revised, and "the latter
+chapters almost rewritten." In the Appendix some account is given
+of Professor Semper's objections, and this was the occasion of
+correspondence between that naturalist and my father. In Professor
+Semper's volume, 'Animal Life' (one of the International Series), the
+author calls attention to the subject in the following passage which I
+give in German, the published English translation being, as it seems to
+me, incorrect: "Es scheint mir als ob er in der zweiten Ausgabe seines
+allgemein bekannten Werks uber Korallenriffe einem Irrthume uber meine
+Beobachtungen zum Opfer gefallen ist, indem er die Angaben, die ich
+allerdings bisher immer nur sehr kurz gehalten hatte, vollstandig falsch
+wiedergegeben hat."
+
+The proof-sheets containing this passage were sent by Professor Semper
+to my father before 'Animal Life' was published, and this was the
+occasion for the following letter, which was afterwards published in
+Professor Semper's book.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, October 2, 1879.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+I thank you for your extremely kind letter of the 19th, and for the
+proo-sheets. I believe that I understand all, excepting one or two
+sentences, where my imperfect knowledge of German has interfered. This
+is my sole and poor excuse for the mistake which I made in the second
+edition of my 'Coral' book. Your account of the Pellew Islands is a fine
+addition to our knowledge on coral reefs. I have very little to say
+on the subject, even if I had formerly read your account and seen your
+maps, but had known nothing of the proofs of recent elevation, and of
+your belief that the islands have not since subsided. I have no doubt
+that I should have considered them as formed during subsidence. But I
+should have been much troubled in my mind by the sea not being so deep
+as it usually is round atolls, and by the reef on one side sloping so
+gradually beneath the sea; for this latter fact, as far as my memory
+serves me, is a very unusual and almost unparalleled case. I always
+foresaw that a bank at the proper depth beneath the surface would give
+rise to a reef which could not be distinguished from an atoll, formed
+during subsidence. I must still adhere to my opinion that the atolls and
+barrier reefs in the middle of the Pacific and Indian Oceans indicate
+subsidence; but I fully agree with you that such cases as that of the
+Pellew Islands, if of at all frequent occurrence, would make my general
+conclusions of very little value. Future observers must decide between
+us. It will be a strange fact if there has not been subsidence of the
+beds of the great oceans, and if this has not affected the forms of the
+coral reefs.
+
+In the last three pages of the last sheet sent I am extremely glad
+to see that you are going to treat of the dispersion of animals. Your
+preliminary remarks seem to me quite excellent. There is nothing about
+M. Wagner, as I expected to find. I suppose that you have seen Moseley's
+last book, which contains some good observations on dispersion.
+
+I am glad that your book will appear in English, for then I can read it
+with ease. Pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The most recent criticism on the Coral-reef theory is by Mr. Murray,
+one of the staff of the "Challenger", who read a paper before the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh, April 5, 1880. (An abstract is published in volume
+x. of the 'Proceedings,' page 505, and in 'Nature,' August 12, 1880.)
+The chief point brought forward is the possibility of the building up of
+submarine mountains, which may serve as foundations for coral reefs. Mr.
+Murray also seeks to prove that "the chief features of coral reefs and
+islands can be accounted for without calling in the aid of great and
+general subsidence." The following letter refers to this subject:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. AGASSIZ. Down, May 5, 1881.
+
+... You will have seen Mr. Murray's views on the formation of atolls and
+barrier reefs. Before publishing my book, I thought long over the same
+view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are concerned, for at
+that time little was known of the multitude of minute oceanic organisms.
+I rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made in the "Beagle",
+in the south temperate regions, I concluded that shells, the smaller
+corals, etc., decayed, and were dissolved, when not protected by the
+deposition of sediment, and sediment could not accumulate in the open
+ocean. Certainly, shells, etc., were in several cases completely rotten,
+and crumbled into mud between my fingers; but you will know well whether
+this is in any degree common. I have expressly said that a bank at
+the proper depth would give rise to an atoll, which could not be
+distinguished from one formed during subsidence. I can, however, hardly
+believe in the former presence of as many banks (there having been no
+subsidence) as there are atolls in the great oceans, within a reasonable
+depth, on which minute oceanic organisms could have accumulated to the
+thickness of many hundred feet... Pray forgive me for troubling you at
+such length, but it has occurred [to me] that you might be disposed
+to give, after your wide experience, your judgment. If I am wrong, the
+sooner I am knocked on the head and annihilated so much the better. It
+still seems to me a marvellous thing that there should not have been
+much, and long continued, subsidence in the beds of the great oceans.
+I wish that some doubly rich millionaire would take it into his head to
+have borings made in some of the Pacific and Indian atolls, and bring
+home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or 600 feet...
+
+
+[The second edition of the 'Descent of Man' was published in the autumn
+of 1874. Some severe remarks on the "monistic hypothesis" appeared in
+the July (The review necessarily deals with the first edition of the
+'Descent of Man.') number of the 'Quarterly Review' (page 45). The
+Reviewer expresses his astonishment at the ignorance of certain
+elementary distinctions and principles (e.g. with regard to the verbum
+mentale) exhibited, among others, by Mr. Darwin, who does not exhibit
+the faintest indication of having grasped them, yet a clear perception
+of them, and a direct and detailed examination of his facts with regard
+to them, "was a sine qua non for attempting, with a chance of success,
+the solution of the mystery as to the descent of man."
+
+Some further criticisms of a later date may be here alluded to. In the
+'Academy,' 1876 (pages 562, 587), appeared a review of Mr. Mivart's
+'Lessons from Nature,' by Mr. Wallace. When considering the part of
+Mr. Mivart's book relating to Natural and Sexual Selection, Mr. Wallace
+says: "In his violent attack on Mr. Darwin's theories our author uses
+unusually strong language. Not content with mere argument, he expresses
+'reprobation of Mr. Darwin's views'; and asserts that though he (Mr.
+Darwin) has been obliged, virtually, to give up his theory, it is still
+maintained by Darwinians with 'unscrupulous audacity,' and the actual
+repudiation of it concealed by the 'conspiracy of silence.'" Mr. Wallace
+goes on to show that these charges are without foundation, and points
+out that, "if there is one thing more than another for which Mr. Darwin
+is pre-eminent among modern literary and scientific men, it is for his
+perfect literary honesty, his self-abnegation in confessing himself
+wrong, and the eager haste with which he proclaims and even magnifies
+small errors in his works, for the most part discovered by himself."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June 17th) refers to
+Mr. Mivart's statement ('Lessons from Nature,' page 144) that Mr. Darwin
+at first studiously disguised his views as to the "bestiality of man":--
+
+"I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the
+Academy. I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me
+against Mr. Mivart. In the 'Origin' I did not discuss the derivation
+of any one species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my
+opinion, I went out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to
+me (and still so seems) to disclose plainly my belief. This was quoted
+in my 'Descent of Man.' Therefore it is very unjust,... of Mr. Mivart to
+accuse me of base fraudulent concealment."
+
+The letter which here follows is of interest in connection with the
+discussion, in the 'Descent of Man,' on the origin of the musical sense
+in man:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. GURNEY. (Author of 'The Power of Sound.') Down,
+July 8, 1876.
+
+My dear Mr. Gurney,
+
+I have read your article ("Some disputed Points in Music."--'Fortnightly
+Review,' July, 1876.) with much interest, except the latter part, which
+soared above my ken. I am greatly pleased that you uphold my views to
+a certain extent. Your criticism of the rasping noise made by insects
+being necessarily rhythmical is very good; but though not made
+intentionally, it may be pleasing to the females from the nerve cells
+being nearly similar in function throughout the animal kingdom. With
+respect to your letter, I believe that I understand your meaning, and
+agree with you. I never supposed that the different degrees and kinds of
+pleasure derived from different music could be explained by the musical
+powers of our semi-human progenitors. Does not the fact that different
+people belonging to the same civilised nation are very differently
+affected by the same music, almost show that these diversities of taste
+and pleasure have been acquired during their individual lives? Your
+simile of architecture seems to me particularly good; for in this case
+the appreciation almost must be individual, though possibly the sense
+of sublimity excited by a grand cathedral, may have some connection with
+the vague feelings of terror and superstition in our savage ancestors,
+when they entered a great cavern or gloomy forest. I wish some one could
+analyse the feeling of sublimity. It amuses me to think how horrified
+some high flying aesthetic men will be at your encouraging such low
+degraded views as mine.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous interest. The first
+extract (from a letter, January 18, 1874) refers to a spiritualistic
+seance, held at Erasmus Darwin's house, 6 Queen Anne Street, under the
+auspices of a well-known medium:]
+
+
+"... We had grand fun, one afternoon, for George hired a medium, who
+made the chairs, a flute, a bell, and candlestick, and fiery points jump
+about in my brother's diningroom, in a manner that astounded every one,
+and took away all their breaths. It was in the dark, but George and
+Hensleigh Wedgwood held the medium's hands and feet on both sides all
+the time. I found it so hot and tiring that I went away before all these
+astounding miracles, or jugglery, took place. How the man could possibly
+do what was done passes my understanding. I came downstairs, and saw all
+the chairs, etc., on the table, which had been lifted over the heads of
+those sitting round it.
+
+The Lord have mercy on us all, if we have to believe in such rubbish. F.
+Galton was there, and says it was a good seance..."
+
+The Seance in question led to a smaller and more carefully organised
+one being undertaken, at which Mr. Huxley was present, and on which he
+reported to my father:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO PROFESSOR T.H. HUXLEY. Down, January 29 [1874].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+It was very good of you to write so long an account. Though the seance
+did tire you so much it was, I think, really worth the exertion, as the
+same sort of things are done at all the seances, even at --'s; and now
+to my mind an enormous weight of evidence would be requisite to make one
+believe in anything beyond mere trickery... I am pleased to think that
+I declared to all my family, the day before yesterday, that the more
+I thought of all that I had heard happened at Queen Anne St., the more
+convinced I was it was all imposture... my theory was that [the medium]
+managed to get the two men on each side of him to hold each other's
+hands, instead of his, and that he was thus free to perform his antics.
+I am very glad that I issued my ukase to you to attend.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of this year (1874) he read a book which gave him great
+pleasure and of which he often spoke with admiration:--'The Naturalist
+in Nicaragua,' by the late Thomas Belt. Mr. Belt, whose untimely death
+may well be deplored by naturalists, was by profession an Engineer, so
+that all his admirable observations in Natural History in Nicaragua and
+elsewhere were the fruit of his leisure. The book is direct and vivid
+in style and is full of description and suggestive discussions. With
+reference to it my father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Belt I have read, and I am delighted that you like it so much, it
+appears to me the best of all natural history journals which have ever
+been published."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, May 30, 1874.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have been very neglectful in not having sooner thanked you for your
+kindness in having sent me your 'Etudes sur la Vegetation,' etc., and
+other memoirs. I have read several of them with very great interest, and
+nothing can be more important, in my opinion, than your evidence of
+the extremely slow and gradual manner in which specific forms change. I
+observe that M. A. De Candolle has lately quoted you on this head versus
+Heer. I hope that you may be able to throw light on the question whether
+such protean, or polymorphic forms, as those of Rubus, Hieracium, etc.,
+at the present day, are those which generate new species; as for myself,
+I have always felt some doubt on this head. I trust that you may soon
+bring many of your countrymen to believe in Evolution, and my name
+will then perhaps cease to be scorned. With the most sincere respect, I
+remain, Dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 5 [1874].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have now read your article (The article, "Charles Darwin," in the
+series of "Scientific Worthies" ('Nature,' June 4, 1874). This admirable
+estimate of my father's work in science is given in the form of a
+comparison and contrast between Robert Brown and Charles Darwin.) in
+'Nature,' and the last two paragraphs were not included in the slip sent
+before. I wrote yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and
+now cannot be easy without again telling you how profoundly I have been
+gratified. Every one, I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked
+in vain, and when one of these fits overtakes me, I will think of your
+article, and if that does not dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that
+I am at the time a little bit insane, as we all are occasionally.
+
+What you say about Teleology ("Let us recognise Darwin's great service
+to Natural Science in bringing back to it Teleology: so that instead
+of Morphology versus Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to
+Teleology.") pleases me especially, and I do not think any one else
+has ever noticed the point. (See, however, Mr. Huxley's chapter on the
+'Reception of the Origin of Species' in volume i.) I have always said
+you were the man to hit the nail on the head.
+
+Yours gratefully and affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[As a contribution to the history of the reception of the 'Origin of
+Species,' the meeting of the British Association in 1874, at Belfast,
+should be mentioned. It is memorable for Professor Tyndall's brilliant
+presidential address, in which a sketch of the history of Evolution is
+given culminating in an eloquent analysis of the 'Origin of Species,'
+and of the nature of its great success. With regard to Prof. Tyndall's
+address, Lyell wrote ('Life,' ii. page 455) congratulating my father on
+the meeting, "on which occasion you and your theory of Evolution may
+be fairly said to have had an ovation." In the same letter Sir Charles
+speaks of a paper (On the Ancient Volcanoes of the Highlands, 'Journal
+of Geological Soc.,' 1874.) of Professor Judd's, and it is to this that
+the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, September 23, 1874.
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I suppose that you have returned, or will soon return, to London (Sir
+Charles Lyell returned from Scotland towards the end of September.);
+and, I hope, reinvigorated by your outing. In your last letter you
+spoke of Mr. Judd's paper on the Volcanoes of the Hebrides. I have just
+finished it, and to ease my mind must express my extreme admiration.
+
+It is years since I have read a purely geological paper which has
+interested me so greatly. I was all the more interested, as in the
+Cordillera I often speculated on the sources of the deluges of submarine
+porphyritic lavas, of which they are built; and, as I have stated, I
+saw to a certain extent the causes of the obliteration of the points
+of eruption. I was also not a little pleased to see my volcanic book
+quoted, for I thought it was completely dead and forgotten. What fine
+work will Mr. Judd assuredly do!... Now I have eased my mind; and so
+farewell, with both E.D.'s and C.D.'s very kind remembrances to Miss
+Lyell.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[Sir Charles Lyell's reply to the above letter must have been one of the
+latest that my father received from his old friend, and it is with this
+letter that the volumes of his published correspondence closes.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUG. FOREL. Down, October 15, 1874.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now read the whole of your admirable work ('Les Fourmis de la
+Suisse,' 4to, 1874.) and seldom in my life have I been more interested
+by any book. There are so many interesting facts and discussions, that I
+hardly know which to specify; but I think, firstly, the newest points
+to me have been about the size of the brain in the three sexes, together
+with your suggestion that increase of mind power may have led to the
+sterility of the workers. Secondly about the battles of the ants, and
+your curious account of the enraged ants being held by their comrades
+until they calmed down. Thirdly, the evidence of ants of the same
+community being the offspring of brothers and sisters. You admit, I
+think, that new communities will often be the product of a cross between
+not-related ants. Fritz Muller has made some interesting observations
+on this head with respect to Termites. The case of Anergates is most
+perplexing in many ways, but I have such faith in the law of occasional
+crossing that I believe an explanation will hereafter be found, such
+as the dimorphism of either sex and the occasional production of
+winged males. I see that you are puzzled how ants of the same community
+recognize each other; I once placed two (F. rufa) in a pill-box smelling
+strongly of asafoetida and after a day returned them to their homes;
+they were threatened, but at last recognized. I made the trial thinking
+that they might know each other by their odour; but this cannot have
+been the case, and I have often fancied that they must have some common
+signal. Your last chapter is one great mass of wonderful facts and
+suggestions, and the whole profoundly interesting. I have seldom been
+more gratified than by [your] honourable mention of my work.
+
+I should like to tell you one little observation which I made with care
+many years ago; I saw ants (Formica rufa) carrying cocoons from a nest
+which was the largest I ever saw and which was well-known to all the
+country people near, and an old man, apparently about eighty years of
+age, told me that he had known it ever since he was a boy. The ants
+carrying the cocoons did not appear to be emigrating; following the
+line, I saw many ascending a tall fir tree still carrying their cocoons.
+But when I looked closely I found that all the cocoons were empty cases.
+This astonished me, and next day I got a man to observe with me, and we
+again saw ants bringing empty cocoons out of the nest; each of us fixed
+on one ant and slowly followed it, and repeated the observation on many
+others. We thus found that some ants soon dropped their empty cocoons;
+others carried them for many yards, as much as thirty paces, and others
+carried them high up the fir tree out of sight. Now here I think we
+have one instinct in contest with another and mistaken one. The first
+instinct being to carry the empty cocoons out of the nest, and it would
+have been sufficient to have laid them on the heap of rubbish, as the
+first breath of wind would have blown them away. And then came in the
+contest with the other very powerful instinct of preserving and carrying
+their cocoons as long as possible; and this they could not help doing
+although the cocoons were empty. According as the one or other instinct
+was the stronger in each individual ant, so did it carry the empty
+cocoon to a greater or less distance. If this little observation should
+ever prove of any use to you, you are quite at liberty to use it. Again
+thanking you cordially for the great pleasure which your work has given
+me, I remain with much respect,
+
+Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you read English easily I should like to send you Mr. Belt's
+book, as I think you would like it as much as did Fritz Muller.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. FISKE. Down, December 8, 1874.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+You must allow me to thank you for the very great interest with which
+I have at last slowly read the whole of your work. ('Outlines of Cosmic
+Philosophy,' 2 volumes, 8vo. 1874.) I have long wished to know something
+about the views of the many great men whose doctrines you give. With
+the exception of special points I did not even understand H. Spencer's
+general doctrine; for his style is too hard work for me. I never in my
+life read so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you are; and
+I think that I understand nearly the whole--perhaps less clearly about
+Cosmic Theism and Causation than other parts. It is hopeless to attempt
+out of so much to specify what has interested me most, and probably you
+would not care to hear. I wish some chemist would attempt to ascertain
+the result of the cooling of heated gases of the proper kinds, in
+relation to your hypothesis of the origin of living matter. It pleased
+me to find that here and there I had arrived from my own crude thoughts
+at some of the same conclusions with you; though I could seldom or never
+have given my reasons for such conclusions. I find that my mind is
+so fixed by the inducive method, that I cannot appreciate deductive
+reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a
+principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much
+deduction as you please. This may be very narrow-minded; but the result
+is that such parts of H. Spencer, as I have read with care impress my
+mind with the idea of his inexhaustible wealth of suggestion, but never
+convince me; and so I find it with some others. I believe the cause to
+lie in the frequency with which I have found first-formed theories [to
+be] erroneous. I thank you for the honourable mention which you make
+of my works. Parts of the 'Descent of Man' must have appeared laughably
+weak to you: nevertheless, I have sent you a new edition just published.
+Thanking you for the profound interest and profit with which I have read
+your work. I remain,
+
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1875.
+
+[The only work, not purely botanical, which occupied my father in the
+present year was the correction of the second edition of 'The Variation
+of Animals and Plants,' and on this he was engaged from the beginning of
+July till October 3rd. The rest of the year was taken up with his work
+on insectivorous plants, and on cross-fertilisation, as will be shown in
+a later chapter. The chief alterations in the second edition of 'Animals
+and Plants' are in the eleventh chapter on "Bud-variation and on certain
+anomalous modes of reproduction;" the chapter on Pangenesis "was also
+largely altered and remodelled." He mentions briefly some of the authors
+who have noticed the doctrine. Professor Delpino's 'Sulla Darwiniana
+Teoria della Pangenesi' (1869), an adverse but fair criticism, seems
+to have impressed him as valuable. Of another critique my father
+characteristically says ('Animals and Plants,' 2nd edition volume ii.
+page 350.), "Dr. Lionel Beale ('Nature,' May 11, 1871, page 26) sneers
+at the whole doctrine with much acerbity and some justice." He also
+points out that, in Mantegazza's 'Elementi di Igiene,' the theory of
+Pangenesis was clearly foreseen.
+
+In connection with this subject, a letter of my father's to 'Nature'
+(April 27, 1871) should be mentioned. A paper by Mr. Galton had been
+read before the Royal Society (March 30, 1871) in which were described
+experiments, on intertransfusion of blood, designed to test the truth of
+the hypothesis of pangenesis. My father, while giving all due credit to
+Mr. Galton for his ingenious experiments, does not allow that pangenesis
+has "as yet received its death-blow, though from presenting so many
+vulnerable points its life is always in jeopardy."
+
+He seems to have found the work of correcting very wearisome, for he
+wrote:--
+
+"I have no news about myself, as I am merely slaving over the sickening
+work of preparing new editions. I wish I could get a touch of poor
+Lyell's feelings, that it was delightful to improve a sentence, like a
+painter improving a picture."
+
+The feeling of effort or strain over this piece of work, is shown in a
+letter to Professor Haeckel:--
+
+"What I shall do in future if I live, Heaven only knows; I ought perhaps
+to avoid general and large subjects, as too difficult for me with my
+advancing years, and I suppose enfeebled brain."
+
+At the end of March, in this year, the portrait for which he was sitting
+to Mr. Ouless was finished. He felt the sittings a great fatigue, in
+spite of Mr. Ouless's considerate desire to spare him as far as was
+possible. In a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he wrote, "I look a very
+venerable, acute, melancholy old dog; whether I really look so I do not
+know." The picture is in the possession of the family, and is known
+to many through M. Rajon's etching. Mr. Ouless's portrait is, in my
+opinion, the finest representation of my father that has been produced.
+
+The following letter refers to the death of Sir Charles Lyell, which
+took place on February 22nd, 1875, in his seventy-eighth year.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (NOW MRS. FISHER). (Mrs. Fisher acted as
+Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.) Down, February 23, 1875.
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,
+
+I am grieved to hear of the death of my old and kind friend, though I
+knew that it could not be long delayed, and that it was a happy thing
+that his life should not have been prolonged, as I suppose that his mind
+would inevitably have suffered. I am glad that Lady Lyell (Lady Lyell
+died in 1873.) has been saved this terrible blow. His death makes me
+think of the time when I first saw him, and how full of sympathy and
+interest he was about what I could tell him of coral reefs and South
+America. I think that this sympathy with the work of every other
+naturalist was one of the finest features of his character. How
+completely he revolutionised Geology: for I can remember something of
+pre-Lyellian days.
+
+I never forget that almost everything which I have done in science I
+owe to the study of his great works. Well, he has had a grand and happy
+career, and no one ever worked with a truer zeal in a noble cause. It
+seems strange to me that I shall never again sit with him and Lady Lyell
+at their breakfast. I am very much obliged to you for having so kindly
+written to me.
+
+Pray give our kindest remembrances to Miss Lyell, and I hope that she
+has not suffered much in health, from fatigue and anxiety.
+
+Believe me, my dear Miss Buckley, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 25 [1875].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your letter so full of feeling has interested me greatly. I cannot say
+that I felt his [Lyell's] death much, for I fully expected it, and have
+looked for some little time at his career as finished.
+
+I dreaded nothing so much as his surviving with impaired mental powers.
+He was, indeed, a noble man in very many ways; perhaps in none more than
+in his warm sympathy with the work of others. How vividly I can recall
+my first conversation with him, and how he astonished me by his interest
+in what I told him. How grand also was his candour and pure love of
+truth. Well, he is gone, and I feel as if we were all soon to go... I
+am deeply rejoiced about Westminster Abbey (Sir C. Lyell was buried in
+Westminster Abbey.), the possibility of which had not occurred to me
+when I wrote before. I did think that his works were the most enduring
+of all testimonials (as you say) to him; but then I did not like the
+idea of his passing away with no outward sign of what scientific men
+thought of his merits. Now all this is changed, and nothing can be
+better than Westminster Abbey. Mrs. Lyell has asked me to be one of the
+pall-bearers, but I have written to say that I dared not, as I should so
+likely fail in the midst of the ceremony, and have my head whirling off
+my shoulders. All this affair must have cost you much fatigue and worry,
+and how I do wish you were out of England...
+
+
+[In 1881 he wrote to Mrs. Fisher in reference to her article on Sir
+Charles Lyell in the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica':--
+
+"For such a publication I suppose you do not want to say much about
+his private character, otherwise his strong sense of humour and love of
+society might have been added. Also his extreme interest in the progress
+of the world, and in the happiness of mankind. Also his freedom from all
+religious bigotry, though these perhaps would be a superfluity."
+
+
+The following refers to the Zoological station at Naples, a subject on
+which my father felt an enthusiastic interest:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ANTON DOHRN. Down, [1875?].
+
+My dear Dr. Dohrn,
+
+Many thanks for your most kind letter, I most heartily rejoice at your
+improved health and at the success of your grand undertaking, which will
+have so much influence on the progress of Zoology throughout Europe.
+
+If we look to England alone, what capital work has already been done at
+the Station by Balfour and Ray Lankester... When you come to England, I
+suppose that you will bring Mrs. Dohrn, and we shall be delighted to see
+you both here. I have often boasted that I have had a live Uhlan in my
+house! It will be very interesting to me to read your new views on the
+ancestry of the Vertebrates. I shall be sorry to give up the Ascidians,
+to whom I feel profound gratitude; but the great thing, as it appears to
+me, is that any link whatever should be found between the main divisions
+of the Animal Kingdom...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. Down, December 6, 1875.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your essay on Amblystoma
+('Umwandlung des Axolotl.'), and think that you have removed a great
+stumbling block in the way of Evolution. I once thought of reversion in
+this case; but in a crude and imperfect manner. I write now to call your
+attention to the sterility of moths when hatched out of their proper
+season; I give references in chapter 18 of my 'Variation under
+Domestication' (volume ii. page 157, of English edition), and these
+cases illustrate, I think, the sterility of Amblystoma. Would it not be
+worth while to examine the reproductive organs of those individuals of
+WINGLESS Hemiptera which occasionally have wings, as in the case of the
+bed-bug. I think I have heard that the females of Mutilla sometimes have
+wings. These cases must be due to reversion. I dare say many anomalous
+cases will be hereafter explained on the same principle.
+
+I hinted at this explanation in the extraordinary case of the
+blac-shouldered peacock, the so-called Pavo nigripennis given in my
+'Variation under Domestication;' and I might have been bolder, as the
+variety is in many respects intermediate between the two known species.
+
+With much respect, Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.
+
+[It was in November 1875 that my father gave his evidence before the
+Royal Commission on Vivisection. (See volume i.) I have, therefore,
+placed together here the matter relating to this subject, irrespective
+of date. Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling
+with regard to suffering both in man and beast. It was indeed one of the
+strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small
+and great, in his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing
+dogs, or in his horror at the sufferings of slaves. (He once made an
+attempt to free a patient in a mad-house, who (as he wrongly supposed)
+was sane. He had some correspondence with the gardener at the asylum,
+and on one occasion he found a letter from a patient enclosed with one
+from the gardener. The letter was rational in tone and declared that the
+writer was sane and wrongfully confined.
+
+My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the
+source of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been
+visited by the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane. Sometime
+afterwards the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father for
+his interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane, when he
+wrote his former letter.)
+
+The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he
+was powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a
+slave, haunted him for years, especially at night. In smaller matters,
+where he could interfere, he did so vigorously. He returned one day from
+his walk pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the
+agitation of violently remonstrating with the man. On another occasion
+he saw a hors-breaker teaching his son to ride, the little boy was
+frightened and the man was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of
+the carriage reproved the man in no measured terms.
+
+One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+animals was well-known in his own neighbourhood. A visitor, driving from
+Orpington to Down, told the man to go faster, "Why," said the driver,
+"If I had whipped the horse THIS much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would have
+got out of the carriage and abused me well."
+
+With respect to the special point under consideration,--the sufferings
+of animals subjected to experiment,--nothing could show a stronger
+feeling than the following extract from a letter to Professor Ray
+Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is
+justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick
+with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+sleep to-night."
+
+An extract from Sir Thomas Farrer's notes shows how strongly he
+expressed himself in a similar manner in conversation:--
+
+"The last time I had any conversation with him was at my house in
+Bryanston Square, just before one of his last seizures. He was then
+deeply interested in the vivisection question; and what he said made a
+deep impression on me. He was a man eminently fond of animals and
+tender to them; he would not knowingly have inflicted pain on a living
+creature; but he entertained the strongest opinion that to prohibit
+experiments on living animals, would be to put a stop to the knowledge
+of and the remedies for pain and disease."
+
+The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer,
+seems to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, e.g. by
+the index to 'Nature' for that year, in which the word "Vivisection,"
+suddenly comes into prominence. But before that date the subject had
+received the earnest attention of biologists. Thus at the Liverpool
+Meeting of the British Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed,
+which reported, defining the circumstances and conditions under which,
+in the opinion of the signatories, experiments on living animals were
+justifiable. In the spring of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill
+into the Upper House to regulate the course of physiological research.
+Shortly afterwards a Bill more just towards science in its provisions
+was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair,
+Walpole, and Ashley. It was, however, withdrawn on the appointment of a
+Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. The Commissioners
+were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr. W.E. Forster, Sir J.B.
+Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr. R.H. Hutton: they
+commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report was published
+early in the following year.
+
+In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced. It cannot
+be denied that the framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable
+clamour of the public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal
+Commission. As a correspondent in 'Nature' put it (1876, page 248),
+"the evidence on the strength of which legislation was recommended
+went beyond the facts, the Report went beyond the evidence, the
+Recommendations beyond the Report; and the Bill can hardly be said to
+have gone beyond the Recommendations; but rather to have contradicted
+them."
+
+The legislation which my father worked for, as described in the
+following letters, was practically what was introduced as Dr. Lyon
+Playfair's Bill.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. LITCHFIELD. (His daughter.) January 4, 1875.
+
+My dear H.
+
+Your letter has led me to think over vivisection (I wish some new
+word like anaes-section could be invented (He communicated to 'Nature'
+(September 30, 1880) an article by Dr. Wilder, of Cornell University, an
+abstract of which was published (page 517). Dr. Wilder advocated the use
+of the word 'Callisection' for painless operations on animals.) for
+some hours, and I will jot down my conclusions, which will appear
+very unsatisfactory to you. I have long thought physiology one of the
+greatest of sciences, sure sooner, or more probably later, greatly to
+benefit mankind; but, judging from all other sciences, the benefits will
+accrue only indirectly in the search for abstract truth. It is certain
+that physiology can progress only by experiments on living animals.
+Therefore the proposal to limit research to points of which we can now
+see the bearings in regard to health, etc., I look at as puerile.
+I thought at first it would be good to limit vivisection to public
+laboratories; but I have heard only of those in London and Cambridge,
+and I think Oxford; but probably there may be a few others. Therefore
+only men living in a few great towns would carry on investigation, and
+this I should consider a great evil. If private men were permitted to
+work in their own houses, and required a licence, I do not see who is
+to determine whether any particular man should receive one. It is young
+unknown men who are the most likely to do good work. I would gladly
+punish severely any one who operated on an animal not rendered
+insensible, if the experiment made this possible; but here again I do
+not see that a magistrate or jury could possibly determine such a point.
+Therefore I conclude, if (as is likely) some experiments have been tried
+too often, or anaesthetics have not been used when they could have been,
+the cure must be in the improvement of humanitarian feelings. Under this
+point of view I have rejoiced at the present agitation. If stringent
+laws are passed, and this is likely, seeing how unscientific the House
+of Commons is, and that the gentlemen of England are humane, as long
+as their sports are not considered, which entailed a hundred or
+thousand-fold more suffering than the experiments of physiologists--if
+such laws are passed, the result will assuredly be that physiology,
+which has been until within the last few years at a standstill in
+England, will languish or quite cease. It will then be carried on solely
+on the Continent; and there will be so many the fewer workers on this
+grand subject, and this I should greatly regret. By the way, F. Balfour,
+who has worked for two or three years in the laboratory at Cambridge,
+declares to George that he has never seen an experiment, except with
+animals rendered insensible. No doubt the names of Doctors will have
+great weight with the House of Commons; but very many practitioners
+neither know nor care anything about the progress of knowledge. I
+cannot at present see my way to sign any petition, without hearing what
+physiologists thought would be its effect, and then judging for myself.
+I certainly could not sign the paper sent me by Miss Cobbe, with its
+monstrous (as it seems to me) attack on Virchow for experimenting on the
+Trichinae. I am tired and so no more.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, April 14 [1875].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I worked all the time in London on the vivisection question; and we now
+think it advisable to go further than a mere petition. Litchfield
+(Mr. R.B. Litchfield, his son-in-law.) drew up a sketch of a Bill, the
+essential features of which have been approved by Sanderson, Simon and
+Huxley, and from conversation, will, I believe, be approved by Paget,
+and almost certainly, I think, by Michael Foster. Sanderson, Simon and
+Paget wish me to see Lord Derby, and endeavour to gain his advocacy with
+the Home Secretary. Now, if this is carried into effect, it will be of
+great importance to me to be able to say that the Bill in its essential
+features has the approval of some half-dozen eminent scientific men. I
+have therefore asked Litchfield to enclose a copy to you in its first
+rough form; and if it is not essentially modified may I say that it
+meets with your approval as President of the Royal Society? The object
+is to protect animals, and at the same time not to injure Physiology,
+and Huxley and Sanderson's approval almost suffices on this head. Pray
+let me have a line from you soon.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The Physiological Society, which was founded in 1876, was in some
+measure the outcome of the anti-vivisection movement, since it was this
+agitation which impressed on Physiologists the need of a centre for
+those engaged in this particular branch of science. With respect to the
+Society, my father wrote to Mr. Romanes (May 29, 1876):--
+
+"I was very much gratified by the wholly unexpected honour of being
+elected one of the Honorary Members. This mark of sympathy has pleased
+me to a very high degree."
+
+The following letter appeared in the "Times", April 18th, 1881:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO FRITHIOF HOLMGREN. (Professor of Physiology at
+Upsala.) Down, April 14, 1881.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no objection to
+express my opinion with respect to the right of experimenting on living
+animals. I use this latter expression as more correct and comprehensive
+than that of vivisection. You are at liberty to make any use of this
+letter which you may think fit, but if published I should wish the whole
+to appear. I have all my life been a strong advocate for humanity to
+animals, and have done what I could in my writings to enforce this duty.
+Several years ago, when the agitation against physiologists commenced in
+England, it was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless
+suffering caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might be
+advisable to have an Act of Parliament on the subject. I then took an
+active part in trying to get a Bill passed, such as would have
+removed all just cause of complaint, and at the same time have left
+physiologists free to pursue their researches,--a Bill very different
+from the Act which has since been passed. It is right to add that
+the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the
+accusations made against our English physiologists were false. From all
+that I have heard, however, I fear that in some parts of Europe little
+regard is paid to the sufferings of animals, and if this be the case,
+I should be glad to hear of legislation against inhumanity in any such
+country. On the other hand, I know that physiology cannot possibly
+progress except by means of experiments on living animals, and I feel
+the deepest conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology
+commits a crime against mankind. Any one who remembers, as I can, the
+state of this science half a century ago, must admit that it has made
+immense progress, and it is now progressing at an ever-increasing rate.
+What improvements in medical practice may be directly attributed to
+physiological research is a question which can be properly discussed
+only by those physiologists and medical practitioners who have studied
+the history of their subjects; but, as far as I can learn, the benefits
+are already great. However this may be, no one, unless he is grossly
+ignorant of what science has done for mankind, can entertain any doubt
+of the incalculable benefits which will hereafter be derived from
+physiology, not only by man, but by the lower animals. Look for instance
+at Pasteur's results in modifying the germs of the most malignant
+diseases, from which, as it so happens, animals will in the first place
+receive more relief than man. Let it be remembered how many lives and
+what a fearful amount of suffering have been saved by the knowledge
+gained of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and others
+on living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the
+ingratitude shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of mankind.
+As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and shall always
+honour, every one who advances the noble science of physiology.
+
+Dear Sir, yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the "Times" of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr.
+Darwin and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe. To this
+my father replied in the "Times" of April 22, 1881. On the same day he
+wrote to Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the "Times" on
+Vivisection, which is printed to-day. I thought it fair to bear my share
+of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
+
+Sir,
+
+I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the letter
+which appeared in the "Times" of the 19th inst.; but as she asserts
+that I have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying that
+"the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the
+accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I will
+merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the Report of the
+Commission.
+
+1. The sentence--"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be found
+in persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe
+quotes from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can
+necessarily concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners,"
+is immediately followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in
+Magendie." Magendie was a French physiologist who became notorious some
+half century ago for his cruel experiments on living animals.
+
+2. The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+humanity" prevailing in this country, say (page 10):--
+
+"This principle is accepted generally by the very highly educated men
+whose lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and
+education or to the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of
+their fellow-creatures; though differences of degree in regard to its
+practical application will be easily discernible by those who study the
+evidence as it has been laid before us."
+
+Again, according to the Commissioners (page 10):--
+
+"The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world
+in this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be
+very different, indeed, from that of foreign physiologists; and while
+giving it as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed
+which are in their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and
+that the pain which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to
+inflict even for the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges
+that he does not know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in
+general the English physiologists have used anaesthetics where they
+think they can do so with safety to the experiment."
+
+I am, Sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+April 21.
+
+
+[In the "Times" of Saturday, April 23, 1881, appeared a letter from Miss
+Cobbe in reply:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 25, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+I was very glad to read your last note with much news interesting to
+me. But I write now to say how I, and indeed all of us in the house
+have admired your letter in the "Times". (April 25, 1881.--Mr. Romanes
+defended Dr. Sanderson against the accusations made by Miss Cobbe.)
+It was so simple and direct. I was particularly glad about Burton
+Sanderson, of whom I have been for several years a great admirer. I was
+also especially glad to read the last sentences. I have been bothered
+with several letters, but none abusive. Under a SELFISH point of view
+I am very glad of the publication of your letter, as I was at first
+inclined to think that I had done mischief by stirring up the mud. Now
+I feel sure that I have done good. Mr. Jesse has written to me very
+politely, he says his Society has had nothing to do with placards and
+diagrams against physiology, and I suppose, therefore, that these
+all originate with Miss Cobbe... Mr. Jesse complains bitterly that
+the "Times" will "burke" all his letters to this newspaper, nor am I
+surprised, judging from the laughable tirades advertised in "Nature".
+
+Ever yours, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to a projected conjoint article on vivisection,
+to which Mr. Romanes wished my father to contribute:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, September 2, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+Your letter has perplexed me beyond all measure. I fully recognise
+the duty of every one whose opinion is worth anything, expressing his
+opinion publicly on vivisection; and this made me send my letter to the
+"Times". I have been thinking at intervals all morning what I could say,
+and it is the simple truth that I have nothing worth saying. You and
+men like you, whose ideas flow freely, and who can express them easily,
+cannot understand the state of mental paralysis in which I find myself.
+What is most wanted is a careful and accurate attempt to show what
+physiology has already done for man, and even still more strongly
+what there is every reason to believe it will hereafter do. Now I am
+absolutely incapable of doing this, or of discussing the other points
+suggested by you.
+
+If you wish for my name (and I should be glad that it should appear with
+that of others in the same cause), could you not quote some sentence
+from my letter in the "Times" which I enclose, but please return it. If
+you thought fit you might say you quoted it with my approval, and
+that after still further reflection I still abide most strongly in my
+expressed conviction.
+
+For Heaven's sake, do think of this. I do not grudge the labour and
+thought; but I could write nothing worth any one reading.
+
+Allow me to demur to your calling your conjoint article a "symposium"
+strictly a "drinking party." This seems to me very bad taste, and I do
+hope every one of you will avoid any semblance of a joke on the subject.
+I KNOW that words, like a joke, on this subject have quite disgusted
+some persons not at all inimical to physiology. One person lamented
+to me that Mr. Simon, in his truly admirable Address at the Medical
+Congress (by far the best thing which I have read), spoke of the
+fantastic SENSUALITY ('Transactions of the International Medical
+Congress,' 1881, volume iv. page 413. The expression "lackadaisical"
+(not fantastic), and "feeble sensuality," are used with regard to the
+feelings of the ant-vivisectionists.) (or some such term) of the many
+mistaken, but honest men and women who are half mad on the subject...
+
+[To Dr. Lauder Brunton my father wrote in February 1882:--
+
+"Have you read Mr. [Edmund] Gurney's articles in the 'Fortnightly' ("A
+chapter in the Ethics of Pain," 'Fortnightly Review,' 1881, volume xxx.
+page 778.) and 'Cornhill?' ("An Epilogue on Vivisection," 'Cornhill
+Magazine,' 1882, volume xlv. page 191.) They seem to me very clever,
+though obscurely written, and I agree with almost everything he says,
+except with some passages which appear to imply that no experiments
+should be tried unless some immediate good can be predicted, and this is
+a gigantic mistake contradicted by the whole history of science."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX. -- MISCELLANEA (continued)
+
+A REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK--THE BOOK ON
+EARTHWORMS--LIFE OF ERASMUS DARWIN--MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS.
+
+1876-1882.
+
+[We have now to consider the work (other than botanical) which occupied
+the concluding six years of my father's life. A letter to his old friend
+Rev. L. Blomefield (Jenyns), written in March, 1877, shows what was my
+father's estimate of his own powers of work at this time:--
+
+"My dear Jenyns (I see I have forgotten your proper names).--Your
+extremely kind letter has given me warm pleasure. As one gets old, one's
+thoughts turn back to the past rather than to the future, and I often
+think of the pleasant, and to me valuable, hours which I spent with you
+on the borders of the Fens.
+
+"You ask about my future work; I doubt whether I shall be able to do
+much more that is new, and I always keep before my mind the example
+of poor old --, who in his old age had a cacoethes for writing. But I
+cannot endure doing nothing, so I suppose that I shall go on as long as
+I can without obviously making a fool of myself. I have a great mass
+of matter with respect to variation under nature; but so much has been
+published since the appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' that I very
+much doubt whether I retain power of mind and strength to reduce the
+mass into a digested whole. I have sometimes thought that I would try,
+but dread the attempt..."
+
+His prophecy proved to be a true one with regard to any continuation
+of any general work in the direction of Evolution, but his estimate of
+powers which could afterwards prove capable of grappling with the 'Power
+of Movement in Plants,' and with the work on 'Earthworms,' was certainly
+a low one.
+
+The year 1876, with which the present chapter begins, brought with it
+a revival of geological work. He had been astonished, as I hear from
+Professor Judd, and as appears in his letters, to learn that his books
+on 'Volcanic Islands,' 1844, and on 'South America,' 1846, were still
+consulted by geologists, and it was a surprise to him that new editions
+should be required. Both these works were originally published by
+Messrs. Smith and Elder, and the new edition of 1876 was also brought
+out by them. This appeared in one volume with the title 'Geological
+Observations on the Volcanic Islands, and Parts of South America visited
+during the Voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle".' He has explained in the preface
+his reasons for leaving untouched the text of the original editions:
+"They relate to parts of the world which have been so rarely visited
+by men of science, that I am not aware that much could be corrected or
+added from observations subsequently made. Owing to the great progress
+which Geology has made within recent times, my views on some few points
+may be somewhat antiquated; but I have thought it best to leave them as
+they originally appeared."
+
+It may have been the revival of geological speculation, due to the
+revision of his early books, that led to his recording the observations
+of which some account is given in the following letter. Part of it
+has been published in Professor James Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe,'
+chapters vii. and ix. (My father's suggestion is also noticed in Prof.
+Geikie's address on the 'Ice Age in Europe and North America,' given
+at Edinburgh, November 20, 1884.), a few verbal alterations having been
+made at my father's request in the passages quoted. Mr. Geikie lately
+wrote to me: "The views suggested in his letter as to the origin of the
+angular gravels, etc., in the South of England will, I believe, come to
+be accepted as the truth. This question has a much wider bearing than
+might at first appear. In point of fact it solves one of the most
+difficult problems in Quaternary Geology--and has already attracted the
+attention of German geologists."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JAMES GEIKIE. Down, November 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will forgive me for troubling you with a very long
+letter. But first allow me to tell you with what extreme pleasure and
+admiration I have just finished reading your 'Great Ice Age.' It seems
+to me admirably done, and most clear. Interesting as many chapters are
+in the history of the world, I do not think that any one comes [up]
+nearly to the glacial period or periods. Though I have steadily read
+much on the subject, your book makes the whole appear almost new to me.
+
+I am now going to mention a small observation, made by me two or three
+years ago, near Southampton, but not followed out, as I have no strength
+for excursions. I need say nothing about the character of the drift
+there (which includes palaeolithic celts), for you have described its
+essential features in a few words at page 506. It covers the whole
+country [in an] even plain-like surface, almost irrespective of the
+present outline of the land.
+
+The coarse stratification has sometimes been disturbed. I find that you
+allude "to the larger stones often standing on end;" and this is the
+point which struck me so much. Not only moderately sized angular stones,
+but small oval pebbles often stand vertically up, in a manner which I
+have never seen in ordinary gravel beds. This fact reminded me of what
+occurs near my home, in the stiff red clay, full of unworn flints over
+the chalk, which is no doubt the residue left undissolved by rain
+water. In this clay, flints as long and thin as my arm often stand
+perpendicularly up; and I have been told by the tank-diggers that it
+is their "natural position!" I presume that this position may safely be
+attributed to the differential movement of parts of the red clay as it
+subsided very slowly from the dissolution of the underlying chalk; so
+that the flints arrange themselves in the lines of least resistance. The
+similar but less strongly marked arrangement of the stones in the
+drift near Southampton makes me suspect that it also must have
+slowly subsided; and the notion has crossed my mind that during the
+commencement and height of the glacial period great beds of frozen snow
+accumulated over the south of England, and that, during the summer,
+gravel and stones were washed from the higher land over its surface, and
+in superficial channels. The larger streams may have cut right through
+the frozen snow, and deposited gravel in lines at the bottom. But on
+each succeeding autumn, when the running water failed, I imagine that
+the lines of drainage would have been filled up by blown snow afterwards
+congealed, and that, owing to great surface accumulations of snow, it
+would be a mere chance whether the drainage, together with gravel and
+sand, would follow the same lines during the next summer. Thus, as I
+apprehend, alternate layers of frozen snow and drift, in sheets and
+lines, would ultimately have covered the country to a great thickness,
+with lines of drift probably deposited in various directions at the
+bottom by the larger streams. As the climate became warmer, the lower
+beds of frozen snow would have melted with extreme slowness, and the
+many irregular beds of interstratified drift would have sunk down with
+equal slowness; and during this movement the elongated pebbles would
+have arranged themselves more or less vertically. The drift would also
+have been deposited almost irrespective of the outline of the underlying
+land. When I viewed the country I could not persuade myself that any
+flood, however great, could have deposited such coarse gravel over the
+almost level platforms between the valleys. My view differs from that
+of Holst, page 415 ['Great Ice Age'], of which I had never heard, as
+his relates to channels cut through glaciers, and mine to beds of drift
+interstratified with frozen snow where no glaciers existed. The upshot
+of this long letter is to ask you to keep my notion in your head,
+and look out for upright pebbles in any lowland country which you may
+examine, where glaciers have not existed. Or if you think the notion
+deserves any further thought, but not otherwise, to tell any one of
+it, for instance Mr. Skertchly, who is examining such districts. Pray
+forgive me for writing so long a letter, and again thanking you for the
+great pleasure derived from your book,
+
+I remain yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.... I am glad that you have read Blytt (Axel Blytt.--'Essay on
+the Immigration of the Norwegian Flora during alternate rainy and dry
+Seasons.' Christiania, 1876.); his paper seemed to me a most important
+contribution to Botanical Geography. How curious that the same
+conclusions should have been arrived at by Mr. Skertchly, who seems to
+be a first-rate observer; and this implies, as I always think, a sound
+theoriser.
+
+I have told my publisher to send you in two or three days a copy (second
+edition) of my geological work during the voyage of the "Beagle". The
+sole point which would perhaps interest you is about the steppe-like
+plains of Patagonia.
+
+For many years past I have had fearful misgivings that it must have been
+the level of the sea, and not that of the land which has changed.
+
+I read a few months ago your [brother's] very interesting life of
+Murchison. (By Mr. Archibald Geikie.) Though I have always thought that
+he ranked next to W. Smith in the classification of formations, and
+though I knew how kind-hearted [he was], yet the book has raised him
+greatly in my respect, notwithstanding his foibles and want of broad
+philosophical views.
+
+
+[The only other geological work of his later years was embodied in
+his book on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be conveniently
+considered in this place. This subject was one which had interested him
+many years before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the formation of
+mould was published in the Proceedings of the Geological Society (see
+volume i.).
+
+Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, etc., which had
+been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found
+after a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but
+still forming a layer." For the explanation of this fact, which forms
+the central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to
+his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth
+to the surface in their castings, must undermine any objects lying on
+the surface and cause an apparent sinking.
+
+In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to
+the amount of work done. (He received much valuable help from Dr. King,
+of the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The following passage is from a
+letter to Dr. King, dated January 18, 1873:--
+
+"I really do not know how to thank you enough for the immense trouble
+which you have taken. You have attended EXACTLY and FULLY to the points
+about which I was most anxious. If I had been each evening by your side,
+I could not have suggested anything else.") He also added a mass of
+observations on the habits, natural history and intelligence of worms, a
+part of the work which added greatly to its popularity.
+
+In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains
+of a building of Roman-British times, and thus gave my father the
+opportunity of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms'
+work on the old concrete-floors, walls, etc. On his return he wrote to
+Sir Thomas Farrer:
+
+"I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last. I know very
+well that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the
+sole charm."
+
+In the autumn of 1880, when the 'Power of Movement in Plants' was nearly
+finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus
+(September 21):--
+
+"In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
+book, and have done nearly half of it. Its title will be (as at present
+designed) 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms.' (The full title is 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
+Action of Worms with Observations on their Habits,' 1881.) As far as I
+can judge it will be a curious little book."
+
+The manuscript was sent to the printers in April, 1881, and when the
+proo-sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus: "The subject
+has been to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish
+detail."
+
+It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once. He
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the 'Worms.'
+When in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at
+all interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+published."
+
+To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8): "It has been a complete
+surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject." And to Mr.
+Dyer (in November): "My book has been received with almost laughable
+enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!" Again, to his friend Mr.
+Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish
+and enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the 'Sixth Thousand.'" The popularity of the book
+may be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following
+its publication, 8500 copies were sold--a sale relatively greater than
+that of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+public. Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood,
+drawn from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated
+vigour and freshness, may well have attracted many readers. A reviewer
+remarks: "In the eyes of most men... the earthworm is a mere blind, dumb,
+senseless, and unpleasantly slimy annelid. Mr. Darwin undertakes to
+rehabilitate his character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as
+an intelligent and beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological
+changes, a planer down of mountain sides... a friend of man... and an
+ally of the Society for the preservation of ancient monuments." The "St.
+James Gazette", October 17, 1881, pointed out that the teaching of the
+cumulative importance of the infinitely little is the point of contact
+between this book and the author's previous work.
+
+One more book remains to be noticed, the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+
+In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work
+of Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, 'Kosmos.' The
+number of 'Kosmos' in question was a "Gratulationsheft" (The same number
+contains a good biographical sketch of my father, of which the material
+was to a large extent supplied by him to the writer, Professor Preyer
+of Jena. The article contains an excellent list of my father's
+publications.), or special congratulatory issue in honour of my father's
+birthday, so that Dr. Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist,
+was quite in its place. He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially
+for the honour paid to Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish
+(The wish to do so was shared by his brother, Erasmus Darwin the
+younger, who continued to be associated with the project.) an English
+translation of the Essay.
+
+His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward." This appears from a
+letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which
+he asks for any documents and letters which might throw light on the
+character of Erasmus. This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my
+father's hands a quantity of valuable material, including a curious
+folio common-place book, of which he wrote: "I have been deeply
+interested by the great book,... reading and looking at it is like having
+communion with the dead...[it] has taught me a good deal about the
+occupations and tastes of our grandfather." A subsequent letter (April
+8) to the same correspondent describes the source of a further supply of
+material:--
+
+Since my last letter I have made a strange discovery; for an old box
+from my father marked "Old Deeds," and which consequently I had never
+opened, I found full of letters--hundreds from Dr. Erasmus--and others
+from old members of the Family: some few very curious. Also a drawing of
+Elston before it was altered, about 1750, of which I think I will give a
+copy."
+
+Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the 'Life of Erasmus
+Darwin,' my father supplying a "preliminary notice." This expression on
+the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+than half the book, and should have been described as a biography. Work
+of this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton
+Dyer, June 18th: "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is
+such a new kind of work to me." The strong interest he felt about
+his forebears helped to give zest to the work, which became a decided
+enjoyment to him. With the general public the book was not markedly
+successful, but many of his friends recognised its merits. Sir J.D.
+Hooker was one of these, and to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the
+Life of Dr. D. has pleased me exceedingly, for I despised my work, and
+thought myself a perfect fool to have undertaken such a job."
+
+To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:--
+
+"I am EXTREMELY glad that you approve of the little 'Life' of our
+grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+work was quite beyond my tether."
+
+The publication of the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin' led to an attack by
+Mr. Samuel Butler, which amounted to a charge of falsehood against my
+father. After consulting his friends, he came to the determination to
+leave the charge unanswered, as unworthy of his notice. (He had, in a
+letter to Mr. Butler, expressed his regret at the oversight which caused
+so much offence.) Those who wish to know more of the matter, may gather
+the facts of the case from Ernst Krause's 'Charles Darwin,' and they
+will find Mr. Butler's statement of his grievance in the "Athenaeum",
+January 31, 1880, and in the "St. James's Gazette", December 8, 1880.
+The affair gave my father much pain, but the warm sympathy of those
+whose opinion he respected soon helped him to let it pass into a
+well-merited oblivion.
+
+The following letter refers to M. J.H. Fabre's 'Souvenirs
+Entomologiques.' It may find a place here, as it contains a defence of
+Erasmus Darwin on a small point. The postscript is interesting, as
+an example of one of my father's bold ideas both as to experiment and
+theory:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. FABRE. Down, January 31, 1880.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will permit me to have the satisfaction of thanking you
+cordially for the lively pleasure which I have derived from reading
+your book. Never have the wonderful habits of insects been more vividly
+described, and it is almost as good to read about them as to see them. I
+feel sure that you would not be unjust to even an insect, much less to
+a man. Now, you have been misled by some translator, for my grandfather,
+Erasmus Darwin, states ('Zoonomia,' volume i. page 183, 1794) that it
+was a wasp (guepe) which he saw cutting off the wings of a large fly. I
+have no doubt that you are right in saying that the wings are generally
+cut off instinctively; but in the case described by my grandfather, the
+wasp, after cutting off the two ends of the body, rose in the air, and
+was turned round by the wind; he then alighted and cut off the wings. I
+must believe, with Pierre Huber, that insects have "une petite dose de
+raison." In the next edition of your book, I hope that you will alter
+PART of what you say about my grandfather.
+
+I am sorry that you are so strongly opposed to the Descent theory; I
+have found the searching for the history of each structure or instinct
+an excellent aid to observation; and wonderful observer as you are, it
+would suggest new points to you. If I were to write on the evolution of
+instincts, I could make good use of some of the facts which you give.
+Permit me to add, that when I read the last sentence in your book, I
+sympathised deeply with you. (The book is intended as a memorial of the
+early death of M. Fabre's son, who had been his father's assistant in
+his observations on insect life.)
+
+With the most sincere respect, I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Allow me to make a suggestion in relation to your wonderful
+account of insects finding their way home. I formerly wished to try it
+with pigeons: namely, to carry the insects in their paper "cornets,"
+about a hundred paces in the opposite direction to that which you
+ultimately intended to carry them; but before turning round to return,
+to put the insect in a circular box, with an axle which could be made to
+revolve very rapidly, first in one direction, and then in another, so
+as to destroy for a time all sense of direction in the insects. I have
+sometimes IMAGINED that animals may feel in which direction they were at
+the first start carried. (This idea was a favourite one with him, and he
+has described in 'Nature' (volume vii. 1873, page 360) the behaviour of
+his cob Tommy, in whom he fancied he detected a sense of direction. The
+horse had been taken by rail from Kent to the Isle of Wight; when there
+he exhibited a marked desire to go eastward, even when his stable lay in
+the opposite direction. In the same volume of 'Nature,' page 417, is
+a letter on the 'Origin of Certain Instincts,' which contains a short
+discussion on the sense of direction.) If this plan failed, I had
+intended placing the pigeons within an induction coil, so as to disturb
+any magnetic or dia-magnetic sensibility, which it seems just possible
+that they may possess.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+[During the latter years of my father's life there was a growing
+tendency in the public to do him honour. In 1877 he received the
+honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge. The degree
+was conferred on November 17, and with the customary Latin speech
+from the Public Orator, concluding with the words: "Tu vero, qui leges
+naturae tam docte illustraveris, legum doctor nobis esto."
+
+The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the
+University to obtain some permanent memorial of my father. A sum of
+about 400 pounds was subscribed, and after the rejection of the idea
+that a bust would be the best memorial, a picture was determined on. In
+June 1879 he sat to Mr. W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession
+of the University, now placed in the Library of the philosophical
+Society at Cambridge. He is represented seated in his Doctor's gown, the
+head turned towards the spectator: the picture has many admirers, but,
+according to my own view, neither the attitude nor the expression are
+characteristic of my father.
+
+A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society-- with which my father
+was so closely associated--led to his sitting in August, 1881, to Mr.
+John Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the Society.
+Of the artist, he wrote, "Collier was the most considerate, kind and
+pleasant painter a sitter could desire." The portrait represents him
+standing facing the observer in the loose cloak so familiar to those who
+knew him, and with his slouch hat in his hand. Many of those who knew
+his face most intimately, think that Mr. Collier's picture is the best
+of the portraits, and in this judgment the sitter himself was inclined
+to agree. According to my feeling it is not so simple or strong a
+representation of him as that given by Mr. Ouless. There is a certain
+expression in Mr. Collier's portrait which I am inclined to consider an
+exaggeration of the almost painful expression which Professor Cohn has
+described in my father's face, and which he had previously noticed in
+Humboldt. Professor Cohn's remarks occur in a pleasantly written account
+of a visit to Down in 1876, published in the "Breslauer Zeitung", April
+23, 1882. (In this connection may be mentioned a visit (1881) from
+another distinguished German, Hans Richter. The occurrence is otherwise
+worthy of mention, inasmuch as it led to the publication, after my
+father's death, of Herr Richter's recollections of the visit. The sketch
+is simply and sympathetically written, and the author has succeeded in
+giving a true picture of my father as he lived at Down. It appeared in
+the "Neue Tagblatt" of Vienna, and was republished by Dr. O. Zacharias
+in his 'Charles R. Darwin,' Berlin, 1882.)
+
+Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of
+an academic kind from some foreign societies.
+
+On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+Institute ("Lyell always spoke of it as a great scandal that Darwin
+was so long kept out of the French Institute. As he said, even if the
+development hypothesis were objected to, Darwin's original works on
+Coral Reefs, the Cirripedia, and other subjects, constituted a more
+than sufficient claim"--From Professor Judd's notes.), in the Botanical
+Section, and wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute.
+It is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical
+Section, as the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy
+is a Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."
+
+(The statement has been more than once published that he was elected to
+the Zoological Section, but this was not the case.
+
+He received twenty-six votes out of a possible 39, five blank papers
+were sent in, and eight votes were recorded for the other candidates.
+
+In 1872 an attempt had been made to elect him to the Section of Zoology,
+when, however, he only received 15 out of 48 votes, and Loven was chosen
+for the vacant place. It appears ('Nature,' August 1, 1872) that an
+eminent member of the Academy wrote to "Les Mondes" to the following
+effect:--
+
+"What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the
+science of those of his books which have made his chief title to
+fame-the 'Origin of Species,' and still more the 'Descent of Man,'
+is not science, but a mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous
+hypotheses, often evidently fallacious. This kind of publication and
+these theories are a bad example, which a body that respects itself
+cannot encourage.")
+
+In the early part of the same year he was elected a Corresponding Member
+of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and he wrote (March 12) to Professor
+Du Bois Reymond, who had proposed him for election:--
+
+"I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter, in which you announce
+the great honour conferred on me. The knowledge of the names of the
+illustrious men, who seconded the proposal is even a greater pleasure to
+me than the honour itself."
+
+The seconders were Helmholtz, Peters, Ewald, Pringsheim and Virchow.
+
+In 1879 he received the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians.
+(The visit to London, necessitated by the presentation of the Baly
+Medal, was combined with a visit to Miss Forster's house at Abinger,
+in Surrey, and this was the occasion of the following characteristic
+letter:--"I must write a few words to thank you cordially for lending us
+your house. It was a most kind thought, and has pleased me greatly; but
+I know well that I do not deserve such kindness from any one. On the
+other hand, no one can be too kind to my dear wife, who is worth her
+weight in gold many times over, and she was anxious that I should
+get some complete rest, and here I cannot rest. Your house will be a
+delightful haven and again I thank you truly.")
+
+Again in 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the "Bressa"
+prize for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs.
+In the following year he received on his birthday, as on previous
+occasions, a kind letter of congratulation from Dr. Dohrn of Naples. In
+writing (February 15th) to thank him and the other naturalists at the
+Zoological Station, my father added:--
+
+"Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+extraordinary degree by awarding me the "Bressa" Prize. Now it occurred
+to me that if your station wanted some pieces of apparatus, of about the
+value of 100 pounds, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for
+it. Will you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should
+occur to you, I would send you a cheque at any time."
+
+I find from my father's accounts that 100 pounds was presented to the
+Naples Station.
+
+He received also several tokens of respect and sympathy of a more
+private character from various sources. With regard to such incidents
+and to the estimation of the public generally, his attitude may be
+illustrated by a passage from a letter to Mr. Romanes:--(The lecture
+referred to was given at the Dublin meeting of the British association.)
+
+"You have indeed passed a most magnificent eulogium upon me, and I
+wonder that you were not afraid of hearing 'oh! oh!' or some other sign
+of disapprobation. Many persons think that what I have done in science
+has been much overrated, and I very often think so myself; but my
+comfort is that I have never consciously done anything to gain applause.
+Enough and too much about my dear self."
+
+Among such expressions of regard he valued very highly the two
+photographic albums received from Germany and Holland on his birthday,
+1877. Herr Emil Rade of Munster, originated the idea of the German
+birthday gift, and undertook the necessary arrangements. To him my
+father wrote (February 16, 1877):--
+
+"I hope that you will inform the one hundred and fifty-four men of
+science, including some of the most highly honoured names in the world,
+how grateful I am for their kindness and generous sympathy in having
+sent me their photographs on my birthday."
+
+To Professor Haeckel he wrote (February 16, 1877):--
+
+The album has just arrived quite safe. It is most superb. (The album is
+magnificently bound and decorated with a beautifully illuminated
+title page, the work of an artist, Herr A. Fitger of Bremen, who also
+contributed the dedicatory poem.) It is by far the greatest honour which
+I have ever received, and my satisfaction has been greatly enhanced by
+your most kind letter of February 9... I thank you all from my heart.
+I have written by this post to Herr Rade, and I hope he will somehow
+manage to thank all my generous friends."
+
+To Professor A. van Bemmelen he wrote, on receiving a similar present
+from a number of distinguished men and lovers of Natural History in the
+Netherlands:--
+
+"Sir,
+
+I received yesterday the magnificent present of the album, together
+with your letter. I hope that you will endeavour to find some means to
+express to the two hundred and seventeen distinguished observers and
+lovers of natural science, who have sent me their photographs, my
+gratitude for their extreme kindness. I feel deeply gratified by this
+gift, and I do not think that any testimonial more honourable to me
+could have been imagined. I am well aware that my books could never have
+been written, and would not have made any impression on the public mind,
+had not an immense amount of material been collected by a long series
+of admirable observers; and it is to them that honour is chiefly due. I
+suppose that every worker at science occasionally feels depressed, and
+doubts whether what he has published has been worth the labour which
+it has cost him, but for the few remaining years of my life, whenever
+I want cheering, I will look at the portraits of my distinguished
+co-workers in the field of science, and remember their generous
+sympathy. When I die, the album will be a most precious bequest to my
+children. I must further express my obligation for the very interesting
+history contained in your letter of the progress of opinion in the
+Netherlands, with respect to Evolution, the whole of which is quite new
+to me. I must again thank all my kind friends, from my heart, for their
+ever-memorable testimonial, and I remain, Sir,
+
+Your obliged and grateful servant, CHARLES R. DARWIN."
+
+
+[In the June of the following year (1878) he was gratified by learning
+that the Emperor of Brazil had expressed a wish to meet him. Owing to
+absence from home my father was unable to comply with this wish; he
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"The Emperor has done so much for science, that every scientific man is
+bound to show him the utmost respect, and I hope that you will express
+in the strongest language, and which you can do with entire truth, how
+greatly I feel honoured by his wish to see me; and how much I regret my
+absence from home."
+
+Finally it should be mentioned that in 1880 he received an address
+personally presented by members of the Council of the Birmingham
+Philosophical Society, as well as a memorial from the Yorkshire
+Naturalist Union presented by some of the members, headed by Dr. Sorby.
+He also received in the same year a visit from some of the members of
+the Lewisham and Blackheath Scientific Association,--a visit which was,
+I think, enjoyed by both guests and host.]
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS--1876-1882.
+
+[The chief incident of a personal kind (not already dealt with) in the
+years which we are now considering was the death of his brother Erasmus,
+who died at his house in Queen Anne Street, on August 26th, 1881. My
+father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (August 30):--
+
+"The death of Erasmus is a very heavy loss to all of us, for he had
+a most affectionate disposition. He always appeared to me the most
+pleasant and clearest headed man, whom I have ever known. London will
+seem a strange place to me without his presence; I am deeply glad that
+he died without any great suffering, after a very short illness from
+mere weakness and not from any definite disease. ("He was not, I
+think, a happy man, and for many years did not value life, though never
+complaining."--From a letter to Sir Thomas Farrer.)
+
+"I cannot quite agree with you about the death of the old and young.
+Death in the latter case, when there is a bright future ahead, causes
+grief never to be wholly obliterated."
+
+An incident of a happy character may also be selected for especial
+notice, since it was one which strongly moved my father's sympathy.
+A letter (December 17, 1879) to Sir Joseph Hooker shows that the
+possibility of a Government Pension being conferred on Mr. Wallace first
+occurred to my father at this time. The idea was taken up by others, and
+my father's letters show that he felt the most lively interest in the
+success of the plan. He wrote, for instance, to Mrs. Fisher, "I hardly
+ever wished for anything more than I do for the success of our plan." He
+was deeply pleased when this thoroughly deserved honour was bestowed on
+his friend, and wrote to the same correspondent (January 7, 1881),
+on receiving a letter from Mr. Gladstone announcing the fact: "How
+extraordinarily kind of Mr. Gladstone to find time to write under the
+present circumstances. (Mr. Gladstone was then in office, and the letter
+must have been written when he was overwhelmed with business connected
+with the opening of Parliament (January 6). Good heavens! how pleased I
+am!"
+
+The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous character and refer
+principally to the books he read, and to his minor writings.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (MRS. FISHER). Down, February 11 [1876].
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,
+
+You must let me have the pleasure of saying that I have just finished
+reading with very great interest your new book. ('A Short History of
+Natural Science.') The idea seems to me a capital one, and as far as I
+can judge very well carried out. There is much fascination in taking
+a bird's eye view of all the grand leading steps in the progress of
+science. At first I regretted that you had not kept each science more
+separate; but I dare say you found it impossible. I have hardly any
+criticisms, except that I think you ought to have introduced Murchison
+as a great classifier of formations, second only to W. Smith. You have
+done full justice, and not more than justice, to our dear old master,
+Lyell. Perhaps a little more ought to have been said about botany, and
+if you should ever add this, you would find Sachs' 'History,' lately
+published, very good for your purpose.
+
+You have crowned Wallace and myself with much honour and glory. I
+heartily congratulate you on having produced so novel and interesting a
+work, and remain,
+
+My dear Miss Buckley, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. [Hopedene] (Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's
+house in Surrey.), June 5, 1876.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I must have the pleasure of expressing to you my unbounded admiration of
+your book ('Geographical Distribution,' 1876.), though I have read only
+to page 184--my object having been to do as little as possible while
+resting. I feel sure that you have laid a broad and safe foundation
+for all future work on Distribution. How interesting it will be to see
+hereafter plants treated in strict relation to your views; and then all
+insects, pulmonate molluscs and fresh-water fishes, in greater detail
+than I suppose you have given to these lower animals. The point which
+has interested me most, but I do not say the most valuable point, is
+your protest against sinking imaginary continents in a quite reckless
+manner, as was stated by Forbes, followed, alas, by Hooker, and
+caricatured by Wollaston and [Andrew] Murray! By the way, the main
+impression that the latter author has left on my mind is his utter want
+of all scientific judgment. I have lifted up my voice against the above
+view with no avail, but I have no doubt that you will succeed, owing
+to your new arguments and the coloured chart. Of a special value, as it
+seems to me, is the conclusion that we must determine the areas, chiefly
+by the nature of the mammals. When I worked many years ago on this
+subject, I doubted much whether the now called Palaearctic and Nearctic
+regions ought to be separated; and I determined if I made another region
+that it should be Madagascar. I have, therefore, been able to appreciate
+your evidence on these points. What progress Palaeontology has made
+during the last 20 years; but if it advances at the same rate in the
+future, our views on the migration and birth-place of the various groups
+will, I fear, be greatly altered. I cannot feel quite easy about the
+Glacial period, and the extinction of large mammals, but I must hope
+that you are right. I think you will have to modify your belief about
+the difficulty of dispersal of land molluscs; I was interrupted when
+beginning to experimentize on the just hatched young adhering to the
+feet of groun-roosting birds. I differ on one other point, viz. in the
+belief that there must have existed a Tertiary Antarctic continent, from
+which various forms radiated to the southern extremities of our present
+continents. But I could go on scribbling forever. You have written, as
+I believe, a grand and memorable work which will last for years as the
+foundation for all future treatises on Geographical Distribution.
+
+My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You have paid me the highest conceivable compliment, by what
+you say of your work in relation to my chapters on distribution in the
+'Origin,' and I heartily thank you for it.
+
+
+[The following letters illustrate my father's power of taking a vivid
+interest in work bearing on Evolution, but unconnected with his own
+special researches at the time. The books referred to in the first
+letter are Professor Weismann's 'Studien zur Descendenzlehre' (My father
+contributed a prefatory note to Mr. Meldola's translation of Prof.
+Weismann's 'Studien,' 1880-81.), being part of the series of essays
+by which the author has done such admirable service to the cause of
+evolution:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. January 12, 1877.
+
+... I read German so slowly, and have had lately to read several other
+papers, so that I have as yet finished only half of your first essay and
+two-thirds of your second. They have excited my interest and admiration
+in the highest degree, and whichever I think of last, seems to me
+the most valuable. I never expected to see the coloured marks on
+caterpillars so well explained; and the case of the ocelli delights me
+especially...
+
+... There is one other subject which has always seemed to me more
+difficult to explain than even the colours of caterpillars, and that is
+the colour of birds' eggs, and I wish you would take this up.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MELCHIOR NEUMAYR (Professor of Palaeontology at
+Vienna.), VIENNA. Down, Beckenham, Kent, March 9, 1877.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+From having been obliged to read other books, I finished only
+yesterday your essay on 'Die Congerien,' etc. ('Die Congerien und
+Paludinenschichten Slavoneins.' 4to, 1875.)
+
+I hope that you will allow me to express my gratitude for the pleasure
+and instruction which I have derived from reading it. It seems to me to
+be an admirable work; and is by far the best case which I have ever
+met with, showing the direct influence of the conditions of life on the
+organization.
+
+Mr. Hyatt, who has been studying the Hilgendorf case, writes to me with
+respect to the conclusions at which he has arrived, and these are nearly
+the same as yours. He insists that closely similar forms may be derived
+from distinct lines of descent; and this is what I formerly called
+analogical variation. There can now be no doubt that species may become
+greatly modified through the direct action of the environment. I have
+some excuse for not having formerly insisted more strongly on this head
+in my 'Origin of Species,' as most of the best facts have been observed
+since its publication.
+
+With my renewed thanks for your most interesting essay, and with the
+highest respect, I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E.S. MORSE. Down, April 23, 1877.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+You must allow me just to tell you how very much I have been interested
+with the excellent Address ("What American Zoologists have done for
+Evolution," an Address to the American Association for the Advancement
+of Science, August, 1876. Volume xxv. of the Proceedings of the
+Association.) which you have been so kind as to send me, and which I had
+much wished to read. I believe that I had read all, or very nearly all,
+the papers by your countrymen to which you refer, but I have been fairly
+astonished at their number and importance when seeing them thus put
+together. I quite agree about the high value of Mr. Allen's works
+(Mr. J.A. Allen shows the existence of geographical races of birds and
+mammals. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. volume xv.), as showing how much
+change may be expected apparently through the direct action of the
+conditions of life. As for the fossil remains in the West, no words will
+express how wonderful they are. There is one point which I regret that
+you did not make clear in your Address, namely what is the meaning and
+importance of Professors Cope and Hyatt's views on acceleration and
+retardation. I have endeavoured, and given up in despair, the attempt to
+grasp their meaning.
+
+Permit me to thank you cordially for the kind feeling shown towards me
+through your Address, and I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to his 'Biographical Sketch of an Infant,'
+written from notes made 37 years previously, and published in 'Mind,'
+July, 1877. The article attracted a good deal of attention, and was
+translated at the time in 'Kosmos,' and the 'Revue Scientifique,'
+and has been recently published in Dr. Krause's 'Gesammelte kleinere
+SchrifteN von Charles Darwin,' 1887:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. CROOM ROBERTSON. (The editor of 'Mind.') Down,
+April 27, 1877.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will be so good as to take the trouble to read the
+enclosed MS., and if you think it fit for publication in your admirable
+journal of 'Mind,' I shall be gratified. If you do not think it fit, as
+is very likely, will you please to return it to me. I hope that you will
+read it in an extra critical spirit, as I cannot judge whether it is
+worth publishing from having been so much interested in watching the
+dawn of the several faculties in my own infant. I may add that I should
+never have thought of sending you the MS., had not M. Taine's article
+appeared in your Journal. (1877, page 252. The original appeared in the
+'Revue Philosophique' 1876.) If my MS. is printed, I think that I had
+better see a proof.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The two following extracts show the lively interest he preserved in
+diverse fields of enquiry. Professor Cohn of Breslau had mentioned, in
+a letter, Koch's researches on Splenic Fever, my father replied, January
+3:--
+
+"I well remember saying to myself, between twenty and thirty years ago,
+that if ever the origin of any infectious disease could be proved, it
+would be the greatest triumph to science; and now I rejoice to have seen
+the triumph."
+
+In the spring he received a copy of Dr. E. von Mojsisovics' 'Dolomit
+Riffe,' his letter to the author (June 1, 1878) is interesting as
+bearing on the influence of his own work on the methods of geology.
+
+"I have at last found time to read the first chapter of your 'Dolomit
+Riffe,' and have been EXCEEDINGLY interested by it. What a wonderful
+change in the future of Geological chronology you indicate, by assuming
+the descent theory to be established, and then taking the graduated
+changes of the same group of organisms as the true standard! I never
+hoped to live to see such a step even proposed by any one."
+
+Another geological research which roused my father's admiration was Mr.
+D. Mackintosh's work on erratic blocks. Apart from its intrinsic merit
+the work keenly excited his sympathy from the conditions under which it
+was executed, Mr. Mackintosh being compelled to give nearly his
+whole time to tuition. The following passage is from a letter to Mr.
+Mackintosh of October 9, 1879, and refers to his paper in the Journal of
+the Geological Society, 1878:--
+
+"I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of thanking you
+for the very great pleasure which I have derived from just reading your
+paper on erratic blocks. The map is wonderful, and what labour each
+of those lines show! I have thought for some years that the agency of
+floating ice, which nearly half a century ago was overrated, has of
+late been underrated. You are the sole man who has ever noticed the
+distinction suggested by me (In his paper on the 'Ancient Glaciers of
+Carnarvonshire,' Phil. Mag. xxi. 1842.) between flat or planed scored
+rocks, and mammillated scored rocks."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. RIDLEY. Down, November 28, 1878.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I just skimmed through Dr. Pusey's sermon, as published in the
+"Guardian", but it did [not] seem to me worthy of any attention. As I
+have never answered criticisms excepting those made by scientific men,
+I am not willing that this letter should be published; but I have no
+objection to your saying that you sent me the three questions, and that
+I answered that Dr. Pusey was mistaken in imagining that I wrote the
+'Origin' with any relation whatever to Theology. I should have thought
+that this would have been evident to any one who had taken the trouble
+to read the book, more especially as in the opening lines of the
+introduction I specify how the subject arose in my mind. This answer
+disposes of your two other questions; but I may add that many years
+ago, when I was collecting facts for the 'Origin,' my belief in what is
+called a personal God was as firm as that of Dr. Pusey himself, and
+as to the eternity of matter I have never troubled myself about such
+insoluble questions. Dr. Pusey's attack will be as powerless to retard
+by a day the belief in Evolution, as were the virulent attacks made by
+divines fifty years ago against Geology, and the still older ones of the
+Catholic Church against Galileo, for the public is wise enough always to
+follow Scientific men when they agree on any subject; and now there is
+almost complete unanimity amongst Biologists about Evolution, though
+there is still considerable difference as to the means, such as how far
+natural selection has acted, and how far external conditions, or whether
+there exists some mysterious innate tendency to perfectability. I
+remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Theologians were not the only adversaries of freedom in science. On
+September 22, 1877, Prof. Virchow delivered an address at the Munich
+meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians, which had the effect of
+connecting Socialism with the Descent theory. This point of view was
+taken up by anti-evolutionists to such an extent that, according to
+Haeckel, the "Kreuz Zeitung" threw "all the blame of" the "treasonable
+attempts of the democrats Hodel and Nobiling... directly on the theory of
+Descent." Prof. Haeckel replied with vigour and ability in his 'Freedom
+in Science and Teaching' (English Translation 1879), an essay which must
+have the sympathy of all lovers of freedom.
+
+The following passage from a letter (December 26, 1879) to Dr. Scherzer,
+the author of the 'Voyage of the "Novara",' gives a hint of my father's
+views on this once burning question:--
+
+"What a foolish idea seems to prevail in Germany on the connection
+between Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY. (Professor of Zoology at Oxford.
+The book alluded to is Prof. Moseley's 'Notes by a Naturalist on the
+"Challenger".') Down, January 20, 1879.
+
+Dear Moseley,
+
+I have just received your book, and I declare that never in my life
+have I seen a dedication which I admired so much. ("To Charles Darwin,
+Esquire, LL.D., F.R.S., etc., from the study of whose 'Journal of
+Researches' I mainly derived my desire to travel round the world; to the
+development of whose theory I owe the principal pleasures and interests
+of my life, and who has personally given me much kindly encouragement in
+the prosecution of my studies, this book is, by permission, gratefully
+dedicated.") Of course I am not a fair judge, but I hope that I speak
+dispassionately, though you have touched me in my very tenderest point,
+by saying that my old Journal mainly gave you the wish to travel as a
+Naturalist. I shall begin to read your book this very evening, and am
+sure that I shall enjoy it much.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY. Down, February 4, 1879.
+
+Dear Moseley,
+
+I have at last read every word of your book, and it has excited in me
+greater interest than any other scientific book which I have read for
+a long time. You will perhaps be surprised how slow I have been, but
+my head prevents me reading except at intervals. If I were asked which
+parts have interested me most, I should be somewhat puzzled to answer.
+I fancy that the general reader would prefer your account of Japan.
+For myself I hesitate between your discussions and description of the
+Southern ice, which seems to me admirable, and the last chapter which
+contained many facts and views new to me, though I had read your papers
+on the stony Hydroid Corals, yet your resume made me realise better than
+I had done before, what a most curious case it is.
+
+You have also collected a surprising number of valuable facts bearing on
+the dispersal of plants, far more than in any other book known to me.
+In fact your volume is a mass of interesting facts and discussions,
+with hardly a superfluous word; and I heartily congratulate you on its
+publication.
+
+Your dedication makes me prouder than ever.
+
+Believe me, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In November, 1879, he answered for Mr. Galton a series of questions
+utilised in his 'Inquiries into Human Faculty,' 1883. He wrote to Mr.
+Galton:--
+
+"I have answered the questions as well as I could, but they are
+miserably answered, for I have never tried looking into my own mind.
+Unless others answer very much better than I can do, you will get no
+good from your queries. Do you not think you ought to have the age
+of the answerer? I think so, because I can call up faces of many
+schoolboys, not seen for sixty years, with MUCH DISTINCTNESS, but
+nowadays I may talk with a man for an hour, and see him several times
+consecutively, and, after a month, I am utterly unable to recollect what
+he is at all like. The picture is quite washed out. The greater number
+of the answers are given in the annexed table."]
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE FACULTY OF VISUALISING.
+
+1. ILLUMINATION? Moderate, but my solitary breakfast was early, and the
+morning dark.
+
+2. DEFINITION? Some objects quite defined, a slice of cold beef, some
+grapes and a pear, the state of my plate when I had finished, and a few
+other objects, are as distinct as if I had photo's before me.
+
+3. COMPLETENESS? Very moderately so.
+
+4. COLOURING? The objects above named perfectly coloured.
+
+5. EXTENT OF FIELD OF VIEW? Rather small.
+
+DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMAGERY.
+
+6. PRINTED PAGES. I cannot remember a single sentence, but I remember
+the place of the sentence and the kind of type.
+
+7. FURNITURE? I have never attended to it.
+
+8. PERSONS? I remember the faces of persons formerly well-known vividly,
+and can make them do anything I like.
+
+9. SCENERY? Remembrance vivid and distinct, and gives me pleasure.
+
+10. GEOGRAPHY? No.
+
+11. MILITARY MOVEMENTS? No.
+
+12. MECHANISM? Never tried.
+
+13. GEOMETRY? I do not think I have any power of the kind.
+
+14. NUMERALS? When I think of any number, printed figures arise before
+my mind. I can't remember for an hour four consecutive figures.
+
+15. CARD PLAYING? Have not played for many years, but I am sure should
+not remember.
+
+16. CHESS? Never played.
+
+
+[In 1880 he published a short paper in 'Nature' (volume xxi. page 207)
+on the "Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese goose." He
+received the hybrids from the Rev. Dr. Goodacre, and was glad of the
+opportunity of testing the accuracy of the statement that these species
+are fertile inter se. This fact, which was given in the 'Origin' on
+the authority of Mr. Eyton, he considered the most remarkable as
+yet recorded with respect to the fertility of hybrids. The fact (as
+confirmed by himself and Dr. Goodacre) is of interest as giving another
+proof that sterility is no criterion of specific difference, since the
+two species of goose now shown to be fertile inter se are so distinct
+that they have been placed by some authorities in distinct genera or
+sub-genera.
+
+The following letter refers to Mr. Huxley's lecture: "The Coming of Age
+of the Origin of Species" (This same "Coming of Age" was the subject
+of an address from the Council of the Otago Institute. It is given in
+'Nature,' February 24, 1881.), given at the Royal Institution, April 9,
+1880, published in 'Nature,' and in 'Science and Culture,' page 310:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday, April 11,
+1880.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a bad cough, and we
+have come here to see whether a change would do me good, as it has done.
+What a magnificent success your lecture seems to have been, as I judge
+from the reports in the "Standard" and "Daily News", and more especially
+from the accounts given me by three of my children. I suppose that you
+have not written out your lecture, so I fear there is no chance of its
+being printed in extenso. You appear to have piled, as on so many other
+occasions, honours high and thick on my old head. But I well know how
+great a part you have played in establishing and spreading the belief in
+the descen-theory, ever since that grand review in the "Times" and the
+battle royal at Oxford up to the present day.
+
+Ever my dear Huxley, Yours sincerely and gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement of
+your Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject,
+until my wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since
+the 'Origin' appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your
+words flashed on me!
+
+
+[In the above-mentioned lecture Mr. Huxley made a strong point of the
+accumulation of palaeontological evidence which the years between 1859
+and 1880 have given us in favour of Evolution. On this subject my father
+wrote (August 31, 1880):]
+
+
+My dear Professor Marsh,
+
+I received some time ago your very kind note of July 28th, and yesterday
+the magnificent volume. (Odontornithes. A Monograph on the extinct
+Toothed Birds of North America. 1880. By O.C. Marsh.) I have looked with
+renewed admiration at the plates, and will soon read the text. Your work
+on these old birds, and on the many fossil animals of North America has
+afforded the best support to the theory of Evolution, which has appeared
+within the last twenty years. (Mr. Huxley has well pointed out ('Science
+and Culture,' page 317) that: "In 1875, the discovery of the toothed
+birds of the cretaceous formation in North America, by Prof. Marsh,
+completed the series of transitional forms between birds and reptiles,
+and removed Mr. Darwin's proposition that, 'many animal forms of life
+have been utterly lost, through which the early progenitors of birds
+were formerly connected with the early progenitors of the other
+vertebrate classes,' from the region of hypothesis to that of
+demonstrable fact.") The general appearance of the copy which you have
+sent me is worthy of its contents, and I can say nothing stronger than
+this.
+
+With cordial thanks, believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In November, 1880, he received an account of a flood in Brazil, from
+which his friend Fritz Muller had barely escaped with his life. My
+father immediately wrote to Hermann Muller anxiously enquiring whether
+his brother had lost books, instruments, etc., by this accident, and
+begging in that case "for the sake of science, so that science should
+not suffer," to be allowed to help in making good the loss. Fortunately,
+however, the injury to Fritz Muller's possessions was not so great as
+was expected, and the incident remains only as a memento, which I trust
+cannot be otherwise than pleasing to the survivor, of the friendship of
+the two naturalists.
+
+In 'Nature' (November 11, 1880) appeared a letter from my father,
+which is, I believe, the only instance in which he wrote publicly with
+anything like severity. The late Sir Wyville Thomson wrote, in the
+Introduction to the 'Voyage of the "Challenger"': "The character of
+the abyssal fauna refuses to give the least support to the theory which
+refers the evolution of species to extreme variation guided only by
+natural selection." My father, after characterising these remarks as
+a "standard of criticism, not uncommonly reached by theologians
+and metaphysicians," goes on to take exception to the term "extreme
+variation," and challenges Sir Wyville to name any one who has "said
+that the evolution of species depends only on natural selection." The
+letter closes with an imaginary scene between Sir Wyville and a breeder,
+in which Sir Wyville criticises artificial selection in a somewhat
+similar manner. The breeder is silent, but on the departure of his
+critic he is supposed to make use of "emphatic but irreverent language
+about naturalists." The letter, as originally written, ended with a
+quotation from Sedgwick on the invulnerability of those who write on
+what they do not understand, but this was omitted on the advice of a
+friend, and curiously enough a friend whose combativeness in the good
+cause my father had occasionally curbed.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 16, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+My MS. on 'Worms' has been sent to the printers, so I am going to amuse
+myself by scribbling to you on a few points; but you must not waste your
+time in answering at any length this scribble.
+
+Firstly, your letter on intelligence was very useful to me and I tor
+up and re-wrote what I sent to you. I have not attempted to define
+intelligence; but have quoted your remarks on experience, and have shown
+how far they apply to worms. It seems to me that they must be said
+to work with some intelligence, anyhow they are not guided by a blind
+instinct.
+
+Secondly, I was greatly interested by the abstract in 'Nature' of your
+work on Echinoderms ("On the locomotor system of Echinoderms," by G.J.
+Romanes and J. Cossar Ewart. 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1881,
+page 829.), the complexity with simplicity, and with such curious
+co-ordination of the nervous system is marvellous; and you showed me
+before what splendid gymnastic feats they can perform.
+
+Thirdly, Dr. Roux has sent me a book just published by him: 'Der Kampf
+der Theile,' etc., 1881 (240 pages in length).
+
+He is manifestly a well-read physiologist and pathologist, and from his
+position a good anatomist. It is full of reasoning, and this in German
+is very difficult to me, so that I have only skimmed through each
+page; here and there reading with a little more care. As far as I can
+imperfectly judge, it is the most important book on Evolution, which
+has appeared for some time. I believe that G.H. Lewes hinted at the same
+fundamental idea, viz. that there is a struggle going on within every
+organism between the organic molecules, the cells and the organs.
+I think that his basis is, that every cell which best performs its
+function is, in consequence, at the same time best nourished and best
+propagates its kind. The book does not touch on mental phenomena, but
+there is much discussion on rudimentary or atrophied parts, to which
+subject you formerly attended. Now if you would like to read this book,
+I would sent it... If you read it, and are struck with it (but I may
+be WHOLLY mistaken about its value), you would do a public service by
+analysing and criticising it in 'Nature.'
+
+Dr. Roux makes, I think, a gigantic oversight in never considering
+plants; these would simplify the problem for him.
+
+Fourthly, I do not know whether you will discuss in your book on the
+mind of animals any of the more complex and wonderful instincts. It is
+unsatisfactory work, as there can be no fossilised instincts, and the
+sole guide is their state in other members of the same order, and mere
+PROBABILITY.
+
+But if you do discuss any (and it will perhaps be expected of you), I
+should think that you could not select a better case than that of the
+sand wasps, which paralyse their prey, as formerly described by
+Fabre, in his wonderful paper in the 'Annales des Sciences,' and since
+amplified in his admirable 'Souvenirs.'
+
+Whilst reading this latter book, I speculated a little on the subject.
+Astonishing nonsense is often spoken of the sand wasp's knowledge of
+anatomy. Now will any one say that the Gauchos on the plains of La Plata
+have such knowledge, yet I have often seen them pith a struggling and
+lassoed cow on the ground with unerring skill, which no mere anatomist
+could imitate. The pointed knife was infallibly driven in between the
+vertebrae by a single slight thrust. I presume that the art was first
+discovered by chance, and that each young Gaucho sees exactly how the
+others do it, and then with a very little practice learns the art. Now
+I suppose that the sand wasps originally merely killed their prey by
+stinging them in many places (see page 129 of Fabre's 'Souvenirs,' and
+page 241) on the lower and softest side of the body--and that to sting
+a certain segment was found by far the most successful method; and was
+inherited like the tendency of a bulldog to pin the nose of a bull, or
+of a ferret to bite the cerebellum. It would not be a very great step
+in advance to prick the ganglion of its prey only slightly, and thus
+to give its larvae fresh meat instead of old dried meat. Though Fabre
+insists so strongly on the unvarying character of instinct, yet it is
+shown that there is some variability, as at pages 176, 177.
+
+I fear that I shall have utterly wearied you with my scribbling and bad
+handwriting.
+
+My dear Romanes, yours, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT OF A LETTER TO PROFESSOR A. AGASSIZ, MAY 5TH, 1881:--
+
+I read with much interest your address before the American Association.
+However true your remarks on the genealogies of the several groups may
+be, I hope and believe that you have over-estimated the difficulties to
+be encountered in the future:--A few days after reading your address, I
+interpreted to myself your remarks on one point (I hope in some degree
+correctly) in the following fashion:--
+
+Any character of an ancient, generalised, or intermediate form may, and
+often does, re-appear in its descendants, after countless generations,
+and this explains the extraordinarily complicated affinities of existing
+groups. This idea seems to me to throw a flood of light on the lines,
+sometimes used to represent affinities, which radiate in all directions,
+often to very distant sub-groups,--a difficulty which has haunted me for
+half a century. A strong case could be made out in favour of believing
+in such reversion after immense intervals of time. I wish the idea had
+been put into my head in old days, for I shall never again write on
+difficult subjects, as I have seen too many cases of old men becoming
+feeble in their minds, without being in the least conscious of it. If
+I have interpreted your ideas at all correctly, I hope that you will
+re-urge, on any fitting occasion, your view. I have mentioned it to a
+few persons capable of judging, and it seemed quite new to them. I beg
+you to forgive the proverbial garrulity of old age.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Sir J.D. Hooker's Geographical address
+at the York Meeting (1881) of the British Association:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 6, 1881.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+For Heaven's sake never speak of boring me, as it would be the greatest
+pleasure to aid you in the slightest degree and your letter has
+interested me exceedingly. I will go through your points seriatim, but
+I have never attended much to the history of any subject, and my memory
+has become atrociously bad. It will therefore be a mere chance whether
+any of my remarks are of any use.
+
+Your idea, to show what travellers have done, seems to me a brilliant
+and just one, especially considering your audience.
+
+1. I know nothing about Tournefort's works.
+
+2. I believe that you are fully right in calling Humboldt the greatest
+scientific traveller who ever lived, I have lately read two or three
+volumes again. His Geology is funny stuff; but that merely means that he
+was not in advance of his age. I should say he was wonderful, more for
+his near approach to omniscience than for originality. Whether or not
+his position as a scientific man is as eminent as we think, you might
+truly call him the parent of a grand progeny of scientific travellers,
+who, taken together, have done much for science.
+
+3. It seems to me quite just to give Lyell (and secondarily E. Forbes) a
+very prominent place.
+
+4. Dana was, I believe, the first man who maintained the permanence
+of continents and the great oceans... When I read the 'Challenger's'
+conclusion that sediment from the land is not deposited at greater
+distances than 200 or 300 miles from the land, I was much strengthened
+in my old belief. Wallace seems to me to have argued the case
+excellently. Nevertheless, I would speak, if I were in your place,
+rather cautiously; for T. Mellard Reade has argued lately with some
+force against the view; but I cannot call to mind his arguments. If
+forced to express a judgment, I should abide by the view of approximate
+permanence since Cambrian days.
+
+5. The extreme importance of the Arctic fossil-plants, is self-evident.
+Take the opportunity of groaning over [our] ignorance of the Lignite
+Plants of Kerguelen Land, or any Antarctic land. It might do good.
+
+6. I cannot avoid feeling sceptical about the travelling of plants from
+the North EXCEPT DURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD. It may of course have been
+so and probably was so from one of the two poles at the earliest period,
+during Pre-Cambrian ages; but such speculations seem to me hardly
+scientific seeing how little we know of the old Floras.
+
+I will now jot down without any order a few miscellaneous remarks.
+
+I think you ought to allude to Alph. De Candolle's great book, for
+though it (like almost everything else) is washed out of my mind, yet I
+remember most distinctly thinking it a very valuable work. Anyhow, you
+might allude to his excellent account of the history of all cultivated
+plants.
+
+How shall you manage to allude to your New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego
+work? if you do not allude to them you will be scandalously unjust.
+
+The many Angiosperm plants in the Cretacean beds of the United States
+(and as far as I can judge the age of these beds has been fairly well
+made out) seems to me a fact of very great importance, so is
+their relation to the existing flora of the United States under an
+Evolutionary point of view. Have not some Australian extinct forms been
+lately found in Australia? or have I dreamed it?
+
+Again, the recent discovery of plants rather low down in our Silurian
+beds is very important.
+
+Nothing is more extraordinary in the history of the Vegetable Kingdom,
+as it seems to me, than the APPARENTLY very sudden or abrupt development
+of the higher plants. I have sometimes speculated whether there did
+not exist somewhere during long ages an extremely isolated continent,
+perhaps near the South Pole.
+
+Hence I was greatly interested by a view which Saporta propounded to me,
+a few years ago, at great length in MS. and which I fancy he has
+since published, as I urged him to do--viz., that as soon as
+flower-frequenting insects were developed, during the latter part of the
+secondary period, an enormous impulse was given to the development of
+the higher plants by cross-fertilization being thus suddenly formed.
+
+A few years ago I was much struck with Axel Blytt's Essay showing from
+observation, on the peat beds in Scandinavia, that there had apparently
+been long periods with more rain and other with less rain (perhaps
+connected with Croll's recurrent astronomical periods), and that these
+periods had largely determined the present distribution of the plants of
+Norway and Sweden. This seemed to me, a very important essay.
+
+I have just read over my remarks and I fear that they will not be of the
+slightest use to you.
+
+I cannot but think that you have got through the hardest, or at least
+the most difficult, part of your work in having made so good and
+striking a sketch of what you intend to say; but I can quite understand
+how you must groan over the great necessary labour.
+
+I most heartily sympathise with you on the successes of B. and R.:
+as years advance what happens to oneself becomes of very little
+consequence, in comparison with the careers of our children.
+
+Keep your spirits up, for I am convinced that you will make an excellent
+address.
+
+Ever yours, affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In September he wrote:--
+
+"I have this minute finished reading your splendid but too short
+address. I cannot doubt that it will have been fully appreciated by the
+Geographers of York; if not, they are asses and fools."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Sunday evening [1881].
+
+My dear L.,
+
+Your address (Presidential Address at the York meeting of the British
+Association.) has made me think over what have been the great steps in
+Geology during the last fifty years, and there can be no harm in telling
+you my impression. But it is very odd that I cannot remember what you
+have said on Geology. I suppose that the classification of the Silurian
+and Cambrian formations must be considered the greatest or most
+important step; for I well remember when all these older rocks were
+called grau-wacke, and nobody dreamed of classing them; and now we have
+three azoic formations pretty well made out beneath the Cambrian! But
+the most striking step has been the discovery of the Glacial period: you
+are too young to remember the prodigious effect this produced about the
+year 1840 (?) on all our minds. Elie de Beaumont never believed in it to
+the day of his death! the study of the glacial deposits led to the study
+of the superficial drift, which was formerly NEVER STUDIED and called
+Diluvium, as I well remember. The study under the microscope of
+rock-sections is another not inconsiderable step. So again the making
+out of cleavage and the foliation of the metamorphic rocks. But I will
+not run on, having now eased my mind. Pray do not waste even one minute
+in acknowledging my horrid scrawls.
+
+Ever yours, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extracts referring to the late Francis Maitland Balfour
+(Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge. He was born in 1851, and
+was killed, with his guide, on the Aiguille Blanche, near Courmayeur,
+in July, 1882.), show my father's estimate of his work and intellectual
+qualities, but they give merely an indication of his strong appreciation
+of Balfour's most lovable personal character:--
+
+From a letter to Fritz Muller, January 5, 1882:--
+
+"Your appreciation of Balfour's book ['Comparative Embryology'] has
+pleased me excessively, for though I could not properly judge of it,
+yet it seemed to me one of the most remarkable books which have been
+published for some considerable time. He is quite a young man, and if he
+keeps his health, will do splendid work... He has a fair fortune of
+his own, so that he can give up his whole time to Biology. He is very
+modest, and very pleasant, and often visits here and we like him very
+much."
+
+From a letter to Dr. Dohrn, February 13, 1882:--
+
+"I have got one very bad piece of news to tell you, that F. Balfour is
+very ill at Cambridge with typhoid fever... I hope that he is not in a
+very dangerous state; but the fever is severe. Good Heavens, what a loss
+he would be to Science, and to his many loving friends!"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, January 12, 1882.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Very many thanks for 'Science and Culture,' and I am sure that I shall
+read most of the essays with much interest. With respect to Automatism
+("On the hypothesis that animals are automata and its history," an
+Address given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association, 1874,
+and published in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1874, and in 'Science and
+Culture.'), I wish that you could review yourself in the old, and
+of course forgotten, trenchant style, and then you would here answer
+yourself with equal incisiveness; and thus, by Jove, you might go on ad
+infinitum, to the joy and instruction of the world.
+
+Ever yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Dr. Ogle's translation of Aristotle, 'On
+the Parts of Animals' (1882):]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, February 22, 1882.
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+You must let me thank you for the pleasure which the introduction to
+the Aristotle book has given me. I have rarely read anything which has
+interested me more, though I have not read as yet more than a quarter of
+the book proper.
+
+From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's
+merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he
+was. Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different
+ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle. How very curious,
+also, his ignorance on some points, as on muscles as the means of
+movement. I am glad that you have explained in so probable a manner some
+of the grossest mistakes attributed to him. I never realized, before
+reading your book, to what an enormous summation of labour we owe even
+our common knowledge. I wish old Aristotle could know what a grand
+Defender of the Faith he had found in you. Believe me, my dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In February, he received a letter and a specimen from a Mr. W.D. Crick,
+which illustrated a curious mode of dispersal of bivalve shells,
+namely, by closure of their valves so as to hold on to the leg of a
+water-beetle. This class of fact had a special charm for him, and he
+wrote to 'Nature,' describing the case. ('Nature,' April 6, 1882.)
+
+In April he received a letter from Dr. W. Van Dyck, Lecturer in Zoology
+at the Protestant College of Beyrout. The letter showed that the street
+dogs of Beyrout had been rapidly mongrelised by introduced European
+dogs, and the facts have an interesting bearing on my father's theory of
+Sexual Selection.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.T. VAN DYCK. Down, April 3, 1882.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+After much deliberation, I have thought it best to send your very
+interesting paper to the Zoological Society, in hopes that it will
+be published in their Journal. This journal goes to every scientific
+institution in the world, and the contents are abstracted in all
+year-books on Zoology. Therefore I have preferred it to 'Nature,' though
+the latter has a wider circulation, but is ephemeral.
+
+I have prefaced your essay by a few general remarks, to which I hope
+that you will not object.
+
+Of course I do not know that the Zoological Society, which is much
+addicted to mere systematic work, will publish your essay. If it does, I
+will send you copies of your essay, but these will not be ready for some
+months. If not published by the Zoological Society, I will endeavour
+to get 'Nature' to publish it. I am very anxious that it should be
+published and preserved.
+
+Dear Sir, Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The paper was read at a meeting of the Zoological Society on April
+18th--the day before my father's death.
+
+The preliminary remarks with which Dr. Van Dyck's paper is prefaced are
+thus the latest of my father's writings.]
+
+We must now return to an early period of his life, and give a connected
+account of his botanical work, which has hitherto been omitted.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.X. -- FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+
+[In the letters already given we have had occasion to notice the general
+bearing of a number of botanical problems on the wider question of
+Evolution. The detailed work in botany which my father accomplished by
+the guidance of the light cast on the study of natural history by his
+own work on Evolution remains to be noticed. In a letter to Mr. Murray,
+September 24th, 1861, speaking of his book on the 'Fertilisation of
+Orchids,' he says: "It will perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural
+History may be worked under the belief of the modification of species."
+This remark gives a suggestion as to the value and interest of his
+botanical work, and it might be expressed in far more emphatic language
+without danger of exaggeration.
+
+In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says: "I think this little volume
+will do good to the 'Origin,' as it will show that I have worked hard
+at details." It is true that his botanical work added a mass of
+corroborative detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support
+to his doctrines given by these researches was of another kind. They
+supplied an argument against those critics who have so freely dogmatised
+as to the uselessness of particular structures, and as to the consequent
+impossibility of their having been developed by means of natural
+selection. His observations on Orchids enabled him to say: "I can show
+the meaning of some of the apparently meaningless ridges, horns, who
+will now venture to say that this or that structure is useless?" A
+kindred point is expressed in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (May 14th,
+1862:)--
+
+"When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to
+the effects of climate, etc., but when a single point alone, as a hooked
+seed, it is conceivable it may thus have arisen. I have found the study
+of Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the
+flower are co-adapted for fertilization by insects, and therefore
+the results of natural selection--even the most trifling details of
+structure."
+
+One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the study of
+Natural History is the revival of Teleology. The evolutionist studies
+the purpose or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleology,
+but with far wider and more coherent purpose. He has the invigorating
+knowledge that he is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy
+of the present, but a coherent view of both past and present. And even
+where he fails to discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge
+of its structure, unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the
+life of the species. In this way a vigour and unity is given to the
+study of the forms of organised beings, which before it lacked.
+This point has already been discussed in Mr. Huxley's chapter on the
+'Reception of the "Origin of Species",' and need not be here considered.
+It does, however, concern us to recognize that this "great service to
+natural science," as Dr. Gray describes it, was effected almost as much
+by his special botanical work as by the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical
+work, I may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,'
+one of the "Nature Series". Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship
+with my father, and especially his power of sympathising with the work
+of others, combine to give this essay a permanent value. The following
+passage (page 43) gives a true picture:--
+
+"Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr.
+Darwin always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed
+botanist. He turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they
+were convenient objects for studying organic phenomena in their least
+complicated forms; and this point of view, which, if one may use the
+expression without disrespect, had something of the amateur about it,
+was in itself of the greatest importance. For, from not being, till he
+took up any point, familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind
+was absolutely free from any prepossession. He was never afraid of his
+facts, or of framing any hypothesis, however startling, which seemed to
+explain them... In any one else such an attitude would have produced
+much work that was crude and rash. But Mr. Darwin--if one may venture
+on language which will strike no one who had conversed with him as
+over-strained--seemed by gentle persuasion to have penetrated that
+reserve of nature which baffles smaller men. In other words, his long
+experience had given him a kind of instinctive insight into the method
+of attack of any biological problem, however unfamiliar to him, while
+he rigidly controlled the fertility of his mind in hypothetical
+explanations by the no less fertility of ingeniously devised
+experiment."
+
+To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it
+is necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+emerged. It should be remembered that it was only during the early
+years of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants,
+became at all firmly established. Sachs, in his 'History of Botany'
+(1875), has given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness
+with which its acceptance gained ground. He remarks that when we
+consider the experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by
+Kolreuter (1761-66), it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards
+have been raised as to the sexuality of plants. Yet he shows that such
+doubts did actually repeatedly crop up. These adverse criticisms rested
+for the most part on careless experiments, but in many cases on a priori
+arguments. Even as late as 1820, a book of this kind, which would now
+rank with circle squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was seriously
+noticed in a botanical journal.
+
+A distinct conception of sex as applied to plants, had not long emerged
+from the mists of profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the
+time when my father began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at
+Cambridge.
+
+When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+weighing down any rational view of the subject. Camerarius (Sachs,
+'Geschichte,' page 419.) believed (naturally enough in his day) that
+hermaphrodite flowers are necessarily self-fertilised. He had the wit to
+be astonished at this, a degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points
+out, the majority of his successors did not attain to.
+
+The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred to
+my father as early as 1837:--
+
+"Do not plants which have male and female organs together [i.e. in the
+same flower] yet receive influence from other plants? Does not Lyell
+give some argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on
+account of pollen from other plants? Because this may be applied to show
+all plants do receive intermixture."
+
+Sprengel (Christian Conrad Sprengel, 1750-1816.), indeed, understood
+that the hermaphrodite structure of flowers by no means necessarily
+leads to self-fertilisation. But although he discovered that in many
+cases pollen is of necessity carried to the stigma of another FLOWER, he
+did not understand that in the advantage gained by the intercrossing of
+distinct PLANTS lies the key to the whole question. Hermann Muller has
+well remarked that this "omission was for several generations fatal to
+Sprengel's work... For both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt
+above all the weakness of his theory, and they set aside, along with his
+defective ideas, his rich store of patient and acute observations and
+his comprehensive and accurate interpretations." It remained for my
+father to convince the world that the meaning hidden in the structure of
+flowers was to be found by seeking light in the same direction in which
+Sprengel, seventy years before, had laboured. Robert Brown was the
+connecting link between them, for it was at his recommendation that
+my father in 1841 read Sprengel's now celebrated 'Secret of Nature
+Displayed.' ('Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der
+Befruchtung der Blumen.' Berlin, 1793.) The book impressed him as being
+"full of truth," although "with some little nonsense." It not only
+encouraged him in kindred speculation, but guided him in his work,
+for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's observations. It may be
+doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more beautiful seed than in
+putting such a book into such hands.
+
+A passage in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.) shows how it was that my
+father was attracted to the subject of fertilisation: "During the summer
+of 1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend
+to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."
+
+The original connection between the study of flowers and the problem of
+evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted. Moreover, it
+was not a permanent bond. As soon as the idea arose that the offspring
+of cross-fertilisation is, in the struggle for life, likely to conquer
+the seedlings of self-fertilised parentage, a far more vigorous belief
+in the potency of natural selection in moulding the structure of flowers
+is attained. A central idea is gained towards which experiment and
+observation may be directed.
+
+Dr. Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea ('Nature,'
+June 4, 1874):--"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a
+characteristic specimen of the science of the middle ages. The aphorism,
+Nature abhors close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the
+principle, belong to our age and to Mr. Darwin. To have originated this,
+and also the principle of Natural Selection... and to have applied these
+principles to the system of nature, in such a manner as to make, within
+a dozen years, a deeper impression upon natural history than has been
+made since Linnaeus, is ample title for one man's fame."
+
+The flowers of the Papilionaceae attracted his attention early, and
+were the subject of his first paper on fertilisation. ("Gardeners'
+Chronicle", 1857, page 725. It appears that this paper was a piece of
+"over-time" work. He wrote to a friend, "that confounded leguminous
+paper was done in the afternoon, and the consequence was I had to go to
+Moor Park for a week.") The following extract from an undated letter to
+Dr. Asa Gray seems to have been written before the publication of this
+paper, probably in 1856 or 1857:--
+
+"... What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark
+is applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed
+many years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly
+in direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand. It is really
+pretty to watch the action of a Humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean,
+and in this genus (and in Lathyrus grandiflorus) the honey is so placed
+that the bee invariably alights on that ONE side of the flower towards
+which the spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it pollen), and
+by the depression of the wing-petal is forced against the bee's side all
+dusted with pollen. (If you will look at a bed of scarlet kidney beans
+you will find that the wing-petals on the LEFT side alone are all
+scratched by the tarsi of the bees. [Note in the original letter by C.
+Darwin.]) In the broom the pistil is rubbed on the centre of the back
+of the bee. I suspect there is something to be made out about the
+Leguminosae, which will bring the case within OUR theory; though I have
+failed to do so. Our theory will explain why in the vegetable and animal
+kingdom the act of fertilisation even in hermaphrodites usually takes
+place sub-jove, though thus exposed to GREAT injury from damp and rain.
+In animals which cannot be [fertilised] by insects or wind, there is NO
+CASE of LAND-animals being hermaphrodite without the concourse of two
+individuals."
+
+A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of
+the paper in the "Gardeners' Chronicle":--
+
+"Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed;
+but I was led to believe that the pollen could HARDLY get on the stigma
+by wind or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and moving
+the wing petals: hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two
+bottles in every way treated the same: the flowers in one I daily just
+momentarily moved, as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other
+NOT ONE. Of course this little experiment must be tried again, and this
+year in England it is too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to set.
+If bees are necessary to this flower's self-fertilisation, bees must
+almost cross them, as their dusted right-side of head and right legs
+constantly touch the stigma.
+
+"I have, also, lately been re-observing daily Lobelia fulgens--this in
+my garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without
+pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited
+by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such
+beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own
+pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of
+crosses."
+
+The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858. ("Gardeners' Chronicle",
+1858, page 828. In 1861 another paper on Fertilisation appeared in the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", page 552, in which he explained the action of
+insects on Vinca major. He was attracted to the periwinkle by the fact
+that it is not visited by insects and never set seeds.) The chief object
+of these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+possibility of growing varieties of leguminous plants near each other,
+and yet keeping them true. It is curious that the Papilionaceae should
+not only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by
+their obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+constituted one of his sorest puzzles. The common pea and the sweet pea
+gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep
+true. The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they
+are not perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects. He could
+not, at this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination
+between a flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be
+as delicate as that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation
+was not likely to occur to him. (He was of course alive to variety in
+the habits of insects. He published a short note in the "Entomologists
+Weekly Intelligencer", 1860, asking whether the Tineina and other small
+moths suck flowers.)
+
+Besides observing the Leguminosae, he had already begun, as shown in
+the foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in
+relation to insects. At the beginning of 1860 he worked at Leschenaultia
+(He published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation of this
+flower, in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1871, page 1166.), which at first
+puzzled him, but was ultimately made out. A passage in a letter chiefly
+relating to Leschenaultia seems to show that it was only in the spring
+of 1860 that he began widely to apply his knowledge to the relation of
+insects to other flowers. This is somewhat surprising, when we remember
+that he had read Sprengel many years before. He wrote (May 14):--
+
+"I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to
+visits of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."
+
+Even in July 1862 he wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"There is no end to the adaptations. Ought not these cases to make
+one very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts? I fully
+believe that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in
+relation to insects. Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the
+witty "Athenaeum") world."
+
+He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that
+several kinds are common near Down. The letters of 1860 show that these
+plants occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part
+of the summer and all the autumn to the subject. He evidently considered
+himself idle for wasting time on Orchids, which ought to have been given
+to 'Variation under Domestication.' Thus he wrote:--
+
+"There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not
+sticking to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks. I hear
+that Lyell is savage at me. I shall never resist Linum next summer."
+
+It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking
+and familiar facts in the book, namely, the manner in which the pollen
+masses in Orchis are adapted for removal by insects. He wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker July 12:--
+
+"I have been examining Orchis pyramidalis, and it almost equals, perhaps
+even beats, your Listera case; the sticky glands are congenitally united
+into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of movement, and
+seizes hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable manner, and then
+another movement takes place in the pollen masses, by which they
+are beautifully adapted to leave pollen on the two LATERAL stigmatic
+surfaces. I never saw anything so beautiful."
+
+In June of the same year he wrote:--
+
+"You speak of adaptation being rarely VISIBLE, though present in plants.
+I have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I
+think its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and
+plain, or even more beautiful than in the Woodpecker. I have written and
+sent a notice for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" (June 9, 1860. This seems
+to have attracted some attention, especially among entomologists, as it
+was reprinted in the "Entomologists Weekly Intelligencer", 1860.), on a
+curious difficulty in the Bee Orchis, and should much like to hear what
+you think of the case. In this article I have incidentally touched on
+adaptation to visits of insects; but the contrivance to keep the sticky
+glands fresh and sticky beats almost everything in nature. I never
+remember having seen it described, but it must have been, and, as I
+ought not in my book to give the observation as my own, I should be very
+glad to know where this beautiful contrivance is described."
+
+He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:--
+
+"Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common
+orchids, and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the
+hills, but I have been so struck with admiration at the contrivances,
+that I have sent a notice to the "Gardeners' Chronicle". The Ophrys
+apifera, offers, as you will see, a curious contradiction in structure."
+
+Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+good use in the Orchid book. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):--
+
+"It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you,
+after examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me
+feel positive I am right! I do not quite understand some of your
+terms; but sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am
+intensely interested on the subject, just as at a game of chess."
+
+This work was valuable from a systematic point of view. In 1880 he wrote
+to Mr. Bentham:--
+
+"It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchideae, for it has
+pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the LEAST use
+to you about the nature of the parts."
+
+The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown
+in such extracts as the following from a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (July
+27, 1861):--
+
+"You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me. They came safe,
+but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa- or snuff-canister much
+safer. I enclose postage. As an account of the movement, I shall allude
+to what I suppose is Oncidium, to make CERTAIN,--is the enclosed flower
+with crumpled petals this genus? Also I most specially want to know what
+the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is. I have only seen pollen
+of a Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not unintentionally sent
+me what I wanted most (after Catasetum or Mormodes), viz. one of the
+Epidendreae?! I PARTICULARLY want (and will presently tell you why)
+another spike of this little Orchid, with older flowers, some even
+almost withered."
+
+His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray
+(1863). referring to Cruger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:--"Happy
+man, he has actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with
+the pollinia sticking to their backs!"
+
+The following extracts of letters to Sir J.D. Hooker illustrate further
+the interest which his work excited in him:--
+
+"Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning. What wonderful structures!
+
+"I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I
+enjoy looking at them MUCH, and it has been very useful to me, seeing
+so many different forms, it is idleness. For my object each species
+requires studying for days. I wish you had time to take up the group.
+I would give a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have
+traced so many curious modifications. I suppose it cannot be one of the
+stigmas (It is a modification of the upper stigma.), there seems a great
+tendency for two lateral stigmas to appear. My paper, though touching
+on only subordinate points will run, I fear, to 100 MS. folio pages!
+The beauty of the adaptation of parts seems to me unparalleled. I should
+think or guess waxy pollen was most differentiated. In Cypripedium which
+seems least modified, and a much exterminated group, the grains are
+single. In ALL OTHERS, as far as I have seen, they are in packets of
+four; and these packets cohere into many wedge-formed masses in Orchis;
+into eight, four, and finally two. It seems curious that a flower should
+exist, which could AT MOST fertilise only two other flowers, seeing
+how abundant pollen generally is; this fact I look at as explaining the
+perfection of the contrivance by which the pollen, so important from its
+fewness, is carried from flower to flower" (1861).
+
+"I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the
+Orchids came. What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you
+really must not take an atom more; for the Orchids are more play than
+real work. I have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked
+all morning at them; for heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more"
+(August 30, 1861).
+
+He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+Linnean Society's Journal, but it soon became evident that a separate
+volume would be a more suitable form of publication. In a letter to Sir
+J.D. Hooker, September 24, 1861, he writes:--
+
+"I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and
+perhaps in truth I have. When I finished a few days ago my Orchis
+paper, which turns out 140 folio pages!! and thought of the expense of
+woodcuts, I said to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society to withdraw
+it, and publish it in a pamphlet. It then flashed on me that perhaps
+Murray would publish it, so I gave him a cautious description, and
+offered to share risks and profits. This morning he writes that he
+will publish and take all risks, and share profits and pay for all
+illustrations. It is a risk, and heaven knows whether it will not be a
+dead failure, but I have not deceived Murray, and [have] told him that
+it would interest those alone who cared much for natural history. I hope
+I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the many special contrivances."
+
+He wrote the two following letters to Mr. Murray about the publication
+of the book:]
+
+Down, September 21 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Will you have the kindness to give me your opinion, which I shall
+implicitly follow. I have just finished a very long paper intended for
+Linnean Society (the title is enclosed), and yesterday for the first
+time it occurred to me that POSSIBLY it might be worth publishing
+separately which would save me trouble and delay. The facts are new, and
+have been collected during twenty years and strike me as curious. Like a
+Bridgewater treatise, the chief object is to show the perfection of the
+many contrivances in Orchids. The subject of propagation is interesting
+to most people, and is treated in my paper so that any woman could read
+it. Parts are dry and purely scientific; but I think my paper would
+interest a good many of such persons who care for Natural History, but
+no others.
+
+... It would be a very little book, and I believe you think very little
+books objectionable. I have myself GREAT doubts on the subject. I am
+very apt to think that my geese are swans; but the subject seems to me
+curious and interesting.
+
+I beg you not to be guided in the least in order to oblige me, but as
+far as you can judge, please give me your opinion. If I were to publish
+separately, I would agree to any terms, such as half risk and half
+profit, or what you liked; but I would not publish on my sole risk, for
+to be frank, I have been told that no publisher whatever, under such
+circumstances, cares for the success of a book.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY. Down, September 24 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged for your note and very liberal offer. I have
+had some qualms and fears. All that I can feel sure of is that the MS.
+contains many new and curious facts, and I am sure the Essay would have
+interested me, and will interest those who feel lively interest in the
+wonders of nature; but how far the public will care for such minute
+details, I cannot at all tell. It is a bold experiment; and at worst,
+cannot entail much loss; as a certain amount of sale will, I think, be
+pretty certain. A large sale is out of the question. As far as I can
+judge, generally the points which interest me I find interest others;
+but I make the experiment with fear and trembling,--not for my own sake,
+but for yours...
+
+
+[On September 28th he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back.
+I have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing
+my paper, a most ridiculous thing. It would annoy me much, but only for
+Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."
+
+There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still
+receiving Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"It is impossible to thank you enough. I was almost mad at the wealth of
+Orchids." And again--
+
+"Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be
+irritable; so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech
+you, observe what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must
+be touched. Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum,
+the most wonderful Orchid I have seen."
+
+On October 13th he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature. I have had the hardest
+day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand
+at last the mechanism of movements and the functions. Catasetum is
+a beautiful case of slight modification of structure leading to new
+functions. I never was more interested in any subject in my life than in
+this of Orchids. I owe very much to you."
+
+Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:--
+
+"If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall
+be most grateful; had I not better send for it? The case is truly
+marvellous; the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch
+is certainly transmitted through the antennae for more than one inch
+INSTANTANEOUSLY... A cursed insect or something let my last flower off
+last night."
+
+Professor de Candolle has remarked ('Darwin considere, etc.,' 'Archives
+des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles,' 3eme periode. Tome vii. 481, 1882
+(May).) of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui qui aurait demande de construire
+des palais pour y loger des laboratoires." This was singularly true of
+his orchid work, or rather it would be nearer the truth to say that
+he had no laboratory, for it was only after the publication of the
+'Fertilisation of Orchids,' that he built himself a greenhouse. He wrote
+to Sir J.D. Hooker (December 24th, 1862):--
+
+"And now I am going to tell you a MOST important piece of news!! I
+have almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really
+firs-rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and
+see that it is well done, and he is really a clever fellow, who wins
+lots of prizes, and is very observant. He believes that we should
+succeed with a little patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to
+experiment with plants."
+
+Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):--
+
+"I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+just like a schoolboy. Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+give me; and then I shall know what to order? And do advise me how I had
+better get such plants as you can SPARE. Would it do to send my tax-cart
+early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the cart with
+mats, and arriving here before night? I have no idea whether this
+degree of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could injure
+stov-plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the journey
+home."
+
+A week later he wrote:--
+
+"you cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than
+your dead Wedgwood ware can give you); and I go and gloat over them,
+but we privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own,
+perhaps we should not see such transcendent beauty in each leaf."
+
+And in March, when he was extremely unwell he wrote:--
+
+"A few words about the Stove-plants; they do so amuse me. I have crawled
+to see them two or three times. Will you correct and answer, and return
+enclosed. I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names
+(His difficulty with regard to the names of plants is illustrated, with
+regard to a Lupine on which he was at work, in an extract from a letter
+(July 21, 1866) to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I sent to the nursery garden,
+whence I bought the seed, and could only hear that it was 'the common
+blue Lupine,' the man saying 'he was no scholard, and did not know
+Latin, and that parties who make experiments ought to find out the
+names.'"), and I like much to know the family."
+
+The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to
+Murray, June 13th and 18th:--
+
+"The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me
+(perhaps you) the 'Parthenon,' with a good review. The "Athenaeum" (May
+24, 1862.) treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer
+knew nothing of his subject."
+
+"There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the 'London
+Review,' (June 14, 1862.) But I have not been a fool, as I thought I
+was, to publish (Doubts on this point still, however, occurred to him
+about this time. He wrote to Prof. Oliver (June 8): "I am glad that
+you have read my Orchis-book and seem to approve of it; for I never
+published anything which I so much doubted whether it was worth
+publishing, and indeed I still doubt. The subject interested me beyond
+what, I suppose, it is worth."); for Asa Gray, about the most competent
+judge in the world, thinks almost as highly of the book as does the
+'London Review.' The "Athenaeum" will hinder the sale greatly."
+
+The Rev. M.J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the 'London
+Review,' as my father learned from Sir J.D. Hooker, who added, 'I
+thought it very well done indeed. I have read a good deal of the
+Orchid-book, and echo all he says."
+
+To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):--
+
+"My dear Old Friend,
+
+You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart, but you will never
+know how often you have warmed mine. It is not your approbation of my
+scientific work (though I care for that more than for any one's): it is
+something deeper. To this day I remember keenly a letter you wrote to me
+from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and how it cheered me when I
+was utterly weary of life. Well, my Orchis-book is a success (but I do
+not know whether it sells.)"
+
+In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:--
+
+"You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and
+Oliver approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness,
+and doubted whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and
+concocted pleasant little stinging remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr.
+Darwin's head seems to have been turned by a certain degree of
+success, and he thinks that the most trifling observations are worth
+publication.'"
+
+Mr. Bentham's approval was given in his Presidential Address to the
+Linnean Society, May 24, 1862, and was all the more valuable because
+it came from one who was by no means supposed to be favourable to
+evolutionary doctrines.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 10 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Your generous sympathy makes you overestimate what you have read of my
+Orchid-book. But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+foolish amount of satisfaction. The subject interested me, I knew,
+beyond its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made
+myself a complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form. Now I shall
+confidently defy the world. I have heard that Bentham and Oliver approve
+of it; but I have heard the opinion of no one else whose opinion is
+worth a farthing... No doubt my volume contains much error: how curiously
+difficult it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost. Your notes have
+interested me beyond measure. I can now afford to d-- my critics with
+ineffable complacency of mind. Cordial thanks for this benefit. It
+is surprising to me that you should have strength of mind to care for
+science, amidst the awful events daily occurring in your country. I
+daily look at the "Times" with almost as much interest as an American
+could do. When will peace come? it is dreadful to think of the
+desolation of large parts of your magnificent country; and all the
+speechless misery suffered by many. I hope and think it not unlikely
+that we English are wrong in concluding that it will take a long time
+for prosperity to return to you. It is an awful subject to reflect on...
+
+
+[Dr. Asa Gray reviewed the book in 'Silliman's Journal' ('Silliman's
+Journal,' volume xxiv. page 138. Here is given an account of the
+fertilisation of Platanthera Hookeri. P. hyperborea is discussed in
+Dr. Gray's 'Enumeration' in the same volume, page 259; also, with other
+species, in a second notice of the Orchid-book at page 420.), where he
+speaks, in strong terms, of the fascination which it must have for even
+slightly instructed readers. He made, too, some original observations on
+an American orchid, and these first-fruits of the subject, sent in MS.
+or proof sheet to my father, were welcomed by him in a letter (July
+23rd):--
+
+"Last night, after writing the above, I read the great bundle of notes.
+Little did I think what I had to read. What admirable observations! You
+have distanced me on my own hobby-horse! I have not had for weeks such a
+glow of pleasure as your observations gave me."
+
+The next letter refers to the publication of the review:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, July 28 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I hardly know what to thank for first. Your stamps gave infinite
+satisfaction. I took him (One of his boys who was ill.) first one lot,
+and then an hour afterwards another lot. He actually raised himself on
+one elbow to look at them. It was the first animation he showed. He said
+only: "You must thank Professor Gray awfully." In the evening after
+a long silence, there came out the oracular sentence: "He is awfully
+kind." And indeed you are, overworked as you are, to take so much
+trouble for our poor dear little man.--And now I must begin the
+"awfullys" on my own account: what a capital notice you have published
+on the orchids! It could not have been better; but I fear that you
+overrate it. I am very sure that I had not the least idea that you or
+any one would approve of it so much. I return your last note for the
+chance of your publishing any notice on the subject; but after all
+perhaps you may not think it worth while; yet in my judgment SEVERAL of
+your facts, especially Platanthera hyperborea, are MUCH too good to be
+merged in a review. But I have always noticed that you are prodigal in
+originality in your reviews...
+
+
+[Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+writing in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor.
+My father wrote to Sir Joseph (November 12, 1862):--
+
+"So you did write the review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". Once or
+twice I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap
+at R. Brown, I doubted no longer. You arch-rogue! I do not wonder you
+have deceived others also. Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you
+have much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming
+from you I value it much more than from any other."
+
+With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I
+am fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists." Among
+naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+appreciation of the book. I have no means of knowing when he read it,
+but in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic
+in praise of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' which he considered "next
+to the 'Origin,' as the most valuable of all Darwin's works." Among the
+general public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus
+he wrote to his cousin Fox in September 1862: "Hardly any one not a
+botanist, except yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."
+
+A favourable notice appeared in the "Saturday Review", October 18th,
+1862; the reviewer points out that the book would escape the angry
+polemics aroused by the 'Origin.' (Dr. Gray pointed out that if the
+Orchid-book (with a few trifling omissions) had appeared before the
+'Origin,' the author would have been canonised rather than anathematised
+by the natural theologians.) This is illustrated by a review in the
+"Literary Churchman", in which only one fault found, namely, that Mr.
+Darwin's expression of admiration at the contrivances in orchids is too
+indirect a way of saying, "O Lord, how manifold are Thy works!"
+
+A somewhat similar criticism occurs in the 'Edinburgh Review' (October
+1862). The writer points out that Mr. Darwin constantly uses phrases,
+such as "beautiful contrivance," "the labellum is... IN ORDER TO
+attract," "the nectar is PURPOSELY lodged." The Reviewer concludes his
+discussion thus: "We know, too that these purposes and ideas are not our
+own, but the ideas and purposes of Another."
+
+The 'Edinburgh' reviewer's treatment of this subject was criticised
+in the "Saturday Review", November 15th, 1862: With reference to this
+article my father wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (December 29th, 1862):--
+
+"Here is an odd chance; my nephew Henry Parker, an Oxford Classic, and
+Fellow of Oriel, came here this evening; and I asked him whether he
+knew who had written the little article in the "Saturday", smashing the
+[Edinburgh reviewer], which we liked; and after a little hesitation he
+owned he had. I never knew that he wrote in the "Saturday"; and was it
+not an odd chance?"
+
+The 'Edinburgh' article was written by the Duke of Argyll, and has
+since been made use of in his 'Reign of Law,' 1867. Mr. Wallace replied
+('Quarterly Journal of Science,' October 1867. Republished in 'Natural
+Selection,' 1871.) to the Duke's criticisms, making some specially good
+remarks on those which refer to orchids. He shows how, by a "beautiful
+self-acting adjustment," the nectary of the orchid Angraecum (from 10 to
+14 inches in length), and the proboscis of a moth sufficiently long to
+reach the nectar, might be developed by natural selection. He goes on to
+point out that on any other theory we must suppose that the flower was
+created with an enormously long nectary, and that then by a special act,
+an insect was created fitted to visit the flower, which would otherwise
+remain sterile. With regard to this point my father wrote (October 12 or
+13, 1867):--
+
+"I forgot to remark how capitally you turn the tables on the Duke, when
+you make him create the Angraecum and Moth by special creation."
+
+If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers,
+we do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book. There are a few
+papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and
+by Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+Hildebrand, and the Mullers, did not begin to appear until about 1867.
+The period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before
+they became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short. The
+later activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact
+that the valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson in his
+translation of Muller's 'Befruchtung' (1883), contains references to 814
+papers.
+
+Besides the book on Orchids, my father wrote two or three papers on the
+subject, which will be found mentioned in the Appendix. The earliest of
+these, on the three sexual forms of Catasetum, was published in 1862; it
+is an anticipation of part of the Orchid-book, and was merely published
+in the Linnean Society's Journal, in acknowledgment of the use made of
+a specimen in the Society's possession. The possibility of apparently
+distinct species being merely sexual forms of a single species,
+suggested a characteristic experiment, which is alluded to in the
+following letter to one of his earliest disciples in the study of the
+fertilisation of flowers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE. (The late Mr. Moggridge, author
+of 'Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders,' 'Flora of Mentone,' etc.)
+Down, October 13 [1865].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am especially obliged to you for your beautiful plates and
+letter-press; for no single point in natural history interests and
+perplexes me so much as the self-fertilisation (He once remarked to Dr.
+Norman Moore that one of the things that made him wish to live a
+few thousand years, was his desire to see the extinction of the
+Bee-orchis,--an end to which he believed its self-fertilising habit was
+leading.) of the Bee-orchis. You have already thrown some light on the
+subject, and your present observations promise to throw more.
+
+I formed two conjectures: first, that some insect during certain seasons
+might cross the plants, but I have almost given up this; nevertheless,
+pray have a look at the flowers next season. Secondly, I conjectured
+that the Spider and Bee-orchis might be a crossing and self-fertile
+form of the same species. Accordingly I wrote some years ago to an
+acquaintance, asking him to mark some Spider-orchids, and observe
+whether they retained the same character; but he evidently thought the
+request as foolish as if I had asked him to mark one of his cows with a
+ribbon, to see if it would turn next spring into a horse. Now will
+you be so kind as to tie a string round the stem of a half-a-dozen
+Spider-orchids, and when you leave Mentone dig them up, and I would try
+and cultivate them and see if they kept constant; but I should require
+to know in what sort of soil and situations they grow. It would be
+indispensable to mark the plant so that there could be no mistake about
+the individual. It is also just possible that the same plant would throw
+up, at different seasons different flower-scapes, and the marked plants
+would serve as evidence.
+
+With many thanks, my dear sir, Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I send by this post my paper on climbing plants, parts of which
+you might like to read.
+
+[Sir Thomas Farrer and Dr. W. Ogle were also guided and encouraged by
+my father in their observations. The following refers to a paper by Sir
+Thomas Farrer, in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 1868, on
+the fertilisation of the Scarlet Runner:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER. Down, September 15, 1868.
+
+My dear Mr. Farrer,
+
+I grieve to say that the MAIN features of your case are known. I am
+the sinner and described them some ten years ago. But I overlooked
+many details, as the appendage to the single stamen, and several other
+points. I send my notes, but I must beg for their return, as I have NO
+OTHER COPY. I quite agree, the facts are most striking, especially
+as you put them. Are you sure that the Hive-bee is the cutter? it is
+against my experience. If sure, make the point more prominent, or if not
+sure, erase it. I do not think the subject is quite new enough for the
+Linnean Society; but I dare say the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History,' or "Gardeners' Chronicle" would gladly publish your
+observations, and it is a great pity they should be lost. If you like
+I would send your paper to either quarter with a note. In this case
+you must give a title, and your name, and perhaps it would be well to
+premise your remarks with a line of reference to my paper stating that
+you had observed independently and more fully.
+
+I have read my own paper over after an interval of several years, and am
+amused at the caution with which I put the case that the final end
+was for crossing distinct individuals, of which I was then as fully
+convinced as now, but I knew that the doctrine would shock all
+botanists. Now the opinion is becoming familiar.
+
+To see penetration of pollen-tubes is not difficult, but in most cases
+requires some practice with dissecting under a one-tenth of an inch
+focal distance single lens; and just at first this will seem to you
+extremely difficult.
+
+What a capital observer you are--a first-rate Naturalist has been
+sacrificed, or partly sacrificed to Public life.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you come across any large Salvia, look at it--the contrivance
+is admirable. It went to my heart to tell a man who came here a few
+weeks ago with splendid drawings and MS. on Salvia, that the work
+had been all done in Germany. (Dr. W. Ogle, the observer of the
+fertilisation of Salvia here alluded to, published his results in the
+'Pop. Science Review,' 1869. He refers both gracefully and gratefully to
+his relationship with my father in the introduction to his translation
+of Kerner's 'Flowers and their Unbidden Guests.')
+
+
+[The following extract is from a letter, November 26th, 1868, to Sir
+Thomas Farrer, written as I learn from him, "in answer to a request for
+some advice as to the best modes of observation."
+
+"In my opinion the best plan is to go on working and making copious
+notes, without much thought of publication, and then if the results turn
+out striking publish them. It is my impression, but I do not feel sure
+that I am right, that the best and most novel plan would be, instead
+of describing the means of fertilisation in particular plants, to
+investigate the part which certain structures play with all plants
+or throughout certain orders; for instance, the brush of hairs on the
+style, or the diadelphous condition of the stamens, in the Leguminosae,
+or the hairs within the corolla, etc. etc. Looking to your note, I think
+that this is perhaps the plan which you suggest.
+
+"It is well to remember that Naturalists value observations far more
+than reasoning; therefore your conclusions should be as often as
+possible fortified by noticing how insects actually do the work."
+
+In 1869, Sir Thomas Farrer corresponded with my father on the
+fertilisation of Passiflora and of Tacsonia. He has given me his
+impressions of the correspondence:--
+
+"I had suggested that the elaborate series of chevaux-de-frise, by
+which the nectary of the common Passiflora is guarded, were specially
+calculated to protect the flower from the stiff-beaked humming birds
+which would not fertilise it, and to facilitate the access of the little
+proboscis of the humble bee, which would do so; whilst, on the other
+hand, the long pendent tube and flexible valve-like corona which retains
+the nectar of Tacsonia would shut out the bee, which would not,
+and admit the humming bird which would, fertilise that flower. The
+suggestion is very possibly worthless, and could only be verified or
+refuted by examination of flowers in the countries where they grow
+naturally... What interested me was to see that on this as on almost any
+other point of detailed observation, Mr. Darwin could always say, 'Yes;
+but at one time I made some observations myself on this particular
+point; and I think you will find, etc. etc.' That he should after years
+of interval remember that he had noticed the peculiar structure to which
+I was referring in the Passiflora princeps struck me at the time as very
+remarkable."
+
+With regard to the spread of a belief in the adaptation of flowers for
+cross-fertilisation, my father wrote to Mr. Bentham April 22, 1868:
+
+"Most of the criticisms which I sometimes meet with in French works
+against the frequency of crossing, I am certain are the result of mere
+ignorance. I have never hitherto found the rule to fail that when an
+author describes the structure of a flower as specially adapted for
+self-fertilisation, it is really adapted for crossing. The Fumariaceae
+offer a good instance of this, and Treviranus threw this order in my
+teeth; but in Corydalis, Hildebrand shows how utterly false the idea
+of self-fertilisation is. This author's paper on Salvia is really
+worth reading, and I have observed some species, and know that he is
+accurate."
+
+The next letter refers to Professor Hildebrand's paper on Corydalis,
+published in the 'Proc. Internat. Hort. Congress,' London, 1866, and in
+Pringsheim's 'Jahrbucher,' volume v. The memoir on Salvia alluded to is
+contained in the previous volume of the same Journal:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND. (Professor of Botany at Freiburg.)
+Down, May 16 [1866].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+The state of my health prevents my attending the Hort. Congress; but
+I forwarded yesterday your paper to the secretary, and if they are not
+overwhelmed with papers, yours will be gladly received. I have made many
+observations on the Fumariaceae, and convinced myself that they were
+adapted for insect agency; but I never observed anything nearly so
+curious as your most interesting facts. I hope you will repeat your
+experiments on the Corydalis on a larger scale, and especially on
+several distinct plants; for your plant might have been individually
+peculiar, like certain individual plants of Lobelia, etc., described by
+Gartner, and of Passiflora and Orchids described by Mr. Scott...
+
+Since writing to you before, I have read your admirable memoir on
+Salvia, and it has interested me almost as much as when I first
+investigated the structure of Orchids. Your paper illustrates several
+points in my 'Origin of Species,' especially the transition of organs.
+Knowing only two or three species in the genus, I had often marvelled
+how one cell of the anther could have been transformed into the movable
+plate or spoon; and how well you show the gradations; but I am surprised
+that you did not more strongly insist on this point.
+
+I shall be still more surprised if you do not ultimately come to the
+same belief with me, as shown by so many beautiful contrivances,
+that all plants require, from some unknown cause, to be occasionally
+fertilized by pollen from a distinct individual. With sincere respect,
+believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to the late Hermann Muller's 'Befruchtung
+der Blumen,' by far the most valuable of the mass of literature
+originating in the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.' An English translation,
+by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson was published in 1883. My father's "Prefatory
+Notice" to this work is dated February 6, 1882, and is therefore almost
+the last of his writings:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER. Down, May 5, 1873.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Owing to all sorts of interruptions and to my reading German so slowly,
+I have read only to page 88 of your book; but I must have the pleasure
+of telling you how very valuable a work it appears to me. Independently
+of the many original observations, which of course form the most
+important part, the work will be of the highest use as a means of
+reference to all that has been done on the subject. I am fairly
+astonished at the number of species of insects, the visits of which to
+different flowers you have recorded. You must have worked in the most
+indefatigable manner. About half a year ago the editor of 'Nature'
+suggested that it would be a grand undertaking if a number of
+naturalists were to do what you have already done on so large a scale
+with respect to the visits of insects. I have been particularly glad
+to read your historical sketch, for I had never before seen all the
+references put together. I have sometimes feared that I was in
+error when I said that C.K. Sprengel did not fully perceive that
+cross-fertilisation was the final end of the structure of flowers;
+but now this fear is relieved, and it is a great satisfaction to me to
+believe that I have aided in making his excellent book more generally
+known. Nothing has surprised me more than to see in your historical
+sketch how much I myself have done on the subject, as it never before
+occurred to me to think of all my papers as a whole. But I do not doubt
+that your generous appreciation of the labours of others has led you to
+over-estimate what I have done. With very sincere thanks and respect,
+believe me,
+
+Yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I have mentioned your book to almost every one who, as far as I
+know, cares for the subject in England; and I have ordered a copy to be
+send to our Royal Society.
+
+
+[The next letter, to Dr. Behrens, refers to the same subject as the
+last:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. BEHRENS. Down, August 29 [1878].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged to you for having sent me your 'Geschichte der
+Bestaubungs-Theorie' (Progr. der K. Gewerbschule zu Elberfeld, 1877,
+1878.), and which has interested me much. It has put some things in a
+new light, and has told me other things which I did not know. I heartily
+agree with you in your high appreciation of poor old C. Sprengel's work;
+and one regrets bitterly that he did not live to see his labours thus
+valued. It rejoices me also to notice how highly you appreciate H.
+Muller, who has always seemed to me an admirable observer and reasoner.
+I am at present endeavouring to persuade an English publisher to bring
+out a translation of his 'Befruchtung.'
+
+Lastly, permit me to thank you for your very generous remarks on
+my works. By placing what I have been able to do on this subject in
+systematic order, you have made me think more highly of my own work than
+I ever did before! Nevertheless, I fear that you have done me more than
+justice.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The letter which follows was called forth by Dr. Gray's article in
+'Nature,' to which reference has already been made, and which appeared
+June 4, 1874:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I was rejoiced to see your hand-writing again in your note of the 4th,
+of which more anon. I was astonished to see announced about a week ago
+that you were going to write in 'Nature' an article on me, and this
+morning I received an advance copy. It is the grandest thing ever
+written about me, especially as coming from a man like yourself. It
+has deeply pleased me, particularly some of your side remarks. It is a
+wonderful thing to me to live to see my name coupled in any fashion with
+that of Robert Brown. But you are a bold man, for I am sure that you
+will be sneered at by not a few botanists. I have never been so honoured
+before, and I hope it will do me good and make me try to be as careful
+as possible; and good heavens, how difficult accuracy is! I feel a very
+proud man, but I hope this won't last...
+
+
+[Fritz Muller has observed that the flowers of Hedychium are so arranged
+that the pollen is removed by the wings of hovering butterflies. My
+father's prediction of this observation is given in the following
+letter:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER. Down, August 7, 1876.
+
+... I was much interested by your brother's article on Hedychium; about
+two years ago I was so convinced that the flowers were fertilized by the
+tips of the wings of large moths, that I wrote to India to ask a man to
+observe the flowers and catch the moths at work, and he sent me 20 to 30
+Sphin-moths, but so badly packed that they all arrived in fragments; and
+I could make out nothing...
+
+Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter (February 25, 1864), to Dr. Gray
+refers to another prediction fulfilled:--
+
+"I have of course seen no one, and except good dear Hooker, I hear from
+no one. He, like a good and true friend, though so overworked, often
+writes to me.
+
+"I have had one letter which has interested me greatly, with a paper,
+which will appear in the Linnean Journal, by Dr. Cruger of Trinidad,
+which shows that I am all right about Catasetum, even to the spot where
+the pollinia adhere to the bees, which visit the flower, as I said, to
+gnaw the labellum. Cruger's account of Coryanthes and the use of the
+bucket-like labellum full of water beats everything: I SUSPECT that the
+bees being well wetted flattens their hairs, and allows the viscid disc
+to adhere."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, December 24, 1877.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your long and most interesting letter, which I
+should have answered sooner had it not been delayed in London. I had not
+heard before that I was to be proposed as a Corresponding Member of the
+Institute. Living so retired a life as I do, such honours affect me very
+little, and I can say with entire truth that your kind expression of
+sympathy has given and will give me much more pleasure than the election
+itself, should I be elected.
+
+Your idea that dicotyledonous plants were not developed in force until
+sucking insects had been evolved seems to me a splendid one. I am
+surprised that the idea never occurred to me, but this is always
+the case when one first hears a new and simple explanation of some
+mysterious phenomenon... I formerly showed that we might fairly assume
+that the beauty of flowers, their sweet odour and copious nectar, may be
+attributed to the existence of flower-haunting insects, but your idea,
+which I hope you will publish, goes much further and is much more
+important. With respect to the great development of mammifers in the
+later Geological periods following from the development of dicotyledons,
+I think it ought to be proved that such animals as deer, cows, horses,
+etc. could not flourish if fed exclusively on the gramineae and other
+anemophilous monocotyledons; and I do not suppose that any evidence on
+this head exists.
+
+Your suggestion of studying the manner of fertilisation of the surviving
+members of the most ancient forms of the dicotyledons is a very good
+one, and I hope that you will keep it in mind yourself, for I have
+turned my attention to other subjects. Delpino I think says that
+Magnolia is fertilised by insects which gnaw the petals, and I should
+not be surprised if the same fact holds good with Nymphaea. Whenever I
+have looked at the flowers of these latter plants I have felt inclined
+to admit the view that petals are modified stamens, and not modified
+leaves; though Poinsettia seems to show that true leaves might be
+converted into coloured petals. I grieve to say that I have never
+been properly grounded in Botany and have studied only special
+points--therefore I cannot pretend to express any opinion on your
+remarks on the origin of the flowers of the Coniferae, Gnetaceae, etc.;
+but I have been delighted with what you say on the conversion of a
+monoecious species into a hermaphrodite one by the condensations of the
+verticils on a branch bearing female flowers near the summit, and male
+flowers below.
+
+I expect Hooker to come here before long, and I will then show him your
+drawing, and if he makes any important remarks I will communicate
+with you. He is very busy at present in clearing off arrears after his
+American Expedition, so that I do not like to trouble him, even with the
+briefest note. I am at present working with my son at some Physiological
+subjects, and we are arriving at very curious results, but they are not
+as yet sufficiently certain to be worth communicating to you...
+
+
+[In 1877 a second edition of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' was
+published, the first edition having been for some time out of print. The
+new edition was remodelled and almost re-written, and a large amount
+of new matter added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz
+Muller.
+
+With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book. After much doubt I
+have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that
+is to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the
+small quantity of work left in me for new matter."
+
+He may have felt a diminution of his powers of reviewing large bodies of
+facts, such as would be needed in the preparation of new editions, but
+his powers of observation were certainly not diminished. He wrote to Mr.
+Dyer on July 14, 1878:]
+
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+Thalia dealbata was sent me from Kew: it has flowered and after looking
+casually at the flowers, they have driven me almost mad, and I have
+worked at them for a week: it is as grand a case as that of Catasetum.
+
+Pistil vigorously motile (so that whole flower shakes when pistil
+suddenly coils up); when excited by a touch the two filaments [are]
+produced laterally and transversely across the flower (just over the
+nectar) from one of the petals or modified stamens. It is splendid to
+watch the phenomenon under a weak power when a bristle is inserted into
+a YOUNG flower which no insect has visited. As far as I know Stylidium
+is the sole case of sensitive pistil and here it is the pistil +
+stamens. In Thalia (Hildebrand has described an explosive arrangement
+in some of the Maranteae--the tribe to which Thalia belongs.)
+cross-fertilisation is ensured by the wonderful movement, if bees visit
+several flowers.
+
+I have now relieved my mind and will tell the purport of this note--viz.
+if any other species of Thalia besides T. dealbata should flower with
+you, for the love of heaven and all the saints, send me a few in TIN BOX
+WITH DAMP MOSS.
+
+Your insane friend, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In 1878 Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's interesting book, 'Flowers
+and their Unbidden Guests,' was published. My father, who felt much
+interest in the translation (as appears in the following letter),
+contributed some prefatory words of approval:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, December 16 [1878].
+
+... I have now read Kerner's book, which is better even than I
+anticipated. The translation seems to me as clear as daylight, and
+written in forcible and good familiar English. I am rather afraid that
+it is too good for the English public, which seems to like very washy
+food, unless it be administered by some one whose name is well-known,
+and then I suspect a good deal of the unintelligible is very pleasing
+to them. I hope to heaven that I may be wrong. Anyhow, you and Mrs.
+Ogle have done a right good service for Botanical Science. Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You have done me much honour in your prefatory remarks.
+
+
+[One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to
+Mr. Bentham, February 16, 1880. It shows the amount of pleasure which
+this subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him)
+that his reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations
+which preceded its publication. Not to the applause which followed it:--
+
+"They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think
+with a glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in
+their method of fertilisation."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI. -- THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND SELF-FERTILISATION
+
+IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.'
+
+1876.
+
+[This book, as pointed out in the 'Autobiography,' is a complement to
+the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' because it shows how important are
+the results of cross-fertilisation which are ensured by the mechanisms
+described in that book.
+
+By proving that the offspring of cross-fertilisation are more
+vigorous than the offspring of self-fertilisation, he showed that one
+circumstance which influences the fate of young plants in the
+struggle for life is the degree to which their parents are fitted for
+cross-fertilisation. He thus convinced himself that the intensity of the
+struggle (which he had elsewhere shown to exist among young plants) is
+a measure of the strength of a selective agency perpetually sifting
+out every modification in the structure of flowers which can effect its
+capabilities for cros-fertilisation.
+
+The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality. The increased vigour
+resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to
+the advantage gained by change of conditions. So strongly is this the
+case, that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to
+the offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+conditions. So that the really important thing is not that two
+individuals of different BLOOD shall unite, but two individuals which
+have been subjected to different conditions. We are thus led to believe
+that sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not
+follow if reproductions were entirely asexual.
+
+It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of
+experimental work, owed its origin to a chance observation. My father
+had raised two beds of Linaria vulgaris--one set being the offspring of
+cross- and the other of self-fertilisation. These plants were grown for
+the sake of some observations on inheritance, and not with any view to
+cross-breeding, and he was astonished to observe that the offspring of
+self-fertilisation were clearly less vigorous than the others. It seemed
+incredible to him that this result could be due to a single act of
+self-fertilisation, and it was only in the following year when precisely
+the same result occurred in the case of a similar experiment on
+inheritance in Carnations, that his attention was "thoroughly aroused"
+and that he determined to make a series of experiments specially
+directed to the question. The following letters give some account of the
+work in question.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. September 10, [1866?].
+
+... I have just begun a large course of experiments on the germination
+of the seed, and on the growth of the young plants when raised from a
+pistil fertilised by pollen from the same flower, and from pollen from
+a distinct plant of the same, or of some other variety. I have not
+made sufficient experiments to judge certainly, but in some cases the
+difference in the growth of the young plants is highly remarkable. I
+have taken every kind of precaution in getting seed from the same
+plant, in germinating the seed on my own chimney-piece, in planting the
+seedlings in the same flower-pot, and under this similar treatment I
+have seen the young seedlings from the crossed seed exactly twice as
+tall as the seedlings from the sel-fertilised seed; both seeds having
+germinated on the same day. If I can establish this fact (but perhaps it
+will all go to the dogs), in some fifty cases, with plants of different
+orders, I think it will be very important, for then we shall positively
+know why the structure of every flower permits, or favours, or
+necessitates an occasional cross with a distinct individual. But all
+this is rather cooking my hare before I have caught it. But somehow it
+is a great pleasure to me to tell you what I am about. Believe me, my
+dear Gray,
+
+Ever yours most truly, and with cordial thanks, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. April 22, 1868.
+
+... I am experimenting on a very large scale on the difference in power
+of growth between plants raised from self-fertilised and crossed seeds;
+and it is no exaggeration to say that the difference in growth and
+vigour is sometimes truly wonderful. Lyell, Huxley and Hooker have seen
+some of my plants, and been astonished; and I should much like to show
+them to you. I always supposed until lately that no evil effects would
+be visible until after several generations of self-fertilisation; but
+now I see that one generation sometimes suffices; and the existence of
+dimorphic plants and all the wonderful contrivances of orchids are quite
+intelligible to me.
+
+With cordial thanks for your letter, which has pleased me greatly,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[An extract from a letter to Dr. Gray (March 11, 1873) mentions the
+progress of the work:--
+
+"I worked last summer hard at Drosera, but could not finish till I
+got fresh plants, and consequently took up the effects of crossing and
+sel-fertilising plants, and am got so interested that Drosera must go to
+the dogs till I finish with this, and get it published; but then I will
+resume my beloved Drosera, and I heartily apologise for having sent the
+precious little things even for a moment to the dogs."
+
+The following letters give the author's impression of his own book.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY. Down, September 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have just received proofs in sheet of five sheets, so you will have
+to decide soon how many copies will have to be struck off. I do not know
+what to advise. The greater part of the book is extremely dry, and the
+whole on a special subject. Nevertheless, I am convinced that the book
+is of value, and I am convinced that for MANY years copies will be
+occasionally sold. Judging from the sale of my former books, and from
+supposing that some persons will purchase it to complete the set of
+my works, I would suggest 1500. But you must be guided by your larger
+experience. I will only repeat that I am convinced the book is of some
+permanent value...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, September 27, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I sent by this morning's post the four first perfect sheets of my new
+book, the title of which you will see on the first page, and which will
+be published early in November.
+
+I am sorry to say that it is only shorter by a few pages than my
+'Insectivorous Plants.' The whole is now in type, though I have
+corrected finally only half the volume. You will, therefore, rapidly
+receive the remainder. The book is very dull. Chapters II. to VI.,
+inclusive, are simply a record of experiments. Nevertheless, I believe
+(though a man can never judge his own books) that the book is valuable.
+You will have to decide whether it is worth translating. I hope so. It
+has cost me very great labour, and the results seem to me remarkable and
+well established.
+
+If you translate it, you could easily get aid for Chapters II. to VI.,
+as there is here endless, but I have thought necessary repetition. I
+shall be anxious to hear what you decide...
+
+I most sincerely hope that your health has been fairly good this summer.
+
+My dear Sir, yours very truly, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, October 28, 1876.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I send by this post all the clean sheets as yet printed, and I hope to
+send the remainder within a fortnight. Please observe that the first six
+chapters are not readable, and the six last very dull. Still I believe
+that the results are valuable. If you review the book, I shall be very
+curious to see what you think of it, for I care more for your judgment
+than for that of almost any one else. I know also that you will speak
+the truth, whether you approve or disapprove. Very few will take the
+trouble to read the book, and I do not expect you to read the whole, but
+I hope you will read the latter chapters.
+
+... I am so sick of correcting the press and licking my horrid bad style
+into intelligible English.
+
+
+[The 'Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation' was published on November
+10, 1876, and 1500 copies were sold before the end of the year. The
+following letter refers to a review in 'Nature' (February 15, 1877.):]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, February 16, 1877.
+
+Dear Dyer,
+
+I must tell you how greatly I am pleased and honoured by your article in
+'Nature,' which I have just read. You are an adept in saying what
+will please an author, not that I suppose you wrote with this express
+intention. I should be very well contented to deserve a fraction of your
+praise. I have also been much interested, and this is better than mere
+pleasure, by your argument about the separation of the sexes. I dare
+say that I am wrong, and will hereafter consider what you say more
+carefully: but at present I cannot drive out of my head that the sexes
+must have originated from two individuals, slightly different, which
+conjugated. But I am aware that some cases of conjugation are opposed to
+any such views.
+
+With hearty thanks, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII. -- 'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.'
+
+1877.
+
+[The volume bearing the above title was published in 1877, and was
+dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+respect and affection." It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+with the addition of a quantity of new matter. The subjects treated in
+the book are:--
+
+1. Heterostyled Plants.
+
+2. Polygamous, Dioecious, and Gynodioecious Plants.
+
+3. Cleistogamic Flowers.
+
+The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose,
+one of the best known examples of the class. If a number of primroses be
+gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen
+to the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers
+with short styles. Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes
+differing structurally from each other. My father showed that they also
+differ sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes
+more nearly resembles that between separate sexes than any other known
+relationship. Thus for example a long-styled primrose, though it can
+be fertilised by its own pollen, is not FULLY fertile unless it is
+impregnated by the pollen of a short-styled flower. Heterostyled plants
+are comparable to hermaphrodite animals, such as snails, which require
+the concourse of two individuals, although each possesses both the
+sexual elements. The difference is that in the case of the primrose
+it is PERFECT FERTILITY, and not simply FERTILITY, that depends on the
+mutual action of the two sets of individuals.
+
+The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the
+author attached much importance, on the problem of origin of species.
+(See 'Autobiography,' volume i.)
+
+He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between
+hybridisation and certain forms of fertilisation among heterostyled
+plants. So that it is hardly an exaggeration to say that the
+"illegitimately" reared seedlings are hybrids, although both their
+parents belong to identically the same species. In a letter to Professor
+Huxley, my father writes as if his researches on heterostyled plants
+tended to make him believe that sterility is a selected or acquired
+quality. But in his later publications, e.g. in the sixth edition of
+the 'Origin,' he adheres to the belief that sterility is an incidental
+rather than a selected quality. The result of his work on heterostyled
+plants is of importance as showing that sterility is no test of specific
+distinctness, and that it depends on differentiation of the sexual
+elements which is independent of any racial difference. I imagine that
+it was his instinctive love of making out a difficulty which to a great
+extent kept him at work so patiently on the heterostyled plants. But it
+was the fact that general conclusions of the above character could
+be drawn from his results which made him think his results worthy of
+publication. (See 'Forms of Flowers,' page 243.)
+
+The papers which on this subject preceded and contributed to 'Forms of
+Flowers' were the following:--
+
+"On the two Forms or Dimorphic Condition in the Species of Primula, and
+on their remarkable Sexual Relations." Linn. Soc. Journal, 1862.)
+
+"On the Existence of Two Forms, and on their Reciprocal Sexual
+Relations, in several Species of the Genus Linum." Linn. Soc. Journal,
+1863.
+
+"On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria," Ibid.
+1864.
+
+"On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants." Ibid. 1869.
+
+"On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var.
+Officinalis, Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and
+P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip.
+With Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus
+Verbascum." Ibid. 1869.
+
+
+The following letter shows that he began the work on heterostyled plants
+with an erroneous view as to the meaning of the facts.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 7 [1860].
+
+... I have this morning been looking at my experimental cowslips, and I
+find some plants have all flowers with long stamens and short pistils,
+which I will call "male plants," others with short stamens and long
+pistils, which I will call "female plants." This I have somewhere seen
+noticed, I think by Henslow; but I find (after looking at my two sets
+of plants) that the stigmas of the male and female are of slightly
+different shape, and certainly different degree of roughness, and what
+has astonished me, the pollen of the so-called female plant, though very
+abundant, is more transparent, and each granule is exactly only 2/3
+of the size of the pollen of the so-called male plant. Has this been
+observed? I cannot help suspecting [that] the cowslip is in fact
+dioecious, but it may turn out all a blunder, but anyhow I will mark
+with sticks the so-called male and female plants and watch their
+seeding. It would be a fine case of gradation between an hermaphrodite
+and unisexual condition. Likewise a sort of case of balancement of
+long and short pistils and stamens. Likewise perhaps throws light on
+oxlips...
+
+I have now examined primroses and find exactly the same difference
+in the size of the pollen, correlated with the same difference in the
+length of the style and roughness of the stigmas.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. June 8 [1860].
+
+... I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+interested and perplexed me much. I find with primroses and cowslips,
+that about an equal number of plants are thus characterised.
+
+SO-CALLED (by me) MALE plant. Pistil much shorter than stamens; stigma
+rather smooth,--POLLEN GRAINS LARGE, throat of corolla short.
+
+SO-CALLED FEMALE plant. Pistil much longer than stamens, stigma rougher,
+POLLEN-GRAINS SMALLER,--throat of corolla long.
+
+I have marked a lot of plants, and expected to find the so-called male
+plant barren; but judging from the feel of the capsules, this is not the
+case, and I am very much surprised at the difference in the size of the
+pollen... If it should prove that the so-called male plants produce less
+seed than the so-called females, what a beautiful case of gradation from
+hermaphrodite to unisexual condition it will be! If they produce about
+equal number of seed, how perplexing it will be.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 17 [1860?].
+
+... I have just been ordering a photograph of myself for a friend; and
+have ordered one for you, and for heaven's sake oblige me, and burn that
+now hanging up in your room.--It makes me look atrociously wicked.
+
+... In the spring I must get you to look for long pistils and short
+pistils in the rarer species of Primula and in some allied Genera. It
+holds with P. Sinensis. You remember all the fuss I made on this subject
+last spring; well, the other day at last I had time to weigh the seeds,
+and by Jove the plants of primroses and cowslip with short pistils and
+large grained pollen (Thus the plants which he imagined to be tending
+towards a male condition were more productive than the supposed
+females.) are rather more fertile than those with long pistils, and
+small-grained pollen. I find that they require the action of insects to
+set them, and I never will believe that these differences are without
+some meaning.
+
+Some of my experiments lead me to suspect that the large-grained pollen
+suits the long pistils and the small-grained pollen suits the short
+pistils; but I am determined to see if I cannot make out the mystery
+next spring.
+
+How does your book on plants brew in your mind? Have you begun it?...
+
+Remember me most kindly to Oliver. He must be astonished at not having a
+string of questions, I fear he will get out of practice!
+
+
+[The Primula-work was finished in the autumn of 1861, and on November
+8th he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I have sent my paper on dimorphism in Primula to the Linn. Soc. I
+shall go up and read it whenever it comes on; I hope you may be able to
+attend, for I do not suppose many will care a penny for the subject."
+
+With regard to the reading of the paper (on November 21st), he wrote to
+the same friend:--
+
+"I by no means thought that I produced a "tremendous effect" in the
+Linn. Soc., but by Jove the Linn. Soc. produced a tremendous effect on
+me, for I could not get out of bed till late next evening, so that I
+just crawled home. I fear I must give up trying to read any paper or
+speak; it is a horrid bore, I can do nothing like other people."
+
+To Dr. Gray he wrote, (December 1861):--
+
+"You may rely on it, I will send you a copy of my Primula paper as soon
+as I can get one; but I believe it will not be printed till April 1st,
+and therefore after my Orchid Book. I care more for your and Hooker's
+opinion than for that of all the rest of the world, and for Lyell's
+on geological points. Bentham and Hooker thought well of my paper when
+read; but no one can judge of evidence by merely hearing a paper."
+
+The work on Primula was the means of bringing my father in contact
+with the late Mr. John Scott, then working as a gardener in the Botanic
+Gardens at Edinburgh,--an employment which he seems to have chosen in
+order to gratify his passion for natural history. He wrote one or two
+excellent botanical papers, and ultimately obtained a post in India.
+(While in India he made some admirable observations on expression for my
+father.) He died in 1880.
+
+A few phrases may be quoted from letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, showing my
+father's estimate of Scott:--
+
+"If you know, do please tell me who is John Scott of the Botanical
+Gardens of Edinburgh; I have been corresponding largely with him; he is
+no common man."
+
+"If he had leisure he would make a wonderful observer; to my judgment I
+have come across no one like him."
+
+"He has interested me strangely, and I have formed a very high opinion
+of his intellect. I hope he will accept pecuniary assistance from me;
+but he has hitherto refused." (He ultimately succeeded in being allowed
+to pay for Mr. Scott's passage to India.)
+
+"I know nothing of him excepting from his letters; these show remarkable
+talent, astonishing perseverance, much modesty, and what I admire,
+determined difference from me on many points."
+
+So highly did he estimate Scott's abilities that he formed a plan (which
+however never went beyond an early stage of discussion) of employing him
+to work out certain problems connected with intercrossing.
+
+The following letter refers to my father's investigations on Lythrum (He
+was led to this, his first case of trimorphism by Lecoq's 'Geographie
+Botanique,' and this must have consoled him for the trick this work
+played him in turning out to be so much larger than he expected. He
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "Here is a good joke: I saw an extract from
+Lecoq, 'Geograph. Bot.,' and ordered it and hoped that it was a good
+sized pamphlet, and nine thick volumes have arrived!"), a plant which
+reveals even a more wonderful condition of sexual complexity than that
+of Primula. For in Lythrum there are not merely two, but three castes,
+differing structurally and physiologically from each other:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 9 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+It is late at night, and I am going to write briefly, and of course to
+beg a favour.
+
+The Mitchella very good, but pollen apparently equal-sized. I have just
+examined Hottonia, grand difference in pollen. Echium vulgare, a humbug,
+merely a case like Thymus. But I am almost stark staring mad over
+Lythrum (On another occasion he wrote (to Dr. Gray) with regard to
+Lythrum: "I must hold hard, otherwise I shall spend my life over
+dimorphism."); if I can prove what I fully believe, it is a grand case
+of TRIMORPHISM, with three different pollens and three stigmas; I have
+castrated and fertilised above ninety flowers, trying all the eighteen
+distinct crosses which are possible within the limits of this one
+species! I cannot explain, but I feel sure you would think it a grand
+case. I have been writing to Botanists to see if I can possibly get L.
+hyssopifolia, and it has just flashed on me that you might have Lythrum
+in North America, and I have looked to your Manual. For the love of
+heaven have a look at some of your species, and if you can get me seed,
+do; I want much to try species with few stamens, if they are dimorphic;
+Nesaea verticillata I should expect to be trimorphic. Seed! Seed! Seed!
+I should rather like seed of Mitchella. But oh, Lythrum!
+
+Your utterly mad friend, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--There is reason in my madness, for I can see that to those who
+already believe in change of species, these facts will modify to a
+certain extent the whole view of Hybridity. (A letter to Dr. Gray (July,
+1862) bears on this point: "A few days ago I made an observation which
+has surprised me more than it ought to do--it will have to be repeated
+several times, but I have scarcely a doubt of its accuracy. I stated
+in my Primula paper that the long-styled form of Linum grandiflorum
+was utterly sterile with its own pollen; I have lately been putting the
+pollen of the two forms on the stigma of the SAME flower; and it strikes
+me as truly wonderful, that the stigma distinguishes the pollen; and is
+penetrated by the tubes of the one and not by those of the other; nor
+are the tubes exserted. Or (which is the same thing) the stigma of the
+one form acts on and is acted on by pollen, which produces not the
+least effect on the stigma of the other form. Taking sexual power as the
+criterion of difference, the two forms of this one species may be said
+to be generically distinct.")
+
+
+[On the same subject he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in August 1862:--
+
+"Is Oliver at Kew? When I am established at Bournemouth I am completely
+mad to examine any fresh flowers of any Lythraceous plant, and I would
+write and ask him if any are in bloom."
+
+Again he wrote to the same friend in October:--
+
+"If you ask Oliver, I think he will tell you I have got a real odd case
+in Lythrum, it interests me extremely, and seems to me the strangest
+case of propagation recorded amongst plants or animals, viz. a necessary
+triple alliance between three hermaphrodites. I feel sure I can now
+prove the truth of the case from a multitude of crosses made this
+summer."
+
+In an article, 'Dimorphism in the Genitalia of Plants' ('Silliman's
+Journal,' 1862, volume xxxiv. page 419), Dr. Gray pointed out that the
+structural difference between the two forms of Primula had already been
+defined in the 'Flora of North America,' as DIOECIO-DIMORPHISM. The
+use of this term called forth the following remarks from my father. The
+letter also alludes to a review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the
+same volume of 'Silliman's Journal.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+The very day after my last letter, yours of November 10th, and the
+review in 'Silliman,' which I feared might have been lost, reached me.
+We were all very much interested by the political part of your letter;
+and in some odd way one never feels that information and opinions
+painted in a newspaper come from a living source; they seem dead,
+whereas all that you write is full of life. The reviews interested me
+profoundly; you rashly ask for my opinion, and you must consequently
+endure a long letter. First for Dimorphism; I do not AT PRESENT like the
+term "Dioecio-dimorphism;" for I think it gives quite a false notion,
+that the phenomena are connected with a separation of the sexes.
+Certainly in Primula there is unequal fertility in the two forms, and I
+suspect this is the case with Linum; and, therefore I felt bound in
+the Primula paper to state that it might be a step towards a dioecious
+condition; though I believe there are no dioecious forms in Primulaceae
+or Linaceae. But the three forms in Lythrum convince me that the
+phenomenon is in no way necessarily connected with any tendency to
+separation of sexes. The case seems to me in result or function to be
+almost identical with what old C.K. Sprengel called "dichogamy," and
+which is so frequent in truly hermaphrodite groups; namely, the pollen
+and stigma of each flower being mature at different periods. If I am
+right, it is very advisable not to use the term "dioecious," as this at
+once brings notions of separation of sexes.
+
+... I was much perplexed by Oliver's remarks in the 'Natural History
+Review' on the Primula case, on the lower plants having sexes more often
+separated than in the higher plants,--so exactly the reverse of what
+takes place in animals. Hooker in his review of the 'Orchids' repeats
+this remark. There seems to be much truth in what you say ("Forms which
+are low in the scale as respects morphological completeness may be
+high in the scale of rank founded on specialisation of structure and
+function."--Dr. Gray, in 'Silliman's Journal.'), and it did not occur to
+me, about no improbability of specialisation in CERTAIN lines in lowly
+organised beings. I could hardly doubt that the hermaphrodite state is
+the aboriginal one. But how is it in the conjugation of Confervae--is
+not one of the two individuals here in fact male, and the other female?
+I have been much puzzled by this contrast in sexual arrangements
+between plants and animals. Can there be anything in the following
+consideration: By ROUGHEST calculation about one-third of the British
+GENERA of aquatic plants belong to the Linnean classes of Mono and
+Dioecia; whilst of terrestrial plants (the aquatic genera being
+subtracted) only one-thirteenth of the genera belong to these two
+classes. Is there any truth in this fact generally? Can aquatic plants,
+being confined to a small area or small community of individuals,
+require more free crossing, and therefore have separate sexes? But to
+return to our point, does not Alph. de Candolle say that aquatic plants
+taken as a whole are lowly organised, compared with terrestrial; and may
+not Oliver's remark on the separation of the sexes in lowly organised
+plants stand in some relation to their being frequently aquatic? Or is
+this all rubbish?
+
+... What a magnificent compliment you end your review with! You and
+Hooker seem determined to turn my head with conceit and vanity (if not
+already turned) and make me an unbearable wretch.
+
+With most cordial thanks, my good and kind friend, Farewell, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following passage from a letter (July 28, 1863), to Prof.
+Hildebrand, contains a reference to the reception of the dimorphic work
+in France:--
+
+"I am extremely much pleased to hear that you have been looking at the
+manner of fertilisation of your native Orchids, and still more pleased
+to hear that you have been experimenting on Linum. I much hope that you
+may publish the result of these experiments; because I was told that the
+most eminent French botanists of Paris said that my paper on Primula was
+the work of imagination, and that the case was so improbable they did
+not believe in my results."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. April 19 [1864].
+
+... I received a little time ago a paper with a good account of your
+Herbarium and Library, and a long time previously your excellent review
+of Scott's 'Primulaceae,' and I forwarded it to him in India, as it
+would much please him. I was very glad to see in it a new case of
+Dimorphism (I forget just now the name of the plant); I shall be
+grateful to hear of any other cases, as I still feel an interest in
+the subject. I should be very glad to get some seed of your dimorphic
+Plantagos; for I cannot banish the suspicion that they must belong to a
+very different class like that of the common Thyme. (In this prediction
+he was right. See 'Forms of Flowers,' page 307.) How could the
+wind, which is the agent of fertilisation, with Plantago, fertilise
+"reciprocally dimorphic" flowers like Primula? Theory says this cannot
+be, and in such cases of one's own theories I follow Agassiz and
+declare, "that nature never lies." I should even be very glad to examine
+the two dried forms of Plantago. Indeed, any dried dimorphic plants
+would be gratefully received...
+
+Did my Lythrum paper interest you? I crawl on at the rate of two hours
+per diem, with 'Variation under Domestication.'
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 26 [1864].
+
+... You do not know how pleased I am that you have read my Lythrum paper;
+I thought you would not have time, and I have for long years looked at
+you as my Public, and care more for your opinion than that of all the
+rest of the world. I have done nothing which has interested me so much
+as Lythrum, since making out the complemental males of Cirripedes.
+I fear that I have dragged in too much miscellaneous matter into the
+paper.
+
+... I get letters occasionally, which show me that Natural Selection is
+making GREAT progress in Germany, and some amongst the young in France.
+I have just received a pamphlet from Germany, with the complimentary
+title of "Darwinische Arten-Enstehung-Humbug"!
+
+Farewell, my best of old friends, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. September 10, [1867?].
+
+... The only point which I have made out this summer, which could
+possibly interest you, is that the common Oxlip found everywhere, more
+or less commonly in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose
+and cowslip; whilst the P. elatior (Jacq.), found only in the
+Eastern Counties, is a perfectly distinct and good species; hardly
+distinguishable from the common oxlip, except by the length of the
+seed-capsule relatively to the calyx. This seems to me rather a horrid
+fact for all systematic botanists...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND. Down, November 16, 1868.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I wrote my last note in such a hurry from London, that I quite forgot
+what I chiefly wished to say, namely to thank you for your excellent
+notices in the 'Bot. Zeitung' of my paper on the offspring of dimorphic
+plants. The subject is so obscure that I did not expect that any one
+would have noticed my paper, and I am accordingly very much pleased
+that you should have brought the subject before the many excellent
+naturalists of Germany.
+
+Of all the German authors (but they are not many) whose works I have
+read, you write by far the clearest style, but whether this is a
+compliment to a German writer I do not know.
+
+
+[The two following letters refer to the small bud-like "Cleistogamic"
+flowers found in the violet and many other plants. They do not open and
+are necessarily self-fertilised:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 30 [1862].
+
+... What will become of my book on Variation? I am involved in a
+multiplicity of experiments. I have been amusing myself by looking at
+the small flowers of Viola. If Oliver (Shortly afterwards he wrote:
+"Oliver, the omniscient, has sent me a paper in the 'Bot. Zeitung,' with
+most accurate description of all that I saw in Viola.") has had time to
+study them, he will have seen the curious case (as it seems to me) which
+I have just made clearly out, viz. that in these flowers, the FEW pollen
+grains are never shed, or never leave the anther-cells, but emit long
+pollen tubes, which penetrate the stigma. To-day I got the anther with
+the included pollen grain (now empty) at one end, and a bundle of tubes
+penetrating the stigmatic tissue at the other end; I got the whole under
+a microscope without breaking the tubes; I wonder whether the stigma
+pours some fluid into the anther so as to excite the included grains. It
+is a rather odd case of correlation, that in the double sweet violet
+the small flowers are double; i.e., have a multitude of minute scales
+representing the petals. What queer little flowers they are.
+
+Have you had time to read poor dear Henslow's life? it has interested me
+for the man's sake, and, what I did not think possible, has even exalted
+his character in my estimation...
+
+
+[The following is an extract from the letter given in part above, and
+refers to Dr. Gray's article on the sexual differences of plants:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. NOVEMBER 26 [1862].
+
+... You will think that I am in the most unpleasant, contradictory,
+fractious humour, when I tell you that I do not like your term of
+"precocious fertilisation" for your second class of dimorphism [i.e. for
+cleistogamic fertilisation]. If I can trust my memory, the state of
+the corolla, of the stigma, and the pollen-grains is different from the
+state of the parts in the bud; that they are in a condition of special
+modification. But upon my life I am ashamed of myself to differ so much
+from my betters on this head. The TEMPORARY theory (This view is now
+generally accepted.) which I have formed on this class of dimorphism,
+just to guide experiment, is that the PERFECT flowers can only be
+perfectly fertilised by insects, and are in this case abundantly
+crossed; but that the flowers are not always, especially in early
+spring, visited enough by insects, and therefore the little imperfect
+self-fertilising flowers are developed to ensure a sufficiency of seed
+for present generations. Viola canina is sterile, when not visited by
+insects, but when so visited forms plenty of seed. I infer from the
+structure of three or four forms of Balsamineae, that these require
+insects; at least there is almost as plain adaptation to insects as in
+the Orchids. I have Oxalis acetosella ready in pots for experiment
+next spring; and I fear this will upset my little theory... Campanula
+carpathica, as I found this summer, is absolutely sterile if insects are
+excluded. Specularia speculum is fairly fertile when enclosed; and this
+seemed to me to be partially effected by the frequent closing of the
+flower; the inward angular folds of the corolla corresponding with the
+clefts of the open stigma, and in this action pushing pollen from the
+outside of the stigma on to its surface. Now can you tell me, does S.
+perfoliata close its flower like S. speculum, with angular inward folds?
+if so, I am smashed without some fearful "wriggling." Are the IMPERFECT
+flowers of your Specularia the early or the later ones? very early or
+very late? It is rather pretty to see the importance of the closing of
+flowers of S. speculum.
+
+
+['Forms of Flowers' was published in July; in June, 1877, he wrote to
+Professor Carus with regard to the translation:--
+
+"My new book is not a long one, viz. 350 pages, chiefly of the larger
+type, with fifteen simple woodcuts. All the proofs are corrected except
+the Index, so that it will soon be published.
+
+"... I do not suppose that I shall publish any more books, though perhaps
+a few more papers. I cannot endure being idle, but heaven knows whether
+I am capable of any more good work."
+
+The review alluded to in the next letter is at page 445 of the volume of
+'Nature' for 1878:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, April 5, 1878.
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I have just read in 'Nature' the review of 'Forms of Flowers,' and I am
+sure that it is by you. I wish with all my heart that it deserved one
+quarter of the praises which you give it. Some of your remarks have
+interested me greatly... Hearty thanks for your generous and most kind
+sympathy, which does a man real good, when he is as dog-tired as I am at
+this minute with working all day, so good-bye.
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIII. -- CLIMBING AND INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+
+[My father mentions in his 'Autobiography' (volume i.) that he was led
+to take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper,
+"Note on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants." ('Proc. Amer. Acad. of
+Arts and Sciences,' 1858.) This essay seems to have been read in 1862,
+but I am only able to guess at the date of the letter in which he asks
+for a reference to it, so that the precise date of his beginning this
+work cannot be determined.
+
+In June 1863 he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker for
+information as to previous publications on the subject, being then in
+ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both of
+which were published in 1827.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [June] 25 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have been observing pretty carefully a little fact which has surprised
+me; and I want to know from you and Oliver whether it seems new or odd
+to you, so just tell me whenever you write; it is a very trifling fact,
+so do not answer on purpose.
+
+I have got a plant of Echinocystis lobata to observe the irritability
+of the tendrils described by Asa Gray, and which of course, is plain
+enough. Having the plant in my study, I have been surprised to find
+that the uppermost part of each branch (i.e. the stem between the two
+uppermost leaves excluding the growing tip) is CONSTANTLY and slowly
+twisting round making a circle in from one-half to two hours; it
+will sometimes go round two or three times, and then at the same rate
+untwists and twists in opposite directions. It generally rests half
+an hour before it retrogrades. The stem does not become permanently
+twisted. The stem beneath the twisting portion does not move in the
+least, though not tied. The movement goes on all day and all early
+night. It has no relation to light for the plant stands in my window
+and twists from the light just as quickly as towards it. This may be a
+common phenomenon for what I know, but it confounded me quite, when I
+began to observe the irritability of the tendrils. I do not say it is
+the final cause, but the result is pretty, for the plant every one and
+a half or two hours sweeps a circle (according to the length of the
+bending shoot and the length of the tendril) of from one foot to twenty
+inches in diameter, and immediately that the tendril touches any object
+its sensitiveness causes it immediately to seize it; a clever gardener,
+my neighbour, who saw the plant on my table last night, said: "I
+believe, Sir, the tendrils can see, for wherever I put a plant it finds
+out any stick near enough." I believe the above is the explanation, viz.
+that it sweeps slowly round and round. The tendrils have some sense, for
+they do not grasp each other when young.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 14 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am getting very much amused by my tendrils, it is just the sort of
+niggling work which suits me, and takes up no time and rather rests me
+whilst writing. So will you just think whether you know any plant, which
+you could give or lend me, or I could buy, with tendrils, remarkable in
+any way for development, for odd or peculiar structure, or even for an
+odd place in natural arrangement. I have seen or can see Cucurbitaceae,
+Passion-flower, Virginian-creeper, Cissus discolor, Common-pea
+and Everlasting-pea. It is really curious the diversification of
+irritability (I do not mean the spontaneous movement, about which I
+wrote before and correctly, as further observation shows): for instance,
+I find a slight pinch between the thumb and finger at the end of the
+tendril of the Cucurbitaceae causes prompt movement, but a pinch excites
+no movement in Cissus. The cause is that one side alone (the concave) is
+irritable in the former; whereas both sides are irritable in Cissus, so
+if you excite at the same time both OPPOSITE sides there is no movement,
+but by touching with a pencil the two branches of the tendril, in any
+part whatever, you cause movement towards that point; so that I can
+mould, by a mere touch, the two branches into any shape I like...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 4 [1863].
+
+My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils: their
+irritability is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as
+anything in Orchids. About the SPONTANEOUS movement (independent of
+touch) of the tendrils and upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by
+your saying, "is it not wel-known?" I can find nothing in any book which
+I have... The spontaneous movement of the tendrils is independent of the
+movement of the upper internodes, but both work harmoniously together
+in sweeping a circle for the tendrils to grasp a stick. So with all
+climbing plants (without tendrils) as yet examined, the upper internodes
+go on night and day sweeping a circle in one fixed direction. It is
+surprising to watch the Apocyneae with shoots 18 inches long (beyond the
+supporting stick), steadily searching for something to climb up. When
+the shoot meets a stick, the motion at that point is arrested, but in
+the upper part is continued; so that the climbing of all plants yet
+examined is the simple result of the spontaneous circulatory movement of
+the upper internodes. Pray tell me whether anything has been published
+on this subject? I hate publishing what is old; but I shall hardly
+regret my work if it is old, as it has much amused me...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. May 28, 1864.
+
+... An Irish nobleman on his death-bed declared that he could
+conscientiously say that he had never throughout life denied himself any
+pleasure; and I can conscientiously say that I have never scrupled to
+trouble you; so here goes.--Have you travelled South, and can you tell
+me whether the trees, which Bignonia capreolata climbs, are covered with
+moss or filamentous lichen or Tillandsia? (He subsequently learned from
+Dr. Gray that Polypodium incanum abounds on the trees in the districts
+where this species of Bignonia grows. See 'Climbing Plants,' page 103.)
+I ask because its tendrils abhor a simple stick, do not much relish
+rough bark, but delight in wool or moss. They adhere in a curious manner
+by making little disks, like the Ampelopsis... By the way, I will enclose
+some specimens, and if you think it worth while, you can put them under
+the simple microscope. It is remarkable how specially adapted some
+tendrils are; those of Eccremocarpus scaber do not like a stick, will
+have nothing to say to wool; but give them a bundle of culms of grass,
+or a bundle of bristles and they seize them well.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 10 [1864].
+
+... I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has been
+written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a
+good deal of new matter. It is strange, but I really think no one has
+explained simple twining plants. These books have stirred me up, and
+made me wish for plants specified in them. I shall be very glad of those
+you mention. I have written to Veitch for young Nepenthes and Vanilla
+(which I believe will turn out a grand case, though a root creeper),
+if I cannot buy young Vanilla I will ask you. I have ordered a
+leaf-climbing fern, Lygodium. All this work about climbers would hurt
+my conscience, did I think I could do harder work. (He was much out of
+health at this time.)
+
+
+[He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the
+following spring. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, apparently in March
+1864:--
+
+"For several days I have been decidedly better, and what I lay much
+stress on (whatever doctors say), my brain feels far stronger, and I
+have lost many dreadful sensations. The hot-house is such an amusement
+to me, and my amusement I owe to you, as my delight is to look at the
+many odd leaves and plants from Kew... The only approach to work which
+I can do is to look at tendrils and climbers, this does not distress my
+weakened brain. Ask Oliver to look over the enclosed queries (and do you
+look) and amuse a broken-down brother naturalist by answering any which
+he can. If you ever lounge through your houses, remember me and climbing
+plants."
+
+On October 29, 1864, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have not been able to resist doing a little more at your godchild, my
+climbing paper, or rather in size little book, which by Jove I will have
+copied out, else I shall never stop. This has been new sort of work
+for me, and I have been pleased to find what a capital guide for
+observations a full conviction of the change of species is."
+
+On January 19, 1865, he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"It is working hours, but I am trying to take a day's holiday, for I
+finished and despatched yesterday my climbing paper. For the last ten
+days I have done nothing but correct refractory sentences, and I loathe
+the whole subject."
+
+A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject:--
+
+"I have begun correcting proofs of my paper on 'Climbing Plants.' I
+suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks. I
+think it contains a good deal new and some curious points, but it is so
+fearfully long, that no one will ever read it. If, however, you do not
+SKIM through it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your child."
+
+Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+satisfaction, as the following extracts show:--
+
+"I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th. Now that I can
+do nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my
+climbing paper gives me VERY great satisfaction. I made my observations
+when I could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but always doubted
+whether they were worth publishing. I demur to its not being necessary
+to explain in detail about the spires in CAUGHT tendrils running in
+opposite directions; for the fact for a long time confounded me, and
+I have found it difficult enough to explain the cause to two or three
+persons." (August 15, 1865.)
+
+"I received yesterday your article (In the September number of
+'Silliman's Journal,' concluded in the January number, 1866.) on
+climbers, and it has pleased me in an extraordinary and even silly
+manner. You pay me a superb compliment, and as I have just said to my
+wife, I think my friends must perceive that I like praise, they give me
+such hearty doses. I always admire your skill in reviews or abstracts,
+and you have done this article excellently and given the whole essence
+of my paper... I have had a letter from a good Zoologist in S. Brazil,
+F. Muller, who has been stirred up to observe climbers and gives me some
+curious cases of BRANCH-climbers, in which branches are converted
+into tendrils, and then continue to grow and throw out leaves and new
+branches, and then lose their tendril character." (October 1865.)
+
+The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate
+book. The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to
+the style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written
+during a period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require
+a great deal of alteration. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (March 3,
+1875): "It is lucky for authors in general that they do not require such
+dreadful work in merely licking what they write into shape." And to Mr.
+Murray in September he wrote: "The corrections are heavy in 'Climbing
+Plants,' and yet I deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three
+times." The book was published in September 1875, an edition of 1500
+copies was struck off; the edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional
+copies were printed in June of the following year.]
+
+
+INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+
+[In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest, whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to
+Sir Joseph Hooker;--
+
+"Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with
+a few observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera; and I must
+consult you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating to the
+Linnean Society."
+
+In August he wrote to the same friend:--
+
+"I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied by my copier:
+the subject amused me when I had nothing to do."
+
+He has described in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.), the general nature
+of these early experiments. He noticed insects sticking to the leaves,
+and finding that flies, etc., placed on the adhesive glands were held
+fast and embraced, he suspected that the leaves were adapted to supply
+nitrogenous food to the plant. He therefore tried the effect on the
+leaves of various nitrogenous fluids--with results which, as far as they
+went, verified his surmise. In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera: the movements
+are really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+nitrogenous compounds is marvellous. You will laugh; but it is, at
+present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect
+(and move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of
+nitrate of ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their
+chemical skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these
+salts! I began this work on Drosera in relation to GRADATION as throwing
+light on Dionaea."
+
+Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+where he continued his work on Drosera. The work was so new to him that
+he found himself in difficulties in the preparation of solutions, and
+became puzzled over fluid and solid ounces, etc. etc. To a friend, the
+late Mr. E. Cresy, who came to his help in the matter of weights and
+measures, he wrote giving an account of the experiments. The extract
+(November 2, 1860) which follows illustrates the almost superstitious
+precautions he often applied to his researches:--
+
+"Generally I have scrutinised every gland and hair on the leaf before
+experimenting; but it occurred to me that I might in some way affect the
+leaf; though this is almost impossible, as I scrutinised with equal care
+those that I put into distilled water (the same water being used for
+dissolving the carbonate of ammonia). I then cut off four leaves (not
+touching them with my fingers), and put them in plain water, and four
+other leaves into the weak solution, and after leaving them for an hour
+and a half, I examined every hair on all eight leaves; no change on the
+four in water; every gland and hair affected in those in ammonia.
+
+"I had measured the quantity of weak solution, and I counted the glands
+which had absorbed the ammonia, and were plainly affected; the result
+convinced me that each gland could not have absorbed more than 1/64000
+or 1/65000 of a grain. I have tried numbers of other experiments all
+pointing to the same result. Some experiments lead me to believe that
+very sensitive leaves are acted on by much smaller doses. Reflect
+how little ammonia a plant can get growing on poor soil--yet it is
+nourished. The really surprising part seems to me that the effect should
+be visible, and not under very high power; for after trying a high
+power, I thought it would be safer not to consider any effect which
+was not plainly visible under a two-thirds object glass and middle
+eye-piece. The effect which the carbonate of ammonia produces is the
+segregation of the homogeneous fluid in the cells into a cloud of
+granules and colourless fluid; and subsequently the granules coalesce
+into larger masses, and for hours have the oddest movements--coalescing,
+dividing, coalescing ad infinitum. I do not know whether you will care
+for these ill-written details; but, as you asked, I am sure I am bound
+to comply, after all the very kind and great trouble which you have
+taken."
+
+On his return home he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 21, 1860):--
+
+"I have been working like a madman at Drosera. Here is a fact for you
+which is certain as you stand where you are, though you won't believe
+it, that a bit of hair 1/78000 of one grain in weight placed on gland,
+will cause ONE of the gland-bearing hairs of Drosera to curve inwards,
+and will alter the condition of the contents of every cell in the
+foot-stalk of the gland."
+
+And a few days later to Lyell:--
+
+"I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for,
+at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all
+the species in the world. But I will not publish on Drosera till next
+year, for I am frightened and astounded at my results. I declare it is
+a certain fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight
+seventy-eight times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which
+will move the best chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous
+movement. Is it not curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to
+the touch than any nerve in the human body? Yet I am perfectly sure that
+this is true. When I am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my
+friends how well my hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."
+
+The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he
+stayed during the autumn of 1862. The discussion in the following letter
+on "nervous matter" in Drosera is of interest in relation to recent
+researches on the continuity of protoplasm from cell to cell:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth. September 26
+[1862].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Do not read this till you have leisure. If that blessed moment ever
+comes, I should be very glad to have your opinion on the subject of this
+letter. I am led to the opinion that Drosera must have diffused matter
+in organic connection, closely analogous to the nervous matter of
+animals. When the glands of one of the papillae or tentacles, in its
+natural position is supplied with nitrogenised fluid and certain other
+stimulants, or when loaded with an extremely slight weight, or when
+struck several times with a needle, the pedicel bends near its base in
+under one minute. These varied stimulants are conveyed down the pedicel
+by some means; it cannot be vibration, for drops of fluid put on quite
+quietly cause the movement; it cannot be absorption of the fluid from
+cell to cell, for I can see the rate of absorption, which though quick,
+is far slower, and in Dionaea the transmission is instantaneous;
+analogy from animals would point to transmission through nervous matter.
+Reflecting on the rapid power of absorption in the glands, the extreme
+sensibility of the whole organ, and the conspicuous movement caused by
+varied stimulants, I have tried a number of substances which are not
+caustic or corrosive,... but most of which are known to have a remarkable
+action on the nervous matter of animals. You will see the results in
+the enclosed paper. As the nervous matter of different animals are
+differently acted on by the same poisons, one would not expect the
+same action on plants and animals; only if plants have diffused nervous
+matter, some degree of analogous action. And this is partially the case.
+Considering these experiments, together with the previously made remarks
+on the functions of the parts, I cannot avoid the conclusion,
+that Drosera possesses matter at least in some degree analogous in
+constitution and function to nervous matter. Now do tell me what you
+think, as far as you can judge from my abstract; of course many more
+experiments would have to be tried; but in former years I tried on the
+whole leaf, instead of on separate glands, a number of innocuous (This
+line of investigation made him wish for information on the action
+of poisons on plants; as in many other cases he applied to Professor
+Oliver, and in reference to the result wrote to Hooker: "Pray thank
+Oliver heartily for his heap of references on poisons.") substances,
+such as sugar, gum, starch, etc., and they produced no effect. Your
+opinion will aid me in deciding some future year in going on with
+this subject. I should not have thought it worth attempting, but I had
+nothing on earth to do.
+
+My dear Hooker, Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--We return home on Monday 28th. Thank Heaven!
+
+
+[A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again. A passage
+in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however,
+that the question was not altogether absent from his mind in the
+interim:--
+
+"Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is
+a wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal. I will stick up
+for Drosera to the day of my death. Heaven knows whether I shall ever
+publish my pile of experiments on it."
+
+He notes in his diary that the last proof of the 'Expression of the
+Emotions' was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+Drosera on the following day.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].
+
+... I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and
+then broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks
+(where I now am) to get complete rest. I have very little power of
+working now, and must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next
+spring, as my plants are dying. It is an endless subject, and I must cut
+it short, and for this reason shall not do much on Dionaea. The point
+which has interested me most is tracing the NERVES! which follow the
+vascular bundles. By a prick with a sharp lancet at a certain point,
+I can paralyse one-half the leaf, so that a stimulus to the other half
+causes no movement. It is just like dividing the spinal marrow of a
+frog:--no stimulus can be sent from the brain or anterior part of the
+spine to the hind legs; but if these latter are stimulated, they move by
+reflex action. I find my old results about the astonishing sensitiveness
+of the nervous system (!?)of Drosera to various stimulants fully
+confirmed and extended...
+
+
+[His work on digestion in Drosera and other points in the physiology of
+the plant soon led him into regions where his knowledge was defective,
+and here the advice and assistance which he received from Dr. Burdon
+Sanderson was of much value:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. Down, July 25, 1873.
+
+My dear Dr. Sanderson,
+
+I should like to tell you a little about my recent work with Drosera, to
+show that I have profited by your suggestions, and to ask a question or
+two.
+
+1. It is really beautiful how quickly and well Drosera and Dionaea
+dissolve little cubes of albumen and gelatine. I kept the same sized
+cubes on wet moss for comparison. When you were here I forgot that I had
+tried gelatine, but albumen is far better for watching its dissolution
+and absorption. Frankland has told me how to test in a rough way for
+pepsin; and in the autumn he will discover what acid the digestive juice
+contains.
+
+2. A decoction of cabbage-leaves and green peas causes as much
+inflection as an infusion of raw meat; a decoction of grass is less
+powerful. Though I hear that the chemists try to precipitate all albumen
+from the extract of belladonna, I think they must fail, as the extract
+causes inflection, whereas a new lot of atropine, as well as the
+valerianate [of atropine], produce no effect.
+
+3. I have been trying a good many experiments with heated water... Should
+you not call the following case one of heat rigor? Two leaves were
+heated to 130 deg, and had every tentacle closely inflected; one was
+taken out and placed in cold water, and it re-expanded; the other was
+heated to 145 deg, and had not the least power of re-expansion. Is not
+this latter case heat rigor? If you can inform me, I should very much
+like to hear at what temperature cold-blooded and invertebrate animals
+are killed.
+
+4. I must tell you my final result, of which I am sure, [as to] the
+sensitiveness of Drosera. I made a solution of one part of phosphate of
+ammonia by weight to 218,750 of water; of this solution I gave so much
+that a leaf got 1/8000 of a grain of the phosphate. I then counted the
+glands, and each could have got only 1/1552000 of a grain; this being
+absorbed by the glands, sufficed to cause the tentacles bearing these
+glands to bend through an angle of 180 deg. Such sensitiveness requires
+hot weather, and carefully selected young yet mature leaves. It strikes
+me as a wonderful fact. I must add that I took every precaution, by
+trying numerous leaves at the same time in the solution and in the same
+water which was used for making the solution.
+
+5. If you can persuade your friend to try the effects of carbonate of
+ammonia on the aggregation of the white blood corpuscles, I should very
+much like to hear the result.
+
+I hope this letter will not have wearied you.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, 24 [December 1873?].
+
+My dear Mr. Dyer,
+
+I fear that you will think me a great bore, but I cannot resist telling
+you that I have just found out that the leaves of Pinguicula possess
+a beautifully adapted power of movement. Last night I put on a row of
+little flies near one edge of two YOUNGISH leaves; and after 14 hours
+these edges are beautifully folded over so as to clasp the flies, thus
+bringing the glands into contact with the upper surfaces of the flies,
+and they are now secreting copiously above and below the flies and no
+doubt absorbing. The acid secretion has run down the channelled edge and
+has collected in the spoon-shaped extremity, where no doubt the glands
+are absorbing the delicious soup. The leaf on one side looks just like
+the helix of a human ear, if you were to stuff flies within the fold.
+Yours most sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+... I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera & Co. ready for the
+printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+points to observe. I think you will be interested by my observations on
+the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+with, pepsin; for I have been making a long series of comparative
+trials. No human being will believe what I shall publish about the
+smallness of the doses of phosphate of ammonia which act.
+
+... I began reading the Madagascar squib (A description of a carnivorous
+plant supposed to subsist on human beings.) quite gravely, and when I
+found it stated that Felis and Bos inhabited Madagascar, I thought it
+was a false story, and did not perceive it was a hoax till I came to the
+woman...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F.C. DONDERS. (Professor Donders, the well-known
+physiologist of Utrecht.) Down, July 7, 1874.
+
+My dear Professor Donders,
+
+My son George writes to me that he has seen you, and that you have been
+very kind to him, for which I return to you my cordial thanks. He
+tells me on your authority, of a fact which interests me in the highest
+degree, and which I much wish to be allowed to quote. It relates to the
+action of one millionth of a grain of atropine on the eye. Now will you
+be so kind, whenever you can find a little leisure, to tell me whether
+you yourself have observed this fact, or believe it on good authority.
+I also wish to know what proportion by weight the atropine bore to the
+water solution, and how much of the solution was applied to the eye. The
+reason why I am so anxious on this head is that it gives some support
+to certain facts repeatedly observed by me with respect to the action of
+phosphate of ammonia on Drosera. The 1/4000000 of a grain absorbed by
+a gland clearly makes the tentacle which bears this gland become
+inflected; and I am fully convinced that 1/20000000 of a grain of the
+crystallised salt (i.e. containing about one-third of its weight of
+water of crystallisation) does the same. Now I am quite unhappy at the
+thought of having to publish such a statement. It will be of great value
+to me to be able to give any analogous facts in support. The case of
+Drosera is all the more interesting as the absorption of the salt or
+any other stimulant applied to the gland causes it to transmit a motor
+influence to the base of the tentacle which bears the gland.
+
+Pray forgive me for troubling you, and do not trouble yourself to answer
+this until your health is fully re-established.
+
+Pray believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[During the summer of 1874 he was at work on the genus Utricularia,
+and he wrote (July 16th) to Sir J.D. Hooker giving some account of the
+progress of his work:--
+
+"I am rather glad you have not been able to send Utricularia, for the
+common species has driven F. and me almost mad. The structure is MOST
+complex. The bladders catch a multitude of Entomostraca, and larvae of
+insects. The mechanism for capture is excellent. But there is much that
+we cannot understand. From what I have seen to-day, I strongly suspect
+that it is necrophagous, i.e. that it cannot digest, but absorbs
+decaying matter."
+
+He was indebted to Lady Dorothy Nevill for specimens of the curious
+Utricularia montana, which is not aquatic like the European species,
+but grows among the moss and debris on the branches of trees. To this
+species the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO LADY DOROTHY NEVILL. Down September 18 [1874].
+
+Dear Lady Dorothy Nevill,
+
+I am so much obliged to you. I was so convinced that the bladders were
+with the leaves that I never thought of removing the moss, and this was
+very stupid of me. The great solid bladder-like swellings almost on the
+surface are wonderful objects, but are not the true bladders. These I
+found on the roots near the surface, and down to a depth of two inches
+in the sand. They are as transparent as glass, from 1/20 to 1/100 of
+an inch in size, and hollow. They have all the important points of
+structure of the bladders of the floating English species, and I felt
+confident I should find captured prey. And so I have to my delight in
+two bladders, with clear proof that they had absorbed food from the
+decaying mass. For Utricularia is a carrion-feeder, and not strictly
+carnivorous like Drosera.
+
+The great solid bladder-like bodies, I believe, are reservoirs of water
+like a camel's stomach. As soon as I have made a few more observations,
+I mean to be so cruel as to give your plant no water, and observe
+whether the great bladders shrink and contain air instead of water; I
+shall then also wash all earth from all roots, and see whether there are
+true bladders for capturing subterranean insects down to the very bottom
+of the pot. Now shall you think me very greedy, if I say that supposing
+the species is not very precious, and you have several, will you give
+me one more plant, and if so, please to send it to "Orpington Station,
+S.E.R., to be forwarded by foot messenger."
+
+I have hardly ever enjoyed a day more in my life than I have this day's
+work; and this I owe to your Ladyship's great kindness.
+
+The seeds are very curious monsters; I fancy of some plant allied to
+Medicago, but I will show them to Dr. Hooker.
+
+Your ladyship's very gratefully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 30, 1874.
+
+My dear H.,
+
+Your magnificent present of Aldrovanda has arrived quite safe. I have
+enjoyed greatly a good look at the shut leaves, one of which I cut open.
+It is an aquatic Dionaea, which has acquired some structures identical
+with those of Utricularia!
+
+If the leaves open and I can transfer them open under the microscope, I
+will try some experiments, for mortal man cannot resist the temptation.
+If I cannot transfer, I will do nothing, for otherwise it would require
+hundreds of leaves.
+
+You are a good man to give me such pleasure.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The manuscript of 'Insectivorous Plants' was finished in March 1875.
+He seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this
+book, thus he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker in February:--
+
+"You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to
+commit suicide; I thought it was decently written, but find so much
+wants rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two
+months, and will then make a confoundedly big book. Murray will say that
+it is no use publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what
+will be the upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a
+book is a fool."
+
+The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out
+of the edition of 3000.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIV. -- THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS.'
+
+1880.
+
+[The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+clearness the connection between the 'Power of Movement,' and one of the
+author's earlier books, that on 'Climbing Plants.' The central idea
+of the book is that the movements of plants in relation to light,
+gravitation, etc., are modifications of a spontaneous tendency to
+revolve or circumnutate, which is widely inherent in the growing parts
+of plants. This conception has not been generally adopted, and has not
+taken a place among the canons of orthodox physiology. The book has been
+treated by Professor Sachs with a few words of professorial contempt;
+and by Professor Wiesner it has been honoured by careful and generously
+expressed criticism.
+
+Mr. Thiselton Dyer ('Charles Darwin' ('Nature' Series), page 41.) has
+well said: "Whether this masterly conception of the unity of what has
+hitherto seemed a chaos of unrelated phenomena will be sustained, time
+alone will show. But no one can doubt the importance of what Mr. Darwin
+has done, in showing that for the future the phenomena of plant movement
+can and indeed must be studied from a single point of view."
+
+The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+'Different Forms of Flowers,' and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer: "I am
+all on fire at the work." At this time he was studying the movements
+of cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its
+simplest form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what
+useful purpose these sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir
+Joseph Hooker (March 25th, 1878):--
+
+"I think we have PROVED that the sleep of plants is to lessen the injury
+to the leaves from radiation. This has interested me much, and has cost
+us great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of Linnaeus.
+But we have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants: N.B.--Oxalis
+carnosa was most valuable, but last night was killed."
+
+His letters of this period do not give any connected account of
+the progress of the work. The two following are given as being
+characteristic of the author:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, June 2, 1878.
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I remember saying that I should die a disgraced man if I did not observe
+a seedling Cactus and Cycas, and you have saved me from this horrible
+fate, as they move splendidly and normally. But I have two questions to
+ask: the Cycas observed was a huge seed in a broad and very shallow pot
+with cocoa-nut fibre as I suppose. It was named only Cycas. Was it Cycas
+pectinata? I suppose that I cannot be wrong in believing that what first
+appears above ground is a true leaf, for I can see no stem or axis.
+Lastly, you may remember that I said that we could not raise Opuntia
+nigricans; now I must confess to a piece of stupidity; one did come up,
+but my gardener and self stared at it, and concluded that it could not
+be a seedling Opuntia, but now that I have seen one of O. basilaris, I
+am sure it was; I observed it only casually, and saw movements, which
+makes me wish to observe carefully another. If you have any fruit,
+will Mr. Lynch (Mr. R.I. Lynch, now Curator of the Botanic Garden at
+Cambridge was at this time in the Royal Gardens, Kew.) be so kind as to
+send one more?
+
+I am working away like a slave at radicles [roots] and at movements of
+true leaves, for I have pretty well done with cotyledons...
+
+That was an EXCELLENT letter about the Gardens (This refers to an
+attempt to induce the Government to open the Royal Gardens at Kew in the
+morning.): I had hoped that the agitation was over. Politicians are a
+poor truckling lot, for [they] must see the wretched effects of keeping
+the gardens open all day long.
+
+Your ever troublesome friend, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. 4 Bryanston St., Portman Square,
+November 21 [1878].
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I must thank you for all the wonderful trouble which you have taken
+about the seeds of Impatiens, and on scores of other occasions. It in
+truth makes me feel ashamed of myself, and I cannot help thinking: "Oh
+Lord, when he sees our book he will cry out, is this all for which I
+have helped so much!" In seriousness, I hope that we have made out some
+points, but I fear that we have done very little for the labour which
+we have expended on our work. We are here for a week for a little rest,
+which I needed.
+
+If I remember right, November 30th, is the anniversary at the Royal, and
+I fear Sir Joseph must be almost at the last gasp. I shall be glad when
+he is no longer President.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of the following year, 1879. When he was engaged in
+putting his results together, he wrote somewhat despondingly to Mr.
+Dyer: "I am overwhelmed with my notes, and almost too old to undertake
+the job which I have in hand--i.e. movements of all kinds. Yet it is
+worse to be idle."
+
+Later on in the year, when the work was approaching completion, he wrote
+to Prof. Carus (July 17, 1879), with respect to a translation:--
+
+"Together with my son Francis, I am preparing a rather large volume on
+the general movements of Plants, and I think that we have made out a
+good many new points and views.
+
+"I fear that our views will meet a good deal of opposition in Germany;
+but we have been working very hard for some years at the subject.
+
+"I shall be MUCH pleased if you think the book worth translating, and
+proof-sheets shall be sent you, whenever they are ready."
+
+In the autumn he was hard at work on the manuscript, and wrote to Dr.
+Gray (October 24, 1879):--
+
+"I have written a rather big book--more is the pity--on the movements
+of plants, and I am now just beginning to go over the MS. for the second
+time, which is a horrid bore."
+
+Only the concluding part of the next letter refers to the 'Power of
+Movements':]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. May 28, 1880.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for having so kindly send me your
+'Phytographie' (A book on the methods of botanical research, more
+especially of systematic work.); for if I had merely seen it advertised,
+I should not have supposed that it could have concerned me. As it is, I
+have read with very great interest about a quarter, but will not
+delay longer thanking you. All that you say seems to me very clear
+and convincing, and as in all your writings I find a large number of
+philosophical remarks new to me, and no doubt shall find many more. They
+have recalled many a puzzle through which I passed when monographing the
+Cirripedia; and your book in those days would have been quite invaluable
+to me. It has pleased me to find that I have always followed your plan
+of making notes on separate pieces of paper; I keep several scores of
+large portfolios, arranged on very thin shelves about two inches apart,
+fastened to the walls of my study, and each shelf has its proper name
+or title; and I can thus put at once every memorandum into its proper
+place. Your book will, I am sure, be very useful to many young students,
+and I shall beg my son Francis (who intends to devote himself to the
+physiology of plants) to read it carefully.
+
+As for myself I am taking a fortnight's rest, after sending a pile of
+MS. to the printers, and it was a piece of good fortune that your book
+arrived as I was getting into my carriage, for I wanted something to
+read whilst away from home. My MS. relates to the movements of plants,
+and I think that I have succeeded in showing that all the more important
+great classes of movements are due to the modification of a kind of
+movement common to all parts of all plants from their earliest youth.
+
+Pray give my kind remembrances to your son, and with my highest respect
+and best thanks,
+
+Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It always pleases me to exalt plants in the organic scale, and if
+you will take the trouble to read my last chapter when my book (which
+will be sadly too big) is published and sent to you, I hope and think
+that you also will admire some of the beautiful adaptations by which
+seedling plants are enabled to perform their proper functions.
+
+
+[The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were
+disposed of at Mr. Murray's sale. With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (November 23):--
+
+"Your note has pleased me much--for I did not expect that you would have
+had time to read ANY of it. Read the last chapter, and you will know the
+whole result, but without the evidence. The case, however, of radicles
+bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their tips (or
+brains) cut off is, I think, worth your reading (bottom of page 525); it
+astounded me. The next most remarkable fact, as it appeared to me (page
+148), is the discrimination of the tip of the radicle between a slightly
+harder and softer object affixed on opposite sides of tip. But I will
+bother you no more about my book. The sensitiveness of seedlings to
+light is marvellous."
+
+To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):--
+
+"Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of
+our work, not but what this is very pleasant... Many of the Germans are
+very contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer
+the souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+interesting part of Natural History. Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and
+most kind assistance to us."
+
+The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the
+general public. The following letter refers to a leading article in the
+"Times", November 20, 1880:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. (Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my
+father's early friend, the late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.) Down, November
+22, 1880.
+
+My dear Sarah,
+
+You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved and shall
+ever love this name. Your letter has done more than please me, for its
+kindness has touched my heart. I often think of old days and of the
+delight of my visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude
+I owe to your father. It was very good of you to write. I had quite
+forgotten my old ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper (Mrs.
+Haliburton had reminded him of his saying as a boy that if Eddowes'
+newspaper ever alluded to him as "our deserving fellow-townsman," his
+ambition would be amply gratified.); but I remember the pride which I
+felt when I saw in a book about beetles the impressive words "captured
+by C. Darwin." Captured sounded so grand compared with caught. This
+seemed to me glory enough for any man! I do not know in the least what
+made the "Times" glorify me (The following is the opening sentence
+of the leading article:--"Of all our living men of science none have
+laboured longer and to more splendid purpose than Mr. Darwin."), for it
+has sometimes pitched into me ferociously.
+
+I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit
+here very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead
+a solitary life. But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in
+London, and then if you have anything else to do in London, you would
+perhaps come and lunch with us. (My father had the pleasure of seeing
+Mrs. Haliburton at his brother's house in Queen Anne Street.)
+
+Believe me, my dear Sarah, Yours gratefully and affectionately, CHARLES
+DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+devoted to the criticism of the 'Power of Movement in Plants' by an
+accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+University of Vienna:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS WIESNER. Down, October 25th, 1881.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now finished your book ('Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen.'
+Vienna, 1881.), and have understood the whole except a very few
+passages. In the first place, let me thank you cordially for the manner
+in which you have everywhere treated me. You have shown how a man may
+differ from another in the most decided manner, and yet express his
+difference with the most perfect courtesy. Not a few English and German
+naturalists might learn a useful lesson from your example; for the
+coarse language often used by scientific men towards each other does no
+good, and only degrades science.
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+vivisected. It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+topics in your book. I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of
+horizontally extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture;
+but I cannot persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral
+branches and roots is due simply to their lessened power of growth. Nor
+when I think of my experiments with the cotyledons of Phalaris, can I
+give up the belief of the transmission of some stimulus due to light
+from the upper to the lower part. At page 60 you have misunderstood my
+meaning, when you say that I believe that the effects from light
+are transmitted to a part which is not itself heliotropic. I never
+considered whether or not the short part beneath the ground was
+heliotropic; but I believe that with young seedlings the part which
+bends NEAR, but ABOVE the ground is heliotropic, and I believe so from
+this part bending only moderately when the light is oblique, and bending
+rectangularly when the light is horizontal. Nevertheless the bending of
+this lower part, as I conclude from my experiments with opaque caps,
+is influenced by the action of light on the upper part. My opinion,
+however, on the above and many other points, signifies very little, for
+I have no doubt that your book will convince most botanists that I am
+wrong in all the points on which we differ.
+
+Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of
+facts leading me to believe that light, gravity, etc., act not in a
+direct manner on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to
+modify my judgment on this head. I could not understand the passage at
+page 78, until I consulted my son George, who is a mathematician. He
+supposes that your objection is founded on the diffused light from the
+lamp illuminating both sides of the object, and not being reduced, with
+increasing distance in the same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts
+whether this NECESSARY correction will account for the very little
+difference in the heliotropic curvature of the plants in the successive
+pots.
+
+With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I
+cannot admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits
+of card attached by liquid gum causing movement; whereas no movement
+was caused if the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the
+liquid gum. The fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached
+on opposite sides of the same root by shellac, causing movement in one
+direction, has to be explained. You often speak of the tip having been
+injured; but externally there was no sign of injury: and when the tip
+was plainly injured, the extreme part became curved TOWARDS the injured
+side. I can no more believe that the tip was injured by the bits of
+card, at least when attached by gum-water, than that the glands of
+Drosera are injured by a particle of thread or hair placed on it, or
+that the human tongue [is so] when it feels any such object.
+
+About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I
+can only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my
+son Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home. The
+greater part of your book is beautifully clear.
+
+Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence
+a fresh set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full
+recantation of my errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for
+such an undertaking, nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much,
+or any more, original work. I imagine that I see one possible source of
+error in your beautiful experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a
+lateral light.
+
+With high respect and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which
+you have treated me and my mistakes, I remain, my dear Sir, yours
+sincerely,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XV. -- MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+
+1873-1882.
+
+[The present chapter contains a series of miscellaneous letters on
+botanical subjects. Some of them show my father's varied interests in
+botanical science, and others give account of researches which never
+reached completion.]
+
+
+BLOOM ON LEAVES AND FRUIT.
+
+[His researches into the meaning of the "bloom," or waxy coating found
+on many leaves, was one of those inquiries which remained unfinished at
+the time of his death. He amassed a quantity of notes on the subject,
+part of which I hope to publish at no distant date. (A small instalment
+on the relation between bloom and the distribution of the stomata on
+leaves has appeared in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society,' 1886.
+Tschirsch ("Linnaea", 1881) has published results identical with
+some which my father and myself obtained, viz. that bloom diminishes
+transpiration. The same fact was previously published by Garreau in
+1850.)
+
+One of his earliest letters on this subject was addressed in August,
+1873, to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"I want a little information from you, and if you do not yourself know,
+please to enquire of some of the wise men of Kew.
+
+"Why are the leaves and fruit of so many plants protected by a thin
+layer of waxy matter (like the common cabbage), or with fine hair, so
+that when such leaves or fruit are immersed in water they appear as if
+encased in thin glass? It is really a pretty sight to put a pod of the
+common pea, or a raspberry into water. I find several leaves are thus
+protected on the under surface and not on the upper.
+
+"How can water injure the leaves if indeed this is at all the case?"
+
+On this latter point he wrote to Sir Thomas Farrer:--
+
+"I am now become mad about drops of water injuring leaves. Please ask
+Mr. Paine (Sir Thomas Farrer's gardener.) whether he believes, FROM
+HIS OWN EXPERIENCE, that drops of water injure leaves or fruit in his
+conservatories. It is said that the drops act as burning-glasses; if
+this is true, they would not be at all injurious on cloudy days. As
+he is so acute a man, I should very much like to hear his opinion. I
+remember when I grew hot-house orchids I was cautioned not to wet their
+leaves; but I never then thought on the subject.
+
+"I enjoyed my visit greatly with you, and I am very sure that all
+England could not afford a kinder and pleasanter host."
+
+Some years later he took up the subject again, and wrote to Sir Joseph
+Hooker (May 25, 1877):--
+
+"I have been looking over my old notes about the "bloom" on plants,
+and I think that the subject is well worth pursuing, though I am very
+doubtful of any success. Are you inclined to aid me on the mere chance
+of success, for without your aid I could do hardly anything?"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 4 [1877].
+
+... I am now trying to make out the use or function of "bloom," or the
+waxy secretion on the leaves and fruit of plants, but am VERY doubtful
+whether I shall succeed. Can you give me any light? Are such plants
+commoner in warm than in colder climates? I ask because I often walk out
+in heavy rain, and the leaves of very few wild dicotyledons can be here
+seen with drops of water rolling off them like quick-silver. Whereas in
+my flower garden, greenhouse, and hot-houses there are several. Again,
+are bloo-protected plants common on your DRY western plains? Hooker
+THINKS that they are common at the Cape of Good Hope. It is a puzzle
+to me if they are common under very dry climates, and I find bloom very
+common on the Acacias and Eucalypti of Australia. Some of the Eucalypti
+which do not appear to be covered with bloom have the epidermis
+protected by a layer of some substance which is dissolved in boiling
+alcohol. Are there any bloo-protected leaves or fruit in the Arctic
+regions? If you can illuminate me, as you so often have done, pray do
+so; but otherwise do not bother yourself by answering.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, September 5 [1877].
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+One word to thank you. I declare had it not been for your kindness, we
+should have broken down. As it is we have made out clearly that with
+some plants (chiefly succulent) the bloom checks evaporation--with
+some certainly prevents attacks of insects; with SOME sea-shore plants
+prevents injury from salt-water, and, I believe, with a few prevents
+injury from pure water resting on the leaves. This latter is as yet
+the most doubtful and the most interesting point in relation to the
+movements of plants...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, July 4 [1881].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your kindness is unbounded, and I cannot tell you how much your last
+letter (May 31) has interested me. I have piles of notes about the
+effect of water resting on leaves, and their movements (as I supposed)
+to shake off the drops. But I have not looked over these notes for a
+long time, and had come to think that perhaps my notion was mere fancy,
+but I had intended to begin experimenting as soon as I returned home;
+and now with your INVALUABLE letter about the position of the leaves of
+various plants during rain (I have one analogous case with Acacia from
+South Africa), I shall be stimulated to work in earnest.
+
+
+VARIABILITY.
+
+[The following letter refers to a subject on which my father felt the
+strongest interest:--the experimental investigation of the causes of
+variability. The experiments alluded to were to some extent planned out,
+and some preliminary work was begun in the direction indicated below,
+but the research was ultimately abandoned.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. GILBERT. (Dr. Gilbert, F.R.S., joint author
+with Sir John Bennett Lawes of a long series of valuable researches in
+Scientific Agriculture.) Down, February 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+When I met you at the Linnean Society, you were so kind as to say that
+you would aid me with advice, and this will be of the utmost value to me
+and my son. I will first state my object, and hope that you will excuse
+a long letter. It is admitted by all naturalists that no problem is so
+perplexing as what causes almost every cultivated plant to vary, and no
+experiments as yet tried have thrown any light on the subject. Now
+for the last ten years I have been experimenting in crossing and
+self-fertilising plants; and one indirect result has surprised me much;
+namely, that by taking pains to cultivate plants in pots under glass
+during several successive generations, under nearly similar conditions,
+and by self-fertilising them in each generation, the colour of the
+flowers often changes, and, what is very remarkable, they became in some
+of the most variable species, such as Mimulus, Carnation, etc., quite
+constant, like those of a wild species.
+
+This fact and several others have led me to the suspicion that the cause
+of variation must be in different substances absorbed from the soil by
+these plants when their powers of absorption are not interfered with
+by other plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature.
+Therefore my son and I wish to grow plants in pots in soil entirely, or
+as nearly entirely as is possible, destitute of all matter which plants
+absorb, and then to give during several successive generations to
+several plants of the same species as different solutions as may be
+compatible with their life and health. And now, can you advise me how
+to make soil approximately free of all the substances which plants
+naturally absorb? I suppose white silver sand, sold for cleaning
+harness, etc., is nearly pure silica, but what am I to do for alumina?
+Without some alumina I imagine that it would be impossible to keep the
+soil damp and fit for the growth of plants. I presume that clay washed
+over and over again in water would still yield mineral matter to the
+carbonic acid secreted by the roots. I should want a good deal of soil,
+for it would be useless to experimentise unless we could fill from
+twenty to thirty moderately sized flower-pots every year. Can you
+suggest any plan? for unless you can it would, I fear, be useless for us
+to commence an attempt to discover whether variability depends at all
+on matter absorbed from the soil. After obtaining the requisite kind of
+soil, my notion is to water one set of plants with nitrate of potassium,
+another set with nitrate of sodium, and another with nitrate of lime,
+giving all as much phosphate of ammonia as they seemed to support, for
+I wish the plants to grow as luxuriantly as possible. The plants watered
+with nitrate of Na and of Ca would require, I suppose, some K; but
+perhaps they would get what is absolutely necessary from such soil as I
+should be forced to employ, and from the rain-water collected in tanks.
+I could use hard water from a deep well in the chalk, but then all the
+plants would get lime. If the plants to which I give Nitrate of Na and
+of Ca would not grow I might give them a little alum.
+
+I am well aware how very ignorant I am, and how crude my notions are;
+and if you could suggest any other solutions by which plants would be
+likely to be affected it would be a very great kindness. I suppose that
+there are no organic fluids which plants would absorb, and which I could
+procure?
+
+I must trust to your kindness to excuse me for troubling you at such
+length, and,
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter to Professor Semper (Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.)
+bears on the same subject:]
+
+FROM CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, July 19, 1881.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+I have been much pleased to receive your letter, but I did not expect
+you to answer my former one... I cannot remember what I wrote to you,
+but I am sure that it must have expressed the interest which I felt in
+reading your book. (Published in the 'International Scientific Series,'
+in 1881, under the title, 'The Natural Conditions of Existence as they
+affect Animal Life.') I thought that you attributed too much weight to
+the DIRECT action of the environment; but whether I said so I know not,
+for without being asked I should have thought it presumptuous to have
+criticised your book, nor should I now say so had I not during the last
+few days been struck with Professor Hoffmann's review of his own work in
+the 'Botanische Zeitung,' on the variability of plants; and it is really
+surprising how little effect he produced by cultivating certain plants
+under unnatural conditions, as the presence of salt, lime, zinc, etc.,
+etc., during SEVERAL generations. Plants, moreover, were selected which
+were the most likely to vary under such conditions, judging from the
+existence of closely-allied forms adapted for these conditions. No
+doubt I originally attributed too little weight to the direct action of
+conditions, but Hoffmann's paper has staggered me. Perhaps hundreds of
+generations of exposure are necessary. It is a most perplexing subject.
+I wish I was not so old, and had more strength, for I see lines of
+research to follow. Hoffmann even doubts whether plants vary more
+under cultivation than in their native home and under their natural
+conditions. If so, the astonishing variations of almost all cultivated
+plants must be due to selection and breeding from the varying
+individuals. This idea crossed my mind many years ago, but I was
+afraid to publish it, as I thought that people would say, "how he does
+exaggerate the importance of selection."
+
+I still MUST believe that changed conditions give the impulse to
+variability, but that they act IN MOST CASES in a very indirect manner.
+But, as I said, it is a most perplexing problem. Pray forgive me for
+writing at such length; I had no intention of doing so when I sat down
+to write.
+
+I am extremely sorry to hear, for your own sake and for that of Science,
+that you are so hard worked, and that so much of your time is consumed
+in official labour.
+
+Pray believe me, dear Professor Semper, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+GALLS.
+
+[Shortly before his death, my father began to experimentise on the
+possibility of producing galls artificially. A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(November 3, 1880) shows the interest which he felt in the question:--
+
+"I was delighted with Paget's Essay ('Disease in Plants,' by Sir
+James Paget.--See "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1880.); I hear that he has
+occasionally attended to this subject from his youth... I am very glad he
+has called attention to galls: this has always seemed to me a profoundly
+interesting subject; and if I had been younger would take it up."
+
+His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish
+to learn something of the causes of variation. He imagined to himself
+wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these
+means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus
+new varieties arise. He made a considerable number of experiments by
+injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves, and with some
+slight indications of success.]
+
+
+AGGREGATION.
+
+[The following letter gives an idea of the subject of the last of his
+published papers. ('Journal of the Linnean Society.' volume xix, 1882,
+pages 239 and 262.) The appearances which he observed in leaves and
+roots attracted him, on account of their relation to the phenomena of
+aggregation which had so deeply interested him when he was at work on
+Drosera:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO S.H. VINES. (Reader in Botany in the University of
+Cambridge.) Down, November 1, 1881.
+
+My dear Mr. Vines,
+
+As I know how busy you are, it is a great shame to trouble you. But you
+are so rich in chemical knowledge about plants, and I am so poor, that
+I appeal to your charity as a pauper. My question is--Do you know of
+any solid substance in the cells of plants which glycerine and water
+dissolves? But you will understand my perplexity better if I give you
+the facts: I mentioned to you that if a plant of Euphorbia peplus is
+gently dug up and the roots placed for a short time in a weak solution
+(1 to 10,000 of water, suffices in 24 hours) of carbonate of ammonia the
+(generally) alternate longitudinal rows of cells in every rootlet, from
+the root-cap up to the very top of the root (but not as far as I have
+yet seen in the green stem) become filled with translucent, brownish
+grains of matter. These rounded grains often cohere and even become
+confluent. Pure phosphate and nitrate of ammonia produce (though more
+slowly) the same effect, as does pure carbonate of soda.
+
+Now, if slices of root under a cover-glass are irrigated with glycerine
+and water, every one of the innumerable grains in the cells disappear
+after some hours. What am I to think of this.?...
+
+Forgive me for bothering you to such an extent; but I must mention
+that if the roots are dipped in boiling water there is no deposition of
+matter, and carbonate of ammonia afterwards produces no effect. I should
+state that I now find that the granular matter is formed in the cells
+immediately beneath the thin epidermis, and a few other cells near the
+vascular tissue. If the granules consisted of living protoplasm (but
+I can see no traces of movement in them), then I should infer that
+the glycerine killed them and aggregation ceased with the diffusion of
+invisibly minute particles, for I have seen an analogous phenomenon in
+Drosera.
+
+If you can aid me, pray do so, and anyhow forgive me. Yours very
+sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+MR. TORBITT'S EXPERIMENTS ON THE POTATO-DISEASE.
+
+[Mr. James Torbitt, of Belfast, has been engaged for the last twelve
+years in the difficult undertaking, in which he has been to a large
+extent successful, of raising fungus-proof varieties of the potato. My
+father felt great interest in Mr. Torbitt's work, and corresponded with
+him from 1876 onwards. The following letter, giving a clear account of
+Mr. Torbitt's method and of my father's opinion of the probability of
+its success, was written with the idea that Government aid for the work
+might possibly be obtainable:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER. Down, March 2, 1878.
+
+My dear Farrer,
+
+Mr. Torbitt's plan of overcoming the potato-disease seems to me by far
+the best which has ever been suggested. It consists, as you know
+from his printed letter, of rearing a vast number of seedlings from
+cross-fertilised parents, exposing them to infection, ruthlessly
+destroying all that suffer, saving those which resist best, and
+repeating the process in successive seminal generations. My belief in
+the probability of good results from this process rests on the fact of
+all characters whatever occasionally varying. It is known, for instance,
+that certain species and varieties of the vine resist phylloxera better
+than others. Andrew Knight found in one variety or species of the apple
+which was not in the least attacked by coccus, and another variety has
+been observed in South Australia. Certain varieties of the peach resist
+mildew, and several other such cases could be given. Therefore there is
+no great improbability in a new variety of potato arising which would
+resist the fungus completely, or at least much better than any existing
+variety. With respect to the cross-fertilisation of two distinct
+seedling plants, it has been ascertained that the offspring thus raised
+inherit much more vigorous constitutions and generally are more prolific
+than seedlings from self-fertilised parents. It is also probable that
+cross-fertilisation would be especially valuable in the case of the
+potato, as there is reason to believe that the flowers are seldom
+crossed by our native insects; and some varieties are absolutely sterile
+unless fertilised with pollen from a distinct variety. There is some
+evidence that the good effects from a cross are transmitted for several
+generations; it would not, therefore be necessary to cross-fertilise the
+seedlings in each generation, though this would be desirable, as it is
+almost certain that a greater number of seeds would thus be obtained. It
+should be remembered that a cross between plants raised from the tubers
+of the same plant, though growing on distinct roots, does no more good
+than a cross between flowers on the same individual. Considering the
+whole subject, it appears to me that it would be a national misfortune
+if the cros-fertilised seeds in Mr. Torbitt's possession produced by
+parents which have already shown some power of resisting the disease,
+are not utilised by the Government, or some public body, and the process
+of selection continued during several more generations.
+
+Should the Agricultural Society undertake the work, Mr. Torbitt's
+knowledge gained by experience would be especially valuable; and
+an outline of the plan is given in his printed letter. It would be
+necessary that all the tubers produced by each plant should be collected
+separately, and carefully examined in each succeeding generation.
+
+It would be advisable that some kind of potato eminently liable to the
+disease should be planted in considerable numbers near the seedlings so
+as to infect them.
+
+Altogether the trial would be one requiring much care and extreme
+patience, as I know from experience with analogous work, and it may be
+feared that it would be difficult to find any one who would pursue the
+experiment with sufficient energy. It seems, therefore, to me highly
+desirable that Mr. Torbitt should be aided with some small grant so as
+to continue the work himself.
+
+Judging from his reports, his efforts have already been crowned in so
+short a time with more success than could have been anticipated; and
+I think you will agree with me, that any one who raises a fungus-proof
+potato will be a public benefactor of no common kind.
+
+My dear Farrer, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[After further consultation with Sir Thomas Farrer and with Mr. Caird,
+my father became convinced that it was hopeless to attempt to obtain
+Government aid. He wrote to Mr. Torbitt to this effect, adding, "it
+would be less trouble to get up a subscription from a few rich leading
+agriculturists than from Government. This plan I think you cannot object
+to, as you have asked nothing, and will have nothing whatever to do with
+the subscription. In fact, the affair is, in my opinion, a compliment
+to you." The idea here broached was carried out, and Mr. Torbitt was
+enabled to continue his work by the aid of a sum to which Sir T. Farrer,
+Mr. Caird, my father, and a few friends, subscribed.
+
+My father's sympathy and encouragement were highly valued by Mr.
+Torbitt, who tells me that without them he should long ago have given up
+his attempt. A few extracts will illustrate my father's fellow feeling
+with Mr. Torbitt's energy and perseverance:--
+
+"I admire your indomitable spirit. If any one ever deserved success,
+you do so, and I keep to my original opinion that you have a very good
+chance of raising a fungus-proof variety of the potato.
+
+"A pioneer in a new undertaking is sure to meet with many
+disappointments, so I hope that you will keep up your courage, though we
+have done so very little for you."
+
+Mr. Torbitt tells me that he still (1887) succeeds in raising varieties
+possessing well-marked powers of resisting disease; but this immunity is
+not permanent, and, after some years, the varieties become liable to the
+attacks of the fungus.]
+
+
+THE KEW INDEX OF PLANT-NAMES, OR 'NOMENCLATOR DARWINIANUS.'
+
+[Some account of my father's connection with the Index of Plant-names
+now (1887) in course of preparation at Kew will be found in Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson's paper in the 'Journal of Botany,' 1887, page 151. Mr.
+Jackson quotes the following statement by Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+event of these not being completed during his lifetime.
+
+"Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index
+to the names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to
+botanists, together with their native countries. Steudel's 'Nomenclator'
+is the only existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a
+century old, Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches.
+It has been indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a
+list of all known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors,
+or as a digest of botanical geography."
+
+
+Since 1840, when the 'Nomenclator' was published, the number of
+described plants may be said to have doubled, so that the 'Nomenclator'
+is now seriously below the requirements of botanical work. To remedy
+this want, the 'Nomenclator' has been from time to time posted up in an
+interleaved copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied
+by private liberality." (Kew Gardens Report, 1881, page 62.)
+
+My father, like other botanists, had as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+experienced the value of Steudel's work. He obtained plants from all
+sorts of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the
+necessity of adhering to the accepted nomenclature, so that he might
+convey to other workers precise indications as to the plants which he
+had studied. It was also frequently a matter of importance to him to
+know the native country of his experimental plants. Thus it was natural
+that he should recognize the desirability of completing and publishing
+the interleaved volume at Kew. The wish to help in this object was
+heightened by the admiration he felt for the results for which the world
+has to thank the Royal Gardens at Kew, and by his gratitude for the
+invaluable aid which for so many years he received from its Director and
+his staff. He expressly stated that it was his wish "to aid in some
+way the scientific work carried on at the Royal Gardens" (Kew Gardens
+Report, 1881, page 62.)--which induced him to offer to supply funds for
+the completion of the Kew 'Nomenclator.'
+
+The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+much interest, as illustrating the motives that actuated my father in
+this matter. Professor Judd writes:--
+
+"On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income
+having recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same,
+he was most anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement
+of Geology or Biology. He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact
+that he owed so much happiness and fame to the natural-history
+sciences, which had been the solace of what might have been a painful
+existence;--and he begged me, if I knew of any research which could be
+aided by a grant of a few hundreds of pounds, to let him know, as it
+would be a delight to him to feel that he was helping in promoting the
+progress of science. He informed me at the same time that he was making
+the same suggestion to Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley with
+respect to Botany and Zoology respectively. I was much impressed by
+the earnestness, and, indeed, deep emotion, with which he spoke of his
+indebtedness to Science, and his desire to promote its interests."
+
+Sir Joseph Hooker was asked by my father "to take into consideration,
+with the aid of the botanical staff at Kew and the late Mr. Bentham, the
+extent and scope of the proposed work, and to suggest the best means of
+having it executed. In doing this, Sir Joseph had further the advantage
+of the great knowledge and experience of Professor Asa Gray, of
+Cambridge, U.S.A., and of Mr. John Ball, F.R.S." ('Journal of Botany,'
+loc. cit.)
+
+The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir
+Joseph Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr.
+B. Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive
+knowledge of botanical literature qualifies him for the task. My
+father's original idea of producing a modern edition of Steudel's
+'Nomenclator' has been practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view
+is rather to construct a list of genera and species (with references)
+founded on Bentham and Hooker's 'Genera Plantarum.' The colossal nature
+of the work in progress at Kew may be estimated by the fact that the
+manuscript of the 'Index' is at the present time (1887) believed to
+weigh more than a ton. Under Sir Joseph Hooker's supervision the work
+goes steadily forward, being carried out with admirable zeal by Mr.
+Jackson, who devotes himself unsparingly to the enterprise, in which,
+too, he has the advantage of the active interest in the work felt by
+Professor Oliver and Mr. Thiselton Dyer.
+
+The Kew 'Index,' which will, in all probability, be ready to go to press
+in four or five years, will be a fitting memorial of my father: and his
+share in its completion illustrates a part of his character--his ready
+sympathy with work outside his own lines of investigation--and his
+respect for minute and patient labour in all branches of science.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XVI. -- CONCLUSION.
+
+Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages. The subject of
+health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+outward form of his life.
+
+During the last ten years of his life the condition of his health was a
+cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. His condition showed
+signs of amendment in several particulars. He suffered less distress
+and discomfort, and was able to work more steadily. Something has
+been already said of Dr. Bence Jones's treatment, from which my father
+certainly derived benefit. In later years he became a patient of Sir
+Andrew Clark, under whose care he improved greatly in general health. It
+was not only for his generously rendered service that my father felt
+a debt of gratitude towards Sir Andrew Clark. He owed to his cheering
+personal influence an ofte-repeated encouragement, which laterally added
+something real to his happiness, and he found sincere pleasure in Sir
+Andrew's friendship and kindness towards himself and his children.
+
+Scattered through the past pages are one or two references to pain or
+uneasiness felt in the region of the heart. How far these indicate that
+the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any
+case it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of
+this nature until shortly before his death. In spite of the general
+improvement in his health, which has been above alluded to, there was
+a certain loss of physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last
+few years of his life. This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter
+to his old friend Sir James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879: "My
+scientific work tires me more than it used to do, but I have nothing
+else to do, and whether one is worn out a year or two sooner or later
+signifies but little."
+
+A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker of June 15,
+1881. My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote: "I am rather
+despondent about myself... I have not the heart or strength to begin any
+investigation lasting years, which is the only thing which I enjoy, and
+I have no little jobs which I can do."
+
+In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace, "We have just returned home
+after spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming,
+but I cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery... What
+I shall do with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell. I
+have everything to make me happy and contented, but life has become very
+wearisome to me." He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and
+that of a trying sort (On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots
+and leaves.), during the autumn of 1881, but towards the end of the year
+he was clearly in need of rest; and during the winter was in a lower
+condition than was usual with him.
+
+On December 13 he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+Street. During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and
+was seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same
+kind as those which afterwards became so frequent. The rest of the
+incident, which I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a
+different point of view, as giving one more illustration of my father's
+scrupulous consideration for others:--
+
+"I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+asked him to come in, he said he would prefer going home, and although
+the butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he
+said he would rather not give so much trouble. For the same reason he
+refused to allow the butler to accompany him. Accordingly he watched him
+walking with difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be
+met with, and saw that, when he had got about three hundred yards from
+the house, he staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if
+to prevent himself from falling. The butler therefore hastened to his
+assistance, but after a few seconds saw him turn round with the evident
+purpose of retracing his steps to my house. However, after he had
+returned part of the way he seems to have felt better, for he again
+changed his mind, and proceeded to find a cab."
+
+During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks
+of pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse,
+became frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon. A seizure of
+this sort occurred about March 7, when he was walking alone at a short
+distance from the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the
+last time that he was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.' Shortly
+after this, his illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and
+he was seen by Sir Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr.
+Norman Moore, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Mr. Alfrey, of St.
+Mary Cray. He suffered from distressing sensations of exhaustion and
+faintness, and seemed to recognise with deep depression the fact that
+his working days were over. He gradually recovered from this condition,
+and became more cheerful and hopeful, as is shown in the following
+letter to Mr. Huxley, who was anxious that my father should have closer
+medical supervision than the existing arrangements allowed:
+
+
+Down, March 27, 1882.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me. I have felt better
+to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no pain. Your plan
+seems an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it, unless I get
+very much better. Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me, but he is
+too busy to come here. Once again, accept my cordial thanks, my dear old
+friend. I wish to God there were more automata (The allusion is to Mr.
+Huxley's address 'On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its
+History,' given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association in
+1874, and republished in 'Science and Culture.') in the world like you.
+
+Ever yours, CH. DARWIN."
+
+
+The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation. Sir
+Andrew Clark himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who,
+however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+severely his great practice taxed his strength.
+
+No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on
+Saturday 15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in
+the evening, and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa. On the 17th
+he was again better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the
+progress of an experiment in which I was engaged. During the night of
+April 18th, about a quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed
+into a faint, from which he was brought back to consciousness with great
+difficulty. He seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I
+am not the least afraid to die." All the next morning he suffered from
+terrible nausea and faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.
+
+He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+seventy-fourth year of his age.
+
+I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect
+added to the manuscript of his 'Autobiography' in 1879:--
+
+"As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily
+following, and devoting my life to Science. I feel no remorse from
+having committed any great sin, but have often and often regretted that
+I have not done more direct good to my fellow creatures."
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed
+by twenty members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+Westminster:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 21, 1882.
+
+Very Rev. Sir,
+
+We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we venture to
+suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of our
+fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious
+countryman, Mr. Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+We remain, your obedient servants,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK, NEVIL STOREY MASKELYNE, A.J. MUNDELLA, G.O. TREVELYAN,
+LYON PLAYFAIR, CHARLES W. DILKE, DAVID WEDDERBURN, ARTHUR RUSSEL, HORACE
+DAVEY, BENJAMIN ARMITAGE, RICHARD B. MARTIN, FRANCIS W. BUXTON, E.L.
+STANLEY, HENRY BROADHURST, JOHN BARRAN, F.J. CHEETHAM, H.S. HOLLAND, H.
+CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, CHARLES BRUCE, RICHARD FORT.
+
+The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial
+acquiescence.
+
+The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down: with
+regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:--
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 25, 1882.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I should greatly
+have preferred that your father should have rested in Down amongst us
+all. It is, I am sure, quite understood that the initiative was not
+taken by you. Still, from a national point of view, it is clearly right
+that he should be buried in the Abbey. I esteem it a great privilege to
+be allowed to accompany my dear master to the grave.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK.
+
+W.E. DARWIN, ESQ.
+
+
+The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place
+in Westminster Abbey on April 26th. The pall-bearers were:--
+
+  SIR JOHN LUBBOCK,
+  MR. HUXLEY,
+  MR. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (American Minister),
+  MR. A.R. WALLACE,
+  THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,
+  CANON FARRAR,
+  SIR J.D. HOOKER,
+  MR. WM. SPOTTISWOODE (President of the Royal Society),
+  THE EARL OF DERBY,
+  THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany,
+Italy, Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities, and learned
+Societies, as well as by large numbers of personal friends and
+distinguished men.
+
+The grave is in the North aisle of the Nave close to the angle of the
+choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton. The
+stone bears the inscription--
+
+CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN. Born 12 February, 1809. Died 19 April, 1882.
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+I.--LIST OF WORKS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of Her Majesty's Ships 'Adventure'
+and 'Beagle' between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their
+examination of the Southern shores of South America, and the 'Beagle's'
+circumnavigation of the globe. Volume iii. Journal and Remarks,
+1832-1836. By Charles Darwin. 8vo. London, 1839.
+
+Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the
+countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world,
+under the command of Captain Fitz-Roy, R.N. 2nd edition, corrected, with
+additions. 8vo. London, 1845. (Colonial and Home Library.)
+
+A Naturalist's Voyage. Journal of Researches, etc., 8vo. London, 1860.
+[Contains a postscript dated February 1, 1860.]
+
+Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Edited and superintended
+by Charles Darwin. Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen. With a
+Geological Introduction, by Charles Darwin. 4to. London, 1840.
+
+--Part II. Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse. With a notice of their
+habits and ranges, by Charles Darwin. 4to. London, 1839.
+
+--Part III. Birds, by John Gould. An "Advertisement" (2 pages) states
+that in consequence of Mr. Gould's having left England for Australia,
+many descriptions were supplied by Mr. G.R. Gray of the British Museum.
+4to. London, 1841.
+
+--Part IV. Fish, by Rev. Leonard Jenyns. 4to. London, 1842.
+
+--Part V. Reptiles, by Thomas Bell. 4to. London, 1843.
+
+The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of
+the Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1842.
+
+The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. 2nd edition. 8vo. London,
+1874.
+
+Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the
+Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Being the Second Part of the Geology of the
+Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1844.
+
+Geological Observations on South America. Being the Third Part of the
+Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1846.
+
+Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South
+America visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' 2nd edition. 8vo.
+London, 1876.
+
+A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of
+Great Britain. 4to. London, 1851. (Palaeontographical Society.)
+
+A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the
+Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. 8vo. London, 1851.
+(Ray Society.)
+
+--The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. 8vo.
+London, 1854. (Ray Society.)
+
+A Monograph of the Fossil Balanidae and Verrucidae of Great Britain.
+4to. London, 1854. (Palaeontographical Society.)
+
+On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the
+Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. 8vo. London,
+1859. (Dated October 1st, 1859, published November 24, 1859.)
+
+--Fifth thousand. 8vo. London, 1860.
+
+--Third edition, with additions and corrections. (Seventh thousand.)
+8vo. London, 1861. (Dated March, 1861.)
+
+--Fourth edition with additions and corrections. (Eighth thousand.) 8vo.
+London, 1866. (Dated June, 1866.)
+
+--Fifth edition, with additions and corrections. (Tenth thousand.) 8vo.
+London, 1869. (Dated May, 1869.)
+
+--Sixth edition, with additions and corrections to 1872. (Twenty-fourth
+thousand.) 8vo. London, 1882. (Dated January, 1872.)
+
+On the various contrivances by which Orchids are fertilised by Insects.
+8vo. London, 1862.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1877. [In the second edition the word
+"On" is omitted from the title.]
+
+The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. Second edition. 8vo.
+London, 1875. [First appeared in the ninth volume of the 'Journal of the
+Linnean Society.']
+
+The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. 2 volumes. 8vo.
+London, 1868.
+
+--Second edition, revised. 2 volumes. 8vo. London, 1875.
+
+The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 volumes. 8vo.
+London, 1871.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1874. (In 1 volume.)
+
+The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. 8vo. London, 1872.
+
+Insectivorous Plants. 8vo. London, 1875.
+
+The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.
+8vo. London, 1876.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1878.
+
+The different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. 8vo.
+London, 1877.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1880.
+
+The Power of Movement in Plants. By Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis
+Darwin. 8vo. London, 1880.
+
+The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with
+Observations on their Habits. 8vo. London, 1881.
+
+
+II.--LIST OF BOOKS CONTAINING CONTRIBUTIONS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's
+Navy: and adapted for travellers in general. Edited by Sir John F.W.
+Herschel, Bart. 8vo. London, 1849. (Section VI. Geology. By Charles
+Darwin.)
+
+Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns.
+8vo. London, 1862. [In Chapter III., Recollections by Charles Darwin.]
+
+A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton published in Prof. J.
+Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe.'
+
+Flowers and their unbidden guests. By A. Kerner. With a Prefatory Letter
+by Charles Darwin. The translation revised and edited by W. Ogle. 8vo.
+London, 1878.
+
+Erasmus Darwin. By Ernst Krause. Translated from the German by W.S.
+Dallas. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. 8vo. London, 1879.
+
+Studies in the Theory of Descent. By August Weismann. Translated and
+edited by Raphael Meldola. With a Prefatory Notice by Charles Darwin.
+8vo. London, 1880--.
+
+The Fertilisation of Flowers. By Hermann Muller. Translated and edited
+by D'Arcy W. Thompson. With a Preface by Charles Darwin. 8vo. London,
+1883.
+
+Mental Evolution in Animals. By G.J. Romanes. With a posthumous essay on
+instinct by Charles Darwin, 1883. [Also published in the Journal of the
+Linnean Society.]
+
+Some Notes on a curious habit of male humble bees were sent to Prof.
+Hermann Muller, of Lippstadt, who had permission from Mr. Darwin to make
+what use he pleased of them. After Muller's death the Notes were given
+by his son to Dr. E. Krause, who published them under the title,
+"Ueber die Wege der Hummel-Mannchen" in his book, 'Gesammelte kleinere
+Schriften von Charles Darwin.' (1886).
+
+
+III.--LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS, INCLUDING A SELECTION OF LETTERS AND
+SHORT COMMUNICATIONS TO SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.
+
+Letters to Professor Henslow, read by him at the meeting of the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society, held November 16, 1835. 31 pages. 8vo.
+Privately printed for distribution among the members of the Society.
+
+Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of
+South America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account
+of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between
+Valparaiso and Mendoza. [Read November 18, 1835.] Geology Society Proc.
+ii. 1838, pages 210-212. [This Paper is incorrectly described in Geology
+Society Proc. ii., page 210 as follows:--"Geological notes, etc., by F.
+Darwin, Esq., of St. John's College, Cambridge: communicated by Prof.
+Sedgwick." It is Indexed under C. Darwin.]
+
+Notes upon the Rhea Americana. Zoology Society Proc., Part v. 1837.
+pages 35-36.
+
+Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili, made
+during the survey of H.M.S. "Beagle," commanded by Captain Fitz-Roy.
+[1837.] Geological Society Proc. ii.1838, pages 446-449.
+
+A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the
+neighbourhood of the Plata. [1837.] Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838,
+pages 542-544.
+
+On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and
+Indian oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations. [1837.]
+Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 552-554.
+
+On the Formation of Mould. [Read November 1, 1837.] Geological Society
+Proc. ii. 1838, pages 574-576; Geological Society Transactions v. 1840,
+pages 505-510.
+
+On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena and on the formation of
+mountain-chains and the effects of continental elevations. [Read March
+7, 1838.] Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 654-660; Geological
+Society Transactions v. 1840, pages 601-632. [In the Society's
+Transactions the wording of the title is slightly different.]
+
+Origin of saliferous deposits. Salt Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata.
+Geological Society Journal ii. (Part ii.), 1838, pages 127-128.
+
+Note on a Rock seen on an Iceberg in 16 deg South Latitude. Geographical
+Society Journal ix. 1839, pages 528-529.
+
+Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of
+Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine
+origin. Phil. Trans. 1839, pages 39-82.
+
+On a remarkable Bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the Coast of Brazil.
+Phil. Mag. xix. 1841, pages 257-260.
+
+On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous
+Unstratified Deposits of South America. [1841.] Geological Society Proc.
+iii. 1842, pages 425-430; Geological Society Transactions vi. 1842,
+pages 415-432.
+
+Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient Glaciers of
+Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by Floating Ice. London
+Philosophical Magazine volume xxi. page 180. 1842.
+
+Remarks on the preceding paper, in a Letter from Charles Darwin, Esq.,
+to Mr. Maclaren. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal xxxiv. 1843,
+pages 47- 50. [The "preceding" paper is: "On Coral Islands and Reefs as
+described by Mr. Darwin. By Charles Maclaren, Esq., F.R.S.E."]
+
+Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta.
+Annals and Magazine of Natural History xiii. 1844, pages 1-6.
+
+Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some
+remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. Annals and
+Magazine of Natural History xiv. 1844, pages 241-251.
+
+An account of the Fine Dust which often falls on Vessels in the Atlantic
+Ocean. Geological Society Journal ii. 1846, pages 26-30.
+
+On the Geology of the Falkland Islands. Geological Society Journal ii.
+1846, pages 267-274.
+
+A review of Waterhouse's 'Natural History of the Mammalia.' [Not
+signed.] Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1847. Volume xix. page
+53.
+
+On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher level.
+Geological Society Journal iv. 1848, pages 315-323.
+
+On British fossil Lepadidae. Geological Society Journal vi. 1850, pages
+439-440. [The G.S.J. says "This paper was withdrawn by the author with
+the permission of the Council."]
+
+Analogy of the Structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers.
+Edinburgh Royal Society Proc. ii. 1851, pages 17-18.
+
+On the power of Icebergs to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed Grooves
+across a Submarine Undulatory Surface. Philosophical Magazine x. 1855,
+pages 96-98.
+
+Vitality of Seeds. "Gardeners' Chronicle", November 17, 1855, page 758.
+
+On the action of Sea-water on the Germination of Seeds. [1856.] Linnean
+Society Journal i. 1857 ("Botany"), pages 130-140.
+
+On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers.
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", page 725, 1857.
+
+On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. By Charles Darwin,
+Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., and F.G.S., and Alfred Wallace, Esq. [Read
+July 1st, 1858.] Journal of the Linnean Society 1859, volume iii.
+("Zoology"), page 45.
+
+Special titles of Charles Darwin's contributions to the foregoing:--
+
+i. Extract from an unpublished work on Species by Charles Darwin Esq.,
+consisting of a portion of a chapter entitled, "On the Variation of
+Organic Beings in a State of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection;
+on the Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species."
+
+ii. Abstract of a Letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Professor Asa Gray, of
+Boston U.S., dated September 5, 1857.
+
+On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers,
+and on the Crossing of Kidney Beans. "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1858, page
+828 and Annals of Natural History 3rd series ii. 1858, pages 459-465.
+
+Do the Tineina or other small Moths suck Flowers, and if so what
+Flowers? "Entomological Weekly Intelligencer" volume viii. 1860, page
+103.
+
+Note on the achenia of Pumilio Argyrolepis. "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+January 5, 1861, page 4.
+
+Fertilisation of Vincas. "Gardeners' Chronicle", pages 552, 831, 832.
+1861.
+
+On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the species of Primula, and
+on their remarkable Sexual Relations. Linnean Society Journal vi. 1862
+("Botany"), pages 77-96.
+
+On the Three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid
+in the possession of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society Journal vi.
+1862 ("Botany"), pages 151-157.
+
+Yellow Rain. "Gardeners' Chronicle", July 18, 1863, page 675.
+
+On the thickness of the Pampean formation near Buenos Ayres. Geological
+Society Journal xix. 1863, pages 68-71.
+
+On the so-called "Auditory-sac" of Cirripedes. Natural History Review,
+1863, pages 115-116.
+
+A review of Mr. Bates' paper on 'Mimetic Butterflies.' Natural History
+Review, 1863, page 221-. [Not signed.]
+
+On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation,
+in several species of the genus Linum. Linnean Society Journal vii. 1864
+("Botany"), pages 69-83.
+
+On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria. [1864.]
+Linnean Society Journal viii. 1865 ("Botany"), pages 169-196.
+
+On the Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants. [1865.] Linnean Society
+Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), pages 1-118.
+
+Note on the Common Broom (Cytisus scoparius). [1866.] Linnean Society
+Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), page 358.
+
+Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History, 4th series, iv. 1869, pages 141-159.
+
+On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants. [1868.] Linnean
+Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages 393-437.
+
+On the Specific Difference between Primula veris, British Fl. (var.
+officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, British Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.),
+and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip.
+With Supplementary Remarks on naturally produced Hybrids in the genus
+Verbascum. [1868.] Linnean Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages
+437-454.
+
+Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestris).
+Zoological Society Proceedings November 1, 1870, pages 705-706.
+
+Fertilisation of Leschenaultia. "Gardeners' Chronicle", page 1166, 1871.
+
+The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants. 'Nature,' November 18,
+1869, volume i. page 85.
+
+Pangenesis. 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, volume iii. page 502.
+
+A new view of Darwinism. 'Nature,' July 6, 1871, volume iv. page 180.
+
+Bree on Darwinism. 'Nature,' August 8, 1872, volume vi. page 279.
+
+Inherited Instinct. 'Nature,' February 13, 1873, volume vii. page 281.
+
+Perception in the Lower Animals. 'Nature,' March 13, 1873, volume vii.
+page 360.
+
+Origin of certain instincts. 'Nature,' April 3, 1873, volume vii. page
+417.
+
+Habits of Ants. 'Nature,' July 24, 1873, volume viii. page 244.
+
+On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes, and on
+Rudimentary Structures. 'Nature,' September 25, 1873, volume viii. page
+431.
+
+Recent researches on Termites and Honey-bees. 'Nature,' February 19,
+1874, volume ix. page 308.
+
+Fertilisation of the Fumariaceae. 'Nature,' April 16, 1874, volume ix.
+page 460.
+
+Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds. 'Nature,' April 23, 1874,
+volume ix. page 482; May 14, 1874, volume x. page 24.
+
+Cherry Blossoms. 'Nature,' May 11, 1876, volume xiv. page 28.
+
+Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys. 'Nature,' November 2, 1876,
+volume xv. page 18. Reprinted as a supplement to the 'Descent of Man,'
+18..
+
+Fritz Muller on Flowers and Insects. 'Nature,' November 29, 1877, volume
+xvii. page 78.
+
+The Scarcity of Holly Berries and Bees. "Gardeners' Chronicle", January
+20, 1877, page 83.
+
+Note on Fertilization of Plants. "Gardeners' Chronicle", volume vii.
+page 246, 1877.
+
+A biographical sketch of an infant. 'Mind,' No.7, July, 1877.
+
+Transplantation of Shells. 'Nature,' May 30, 1878, volume xviii. page
+120.
+
+Fritz Muller on a Frog having Eggs on its back--on the abortion of the
+hairs on the legs of certain Caddis-Flies, etc. 'Nature,' March 20,
+1879, volume xix. page 462.
+
+Rats and Water-Casks. 'Nature,' March 27, 1879, volume xix. page 481.
+
+Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese Goose. 'Nature,'
+January 1, 1880, volume xxi. page 207.
+
+The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies. 'Nature,' January 8, 1880,
+volume xxi. page 237.
+
+The Omori Shell Mounds. 'Nature,' April 15, 1880, volume xxi. page 561.
+
+Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection. 'Nature,' November 11, 1880,
+volume xxiii. page 32.
+
+Black Sheep. 'Nature,' December 30, 1880, volume xxiii. page 193.
+
+Movements of Plants. 'Nature,' March 3, 1881, volume xxiii. page 409.
+
+The Movements of Leaves. 'Nature,' April 28, 1881, volume xxiii. page
+603.
+
+Inheritance. 'Nature,' July 21, 1881, volume xxiv. page 257.
+
+Leaves injured at Night by Free Radiation. 'Nature,' September 15, 1881,
+volume xxiv. page 459.
+
+The Parasitic Habits of Molothrus. 'Nature,' November 17, 1881, volume
+xxv. page 51.
+
+On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves. 'Nature,' April 6, 1882, volume
+xxv. page 529.
+
+The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of certain Plants. [Read
+March 16, 1882.] Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882,
+pages 239-261.
+
+The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies. [Read March 6,
+1882.] Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882, pages 262-
+284.
+
+On the modification of a Race of Syrian Street-Dogs by means of Sexual
+Selection. By W. Van Dyck. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.
+[Read April 18, 1882.] Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1882, pages
+367-370.
+
+
+APPENDIX III.
+
+PORTRAITS.
+
+1838: Water-colour by G. Richmond in the possession of The Family.
+
+1851: Lithograph by Ipswich British Association Series.
+
+1853: Chalk Drawing by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of The Family.
+
+1853?: Chalk Drawing (Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings
+for the last mentioned.) by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of Prof.
+Hughes, Cambridge.
+
+1869: Bust, marble, by T. Woolner, R.A. in the possession of The Family.
+
+1875: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of
+Christ's College, Cambridge.) by W. Ouless, R.A., etched by P. Rajon, in
+the possession of The Family.
+
+1879: Oil Painting by W.B. Richmond in the possession of The University
+of Cambridge.
+
+1881: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of W.E.
+Darwin, Esq., Southampton.) by the Hon. John Collier, in the possession
+of The Linnaean Society, etched by Leopold Flameng.
+
+
+CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.
+
+Statue by Joseph Boehm, R.A., in the possession of Museum, South
+Kensington.
+
+Bust by Chr. Lehr, Junr.
+
+Plaque by T. Woolner, R.A., and Josiah Wedgwood and Sons in the
+possession of Christ's College, in Charles Darwin's Room.
+
+Deep Medallion by J. Boehm, R.A. to be placed in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.
+
+1854?: By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for 'Harper's
+Magazine' (October 1884).
+
+1870?: By O.J. Rejlander, engraved on steel by C.H. Jeens for 'Nature'
+(June 4, 1874).
+
+1874?: By Captain Darwin, R.E., engraved on wood for the 'Century
+Magazine' (January 1883). Frontispiece, volume i.
+
+(The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and
+his business was broken up. My brother, captain Darwin, has no record of
+the date at which his photograph was taken.)
+
+1881: By Messrs. Elliott and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for
+the present work.
+
+
+APPENDIX IV.
+
+HONOURS, DEGREES, SOCIETIES, ETC.
+
+(The list has been compiled from the diplomas and letters in my father's
+possession, and is no doubt incomplete, as he seems to have lost or
+mislaid some of the papers received from foreign Societies. Where the
+name of a foreign Society (excluding those in the United States) is
+given in English, it is a translation of the Latin (or in one case
+Russian) of the original Diploma.)
+
+ORDER.--Prussian Order, 'Pour le Merite.' 1867.
+
+OFFICE.--County Magistrate. 1857.
+
+DEGREES.
+
+Cambridge: B.A. 1831 [1832]. See volume i. M.A. 1837. Hon. LL.D. 1877.
+
+Breslau: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1862.
+
+Bonn: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1868.
+
+Leyden: Hon. M.D. 1875.
+
+SOCIETIES.--London:
+
+Zoological. Corresponding Member. 1831. (He afterwards became a Fellow
+of the Society.) Entomological. 1833, Original Member. Geological. 1836.
+Wollaston Medal, 1859. Royal Geographical. 1838. Royal. 1839. Royal
+Medal, 1853. Copley Medal, 1864. Linnean. 1854. Ethnological. 1861.
+Medico-Chirurgical. Hon. Member. 1868. Baly Medal of the Royal College
+of Physicians, 1879.
+
+SOCIETIES.--PROVINCIAL, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN.
+
+Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1865. Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh,
+1826. Hon. Member, 1861. Royal Irish Academy. Hon. Member, 1866.
+Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Hon. Member, 1868.
+Watford Natural History Society. Hon. Member, 1877. Asiatic Society
+of Bengal. Hon. Member, 1871. Royal Society of New South Wales. Hon.
+Member, 1879. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. Hon.
+Member, 1863. New Zealand Institute. Hon. Member, 1872.
+
+FOREIGN SOCIETIES.--AMERICA.
+
+Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. Hon. Member, 1877. Academia Nacional
+de Ciencias, Argentine Republic. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad Zoologica
+Arjentina. Hon. Member, 1874. Boston Society of Natural History. Hon.
+Member, 1873. American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston). Foreign
+Hon. Member, 1874. California Academy of Sciences. Hon. Member, 1872.
+California State Geological Society. Corresponding Member, 1877.
+Franklin Literary Society, Indiana. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad de
+Naturalistas Neo-Granadinos. Hon. Member, 1860. New York Academy
+of Sciences. Hon. Member, 1879. Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura em
+Pernambuco. Corresponding Member, 1879. Academy of Natural Sciences
+of Philadelphia. Correspondent, 1860. American Philosophical Society,
+Philadelphia. Member, 1869.
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. Foreign Corresponding Member,
+1871; Hon. Foreign Member, 1875. Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.
+Hon. Member, 1872. K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien.
+Member, 1867. Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, 1872.
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Societe Royale des Sciences Medicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles.
+Hon. Member, 1878. Societie Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 'Membre
+Associe,' 1881. Academie Royale des Sciences, etc., de Belgique.
+'Associe de la Classe des Sciences.' 1870.
+
+DENMARK.
+
+Royal Society of Copenhagen. Fellow, 1879.
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Foreign Member, 1871. Societe
+Entomologique de France. Hon. Member, 1874. Societe Geologique de France
+(Life Member), 1837. Institut de France. 'Correspondant' Section of
+Botany, 1878.
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin). Corresponding Member,
+1863; Fellow, 1878. Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, etc.
+Corresponding Member, 1877. Schlesische Gesellschaft fur Vaterlandische
+Cultur (Breslau). Hon. Member 1878. Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina
+Academia Naturae Curiosorum (Dresden). 1857. (The diploma contains the
+words "accipe... ex antiqua nostra consuetudine cognomen Forster." It was
+formerly the custom in the "Caesarea Leopoldin-Carolina Academia", that
+each new member should receive as a 'cognomen,' a name celebrated in
+that branch of science to which he belonged. Thus a physician might be
+christened Boerhave, or an astronomer, Kepler. My father seems to have
+been named after the traveller John Reinhold Forster.) Senkenbergische
+Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main. Corresponding
+Member, 1873. Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle. Member 1879.
+Siebenburgische Verein fur Naturwissenschaften (Hermannstadt). Hon.
+Member, 1877. Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Jena.
+Hon. Member, 1878. Royal Bavarian Academy of Literature and Science
+(Munich). Foreign Member, 1878.
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie (Batavia).
+Corresponding Member, 1880. Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem.
+Foreign Member, 1877. Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen te
+Middelburg. Foreign Member, 1877.
+
+ITALY.
+
+Societa Geografica Italiana (Florence). 1870. Societa Italiana di
+Antropologia e di Etnologia (Florence). Hon. Member, 1872. Societa dei
+Naturalisti in Modena. Hon. Member, 1875. Academia de' Lincei di Roma.
+Foreign Member, 1875. La Scuola Italica, Academia Pitagorica, Reale ed
+Imp. Societa (Rome). "Presidente Onoraria degli Anziani Pitagorici,"
+1880. Royal Academy of Turin. 1873. "Bressa" Prize, 1879.
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa (Lisbon). Corresponding Member, 1877.
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Society of Naturalists of the Imperial Kazan University. Hon. Member,
+1875. Societas Caesarea Naturae Curiosorum (Moscow). Hon. Member, 1870.
+Imperial Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Corresponding Member,
+1867.
+
+SPAIN.
+
+Institucion Libre de Ensenanza (Madrid). Hon. Professor, 1877.
+
+SWEDEN.
+
+Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Stockholm). Foreign Member, 1865.
+Royal Society of Sciences (Upsala). Fellow, 1860.
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+
+Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. Corresponding Member,
+1863.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  ABBOT, F.E., letter to.
+
+  ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Philadelphia) elects Darwin a member.
+
+  AGASSIZ, Alexander, letter to.
+
+  AGASSIZ, Louis, Darwin's estimate of.
+  Letters to.
+  His attitude toward the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  AGGREGATION, studied by Darwin.
+
+  'ALMANACK, THE NATURALISTS' POCKET,' mentioned.
+
+  ANDES, Darwin crosses the.
+
+  'ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,' mentioned.
+
+  ANTICIPATION of Darwin's views.
+
+  ANTS, observations on.
+
+  APPLETON, D., & CO., publish 'Origin of Species' in America.
+
+  ARGYLL, Duke of, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin's comments on his criticisms.
+  Darwin on his 'Reign of Law.'
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  ARISTOTLE, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  ARRANGEMENT of leaves on the stems of plants.
+
+  'ATHENAEUM,' Darwin on its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reports British Association discussion.
+  Darwin's letters to, in his own defence.
+  Criticises Darwin.
+
+  AUSTRALIA, development of animals in.
+
+  AUSTRALIAN flora.
+
+  AUSTRIAN expedition.
+
+  AUTOBIOGRAPHY, extracts from.
+
+  AVELING, Dr., on Darwin's religious views.
+  Note.
+
+  BAIN, Alexander, letter to.
+
+  BALFOUR, Francis M., Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  BALY medal presented to Darwin.
+
+  BAER, K.E. von, agrees with Darwin.
+
+  BASTIAN, H.C., Darwin on his 'Beginnings of Life.'
+
+  BATES, H.W., Darwin on his insect fauna of the Amazon valley.
+  Letters to.
+  Darwin on his mimetic variations of butterflies.
+
+  BATS.
+
+  "BEAGLE", voyage of.
+  Darwin offered an appointment to the.
+  Her equipments.
+  Object of her voyage.
+  Her crew.
+
+  BEETLES, collecting.
+
+  BEHRENS, W., letter to.
+
+  BELL, T., describes Darwin's reptiles.
+
+  BELL-STONE of Shrewsbury mentioned.
+
+  BELT, Thomas, Darwin on his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua.'
+
+  BEMMELEN, A. van, letter to.
+
+  BENTHAM, George, his silence on natural selection.
+  Letter to Francis Darwin on his adoption of Darwin's views.
+  His view of natural selection.
+  Letters to.
+
+  BERKELEY, Rev. M.J., reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  BERLIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+  BET made by Darwin.
+
+  BLOMEFIELD (JENYNS), Rev. Leonard, Darwin becomes acquainted with.
+  Letters to.
+  Darwin on his 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+  BLOOM on leaves and fruit, Darwin's work on.
+
+  BLYTH, Edward, mentioned.
+
+  BOOLE, Mrs., her letter on natural selection and religion.
+  Letter to.
+
+  BOOTT, Francis, mentioned.
+
+  BOTANY, Darwin's work on, and its relation to natural selection.
+
+  BOWEN, Francis, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  BRACE, C.L., and wife, Darwin on their philanthropic work.
+
+  BRAZIL, Emperor of, wishes to meet Darwin.
+
+  BREE, C.R., his work 'Species not Transmutable.'
+  Accuses Wallace of blundering, and is answered by Darwin.
+
+  BREEDING, sources of information on.
+
+  BRESSA prize presented to Darwin.
+
+  BRITISH ASSOCIATION discusses the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Oxford meeting of, allegorized.
+  Belfast meeting.
+
+  BRONN, H.G., edits the 'Origin of Species' in German.
+  Letters to.
+  Criticisms on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  BROWN, Robert, mentioned.
+
+  BRUNTON, T. Lauder, letter to.
+
+  BUCKLE, his system of collecting facts.
+  Darwin on his 'History of Civilisation.'
+
+  BUCKLEY, Miss A.B., letters to.
+
+  BUFFON, Darwin on.
+
+  BUNBURY, Sir C., mentioned.
+
+  BUTLER, Samuel, charges Darwin of falsehood.
+
+  BUTLER, Dr., his school at Shrewsbury.
+
+  BUTTON, Jemmy, a visit to.
+
+  CAIRNS, J.E., his lecture on 'The Slave Power.'
+
+  CAM BRIDGE, University of, makes Darwin LL.D.
+  Obtains memorial portrait of him.
+
+  CAMERON, Mrs., makes a photograph of Darwin.
+
+  CANARY ISLANDS, projected trip to.
+
+  CANDOLLE, Alphonse de, letters to.
+  His view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his 'Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+
+  CARLYLE, Thomas, on Erasmus A. Darwin.
+  His interesting talk.
+
+  CARPENTER, W.B., letters to.
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His work on 'Foraminifera.'
+
+  CARUS, J. Victor, letters to.
+
+  CATON, John D., letter to.
+
+  CHAMBERS, R., Darwin on his geological views.
+
+  CHANCE, not implied in evolution.
+
+  CHIMNEY-SWEEPS, Darwin's efforts for.
+
+  CIRRIPEDIA, monograph of the.
+  Nomenclature of.
+  Work on.
+  The so-called auditory sac of.
+
+  CIVIL WAR in the United States.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  CLARK, William, mentioned.
+
+  CLARK, Sir Andrew, is Darwin's physician.
+
+  CLIMATE and migration.
+
+  'CLIMBING PLANTS,' written and published.
+  Work on.
+  Republished in book-form.
+
+  COAL, discussion on submarine.
+
+  COHN, Prof., describes a visit to Darwin.
+
+  COLENSO, Bishop, his 'Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua.'
+
+  COLLECTING, Darwin on.
+  Butterflies.
+
+  COLLIER, John, paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  COLOURS OF INSECTS.
+
+  CONTINENTAL EXTENSION, Darwin's reasons against.
+
+  CONTINENTS, permanence of.
+
+  COPE, E.D., Darwin on his theory of acceleration.
+
+  COPLEY MEDAL presented to Darwin.
+
+  'CORAL REEFS,' at work upon.
+  Opinions on.
+  Criticised by Semper.
+  Darwin's answer to Semper.
+  Darwin on Murray's criticisms of.
+  Second edition.
+
+  CRAWFORD, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  CREATIVE POWER.
+
+  'CREED OF SCIENCE,' read by Darwin.
+
+  CRESY, E., letter to.
+
+  CRICK, W.D., communicates to Darwin a mode of dispersal of bivalve shells.
+
+  CUTTING EDGES OF BOOKS, Darwin on.
+
+  DANA, Prof., sends Darwin 'Geology of U.S. Expedition.'
+
+  DARESTE, Camille, letter to.
+
+  DARWIN FAMILY.
+
+  DARWIN, Annie, Darwin's account of.
+  Death of.
+
+  DARWIN, Miss C., letter to.
+
+  DARWIN, Catherine, letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, Charles, studies medicine at Edinburgh.
+  Young man of great promise.
+
+  DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882).
+  Table of relationship.
+  Ancestors.
+  Personal characteristics as traced from his forefathers.
+  Love and respect for his father's memory.
+  His affection for his brother Erasmus.
+  Autobiography.
+  Mother dies.
+  Taste for natural history.
+  School-boy experiences.
+  Humane disposition toward animals.
+  Goes to Dr. Butler's school at Shrewsbury.
+  Taste for long, solitary walks.
+  Inability to master a language.
+  Leaves school with strong and diversified tastes.
+  Fondness for poetry in early life.
+  A wish to travel first roused by reading 'Wonders of the World.'
+  Fondness for shooting.
+  Collects minerals and becomes interested in insects and birds.
+  Studies chemistry.
+  Goes to Edinburgh University.
+  And attends medical lectures.
+  Collects and dissects marine animals.
+  Attends meetings of the Plinian Royal Medical and Wernerian societies.
+  Attends lectures on geology and zoology.
+  Meets Sir J. Mackintosh.
+  Spends three years at Cambridge studying for the ministry.
+  Phrenological characteristics.
+  Reads Paley with delight.
+  Attends Henslow's lectures on botany.
+  His taste for pictures and music.
+  His interest in entomology.
+  Friendship of Prof. Henslow and its influence upon his career.
+  Meets Dr. Whewell.
+  Reads Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative' and Herschel's 'Introduction to the
+  Study of Natural History.'
+  Begins the study of geology.
+  Field-work in North Wales.
+  Voyage of the "Beagle".
+  Receives a proposal to sail in the "Beagle".
+  Starts for Cambridge and thence to London.
+  'Voyage of the "Beagle" the most important event in my life.'
+  Sails in the "Beagle".
+  His letters read before the Philosophical Society of Cambridge.
+  Returns to England.
+  Begins his 'Journal of Travels.'
+  Takes lodgings in London.
+  Begins preparing MS. for his 'Geological Observations.'
+  Arranges for publication of 'Zoology of the Voyage of the "Beagle".
+  Opens first note-book of 'Origin of Species.'
+  Meets Lyell and Robert Brown.
+  Marries.
+  Works on his 'Coral Reefs.'
+  Reads papers before Geological Society.
+  Acts as secretary of the Geological Society.
+  Residence at Down.
+  His absorption in science.
+  His publications.
+  'Geological Observations' published.
+  Success of the 'Journal of Researches.'
+  Begins work on 'Cirripedia.'
+  visits to water-cure establishments.
+  Work on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reads 'Malthus on Population.'
+  Begins notes on 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.'
+  Becomes interested in cross-fertilisation of flowers.
+  Publishes papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants.
+  Publishes 'Descent of Man.'
+  First child born.
+  Publishes translation and sketch of 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+  Methods of work.
+  Mental qualities.
+  Fond of novel reading.
+  A good observer.
+  Habits and personal appearance.
+  Ill health.
+  Fondness for dogs.
+  Correspondence.
+  Business habits.
+  Scientific reading.
+  Wide interest in science.
+  Journals of daily events.
+  Holidays.
+  Relation to his family and friends.
+  His account of his little daughter Annie.
+  How he brought up his children.
+  Manner towards servants.
+  As a host.
+  Modesty.
+  Not quick at argument.
+  Intercourse with strangers.
+  Use of simple methods and few instruments.
+  Perseverance.
+  Theorizing power.
+  Books used only as tools.
+  Use of note-books and portfolios.
+  Courteous tone toward his reader.
+  Illustration of his books.
+  Consideration for other authors.
+  His wife's tender care.
+  Cambridge life.
+  His character.
+  Intention of going into the church.
+  Appointment to the "Beagle".
+  The voyage.
+  Life at sea.
+  Views on slavery.
+  Excursion across the Andes.
+  Meets Sir J. Herschel.
+  Reaches home.
+  Life at London and Cambridge.
+  Residence at Cambridge.
+  Works on his 'Journal of Researches.'
+  Appointed secretary of Geological Society.
+  Visits Glen Roy.
+  Admiration for Lyell's 'Elements.'
+  Increasing ill-health.
+  At work on 'Coral Reefs.'
+  His religious views.
+  Life at Down, 1842-1854.
+  Reasons for leaving London.
+  Early impressions of Down.
+  Theory of coral islands.
+  Time spent on geological books.
+  Purchases farm in Lincolnshire.
+  Dines with Lord Mahon.
+  Daughter Annie dies.
+  His children.
+  Growth of views on 'Origin of Species.'
+  Plan for publishing 'Sketch of 1844,' in case of his sudden death.
+  Pigeon fancying enterprise.
+  Collecting plants.
+  General acceptance of his work.
+  Publishes 'Origin of Species.'
+  Elected correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia).
+  His views on the civil war in the United States.
+  At Bournemouth.
+  His view of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Receives the Copley medal.
+  Elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+  His conscientiousness in argument.
+  His intercourse with horticulturists and stock-raisers.
+  Elected to the Royal Society of Holland.
+  Made a knight of the Prussian order Pour le Merite.
+  Sits for a bust.
+  Declines a nomination for the degree of D.C.L. because of ill-health.
+  His connection with the South American Missionary Society.
+  His answers to Galton's questions on nature and nurture.
+  Sits for portrait to W. Ouless.
+  Elected to Physiological Society.
+  Replies to Miss Cobbe on vivisection in the "Times".
+  Publishes the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+  Sits for memorial portraits.
+  Receives various honours.
+  Makes a present to the Naples Zoological Station.
+  His answers to Galton's questions on the faculty of visualising.
+  Offers aid to Fritz Muller.
+  Replies to Sir W. Thomson on abyssal fauna.
+  His botanical work.
+  Builds a greenhouse.
+  Publishes work on the fertilisation of orchids.
+  Studies the bloom on leaves and fruit.
+  Studies the causes of variability.
+  Studies the production of galls.
+  Studies aggregation.
+  Encourages Torbitt's work on the potato disease.
+  Aids the preparation of the Kew 'Index of Plant-names.'
+  Death.
+  Burial in Westminster Abbey.
+  List of works.
+
+  DARWIN & Wallace's joint paper on variation.
+
+  DARWIN, Edward, author of 'Gamekeeper's Manual.'
+
+  DARWIN, Mrs. Emma (Wedgwood), letter to.
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1731), poet and philosopher.
+  Character of.
+  Life published in English.
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1759).
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus Alvey (1804-1881), educated as a physician.
+  Character of.
+  Carlyle's sketch of his character.
+  Miss Wedgwood's letter on his character.
+  Letter from.
+  His death.
+
+  DARWIN, Robert, of Elston Hall.
+  Charles Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1724), publishes 'Principia Botanica.'
+
+  DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1767), studies medicine at Leyden.
+  Settles in Shrewsbury.
+  Marries Susannah Wedgwood.
+  His son Charles's description of him.
+  His six children.
+  Letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, Susan, letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, William, of Marton, first known ancestor of Charles.
+
+  DARWIN, William, son of Richard, appointed yeoman of the Royal Armoury.
+
+  DARWIN, William (1655).
+
+  DARWYN, Richard, of Marton, mentioned.
+
+  DAVIDSON, Thomas, letter to, asking him to investigate brachiopods.
+  Letter to.
+  On British brachiopoda.
+
+  DE CANDOLLE, A., see Candolle, A. De.
+
+  DESCENT, doctrine of.
+
+  DESCENT OF ANIMALS.
+
+  'DESCENT OF MAN,' published.
+  Work on.
+  Reviews of.
+  Reception in Germany.
+  Wallace's views on.
+  Second edition.
+  Connected with socialism.
+
+  DESIGN IN NATURE, doctrine of.
+
+  DIAGRAMS OF DESCENT OF MAMMALS.
+
+  'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS,' published.
+  Reviewed in 'Nature.'
+
+  DIGESTION OF PLANTS, Darwin's work on.
+
+  DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
+
+  DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER, principle of.
+
+  DOGS, multiple origin of.
+
+  DOHRN, Anton, letter to.
+
+  DONDERS, F.C., letters to.
+
+  DOWN, description of.
+
+  DRIFT near Southampton, stones standing on end in.
+
+  DU BOIS-REYMOND agrees with Darwin.
+
+  DYCK, W.T. van, letter to.
+
+  DYER, W. Thiselton, on Darwin's botanical work.
+  Letters to.
+
+  EAR, human, infolded point of.
+
+  Earthquakes, paper read on.
+
+  EATON, J., extract from his book on 'Pigeons.'
+
+  'EDINBURGH REVIEW,' Darwin's criticisms on.
+
+  EDUCATION, Darwin on.
+
+  'EFFECTS OF CROSS And SELF-FERTILISATION,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  ELECTRICAL ORGANS in fish.
+
+  ERRATIC BOULDERS of South America, paper on, read.
+
+  EVOLUTION, doctrine of, objections to, answered.
+  Not a doctrine of chance.
+  And teleology.
+  Neither anti-theistic nor theistic.
+  Mental.
+
+  EXPRESSION, facial, origin of.
+
+  'EXPRESSION OF The EMOTIONS,' published.
+  Work on.
+  Reviews of.
+
+  EYRE, Gov., Darwin's views on the prosecution of.
+
+  FABRE, J.H., letter to.
+
+  FALCONER, Hugh, letters to.
+  Mentioned.
+  Letter to Darwin.
+  Views on the origin of elephants.
+  Reclamation from Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+
+  FARRER, F.W., letter to.
+
+  FARRER, Sir Thomas H., aids Darwin's researches on earthworms.
+  Letters to.
+
+  FAWCETT, Henry, defends Darwin's reasoning.
+
+  'FERTILISATION OF ORCHIDS,' published.
+
+  FISKE, John, letter to.
+
+  FISHER, Mrs., letters to.
+
+  FITTON, W.H., mentioned.
+
+  FITZ-ROY, R.,captain of the "Beagle".
+  His character.
+  Meets Darwin.
+  Letters to.
+  His intention of resigning.
+
+  FLINT instruments.
+
+  FLOURENS, P.,on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  FLOWERS, fertilisation of.
+
+  FORBES, David, praises Darwin's work on Chile.
+
+  FORBES, Edward, his theory of change of level.
+
+  FORDYCE, J.,letter to.
+
+  FOREL, Aug., letter to.
+
+  'FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD,' paper read on.
+  Published.
+  Work on.
+  Its reception.
+
+  FOX, William Darwin, Darwin's friendship with.
+  Letters to.
+
+  FRANCE, Institute of, elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+  FRAUDS, scientific.
+
+  FREE-WILL, doctrine of.
+
+  FREKE, Dr., his 'Origin of Species by Means of Organic Affinity.'
+
+  FEUGIANS, Darwin's impressions of.
+
+  GALAPAGOS animals and plants.
+
+  GALLS, production of, studied by Darwin.
+
+  GALTON, Francis, mentioned.
+  His questions on nature and nurture, and Darwin's answers.
+  His questions on the faculty of visualising, and Darwin's answers.
+
+  'GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,' Darwin answers Mr. Westwood in.
+
+  GAUDRY, A., letter to.
+
+  GEIKIE, Archibald, his opinion of Darwin's geological works.
+
+  GEIKIE, James, letter to.
+
+  GENERA, varying of large.
+
+  GENERATION, spontaneous.
+
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,' MS. begun.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOLCANIC ISLANDS' published.
+  Opinions on.
+  Second edition.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA,' opinions on.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL RECORD, imperfection of.
+  Succession in.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin wishes to become a member.
+  Papers contributed to.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS secured during voyage.
+  Disposed of.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL, importance of.
+  Of St. Jago.
+  Article on, in 'Admiralty Manual.'
+  Darwin on the progress of.
+
+  GERMANY, progress of natural selection in.
+
+  GERMINATION, experiments in.
+
+  GILBERT, J.H., letter to.
+
+  GLACIAL period, its effect on species.
+  Phenomena at Cwm Idwal.
+
+  GLACIERS, paper on ancient, in Wales.
+
+  GLEN ROY, Darwin visits.
+  'Observations' on, published.
+  Work criticised by D. Milne.
+
+  GOURMET CLUB and its members.
+
+  GOVERNMENT AID in publication of 'Zoology of Voyage of "Beagle".'
+
+  GRAHAM, W., letter to.
+
+  GRAY, Asa, his papers on natural selection and natural theology.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter to Hooker on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+  Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  GRAY, J.E., mentioned.
+
+  GUNTHER, A., letters to.
+
+  GURNEY, E., letter to.
+
+  HAAST, Sir Julius von, letter to.
+
+  HAECKEL, E., his views on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin's friendship with.
+  His work for natural selection in Germany.
+  Letters to.
+
+  HALIBURTON, Mrs., letters to.
+
+  HARVEY, W.H., criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HAUGHTON, Rev. S., criticises Darwin and Wallace's joint paper.
+
+  HENSLOW, J.S., his friendship with Darwin.
+  His character.
+  Letter from.
+  Letters to.
+  Presides at the Oxford discussion on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His views on natural selection.
+  His death.
+
+  HERBERT, John Maurice, Darwin's friendship with.
+  Letters to.
+
+  HERSCHEL, Sir J., Darwin's opinion of.
+  Meets Darwin.
+
+  HETEROGENY, Darwin on.
+
+  HIGGINSON, T.W., letter to.
+
+  HILDEBRAND, F., letters to.
+
+  HIPPOCRATES anticipates Darwin on pangenesis.
+
+  HOLMGREN, Frithiof, letter to.
+
+  HOLLAND, Royal Society of, elects Darwin a member.
+
+  HOLLAND, Sir Henry, his view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HOMOEOPATHY, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  HONOURS conferred on Darwin, list of.
+
+  HOOKER, Sir Joseph D., Darwin's friendship for.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter from.
+  His reminiscences of Darwin.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his 'Australian Flora.'
+  Answers Harvey.
+  Memorial on his treatment by the First Commissioner of Works.
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  HOOKER, Sir William, mentioned.
+
+  HOPKINS, William, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HUDSON, Darwin's reply to.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  HUTTON, F.W., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, mentioned.
+  His opinion of Darwin's work on 'Cirripedes.'
+  On the 'Vestiges of Creation.'
+  On the 'Philosophie Zoologique.'
+  On the 'Principles of Geology.'
+  On the reception of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Letters to.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species' in 'Westminster Review.'
+  Defends Darwin before the British Association.
+  Contradicts R. Owen.
+  Letter from.
+  Lectures to workingmen on natural selection.
+  Asked by Darwin to write a text-book on zoology.
+  Replies to the 'Quarterly' reviewer on the 'Descent of Man.'
+
+  HYATT, Alpheus, letter to, on his theory of acceleration.
+
+  HYBRID GEESE, fertility of.
+
+  HYBRIDISM.
+
+  IMMORTALITY, Darwin's views upon.
+
+  'INFANT, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AN.'
+
+  INFERIORITY inherited by the forms which are beaten.
+
+  INNES, Rev. J. Brodie, on Darwin's interest in village affairs.
+  On the 'Origin of Species' and the Bible.
+  On Darwin's conscientiousness.
+  Letter to.
+
+  'INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  INSECTS, instinct of.
+  As carriers of pollen.
+
+  INSTINCT, Darwin on.
+
+  ISLANDS, animals of.
+
+  ISOLATION, effect of, on the origin of species.
+
+  JARDINE, Sir W., mentioned.
+
+  JEFFREYS, Gwyn, mentioned.
+
+  JENKINS, Fleeming, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his criticisms.
+
+  JENYNS (BLOMEFIELD), Rev. Leonard, mentioned.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter from.
+  His 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+  JONES, Dr. Bence, is Darwin's physician.
+
+  'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES,' work on.
+  Lyell's opinion of.
+  The German translation and its reception.
+  Second edition published.
+  Dedication of.
+  Condemned in manuscript.
+
+  JUDD, Prof., his paper on 'Volcanoes of the Hebrides.'
+  On Darwin's desire to promote the progress of science.
+
+  JUKES, Joseph B., mentioned.
+
+  KEW, 'Index of Plant Names.'
+
+  KINGSLEY, Rev C., letter from, on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  KOCH'S RESEARCHES on splenic fever.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  KOLLIKER, Prof., is reviewed by Huxley.
+
+  KRAUSE, Ernst, criticises Bronn's German edition of the 'Origin of
+  Species.'
+  His essay on Erasmus Darwin published.
+
+  KROHN, Aug., finds mistakes in the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LAMARCK's discussion of the species question, its insufficiency.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  LANE, Dr., his recollections of Darwin.
+
+  LANGEL reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LANKESTER, E. Ray, letter to.
+
+  LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, anecdote of.
+
+  LEE, Samuel, mentioned.
+
+  LESQUEREUX, Leo, accepts the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+  LEWES, G.H., reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  LINDLEY, John, mentioned.
+
+  LINNEAN SOCIETY obtains memorial portrait of Darwin.
+
+  LITCHFIELD, Mrs., on Darwin's style.
+  Letter to.
+
+  LIZARDS.
+
+  LONSDALE, William, mentioned.
+
+  LOWELL, J.A., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LUBBOCK, Sir John, letters to.
+  On the burial of Darwin.
+
+  LYELL, Sir Charles, estimate of his character as a geologist.
+  Letters to.
+  Letters from.
+  Opinion of 'Coral Reefs.'
+  His views of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the origin of species by natural causes.
+  Admission of the doctrine of natural selection.
+  Darwin on his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Falconer's reclamation from his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Darwin on his 'Elements of Geology.'
+  His death.
+  Darwin's opinion of.
+
+  MACAULAY and his memory.
+
+  MCDONNELL, R., his study of electrical organs in fish.
+
+  MACKINTOSH, D., his work on erratic blocks.
+
+  MACLEAY, W.S., mentioned.
+
+  MADEIRA AND BERMUDA birds not peculiar.
+
+  MALAY ARCHIPELAGO,' Wallace's 'Zoological Geography of.
+
+  MAMMALS, descent of, from a single type.
+
+  MAN, all races of, descended from one type.
+  Antiquity of.
+  Origin of.
+  Relationship to apes.
+
+  MARRIAGES, consanguineous.
+
+  MARSH, O.C., letter to.
+
+  MASTERS, Maxwell, letter to.
+
+  MATTHEW, Patrick, anticipates the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+  MAW, George, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  MEDAL of Royal Society awarded to Darwin.
+
+  MEGATHERIUM sent down from heaven.
+
+  MESMERISM, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  MILNE, D., criticises Glen Roy paper.
+
+  MIMETIC MODIFICATIONS in plants.
+
+  MIVART, St. G., Darwin on his 'Genesis of Species.'
+  His 'Genesis of Species' reviewed by Chauncey Wright.
+  Criticised by Huxley.
+  His 'Lessons from Nature' reviewed in the 'Academy.'
+
+  MODIFICATION.
+
+  MODIFICATIONS, absence of.
+
+  MOGGRIDGE, J.T., letter to.
+
+  MOJSISOVIC, E. von, Darwin on 'Dolomit Riffe.'
+
+  MONADS, persistence of.
+
+  MONSTERS.
+
+  MONSTROSITIES are sterile.
+
+  MORSE, E.S., letter to.
+
+  MOSELEY, H.N., letters to.
+
+  MULLER, Fritz, letters to.
+  His 'Fur Darwin' translated.
+  Receives offer of aid from Darwin.
+
+  MULLER, Hermann, letters to.
+
+  MULLER, Max, his 'Lectures on the Science of Language.'
+
+  MURRAY, Andrew, quoted on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  MURRAY, John, letters to.
+
+  MUSIC OF INSECTS.
+
+  MUTABILITY OF SPECIES.
+
+  NAGELI, C., his 'Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art.'
+  Letter to.
+
+  NAPLES Zoological Station receives a present from Darwin.
+
+  NATURAL HISTORY, Darwin's passion for.
+
+  NATURAL SELECTION, see Selection, natural.
+
+  NAUDIN, Darwin on.
+
+  NEUMAYR, Melchior, letter to.
+
+  NEVILL, Lady Dorothy, letter to.
+
+  NEWTON, A., letter to.
+  Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  NEW ZEALAND, animals of.
+  Plants of.
+
+  NOBILITY, natural selection among.
+
+  NOMENCLATURE of species, discussion on.
+
+  NORMAN, E., Darwin's secretary.
+
+  NOVARA expedition.
+
+  'OBSERVATIONS ON PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN ROY,' published.
+  Extract from.
+
+  OGLE, William, letter to.
+
+  'ORCHIDS, FERTILISATION OF,' work on.
+  Published.
+  Reviews of.
+  Second edition published.
+
+  'ORCHIS BANK' described.
+
+  ORGANS, rudimentary.
+
+  'ORIGIN OF SPECIES,' first note-book of, opened.
+  Growth of the.
+  Published.
+  Its success.
+  Second edition.
+  Darwin's change of views upon.
+  Description of sketch of 1844.
+  Huxley's view of sketch of 1844.
+  Prof. Newton's view of same.
+  The writing of.
+  Abstract book.
+  Unorthodoxy of.
+  Faults of style.
+  Lyell on.
+  Huxley on.
+  Bishop Wilberforce on.
+  Huxley's summary of reviews of.
+  Answer to Lyell on.
+  H.C. Watson on.
+  Jos. D. Hooker on.
+  French translation proposed.
+  First German edition.
+  Reviewed in the "Times".
+  First American edition.
+  Asa Gray on.
+  Kingsley on.
+  And the Bible.
+  Rev. J. Brodie Innes on.
+  Reviewed in the 'Edinburgh Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'North American Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Revue des deux Mondes.'
+  Reviewed in the "New York Times".
+  Reviewed in the "Christian Examiner".
+  Discussed by the British Association.
+  Reviewed in 'Quarterly Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'London Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'American Journal of Science and Arts.
+  Bronn's criticisms of.
+  Reviewed in the 'Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.'
+  Answers to criticisms on.
+  Third edition.
+  'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the.'
+  Dutch edition.
+  First French edition.
+  Reviewed in the 'Geologist.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Dublin Hospital Gazette.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Zoologist.'
+  De Candolle's view of.
+  Haeckel's view of.
+  Gen. Sabine on.
+  Flourens on.
+  Second French edition.
+  Criticised by the Duke of Argyll.
+  Fourth edition.
+  Third German edition.
+  Russian editions of.
+  Fifth edition.
+  Reviewed in the 'North British Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Athenaeum.'
+  Third and fourth French editions.
+  Sixth edition.
+  Criticised by Pusey.
+  'Coming of age of.'
+
+  OSTRICH, Darwin discovers a new species of.
+
+  OULESS, W., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  OWEN, Sir R., criticises Darwin's theory.
+  Contradicted by Huxley.
+  His views on variation by descent.
+
+  PALEY's argument of design in nature no longer good.
+  His 'Natural Theology' mentioned.
+
+  PAMPAEAN FORMATION, Darwin on.
+
+  PANGENESIS, hypothesis of.
+  Opinions on.
+  Anticipated by Hippocrates.
+
+  PARKER, Henry, defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  PARSONS, Theophilus, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  PEACOCK, George, letter on appointment of naturalist to "Beagle".
+  Letter from, appointing Darwin to "Beagle".
+
+  PENGELLY, William, mentioned.
+
+  PERTHES, Boucher de, Darwin on.
+
+  PETRELS as agents of distribution.
+
+  PHILLIPS, John, mentioned.
+
+  PHILOSOPHICAL CLUB, its nature.
+
+  'PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE,' Huxley on.
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHS, albums of, presented to Darwin by German and Dutch scientists.
+
+  PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY elects Darwin an honorary member.
+
+  PICTET, Francois Jules, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  PIGEONS, Darwin's interest in.
+
+  PLANTS, fossil.
+  sexuality of.
+  A recent discovery.
+
+  PLATYSMA, contraction of, from shuddering.
+
+  PORTRAITS OF DARWIN, list of.
+
+  POTATO DISEASE, Torbitt's experiments on.
+
+  POUR LE MERITE, Darwin admitted to order.
+
+  POUTER PIGEON, variation in.
+
+  'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  PRESTWICH, J., letter to.
+
+  PREYER, W., letter to.
+
+  PRIMOGENITURE, law of, Darwin on.
+
+  'PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY,' Huxley on.
+
+  PRIORITY, nomenclature of species by.
+
+  PROGRESSION, necessary.
+
+  PROTECTION, modification for.
+
+  PUSEY's criticisms of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  'QUARTERLY REVIEW,' recognises merits of 'Journal of Researches.'
+
+  QUATREFAGES, J.L.A. de, letters to.
+
+  RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF DARWIN, difficulties not created by science.
+
+  REMINISCENCES OF DARWIN by Hooker.
+
+  REVELATION, Darwin's disbelief in.
+
+  REVERSION, Darwin on.
+
+  REYMOND, Du Bois-, letter to.
+
+  RICHMOND, W.B., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  RIDLEY, C., letter to.
+
+  RIVERS, T., letter to.
+
+  ROBERTSON, G. Croom, letter to.
+
+  ROBERTSON, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  RODWELL, Rev. J.M., letter to.
+
+  ROLLESTON, George, his 'Canons.'
+
+  ROMAN CATHOLIC church on evolution.
+
+  ROMANES, G.J., on Darwin's conscientiousness.
+  Letters to.
+
+  ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS presents the Baly medal to Darwin.
+
+  ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH elects Darwin honorary member.
+
+  ROYER, Mlle. Clemence, translates the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Publishes third French edition.
+
+  RUDIMENTARY organs.
+
+  SABINE, Gen., on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  SALTER, J.W., his diagram of spirifers.
+  'Sand-walk' described.
+
+  SANDERSON, J. Burdon, letter to.
+
+  SAPORTA, Marquis de, letter to.
+
+  SCHAAFFHAUSEN, H., claims to anticipate Darwin.
+
+  SCOTT, John, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  SEDGWICK, Rev. Adam, mentioned.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the imperfection of the geological record.
+
+  SEEDS, vitality of.
+
+  SELECTION, NATURAL, doctrine of, clearly conceived by Darwin about 1839.
+  Opposed to doctrine of design.
+  Effect of, on the scientific mind.
+  And religion.
+  Small effects of, in changing species.
+  Among the nobility.
+  Huxley's lectures to workingmen on.
+  Progress of.
+  Darwin anticipated on.
+  Use of the term.
+  Effect on sterility.
+  Progress among the clergy.
+  Progress of, in Germany.
+  Progress of, in France.
+
+  SELECTION, SEXUAL, instance of, in the dogs of Beyrout.
+
+  SEMPER, K., letters to.
+
+  SHELBURNE, Lord, anecdote of.
+
+  SLAVERY, Darwin's opinion of.
+  In the United States.
+
+  SMITH, Sydney, inexplicably amusing.
+
+  SOCIALISM and the descent of man.
+
+  SOCIETIES, learned, Darwin's membership in.
+
+  SOUTH AMERICAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Darwin's connection with.
+
+  SPECIES, mutability of.
+  Origin of, effect of isolation on.
+  Specific centres.
+
+  SPENCER, Herbert, letters to.
+  Prof. Huxley's friendship with.
+  Darwin on.
+  Originates the term 'survival of the fittest.'
+  His impression of 'Pangenesis.'
+
+  SPIRITISM, Darwin on.
+
+  SPONTANEITY, Bain's theory of.
+
+  SPRENGEL, C.C., his work on the fertilisation of flowers.
+
+  STANHOPE, Lord, his parties of historians.
+
+  STEBBING, Rev. T.R.R., letter to.
+
+  STENDEL'S 'Nomenclator.'
+
+  STERILITY, effect of natural selection on.
+  Of moths.
+
+  STOKES, Admiral, Lord, extract from letter of.
+
+  STONES standing on end in the Southampton drift.
+
+  STRICKLAND, Hugh, letters to.
+  Letter from.
+
+  STRIPED HORSES.
+
+  STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.
+
+  STYLE of Darwin.
+
+  SUBLIMITY, where felt most by Darwin.
+
+  SULIVAN, B.J., letter to.
+
+  SULIVAN, Admiral Sir James, extract from letter of.
+
+  SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, use of the term.
+
+  TEGETMEIER, W.B., extract from letter to.
+
+  TELEOLOGY, evolution and.
+  Darwin's revival of.
+
+  TENERIFFE, projected trip to.
+
+  THIEL, H., letter to.
+
+  THOMSON, Thomas, mentioned.
+
+  THOMSON, Sir Wyville, on abyssal fauna.
+
+  THORLEY, Miss, botanical work with.
+
+  THWAITES, G.J.K., mentioned.
+
+  TIERRA DEL FUEGO MISSION, Darwin's connection with.
+
+  "TIMES", its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on.
+
+  TORBITT, James, his work on the potato disease.
+
+  TURIN, Royal Academy of, presents Darwin the Bressa prize.
+
+  TYLOR, E.B., letter to.
+
+  TYNDALL, John, praises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  USBORNE, A.B., extract from a letter of.
+
+  VAN DYCK, W.T., letter to.
+
+  VARIATIONS IN SPECIES, Wallace's essay on.
+  Darwin and Wallace's joint paper on.
+  Sudden.
+  Governed by design.
+  Cause of.
+  Mimetic, of butterflies.
+  Governed by design.
+  Mimetic, of plants.
+  In colours of insects.
+  Transmission of.
+  Analogical.
+  Darwin studies the causes of.
+
+  'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION,' work on.
+  Publication of.
+  Reviewed in the "Nation".
+  Russian edition.
+  Second edition.
+  Reviewed in the "Pall Mall Gazette".
+  Reviewed in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".
+  Reviewed in the "Athenaeum".
+  Reviewed in the 'Zoological Record.'
+  American edition.
+
+  VARIETIES, production of.
+  And species, collecting facts about.
+
+  'VESTIGES OF CREATION' read by Darwin.
+  Huxley on.
+
+  VINES, S.H., letter to.
+
+  VIRCHOW connects the descent of man with socialism.
+
+  VISUALISING, questions and answers on the faculty of.
+
+  VIVISECTION.
+
+  WAGNER, Moritz, criticised by A. Weismann.
+  Letters to.
+
+  WAGNER, R., mentioned.
+
+  WALLACE, A.R., sends essay to Darwin.
+  Letters to.
+  Essay on variation.
+  His 'Zoological Geography.'
+  Reviews the 'Descent of Man.'
+  Reviews Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature.'
+  Pension granted to.
+  Defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  WATKINS, Archdeacon, reminiscence of Darwin.
+  Letter to.
+
+  WATSON, H.C., mentioned.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  WEDGWOOD, Josiah, his character.
+  Mentioned.
+  Letter from.
+
+  WEDGWOOD, Miss Julia, on Erasmus Darwin, in "Spectator".
+  Letter to.
+
+  WEISMANN, August, letters to.
+
+  WELLS, Dr., anticipates Darwin on natural selection.
+
+  WESTMINSTER ABBEY, Darwin buried in.
+
+  WHEWELL, Dr., mentioned.
+  On the succession of species.
+
+  WHITLEY, C., letter to.
+
+  WIESNER, Julius, letter to.
+
+  WILBERFORCE, Bishop, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  WILLIAM IV, coronation of.
+
+  WOODPECKER, Pampas, Darwin on.
+
+  WOOLNER, T., makes a bust of Darwin.
+  Discovers infolded point of the human ear.
+
+  WOLLASTON MEDAL.
+
+  WOLLASTON's 'Insecta Maderensia.'
+  His 'Variation of Species' referred to.
+
+  WORKS BY DARWIN, list of.
+
+  WRIGHT, Chauncey, letter from.
+  Letters to.
+  On his visit to Darwin at Down.
+
+  YARRELL, William, mentioned.
+
+  ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin visits.
+  Reads a paper at.
+
+  'ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. "BEAGLE",' arrangement for publication.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE AND LETTERS OF DARWIN, VOL II ***
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (of II), by Charles Darwin</title>
+
+<style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve">
+
+body { margin-left: 20%;
+       margin-right: 20%;
+       text-align: justify; }
+
+p { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; }
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+H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; }
+
+hr  { width: 50%; text-align: center;}
+
+.toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+
+pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;}
+
+div.fig { display:block;
+          margin:0 auto;
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+
+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (of II), by Charles Darwin</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (of II)<br />
+  Edited by His Son</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Charles Darwin</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: Francis Darwin</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 2000 [eBook #2088]<br />
+[Most recently updated: January 15, 2022]</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Sue Asscher and David Widger</div>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE AND LETTERS OF DARWIN, VOL II ***</div>
+
+    <h1>
+      THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Volume II
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      By Charles Darwin
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Including An Autobiographical Chapter
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      Edited By His Son Francis Darwin
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:80%">
+      <img alt="darwin_1881 (88K)" src="images/darwin_1881.jpg" width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A
+      NOTE-BOOK OF 1837. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> <big><b>LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.</b></big>
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> VOLUME II. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER 2.I. &mdash; THE PUBLICATION OF THE
+      'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.' </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER 2.II. &mdash; THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES'
+      (continued). </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER 2.III. &mdash; SPREAD OF EVOLUTION. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER 2.IV. &mdash; THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER 2.V. &mdash; THE PUBLICATION OF THE
+      'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.' </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER 2.VI. &mdash; WORK ON 'MAN.' </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0007"> CHAPTER 2.VII. &mdash; PUBLICATION OF THE
+      'DESCENT OF MAN.' </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0008"> CHAPTER 2.VIII. &mdash; MISCELLANEA </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0009"> CHAPTER 2.IX. &mdash; MISCELLANEA (continued)
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0010"> CHAPTER 2.X. &mdash; FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0011"> CHAPTER 2.XI. &mdash; THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND
+      SELF-FERTILISATION </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0012"> CHAPTER 2.XII. &mdash; 'DIFFERENT FORMS OF
+      FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.' </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0013"> CHAPTER 2.XIII. &mdash; CLIMBING AND
+      INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0014"> CHAPTER 2.XIV. &mdash; THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN
+      PLANTS.' </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0015"> CHAPTER 2.XV. &mdash; MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL
+      LETTERS. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2HCH0016"> CHAPTER 2.XVI. &mdash; CONCLUSION. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_APPE1"> APPENDIX I. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_APPE2"> APPENDIX II. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_NOTE"> Notes upon the Rhea Americana. Zoology Society
+      Proc., Part v. 1837. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_NOTE2"> Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient
+      Glaciers of </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_NOTE3"> Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. Annals and
+      Magazine of Natural </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_APPE3"> APPENDIX III. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_APPE4"> APPENDIX IV. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A NOTE-BOOK OF 1837.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <div class="fig" style="width:80%">
+      <img alt="facsimile (80K)" src="images/facsimile.jpg" width="100%" /><br />
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;led to comprehend true affinities. My theory would give zest to
+      recent &amp; Fossil Comparative Anatomy: it would lead to study of
+      instincts, heredity, &amp; mind heredity, whole metaphysics, it would lead
+      to closest examination of hybridity &amp; generation, causes of change in
+      order to know what we have come from &amp; to what we tend, to what
+      circumstances favour crossing &amp; what prevents it, this &amp; direct
+      examination of direct passages of structure in species, might lead to laws
+      of change, which would then be main object of study, to guide our
+      speculations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </h1>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      VOLUME II.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.I. &mdash; THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      OCTOBER 3, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31, 1859.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+      entry: "Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract on
+      'Origin of Species'; 1250 copies printed. The first edition was published
+      on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On October 2d he started for a water-cure establishment at Ilkley, near
+      Leeds, where he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th of
+      that month he was again at Down. The only other entry in the Diary for
+      this year is as follows: "During end of November and beginning of
+      December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+      multitude of letters."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof sheets, and
+      to early copies of the 'Origin' which were sent to friends before the book
+      was published.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. LYELL TO CHARLES DARWIN. (Part of this letter is given in the 'Life of
+      Sir Charles Lyell,' volume ii. page 325.) October 3d, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just finished your volume and right glad I am that I did my best
+      with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without waiting for a time which
+      probably could never have arrived, though you lived till the age of a
+      hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on which you ground so many
+      grand generalizations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+      throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps for
+      the uninitiated, but an effective and important preliminary statement,
+      which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear, of some
+      occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and cirripedes, of
+      which you make such excellent use.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for,
+      you may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast number of
+      abstract propositions. So far as I am concerned, I am so well prepared to
+      take your statements of facts for granted, that I do not think the "pieces
+      justificatives" when published will make much difference, and I have long
+      seen most clearly that if any concession is made, all that you claim in
+      your concluding pages will follow. It is this which has made me so long
+      hesitate, always feeling that the case of Man and his races, and of other
+      animals, and that of plants is one and the same, and that if a "vera
+      causa" be admitted for one, instead of a purely unknown and imaginary one,
+      such as the word "Creation," all the consequences must follow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place, to indulge
+      in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted with Oceanic
+      Islands&mdash;Rudimentary Organs&mdash;Embryology&mdash;the genealogical
+      key to the Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I
+      should be copying the heads of all your chapters. But I will say a word of
+      the Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or at least, omission
+      of a word or two be still possible in that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place, at page 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+      eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species?
+      You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck. As to the latter,
+      you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection
+      for volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the
+      changes of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt, have
+      laid an undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions, and
+      too little on those of contending organisms. He at least was for the
+      universal mutability of species and for a genealogical link between the
+      first and the present. The men of his school also appealed to domesticated
+      varieties. (Do you mean LIVING naturalists?) (In the published copies of
+      the first edition, page 480, the words are "eminent living naturalists.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+      advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+      objection as the formation of "the eye," not by means analogous to man's
+      reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human reason, but
+      by superinduced variation like those of which a cattle-breeder avails
+      himself. Pages would be required thus to state an objection and remove it.
+      It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to say nothing. Leave out
+      several sentences, and in a future edition bring it out more fully.
+      Between the throwing down of such a stumbling-block in the way of the
+      reader, and the passage to the working ants, in page 460, there are pages
+      required; and these ants are a bathos to him before he has recovered from
+      the shock of being called upon to believe the eye to have been brought to
+      perfection, from a state of blindness or purblindness, by such variations
+      as we witness. I think a little omission would greatly lessen the
+      objectionableness of these sentences if you have not time to recast and
+      amplify.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun. Your comparison of
+      the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound, to
+      rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The want of peculiar birds in Madeira is a greater difficulty than seemed
+      to me allowed for. I could cite passages where you show that variations
+      are superinduced from the new circumstances of new colonists, which would
+      require some Madeira birds, like those of the Galapagos, to be peculiar.
+      There has been ample time in the case of Madeira and Porto Santo...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly
+      charge them as letters, 2 pence extra. I wish all their fines on MS. were
+      worth as much. I paid 4 shillings 6 pence for such wash the other day from
+      Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of the Seine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever very affectionately yours, CHAS. LYELL.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, Yorkshire, October 11th
+      [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you cordially for giving me so much of your valuable time in
+      writing me the long letter of 3d, and still longer of 4th. I wrote a line
+      with the missing proof-sheet to Scarborough. I have adopted most
+      thankfully all your minor corrections in the last chapter, and the greater
+      ones as far as I could with little trouble. I damped the opening passage
+      about the eye (in my bigger work I show the gradations in structure of the
+      eye) by putting merely "complex organs." But you are a pretty Lord
+      Chancellor to tell the barrister on one side how best to win the cause!
+      The omission of "living" before eminent naturalists was a dreadful
+      blunder.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      MADEIRA AND BERMUDA BIRDS NOT PECULIAR.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You are right, there is a screw out here; I thought no one would have
+      detected it; I blundered in omitting a discussion, which I have written
+      out in full. But once for all, let me say as an excuse, that it was most
+      difficult to decide what to omit. Birds, which have struggled in their own
+      homes, when settled in a body, nearly simultaneously in a new country,
+      would not be subject to much modification, for their mutual relations
+      would not be much disturbed. But I quite agree with you, that in time they
+      ought to undergo some. In Bermuda and Madeira they have, as I believe,
+      been kept constant by the frequent arrival, and the crossing with
+      unaltered immigrants of the same species from the mainland. In Bermuda
+      this can be proved, in Madeira highly probable, as shown me by letters
+      from E.V. Harcourt. Moreover, there are ample grounds for believing that
+      the crossed offspring of the new immigrants (fresh blood as breeders would
+      say), and old colonists of the same species would be extra vigorous, and
+      would be the most likely to survive; thus the effects of such crossing in
+      keeping the old colonists unaltered would be much aided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ON GALAPAGOS PRODUCTIONS HAVING AMERICAN TYPE ON VIEW OF CREATION.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot agree with you, that species if created to struggle with American
+      forms, would have to be created on the American type. Facts point
+      diametrically the other way. Look at the unbroken and untilled ground in
+      La Plata, COVERED with European products, which have no near affinity to
+      the indigenous products. They are not American types which conquer the
+      aborigines. So in every island throughout the world. Alph. De Candolle's
+      results (though he does not see its full importance), that thoroughly well
+      naturalised [plants] are in general very different from the aborigines
+      (belonging in large proportion of cases to non-indigenous genera) is most
+      important always to bear in mind. Once for all, I am sure, you will
+      understand that I thus write dogmatically for brevity sake.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ON THE CONTINUED CREATION Of MONADS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This doctrine is superfluous (and groundless) on the theory of Natural
+      Selection, which implies no NECESSARY tendency to progression. A monad, if
+      no deviation in its structure profitable to it under its EXCESSIVELY
+      SIMPLE conditions of life occurred, might remain unaltered from long
+      before the Silurian Age to the present day. I grant there will generally
+      be a tendency to advance in complexity of organisation, though in beings
+      fitted for very simple conditions it would be slight and slow. How could a
+      complex organisation profit a monad? if it did not profit it there would
+      be no advance. The Secondary Infusoria differ but little from the living.
+      The parent monad form might perfectly well survive unaltered and fitted
+      for its simple conditions, whilst the offspring of this very monad might
+      become fitted for more complex conditions. The one primordial prototype of
+      all living and extinct creatures may, it is possible, be now alive!
+      Moreover, as you say, higher forms might be occasionally degraded, the
+      snake Typhlops SEEMS (?!) to have the habits of earth-worms. So that fresh
+      creatures of simple forms seem to me wholly superfluous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "MUST YOU NOT ASSUME A PRIMEVAL CREATIVE POWER WHICH DOES NOT ACT WITH
+      UNIFORMITY, OR HOW COULD MAN SUPERVENE?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am not sure that I understand your remarks which follow the above. We
+      must under present knowledge assume the creation of one or of a few forms
+      in the same manner as philosophers assume the existence of a power of
+      attraction without any explanation. But I entirely reject, as in my
+      judgment quite unnecessary, any subsequent addition "of new powers and
+      attributes and forces;" or of any "principle of improvement," except in so
+      far as every character which is naturally selected or preserved is in some
+      way an advantage or improvement, otherwise it would not have been
+      selected. If I were convinced that I required such additions to the theory
+      of natural selection, I would reject it as rubbish, but I have firm faith
+      in it, as I cannot believe, that if false, it would explain so many whole
+      classes of facts, which, if I am in my senses, it seems to explain. As far
+      as I understand your remarks and illustrations, you doubt the possibility
+      of gradations of intellectual powers. Now, it seems to me, looking to
+      existing animals alone, that we have a very fine gradation in the
+      intellectual powers of the Vertebrata, with one rather wide gap (not half
+      so wide as in many cases of corporeal structure), between say a Hottentot
+      and a Ourang, even if civilised as much mentally as the dog has been from
+      the wolf. I suppose that you do not doubt that the intellectual powers are
+      as important for the welfare of each being as corporeal structure; if so,
+      I can see no difficulty in the most intellectual individuals of a species
+      being continually selected; and the intellect of the new species thus
+      improved, aided probably by effects of inherited mental exercise. I look
+      at this process as now going on with the races of man; the less
+      intellectual races being exterminated. But there is not space to discuss
+      this point. If I understand you, the turning-point in our difference must
+      be, that you think it impossible that the intellectual powers of a species
+      should be much improved by the continued natural selection of the most
+      intellectual individuals. To show how minds graduate, just reflect how
+      impossible every one has yet found it, to define the difference in mind of
+      man and the lower animals; the latter seem to have the very same
+      attributes in a much lower stage of perfection than the lowest savage. I
+      would give absolutely nothing for the theory of Natural Selection, if it
+      requires miraculous additions at any one stage of descent. I think
+      Embryology, Homology, Classification, etc., etc., show us that all
+      vertebrata have descended from one parent; how that parent appeared we
+      know not. If you admit in ever so little a degree, the explanation which I
+      have given of Embryology, Homology and Classification, you will find it
+      difficult to say: thus far the explanation holds good, but no further;
+      here we must call in "the addition of new creative forces." I think you
+      will be driven to reject all or admit all: I fear by your letter it will
+      be the former alternative; and in that case I shall feel sure it is my
+      fault, and not the theory's fault, and this will certainly comfort me.
+      With regard to the descent of the great Kingdoms (as Vertebrata,
+      Articulata, etc.) from one parent, I have said in the conclusion, that
+      mere analogy makes me think it probable; my arguments and facts are sound
+      in my judgment only for each separate kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      THE FORMS WHICH ARE BEATEN INHERITING SOME INFERIORITY IN COMMON.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I dare say I have not been guarded enough, but might not the term
+      inferiority include less perfect adaptation to physical conditions?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My remarks apply not to single species, but to groups or genera; the
+      species of most genera are adapted at least to rather hotter, and rather
+      less hot, to rather damper and dryer climates; and when the several
+      species of a group are beaten and exterminated by the several species of
+      another group, it will not, I think, generally be from EACH new species
+      being adapted to the climate, but from all the new species having some
+      common advantage in obtaining sustenance, or escaping enemies. As groups
+      are concerned, a fairer illustration than negro and white in Liberia would
+      be the almost certain future extinction of the genus ourang by the genus
+      man, not owing to man being better fitted for the climate, but owing to
+      the inherited intellectual inferiority of the Ourang-genus to Man-genus,
+      by his intellect, inventing fire-arms and cutting down forests. I believe
+      from reasons given in my discussion, that acclimatisation is readily
+      effected under nature. It has taken me so many years to disabuse my mind
+      of the TOO great importance of climate&mdash;its important influence being
+      so conspicuous, whilst that of a struggle between creature and creature is
+      so hidden&mdash;that I am inclined to swear at the North Pole, and, as
+      Sydney Smith said, even to speak disrespectfully of the Equator. I beg you
+      often to reflect (I have found NOTHING so instructive) on the case of
+      thousands of plants in the middle point of their respective ranges, and
+      which, as we positively know, can perfectly well withstand a little more
+      heat and cold, a little more damp and dry, but which in the metropolis of
+      their range do not exist in vast numbers, although if many of the other
+      inhabitants were destroyed [they] would cover the ground. We thus clearly
+      see that their numbers are kept down, in almost every case, not by
+      climate, but by the struggle with other organisms. All this you will
+      perhaps think very obvious; but, until I repeated it to myself thousands
+      of times, I took, as I believe, a wholly wrong view of the whole economy
+      of nature...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HYBRIDISM.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so much pleased that you approve of this chapter; you would be
+      astonished at the labour this cost me; so often was I, on what I believe
+      was, the wrong scent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the theory of Natural Selection there is a wide distinction between
+      Rudimentary Organs and what you call germs of organs, and what I call in
+      my bigger book "nascent" organs. An organ should not be called rudimentary
+      unless it be useless&mdash;as teeth which never cut through the gums&mdash;the
+      papillae, representing the pistil in male flowers, wing of Apteryx, or
+      better, the little wings under soldered elytra. These organs are now
+      plainly useless, and a fortiori, they would be useless in a less developed
+      state. Natural Selection acts exclusively by preserving successive slight,
+      USEFUL modifications. Hence Natural Selection cannot possibly make a
+      useless or rudimentary organ. Such organs are solely due to inheritance
+      (as explained in my discussion), and plainly bespeak an ancestor having
+      the organ in a useful condition. They may be, and often have been, worked
+      in for other purposes, and then they are only rudimentary for the original
+      function, which is sometimes plainly apparent. A nascent organ, though
+      little developed, as it has to be developed must be useful in every stage
+      of development. As we cannot prophesy, we cannot tell what organs are now
+      nascent; and nascent organs will rarely have been handed down by certain
+      members of a class from a remote period to the present day, for beings
+      with any important organ but little developed, will generally have been
+      supplanted by their descendants with the organ well developed. The mammary
+      glands in Ornithorhynchus may, perhaps, be considered as nascent compared
+      with the udders of a cow&mdash;Ovigerous frena, in certain cirripedes, are
+      nascent branchiae&mdash;in [illegible] the swim bladder is almost
+      rudimentary for this purpose, and is nascent as a lung. The small wing of
+      penguin, used only as a fin, might be nascent as a wing; not that I think
+      so; for the whole structure of the bird is adapted for flight, and a
+      penguin so closely resembles other birds, that we may infer that its wings
+      have probably been modified, and reduced by natural selection, in
+      accordance with its sub-aquatic habits. Analogy thus often serves as a
+      guide in distinguishing whether an organ is rudimentary or nascent. I
+      believe the Os coccyx gives attachment to certain muscles, but I can not
+      doubt that it is a rudimentary tail. The bastard wing of birds is a
+      rudimentary digit; and I believe that if fossil birds are found very low
+      down in the series, they will be seen to have a double or bifurcated wing.
+      Here is a bold prophecy!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To admit prophetic germs, is tantamount to rejecting the theory of Natural
+      Selection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very glad you think it worth while to run through my book again, as
+      much, or more, for the subject's sake as for my own sake. But I look at
+      your keeping the subject for some little time before your mind&mdash;raising
+      your own difficulties and solving them&mdash;as far more important than
+      reading my book. If you think enough, I expect you will be perverted, and
+      if you ever are, I shall know that the theory of Natural Selection, is, in
+      the main, safe; that it includes, as now put forth, many errors, is almost
+      certain, though I cannot see them. Do not, of course, think of answering
+      this; but if you have other OCCASION to write again, just say whether I
+      have, in ever so slight a degree, shaken any of your objections. Farewell.
+      With my cordial thanks for your long letters and valuable remarks,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;You often allude to Lamarck's work; I do not know what you
+      think about it, but it appeared to me extremely poor; I got not a fact or
+      idea from it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ. (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born
+      at Mortier, on the lake of Morat in Switzerland, on May 28, 1807. He
+      emigrated to America in 1846, where he spent the rest of his life, and
+      died December 14, 1873. His 'Life,' written by his widow, was published in
+      1885. The following extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth
+      giving, as showing how my father regarded him, and it may be added that
+      his cordial feelings towards the great American naturalist remained strong
+      to the end of his life:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most kind
+      present of 'Lake Superior.' I had heard of it, and had much wished to read
+      it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in my
+      possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy that has
+      given me such lively and sincere pleasure. I cordially thank you for it. I
+      have begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will increase as
+      I go on.") Down, November 11th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract) on
+      the 'Origin of Species.' As the conclusions at which I have arrived on
+      several points differ so widely from yours, I have thought (should you at
+      any time read my volume) that you might think that I had sent it to you
+      out of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I assure you that I act under
+      a wholly different frame of mind. I hope that you will at least give me
+      credit, however erroneous you may think my conclusions, for having
+      earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth. With sincere respect, I beg
+      leave to remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours, very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, November 11th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have thought that you would permit me to send you (by Messrs. Williams
+      and Norgate, booksellers) a copy of my work (as yet only an abstract) on
+      the 'Origin of Species.' I wish to do this, as the only, though quite
+      inadequate manner, by which I can testify to you the extreme interest
+      which I have felt, and the great advantage which I have derived, from
+      studying your grand and noble work on Geographical Distribution. Should
+      you be induced to read my volume, I venture to remark that it will be
+      intelligible only by reading the whole straight through, as it is very
+      much condensed. It would be a high gratification to me if any portion
+      interested you. But I am perfectly well aware that you will entirely
+      disagree with the conclusion at which I have arrived.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You will probably have quite forgotten me; but many years ago you did me
+      the honour of dining at my house in London to meet M. and Madame Sismondi
+      (Jessie Allen, sister of Mrs. Josiah Wedgwood of Maer.), the uncle and
+      aunt of my wife. With sincere respect, I beg to remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours, very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER. Down, November 11th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Falconer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have told Murray to send you a copy of my book on the 'Origin of
+      Species,' which as yet is only an abstract.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you read it, you must read it straight through, otherwise from its
+      extremely condensed state it will be unintelligible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lord, how savage you will be, if you read it, and how you will long to
+      crucify me alive! I fear it will produce no other effect on you; but if it
+      should stagger you in ever so slight a degree, in this case, I am fully
+      convinced that you will become, year after year, less fixed in your belief
+      in the immutability of species. With this audacious and presumptuous
+      conviction,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, my dear Falconer, Yours most truly, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 11th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have directed a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract) on the 'Origin
+      of Species' to be sent you. I know how you are pressed for time; but if
+      you can read it, I shall be infinitely gratified...If ever you do read it,
+      and can screw out time to send me (as I value your opinion so highly),
+      however short a note, telling me what you think its weakest and best
+      parts, I should be extremely grateful. As you are not a geologist, you
+      will excuse my conceit in telling you that Lyell highly approves of the
+      two Geological chapters, and thinks that on the Imperfection of the
+      Geological Record not exaggerated. He is nearly a convert to my views...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Let me add I fully admit that there are very many difficulties not
+      satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification, but I
+      cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many classes
+      of facts as I think it certainly does explain. On these grounds I drop my
+      anchor, and believe that the difficulties will slowly disappear...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.S. HENSLOW. Down, November 11th, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Henslow,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my dear
+      old master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not approve
+      of your pupil in this case. The book in its present state does not show
+      the amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to point
+      out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be a most
+      material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope to commence in
+      a few months. You know also how highly I value your judgment. But I am not
+      so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to write detailed and lengthy
+      criticisms, but merely a few general remarks, pointing out the weakest
+      parts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you are IN EVEN SO SLIGHT A DEGREE staggered (which I hardly expect) on
+      the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further reflection
+      you will become more and more staggered, for this has been the process
+      through which my mind has gone. My dear Henslow,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately and gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. (The present Sir John Lubbock.)
+      Ilkley, Yorkshire, Saturday [November 12th, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Thank you much for asking me to Brighton. I hope much that you will
+      enjoy your holiday. I have told Murray to send a copy for you to Mansion
+      House Street, and I am surprised that you have not received it. There are
+      so many valid and weighty arguments against my notions, that you, or any
+      one, if you wish on the other side, will easily persuade yourself that I
+      am wholly in error, and no doubt I am in part in error, perhaps wholly so,
+      though I cannot see the blindness of my ways. I dare say when thunder and
+      lightning were first proved to be due to secondary causes, some regretted
+      to give up the idea that each flash was caused by the direct hand of God.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, I am feeling very unwell to-day, so no more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Tuesday
+      [November 15th, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lubbock,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I beg pardon for troubling you again. I do not know how I blundered in
+      expressing myself in making you believe that we accepted your kind
+      invitation to Brighton. I meant merely to thank you sincerely for wishing
+      to see such a worn-out old dog as myself. I hardly know when we leave this
+      place,&mdash;not under a fortnight, and then we shall wish to rest under
+      our own roof-tree.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not think I hardly ever admired a book more than Paley's 'Natural
+      Theology.' I could almost formerly have said it by heart.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am glad you have got my book, but I fear that you value it far too
+      highly. I should be grateful for any criticisms. I care not for Reviews;
+      but for the opinion of men like you and Hooker and Huxley and Lyell, etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, with our joint thanks to Mrs. Lubbock and yourself. Adios.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS. (Now Rev. L. Blomefield.) Ilkley,
+      Yorkshire, November 13th, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Jenyns,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must thank you for your very kind note forwarded to me from Down. I have
+      been much out of health this summer, and have been hydropathising here for
+      the last six weeks with very little good as yet. I shall stay here for
+      another fortnight at least. Please remember that my book is only an
+      abstract, and very much condensed, and, to be at all intelligible, must be
+      carefully read. I shall be very grateful for any criticisms. But I know
+      perfectly well that you will not at all agree with the lengths which I go.
+      It took long years to convert me. I may, of course, be egregiously wrong;
+      but I cannot persuade myself that a theory which explains (as I think it
+      certainly does) several large classes of facts, can be wholly wrong;
+      notwithstanding the several difficulties which have to be surmounted
+      somehow, and which stagger me even to this day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wish that my health had allowed me to publish in extenso; if ever I get
+      strong enough I will do so, as the greater part is written out, and of
+      which MS. the present volume is an abstract.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fear this note will be almost illegible; but I am poorly, and can hardly
+      sit up. Farewell; with thanks for your kind note and pleasant remembrance
+      of good old days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a copy of my book,
+      and I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same time with this
+      note. (N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write extra badly.) If
+      you are so inclined, I should very much like to hear your general
+      impression of the book, as you have thought so profoundly on the subject,
+      and in so nearly the same channel with myself. I hope there will be some
+      little new to you, but I fear not much. Remember it is only an abstract,
+      and very much condensed. God knows what the public will think. No one has
+      read it, except Lyell, with whom I have had much correspondence. Hooker
+      thinks him a complete convert, but he does not seem so in his letters to
+      me; but is evidently deeply interested in the subject. I do not think your
+      share in the theory will be overlooked by the real judges, as Hooker,
+      Lyell, Asa Gray, etc. I have heard from Mr. Slater that your paper on the
+      Malay Archipelago has been read at the Linnean Society, and that he was
+      EXTREMELY much interested by it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the state
+      of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you. I am
+      writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for the
+      last six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer. As yet I have
+      profited very little. God knows when I shall have strength for my bigger
+      book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+      thinking of returning (Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.) soon
+      with your magnificent collections, and still grander mental materials. You
+      will be puzzled how to publish. The Royal Society fund will be worth your
+      consideration. With every good wish, pray believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S. I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert. If
+      I can convert Huxley I shall be content.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.D. FOX. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Wednesday
+      [November 16th, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I like the place very much, and the children have enjoyed it much, and
+      it has done my wife good. It did H. good at first, but she has gone back
+      again. I have had a series of calamities; first a sprained ankle, and then
+      a badly swollen whole leg and face, much rash, and a frightful succession
+      of boils&mdash;four or five at once. I have felt quite ill, and have
+      little faith in this "unique crisis," as the doctor calls it, doing me
+      much good...You will probably have received, or will very soon receive, my
+      weariful book on species, I naturally believe it mainly includes the
+      truth, but you will not at all agree with me. Dr. Hooker, whom I consider
+      one of the best judges in Europe, is a complete convert, and he thinks
+      Lyell is likewise; certainly, judging from Lyell's letters to me on the
+      subject, he is deeply staggered. Farewell. If the spirit moves you, let me
+      have a line...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, November
+      18th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Carpenter,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must thank you for your letter on my own account, and if I know myself,
+      still more warmly for the subject's sake. As you seem to have understood
+      my last chapter without reading the previous chapters, you must have
+      maturely and most profoundly self-thought out the subject; for I have
+      found the most extraordinary difficulty in making even able men understand
+      at what I was driving. There will be strong opposition to my views. If I
+      am in the main right (of course including partial errors unseen by me),
+      the admission in my views will depend far more on men, like yourself, with
+      well-established reputations, than on my own writings. Therefore, on the
+      supposition that when you have read my volume you think the view in the
+      main true, I thank and honour you for being willing to run the chance of
+      unpopularity by advocating the view. I know not in the least whether any
+      one will review me in any of the Reviews. I do not see how an author could
+      enquire or interfere; but if you are willing to review me anywhere, I am
+      sure from the admiration which I have long felt and expressed for your
+      'Comparative Physiology,' that your review will be excellently done, and
+      will do good service in the cause for which I think I am not selfishly
+      deeply interested. I am feeling very unwell to-day, and this note is
+      badly, perhaps hardly intelligibly, expressed; but you must excuse me, for
+      I could not let a post pass, without thanking you for your note. You will
+      have a tough job even to shake in the slightest degree Sir H. Holland. I
+      do not think (privately I say it) that the great man has knowledge enough
+      to enter on the subject. Pray believe me with sincerity, Yours truly
+      obliged,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;As you are not a practical geologist, let me add that Lyell
+      thinks the chapter on the Imperfection of the Geological Record NOT
+      exaggerated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, November
+      19th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Carpenter,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I beg pardon for troubling you again. If, after reading my book, you are
+      able to come to a conclusion in any degree definite, will you think me
+      very unreasonable in asking you to let me hear from you. I do not ask for
+      a long discussion, but merely for a brief idea of your general impression.
+      From your widely extended knowledge, habit of investigating the truth, and
+      abilities, I should value your opinion in the very highest rank. Though I,
+      of course, believe in the truth of my own doctrine, I suspect that no
+      belief is vivid until shared by others. As yet I know only one believer,
+      but I look at him as of the greatest authority, viz., Hooker. When I think
+      of the many cases of men who have studied one subject for years, and have
+      persuaded themselves of the truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel
+      sometimes a little frightened, whether I may not be one of these
+      mon-maniacs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request. A short note would
+      suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many a
+      one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Sunday
+      [November 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just read a review on my book in the "Athenaeum" (November 19,
+      1859.), and it excites my curiosity much who is the author. If you should
+      hear who writes in the "Athenaeum" I wish you would tell me. It seems to
+      me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and, being
+      hostile, passes over every single argument in favour of the doctrine,... I
+      fear from the tone of the review, that I have written in a conceited and
+      cocksure style (The Reviewer speaks of the author's "evident
+      self-satisfaction," and of his disposing of all difficulties "more or less
+      confidently."), which shames me a little. There is another review of which
+      I should like to know the author, viz., of H.C. Watson in the "Gardener's
+      Chronicle". Some of the remarks are like yours, and he does deserve
+      punishment; but surely the review is too severe. Don't you think so?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope you got the three copies for Foreign Botanists in time for your
+      parcel, and your own copy. I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is
+      likely to be a convert. Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go a
+      long way with us. He says that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram
+      closely like mine!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall stay here one fortnight more, and then go to Down, staying on the
+      road at Shrewsbury a week. I have been very unfortunate: out of seven
+      weeks I have been confined for five to the house. This has been bad for
+      me, as I have not been able to help thinking to a foolish extent about my
+      book. If some four or five GOOD men came round nearly to our view, I shall
+      not fear ultimate success. I long to learn what Huxley thinks. Is your
+      introduction (Introduction to the 'Flora of Australia.') published? I
+      suppose that you will sell it separately. Please answer this, for I want
+      an extra copy to send away to Wallace. I am very bothersome, farewell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was very glad to see the Royal Medal for Mr. Bentham.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 21st, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray give my thanks to Mrs. Hooker for her extremely kind note, which has
+      pleased me much. We are very sorry she cannot come here, but shall be
+      delighted to see you and W. (our boys will be at home) here in the 2nd
+      week of January, or any other time. I shall much enjoy discussing any
+      points in my book with you...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hate to hear you abuse your own work. I, on the contrary, so sincerely
+      value all that you have written. It is an old and firm conviction of mine,
+      that the Naturalists who accumulate facts and make many partial
+      generalisations are the REAL benefactors of science. Those who merely
+      accumulate facts I cannot very much respect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I had hoped to have come up for the Club to-morrow, but very much doubt
+      whether I shall be able. Ilkley seems to have done me no essential good. I
+      attended the Bench on Monday, and was detained in adjudicating some
+      troublesome cases 1 1/2 hours longer than usual, and came home utterly
+      knocked up, and cannot rally. I am not worth an old button... Many thanks
+      for your pleasant note.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I feel confident that for the future progress of the subject of
+      the origin and manner of formation of species, the assent and arguments
+      and facts of working naturalists, like yourself, are far more important
+      than my own book; so for God's sake do not abuse your Introduction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      H.C. WATSON TO CHARLES DARWIN. Thames Ditton, November 21st [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Once commenced to read the 'Origin,' I could not rest till I had galloped
+      through the whole. I shall now begin to re-read it more deliberately.
+      Meantime I am tempted to write you the first impressions, not doubting
+      that they will, in the main, be the permanent impressions:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1st. Your leading idea will assuredly become recognised as an established
+      truth in science, i.e. "Natural Selection." It has the characteristics of
+      all great natural truths, clarifying what was obscure, simplifying what
+      was intricate, adding greatly to previous knowledge. You are the greatest
+      revolutionist in natural history of this century, if not of all centuries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2nd. You will perhaps need, in some degree, to limit or modify, possibly
+      in some degree also to extend, your present applications of the principle
+      of natural selection. Without going to matters of more detail, it strikes
+      me that there is one considerable primary inconsistency, by one failure in
+      the analogy between varieties and species; another by a sort of barrier
+      assumed for nature on insufficient grounds and arising from "divergence."
+      These may, however, be faults in my own mind, attributable to yet
+      incomplete perception of your views. And I had better not trouble you
+      about them before again reading the volume.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3rd. Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific
+      public, it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed to
+      see their right road sooner. How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance, for
+      thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species AND THEIR
+      SUCCESSION, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like the
+      same state of mind on the main question, but you were able to see and work
+      out the quo modo of the succession, the all-important thing, while I
+      failed to grasp it. I send by this post a little controversial pamphlet of
+      old date&mdash;Combe and Scott. If you will take the trouble to glance at
+      the passages scored on the margin, you will see that, a quarter of a
+      century ago, I was also one of the few who then doubted the absolute
+      distinctness of species, and special creations of them. Yet I, like the
+      rest, failed to detect the quo modo which was reserved for your
+      penetration to DISCOVER, and your discernment to APPLY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You answered my query about the hiatus between Satyrus and Homo as was
+      expected. The obvious explanation really never occurred to me till some
+      months after I had read the papers in the 'Linnean Proceedings.' The first
+      species of Fere-homo ("Almost-man.") would soon make direct and
+      exterminating war upon his Infra-homo cousins. The gap would thus be made,
+      and then go on increasing, into the present enormous and still widening
+      hiatus. But how greatly this, with your chronology of animal life, will
+      shock the ideas of many men!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Very sincerely, HEWETT C. WATSON.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Athenaeum, Monday [November 21st, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only to thank you for
+      your glorious book&mdash;what a mass of close reasoning on curious facts
+      and fresh phenomena&mdash;it is capitally written, and will be very
+      successful. I say this on the strength of two or three plunges into as
+      many chapters, for I have not yet attempted to read it. Lyell, with whom
+      we are staying, is perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating over
+      it. I must accept your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of supposed
+      assistance from me, as the warm tribute of affection from an honest
+      (though deluded) man, and furthermore accept it as very pleasing to my
+      vanity; but, my dear fellow, neither my name nor my judgment nor my
+      assistance deserved any such compliments, and if I am dishonest enough to
+      be pleased with what I don't deserve, it must just pass. How different the
+      BOOK reads from the MS. I see I shall have much to talk over with you.
+      Those lazy printers have not finished my luckless Essay; which, beside
+      your book, will look like a ragged handkerchief beside a Royal Standard...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All well, ever yours affectionately, JOS. D. HOOKER.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Ilkley, Yorkshire [November
+      1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot help it, I must thank you for your affectionate and most kind
+      note. My head will be turned. By Jove, I must try and get a bit modest. I
+      was a little chagrined by the review. (This refers to the review in the
+      "Athenaeum", November 19, 1859, where the reviewer, after touching on the
+      theological aspects of the book, leaves the author to "the mercies of the
+      Divinity Hall, the College, the Lecture Room, and the Museum.") I hope it
+      was NOT &mdash;. As advocate, he might think himself justified in giving
+      the argument only on one side. But the manner in which he drags in
+      immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me to their mercies,
+      is base. He would, on no account, burn me, but he will get the wood ready,
+      and tell the black beasts how to catch me... It would be unspeakably grand
+      if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can see this is a mere
+      chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+      that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents me
+      sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is very
+      modest about himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a score
+      of savage reviewers. I suppose you are still with the Lyells. Give my
+      kindest remembrance to them. I triumph to hear that he continues to
+      approve.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, your would-be modest friend, C.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley Wells, Yorkshire, November 23
+      [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You seemed to have worked admirably on the species question; there could
+      not have been a better plan than reading up on the opposite side. I
+      rejoice profoundly that you intend admitting the doctrine of modification
+      in your new edition (It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's published letters
+      that he intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in a new edition of
+      the 'Manual,' but this was not published till 1865. He was, however, at
+      work on the 'Antiquity of Man' in 1860, and had already determined to
+      discuss the 'Origin' at the end of the book.); nothing, I am convinced,
+      could be more important for its success. I honour you most sincerely. To
+      have maintained in the position of a master, one side of a question for
+      thirty years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact to which I much
+      doubt whether the records of science offer a parallel. For myself, also, I
+      rejoice profoundly; for, thinking of so many cases of men pursuing an
+      illusion for years, often and often a cold shudder has run through me, and
+      I have asked myself whether I may not have devoted my life to a phantasy.
+      Now I look at it as morally impossible that investigators of truth, like
+      you and Hooker, can be wholly wrong, and therefore I rest in peace. Thank
+      you for criticisms, which, if there be a second edition, I will attend to.
+      I have been thinking that if I am much execrated as an atheist, etc.,
+      whether the admission of the doctrine of natural selection could injure
+      your works; but I hope and think not, for as far as I can remember, the
+      virulence of bigotry is expended on the first offender, and those who
+      adopt his views are only pitied as deluded, by the wise and cheerful
+      bigots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot help thinking that you overrate the importance of the multiple
+      origin of dogs. The only difference is, that in the case of single
+      origins, all difference of the races has originated since man domesticated
+      the species. In the case of multiple origins part of the difference was
+      produced under natural conditions. I should INFINITELY prefer the theory
+      of single origin in all cases, if facts would permit its reception. But
+      there seems to me some a priori improbability (seeing how fond savages are
+      of taming animals), that throughout all times, and throughout all the
+      world, that man should have domesticated one single species alone, of the
+      widely distributed genus Canis. Besides this, the close resemblance of at
+      least three kinds of American domestic dogs to wild species still
+      inhabiting the countries where they are now domesticated, seem to almost
+      compel admission that more than one wild Canis has been domesticated by
+      man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you cordially for all the generous zeal and interest you have
+      shown about my book, and I remain, my dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your affectionate friend and disciple, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir J. Herschel, to whom I sent a copy, is going to read my book. He says
+      he leans to the side opposed to me. If you should meet him after he has
+      read me, pray find out what he thinks, for, of course, he will not write;
+      and I should excessively like to hear whether I produce any effect on such
+      a mind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Jermyn Street W., November 23rd, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination having furnished me
+      with a few hours of continuous leisure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Since I read Von Baer's (Karl Ernst von Baer, born 1792, died at Dorpat
+      1876&mdash;one of the most distinguished biologists of the century. He
+      practically founded the modern science of embryology.) essays, nine years
+      ago, no work on Natural History Science I have met with has made so great
+      an impression upon me, and I do most heartily thank you for the great
+      store of new views you have given me. Nothing, I think, can be better than
+      the tone of the book, it impresses those who know nothing about the
+      subject. As for your doctrine, I am prepared to go to the stake, if
+      requisite, in support of Chapter IX., and most parts of Chapters X., XI.,
+      XII., and Chapter XIII. contains much that is most admirable, but on one
+      or two points I enter a caveat until I can see further into all sides of
+      the question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully with all the
+      principles laid down in them. I think you have demonstrated a true cause
+      for the production of species, and have thrown the onus probandi that
+      species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your adversaries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings of
+      those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I will
+      write no more about them just now.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have loaded
+      yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting Natura non facit
+      saltum so unreservedly... And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if continual
+      physical conditions are of so little moment as you suppose, variation
+      should occur at all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume to
+      begin picking holes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or annoyed
+      by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I greatly
+      mistake, is in store for you. Depend upon it you have earned the lasting
+      gratitude of all thoughtful men. And as to the curs which will bark and
+      yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any rate, are
+      endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have often and
+      justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+      about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+      understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours faithfully, T.H. HUXLEY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Ilkley, November 25th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down. Like a good Catholic who
+      has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc dimittis." I should
+      have been more than contented with one quarter of what you have said.
+      Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper for this volume, I had
+      awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had deluded myself, like so many
+      have done, and I then fixed in my mind three judges, on whose decision I
+      determined mentally to abide. The judges were Lyell, Hooker, and yourself.
+      It was this which made me so excessively anxious for your verdict. I am
+      now contented, and can sing my nunc dimittis. What a joke it would be if I
+      pat you on the back when you attack some immovable creationist! You have
+      most cleverly hit on one point, which has greatly troubled me; if, as I
+      must think, external conditions produce little DIRECT effect, what the
+      devil determines each particular variation? What makes a tuft of feathers
+      come on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose? I shall much like to talk
+      over this with you...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Hereafter I shall be particularly curious to hear what you
+      think of my explanation of Embryological similarity. On classification I
+      fear we shall split. Did you perceive the argumentum ad hominem Huxley
+      about kangaroo and bear?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ERASMUS DARWIN (His brother.) TO CHARLES DARWIN. November 23rd [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Charles,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if I can write, but at
+      all events I will jot down a few things that the Dr. (Dr., afterwards Sir
+      Henry Holland.) has said. He has not read much above half, so as he says
+      he can give no definite conclusion, and it is my private belief he wishes
+      to remain in that state... He is evidently in a dreadful state of
+      indecision, and keeps stating that he is not tied down to either view, and
+      that he has always left an escape by the way he has spoken of varieties. I
+      happened to speak of the eye before he had read that part, and it took
+      away his breath&mdash;utterly impossible&mdash;structure, function, etc.,
+      etc., etc., but when he had read it he hummed and hawed, and perhaps it
+      was partly conceivable, and then he fell back on the bones of the ear,
+      which were beyond all probability or conceivability. He mentioned a slight
+      blot, which I also observed, that in speaking of the slave-ants carrying
+      one another, you change the species without giving notice first, and it
+      makes one turn back...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever read,
+      and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry, getting into
+      a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the geographical
+      distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents, is the most
+      convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest forms to the
+      existing species. I dare say I don't feel enough the absence of varieties,
+      but then I don't in the least know if everything now living were
+      fossilized whether the paleontologists could distinguish them. In fact the
+      a priori reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me that if the facts
+      won't fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is my feeling. My ague
+      has left me in such a state of torpidity that I wish I had gone through
+      the process of natural selection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, E.A.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, November [24th, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again I have to thank you for a most valuable lot of criticisms in a
+      letter dated 22nd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This morning I heard also from Murray that he sold the whole edition
+      (First edition, 1250 copies.) the first day to the trade. He wants a new
+      edition instantly, and this utterly confounds me. Now, under water-cure,
+      with all nervous power directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do
+      head-work, and I must make only actually necessary corrections. But I
+      will, as far as I can without my manuscript, take advantage of your
+      suggestions: I must not attempt much. Will you send me one line to say
+      whether I must strike out about the secondary whale (The passage was
+      omitted in the second edition.), it goes to my heart. About the
+      rattle-snake, look to my Journal, under Trigonocephalus, and you will see
+      the probable origin of the rattle, and generally in transitions it is the
+      premier pas qui coute.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Madame Belloc wants to translate my book into French; I have offered to
+      look over proofs for SCIENTIFIC errors. Did you ever hear of her? I
+      believe Murray has agreed at my urgent advice, but I fear I have been rash
+      and premature. Quatrefages has written to me, saying he agrees largely
+      with my views. He is an excellent naturalist. I am pressed for time. Will
+      you give us one line about the whales? Again I thank you for neve-tiring
+      advice and assistance; I do in truth reverence your unselfish and pure
+      love of truth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell, ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [With regard to a French translation, he wrote to Mr. Murray in November
+      1859: "I am EXTREMELY anxious, for the subject's sake (and God knows not
+      for mere fame), to have my book translated; and indirectly its being known
+      abroad will do good to the English sale. If it depended on me, I should
+      agree without payment, and instantly send a copy, and only beg that she
+      [Mme. Belloc] would get some scientific man to look over the
+      translation... You might say that, though I am a very poor French scholar,
+      I could detect any scientific mistake, and would read over the French
+      proofs."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proposed translation was not made, and a second plan fell through in
+      the following year. He wrote to M. de Quatrefages: "The gentleman who
+      wished to translate my 'Origin of Species' has failed in getting a
+      publisher. Balliere, Masson, and Hachette all rejected it with contempt.
+      It was foolish and presumptuous in me, hoping to appear in a French dress;
+      but the idea would not have entered my head had it not been suggested to
+      me. It is a great loss. I must console myself with the German edition
+      which Prof. Bronn is bringing out." (See letters to Bronn, page 70.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A sentence in another letter to M. de Quatrefages shows how anxious he was
+      to convert one of the greatest of contemporary Zoologists: "How I should
+      like to know whether Milne Edwards had read the copy which I sent him, and
+      whether he thinks I have made a pretty good case on our side of the
+      question. There is no naturalist in the world for whose opinion I have so
+      profound a respect. Of course I am not so silly as to expect to change his
+      opinion."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, [November 26th, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have received your letter of the 24th. It is no use trying to thank you;
+      your kindness is beyond thanks. I will certainly leave out the whale and
+      bear...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The edition was 1250 copies. When I was in spirits, I sometimes fancied
+      that my book would be successful, but I never even built a castle in the
+      air of such success as it has met with; I do not mean the sale, but the
+      impression it has made on you (whom I have always looked at as chief
+      judge) and Hooker and Huxley. The whole has infinitely exceeded my wildest
+      hopes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, I am tired, for I have been going over the sheets.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My kind friend, farewell, yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, Yorkshire, December 2nd
+      [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Every note which you have sent me has interested me much. Pray thank Lady
+      Lyell for her remark. In the chapters she refers to, I was unable to
+      modify the passage in accordance with your suggestion; but in the final
+      chapter I have modified three or four. Kingsley, in a note (The letter is
+      given below) to me, had a capital paragraph on such notions as mine being
+      NOT opposed to a high conception of the Deity. I have inserted it as an
+      extract from a letter to me from a celebrated author and divine. I have
+      put in about nascent organs. I had the greatest difficulty in partially
+      making out Sedgwick's letter, and I dare say I did greatly underrate its
+      clearness. Do what I could, I fear I shall be greatly abused. In answer to
+      Sedgwick's remark that my book would be "mischievous," I asked him whether
+      truth can be known except by being victorious over all attacks. But it is
+      no use. H.C. Watson tells me that one zoologist says he will read my book,
+      "but I will never believe it." What a spirit to read any book in! Crawford
+      writes to me that his notice (John Crawford, orientalist, ethnologist,
+      etc., 1783-1868. The review appeared in the "Examiner", and, though
+      hostile, is free from bigotry, as the following citation will show: "We
+      cannot help saying that piety must be fastidious indeed that objects to a
+      theory the tendency of which is to show that all organic beings, man
+      included, are in a perpetual progress of amelioration, and that is
+      expounded in the reverential language which we have quoted.") will be
+      hostile, but that "he will not calumniate the author." He says he has read
+      my book, "at least such parts as he could understand." He sent me some
+      notes and suggestions (quite unimportant), and they show me that I have
+      unavoidably done harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract. He is a
+      real Pallasian; nearly all our domestic races descended from a multitude
+      of wild species now commingled. I expected Murchison to be outrageous. How
+      little he could ever have grappled with the subject of denudation! How
+      singular so great a geologist should have so unphilosophical a mind! I
+      have had several notes from &mdash;, very civil and less decided. Says he
+      shall not pronounce against me without much reflection, PERHAPS WILL SAY
+      NOTHING on the subject. X. says &mdash; will go to that part of hell,
+      which Dante tells us is appointed for those who are neither on God's side
+      nor on that of the devil.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fully believe that I owe the comfort of the next few years of my life to
+      your generous support, and that of a very few others. I do not think I am
+      brave enough to have stood being odious without support; now I feel as
+      bold as a lion. But there is one thing I can see I must learn, viz., to
+      think less of myself and my book. Farewell, with cordial thanks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I return home on the 7th, and shall sleep at Erasmus's. I will call on you
+      about ten o'clock, on Thursday, the 8th, and sit with you, as I have so
+      often sat, during your breakfast.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wish there was any chance of Prestwich being shaken; but I fear he is
+      too much of a catastrophist.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In December there appeared in 'Macmillan's Magazine' an article, "Time
+      and Life," by Professor Huxley. It is mainly occupied by an analysis of
+      the argument of the 'Origin,' but it also gives the substance of a lecture
+      delivered at the Royal Institution before that book was published.
+      Professor Huxley spoke strongly in favour of evolution in his Lecture, and
+      explains that in so doing he was to a great extent resting on a knowledge
+      of "the general tenor of the researches in which Mr. Darwin had been so
+      long engaged," and was supported in so doing by his perfect confidence in
+      his knowledge, perseverance, and "high-minded love of truth." My father
+      was evidently deeply pleased by Mr. Huxley's words, and wrote:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must thank you for your extremely kind notice of my book in
+      'Macmillan.' No one could receive a more delightful and honourable
+      compliment. I had not heard of your Lecture, owing to my retired life. You
+      attribute much too much to me from our mutual friendship. You have
+      explained my leading idea with admirable clearness. What a gift you have
+      of writing (or more properly) thinking clearly."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, December
+      3rd [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Carpenter,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am perfectly delighted at your letter. It is a great thing to have got a
+      great physiologist on our side. I say "our" for we are now a good and
+      compact body of really good men, and mostly not old men. In the long run
+      we shall conquer. I do not like being abused, but I feel that I can now
+      bear it; and, as I told Lyell, I am well convinced that it is the first
+      offender who reaps the rich harvest of abuse. You have done an essential
+      kindness in checking the odium theologicum in the E.R. (This must refer to
+      Carpenter's critique which would now have been ready to appear in the
+      January number of the "Edinburgh Review", 1860, and in which the odium
+      theologicum is referred to.) It much pains all one's female relations and
+      injures the cause.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I look at it as immaterial whether we go quite the same lengths; and I
+      suspect, judging from myself, that you will go further, by thinking of a
+      population of forms like Ornithorhyncus, and by thinking of the common
+      homological and embryological structure of the several vertebrate orders.
+      But this is immaterial. I quite agree that the principle is everything. In
+      my fuller MS. I have discussed a good many instincts; but there will
+      surely be more unfilled gaps here than with corporeal structure, for we
+      have no fossil instincts, and know scarcely any except of European
+      animals. When I reflect how very slowly I came round myself, I am in truth
+      astonished at the candour shown by Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and yourself. In
+      my opinion it is grand. I thank you cordially for taking the trouble of
+      writing a review for the 'National.' God knows I shall have few enough in
+      any degree favourable. (See a letter to Dr. Carpenter below.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Saturday [December 5th, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have had a letter from Carpenter this morning. He reviews me in the
+      'National.' He is a convert, but does not go quite so far as I, but quite
+      far enough, for he admits that all birds are from one progenitor, and
+      probably all fishes and reptiles from another parent. But the last
+      mouthful chokes him. He can hardly admit all vertebrates from one parent.
+      He will surely come to this from Homology and Embryology. I look at it as
+      grand having brought round a great physiologist, for great I think he
+      certainly is in that line. How curious I shall be to know what line Owen
+      will take; dead against us, I fear; but he wrote me a most liberal note on
+      the reception of my book, and said he was quite prepared to consider
+      fairly and without prejudice my line of argument.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Kew, Monday.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the publication of your
+      book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite. I hope now that you are
+      well through Edition II., and I have heard that you were flourishing in
+      London. I have not yet got half-through the book, not from want of will,
+      but of time&mdash;for it is the very hardest book to read, to full
+      profits, that I ever tried&mdash;it is so cram-full of matter and
+      reasoning. I am all the more glad that you have published in this form,
+      for the three volumes, unprefaced by this, would have choked any
+      Naturalist of the nineteenth century, and certainly have softened my brain
+      in the operation of assimilating their contents. I am perfectly tired of
+      marvelling at the wonderful amount of facts you have brought to bear, and
+      your skill in marshalling them and throwing them on the enemy; it is also
+      extremely clear as far as I have gone, but very hard to fully appreciate.
+      Somehow it reads very different from the MS., and I often fancy I must
+      have been very stupid not to have more fully followed it in MS. Lyell told
+      me of his criticisms. I did not appreciate them all, and there are many
+      little matters I hope one day to talk over with you. I saw a highly
+      flattering notice in the 'English Churchman,' short and not at all
+      entering into discussion, but praising you and your book, and talking
+      patronizingly of the doctrine!... Bentham and Henslow will still shake
+      their heads I fancy...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours affectionately, JOS. D. HOOKER.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, Saturday [December 12th,
+      1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I had very long interviews with &mdash;, which perhaps you would like
+      to hear about... I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he goes
+      an immense way with us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+      the manner of formation of species. I said I was very glad to hear it. He
+      took me up short: "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you in
+      all respects." I said I thought it no more likely that I should be right
+      in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get heads
+      twenty times running. I asked him what he thought the weakest part. He
+      said he had no particular objection to any part. He added:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If I must criticise, I should say, 'we do not want to know what Darwin
+      believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove.'" I agreed most fully
+      and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and defended
+      my general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing how many
+      classes of facts the theory would explain. I added that I would endeavour
+      to modify the "believes" and "convinceds." He took me up short: "You will
+      then spoil your book, the charm of (!) it is that it is Darwin himself."
+      He added another objection, that the book was too teres atque rotundus&mdash;that
+      it explained everything, and that it was improbable in the highest degree
+      that I should succeed in this. I quite agree with this rather queer
+      objection, and it comes to this that my book must be very bad or very
+      good...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have heard, by roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is the
+      law of higgledy-piggledy." What this exactly means I do not know, but it
+      is evidently very contemptuous. If true this is a great blow and
+      discouragement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. December 14th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... The latter part of my stay at Ilkley did me much good, but I suppose I
+      never shall be strong, for the work I have had since I came back has
+      knocked me up a little more than once. I have been busy in getting a
+      reprint (with a very few corrections) through the press.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My book has been as yet VERY MUCH more successful than I ever dreamed of:
+      Murray is now printing 3000 copies. Have you finished it? If so, pray tell
+      me whether you are with me on the GENERAL issue, or against me. If you are
+      against me, I know well how honourable, fair, and candid an opponent I
+      shall have, and which is a good deal more than I can say of all my
+      opponents...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray tell me what you have been doing. Have you had time for any Natural
+      History?...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I have got&mdash;I wish and hope I might say that WE have got&mdash;a
+      fair number of excellent men on our side of the question on the mutability
+      of species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 14th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your approval of my book, for many reasons, gives me intense satisfaction;
+      but I must make some allowance for your kindness and sympathy. Any one
+      with ordinary faculties, if he had PATIENCE enough and plenty of time,
+      could have written my book. You do not know how I admire your and Lyell's
+      generous and unselfish sympathy, I do not believe either of you would have
+      cared so much about your own work. My book, as yet, has been far more
+      successful than I ever even formerly ventured in the wildest day-dreams to
+      anticipate. We shall soon be a good body of working men, and shall have, I
+      am convinced, all young and rising naturalists on our side. I shall be
+      intensely interested to hear whether my book produces any effect on A.
+      Gray; from what I heard at Lyell's, I fancy your correspondence has
+      brought him some way already. I fear that there is no chance of Bentham
+      being staggered. Will he read my book? Has he a copy? I would send him one
+      of the reprints if he has not. Old J.E. Gray (John Edward Gray
+      (1800-1875), was the son of S.F. Gray, author of the 'Supplement to the
+      Pharmacopoeia.' In 1821 he published in his father's name 'The Natural
+      Arrangement of British Plants,' one of the earliest works in English on
+      the natural method. In 1824 he became connected with the Natural History
+      Department of the British Museum, and was appointed Keeper of the
+      Zoological collections in 1840. He was the author of 'Illustrations of
+      Indian Zoology,' 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' etc., and of innumerable
+      descriptive Zoological papers.), at the British Museum, attacked me in
+      fine style: "You have just reproduced Lamarck's doctrine and nothing else,
+      and here Lyell and others have been attacking him for twenty years, and
+      because YOU (with a sneer and laugh) say the very same thing, they are all
+      coming round; it is the most ridiculous inconsistency, etc., etc."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You must be very glad to be settled in your house, and I hope all the
+      improvements satisfy you. As far as my experience goes, improvements are
+      never perfection. I am very sorry to hear that you are still so very busy,
+      and have so much work. And now for the main purport of my note, which is
+      to ask and beg you and Mrs. Hooker (whom it is really an age since I have
+      seen), and all your children, if you like, to come and spend a week here.
+      It would be a great pleasure to me and to my wife... As far as we can see,
+      we shall be at home all the winter; and all times probably would be
+      equally convenient; but if you can, do not put it off very late, as it may
+      slip through. Think of this and persuade Mrs. Hooker, and be a good man
+      and come.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, my kind and dear friend, Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I shall be very curious to hear what you think of my discussion
+      on Classification in Chapter XIII.; I believe Huxley demurs to the whole,
+      and says he has nailed his colours to the mast, and I would sooner die
+      than give up; so that we are in as fine a frame of mind to discuss the
+      point as any two religionists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Embryology is my pet bit in my book, and, confound my friends, not one has
+      noticed this to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 21st [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just received your most kind, long, and valuable letter. I will
+      write again in a few days, for I am at present unwell and much pressed
+      with business: to-day's note is merely personal. I should, for several
+      reasons, be very glad of an American Edition. I have made up my mind to be
+      well abused; but I think it of importance that my notions should be read
+      by intelligent men, accustomed to scientific argument, though NOT
+      naturalists. It may seem absurd, but I think such men will drag after them
+      those naturalists who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a species
+      is an entity. The first edition of 1250 copies was sold on the first day,
+      and now my publisher is printing off, as RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE, 3000 more
+      copies. I mention this solely because it renders probable a remunerative
+      sale in America. I should be infinitely obliged if you could aid an
+      American reprint; and could make, for my sake and the publisher's, any
+      arrangement for any profit. The new edition is only a reprint, yet I have
+      made a FEW important corrections. I will have the clean sheets sent over
+      in a few days of as many sheets as are printed off, and the remainder
+      afterwards, and you can do anything you like,&mdash;if nothing, there is
+      no harm done. I should be glad for the new edition to be reprinted and not
+      the old.&mdash;In great haste, and with hearty thanks,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will write soon again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, 22nd [December, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell, Thanks about "Bears" (See 'Origin,' edition i., page 184.),
+      a word of il-omen to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am too unwell to leave home, so shall not see you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very glad of your remarks on Hooker. (Sir C. Lyell wrote to Sir J.D.
+      Hooker, December 19, 1859 ('Life,' ii. page 327): "I have just finished
+      the reading of your splendid Essay [the 'Flora of Australia'] on the
+      origin of species, as illustrated by your wide botanical experience, and
+      think it goes very far to raise the variety-making hypothesis to the rank
+      of a theory, as accounting for the manner in which new species enter the
+      world.") I have not yet got the essay. The parts which I read in sheets
+      seemed to me grand, especially the generalization about the Australian
+      flora itself. How superior to Robert Brown's celebrated essay! I have not
+      seen Naudin's paper ('Revue Horticole,' 1852. See historical Sketch in the
+      later editions of the 'Origin of Species.'), and shall not be able till I
+      hunt the libraries. I am very anxious to see it. Decaisne seems to think
+      he gives my whole theory. I do not know when I shall have time and
+      strength to grapple with Hooker...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I have heard from Sir W. Jardine (Jardine, Sir William, Bart.,
+      1800-1874), was the son of Sir A. Jardine of Applegarth, Dumfriesshire. He
+      was educated at Edinburgh, and succeeded to the title on his father's
+      decease in 1821. He published, jointly with Mr. Prideaux, J. Selby, Sir
+      Stamford Raffles, Dr. Horsfield, and other ornithologists, 'Illustrations
+      of Ornithology,' and edited the 'Naturalist's Library,' in 40 volumes,
+      which included the four branches: Mammalia, Ornithology, Ichnology, and
+      Entomology. Of these 40 volumes 14 were written by himself. In 1836 he
+      became editor of the 'Magazine of Zoology and Botany,' which, two years
+      later, was transformed into 'Annals of Natural History,' but remained
+      under his direction. For Bohn's Standard Library he edited White's
+      'Natural History of Selborne.' Sir W. Jardine was also joint editor of the
+      'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and was author of 'British Salmonidae,'
+      'Ichthyology of Annandale,' 'Memoirs of the late Hugh Strickland,'
+      'Contributions to Ornithology,' 'Ornithological Synonyms,' etc.&mdash;(Taken
+      from Ward, 'Men of the Reign,' and Cates, 'Dictionary of General
+      Biography.'): his criticisms are quite unimportant; some of the Galapagos
+      so-called species ought to be called varieties, which I fully expected;
+      some of the sub-genera, thought to be wholly endemic, have been found on
+      the Continent (not that he gives his authority), but I do not make out
+      that the species are the same. His letter is brief and vague, but he says
+      he will write again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [23rd December, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I received last night your 'Introduction,' for which very many thanks; I
+      am surprised to see how big it is: I shall not be able to read it very
+      soon. It was very good of you to send Naudin, for I was very curious to
+      see it. I am surprised that Decaisne should say it was the same as mine.
+      Naudin gives artificial selection, as well as a score of English writers,
+      and when he says species were formed in the same manner, I thought the
+      paper would certainly prove exactly the same as mine. But I cannot find
+      one word like the struggle for existence and natural selection. On the
+      contrary, he brings in his principle (page 103) of finality (which I do
+      not understand), which, he says, with some authors is fatality, with
+      others providence, and which adapts the forms of every being, and
+      harmonises them all throughout nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He assumes like old geologists (who assumed that the forces of nature were
+      formerly greater), that species were at first more plastic. His simile of
+      tree and classification is like mine (and others), but he cannot, I think,
+      have reflected much on the subject, otherwise he would see that genealogy
+      by itself does not give classification; I declare I cannot see a MUCH
+      closer approach to Wallace and me in Naudin than in Lamarck&mdash;we all
+      agree in modification and descent. If I do not hear from you I will return
+      the 'Revue' in a few days (with the cover). I dare say Lyell would be glad
+      to see it. By the way, I will retain the volume till I hear whether I
+      shall or not send it to Lyell. I should rather like Lyell to see this
+      note, though it is foolish work sticking up for independence or priority.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />A. SEDGWICK (Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 1785-1873, Woodwardian Professor of
+      Geology in the University of Cambridge.) TO CHARLES DARWIN. Cambridge,
+      December 24th, [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I write to thank you for your work on the 'Origin of Species.' It came, I
+      think, in the latter part of last week; but it MAY have come a few days
+      sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels, which often remain
+      unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before me. So soon as I
+      opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after many interruptions,
+      on Tuesday. Yesterday I was employed&mdash;1st, in preparing for my
+      lecture; 2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother Fellows to discuss
+      the final propositions of the Parliamentary Commissioners; 3rdly, in
+      lecturing; 4thly, in hearing the conclusion of the discussion and the
+      College reply, whereby, in conformity with my own wishes, we accepted the
+      scheme of the Commissioners; 5thly, in dining with an old friend at Clare
+      College; 6thly, in adjourning to the weekly meeting of the Ray Club, from
+      which I returned at 10 P.M., dog-tired, and hardly able to climb my
+      staircase. Lastly, in looking through the "Times" to see what was going on
+      in the busy world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does abhor
+      a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to you by the
+      earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted opportunity.
+      If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving man, I should not
+      tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of facts, capital views
+      of the correlation of the various parts of organic nature, admirable hints
+      about the diffusion, through wide regions of many related organic beings,
+      etc., etc.) I have read your book with more pain than pleasure. Parts of
+      it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at till my sides were almost sore;
+      other parts I read with absolute sorrow, because I think them utterly
+      false and grievously mischievous. You have DESERTED&mdash;after a start in
+      that tram-road of all solid physical truth&mdash;the true method of
+      induction, and started us in machinery as wild, I think, as Bishop
+      Wilkins's locomotive that was to sail with us to the moon. Many of your
+      wide conclusions are based upon assumptions which can neither be proved
+      nor disproved, why then express them in the language and arrangement of
+      philosophical induction? As to your grand principle&mdash;NATURAL
+      SELECTION&mdash;what is it but a secondary consequence of supposed, or
+      known, primary facts! Development is a better word, because more close to
+      the cause of the fact? For you do not deny causation. I call (in the
+      abstract) causation the will of God; and I can prove that He acts for the
+      good of His creatures. He also acts by laws which we can study and
+      comprehend. Acting by law, and under what is called final causes,
+      comprehends, I think, your whole principle. You write of "natural
+      selection" as if it were done curiously by the selecting agent. 'Tis but a
+      consequence of the presupposed development, and the subsequent battle for
+      life. This view of nature you have stated admirably, though admitted by
+      all naturalists and denied by no one of common sense. We all admit
+      development as a fact of history: but how came it about? Here, in
+      language, and still more in logic, we are point-blank at issue. There is a
+      moral or metaphysical part of nature as well a physical. A man who denies
+      this is deep in the mire of folly. 'Tis the crown and glory of organic
+      science that it DOES through FINAL CAUSE, link material and moral; and yet
+      DOES NOT allow us to mingle them in our first conception of laws, and our
+      classification of such laws, whether we consider one side of nature or the
+      other. You have ignored this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning,
+      you have done your best in one or two pregnant cases to break it. Were it
+      possible (which, thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind,
+      would suffer a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race
+      into a lower grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since
+      its written records tell us of its history. Take the case of the
+      bee-cells. If your development produced the successive modification of the
+      bee and its cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand
+      good as the directing cause under which the successive generations acted
+      and gradually improved. Passages in your book, like that to which I have
+      alluded (and there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral
+      taste. I think, in speculating on organic descent, you OVER-state the
+      evidence of geology; and that you UNDER-state it while you are talking of
+      the broken links of your natural pedigree: but my paper is nearly done,
+      and I must go to my lecture-room. Lastly, then, I greatly dislike the
+      concluding chapter&mdash;not as a summary, for in that light it appears
+      good&mdash;but I dislike it from the tone of triumphant confidence in
+      which you appeal to the rising generation (in a tone I condemned in the
+      author of the 'Vestiges') and prophesy of things not yet in the womb of
+      time, nor (if we are to trust the accumulated experience of human sense
+      and the inferences of its logic) ever likely to be found anywhere but in
+      the fertile womb of man's imagination. And now to say a word about a son
+      of a monkey and an old friend of yours: I am better, far better, than I
+      was last year. I have been lecturing three days a week (formerly I gave
+      six a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the loss of activity and
+      memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily frame is sinking
+      slowly towards the earth. But I have visions of the future. They are as
+      much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and these visions are to
+      have their antitype in solid fruition of what is best and greatest. But on
+      one condition only&mdash;that I humbly accept God's revelation of Himself
+      both in his works and in His word, and do my best to act in conformity
+      with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He only can sustain me
+      in doing. If you and I do all this we shall meet in heaven.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+      forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of any
+      disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your
+      tru-hearted old friend,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A. SEDGWICK.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 25th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One part of your note has pleased me so much that I must thank you for it.
+      Not only Sir H.H. [Holland], but several others, have attacked me about
+      analogy leading to belief in one primordial CREATED form. ('Origin,'
+      edition i. page 484.&mdash;"Therefore I should infer from analogy that
+      probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have
+      descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first
+      breathed.") (By which I mean only that we know nothing as yet [of] how
+      life originates.) I thought I was universally condemned on this head. But
+      I answered that though perhaps it would have been more prudent not to have
+      put it in, I would not strike it out, as it seemed to me probable, and I
+      give it on no other grounds. You will see in your mind the kind of
+      arguments which made me think it probable, and no one fact had so great an
+      effect on me as your most curious remarks on the apparent homologies of
+      the head of Vertebrata and Articulata.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have done a real good turn in the Agency business ("My General Agent"
+      was a sobriquet applied at this time by my father to Mr. Huxley.) (I never
+      before heard of a hard-working, unpaid agent besides yourself), in talking
+      with Sir H.H., for he will have great influence over many. He floored me
+      from my ignorance about the bones of the ear, and I made a mental note to
+      ask you what the facts were.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With hearty thanks and real admiration for your generous zeal for the
+      subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You may smile about the care and precautions I have taken about my ugly
+      MS. (Manuscript left with Mr. Huxley for his perusal.); it is not so much
+      the value I set on them, but the remembrance of the intolerable labour&mdash;for
+      instance, in tracing the history of the breeds of pigeons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 25th [December, 1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I shall not write to Decaisne (With regard to Naudin's paper in the
+      'Revue Horticole,' 1852.); I have always had a strong feeling that no one
+      had better defend his own priority. I cannot say that I am as indifferent
+      to the subject as I ought to be, but one can avoid doing anything in
+      consequence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not believe one iota about your having assimilated any of my notions
+      unconsciously. You have always done me more than justice. But I do think I
+      did you a bad turn by getting you to read the old MS., as it must have
+      checked your own original thoughts. There is one thing I am fully
+      convinced of, that the future progress (which is the really important
+      point) of the subject will have depended on really good and well-known
+      workers, like yourself, Lyell, and Huxley, having taken up the subject,
+      than on my own work. I see plainly it is this that strikes my
+      no-scientific friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Last night I said to myself, I would just cut your Introduction, but would
+      not begin to read, but I broke down, and had a good hour's read.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. December 28th, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Have you seen the splendid essay and notice of my book in the "Times"?
+      (December 26th.) I cannot avoid a strong suspicion that it is by Huxley;
+      but I never heard that he wrote in the "Times". It will do grand
+      service,...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 28th [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yesterday evening, when I read the "Times" of a previous day, I was amazed
+      to find a splendid essay and review of me. Who can the author be? I am
+      intensely curious. It included an eulogium of me which quite touched me,
+      though I am not vain enough to think it all deserved. The author is a
+      literary man, and German scholar. He has read my book very attentively;
+      but, what is very remarkable, it seems that he is a profound naturalist.
+      He knows my Barnacle-book, and appreciates it too highly. Lastly, he
+      writes and thinks with quite uncommon force and clearness; and what is
+      even still rarer, his writing is seasoned with most pleasant wit. We all
+      laughed heartily over some of the sentences. I was charmed with those
+      unreasonable mortals, who know anything, all thinking fit to range
+      themselves on one side. (The reviewer proposes to pass by the orthodox
+      view, according to which the phenomena of the organic world are "the
+      immediate product of a creative fiat, and consequently are out of the
+      domain of science altogether." And he does so "with less hesitation, as it
+      so happens that those persons who are practically conversant with the
+      facts of the case (plainly a considerable advantage) have always thought
+      fit to range themselves" in the category of those holding "views which
+      profess to rest on a scientific basis only, and therefore admit of being
+      argued to their consequences.") Who can it be? Certainly I should have
+      said that there was only one man in England who could have written this
+      essay, and that YOU were the man. But I suppose I am wrong, and that there
+      is some hidden genius of great calibre. For how could you influence
+      Jupiter Olympius and make him give three and a half columns to pure
+      science? The old fogies will think the world will come to an end. Well,
+      whoever the man is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than
+      by a dozen reviews in common periodicals. The grand way he soars above
+      common religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the
+      "Times", I look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of
+      the mere question of species. If you should happen to be ACQUAINTED with
+      the author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [It is impossible to give in a short space an adequate idea of Mr.
+      Huxley's article in the "Times" of December 26. It is admirably planned,
+      so as to claim for the 'Origin' a respectful hearing, and it abstains from
+      anything like dogmatism in asserting the truth of the doctrines therein
+      upheld. A few passages may be quoted:&mdash;"That this most ingenious
+      hypothesis enables us to give a reason for many apparent anomalies in the
+      distribution of living beings in time and space, and that it is not
+      contradicted by the main phenomena of life and organisation, appear to us
+      to be unquestionable." Mr. Huxley goes on to recommend to the readers of
+      the 'Origin' a condition of "thatige Skepsis"&mdash;a state of "doubt
+      which so loves truth that it neither dares rest in doubting, nor
+      extinguish itself by unjustified belief." The final paragraph is in a
+      strong contrast to Professor Sedgwick and his "ropes of bubbles" (see
+      below). Mr. Huxley writes: "Mr. Darwin abhors mere speculation as nature
+      abhors a vacuum. He is as greedy of cases and precedents as any
+      constitutional lawyer, and all the principles he lays down are capable of
+      being brought to the test of observation and experiment. The path he bids
+      us follow professes to be not a mere airy track, fabricated of ideal
+      cobwebs, but a solid and broad bridge of facts. If it be so, it will carry
+      us safely over many a chasm in our knowledge, and lead us to a region free
+      from the snares of those fascinating but barren virgins, the Final Causes,
+      against whom a high authority has so justly warned us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing as it did in the
+      leading daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the reading
+      public. Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account of the
+      happy chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The 'Origin' was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the "Times"
+      writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of
+      business. Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later
+      period, editor of 'Once a Week,' was as innocent of any knowledge of
+      science as a babe, and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to
+      deal with such a book. Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get him
+      out of his difficulty, and he applied to me accordingly, explaining,
+      however, that it would be necessary for him formally to adopt anything I
+      might be disposed to write, by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs
+      of his own.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving
+      the book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the "Times" to
+      make any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the
+      subject, I wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything
+      in my life, and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening
+      sentences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+      authorship. The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not by
+      my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement from
+      the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they knew
+      it was mine from the first paragraph!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As the "Times" some years since, referred to my connection with the
+      review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the publication
+      of this little history, if you think it worth the space it will occupy."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.II. &mdash; THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES' (continued).
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      1860.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [I extract a few entries from my father's Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "January 7th. The second edition, 3000 copies, of 'Origin' was published."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "May 22nd. The first edition of 'Origin' in the United States was 2500
+      copies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father has here noted down the sums received for the 'Origin.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      First Edition......180 pounds Second Edition.....636 pounds 13 shillings 4
+      pence
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Total..............816 pounds 13 shillings 4 pence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the publication of the second edition he began at once, on January
+      9th, looking over his materials for the 'Variation of Animals and Plants;'
+      the only other work of the year was on Drosera.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was at Down during the whole of this year, except for a visit to Dr.
+      Lane's Water-cure Establishment at Sudbrooke, and in June, and for visits
+      to Miss Elizabeth Wedgwood's house at Hartfield, in Sussex (July), and to
+      Eastbourne, September 22 to November 16.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 3rd [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have finished your Essay. ('Australian Flora.') As probably you would
+      like to hear my opinion, though a non-botanist, I will give it without any
+      exaggeration. To my judgment it is by far the grandest and most
+      interesting essay, on subjects of the nature discussed, I have ever read.
+      You know how I admired your former essays, but this seems to me far
+      grander. I like all the part after page xxvi better than the first part,
+      probably because newer to me. I dare say you will demur to this, for I
+      think every author likes the most speculative parts of his own
+      productions. How superior your essay is to the famous one of Brown (here
+      will be sneer 1st from you). You have made all your conclusions so
+      admirably clear, that it would be no use at all to be a botanist (sneer
+      No. 2). By Jove, it would do harm to affix any idea to the long names of
+      outlandish orders. One can look at your conclusions with the philosophic
+      abstraction with which a mathematician looks at his a times x + the square
+      root of z squared, etc. etc. I hardly know which parts have interested me
+      most; for over and over again I exclaimed, "this beats all." The general
+      comparison of the Flora of Australia with the rest of the world, strikes
+      me (as before) as extremely original, good, and suggestive of many
+      reflections.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... The invading Indian Flora is very interesting, but I think the fact
+      you mention towards the close of the essay&mdash;that the Indian
+      vegetation, in contradistinction to the Malayan vegetation, is found in
+      low and level parts of the Malay Islands, GREATLY lessens the difficulty
+      which at first (page 1) seemed so great. There is nothing like one's own
+      hobby-horse. I suspect it is the same case as of glacial migration, and of
+      naturalised production&mdash;of production of greater area conquering
+      those of lesser; of course the Indian forms would have a greater
+      difficulty in seizing on the cool parts of Australia. I demur to your
+      remarks (page 1), as not "conceiving anything in soil, climate, or
+      vegetation of India," which could stop the introduction of Australian
+      plants. Towards the close of the essay (page civ), you have admirable
+      remarks on our profound ignorance of the cause of possible naturalisation
+      or introduction; I would answer page 1, by a later page, viz. page civ.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your contrast of the south-west and south-east corners is one of the most
+      wonderful cases I ever heard of... You show the case with wonderful force.
+      Your discussion on mixed invaders of the south-east corner (and of New
+      Zealand) is as curious and intricate a problem as of the races of men in
+      Britain. Your remark on mixed invading Flora keeping down or destroying an
+      original Flora, which was richer in number of species, strikes me as
+      EMINENTLY NEW AND IMPORTANT. I am not sure whether to me the discussion on
+      the New Zealand Flora is not even more instructive. I cannot too much
+      admire both. But it will require a long time to suck in all the facts.
+      Your case of the largest Australian orders having none, or very few,
+      species in New Zealand, is truly marvellous. Anyhow, you have now
+      DEMONSTRATED (together with no mammals in New Zealand) (bitter sneer No.
+      3), that New Zealand has never been continuously, or even nearly
+      continuously, united by land to Australia!! At page lxxxix, is the only
+      sentence (on this subject) in the whole essay at which I am much inclined
+      to quarrel, viz. that no theory of trans-oceanic migration can explain,
+      etc. etc. Now I maintain against all the world, that no man knows anything
+      about the power of trans-oceanic migration. You do not know whether or not
+      the absent orders have seeds which are killed by sea-water, like almost
+      all Leguminosae, and like another order which I forget. Birds do not
+      migrate from Australia to New Zealand, and therefore floatation SEEMS the
+      only possible means; but yet I maintain that we do not know enough to
+      argue on the question, especially as we do not know the main fact whether
+      the seeds of Australian orders are killed by sea-water.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The discussion on European Genera is profoundly interesting; but here
+      alone I earnestly beg for more information, viz. to know which of these
+      genera are absent in the Tropics of the world, i.e. confined to temperate
+      regions. I excessively wish to know, ON THE NOTION OF GLACIAL MIGRATION,
+      how much modification has taken place in Australia. I had better explain
+      when we meet, and get you to go over and mark the list.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... The list of naturalised plants is extremely interesting, but why at
+      the end, in the name of all that is good and bad, do you not sum up and
+      comment on your facts? Come, I will have a sneer at you in return for the
+      many which you will have launched at this letter. Should you have remarked
+      on the number of plants naturalised in Australia and the United States
+      UNDER EXTREMELY DIFFERENT CLIMATES, as showing that climate is so
+      important, and [on] the considerable sprinkling of plants from India,
+      North America, and South Africa, as showing that the frequent introduction
+      of seeds is so important? With respect to "abundance of unoccupied ground
+      in Australia," do you believe that European plants introduced by man now
+      grow on spots in Australia which were absolutely bare? But I am an
+      impudent dog, one must defend one's own fancy theories against such cruel
+      men as you. I dare say this letter will appear very conceited, but one
+      must form an opinion on what one reads with attention, and in simple
+      truth, I cannot find words strong enough to express my admiration of your
+      essay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear old friend, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I differ about the "Saturday Review". ("Saturday Review",
+      December 24, 1859. The hostile arguments of the reviewer are geological,
+      and he deals especially with the denudation of the Weald. The reviewer
+      remarks that, "if a million of centuries, more or less, is needed for any
+      part of his argument, he feels no scruple in taking them to suit his
+      purpose.") One cannot expect fairness in a reviewer, so I do not complain
+      of all the other arguments besides the 'Geological Record' being omitted.
+      Some of the remarks about the lapse of years are very good, and the
+      reviewer gives me some good and well-deserved raps&mdash;confound it. I am
+      sorry to confess the truth: but it does not at all concern the main
+      argument. That was a nice notice in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". I hope and
+      imagine that Lindley is almost a convert. Do not forget to tell me if
+      Bentham gets all the more staggered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to tropical plants during the Glacial period, I throw in your
+      teeth your own facts, at the base of the Himalaya, on the possibility of
+      the co-existence of at least forms of the tropical and temperate regions.
+      I can give a parallel case for animals in Mexico. Oh! my dearly beloved
+      puny child, how cruel men are to you! I am very glad you approve of the
+      Geographical chapters...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [January 4th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear L.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Gardeners' Chronicle" returned safe. Thanks for note. I am beyond measure
+      glad that you get more and more roused on the subject of species, for, as
+      I have always said, I am well convinced that your opinions and writings
+      will do far more to convince the world than mine. You will make a grand
+      discussion on man. You are very bold in this, and I honour you. I have
+      been, like you, quite surprised at the want of originality in opposed
+      arguments and in favour too. Gwyn Jeffreys attacks me justly in his letter
+      about strictly littoral shells not being often embedded at least in
+      Tertiary deposits. I was in a muddle, for I was thinking of Secondary, yet
+      Chthamalus applied to Tertiary...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Possibly you might like to see the enclosed note (Dr. Whewell wrote
+      (January 2, 1860): "... I cannot, yet at least, become a convert. But
+      there is so much of thought and of fact in what you have written that it
+      is not to be contradicted without careful selection of the ground and
+      manner of the dissent." Dr. Whewell dissented in a practical manner for
+      some years, by refusing to allow a copy of the 'Origin of Species' to be
+      placed in the Library of Trinity College.) from Whewell, merely as showing
+      that he is not horrified with us. You can return it whenever you have
+      occasion to write, so as not to waste your time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [January 4th? 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have had a brief note from Keyserling (Joint author with Murchison
+      of the 'Geology of Russia,' 1845.), but not worth sending you. He believes
+      in change of species, grants that natural selection explains well
+      adaptation of form, but thinks species change too regularly, as if by some
+      chemical law, for natural selection to be the sole cause of change. I can
+      hardly understand his brief note, but this is I think the upshot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I will send A. Murray's paper whenever published. (The late Andrew
+      Murray wrote two papers on the 'Origin' in the Proc. R. Soc. Edin. 1860.
+      The one referred to here is dated January 16, 1860. The following is
+      quoted from page 6 of the separate copy: "But the second, and, as it
+      appears to me, by much the most important phase of reversion to type (and
+      which is practically, if not altogether ignored by Mr. Darwin), is the
+      instinctive inclination which induces individuals of the same species by
+      preference to intercross with those possessing the qualities which they
+      themselves want, so as to preserve the purity or equilibrium of the
+      breed... It is trite to a proverb, that tall men marry little women... a
+      man of genius marries a fool... and we are told that this is the result of
+      the charm of contrast, or of qualities admired in others because we do not
+      possess them. I do not so explain it. I imagine it is the effort of nature
+      to preserve the typical medium of the race.") It includes speculations
+      (which he perhaps will modify) so rash, and without a single fact in
+      support, that had I advanced them he or other reviewers would have hit me
+      very hard. I am sorry to say that I have no "consolatory view" on the
+      dignity of man. I am content that man will probably advance, and care not
+      much whether we are looked at as mere savages in a remotely distant
+      future. Many thanks for your last note.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have received, in a Manchester newspaper, rather a good squib, showing
+      that I have proved "might is right," and therefore that Napoleon is right,
+      and every cheating tradesman is also right.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Down, January 6th [1860]?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Carpenter,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just read your excellent article in the 'National.' It will do
+      great good; especially if it becomes known as your production. It seems to
+      me to give an excellently clear account of Mr. Wallace's and my views. How
+      capitally you turn the flanks of the theological opposers by opposing to
+      them such men as Bentham and the more philosophical of the systematists! I
+      thank you sincerely for the EXTREMELY honourable manner in which you
+      mention me. I should have liked to have seen some criticisms or remarks on
+      embryology, on which subject you are so well instructed. I do not think
+      any candid person can read your article without being much impressed with
+      it. The old doctrine of immutability of specific forms will surely but
+      slowly die away. It is a shame to give you trouble, but I should be very
+      much obliged if you could tell me where differently coloured eggs in
+      individuals of the cuckoo have been described, and their laying in
+      twent-seven kinds of nests. Also do you know from your own observation
+      that the limbs of sheep imported into the West Indies change colour? I
+      have had detailed information about the loss of wool; but my accounts made
+      the change slower than you describe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With most cordial thanks and respect, believe me, my dear Carpenter, yours
+      very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS. (Rev. L. Blomefield.) Down, January
+      7th, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Jenyns,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very much obliged for your letter. It is of great use and interest to
+      me to know what impression my book produces on philosophical and
+      instructed minds. I thank you for the kind things which you say; and you
+      go with me much further than I expected. You will think it presumptuous,
+      but I am convinced, IF CIRCUMSTANCES LEAD YOU TO KEEP THE SUBJECT IN MIND,
+      that you will go further. No one has yet cast doubts on my explanation of
+      the subordination of group to group, on homologies, embryology, and
+      rudimentary organs; and if my explanation of these classes of facts be at
+      all right, whole classes of organic beings must be included in one line of
+      descent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The imperfection of the Geological Record is one of the greatest
+      difficulties... During the earliest period the record would be most
+      imperfect, and this seems to me sufficient to account for our not finding
+      intermediate forms between the classes in the same great kingdoms. It was
+      certainly rash in me putting in my belief of the probability of all beings
+      having descended from ONE primordial form; but as this seems yet to me
+      probable, I am not willing to strike it out. Huxley alone supports me in
+      this, and something could be said in its favour. With respect to man, I am
+      very far from wishing to obtrude my belief; but I thought it dishonest to
+      quite conceal my opinion. Of course it is open to every one to believe
+      that man appeared by a separate miracle, though I do not myself see the
+      necessity or probability.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray accept my sincere thanks for your kind note. Your going some way with
+      me gives me great confidence that I am not very wrong. For a very long
+      time I halted half way; but I do not believe that any enquiring mind will
+      rest half-way. People will have to reject all or admit all; by ALL I mean
+      only the members of each great kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Jenyns, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 10th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections (The second
+      edition of 3000 copies of the 'Origin' was published on January 7th.) to
+      you, and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily glad you
+      approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me; those confounded
+      millions (This refers to the passage in the 'Origin of Species' (2nd
+      edition, page 285), in which the lapse of time implied by the denudation
+      of the Weald is discussed. The discussion closes with the sentence: "So
+      that it is not improbable that a longer period than 300 million years has
+      elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary period." This passage is
+      omitted in the later editions of the 'Origin,' against the advice of some
+      of his friends, as appears from the pencil notes in my father's copy of
+      the second edition.) of years (not that I think it is probably wrong), and
+      my not having (by inadvertance) mentioned Wallace towards the close of the
+      book in the summary, not that any one has noticed this to me. I have now
+      put in Wallace's name at page 484 in a conspicuous place. I cannot refer
+      you to tables of mortality of children, etc. etc. I have notes somewhere,
+      but I have not the LEAST idea where to hunt, and my notes would now be
+      old. I shall be truly glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give my
+      opinion. You used to caution me to be cautious about man. I suspect I
+      shall have to return the caution a hundred fold! Yours will, no doubt, be
+      a grand discussion; but it will horrify the world at first more than my
+      whole volume; although by the sentence (page 489, new edition (First
+      edition, page 488.)) I show that I believe man is in the same predicament
+      with other animals. It is, in fact, impossible to doubt it. I have thought
+      (only vaguely) on man. With respect to the races, one of my best chances
+      of truth has broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. I have
+      one good speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in Natural
+      Selection before he will even listen to it. Psychologically, I have done
+      scarcely anything. Unless, indeed, expression of countenance can be
+      included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts, and
+      speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+      uncommonly curious subject. By the way, I sent off a lot of questions the
+      day before yesterday to Tierra del Fuego on expression! I suspect (for I
+      have never read it) that Spencer's 'Psychology' has a bearing on
+      Psychology as we should look at it. By all means read the Preface, in
+      about 20 pages, of Hensleigh Wedgwood's new Dictionary on the first origin
+      of Language; Erasmus would lend it. I agree about Carpenter, a very good
+      article, but with not much original... Andrew Murray has criticised, in an
+      address to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, the notice in the 'Linnean
+      Journal,' and "has disposed of" the whole theory by an ingenious
+      difficulty, which I was very stupid not to have thought of; for I express
+      surprise at more and analogous cases not being known. The difficulty is,
+      that amongst the blind insects of the caves in distant parts of the world
+      there are some of the same genus, and yet the genus is not found out of
+      the caves or living in the free world. I have little doubt that, like the
+      fish Amblyopsis, and like Proteus in Europe, these insects are "wrecks of
+      ancient life," or "living fossils," saved from competition and
+      extermination. But that formerly SEEING insects of the same genus roamed
+      over the whole area in which the cases are included.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;OUR ancestor was an animal which breathed water, had a swim
+      bladder, a great swimming tail, an imperfect skull, and undoubtedly was an
+      hermaphrodite!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here is a pleasant genealogy for mankind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 14th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I shall be much interested in reading your man discussion, and will
+      give my opinion carefully, whatever that may be worth; but I have so long
+      looked at you as the type of cautious scientific judgment (to my mind one
+      of the highest and most useful qualities), that I suspect my opinion will
+      be superfluous. It makes me laugh to think what a joke it will be if I
+      have to caution you, after your cautions on the same subject to me!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will order Owen's book ('Classification of the Mammalia,' 1859.); I am
+      very glad to hear Huxley's opinion on his classification of man; without
+      having due knowledge, it seemed to me from the very first absurd; all
+      classifications founded on single characters I believe have failed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... What a grand, immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray to
+      publish my book. I never till to-day realised that it was getting widely
+      distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says she heard
+      a man enquiring for it at the RAILWAY STATION!!! at Waterloo Bridge; and
+      the bookseller said that he had none till the new edition was out. The
+      bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a very remarkable
+      book!!!...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 14th [January, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news. You
+      are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death with
+      hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review of my book! I
+      thought it ('Gardeners' Chronicle', 1860. Referred to above. Sir J.D.
+      Hooker took the line of complete impartiality, so as not to commit
+      Lindley.) a very good one, and was so much struck with it that I sent it
+      to Lyell. But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was Lindley's. Now
+      that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and, my kind and good friend,
+      it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and noble things you say of
+      me and it. I was a good deal surprised at Lindley hitting on some of the
+      remarks, but I never dreamed of you. I admired it chiefly as so well
+      adapted to tell on the readers of the 'Gardeners' Chronicle'; but now I
+      admired it in another spirit. Farewell, with hearty thanks... Lyell is
+      going at man with an audacity that frightens me. It is a good joke; he
+      used always to caution me to slip over man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the "Gardeners' Chronicle", January 21, 1860, appeared a short letter
+      from my father which was called forth by Mr. Westwood's communication to
+      the previous number of the journal, in which certain phenomena of
+      cros-breeding are discussed in relation to the 'Origin of Species.' Mr.
+      Westwood wrote in reply (February 11) and adduced further evidence against
+      the doctrine of descent, such as the identity of the figures of ostriches
+      on the ancient "Egyptian records," with the bird as we now know it. The
+      correspondence is hardly worth mentioning, except as one of the very few
+      cases in which my father was enticed into anything resembling a
+      controversy.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ASA GRAY TO J.D. HOOKER. Cambridge, Mass., January 5th, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your last letter, which reached me just before Christmas, has got mislaid
+      during the upturnings in my study which take place at that season, and has
+      not yet been discovered. I should be very sorry to lose it, for there were
+      in it some botanical mems. which I had not secured...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four
+      days ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is done in a MASTERLY MANNER. It might well have taken twenty years to
+      produce it. It is crammed full of most interesting matter&mdash;thoroughly
+      digested&mdash;well expressed&mdash;close, cogent, and taken as a system
+      it makes out a better case than I had supposed possible...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it. He says it is
+      POOR&mdash;VERY POOR!! (entre nous). The fact [is] he is very much annoyed
+      by it,... and I do not wonder at it. To bring all IDEAL systems within the
+      domain of science, and give good physical or natural explanations of all
+      his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take the glacier
+      materials... and give scientific explanation of all the phenomena.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Tell Darwin all this. I will write to him when I get a chance. As I have
+      promised, he and you shall have fair-play here... I must myself write a
+      review of Darwin's book for 'Silliman's Journal' (the more so that I
+      suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March) No., and I
+      am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment working the
+      Expl[oring] Expedition Compositae, which I know far more about). And
+      really it is no easy job, as you may well imagine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I doubt if I shall please you altogether. I know I shall not please
+      Agassiz at all. I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book will
+      excite much attention here, and some controversy...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, January 28th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I cannot express how
+      deeply it has gratified me. To receive the approval of a man whom one has
+      long sincerely respected. And whose judgment and knowledge are most
+      universally admitted, is the highest reward an author can possibly wish
+      for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind expressions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+      answer your letter to me of the 10th of January. You have been extremely
+      kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition. It has been a
+      mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets. I had
+      entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets as
+      printed off. But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered your
+      most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken advantage of
+      it; for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with general
+      readers; I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending the sheets
+      to America. (In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father wrote:&mdash;"I am
+      amused by Asa Gray's account of the excitement my book has made amongst
+      naturalists in the United States. Agassiz has denounced it in a newspaper,
+      but yet in such terms that it is in fact a fine advertisement!" This seems
+      to refer to a lecture given before the Mercantile Library Association.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others, I
+      have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+      errors, or here and there inserting short sentences) and to use all my
+      strength, WHICH IS BUT LITTLE, to bring out the first part (forming a
+      separate volume with index, etc.) of the three volumes which will make my
+      bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in making
+      corrections for an American edition. I enclose a list of a few corrections
+      in the second reprint, which you will have received by this time complete,
+      and I could send four or five corrections or additions of equally small
+      importance, or rather of equal brevity. I also intend to write a SHORT
+      preface with a brief history of the subject. These I will set about, as
+      they must some day be done, and I will send them to you in a short time&mdash;the
+      few corrections first, and the preface afterwards, unless I hear that you
+      have given up all idea of a separate edition. You will then be able to
+      judge whether it is worth having the new edition with YOUR REVIEW
+      PREFIXED. Whatever be the nature of your review, I assure you I should
+      feel it a GREAT honour to have my book thus preceded...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ASA GRAY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Cambridge, January 23rd, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have my hurried letter telling you of the arrival of the remainder of
+      the sheets of the reprint, and of the stir I had made for a reprint in
+      Boston. Well, all looked pretty well, when, lo, we found that a second New
+      York publishing house had announced a reprint also! I wrote then to both
+      New York publishers, asking them to give way to the AUTHOR and his reprint
+      of a revised edition. I got an answer from the Harpers that they withdraw
+      &mdash;from the Appletons that they had got the book OUT (and the next day
+      I saw a copy); but that, "if the work should have any considerable sale,
+      we certainly shall be disposed to pay the author reasonably and
+      liberally."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Appletons being thus out with their reprint, the Boston house declined
+      to go on. So I wrote to the Appletons taking them at their word, offering
+      to aid their reprint, to give them the use of the alterations in the
+      London reprint, as soon as I find out what they are, etc. etc. And I sent
+      them the first leaf, and asked them to insert in their future issue the
+      additional matter from Butler (A quotation from Butler's 'Analogy,' on the
+      use of the word natural, which in the second edition is placed with the
+      passages from Whewell and Bacon on page ii, opposite the title-page.),
+      which tells just right. So there the matter stands. If you furnish any
+      matter in advance of the London third edition, I will make them pay for
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I may get something for you. All got is clear gain; but it will not be
+      very much, I suppose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such little notices in the papers here as have yet appeared are quite
+      handsome and considerate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope next week to get printed sheets of my review from New Haven, and
+      send [them] to you, and will ask you to pass them on to Dr. Hooker.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To fulfil your request, I ought to tell you what I think the weakest, and
+      what the best, part of your book. But this is not easy, nor to be done in
+      a word or two. The BEST PART, I think, is the WHOLE, i.e., its PLAN and
+      TREATMENT, the vast amount of facts and acute inferences handled as if you
+      had a perfect mastery of them. I do not think twenty years too much time
+      to produce such a book in.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Style clear and good, but now and then wants revision for little matters
+      (page 97, self-fertilises ITSELF, etc.).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then your candour is worth everything to your cause. It is refreshing to
+      find a person with a new theory who frankly confesses that he finds
+      difficulties, insurmountable, at least for the present. I know some people
+      who never have any difficulties to speak of.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The moment I understood your premisses, I felt sure you had a real
+      foundation to hold on. Well, if one admits your premisses, I do not see
+      how he is to stop short of your conclusions, as a probable hypothesis at
+      least.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It naturally happens that my review of your book does not exhibit anything
+      like the full force of the impression the book has made upon me. Under the
+      circumstances I suppose I do your theory more good here, by bespeaking for
+      it a fair and favourable consideration, and by standing non-committed as
+      to its full conclusions, than I should if I announced myself a convert;
+      nor could I say the latter, with truth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Well, what seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt to
+      account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, etc., by natural
+      selection. Some of this reads quite Lamarckian.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The chapter on HYBRIDISM is not a WEAK, but a STRONG chapter. You have
+      done wonders there. But still you have not accounted, as you may be held
+      to account, for divergence up to a certain extent producing increased
+      fertility of the crosses, but carried one short almost imperceptible step
+      more, giving rise to sterility, or reversing the tendency. Very likely you
+      are on the right track; but you have something to do yet in that
+      department.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Enough for the present.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am not insensible to your compliments, the very high compliment
+      which you pay me in valuing my opinion. You evidently think more of it
+      than I do, though from the way I write [to] you, and especially [to]
+      Hooker, this might not be inferred from the reading of my letters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am free to say that I never learnt so much from one book as I have from
+      yours, there remain a thousand things I long to say about it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, ASA GRAY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [February? 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Now I will just run through some points in your letter. What you say
+      about my book gratifies me most deeply, and I wish I could feel all was
+      deserved by me. I quite think a review from a man, who is not an entire
+      convert, if fair and moderately favourable, is in all respects the best
+      kind of review. About the weak points I agree. The eye to this day gives
+      me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my
+      reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray kindly remember and tell Prof. Wyman how very grateful I should be
+      for any hints, information, or criticisms. I have the highest respect for
+      his opinion. I am so sorry about Dana's health. I have already asked him
+      to pay me a visit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, you have laid me under a load of obligation&mdash;not that I
+      feel it a load. It is the highest possible gratification to me to think
+      that you have found my book worth reading and reflection; for you and
+      three others I put down in my own mind as the judges whose opinions I
+      should value most of all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I feel pretty sure, from my own experience, that if you are led
+      by your studies to keep the subject of the origin of species before your
+      mind, you will go further and further in your belief. It took me long
+      years, and I assure you I am astonished at the impression my book has made
+      on many minds. I fear twenty years ago, I should not have been half as
+      candid and open to conviction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [January 31st, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have resolved to publish a little sketch of the progress of opinion on
+      the change of species. Will you or Mrs. Hooker do me the favour to copy
+      ONE sentence out of Naudin's paper in the 'Revue Horticole,' 1852, page
+      103, namely, that on his principle of Finalite. Can you let me have it
+      soon, with those confounded dashes over the vowels put in carefully? Asa
+      Gray, I believe, is going to get a second edition of my book, and I want
+      to send this little preface over to him soon. I did not think of the
+      necessity of having Naudin's sentence on finality, otherwise I would have
+      copied it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I shall end by just alluding to your Australian Flora
+      Introduction. What was the date of publication: December 1859, or January
+      1860? Please answer this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My preface will also do for the French edition, which I BELIEVE, is agreed
+      on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. February [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... As the 'Origin' now stands, Harvey's (William Henry Harvey was
+      descended from a Quaker family of Youghal, and was born in February, 1811,
+      at Summerville, a country house on the banks of the Shannon. He died at
+      Torquay in 1866. In 1835, Harvey went to Africa (Table Bay) to pursue his
+      botanical studies, the results of which were given in his 'Genera of South
+      African Plants.' In 1838, ill-health compelled him to obtain leave of
+      absence, and return to England for a time; in 1840 he returned to Cape
+      Town, to be again compelled by illness to leave. In 1843 he obtained the
+      appointment of Botanical Professor at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1854,
+      1855, and 1856 he visited Australia, New Zealand, the Friendly and Fiji
+      Islands. In 1857 Dr. Harvey reached home, and was appointed the successor
+      of Professor Allman to the Chair of Botany in Dublin University. He was
+      author of several botanical works, principally on Algae.&mdash;(From a
+      Memoir published in 1869.)) is a good hit against my talking so much of
+      the insensibly fine gradations; and certainly it has astonished me that I
+      should be pelted with the fact, that I had not allowed abrupt and great
+      enough variations under nature. It would take a good deal more evidence to
+      make me admit that forms have often changed by saltum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Have you seen Wollaston's attack in the 'Annals'? ('Annals and Magazine of
+      Natural History,' 1860.) The stones are beginning to fly. But Theology has
+      more to do with these two attacks than Science...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the above letter a paper by Harvey in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+      February 18, 1860, is alluded to. He describes a case of monstrosity in
+      Begonia frigida, in which the "sport" differed so much from a normal
+      Begonia that it might have served as the type of a distinct natural order.
+      Harvey goes on to argue that such a case is hostile to the theory of
+      natural selection, according to which changes are not supposed to take
+      place per saltum, and adds that "a few such cases would overthrow it [Mr.
+      Darwin's hypothesis] altogether." In the following number of the
+      "Gardeners' Chronicle" Sir J.D. Hooker showed that Dr. Harvey had
+      misconceived the bearing of the Begonia case, which he further showed to
+      be by no means calculated to shake the validity of the doctrine of
+      modification by means of natural selection. My father mentions the Begonia
+      case in a letter to Lyell (February 18, 1860):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I send by this post an attack in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", by Harvey (a
+      first-rate Botanist, as you probably know). It seems to me rather strange;
+      he assumes the permanence of monsters, whereas, monsters are generally
+      sterile, and not often inheritable. But grant his case, it comes that I
+      have been too cautious in not admitting great and sudden variations. Here
+      again comes in the mischief of my ABSTRACT. In the fuller MS. I have
+      discussed a parallel case of a normal fish like the monstrous gold-fish."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With reference to Sir J.D. Hooker's reply, my father wrote:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, [February 26th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your answer to Harvey seems to me ADMIRABLY good. You would have made a
+      gigantic fortune as a barrister. What an omission of Harvey's about the
+      graduated state of the flowers! But what strikes me most is that surely I
+      ought to know my own book best, yet, by Jove, you have brought forward
+      ever so many arguments which I did not think of! Your reference to
+      classification (viz. I presume to such cases as Aspicarpa) is EXCELLENT,
+      for the monstrous Begonia no doubt in all details would be Begonia. I did
+      not think of this, nor of the RETROGRADE step from separated sexes to an
+      hermaphrodite state; nor of the lessened fertility of the monster. Proh
+      pudor to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The world would say what a lawyer has been lost in a MERE botanist!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, my dear master in my own subject,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so heartily pleased to see that you approve of the chapter on
+      Classification.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wonder what Harvey will say. But no one hardly, I think, is able at
+      first to see when he is beaten in an argument.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letters refer to the first translation (1860) of the
+      'Origin of Species' into German, which was superintended by H.G. Bronn, a
+      good zoologist and palaeontologist, who was at the time at Freiburg, but
+      afterwards Professor at Heidelberg. I have been told that the translation
+      was not a success, it remained an obvious translation, and was
+      correspondingly unpleasant to read. Bronn added to the translation an
+      appendix of the difficulties that occurred to him. For instance, how can
+      natural selection account for differences between species, when these
+      differences appear to be of no service to their possessors; e.g., the
+      length of the ears and tail, or the folds in the enamel of the teeth of
+      various species of rodents? Krause, in his book, 'Charles Darwin,' page
+      91, criticises Bronn's conduct in this manner, but it will be seen that my
+      father actually suggested the addition of Bronn's remarks. A more serious
+      charge against Bronn made by Krause (op. cit. page 87) is that he left out
+      passages of which he did not approve, as, for instance, the passage
+      ('Origin,' first edition, page 488) "Light will be thrown on the origin of
+      man and his history." I have no evidence as to whether my father did or
+      did not know of these alterations.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, February 4 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear and much honoured Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter; I feared that you would
+      much disapprove of the 'Origin,' and I sent it to you merely as a mark of
+      my sincere respect. I shall read with much interest your work on the
+      productions of Islands whenever I receive it. I thank you cordially for
+      the notice in the 'Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie,' and still more for
+      speaking to Schweitzerbart about a translation; for I am most anxious that
+      the great and intellectual German people should know something about my
+      book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have told my publisher to send immediately a copy of the NEW (Second
+      edition.) edition to Schweitzerbart, and I have written to Schweitzerbart
+      that I gave up all right to profit for myself, so that I hope a
+      translation will appear. I fear that the book will be difficult to
+      translate, and if you could advise Schweitzerbart about a GOOD translator,
+      it would be of very great service. Still more, if you would run your eye
+      over the more difficult parts of the translation; but this is too great a
+      favour to expect. I feel sure that it will be difficult to translate, from
+      being so much condensed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again I thank you for your noble and generous sympathy, and I remain, with
+      entire respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours, truly obliged, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;The new edition has some few corrections, and I will send in
+      MS. some additional corrections, and a short historical preface, to
+      Schweitzerbart.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How interesting you could make the work by EDITING (I do not mean
+      translating) the work, and appending notes of REFUTATION or confirmation.
+      The book has sold so very largely in England, that an editor would, I
+      think, make profit by the translation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, February 14 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear and much honoured Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you cordially for your extreme kindness in superintending the
+      translation. I have mentioned this to some eminent scientific men, and
+      they all agree that you have done a noble and generous service. If I am
+      proved quite wrong, yet I comfort myself in thinking that my book may do
+      some good, as truth can only be known by rising victorious from every
+      attack. I thank you also much for the review, and for the kind manner in
+      which you speak of me. I send with this letter some corrections and
+      additions to M. Schweitzerbart, and a short historical preface. I am not
+      much acquainted with German authors, as I read German very slowly;
+      therefore I do not know whether any Germans have advocated similar views
+      with mine; if they have, would you do me the favour to insert a foot-note
+      to the preface? M. Schweitzerbart has now the reprint ready for a
+      translator to begin. Several scientific men have thought the term "Natural
+      Selection" good, because its meaning is NOT obvious, and each man could
+      not put on it his own interpretation, and because it at once connects
+      variation under domestication and nature. Is there any analogous term used
+      by German breeders of animals? "Adelung," ennobling, would, perhaps, be
+      too metaphysical. It is folly in me, but I cannot help doubting whether
+      "Wahl der Lebensweise" expresses my notion. It leaves the impression on my
+      mind of the Lamarckian doctrine (which I reject) of habits of life being
+      al-important. Man has altered, and thus improved the English race-horse by
+      SELECTING successive fleeter individuals; and I believe, owing to the
+      struggle for existence, that similar SLIGHT variations in a wild horse, IF
+      ADVANTAGEOUS TO IT, would be SELECTED or PRESERVED by nature; hence
+      Natural Selection. But I apologise for troubling you with these remarks on
+      the importance of choosing good German terms for "Natural Selection." With
+      my heartfelt thanks, and with sincere respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, July 14 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear and honoured Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On my return home, after an absence of some time, I found the translation
+      of the third part (The German translation was published in three
+      pamphle-like numbers.) of the 'Origin,' and I have been delighted to see a
+      final chapter of criticisms by yourself. I have read the first few
+      paragraphs and final paragraph, and am perfectly contented, indeed more
+      than contented, with the generous and candid spirit with which you have
+      considered my views. You speak with too much praise of my work. I shall,
+      of course, carefully read the whole chapter; but though I can read
+      descriptive books like Gaertner's pretty easily, when any reasoning comes
+      in, I find German excessively difficult to understand. At some FUTURE time
+      I should very much like to hear how my book has been received in Germany,
+      and I most sincerely hope M. Schweitzerbart will not lose money by the
+      publication. Most of the reviews have been bitterly opposed to me in
+      England, yet I have made some converts, and SEVERAL naturalists who would
+      not believe in a word of it, are now coming slightly round, and admit that
+      natural selection may have done something. This gives me hope that more
+      will ultimately come round to a certain extent to my views.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall ever consider myself deeply indebted to you for the immense
+      service and honour which you have conferred on me in making the excellent
+      translation of my book. Pray believe me, with most sincere respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir, yours gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [February 12th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I think it was a great pity that Huxley wasted so much time in the
+      lecture on the preliminary remarks;... but his lecture seemed to me very
+      fine and very bold. I have remonstrated (and he agrees) against the
+      impression that he would leave, that sterility was a universal and
+      infallible criterion of species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You will, I am sure, make a grand discussion on man. I am so glad to hear
+      that you and Lady Lyell will come here. Pray fix your own time; and if it
+      did not suit us we would say so. We could then discuss man well...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How much I owe to you and Hooker! I do not suppose I should hardly ever
+      have published had it not been for you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The lecture referred to in the last letter was given at the Royal
+      Institution, February 10, 1860. The following letter was written in reply
+      to Mr. Huxley's request for information about breeding, hybridisation,
+      etc. It is of interest as giving a vivid retrospect of the writer's
+      experience on the subject.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Ilkley, Yorks, November 27
+      [1859].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Gartner grand, Kolreuter grand, but papers scattered through many volumes
+      and very lengthy. I had to make an abstract of the whole. Herbert's volume
+      on Amaryllidaceae very good, and two excellent papers in the
+      'Horticultural Journal.' For animals, no resume to be trusted at all;
+      facts are to be collected from all original sources. (This caution is
+      exemplified in the following extract from an earlier letter to Professor
+      Huxley:&mdash;"The inaccuracy of the blessed gang (of which I am one) of
+      compilers passes all bounds. MONSTERS have frequently been described as
+      hybrids without a tittle of evidence. I must give one other case to show
+      how we jolly fellows work. A Belgian Baron (I forget his name at this
+      moment) crossed two distinct geese and got SEVEN hybrids, which he proved
+      subsequently to be quite sterile; well, compiler the first, Chevreul, says
+      that the hybrids were propagated for SEVEN generations inter se. Compiler
+      second (Morton) mistakes the French name, and gives Latin names for two
+      more distinct geese, and says CHEVREUL himself propagated them inter se
+      for seven generations; and the latter statement is copied from book to
+      book.") I fear my MS. for the bigger book (twice or thrice as long as in
+      present book), with all references, would be illegible, but it would save
+      you infinite labour; of course I would gladly lend it, but I have no copy,
+      so care would have to be taken of it. But my accursed handwriting would be
+      fatal, I fear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About breeding, I know of no one book. I did not think well of Lowe, but I
+      can name none better. Youatt I look at as a far better and MORE PRACTICAL
+      authority; but then his views and facts are scattered through three or
+      four thick volumes. I have picked up most by reading really numberless
+      special treatises and ALL agricultural and horticultural journals; but it
+      is a work of long years. THE DIFFICULTY IS TO KNOW WHAT TO TRUST. No one
+      or two statements are worth a farthing; the facts are so complicated. I
+      hope and think I have been really cautious in what I state on this
+      subject, although all that I have given, as yet, is FAR too briefly. I
+      have found it very important associating with fanciers and breeders. For
+      instance, I sat one evening in a gin palace in the Borough amongst a set
+      of pigeon fanciers, when it was hinted that Mr. Bull had crossed his
+      Pouters with Runts to gain size; and if you had seen the solemn, the
+      mysterious, and awful shakes of the head which all the fanciers gave at
+      this scandalous proceeding, you would have recognised how little crossing
+      has had to do with improving breeds, and how dangerous for endless
+      generations the process was. All this was brought home far more vividly
+      than by pages of mere statements, etc. But I am scribbling foolishly. I
+      really do not know how to advise about getting up facts on breeding and
+      improving breeds. Go to Shows is one way. Read ALL treatises on any ONE
+      domestic animal, and believe nothing without largely confirmed. For your
+      lectures I can give you a few amusing anecdotes and sentences, if you want
+      to make the audience laugh.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you particularly for telling me what naturalists think. If we can
+      once make a compact set of believers we shall in time conquer. I am
+      EMINENTLY glad Ramsey is on our side, for he is, in my opinion, a
+      firs-rate geologist. I sent him a copy. I hope he got it. I shall be very
+      curious to hear whether any effect has been produced on Prestwich; I sent
+      him a copy, not as a friend, but owing to a sentence or two in some paper,
+      which made me suspect he was doubting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Rev. C. Kingsley has a mind to come round. Quatrefages writes that he goes
+      some long way with me; says he exhibited diagrams like mine. With most
+      hearty thanks,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very tired, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [I give the conclusion of Professor Huxley's lecture, as being one of the
+      earliest, as well as one of the most eloquent of his utterances in support
+      of the 'Origin of Species']:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have said that the man of science is the sworn interpreter of nature in
+      the high court of reason. But of what avail is his honest speech, if
+      ignorance is the assessor of the judge, and prejudice the foreman of the
+      jury? I hardly know of a great physical truth, whose universal reception
+      has not been preceded by an epoch in which most estimable persons have
+      maintained that the phenomena investigated were directly dependent on the
+      Divine Will, and that the attempt to investigate them was not only futile,
+      but blasphemous. And there is a wonderful tenacity of life about this sort
+      of opposition to physical science. Crushed and maimed in every battle, it
+      yet seems never to be slain; and after a hundred defeats it is at this day
+      as rampant, though happily not so mischievous, as in the time of Galileo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But to those whose life is spent, to use Newton's noble words, in picking
+      up here a pebble and there a pebble on the shores of the great ocean of
+      truth&mdash;who watch, day by day, the slow but sure advance of that
+      mighty tide, bearing on its bosom the thousand treasures wherewith man
+      ennobles and beautifies his life&mdash;it would be laughable, if it were
+      not so sad, to see the little Canutes of the hour enthroned in solemn
+      state, bidding that great wave to stay, and threatening to check its
+      beneficent progress. The wave rises and they fly; but, unlike the brave
+      old Dane, they learn no lesson of humility: the throne is pitched at what
+      seems a safe distance, and the folly is repeated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Surely it is the duty of the public to discourage anything of this kind,
+      to discredit these foolish meddlers who think they do the Almighty a
+      service by preventing a thorough study of His works.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Origin of Species is not the first, and it will not be the last, of
+      the great questions born of science, which will demand settlement from
+      this generation. The general mind is seething strangely, and to those who
+      watch the signs of the times, it seems plain that this nineteenth century
+      will see revolutions of thought and practice as great as those which the
+      sixteenth witnessed. Through what trials and sore contests the civilised
+      world will have to pass in the course of this new reformation, who can
+      tell?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But I verily believe that come what will, the part which England may play
+      in the battle is a grand and a noble one. She may prove to the world that,
+      for one people, at any rate, despotism and demagogy are not the necessary
+      alternatives of government; that freedom and order are not incompatible;
+      that reverence is the handmaid of knowledge; that free discussion is the
+      life of truth, and of true unity in a nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Will England play this part? That depends upon how you, the public, deal
+      with science. Cherish her, venerate her, follow her methods faithfully and
+      implicitly in their application to all branches of human thought, and the
+      future of this people will be greater than the past.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Listen to those who would silence and crush her, and I fear our children
+      will see the glory of England vanishing like Arthur in the mist; they will
+      cry too late the woful cry of Guinever:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     'It was my duty to have loved the highest;
+     It surely was my profit had I known;
+     It would have been my pleasure had I seen.'"]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [February 15th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am perfectly convinced (having read this morning) that the review in
+      the 'Annals' (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. third series, vol. 5, page
+      132. My father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from the
+      following passage (page 138): "But who is this Nature, we have a right to
+      ask, who has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency such
+      marvellous performances are ascribed? What are her image and attributes,
+      when dragged from her wordy lurking-place? Is she aught but a pestilent
+      abstraction, like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the workings of an
+      Intelligent First Cause of all?" The reviewer pays a tribute to my
+      father's candour, "so manly and outspoken as almost to 'cover a multitude
+      of sins.'" The parentheses (to which allusion is made above) are so
+      frequent as to give a characteristic appearance to Mr. Wollaston's pages.)
+      is by Wollaston; no one else in the world would have used so many
+      parentheses. I have written to him, and told him that the "pestilent"
+      fellow thanks him for his kind manner of speaking about him. I have also
+      told him that he would be pleased to hear that the Bishop of Oxford says
+      it is the most unphilosophical (Another version of the words is given by
+      Lyell, to whom they were spoken, viz. "the most illogical book ever
+      written."&mdash;'Life,' volume ii. page 358.) work he ever read. The
+      review seems to me clever, and only misinterprets me in a few places. Like
+      all hostile men, he passes over the explanation given of Classification,
+      Morphology, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs, etc. I read Wallace's
+      paper in MS. ("On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago."&mdash;Linn.
+      Soc. Journ. 1860.), and thought it admirably good; he does not know that
+      he has been anticipated about the depth of intervening sea determining
+      distribution... The most curious point in the paper seems to me that about
+      the African character of the Celebes productions, but I should require
+      further confirmation...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much the
+      same state as Bunbury (The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well-known as a
+      Palaeo-botanist.), and will go a very little way with us, but brings up no
+      real argument against going further. He also shudders at the eye! It is
+      really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our favour) how differently
+      different opposers view the subject. Henslow used to rest his opposition
+      on the imperfection of the Geological Record, but he now thinks nothing of
+      this, and says I have got well out of it; I wish I could quite agree with
+      him. Baden Powell says he never read anything so conclusive as my
+      statement about the eye!! A stranger writes to me about sexual selection,
+      and regrets that I boggle about such a trifle as the brush of hair on the
+      male turkey, and so on. As L. Jenyns has a really philosophical mind, and
+      as you say you like to see everything, I send an old letter of his. In a
+      later letter to Henslow, which I have seen, he is more candid than any
+      opposer I have heard of, for he says, though he CANNOT go so far as I do,
+      yet he can give no good reason why he should not. It is funny how each man
+      draws his own imaginary line at which to halt. It reminds me so vividly
+      what I was told (By Professor Henslow.) about you when I first commenced
+      geology&mdash;to believe a LITTLE, but on no account to believe all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 18th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I received about a week ago two sheets of your Review (The 'American
+      Journal of Science and Arts,' March, 1860. Reprinted in 'Darwiniana,'
+      1876.); read them, and sent them to Hooker; they are now returned and
+      r-read with care, and to-morrow I send them to Lyell. Your Review seems to
+      me ADMIRABLE; by far the best which I have read. I thank you from my heart
+      both for myself, but far more for the subject's sake. Your contrast
+      between the views of Agassiz and such as mine is very curious and
+      instructive. (The contrast is briefly summed up thus: "The theory of
+      Agassiz regards the origin of species and their present general
+      distribution over the world as equally primordial, equally supernatural;
+      that of Darwin as equally derivative, equally natural."&mdash;'Darwiniana,'
+      page 14.) By the way, if Agassiz writes anything on the subject, I hope
+      you will tell me. I am charmed with your metaphor of the streamlet never
+      running against the force of gravitation. Your distinction between an
+      hypothesis and theory seems to me very ingenious; but I do not think it is
+      ever followed. Every one now speaks of the undulatory THEORY of light; yet
+      the ether is itself hypothetical, and the undulations are inferred only
+      from explaining the phenomena of light. Even in the THEORY of gravitation
+      is the attractive power in any way known, except by explaining the fall of
+      the apple, and the movements of the Planets? It seems to me that an
+      hypothesis is DEVELOPED into a theory solely by explaining an ample lot of
+      facts. Again and again I thank you for your generous aid in discussing a
+      view, about which you very properly hold yourself unbiassed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Several clergymen go far with me. Rev. L. Jenyns, a very good
+      naturalist. Henslow will go a very little way with me, and is not shocked
+      with me. He has just been visiting me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+      Church, the following letter (already referred to) from Charles Kingsley
+      is of interest:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. KINGSLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Eversley Rectory, Winchfield, November
+      18th, 1859.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book. That the
+      Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know and to
+      learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book, encourages me
+      at least to observe more carefully, and perhaps more slowly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now as
+      I ought. All I have seen of it AWES me; both with the heap of facts and
+      the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that if you
+      be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In that I care little. Let God be true, and every man a liar! Let us know
+      what IS, and, as old Socrates has it, epesthai to logo&mdash;follow up the
+      villainous shifty fox of an argument, into whatsoever unexpected bogs and
+      brakes he may lead us, if we do but run into him at last.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From two common superstitions, at least, I shall be free while judging of
+      your books:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated animals
+      and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a conception of
+      Deity, to believe that he created primal forms capable of self development
+      into all forms needful pro tempore and pro loco, as to believe that He
+      required a fresh act of intervention to supply the lacunas which He
+      Himself had made. I question whether the former be not the loftier
+      thought.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a proof
+      that you are aware of the existence of such a person as
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your faithful servant, C. KINGSLEY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+      was for many years Vicar of Down, writes in the same spirit:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We never attacked each other. Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted, and
+      publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+      geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference to
+      the Bible. That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same Divine
+      source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would never
+      cross...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "His views on this subject were very much to the same effect from his
+      side. Of course any conversations we may have had on purely religious
+      subjects are as sacredly private now as in his life; but the quaint
+      conclusion of one may be given. We had been speaking of the apparent
+      contradiction of some supposed discoveries with the Book of Genesis; he
+      said, 'you are (it would have been more correct to say you ought to be) a
+      theologian, I am a naturalist, the lines are separate. I endeavour to
+      discover facts without considering what is said in the Book of Genesis. I
+      do not attack Moses, and I think Moses can take care of himself.' To the
+      same effect he wrote more recently, 'I cannot remember that I ever
+      published a word directly against religion or the clergy; but if you were
+      to read a little pamphlet which I received a couple of days ago by a
+      clergyman, you would laugh, and admit that I had some excuse for
+      bitterness. After abusing me for two or three pages, in language
+      sufficiently plain and emphatic to have satisfied any reasonable man, he
+      sums up by saying that he has vainly searched the English language to find
+      terms to express his contempt for me and all Darwinians.' In another
+      letter, after I had left Down, he writes, 'We often differed, but you are
+      one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ and yet feel no shade
+      of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I should feel very proud, if
+      any one could say [it] of me.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Brodie
+      Innes and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never
+      thoroughly agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at each
+      other, and thought one of us must be very ill.'"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 23rd [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That is a splendid answer of the father of Judge Crompton. How curious
+      that the Judge should have hit on exactly the same points as yourself. It
+      shows me what a capital lawyer you would have made, how many unjust acts
+      you would have made appear just! But how much grander a field has science
+      been than the law, though the latter might have made you Lord Kinnordy. I
+      will, if there be another edition, enlarge on gradation in the eye, and on
+      all forms coming from one prototype, so as to try and make both less
+      glaringly improbable...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to Bronn's objection that it cannot be shown how life arises,
+      and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that natural selection
+      is not a vera causa, I was much interested by finding accidentally in
+      Brewster's 'Life of Newton,' that Leibnitz objected to the law of gravity
+      because Newton could not show what gravity itself is. As it has chanced, I
+      have used in letters this very same argument, little knowing that any one
+      had really thus objected to the law of gravity. Newton answers by saying
+      that it is philosophy to make out the movements of a clock, though you do
+      not know why the weight descends to the ground. Leibnitz further objected
+      that the law of gravity was opposed to Natural Religion! Is this not
+      curious? I really think I shall use the facts for some introductory
+      remarks for my bigger book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... You ask (I see) why we do not have monstrosities in higher animals;
+      but when they live they are almost always sterile (even giants and dwarfs
+      are GENERALLY sterile), and we do not know that Harvey's monster would
+      have bred. There is I believe only one case on record of a peloric flower
+      being fertile, and I cannot remember whether this reproduced itself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To recur to the eye. I really think it would have been dishonest, not to
+      have faced the difficulty; and worse (as Talleyrand would have said), it
+      would have been impolitic I think, for it would have been thrown in my
+      teeth, as H. Holland threw the bones of the ear, till Huxley shut him up
+      by showing what a fine gradation occurred amongst living creatures.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you much for your most pleasant letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I send a letter by Herbert Spencer, which you can read or not
+      as you think fit. He puts, to my mind, the philosophy of the argument
+      better than almost any one, at the close of the letter. I could make
+      nothing of Dana's idealistic notions about species; but then, as Wollaston
+      says, I have not a metaphysical head.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By the way, I have thrown at Wollaston's head, a paper by Alexander
+      Jordan, who demonstrates metaphysically that all our cultivated races are
+      Go-created species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Wollaston misrepresents accidentally, to a wonderful extent, some passages
+      in my book. He reviewed, without relooking at certain passages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 25th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I cannot help wondering at your zeal about my book. I declare to
+      heaven you seem to care as much about my book as I do myself. You have no
+      right to be so eminently unselfish! I have taken off my spit [i.e. file] a
+      letter of Ramsay's, as every geologist convert I think very important. By
+      the way, I saw some time ago a letter from H.D. Rogers (Professor of
+      Geology in the University of Glasgow. Born in the United States 1809, died
+      1866.) to Huxley, in which he goes very far with us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Saturday, March 3rd,
+      [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What a day's work you had on that Thursday! I was not able to go to London
+      till Monday, and then I was a fool for going, for, on Tuesday night, I had
+      an attack of fever (with a touch of pleurisy), which came on like a lion,
+      but went off as a lamb, but has shattered me a good bit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was much interested by your last note... I think you expect too much in
+      regard to change of opinion on the subject of Species. One large class of
+      men, more especially I suspect of naturalists, never will care about ANY
+      general question, of which old Gray, of the British Museum, may be taken
+      as a type; and secondly, nearly all men past a moderate age, either in
+      actual years or in mind, are, I am fully convinced, incapable of looking
+      at facts under a new point of view. Seriously, I am astonished and
+      rejoiced at the progress which the subject has made; look at the enclosed
+      memorandum. (See table of names below.) &mdash; says my book will be
+      forgotten in ten years, perhaps so; but, with such a list, I feel
+      convinced the subject will not. The outsiders, as you say, are strong.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You say that you think that Bentham is touched, "but, like a wise man,
+      holds his tongue." Perhaps you only mean that he cannot decide, otherwise
+      I should think such silence the reverse of magnanimity; for if others
+      behaved the same way, how would opinion ever progress? It is a dereliction
+      of actual duty. (In a subsequent letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (March 12th,
+      1860), my father wrote, "I now quite understand Bentham's silence.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so glad to hear about Thwaites. (Dr. G.J.K. Thwaites, who was born in
+      1811, established a reputation in this country as an expert microscopist,
+      and an acute observer, working especially at cryptogamic botany. On his
+      appointment as Director of the Botanic Gardens at Peradenyia, Ceylon, Dr.
+      Thwaites devoted himself to the flora of Ceylon. As a result of this he
+      has left numerous and valuable collections, a description of which he
+      embodied in his 'Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae' (1864). Dr. Thwaites was
+      a fellow of the Linnean Society, but beyond the above facts little seems
+      to have been recorded of his life. His death occurred in Ceylon on
+      September 11th, 1882, in his seventy-second year. "Athenaeum", October
+      14th, 1882, page 500.)... I have had an astounding letter from Dr. Boott
+      (The letter is enthusiastically laudatory, and obviously full of genuine
+      feeling.); it might be turned into ridicule against him and me, so I will
+      not send it to any one. He writes in a noble spirit of love of truth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wonder what Lindley thinks; probably too busy to read or think on the
+      question.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am vexed about Bentham's reticence, for it would have been of real value
+      to know what parts appeared weakest to a man of his powers of observation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Is not Harvey in the class of men who do not at all care for
+      generalities? I remember your saying you could not get him to write on
+      Distribution. I have found his works very unfruitful in every respect.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  [Here follows the memorandum referred to:]
+
+  Geologists.    Zoologists and       Physiologists.    Botanists.
+                 Palaeontologists.
+
+  Lyell.         Huxley.              Carpenter.        Hooker.
+
+  Ramsay.*       J. Lubbock.           Sir H. Holland   H.C. Watson.
+                                      (to large extent).
+
+  Jukes.*        L. Jenyns                              Asa Gray
+                 (to large extent).                     (to some extent).
+
+  H.D. Rogers.   Searles Wood.*                         Dr. Boott
+                                                        (to large extent).
+
+                                                        Thwaites.
+
+  (*Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological Survey.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., 1811-1869. He was educated at Cambridge,
+      and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as naturalist to H.M.S. "Fly", on an
+      exploring expedition in Australia and New Guinea. He was afterwards
+      appointed Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland. He was the author
+      of many papers, and of more than one good hand-book of geology.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Searles Valentine Wood, February 14, 1798-1880. Chiefly known for his work
+      on the Mollusca of the 'Crag.')
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter is of interest in connection with the mention of Mr.
+      Bentham in the last letter:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      G. BENTHAM TO FRANCIS DARWIN. 25 Wilton Place, S.W., May 30th, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In compliance with your note which I received last night, I send herewith
+      the letters I have from your father. I should have done so on seeing the
+      general request published in the papers, but that I did not think there
+      were any among them which could be of any use to you. Highly flattered as
+      I was by the kind and friendly notice with which Mr. Darwin occasionally
+      honoured me, I was never admitted into his intimacy, and he therefore
+      never made any communications to me in relation to his views and labours.
+      I have been throughout one of his most sincere admirers, and fully adopted
+      his theories and conclusions, notwithstanding the severe pain and
+      disappointment they at first occasioned me. On the day that his celebrated
+      paper was read at the Linnean Society, July 1st, 1858, a long paper of
+      mine had been set down for reading, in which, in commenting on the British
+      Flora, I had collected a number of observations and facts illustrating
+      what I then believed to be a fixity in species, however difficult it might
+      be to assign their limits, and showing a tendency of abnormal forms
+      produced by cultivation or otherwise, to withdraw within those original
+      limits when left to themselves. Most fortunately my paper had to give way
+      to Mr. Darwin's and when once that was read, I felt bound to defer mine
+      for reconsideration; I began to entertain doubts on the subject, and on
+      the appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' I was forced, however
+      reluctantly, to give up my long-cherished convictions, the results of much
+      labour and study, and I cancelled all that part of my paper which urged
+      original fixity, and published only portions of the remainder in another
+      form, chiefly in the 'Natural History Review.' I have since acknowledged
+      on various occasions my full adoption of Mr. Darwin's views, and chiefly
+      in my Presidential Address of 1863, and in my thirteenth and last address,
+      issued in the form of a report to the British Association at its meeting
+      at Belfast in 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I prize so highly the letters that I have of Mr. Darwin's, that I should
+      feel obliged by your returning them to me when you have done with them.
+      Unfortunately I have not kept the envelopes, and Mr. Darwin usually only
+      dated them by the month not by the year, so that they are not in any
+      chronological order.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, GEORGE BENTHAM.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [March] 12th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thinking over what we talked about, the high state of intellectual
+      development of the old Grecians with the little or no subsequent
+      improvement, being an apparent difficulty, it has just occurred to me that
+      in fact the case harmonises perfectly with our views. The case would be a
+      decided difficulty on the Lamarckian or Vestigian doctrine of necessary
+      progression, but on the view which I hold of progression depending on the
+      conditions, it is no objection at all, and harmonises with the other facts
+      of progression in the corporeal structure of other animals. For in a state
+      of anarchy, or despotism, or bad government, or after irruption of
+      barbarians, force, strength, or ferocity, and not intellect, would be apt
+      to gain the day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We have so enjoyed your and Lady Lyell's visit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Good-night. C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;By an odd chance (for I had not alluded even to the subject)
+      the ladies attacked me this evening, and threw the high state of old
+      Grecians into my teeth, as an unanswerable difficulty, but by good chance
+      I had my answer all pat, and silenced them. Hence I have thought it worth
+      scribbling to you...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. PRESTWICH. (Now Professor of Geology in the
+      University of Oxford.) Down, March 12th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... At some future time, when you have a little leisure, and when you have
+      read my 'Origin of Species,' I should esteem it a SINGULAR favour if you
+      would send me any general criticisms. I do not mean of unreasonable
+      length, but such as you could include in a letter. I have always admired
+      your various memoirs so much that I should be eminently glad to receive
+      your opinion, which might be of real service to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray do not suppose that I expect to CONVERT or PERVERT you; if I could
+      stagger you in ever so slight a degree I should be satisfied; nor fear to
+      annoy me by severe criticisms, for I have had some hearty kicks from some
+      of my best friends. If it would not be disagreeable to you to send me your
+      opinion, I certainly should be truly obliged...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 3rd [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold all
+      over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+      trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The
+      sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me
+      sick!...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You may like to hear about reviews on my book. Sedgwick (as I and Lyell
+      feel CERTAIN from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely and unfairly
+      in the "Spectator". (See the quotations which follow the present letter.)
+      The notice includes much abuse, and is hardly fair in several respects. He
+      would actually lead any one, who was ignorant of geology, to suppose that
+      I had invented the great gaps between successive geological formations,
+      instead of its being an almost universally admitted dogma. But my dear old
+      friend Sedgwick, with his noble heart, is old, and is rabid with
+      indignation. It is hard to please every one; you may remember that in my
+      last letter I asked you to leave out about the Weald denudation: I told
+      Jukes this (who is head man of the Irish geological survey), and he blamed
+      me much, for he believed every word of it, and thought it not at all
+      exaggerated! In fact, geologists have no means of gauging the infinitude
+      of past time. There has been one prodigy of a review, namely, an OPPOSED
+      one (by Pictet (Francois Jules Pictet, in the 'Archives des Sciences de la
+      Bibliotheque Universelle,' Mars 1860. The article is written in a
+      courteous and considerate tone, and concludes by saying that the 'Origin'
+      will be of real value to naturalists, especially if they are not led away
+      by its seductive arguments to believe in the dangerous doctrine of
+      modification. A passage which seems to have struck my father as being
+      valuable, and opposite which he has made double pencil marks and written
+      the word "good," is worth quoting: "La theorie de M. Darwin s'accorde mal
+      avec l'histoire des types a formes bien tranchees et definies qui
+      paraissent n'avoir vecu que pendant un temps limite. On en pourrait citer
+      des centaines d'exemples, tel que les reptiles volants, les ichthyosaures,
+      les belemnites, les ammonites, etc." Pictet was born in 1809, died 1872;
+      he was Professor of Anatomy and Zoology at Geneva.), the palaeontologist,
+      in the Bib. Universelle of Geneva) which is PERFECTLY fair and just, and I
+      agree to every word he says; our only difference being that he attaches
+      less weight to arguments in favour, and more to arguments opposed, than I
+      do. Of all the opposed reviews, I think this the only quite fair one, and
+      I never expected to see one. Please observe that I do not class your
+      review by any means as opposed, though you think so yourself! It has done
+      me MUCH too good service ever to appear in that rank in my eyes. But I
+      fear I shall weary you with so much about my book. I should rather think
+      there was a good chance of my becoming the most egotistical man in all
+      Europe! What a proud pre-eminence! Well, you have helped to make me so and
+      therefore you must forgive me if you can.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In a letter to Sir Charles Lyell reference is made to Sedgwick's review
+      in the "Spectator", March 24:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I now feel certain that Sedgwick is the author of the article in the
+      "Spectator". No one else could use such abusive terms. And what a
+      misrepresentation of my notions! Any ignoramus would suppose that I had
+      FIRST broached the doctrine, that the breaks between successive formations
+      marked long intervals of time. It is very unfair. But poor dear old
+      Sedgwick seems rabid on the question. "Demoralised understanding!" If ever
+      I talk with him I will tell him that I never could believe that an
+      inquisitor could be a good man: but now I know that a man may roast
+      another, and yet have as kind and noble a heart as Sedgwick's."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following passages are taken from the review:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I need hardly go on any further with these objections. But I cannot
+      conclude without expressing my detestation of the theory, because of its
+      unflinching materialism;&mdash;because it has deserted the inductive
+      track, the only track that leads to physical truth;&mdash;because it
+      utterly repudiates final causes, and thereby indicates a demoralised
+      understanding on the part of its advocates."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Not that I believe that Darwin is an atheist; though I cannot but regard
+      his materialism as atheistical. I think it untrue, because opposed to the
+      obvious course of nature, and the very opposite of inductive truth. And I
+      think it intensely mischievous."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Each series of facts is laced together by a series of assumptions, and
+      repetitions of the one false principle. You cannot make a good rope out of
+      a string of air bubbles."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But any startling and (supposed) novel paradox, maintained very boldly
+      and with something of imposing plausibility, produces in some minds a kind
+      of pleasing excitement which predisposes them in its favour; and if they
+      are unused to careful reflection, and averse to the labour of accurate
+      investigation, they will be likely to conclude that what is (apparently)
+      ORIGINAL, must be a production of original GENIUS, and that anything very
+      much opposed to prevailing notions must be a grand DISCOVERY,&mdash;in
+      short, that whatever comes from the 'bottom of a well' must be the 'truth'
+      supposed to be hidden there."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In a review in the December number of 'Macmillan's Magazine,' 1860,
+      Fawcett vigorously defended my father from the charge of employing a false
+      method of reasoning; a charge which occurs in Sedgwick's review, and was
+      made at the time ad nauseam, in such phrases as: "This is not the true
+      Baconian method." Fawcett repeated his defence at the meeting of the
+      British Association in 1861. (See an interesting letter from my father in
+      Mr. Stephen's 'Life of Henry Fawcett,' 1886, page 101.)]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B CARPENTER. Down, April 6th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Carpenter,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have this minute finished your review in the 'Med. Chirurg. Review.'
+      (April 1860.) You must let me express my admiration at this most able
+      essay, and I hope to God it will be largely read, for it must produce a
+      great effect. I ought not, however, to express such warm admiration, for
+      you give my book, I fear, far too much praise. But you have gratified me
+      extremely; and though I hope I do not care very much for the approbation
+      of the non-scientific readers, I cannot say that this is at all so with
+      respect to such few men as yourself. I have not a criticism to make, for I
+      object to not a word; and I admire all, so that I cannot pick out one part
+      as better than the rest. It is all so well balanced. But it is impossible
+      not to be struck with your extent of knowledge in geology, botany, and
+      zoology. The extracts which you give from Hooker seem to me EXCELLENTLY
+      chosen, and most forcible. I am so much pleased in what you say also about
+      Lyell. In fact I am in a fit of enthusiasm, and had better write no more.
+      With cordial thanks,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 10th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thank you much for your note of the 4th; I am very glad to hear that you
+      are at Torquay. I should have amused myself earlier by writing to you, but
+      I have had Hooker and Huxley staying here, and they have fully occupied my
+      time, as a little of anything is a full dose for me... There has been a
+      plethora of reviews, and I am really quite sick of myself. There is a very
+      long review by Carpenter in the 'Medical and Chirurg. Review,' very good
+      and well balanced, but not brilliant. He discusses Hooker's books at as
+      great length as mine, and makes excellent extracts; but I could not get
+      Hooker to feel the least interest in being praised.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Carpenter speaks of you in thoroughly proper terms. There is a BRILLIANT
+      review by Huxley ('Westminster Review,' April 1860.), with capital hits,
+      but I do not know that he much advances the subject. I THINK I have
+      convinced him that he has hardly allowed weight enough to the case of
+      varieties of plants being in some degrees sterile.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To diverge from reviews: Asa Gray sends me from Wyman (who will write), a
+      good case of all the pigs being black in the Everglades of Virginia. On
+      asking about the cause, it seems (I have got capital analogous cases) that
+      when the BLACK pigs eat a certain nut their bones become red, and they
+      suffer to a certain extent, but that the WHITE pigs lose their hoofs and
+      perish, "and we aid by SELECTION, for we kill most of the young white
+      pigs." This was said by men who could hardly read. By the way, it is a
+      great blow to me that you cannot admit the potency of natural selection.
+      The more I think of it, the less I doubt its power for great and small
+      changes. I have just read the 'Edinburgh' ('Edinburgh Review,' April
+      1860.), which without doubt is by &mdash;. It is extremely malignant,
+      clever, and I fear will be very damaging. He is atrociously severe on
+      Huxley's lecture, and very bitter against Hooker. So we three ENJOYED it
+      together. Not that I really enjoyed it, for it made me uncomfortable for
+      one night; but I have got quite over it to-day. It requires much study to
+      appreciate all the bitter spite of many of the remarks against me; indeed
+      I did not discover all myself. It scandalously misrepresents many parts.
+      He misquotes some passages, altering words within inverted commas...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which &mdash; hates
+      me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done. In last
+      Saturday's "Gardeners' Chronicle" (April 7th, 1860.), a Mr. Patrick
+      Matthew publishes a long extract from his work on 'Naval Timber and
+      Arboriculture,' published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely
+      anticipates the theory of Natural Selection. I have ordered the book, as
+      some few passages are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a
+      complete but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely
+      this would be shown to be the case some day. Anyhow, one may be excused in
+      not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I heartily hope that your Torquay work may be successful. Give my kindest
+      remembrances to Falconer, and I hope he is pretty well. Hooker and Huxley
+      (with Mrs. Huxley) were extremely pleasant. But poor dear Hooker is tired
+      to death of my book, and it is a marvel and a prodigy if you are not worse
+      tired&mdash;if that be possible. Farewell, my dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April 13th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels, that I should
+      esteem it a great favour if you would read the enclosed. ((My father wrote
+      ("Gardeners' Chronicle", 1860, page 362, April 21st): "I have been much
+      interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in the number of your
+      paper dated April 7th. I freely acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has
+      anticipated by many years the explanation which I have offered of the
+      origin of species, under the name of natural selection. I think that no
+      one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any other
+      naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how briefly they
+      are given, and that they appeared in the appendix to a work on Naval
+      Timber and Arboriculture. I can do no more than offer my apologies to Mr.
+      Matthew for my entire ignorance of this publication. If any other edition
+      of my work is called for, I will insert to the foregoing effect." In spite
+      of my father's recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew remained
+      unsatisfied, and complained that an article in the 'Saturday Analyst and
+      Leader' was "scarcely fair in alluding to Mr. Darwin as the parent of the
+      origin of species, seeing that I published the whole that Mr. Darwin
+      attempts to prove, more than twenty-nine years ago."&mdash;"Saturday
+      Analyst and Leader", November 24, 1860.) If you think it proper that I
+      should send it (and of this there can hardly be any question), and if you
+      think it full and ample enough, please alter the date to the day on which
+      you post it, and let that be soon. The case in the "Gardeners' Chronicle"
+      seems a LITTLE stronger than in Mr. Matthew's book, for the passages are
+      therein scattered in three places; but it would be mere hair-splitting to
+      notice that. If you object to my letter, please return it; but I do not
+      expect that you will, but I thought that you would not object to run your
+      eye over it. My dear Hooker, it is a great thing for me to have so good,
+      true, and old a friend as you. I owe much for science to my friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many thanks for Huxley's lecture. The latter part seemed to be grandly
+      eloquent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have gone over [the 'Edinburgh'] review again, and compared
+      passages, and I am astonished at the misrepresentations. But I am glad I
+      resolved not to answer. Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think
+      more on the subject is too unpleasant. I am so sorry that Huxley by my
+      means has been thus atrociously attacked. I do not suppose you much care
+      about the gratuitous attack on you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+      overworked. Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+      has done this&mdash;who thought it absurd till too late. I have often
+      thought the same. You know that you were bad enough before your Indian
+      journey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was very glad to get your nice long letter from Torquay. A press of
+      letters prevented me writing to Wells. I was particularly glad to hear
+      what you thought about not noticing [the 'Edinburgh'] review. Hooker and
+      Huxley thought it a sort of duty to point out the alteration of quoted
+      citations, and there is truth in this remark; but I so hated the thought
+      that I resolved not to do so. I shall come up to London on Saturday the
+      14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I have an accumulation of things to do
+      in London, and will (if I do not hear to the contrary) call about a
+      quarter before ten on Sunday morning, and sit with you at breakfast, but
+      will not sit long, and so take up much of your time. I must say one more
+      word about our quasi-theological controversy about natural selection, and
+      let me have your opinion when we meet in London. Do you consider that the
+      successive variations in the size of the crop of the Pouter Pigeon, which
+      man has accumulated to please his caprice, have been due to "the creative
+      and sustaining powers of Brahma?" In the sense that an omnipotent and
+      omniscient Deity must order and know everything, this must be admitted;
+      yet, in honest truth, I can hardly admit it. It seems preposterous that a
+      maker of a universe should care about the crop of a pigeon solely to
+      please man's silly fancies. But if you agree with me in thinking such an
+      interposition of the Deity uncalled for, I can see no reason whatever for
+      believing in such interpositions in the case of natural beings, in which
+      strange and admirable peculiarities have been naturally selected for the
+      creature's own benefit. Imagine a Pouter in a state of nature wading into
+      the water and then, being buoyed up by its inflated crop, sailing about in
+      search of food. What admiration this would have excited&mdash;adaptation
+      to the laws of hydrostatic pressure, etc. etc. For the life of me I cannot
+      see any difficulty in natural selection producing the most exquisite
+      structure, IF SUCH STRUCTURE CAN BE ARRIVED AT BY GRADATION, and I know
+      from experience how hard it is to name any structure towards which at
+      least some gradations are not known.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray,
+      is that such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the
+      human intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of
+      evil."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April 18th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I return &mdash;'s letter... Some of my relations say it cannot POSSIBLY
+      be &mdash;'s article (The 'Edinburgh Review.'), because the reviewer
+      speaks so very highly of &mdash;. Poor dear simple folk! My clever
+      neighbour, Mr. Norman, says the article is so badly written, with no
+      definite object, that no one will read it. Asa Gray has sent me an article
+      ('North American Review,' April, 1860. "By Professor Bowen," is written on
+      my father's copy. The passage referred to occurs at page 488, where the
+      author says that we ought to find "an infinite number of other varieties&mdash;gross,
+      rude, and purposeless&mdash;the unmeaning creations of an unconscious
+      cause.") from the United States, clever, and dead against me. But one
+      argument is funny. The reviewer says, that if the doctrine were true,
+      geological strata would be full of monsters which have failed! A very
+      clear view this writer had of the struggle for existence!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am glad you like Adam Bede so much. I was charmed with it...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We think you must by mistake have taken with your own numbers of the
+      'National Review' my precious number. (This no doubt refers to the January
+      number, containing Dr. Carpenter's review of the 'Origin.') I wish you
+      would look.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 25th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have no doubt I have to thank you for the copy of a review on the
+      'Origin' in the 'North American Review.' It seems to me clever, and I do
+      not doubt will damage my book. I had meant to have made some remarks on
+      it; but Lyell wished much to keep it, and my head is quite confused
+      between the many reviews which I have lately read. I am sure the reviewer
+      is wrong about bees' cells, i.e. about the distance; any lesser distance
+      would do, or even greater distance, but then some of the places would lie
+      outside the generative spheres; but this would not add much difficulty to
+      the work. The reviewer takes a strange view of instinct: he seems to
+      regard intelligence as a developed instinct; which I believe to be wholly
+      false. I suspect he has never much attended to instinct and the minds of
+      animals, except perhaps by reading.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My chief object is to ask you if you could procure for me a copy of the
+      "New York Times" for Wednesday, March 28th. It contains A VERY STRIKING
+      review of my book, which I should much like to keep. How curious that the
+      two most striking reviews (i.e. yours and this) should have appeared in
+      America. This review is not really useful, but somehow is impressive.
+      There was a good review in the 'Revue des Deux Mondes,' April 1st, by M.
+      Laugel, said to be a very clever man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hooker, about a fortnight ago, stayed here a few days, and was very
+      pleasant; but I think he overworks himself. What a gigantic undertaking, I
+      imagine, his and Bentham's 'Genera Plantarum' will be! I hope he will not
+      get too much immersed in it, so as not to spare some time for Geographical
+      Distribution and other such questions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have begun to work steadily, but very slowly as usual, at details on
+      variation under domestication.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray, Yours always truly and gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [May 8th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have sent for the 'Canadian Naturalist.' If I cannot procure a copy
+      I will borrow yours. I had a letter from Henslow this morning, who says
+      that Sedgwick was, on last Monday night, to open a battery on me at the
+      Cambridge Philosophical Society. Anyhow, I am much honoured by being
+      attacked there, and at the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not think it worth while to contradict single cases nor is it worth
+      while arguing against those who do not attend to what I state. A moment's
+      reflection will show you that there must be (on our doctrine) large genera
+      not varying (see page 56 on the subject, in the second edition of the
+      'Origin'). Though I do not there discuss the case in detail.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It may be sheer bigotry for my own notions, but I prefer to the Atlantis,
+      my notion of plants and animals having migrated from the Old to the New
+      World, or conversely, when the climate was much hotter, by approximately
+      the line of Behring's Straits. It is most important, as you say, to see
+      living forms of plants going back so far in time. I wonder whether we
+      shall ever discover the flora of the dry land of the coal period, and find
+      it not so anomalous as the swamp or coal-making flora. I am working away
+      over the blessed Pigeon Manuscript; but, from one cause or another, I get
+      on very slowly...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This morning I got a letter from the Academy of Natural Sciences of
+      Philadelphia, announcing that I am elected a correspondent... It shows
+      that some Naturalists there do not think me such a scientific profligate
+      as many think me here.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell, yours gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;What a grand fact about the extinct stag's horn worked by man!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [May 13th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I return Henslow, which I was very glad to see. How good of him to defend
+      me. (Against Sedgwick's attack before the Cambridge Philosophical
+      Society.) I will write and thank him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As you said you were curious to hear Thomson's (Dr. Thomas Thomson the
+      Indian Botanist. He was a collaborateur in Hooker and Thomson's Flora
+      Indica. 1855.) opinion, I send his kind letter. He is evidently a strong
+      opposer to us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [May 15th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... How paltry it is in such men as X, Y and Co. not reading your essay.
+      It is incredibly paltry. (These remarks do not apply to Dr. Harvey, who
+      was, however, in a somewhat similar position. See below.) They may all
+      attack me to their hearts' content. I am got case-hardened. As for the old
+      fogies in Cambridge, it really signifies nothing. I look at their attacks
+      as a proof that our work is worth the doing. It makes me resolve to buckle
+      on my armour. I see plainly that it will be a long uphill fight. But think
+      of Lyell's progress with Geology. One thing I see most plainly, that
+      without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my book would have
+      been a mere flash in the pan. But if we all stick to it, we shall surely
+      gain the day. And I now see that the battle is worth fighting. I deeply
+      hope that you think so. Does Bentham progress at all? I do not know what
+      to say about Oxford. (His health prevented him from going to Oxford for
+      the meeting of the British Association.) I should like it much with you,
+      but it must depend on health...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours must affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, May 18th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I send a letter from Asa Gray to show how hotly the battle rages there.
+      Also one from Wallace, very just in his remarks, though too laudatory and
+      too modest, and how admirably free from envy or jealousy. He must be a
+      good fellow. Perhaps I will enclose a letter from Thomson of Calcutta; not
+      that it is much, but Hooker thinks so highly of him...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Henslow informs me that Sedgwick (Sedgwick's address is given somewhat
+      abbreviated in "The Cambridge Chronicle", May 19th, 1860.) and then
+      Professor Clarke [sic] (The late William Clark, Professor of Anatomy, my
+      father seems to have misunderstood his informant. I am assured by Mr. J.W.
+      Clark that his father (Prof. Clark) did not support Sedgwick in the
+      attack.) made a regular and savage onslaught on my book lately at the
+      Cambridge Philosophical Society, but Henslow seems to have defended me
+      well, and maintained that the subject was a legitimate one for
+      investigation. Since then Phillips (John Phillips, M.A., F.R.S., born
+      1800, died 1874, from the effects of a fall. Professor of Geology at
+      King's College, London, and afterwards at Oxford. He gave the 'Rede'
+      lecture at Cambridge on May 15th, 1860, on 'The Succession of Life on the
+      earth.' The Rede Lecturer is appointed annually by the Vice-Chancellor,
+      and is paid by an endowment left in 1524 by Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief
+      Justice, in the reign of Henry VIII.) has given lectures at Cambridge on
+      the same subject, but treated it very fairly. How splendidly Asa Gray is
+      fighting the battle. The effect on me of these multiplied attacks is
+      simply to show me that the subject is worth fighting for, and assuredly I
+      will do my best... I hope all the attacks make you keep up your courage,
+      and courage you assuredly will require...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, May 18th, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mr. Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I received this morning your letter from Amboyna, dated February 16th,
+      containing some remarks and your too high approval of my book. Your letter
+      has pleased me very much, and I most completely agree with you on the
+      parts which are strongest and which are weakest. The imperfection of the
+      Geological Record is, as you say, the weakest of all; but yet I am pleased
+      to find that there are almost more geological converts than of pursuers of
+      other branches of natural science... I think geologists are more easily
+      converted than simple naturalists, because more accustomed to reasoning.
+      Before telling you about the progress of opinion on the subject, you must
+      let me say how I admire the generous manner in which you speak of my book.
+      Most persons would in your position have felt some envy or jealousy. How
+      nobly free you seem to be of this common failing of mankind. But you speak
+      far too modestly of yourself. You would, if you had my leisure, have done
+      the work just as well, perhaps better, than I have done it...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Agassiz sends me a personal civil message, but incessantly attacks me;
+      but Asa Gray fights like a hero in defence. Lyell keeps as firm as a
+      tower, and this Autumn will publish on the 'Geological History of Man,'
+      and will then declare his conversion, which now is universally known. I
+      hope that you have received Hooker's splendid essay... Yesterday I heard
+      from Lyell that a German, Dr. Schaaffhausen (Hermann Schaaffhausen 'Ueber
+      Bestandigkeit und Umwandlung der Arten.' Verhandl. d. Naturhist. Vereins,
+      Bonn, 1853. See 'Origin,' Historical Sketch.), has sent him a pamphlet
+      published some years ago, in which the same view is nearly anticipated;
+      but I have not yet seen this pamphlet. My brother, who is a very sagacious
+      man, always said, "you will find that some one will have been before you."
+      I am at work at my larger work, which I shall publish in a separate
+      volume. But from ill-health and swarms of letters, I get on very very
+      slowly. I hope that I shall not have wearied you with these details. With
+      sincere thanks for your letter, and with most deeply felt wishes for your
+      success in science, and in every way, believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your sincere well-wisher, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, May 22nd 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant letters of May
+      7th, enclosing a very pleasant remittance of 22 pounds. I am in simple
+      truth astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me. I return
+      Appleton's account. For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+      acknowledgment I send one. If you have any further communication to the
+      Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for it
+      is generosity in my opinion. I am not at all surprised at the sale
+      diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale. No doubt
+      the public has been SHAMEFULLY imposed on! for they bought the book
+      thinking that it would be nice easy reading. I expect the sale to stop
+      soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling at
+      Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous forty-eight
+      hours. I am extremely glad that you will notice in 'Silliman' the
+      additions in the 'Origin.' Judging from letters (and I have just seen one
+      from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the most serious omission in
+      my book was not explaining how it is, as I believe, that all forms do not
+      necessarily advance, how there can now be SIMPLE organisms still
+      existing... I hear there is a VERY severe review on me in the 'North
+      British,' by a Rev. Mr. Dunns (This statement as to authorship was made on
+      the authority of Robert Chambers.), a Free Kirk minister, and dabbler in
+      Natural History. I should be very glad to see any good American reviews,
+      as they are all more or less useful. You say that you shall touch on other
+      reviews. Huxley told me some time ago that after a time he would write a
+      review on all the reviews, whether he will I know not. If you allude to
+      the 'Edinburgh,' pray notice SOME of the points which I will point out on
+      a separate slip. In the "Saturday Review" (one of our cleverest
+      periodicals) of May 5th, page 573, there is a nice article on [the
+      'Edinburgh'] review, defending Huxley, but not Hooker; and the latter, I
+      think, [the 'Edinburgh' reviewer] treats most ungenerously. (In a letter
+      to Mr. Huxley my father wrote: "Have you seen the last "Saturday Review"?
+      I am very glad of the defence of you and of myself. I wish the reviewer
+      had noticed Hooker. The reviewer, whoever he is, is a jolly good fellow,
+      as this review and the last on me showed. He writes capitally, and
+      understands well his subject. I wish he had slapped [the 'Edinburgh'
+      reviewer] a little bit harder.") But surely you will get sick unto death
+      of me and my reviewers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to the theological view of the question. This is always
+      painful to me. I am bewildered. I had no intention to write atheistically.
+      But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and as I should wish
+      to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. There seems
+      to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a
+      beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the
+      Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the
+      living bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice. Not
+      believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye was
+      expressly designed. On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented to
+      view this wonderful universe, and especially the nature of man, and to
+      conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined to
+      look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details,
+      whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance.
+      Not that this notion AT ALL satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the
+      whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as well
+      speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe what he
+      can. Certainly I agree with you that my views are not at all necessarily
+      atheistical. The lightning kills a man, whether a good one or bad one,
+      owing to the excessively complex action of natural laws. A child (who may
+      turn out an idiot) is born by the action of even more complex laws, and I
+      can see no reason why a man, or other animal, may not have been
+      aboriginally produced by other laws, and that all these laws may have been
+      expressly designed by an omniscient Creator, who foresaw every future
+      event and consequence. But the more I think the more bewildered I become;
+      as indeed I probably have shown by this letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours sincerely and cordially, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      {Here follow my father's criticisms on the 'Edinburgh Review'}:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What a quibble to pretend he did not understand what I meant by
+      INHABITANTS of South America; and any one would suppose that I had not
+      throughout my volume touched on Geographical Distribution. He ignores also
+      everything which I have said on Classification, Geological Succession,
+      Homologies, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs&mdash;page 496.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He falsely applies what I said (too rudely) about "blindness of
+      preconceived opinions" to those who believe in creation, whereas I
+      exclusively apply the remark to those who give up multitudes of species as
+      true species, but believe in the remainder&mdash;page 500.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He slightly alters what I say,&mdash;I ASK whether creationists really
+      believe that elemental atoms have flashed into life. He says that I
+      describe them as so believing, and this, surely, is a difference&mdash;page
+      501.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He speaks of my "clamouring against" all who believe in creation, and this
+      seems to me an unjust accusation&mdash;page 501.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He makes me say that the dorsal vertebrae vary; this is simply false: I
+      nowhere say a word about dorsal vertebrae&mdash;page 522.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What an illiberal sentence that is about my pretension to candour, and
+      about my rushing through barriers which stopped Cuvier: such an argument
+      would stop any progress in science&mdash;page 525.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How disingenuous to quote from my remark to you about my BRIEF letter
+      [published in the 'Linn. Soc. Journal'], as if it applied to the whole
+      subject&mdash;page 530.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How disingenuous to say that we are called on to accept the theory, from
+      the imperfection of the geological record, when I over and over again
+      [say] how grave a difficulty the imperfection offers&mdash;page 530."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 30th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I return Harvey's letter, I have been very glad to see the reason why he
+      has not read your Essay. I feared it was bigotry, and I am glad to see
+      that he goes a little way (VERY MUCH further than I supposed) with us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was not sorry for a natural opportunity of writing to Harvey, just to
+      show that I was not piqued at his turning me and my book into ridicule (A
+      "serio-comic squib," read before the 'Dublin University Zoological and
+      Botanical Association,' February 17, 1860, and privately printed. My
+      father's presentation copy is inscribed "With the writer's REPENTANCE,
+      October 1860."), not that I think it was a proceeding which I deserved, or
+      worthy of him. It delights me that you are interested in watching the
+      progress of opinion on the change of Species; I feared that you were weary
+      of the subject; and therefore did not send A. Gray's letters. The battle
+      rages furiously in the United States. Gray says he was preparing a speech,
+      which would take 1 1/2 hours to deliver, and which he "fondly hoped would
+      be a stunner." He is fighting splendidly, and there seems to have been
+      many discussions with Agassiz and others at the meetings. Agassiz pities
+      me much at being so deluded. As for the progress of opinion, I clearly see
+      that it will be excessively slow, almost as slow as the change of
+      species... I am getting wearied at the storm of hostile reviews and hardly
+      any useful...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, Friday night [June 1st, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Have you seen Hopkins (William Hopkins died in 1866, "in his
+      sevent-third year." He began life with a farm in Suffolk, but ultimately
+      entered, comparatively late in life, at Peterhouse, Cambridge; he took his
+      degree in 1827, and afterward became an Esquire Bedell of the University.
+      He was chiefly known as a mathematical "coach," and was eminently
+      successful in the manufacture of Senior Wranglers. Nevertheless Mr.
+      Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page 26) that he "was conspicuous for
+      inculcating" a "liberal view of the studies of the place. He endeavoured
+      to stimulate a philosophical interest in the mathematical sciences,
+      instead of simply rousing an ardour for competition." He contributed many
+      papers on geological and mathematical subjects to the scientific journals.
+      He had a strong influence for good over the younger men with whom he came
+      in contact. The letter which he wrote to Henry Fawcett on the occasion of
+      his blindness illustrates this. Mr. Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page
+      48) that by "this timely word of good cheer," Fawcett was roused from "his
+      temporary prostration," and enabled to take a "more cheerful and resolute
+      tone.") in the new 'Fraser'? the public will, I should think, find it
+      heavy. He will be dead against me, as you prophesied; but he is generally
+      civil to me personally. ('Fraser's Magazine,' June 1860. My father, no
+      doubt, refers to the following passage, page 752, where the Reviewer
+      Expresses his "full participation in the high respect in which the author
+      is universally held, both as a man and a naturalist; and the more so,
+      because in the remarks which will follow in the second part of this Essay
+      we shall be found to differ widely from him as regards many of his
+      conclusions and the reasonings on which he has founded them, and shall
+      claim the full right to express such differences of opinion with all that
+      freedom which the interests of scientific truth demands, and which we are
+      sure Mr. Darwin would be one of the last to refuse to any one prepared to
+      exercise it with candour and courtesy." Speaking of this review, my father
+      wrote to Dr. Asa Gray: "I have remonstrated with him [Hopkins] for so
+      coolly saying that I base my views on what I reckon as great difficulties.
+      Any one, by taking these difficulties alone, can make a most strong case
+      against me. I could myself write a more damning review than has as yet
+      appeared!" A second notice by Hopkins appeared in the July number of
+      'Fraser's Magazine.') On his standard of proof, NATURAL science would
+      never progress, for without the making of theories I am convinced there
+      would be no observation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have begun reading the 'North British' (May 1860.), which so far
+      strikes me as clever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Phillips's Lecture at Cambridge is to be published.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All these reiterated attacks will tell heavily; there will be no more
+      converts, and probably some will go back. I hope you do not grow
+      disheartened, I am determined to fight to the last. I hear, however, that
+      the great Buckle highly approves of my book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have had a note from poor Blyth (Edward Blyth, 1810-1873. His
+      indomitable love of natural history made him neglect the druggist's
+      business with which he started in life, and he soon got into serious
+      difficulties. After supporting himself for a few years as a writer on
+      Field Natural History, he ultimately went out to India as Curator of the
+      Museum of the R. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, where the greater part of his
+      working life was spent. His chief publications were the monthly reports
+      made as part of his duty to the Society. He had stored in his remarkable
+      memory a wonderful wealth of knowledge, especially with regard to the
+      mammalia and birds of India&mdash;knowledge of which he freely gave to
+      those who asked. His letters to my father give evidence of having been
+      carefully studied, and the long list of entries after his name in the
+      index to 'Animals and Plants,' show how much help was received from him.
+      His life was an unprosperous and unhappy one, full of money difficulties
+      and darkened by the death of his wife after a few years of marriage.), of
+      Calcutta, who is much disappointed at hearing that Lord Canning will not
+      grant any money; so I much fear that all your great pains will be thrown
+      away. Blyth says (and he is in many respects a very good judge) that his
+      ideas on species are quite revolutionised...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 5th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a pleasure to me to write to you, as I have no one to talk about
+      such matters as we write on. But I seriously beg you not to write to me
+      unless so inclined; for busy as you are, and seeing many people, the case
+      is very different between us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Have you seen &mdash;'s abusive article on me?... It out does even the
+      'North British' and 'Edinburgh' in misapprehension and misrepresentation.
+      I never knew anything so unfair as in discussing cells of bees, his
+      ignoring the case of Melipona, which builds combs almost exactly
+      intermediate between hive and humble bees. What has &mdash; done that he
+      feels so immeasurably superior to all us wretched naturalists, and to all
+      political economists, including that great philosopher Malthus? This
+      review, however, and Harvey's letter have convinced me that I must be a
+      very bad explainer. Neither really understand what I mean by Natural
+      Selection. I am inclined to give up the attempt as hopeless. Those who do
+      not understand, it seems, cannot be made to understand.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By the way, I think, we entirely agree, except perhaps that I use too
+      forcible language about selection. I entirely agree, indeed would almost
+      go further than you when you say that climate (i.e. variability from all
+      unknown causes) is "an active handmaid, influencing its mistress most
+      materially." Indeed, I have never hinted that Natural Selection is "the
+      efficient cause to the exclusion of the other," i.e. variability from
+      Climate, etc. The very term SELECTION implies something, i.e. variation or
+      difference, to be selected...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How does your book progress (I mean your general sort of book on plants),
+      I hope to God you will be more successful than I have been in making
+      people understand your meaning. I should begin to think myself wholly in
+      the wrong, and that I was an utter fool, but then I cannot yet persuade
+      myself, that Lyell, and you and Huxley, Carpenter, Asa Gray, and Watson,
+      etc., are all fools together. Well, time will show, and nothing but time.
+      Farewell...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, June 6th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... It consoles me that &mdash; sneers at Malthus, for that clearly shows,
+      mathematician though he may be, he cannot understand common reasoning. By
+      the way what a discouraging example Malthus is, to show during what long
+      years the plainest case may be misrepresented and misunderstood. I have
+      read the 'Future'; how curious it is that several of my reviewers should
+      advance such wild arguments, as that varieties of dogs and cats do not
+      mingle; and should bring up the old exploded doctrine of definite
+      analogies... I am beginning to despair of ever making the majority
+      understand my notions. Even Hopkins does not thoroughly. By the way, I
+      have been so much pleased by the way he personally alludes to me. I must
+      be a very bad explainer. I hope to Heaven that you will succeed better.
+      Several reviews and several letters have shown me too clearly how little I
+      am understood. I suppose "natural selection" was a bad term; but to change
+      it now, I think, would make confusion worse confounded, nor can I think of
+      a better; "Natural Preservation" would not imply a preservation of
+      particular varieties, and would seem a truism, and would not bring man's
+      and nature's selection under one point of view. I can only hope by
+      reiterated explanations finally to make the matter clearer. If my MS.
+      spreads out, I think I shall publish one volume exclusively on variation
+      of animals and plants under domestication. I want to show that I have not
+      been quite so rash as many suppose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Though weary of reviews, I should like to see Lowell's (The late J.A.
+      Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner' (Boston, U.S., May, 1860.) some time...
+      I suppose Lowell's difficulty about instinct is the same as Bowen's; but
+      it seems to me wholly to rest on the assumption that instincts cannot
+      graduate as finely as structures. I have stated in my volume that it is
+      hardly possible to know which, i.e. whether instinct or structure, change
+      first by insensible steps. Probably sometimes instinct, sometimes
+      structure. When a British insect feeds on an exotic plant, instinct has
+      changed by very small steps, and their structures might change so as to
+      fully profit by the new food. Or structure might change first, as the
+      direction of tusks in one variety of Indian elephants, which leads it to
+      attack the tiger in a different manner from other kinds of elephants.
+      Thanks for your letter of the 2nd, chiefly about Murray. (N.B. Harvey of
+      Dublin gives me, in a letter, the argument of tall men marrying short
+      women, as one of great weight!)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not quite understand what you mean by saying, "that the more they
+      prove that you underrate physical conditions, the better for you, as
+      Geology comes in to your aid."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I see in Murray and many others one incessant fallacy, when alluding
+      to slight differences of physical conditions as being very important;
+      namely, oblivion of the fact that all species, except very local ones,
+      range over a considerable area, and though exposed to what the world calls
+      considerable DIVERSITIES, yet keep constant. I have just alluded to this
+      in the 'Origin' in comparing the productions of the Old and the New
+      Worlds. Farewell, shall you be at Oxford? If H. gets quite well, perhaps I
+      shall go there.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [June 14th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Lowell's review (J.A. Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner,' May 1860.)
+      is pleasantly written, but it is clear that he is not a naturalist. He
+      quite overlooks the importance of the accumulation of mere individual
+      differences, and which, I think I can show, is the great agency of change
+      under domestication. I have not finished Schaaffhausen, as I read German
+      so badly. I have ordered a copy for myself, and should like to keep yours
+      till my own arrives, but will return it to you instantly if wanted. He
+      admits statements rather rashly, as I dare say I do. I see only one
+      sentence as yet at all approaching natural selection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is a notice of me in the penultimate number of 'All the Year Round,'
+      but not worth consulting; chiefly a well-done hash of my own words. Your
+      last note was very interesting and consolatory to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have expressly stated that I believe physical conditions have a more
+      direct effect on plants than on animals. But the more I study, the more I
+      am led to think that natural selection regulates, in a state of nature,
+      most trifling differences. As squared stone, or bricks, or timber, are the
+      indispensable materials for a building, and influence its character, so is
+      variability not only indispensable, but influential. Yet in the same
+      manner as the architect is the ALL important person in a building, so is
+      selection with organic bodies...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous for
+      two pitched battles over the 'Origin of Species.' Both of them originated
+      in unimportant papers. On Thursday, June 28, Dr. Daubeny of Oxford made a
+      communication to Section D: "On the final causes of the sexuality of
+      plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on the 'Origin of
+      Species.'" Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but tried (according
+      to the "Athenaeum" report) to avoid a discussion, on the ground "that a
+      general audience, in which sentiment would unduly interfere with
+      intellect, was not the public before which such a discussion should be
+      carried on." However, the subject was not allowed to drop. Sir R. Owen (I
+      quote from the "Athenaeum", July 7, 1860), who "wished to approach this
+      subject in the spirit of the philosopher," expressed his "conviction that
+      there were facts by which the public could come to some conclusion with
+      regard to the probabilities of the truth of Mr. Darwin's theory." He went
+      on to say that the brain of the gorilla "presented more differences, as
+      compared with the brain of man, than it did when compared with the brains
+      of the very lowest and most problematical of the Quadrumana." Mr. Huxley
+      replied, and gave these assertions a "direct and unqualified
+      contradiction," pledging himself to "justify that unusual procedure
+      elsewhere" ('Man's Place in Nature,' by T.H. Huxley, 1863, page 114.), a
+      pledge which he amply fulfilled. (See the 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861.) On
+      Friday there was peace, but on Saturday 30th, the battle arose with
+      redoubled fury over a paper by Dr. Draper of New York, on the
+      'Intellectual development of Europe considered with reference to the views
+      of Mr. Darwin.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The excitement was tremendous. The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+      arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for the
+      audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum, which
+      was crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered the lists.
+      The numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000. Had it been term-time, or
+      had the general public been admitted, it would have been impossible to
+      have accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the bold Bishop.
+      Professor Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied the chair and
+      wisely announced in limine that none who had not valid arguments to bring
+      forward on one side or the other, would be allowed to address the meeting:
+      a caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than four combatants had
+      their utterances burked by him, because of their indulgence in vague
+      declamation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour with
+      inimitable spirit, emptiness and unfairness. It was evident from his
+      handling of the subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and
+      that he knew nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not to be
+      found in his 'Quarterly' article. He ridiculed Darwin badly, and Huxley
+      savagely, but all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner, and in
+      such well-turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame the
+      President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific purpose
+      now forgave him from the bottom of my heart. Unfortunately the Bishop,
+      hurried along on the current of his own eloquence, so far forgot himself
+      as to push his attempted advantage to the verge of personality in a
+      telling passage in which he turned round and addressed Huxley: I forgot
+      the precise words, and quote from Lyell. 'The Bishop asked whether Huxley
+      was related by his grandfather's or grandmother's side to an ape.'
+      (Lyell's 'Letters,' vol. ii. page 335.) Huxley replied to the scientific
+      argument of his opponent with force and eloquence, and to the personal
+      allusion with a sel-restraint, that gave dignity to his crushing
+      rejoinder."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current: the following report of
+      his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard Green,
+      then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd Dawkins. "I
+      asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be ashamed of having
+      an ape for his grandfather. If there were an ancestor whom I should feel
+      shame in recalling, it would be a MAN, a man of restless and versatile
+      intellect, who, not content with an equivocal (Prof. V. Carus, who has a
+      distinct recollection of the scene, does not remember the word equivocal.
+      He believes too that Lyell's version of the "ape" sentence is slightly
+      incorrect.) success in his own sphere of activity, plunges into scientific
+      questions with which he has no real acquaintance, only to obscure them by
+      an aimless rhetoric, and distract the attention of his hearers from the
+      real point at issue by eloquent digressions, and skilled appeals to
+      religious prejudice."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The letter above quoted continues:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The excitement was now at its height; a lady fainted and had to be
+      carried out, and it was some time before the discussion was resumed. Some
+      voices called for Hooker, and his name having been handed up, the
+      President invited him to give his view of the theory from the Botanical
+      side. This he did, demonstrating that the Bishop, by his own showing, had
+      never grasped the principles of the 'Origin' (With regard to the Bishop's
+      'Quarterly Review,' my father wrote: "These very clever men think they can
+      write a review with a very slight knowledge of the book reviewed or
+      subject in question."), and that he was absolutely ignorant of the
+      elements of botanical science. The Bishop made no reply, and the meeting
+      broke up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+      hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+      sole topic was the battle of the 'Origin,' and I was much struck with the
+      fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats of
+      Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they offered
+      their congratulations to the winners in the combat.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Sudbrook Park, Monday night [July
+      2nd, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just received your letter. I have been very poorly, with almost
+      continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I was low enough, and
+      thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and all others, when your
+      letter came, and it has so cheered me; your kindness and affection brought
+      tears into my eyes. Talk of fame, honour, pleasure, wealth, all are dirt
+      compared with affection; and this is a doctrine with which, I know, from
+      your letter, that you will agree with from the bottom of your heart... How
+      I should have liked to have wandered about Oxford with you, if I had been
+      well enough; and how still more I should have liked to have heard you
+      triumphing over the Bishop. I am astonished at your success and audacity.
+      It is something unintelligible to me how any one can argue in public like
+      orators do. I had no idea you had this power. I have read lately so many
+      hostile views, that I was beginning to think that perhaps I was wholly in
+      the wrong, and that &mdash; was right when he said the whole subject would
+      be forgotten in ten years; but now that I hear that you and Huxley will
+      fight publicly (which I am sure I never could do), I fully believe that
+      our cause will, in the long-run, prevail. I am glad I was not in Oxford,
+      for I should have been overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present state.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Sudbrook Park, Richmond, July 3rd
+      [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I had a letter from Oxford, written by Hooker late on Sunday night,
+      giving me some account of the awful battles which have raged about species
+      at Oxford. He tells me you fought nobly with Owen (but I have heard no
+      particulars), and that you answered the B. of O. capitally. I often think
+      that my friends (and you far beyond others) have good cause to hate me,
+      for having stirred up so much mud, and led them into so much odious
+      trouble. If I had been a friend of myself, I should have hated me. (How to
+      make that sentence good English, I know not.) But remember, if I had not
+      stirred up the mud, some one else certainly soon would. I honour your
+      pluck; I would as soon have died as tried to answer the Bishop in such an
+      assembly...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [On July 20th, my father wrote to Mr. Huxley:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "From all that I hear from several quarters, it seems that Oxford did the
+      subject great good. It is of enormous importance, the showing the world
+      that a few first-rate men are not afraid of expressing their opinion."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. [July 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have just read the 'Quarterly.' ('Quarterly Review,' July 1860. The
+      article in question was by Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and was
+      afterwards published in his "Essays Contributed to the 'Quarterly Review,'
+      1874." The passage from the 'Anti-Jacobin' gives the history of the
+      evolution of space from the "primaeval point or punctum saliens of the
+      universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line ad
+      infinitum, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which it had
+      generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral direction,
+      describing an area of infinite extent. This area, as soon as it became
+      conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or descend according
+      as its specific gravity would determine it, forming an immense solid space
+      filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the present universe."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following (page 263) may serve as an example of the passages in which
+      the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:&mdash;"That Mr. Darwin should
+      have wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle of
+      fanciful assumption is no small evil. We trust that he is mistaken in
+      believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts. We know,
+      indeed, that the strength of the temptations which he can bring to bear
+      upon his geological brother... Yet no man has been more distinct and more
+      logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C. Lyell,
+      and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its full vigour
+      and maturity." The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in order that with
+      his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely put down as was
+      what in spite of all denials we must venture to call its twin though less
+      instructed brother, the 'Vestiges of Creation.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+      and neighbour, writes:&mdash;"Most men would have been annoyed by an
+      article written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument
+      and ridicule. Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+      postscript&mdash;'If you have not seen the last 'Quarterly,' do get it;
+      the Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.'
+      By a curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the
+      same house with the Bishop, and showed it to him. He said, 'I am very glad
+      he takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'") It is uncommonly
+      clever; it picks out with skill all the most conjectural parts, and brings
+      forward well all the difficulties. It quizzes me quite splendidly by
+      quoting the 'Anti-Jacobin' versus my Grandfather. You are not alluded to,
+      nor, strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here and there,
+      &mdash;'s hand. The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his shoes.
+      By Jove, if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero. Good-night. Your
+      wel-quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I can see there has been some queer tampering with the Review, for a page
+      has been cut out and reprinted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Writing on July 22 to Dr. Asa Gray my father thus refers to Lyell's
+      position:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Considering his age, his former views and position in society, I think
+      his conduct has been heroic on this subject."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd
+      [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having to move my sick
+      girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read the discussion in
+      Proc. American Acad. (April 10, 1860. Dr. Gray criticised in detail
+      "several of the positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr. [J.A.]
+      Lowell, Prof. Bowen and Prof. Agassiz." It was reprinted in the
+      "Athenaeum", August 4, 1860.), and now I cannot resist expressing my
+      sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning. As Hooker
+      lately said in a note to me, you are more than ANY ONE else the thorough
+      master of the subject. I declare that you know my book as well as I do
+      myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration and argument
+      in a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my envy! I admire
+      these discussions, I think, almost more than your article in Silliman's
+      Journal. Every single word seems weighed carefully, and tells like a
+      32-pound shot. It makes me much wish (but I know that you have not time)
+      that you could write more in detail, and give, for instance, the facts on
+      the variability of the American wild fruits. The "Athenaeum" has the
+      largest circulation, and I have sent my copy to the editor with a request
+      that he would republish the first discussion; I much fear he will not, as
+      he reviewed the subject in so hostile a spirit... I shall be curious [to
+      see] and will order the August number, as soon as I know that it contains
+      your review of Reviews. My conclusion is that you have made a mistake in
+      being a botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Henslow (Professor Henslow was mentioned in the December number of
+      'Macmillan's Magazine' as being an adherent of Evolution. In consequence
+      of this he published, in the February number of the following year, a
+      letter defining his position. This he did by means of an extract from a
+      letter addressed to him by the Rev. L. Jenyns (Blomefield) which "very
+      nearly," as he says, expressed his views. Mr. Blomefield wrote, "I was not
+      aware that you had become a convert to his (Darwin's) theory, and can
+      hardly suppose you have accepted it as a whole, though, like myself, you
+      may go to the length of imagining that many of the smaller groups, both of
+      animals and plants, may at some remote period have had a common parentage.
+      I do not with some say that the whole of his theory cannot be true&mdash;but
+      that it is very far from proved; and I doubt its ever being possible to
+      prove it.") and Daubeny are shaken. I hear from Hooker that he hears from
+      Hochstetter that my views are making very considerable progress in
+      Germany, and the good workers are discussing the question. Bronn at the
+      end of his translation has a chapter of criticism, but it is such
+      difficult German that I have not yet read it. Hopkins's review in 'Fraser'
+      is thought the best which has appeared against us. I believe that Hopkins
+      is so much opposed because his course of study has never led him to
+      reflect much on such subjects as geographical distribution,
+      classification, homologies, etc., so that he does not feel it a relief to
+      have some kind of explanation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Hartfield [Sussex], July 30th
+      [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I had lots of pleasant letters about the British Association, and our
+      side seems to have got on very well. There has been as much discussion on
+      the other side of the Atlantic as on this. No one I think understands the
+      whole case better than Asa Gray, and he has been fighting nobly. He is a
+      capital reasoner. I have sent one of his printed discussions to our
+      "Athenaeum", and the editor says he will print it. The 'Quarterly' has
+      been out some time. It contains no malice, which is wonderful... It makes
+      me say many things which I do not say. At the end it quotes all your
+      conclusions against Lamarck, and makes a solemn appeal to you to keep firm
+      in the true faith. I fancy it will make you quake a little. &mdash; has
+      ingeniously primed the Bishop (with Murchison) against you as head of the
+      uniformitarians. The only other review worth mentioning, which I can think
+      of, is in the third No. of the 'London Review,' by some geologist, and
+      favorable for a wonder. It is very ably done, and I should like much to
+      know who is the author. I shall be very curious to hear on your return
+      whether Bronn's German translation of the 'Origin' has drawn any attention
+      to the subject. Huxley is eager about a 'Natural History Review,' which he
+      and others are going to edit, and he has got so many first-rate
+      assistants, that I really believe he will make it a first-rate production.
+      I have been doing nothing, except a little botanical work as amusement. I
+      shall hereafter be very anxious to hear how your tour has answered. I
+      expect your book on the geological history of Man will, with a vengeance,
+      be a bomb-shell. I hope it will not be very long delayed. Our kindest
+      remembrances to Lady Lyell. This is not worth sending, but I have nothing
+      better to say.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. WATKINS. (See Volume I.) Down, July 30th,
+      [1860?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Watkins,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your note gave me real pleasure. Leading the retired life which I do, with
+      bad health, I oftener think of old times than most men probably do; and
+      your face now rises before me, with the pleasant old expression, as
+      vividly as if I saw you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My book has been well abused, praised, and splendidly quizzed by the
+      Bishop of Oxford; but from what I see of its influence on really good
+      workers in science, I feel confident that, IN THE MAIN, I am on the right
+      road. With respect to your question, I think the arguments are valid,
+      showing that all animals have descended from four or five primordial
+      forms; and that analogy and weak reasons go to show that all have
+      descended from some single prototype.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, my old friend. I look back to old Cambridge days with unalloyed
+      pleasure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours most sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. August 6th, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have to announce a new and great ally for you...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Von Baer writes to me thus:&mdash;Et outre cela, je trouve que vous
+      ecrivez encore des redactions. Vous avez ecrit sur l'ouvrage de M. Darwin
+      une critique dont je n'ai trouve que des debris dans un journal allemand.
+      J'ai oublie le nom terrible du journal anglais dans lequel se trouve votre
+      recension. En tout cas aussi je ne peux pas trouver le journal ici. Comme
+      je m'interesse beaucoup pour les idees de M. Darwin, sur lesquelles j'ai
+      parle publiquement et sur lesquelles je ferai peut-etre imprimer quelque
+      chose&mdash;vous m'obligeriez infiniment si vous pourriez me faire
+      parvenir ce que vous avez ecrit sur ces idees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "J'ai enonce les memes idees sur la transformation des types ou origine
+      d'especes que M. Darwin. (See Vol. I.) Mais c'est seulement sur la
+      geographie zoologique que je m'appuie. Vous trouverez, dans le dernier
+      chapitre du traite 'Ueber Papuas und Alfuren,' que j'en parle tres
+      decidement sans savoir que M. Darwin s'occupait de cet objet."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The treatise to which Von Baer refers he gave me when over here, but I
+      have not been able to lay hands on it since this letter reached me two
+      days ago. When I find it I will let you know what there is in it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours faithfully, T.H. HUXLEY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, August 8 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your note contained magnificent news, and thank you heartily for sending
+      it me. Von Baer weighs down with a vengeance all the virulence of [the
+      'Edinburgh' reviewer] and weak arguments of Agassiz. If you write to Von
+      Baer, for heaven's sake tell him that we should think one nod of
+      approbation on our side, of the greatest value; and if he does write
+      anything, beg him to send us a copy, for I would try and get it translated
+      and published in the "Athenaeum" and in 'Silliman' to touch up Agassiz...
+      Have you seen Agassiz's weak metaphysical and theological attack on the
+      'Origin' in the last 'Silliman'? (The 'American Journal of Science and
+      Arts' (commonly called 'Silliman's Journal'), July 1860. Printed from
+      advanced sheets of vol. iii. of 'Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the
+      U.S.' My father's copy has a pencilled "Truly" opposite the following
+      passage:&mdash;"Unless Darwin and his followers succeed in showing that
+      the struggle for life tends to something beyond favouring the existence of
+      certain individuals over that of other individuals, they will soon find
+      that they are following a shadow.") I would send it you, but apprehend it
+      would be less trouble for you to look at it in London than return it to
+      me. R. Wagner has sent me a German pamphlet ('Louis Agassiz's Prinzipien
+      der Classification, etc., mit Rucksicht auf Darwins Ansichten.
+      Separat-Abdruck aus den Gottingischen gelehrten Anzeigen,' 1860.), giving
+      an abstract of Agassiz's 'Essay on Classification,' "mit Rucksicht auf
+      Darwins Ansichten," etc. etc. He won't go very "dangerous lengths," but
+      thinks the truth lies half-way between Agassiz and the 'Origin.' As he
+      goes thus far he will, nolens volens, have to go further. He says he is
+      going to review me in [his] yearly Report. My good and kind agent for the
+      propagation of the Gospel&mdash;i.e. the devil's gospel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, August 11th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have laughed at Woodward thinking that you were a man who could be
+      influenced in your judgment by the voice of the public; and yet after
+      mortally sneering at him, I was obliged to confess to myself, that I had
+      had fears, what the effect might be of so many heavy guns fired by great
+      men. As I have (sent by Murray) a spare 'Quarterly Review,' I send it by
+      this post, as it may amuse you. The Anti-Jacobin part amused me. It is
+      full of errors, and Hooker is thinking of answering it. There has been a
+      cancelled page; I should like to know what gigantic blunder it contained.
+      Hooker says that &mdash; has played on the Bishop, and made him strike
+      whatever note he liked; he has wished to make the article as disagreeable
+      to you as possible. I will send the "Athenaeum" in a day or two.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As you wish to hear what reviews have appeared, I may mention that Agassiz
+      has fired off a shot in the last 'Silliman,' not good at all, denies
+      variations and rests on the perfection of Geological evidence. Asa Gray
+      tells me that a very clever friend has been almost converted to our side
+      by this review of Agassiz's... Professor Parsons (Theophilus Parsons,
+      Professor of Law in Harvard University.) has published in the same
+      'Silliman' a speculative paper correcting my notions, worth nothing. In
+      the 'Highland Agricultural Journal' there is a review by some
+      Entomologist, not worth much. This is all that I can remember... As Huxley
+      says, the platoon firing must soon cease. Hooker and Huxley, and Asa Gray,
+      I see, are determined to stick to the battle and not give in; I am fully
+      convinced that whenever you publish, it will produce a great effect on all
+      TRIMMERS, and on many others. By the way I forgot to mention Daubeny's
+      pamphlet ('Remarks on the final causes of the sexuality of plants with
+      particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on the "Origin of Species."'&mdash;British
+      Association Report, 1860.), very liberal and candid, but scientifically
+      weak. I believe Hooker is going nowhere this summer; he is excessively
+      busy... He has written me many, most nice letters. I shall be very curious
+      to hear on your return some account of your Geological doings. Talking of
+      Geology, you used to be interested about the "pipes" in the chalk. About
+      three years ago a perfectly circular hole suddenly appeared in a flat
+      grass field to everyone's astonishment, and was filled up with many waggon
+      loads of earth; and now two or three days ago, again it has circularly
+      subsided about two feet more. How clearly this shows what is still slowly
+      going on. This morning I recommenced work, and am at dogs; when I have
+      written my short discussion on them, I will have it copied, and if you
+      like, you can then see how the argument stands, about their multiple
+      origin. As you seemed to think this important, it might be worth your
+      reading; though I do not feel sure that you will come to the same probable
+      conclusion that I have done. By the way, the Bishop makes a very telling
+      case against me, by accumulating several instances where I speak very
+      doubtfully; but this is very unfair, as in such cases as this of the dog,
+      the evidence is and must be very doubtful...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 11 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On my return home from Sussex about a week ago, I found several articles
+      sent by you. The first article, from the 'Atlantic Monthly,' I am very
+      glad to possess. By the way, the editor of the "Athenaeum" (August 4,
+      1860.) has inserted your answer to Agassiz, Bowen, and Co., and when I
+      therein read them, I admired them even more than at first. They really
+      seemed to be admirable in their condensation, force, clearness and
+      novelty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am surprised that Agassiz did not succeed in writing something better.
+      How absurd that logical quibble&mdash;"if species do not exist, how can
+      they vary?" As if any one doubted their temporary existence. How coolly he
+      assumes that there is some clearly defined distinction between individual
+      differences and varieties. It is no wonder that a man who calls identical
+      forms, when found in two countries, distinct species, cannot find
+      variation in nature. Again, how unreasonable to suppose that domestic
+      varieties selected by man for his own fancy should resemble natural
+      varieties or species. The whole article seems to me poor; it seems to me
+      hardly worth a detailed answer (even if I could do it, and I much doubt
+      whether I possess your skill in picking out salient points and driving a
+      nail into them), and indeed you have already answered several points.
+      Agassiz's name, no doubt, is a heavy weight against us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you see Professor Parsons, will you thank him for the extremely liberal
+      and fair spirit in which his Essay ('Silliman's Journal,' July, 1860.) is
+      written. Please tell him that I reflected much on the chance of favourable
+      monstrosities (i.e. great and sudden variation) arising. I have, of
+      course, no objection to this, indeed it would be a great aid, but I do not
+      allude to the subject, for, after much labour, I could find nothing which
+      satisfied me of the probability of such occurrences. There seems to me in
+      almost every case too much, too complex, and too beautiful adaptation, in
+      every structure, to believe in its sudden production. I have alluded under
+      the head of beautifully hooked seeds to such possibility. Monsters are apt
+      to be sterile, or NOT to transmit monstrous peculiarities. Look at the
+      fineness of gradation in the shells of successive SUB-STAGES of the same
+      great formation; I could give many other considerations which made me
+      doubt such view. It holds, to a certain extent, with domestic productions
+      no doubt, where man preserves some abrupt change in structure. It amused
+      me to see Sir R. Murchison quoted as a judge of affinities of animals, and
+      it gave me a cold shudder to hear of any one speculating about a true
+      crustacean giving birth to a true fish! (Parson's, loc. cit. page 5,
+      speaking of Pterichthys and Cephalaspis, says:&mdash;"Now is it too much
+      to infer from these facts that either of these animals, if a crustacean,
+      was so nearly a fish that some of its ova may have become fish; or, if
+      itself a fish, was so nearly a crustacean that it may have been born from
+      the ovum of a crustacean?")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, September 1st [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+      morning. It has DELIGHTED me, because it demonstrates that you have
+      thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection. Few things have surprised
+      me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties new to me
+      in the published reviews. Your remarks are of a different stamp and new to
+      me. I will run through them, and make a few pleadings such as occur to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I put in the possibility of the Galapagos having been CONTINUOUSLY joined
+      to America, out of mere subservience to the many who believe in Forbes's
+      doctrine, and did not see the danger of admission, about small mammals
+      surviving there in such case. The case of the Galapagos, from certain
+      facts on littoral sea-shells (viz. Pacific Ocean and South American
+      littoral species), in fact convinced me more than in any other case of
+      other islands, that the Galapagos had never been continuously united with
+      the mainland; it was mere base subservience, and terror of Hooker and Co.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to atolls, I think mammals would hardly survive VERY LONG,
+      even if the main islands (for as I have said in the Coral Book, the
+      outline of groups of atolls do not look like a former CONTINENT) had been
+      tenanted by mammals, from the extremely small area, the very peculiar
+      conditions, and the probability that during subsidence all or nearly all
+      atolls have been breached and flooded by the sea many times during their
+      existence as atolls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot conceive any existing reptile being converted into a mammal. From
+      homologies I should look at it as certain that all mammals had descended
+      from some single progenitor. What its nature was, it is impossible to
+      speculate. More like, probably, the Ornithorhynchus or Echidna than any
+      known form; as these animals combine reptilian characters (and in a less
+      degree bird character) with mammalian. We must imagine some form as
+      intermediate, as is Lepidosiren now, between reptiles and fish, between
+      mammals and birds on the one hand (for they retain longer the same
+      embryological character) and reptiles on the other hand. With respect to a
+      mammal not being developed on any island, besides want of time for so
+      prodigious a development, there must have arrived on the island the
+      necessary and peculiar progenitor, having a character like the embryo of a
+      mammal; and not an ALREADY DEVELOPED reptile, bird or fish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We might give to a bird the habits of a mammal, but inheritance would
+      retain almost for eternity some of the bird-like structure, and prevent a
+      new creature ranking as a true mammal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have often speculated on antiquity of islands, but not with your
+      precision, or at all under the point of view of Natural Selection NOT
+      having done what might have been anticipated. The argument of littoral
+      Miocene shells at the Canary Islands is new to me. I was deeply impressed
+      (from the amount of the denudation) [with the] antiquity of St. Helena,
+      and its age agrees with the peculiarity of the flora. With respect to bats
+      at New Zealand (N.B. There are two or three European bats in Madeira, and
+      I think in the Canary Islands) not having given rise to a group of
+      non-volant bats, it is, now you put the case, surprising; more especially
+      as the genus of bats in New Zealand is very peculiar, and therefore has
+      probably been long introduced, and they now speak of Cretacean fossils
+      there. But the first necessary step has to be shown, namely, of a bat
+      taking to feed on the ground, or anyhow, and anywhere, except in the air.
+      I am bound to confess I do know one single such fact, viz. of an Indian
+      species killing frogs. Observe, that in my wretched Polar Bear case, I do
+      show the first step by which conversion into a whale "would be easy,"
+      "would offer no difficulty"!! So with seals, I know of no fact showing any
+      the least incipient variation of seals feeding on the shore. Moreover,
+      seals wander much; I searched in vain, and could not find ONE case of any
+      species of seal confined to any islands. And hence wanderers would be apt
+      to cross with individuals undergoing any change on an island, as in the
+      case of land birds of Madeira and Bermuda. The same remark applies even to
+      bats, as they frequently come to Bermuda from the mainland, though about
+      600 miles distant. With respect to the Amblyrhynchus of the Galapagos, one
+      may infer as probable, from marine habits being so rare with Saurians, and
+      from the terrestrial species being confined to a few central islets, that
+      its progenitor first arrived at the Galapagos; from what country it is
+      impossible to say, as its affinity I believe is not very clear to any
+      known species. The offspring of the terrestrial species was probably
+      rendered marine. Now in this case I do not pretend I can show variation in
+      habits; but we have in the terrestrial species a vegetable feeder (in
+      itself a rather unusual circumstance), largely on LICHENS, and it would
+      not be a great change for its offspring to feed first on littoral algae
+      and then on submarine algae. I have said what I can in defence, but yours
+      is a good line of attack. We should, however, always remember that no
+      change will ever be effected till a variation in the habits or structure
+      or of both CHANCE to occur in the right direction, so as to give the
+      organism in question an advantage over other already established occupants
+      of land or water, and this may be in any particular case indefinitely
+      long. I am very glad you will read my dogs MS., for it will be important
+      to me to see what you think of the balance of evidence. After long
+      pondering on a subject it is often hard to judge. With hearty thanks for
+      your most interesting letter. Farewell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear old master, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 2nd [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am astounded at your news received this morning. I am become such an old
+      fogy that I am amazed at your spirit. For God's sake do not go and get
+      your throat cut. Bless my soul, I think you must be a little insane. I
+      must confess it will be a most interesting tour; and, if you get to the
+      top of Lebanon, I suppose extremely interesting&mdash;you ought to collect
+      any beetles under stones there; but the Entomologists are such slow
+      coaches. I dare say no result could be made out of them. [They] have never
+      worked the Alpines of Britain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you come across any Brine lakes, do attend to their minute flora and
+      fauna; I have often been surprised how little this has been attended to.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have had a long letter from Lyell, who starts ingenious difficulties
+      opposed to Natural Selection, because it has not done more than it has.
+      This is very good, as it shows that he has thoroughly mastered the
+      subject; and shows he is in earnest. Very striking letter altogether and
+      it rejoices the cockles of my heart.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... How I shall miss you, my best and kindest of friends. God bless you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 10 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... You will be weary of my praise, but it (Dr. Gray in the 'Atlantic
+      Monthly' for July, 1860.) does strike me as quite admirably argued, and so
+      well and pleasantly written. Your many metaphors are inimitably good. I
+      said in a former letter that you were a lawyer, but I made a gross
+      mistake, I am sure that you are a poet. No, by Jove, I will tell you what
+      you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist and
+      theologian! Was there ever such a monster seen before?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just looked through the passages which I have marked as appearing
+      to me extra good, but I see that they are too numerous to specify, and
+      this is no exaggeration. My eye just alights on the happy comparison of
+      the colours of the prism and our artificial groups. I see one little error
+      of fossil CATTLE in South America.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is curious how each one, I suppose, weighs arguments in a different
+      balance: embryology is to me by far the strongest single class of facts in
+      favour of change of forms, and not one, I think, of my reviewers has
+      alluded to this. Variation not coming on at a very early age, and being
+      inherited at not a very early corresponding period, explains, as it seems
+      to me, the grandest of all facts in natural history, or rather in zoology,
+      viz. the resemblance of embryos.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Dr. Gray wrote three articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly' for July, August,
+      and October, which were reprinted as a pamphlet in 1861, and now form
+      chapter iii. in 'Darwiniana' (1876), with the heading 'Natural Selection
+      not inconsistent with Natural Theology.']
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL Down, September 12th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I never thought of showing your letter to any one. I mentioned in a letter
+      to Hooker that I had been much interested by a letter of yours with
+      original objections, founded chiefly on Natural Selection not having done
+      so much as might have been expected... In your letter just received, you
+      have improved your case versus Natural Selection; and it would tell with
+      the public (do not be tempted by its novelty to make it too strong); yet
+      is seems to me, not REALLY very killing, though I cannot answer your case,
+      especially, why Rodents have not become highly developed in Australia. You
+      must assume that they have inhabited Australia for a very long period, and
+      this may or may not be the case. But I feel that our ignorance is so
+      profound, why one form is preserved with nearly the same structure, or
+      advances in organisation or even retrogrades, or becomes extinct, that I
+      cannot put very great weight on the difficulty. Then, as you say often in
+      your letter, we know not how many geological ages it may have taken to
+      make any great advance in organisation. Remember monkeys in the Eocene
+      formations: but I admit that you have made out an excellent objection and
+      difficulty, and I can give only unsatisfactory and quite vague answers,
+      such as you have yourself put; however, you hardly put weight enough on
+      the absolute necessity of variations first arising in the right direction,
+      videlicet, of seals beginning to feed on the shore.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I entirely agree with what you say about only one species of many becoming
+      modified. I remember this struck me much when tabulating the varieties of
+      plants, and I have a discussion somewhere on this point. It is absolutely
+      implied in my ideas of classification and divergence that only one or two
+      species, of even large genera, give birth to new species; and many whole
+      genera become WHOLLY extinct... Please see page 341 of the 'Origin.' But I
+      cannot remember that I have stated in the 'Origin' the fact of only very
+      few species in each genus varying. You have put the view much better in
+      your letter. Instead of saying, as I often have, that very few species
+      vary at the same time, I ought to have said, that very few species of a
+      genus EVER vary so as to become modified; for this is the fundamental
+      explanation of classification, and is shown in my engraved diagram...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I quite agree with you on the strange and inexplicable fact of
+      Ornithorhynchus having been preserved, and Australian Trigonia, or the
+      Silurian Lingula. I always repeat to myself that we hardly know why any
+      one single species is rare or common in the best-known countries. I have
+      got a set of notes somewhere on the inhabitants of fresh water; and it is
+      singular how many of these are ancient, or intermediate forms; which I
+      think is explained by the competition having been less severe, and the
+      rate of change of organic forms having been slower in small confined
+      areas, such as all the fresh waters make compared with sea or land.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I see that you do allude in the last page, as a difficulty, to Marsupials
+      not having become Placentals in Australia; but this I think you have no
+      right at all to expect; for we ought to look at Marsupials and Placentals
+      as having descended from some intermediate and lower form. The argument of
+      Rodents not having become highly developed in Australia (supposing that
+      they have long existed there) is much stronger. I grieve to see you hint
+      at the creation "of distinct successive types, as well as of a certain
+      number of distinct aboriginal types." Remember, if you admit this, you
+      give up the embryological argument (THE WEIGHTIEST OF ALL TO ME), and the
+      morphological or homological argument. You cut my throat, and your own
+      throat; and I believe will live to be sorry for it. So much for species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The striking extract which E. copied was your own writing!! in a note to
+      me, many long years ago&mdash;which she copied and sent to Mme. Sismondi;
+      and lately my aunt, in sorting her letters, found E.'s and returned them
+      to her... I have been of late shamefully idle, i.e. observing (Drosera)
+      instead of writing, and how much better fun observing is than writing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Sunday
+      [September 23rd, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I got your letter of the 18th just before starting here. You speak of
+      saving me trouble in answering. Never think of this, for I look at every
+      letter of yours as an honour and pleasure, which is a pretty deal more
+      than I can say of some of the letters which I receive. I have now one of
+      13 CLOSELY WRITTEN FOLIO PAGES to answer on species!...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have a very decided opinion that all mammals must have descended from a
+      SINGLE parent. Reflect on the multitude of details, very many of them of
+      extremely little importance to their habits (as the number of bones of the
+      head, etc., covering of hair, identical embryological development, etc.
+      etc.). Now this large amount of similarity I must look at as certainly due
+      to inheritance from a common stock. I am aware that some cases occur in
+      which a similar or nearly similar organ has been acquired by independent
+      acts of natural selection. But in most of such cases of these apparently
+      so closely similar organs, some important homological difference may be
+      detected. Please read page 193, beginning, "The electric organs," and
+      trust me that the sentence, "In all these cases of two very distinct
+      species," etc. etc., was not put in rashly, for I went carefully into
+      every case. Apply this argument to the whole frame, internal and external,
+      of mammifers, and you will see why I think so strongly that all have
+      descended from one progenitor. I have just re-read your letter, and I am
+      not perfectly sure that I understand your point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I enclose two diagrams showing the sort of manner I CONJECTURE that
+      mammals have been developed. I thought a little on this when writing page
+      429, beginning, "Mr. Waterhouse." (Please read the paragraph.) I have not
+      knowledge enough to choose between these two diagrams. If the brain of
+      Marsupials in embryo closely resembles that of Placentals, I should
+      strongly prefer No.2, and this agrees with the antiquity of Microlestes.
+      As a general rule I should prefer No.1 diagram; whether or not Marsupials
+      have gone on being developed, or rising in rank, from a very early period
+      would depend on circumstances too complex for even a conjecture. Lingula
+      has not risen since the Silurian epoch, whereas other molluscs may have
+      risen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here appear two diagrams.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Diagram I.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A - Mammals, not true Marsupials nor true Placentals. - 2 branches -
+      Branch I, True Placental, from which branch off Rodents, Insectivora, a
+      branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms, Canidae and terminates in
+      Quadrumana. - Branch II, True Marsupial, from which branches off Kangaroo
+      family an unnamed branch terminating in 2 unnamed branches and terminates
+      in Didelphys Family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Diagram II.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A - True Marsupials, lowly developed. - True Marsupials, highly developed.
+      - 2 branches - Branch I, Placentals, from which branch off Rodents,
+      Insectivora, a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms, Canidae and
+      terminates in Quadrumana. - Branch II, Present Marsupials, splitting into
+      two branches terminating in Kangaroo family (with 2 unnamed branches) and
+      Didelphys family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A, in the two diagrams, represents an unknown form, probably intermediate
+      between Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds, as intermediate as Lepidosiren now
+      is between Fish and Batrachians. This unknown form is probably more
+      closely related to Ornithorhynchus than to any other known form.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not think that the multiple origin of dogs goes against the single
+      origin of man... All the races of man are so infinitely closer together
+      than to any ape, that (as in the case of descent of all mammals from one
+      progenitor), I should look at all races of men as having certainly
+      descended from one parent. I should look at it as probable that the races
+      of men were less numerous and less divergent formerly than now, unless,
+      indeed, some lower and more aberrant race even than the Hottentot has
+      become extinct. Supposing, as I do for one believe, that our dogs have
+      descended from two or three wolves, jackals, etc., yet these have, on OUR
+      VIEW, descended from a single remote unknown progenitor. With domestic
+      dogs the question is simply whether the whole amount of difference has
+      been produced since man domesticated a single species; or whether part of
+      the difference arises in the state of nature. Agassiz and Co. think the
+      negro and Caucasian are now distinct species, and it is a mere vain
+      discussion whether, when they were rather less distinct, they would, on
+      this standard of specific value, deserve to be called species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I agree with your answer which you give to yourself on this point; and the
+      simile of man now keeping down any new man which might be developed,
+      strikes me as good and new. The white man is "improving off the face of
+      the earth" even races nearly his equals. With respect to islands, I think
+      I would trust to want of time alone, and not to bats and Rodents.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      N.B.&mdash;I know of no rodents on oceanic islands (except my Galapagos
+      mouse, which MAY have been introduced by man) keeping down the development
+      of other classes. Still MUCH more weight I should attribute to there being
+      now, neither in islands nor elsewhere, [any] known animals of a grade of
+      organisation intermediate between mammals, fish, reptiles, etc., whence a
+      new mammal could be developed. If every vertebrate were destroyed throughout
+      the world, except our NOW WELL-ESTABLISHED reptiles, millions of ages
+      might elapse before reptiles could become highly developed on a scale
+      equal to mammals; and, on the principle of inheritance, they would make
+      some quite NEW CLASS, and not mammals; though POSSIBLY more intellectual!
+      I have not an idea that you will care for this letter, so speculative.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Most truly yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 26 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have had a letter of fourteen folio pages from Harvey against my
+      book, with some ingenious and new remarks; but it is an extraordinary fact
+      that he does not understand at all what I mean by Natural Selection. I
+      have begged him to read the Dialogue in next 'Silliman,' as you never
+      touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at it as even more
+      extraordinary that you never say a word or use an epithet which does not
+      express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and others, who perfectly
+      understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions to which I demur. Well,
+      your extraordinary labour is over; if there is any fair amount of truth in
+      my view, I am well assured that your great labour has not been thrown
+      away...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I yet hope and almost believe, that the time will come when you will go
+      further, in believing a very large amount of modification of species, than
+      you did at first or do now. Can you tell me whether you believe further or
+      more firmly than you did at first? I should really like to know this. I
+      can perceive in my immense correspondence with Lyell, who objected to much
+      at first, that he has, perhaps unconsciousnessly to himself, converted
+      himself very much during the last six months, and I think this is the case
+      even with Hooker. This fact gives me far more confidence than any other
+      fact.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Friday
+      evening [September 28th, 1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am very glad to hear about the Germans reading my book. No one will
+      be converted who has not independently begun to doubt about species. Is
+      not Krohn (There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands,
+      and the other on the development of Cirripedes, 'Wiegmann's Archiv,' xxv.
+      and xxvi. My father has remarked that he "blundered dreadfully about the
+      cement glands," 'Autobiography.') a good fellow? I have long meant to
+      write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and has detected two or
+      three gigantic blunders,... about which, I thank Heaven, I spoke rather
+      doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even Huxley failed. It is
+      chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is so wrong, and not
+      the parts which I describe. But they were gigantic blunders, and why I say
+      all this is because Krohn, instead of crowing at all, pointed out my
+      errors with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness. I have always meant to
+      write to him and thank him. I suppose Dr. Krohn, Bonn, would reach him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot see yet how the multiple origin of dog can be properly brought as
+      argument for the multiple origin of man. Is not your feeling a remnant of
+      the deeply impressed one on all our minds, that a species is an entity,
+      something quite distinct from a variety? Is it not that the dog case
+      injures the argument from fertility, so that one main argument that the
+      races of man are varieties and not species&mdash;i.e., because they are
+      fertile inter se, is much weakened?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I quite agree with what Hooker says, that whatever variation is possible
+      under culture, is POSSIBLE under nature; not that the same form would ever
+      be accumulated and arrived at by selection for man's pleasure, and by
+      natural selection for the organism's own good.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Talking of "natural selection;" if I had to commence de novo, I would have
+      used "natural preservation." For I find men like Harvey of Dublin cannot
+      understand me, though he has read the book twice. Dr. Gray of the British
+      Museum remarked to me that, "SELECTION was obviously impossible with
+      plants! No one could tell him how it could be possible!" And he may now
+      add that the author did not attempt it to him!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne,
+      October 8th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I send the [English] translation of Bronn (A MS. translation of Bronn's
+      chapter of objections at the end of his German translation of the 'Origin
+      of Species.'), the first part of the chapter with generalities and praise
+      is not translated. There are some good hits. He makes an apparently, and
+      in part truly, telling case against me, says that I cannot explain why one
+      rat has a longer tail and another longer ears, etc. But he seems to muddle
+      in assuming that these parts did not all vary together, or one part so
+      insensibly before the other, as to be in fact contemporaneous. I might ask
+      the creationist whether he thinks these differences in the two rats of any
+      use, or as standing in some relation from laws of growth; and if he admits
+      this, selection might come into play. He who thinks that God created
+      animals unlike for mere sport or variety, as man fashions his clothes,
+      will not admit any force in my argumentum ad hominem.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bronn blunders about my supposing several Glacial periods, whether or no
+      such ever did occur.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He blunders about my supposing that development goes on at the same rate
+      in all parts of the world. I presume that he has misunderstood this from
+      the supposed migration into all regions of the more dominant forms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have ordered Dr. Bree ('Species not Transmutable,' by C.R. Bree, 1860.),
+      and will lend it to you, if you like, and if it turns out good.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am very glad that I misunderstood you about species not having the
+      capacity to vary, though in fact few do give birth to new species. It
+      seems that I am very apt to misunderstand you; I suppose I am always
+      fancying objections. Your case of the Red Indian shows me that we agree
+      entirely...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I had a letter yesterday from Thwaites of Ceylon, who was much opposed to
+      me. He now says, "I find that the more familiar I become with your views
+      in connection with the various phenomena of nature, the more they commend
+      themselves to my mind."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.M. RODWELL. (Rev. J.M. Rodwell, who was at
+      Cambridge with my father, remembers him saying:&mdash;"It strikes me that
+      all our knowledge about the structure of our earth is very much like what
+      an old hen would know of a hundred acre field, in a corner of which she is
+      scratching.") 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne. November 5th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am extremely much obliged for your letter, which I can compare only to a
+      plum-pudding, so full it is of good things. I have been rash about the
+      cats ("Cats with blue eyes are invariably deaf," 'Origin of Species,'
+      edition i. page 12.): yet I spoke on what seemed to me, good authority.
+      The Rev. W.D. Fox gave me a list of cases of various foreign breeds in
+      which he had observed the correlation, and for years he had vainly sought
+      an exception. A French paper also gives numerous cases, and one very
+      curious case of a kitten which GRADUALLY lost the blue colour in its eyes
+      and as gradually acquired its power of hearing. I had not heard of your
+      uncle, Mr. Kirby's case (William Kirby, joint author with Spence, of the
+      well-known 'Introduction to Entomology,' 1818.) (whom I, for as long as I
+      can remember, have venerated) of care in breeding cats. I do not know
+      whether Mr. Kirby was your uncle by marriage, but your letters show me
+      that you ought to have Kirby blood in your veins, and that if you had not
+      taken to languages you would have been a first-rate naturalist.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I sincerely hope that you will be able to carry out your intention of
+      writing on the "Birth, Life, and Death of Words." Anyhow, you have a
+      capital title, and some think this the most difficult part of a book. I
+      remember years ago at the Cape of Good Hope, Sir J. Herschel saying to me,
+      I wish some one would treat language as Lyell has treated geology. What a
+      linguist you must be to translate the Koran! Having a vilely bad head for
+      languages, I feel an awful respect for linguists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not know whether my brother-in-law, Hensleigh Wedgwood's
+      'Etymological Dictionary' would be at all in your line; but he treats
+      briefly on the genesis of words; and, as it seems to me, very ingeniously.
+      You kindly say that you would communicate any facts which might occur to
+      you, and I am sure that I should be most grateful. Of the multitude of
+      letters which I receive, not one in a thousand is like yours in value.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With my cordial thanks, and apologies for this untidy letter written in
+      haste, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours sincerely obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. November 20th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have not had heart to read Phillips ('Life on the Earth.') yet, or a
+      tremendous long hostile review by Professor Bowen in the 4to Mem. of the
+      American Academy of Sciences. ("Remarks on the latest form of the
+      Development Theory." By Francis Bowen, Professor of Natural Religion and
+      Moral Philosophy, at Harvard University. 'American Academy of Arts and
+      Sciences,' vol. viii.) (By the way, I hear Agassiz is going to thunder
+      against me in the next part of the 'Contributions.') Thank you for telling
+      me of the sale of the 'Origin,' of which I had not heard. There will be
+      some time, I presume, a new edition, and I especially want your advice on
+      one point, and you know I think you the wisest of men, and I shall be
+      ABSOLUTELY GUIDED BY YOUR ADVICE. It has occurred to me, that it would
+      PERHAPS be a good plan to put a set of notes (some twenty to forty or
+      fifty) to the 'Origin,' which now has none, exclusively devoted to errors
+      of my reviewers. It has occurred to me that where a reviewer has erred, a
+      common reader might err. Secondly, it will show the reader that he must
+      not trust implicitly to reviewers. Thirdly, when any special fact has been
+      attacked, I should like to defend it. I would show no sort of anger. I
+      enclose a mere rough specimen, done without any care or accuracy&mdash;done
+      from memory alone&mdash;to be torn up, just to show the sort of thing that
+      has occurred to me. WILL YOU DO ME THE GREAT KINDNESS TO CONSIDER THIS
+      WELL?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It seems to me it would have a good effect, and give some confidence to
+      the reader. It would [be] a horrid bore going through all the reviews.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Here follow samples of foot-notes, the references to volume and page
+      being left blank. It will be seen that in some cases he seems to have
+      forgotten that he was writing foot-notes, and to have continued as if
+      writing to Lyell:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *Dr. Bree asserts that I explain the structure of the cells of the Hive
+      Bee by "the exploded doctrine of pressure." But I do not say one word
+      which directly or indirectly can be interpreted into any reference to
+      pressure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer quotes my work as saying that the "dorsal
+      vertebrae of pigeons vary in number, and disputes the fact." I nowhere
+      even allude to the dorsal vertebrae, only to the sacral and caudal
+      vertebrae.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer throws a doubt on these organs being the
+      Branchiae of Cirripedes. But Professor Owen in 1854 admits, without
+      hesitation, that they are Branchiae, as did John Hunter long ago.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *The confounded Wealden Calculation to be struck out, and a note to be
+      inserted to the effect that I am convinced of its inaccuracy from a review
+      in the "Saturday Review", and from Phillips, as I see in his Table of
+      Contents that he alludes to it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *Mr. Hopkins ('Fraser') states&mdash;I am quoting only from vague memory&mdash;that,
+      "I argue in favour of my views from the extreme imperfection of the
+      Geological Record," and says this is the first time in the history of
+      Science he has ever heard of ignorance being adduced as an argument. But I
+      repeatedly admit, in the most emphatic language which I can use, that the
+      imperfect evidence which Geology offers in regard to transitorial forms is
+      most strongly opposed to my views. Surely there is a wide difference in
+      fully admitting an objection, and then in endeavouring to show that it is
+      not so strong as it at first appears, and in Mr. Hopkins's assertion that
+      I found my argument on the Objection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *I would also put a note to "Natural Selection," and show how variously it
+      has been misunderstood.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      *A writer in the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal' denies my statement
+      that the Woodpecker of La Plata never frequents trees. I observed its
+      habits during two years, but, what is more to the purpose, Azara, whose
+      accuracy all admit, is more emphatic than I am in regard to its never
+      frequenting trees. Mr. A. Murray denies that it ought to be called a
+      woodpecker; it has two toes in front and two behind, pointed tail
+      feathers, a long pointed tongue, and the same general form of body, the
+      same manner of flight, colouring and voice. It was classed, until
+      recently, in the same genus&mdash;Picus&mdash;with all other woodpeckers,
+      but now has been ranked as a distinct genus amongst the Picidae. It
+      differs from the typical Picus only in the beak, not being quite so
+      strong, and in the upper mandible being slightly arched. I think these
+      facts fully justify my statement that it is "in all essential parts of its
+      organisation" a Woodpecker.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, November 22 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For heaven's sake don't write an anti-Darwinian article; you would do it
+      so confoundedly well. I have sometimes amused myself with thinking how I
+      could best pitch into myself, and I believe I could give two or three good
+      digs; but I will see you &mdash; first before I will try. I shall be very
+      impatient to see the Review. (The first number of the new series of the
+      'Nat. Hist. Review' appeared in 1861.) If it succeeds it may really do
+      much, very much good...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I heard to-day from Murray that I must set to work at once on a new
+      edition (The 3rd edition.) of the 'Origin.' [Murray] says the Reviews have
+      not improved the sale. I shall always think those early reviews, almost
+      entirely yours, did the subject an ENORMOUS service. If you have any
+      important suggestions or criticisms to make on any part of the 'Origin,' I
+      should, of course, be very grateful for [them]. For I mean to correct as
+      far as I can, but not enlarge. How you must be wearied with and hate the
+      subject, and it is God's blessing if you do not get to hate me. Adios.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, November 24th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you much for your letter. I had got to take pleasure in thinking
+      how I could best snub my reviewers; but I was determined, in any case, to
+      follow your advice, and, before I had got to the end of your letter, I was
+      convinced of the wisdom of your advice. ("I get on slowly with my new
+      edition. I find that your advice was EXCELLENT. I can answer all reviews,
+      without any direct notice of them, by a little enlargement here and there,
+      with here and there a new paragraph. Bronn alone I shall treat with the
+      respect of giving his objections with his name. I think I shall improve my
+      book a good deal, and add only some twenty pages."&mdash;From a letter to
+      Lyell, December 4th, 1860.) What an advantage it is to me to have such
+      friends as you. I shall follow every hint in your letter exactly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just heard from Murray; he says he sold 700 copies at his sale, and
+      that he has not half the number to supply; so that I must begin at once
+      (On the third edition of the 'Origin of Species,' published in April
+      1861.)...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I must tell you one little fact which has pleased me. You may
+      remember that I adduce electrical organs of fish as one of the greatest
+      difficulties which have occurred to me, and &mdash; notices the passage in
+      a singularly disingenuous spirit. Well, McDonnell, of Dublin (a first-rate
+      man), writes to me that he felt the difficulty of the whole case as
+      overwhelming against me. Not only are the fishes which have electric
+      organs very remote in scale, but the organ is near the head in some, and
+      near the tail in others, and supplied by wholly different nerves. It seems
+      impossible that there could be any transition. Some friend, who is much
+      opposed to me, seems to have crowed over McDonnell, who reports that he
+      said to himself, that if Darwin is right, there must be homologous organs
+      both near the head and tail in other non-electric fish. He set to work,
+      and, by Jove, he has found them! ('On an organ in the Skate, which appears
+      to be the homologue of the electrical organ of the Torpedo,' by R.
+      McDonnell, 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861, page 57.) so that some of the
+      difficulty is removed; and is it not satisfactory that my hypothetical
+      notions should have led to pretty discoveries? McDonnell seems very
+      cautious; he says, years must pass before he will venture to call himself
+      a believer in my doctrine, but that on the subjects which he knows well,
+      viz., Morphology and Embryology, my views accord well, and throw light on
+      the whole subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 26th, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have to thank you for two letters. The latter with corrections, written
+      before you received my letter asking for an American reprint, and saying
+      that it was hopeless to print your reviews as a pamphlet, owing to the
+      impossibility of getting pamphlets known. I am very glad to say that the
+      August or second 'Atlantic' article has been reprinted in the 'Annals and
+      Magazine of Natural History'; but I have not seen it there. Yesterday I
+      read over with care the third article; and it seems to me, as before,
+      ADMIRABLE. But I grieve to say that I cannot honestly go as far as you do
+      about Design. I am conscious that I am in an utterly hopeless muddle. I
+      cannot think that the world, as we see it, is the result of chance; and
+      yet I cannot look at each separate thing as the result of Design. To take
+      a crucial example, you lead me to infer (page 414) that you believe "that
+      variation has been led along certain beneficial lines." I cannot believe
+      this; and I think you would have to believe, that the tail of the Fantail
+      was led to vary in the number and direction of its feathers in order to
+      gratify the caprice of a few men. Yet if the Fantail had been a wild bird,
+      and had used its abnormal tail for some special end, as to sail before the
+      wind, unlike other birds, every one would have said, "What a beautiful and
+      designed adaptation." Again, I say I am, and shall ever remain, in a
+      hopeless muddle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thank you much for Bowen's 4to. review. ('Memoirs of the American Academy
+      of Arts and Sciences,' vol. viii.) The coolness with which he makes all
+      animals to be destitute of reason is simply absurd. It is monstrous at
+      page 103, that he should argue against the possibility of accumulative
+      variation, and actually leave out, entirely, selection! The chance that an
+      improved Short-horn, or improved Pouter-pigeon, should be produced by
+      accumulative variation without man's selection is as almost infinity to
+      nothing; so with natural species without natural selection. How capitally
+      in the 'Atlantic' you show that Geology and Astronomy are, according to
+      Bowen, Metaphysics; but he leaves out this in the 4to. Memoir.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have not much to tell you about my Book. I have just heard that Du
+      Boi-Reymond agrees with me. The sale of my book goes on well, and the
+      multitude of reviews has not stopped the sale...; so I must begin at once
+      on a new corrected edition. I will send you a copy for the chance of your
+      ever re-reading; but, good Heavens, how sick you must be of it!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 2nd [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have
+      been of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce a
+      few new discussions. OF COURSE I will send you a copy of the new edition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+      terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me, I
+      have far more confidence in the GENERAL truth of the doctrine than I
+      formerly had. Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went
+      half an inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly opposed
+      are now less bitterly opposed. And this makes me feel a little
+      disappointed that you are not inclined to think the general view in some
+      slight degree more probable than you did at first. This I consider rather
+      ominous. Otherwise I should be more contented with your degree of belief.
+      I can pretty plainly see that, if my view is ever to be generally adopted,
+      it will be by young men growing up and replacing the old workers, and then
+      young ones finding that they can group facts and search out new lines of
+      investigation better on the notion of descent, than on that of creation.
+      But forgive me for running on so egotistically. Living so solitary as I
+      do, one gets to think in a silly manner of one's own work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 11th [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I heard from A. Gray this morning; at my suggestion he is going to
+      reprint the three 'Atlantic' articles as a pamphlet, and send 250 copies
+      to England, for which I intend to pay half the cost of the whole edition,
+      and shall give away, and try to sell by getting a few advertisements put
+      in, and if possible notices in Periodicals.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... David Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and as I
+      value praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other
+      quality, forgive (if you can) the INSUFFERABLE vanity of my copying the
+      last sentence in his note: "I regard your Monograph on Chile as, without
+      exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological enquiry." I feel
+      inclined to strut like a Turkey-cock!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.III. &mdash; SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      1861-1862.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father with the third chapter of
+      'The Variation of Animals and Plants' still on his hands. It had been
+      begun in the previous August, and was not finished until March 1861. He
+      was, however, for part of this time (I believe during December 1860 and
+      January 1861) engaged in a new edition (2000 copies) of the 'Origin,'
+      which was largely corrected and added to, and was published in April 1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to this, the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in December
+      1860:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+      print off&mdash;the more the better for me in all ways, as far as
+      compatible with safety; for I hope never again to make so many
+      corrections, or rather additions, which I have made in hopes of making my
+      many rather stupid reviewers at least understand what is meant. I hope and
+      think I shall improve the book considerably."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      An interesting feature in the new edition was the "Historical Sketch of
+      the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species" (The Historical
+      Sketch had already appeared in the first German edition (1860) and the
+      American edition. Bronn states in the German edition (footnote, page 1)
+      that it was his critique in the 'N. Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie' that
+      suggested the idea of such a sketch to my father.) which now appeared for
+      the first time, and was continued in the later editions of the work. It
+      bears a strong impress of the author's personal character in the obvious
+      wish to do full justice to all his predecessors,&mdash;though even in this
+      respect it has not escaped some adverse criticism.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Towards the end of the present year (1861), the final arrangements for the
+      first French edition of the 'Origin' were completed, and in September a
+      copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle. Clemence Royer,
+      who undertook the work of translation. The book was now spreading on the
+      Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we have seen, a German
+      translation had been published in 1860. In a letter to Mr. Murray
+      (September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting much attention in
+      Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent me." The silence had
+      been broken, and in a few years the voice of German science was to become
+      one of the strongest of the advocates of evolution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During all the early part of the year (1861) he was working at the mass of
+      details which are marshalled in order in the early chapter of 'Animals and
+      Plants.' Thus in his Diary occur the laconic entries, "May 16, Finished
+      Fowls (eight weeks); May 31, Ducks."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+      until August 27&mdash;a holiday which he characteristically enters in his
+      diary as "eight weeks and a day." The house he occupied was in Hesketh
+      Crescent, a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea, somewhat
+      removed from what was then the main body of the town, and not far from the
+      beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of Anstey's Cove.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked
+      at the fertilisation of orchids. This part of the year 1861 is not dealt
+      with in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the
+      record of his life, as told in his letters, seems to become clearer when
+      the whole of his botanical work is placed together and treated separately.
+      The present series of chapters will, therefore, include only the progress
+      of his works in the direction of a general amplification of the 'Origin of
+      Species'&mdash;e.g., the publication of 'Animals and Plants,' 'Descent of
+      Man,' etc.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 15 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The sight of your handwriting always rejoices the very cockles of my
+      heart...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I most fully agree to what you say about Huxley's Article ('Natural
+      History Review,' 1861, page 67, "On the Zoological Relations of Man with
+      the Lower Animals." This memoir had its origin in a discussion at the
+      previous meeting of the British Association, when Professor Huxley felt
+      himself "compelled to give a diametrical contradiction to certain
+      assertions respecting the differences which obtain between the brains of
+      the higher apes and of man, which fell from Professor Owen." But in order
+      that his criticisms might refer to deliberately recorded words, he bases
+      them on Professor Owen's paper, "On the Characters, etc., of the Class
+      Mammalia," read before the Linnean Society in February and April, 1857, in
+      which he proposed to place man not only in a distinct order, but in "a
+      distinct su-class of the Mammalia"&mdash;the Archencephala.), and the
+      power of writing... The whole review seems to me excellent. How capitally
+      Oliver has done the resume of botanical books. Good Heavens, how he must
+      have read!...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I quite agree that Phillips ('Life on the Earth' (1860), by Prof.
+      Phillips, containing the substance of the Rede Lecture (May 1860).) is
+      unreadably dull. You need not attempt Bree. (The following sentence (page
+      16) from 'Species not Transmutable,' by Dr. Bree, illustrates the degree
+      in which he understood the 'Origin of Species': "The only real difference
+      between Mr. Darwin and his two predecessors" [Lamarck and the 'Vestiges']
+      "is this:&mdash;that while the latter have each given a mode by which they
+      conceive the great changes they believe in have been brought about, Mr.
+      Darwin does no such thing." After this we need not be surprised at a
+      passage in the preface: "No one has derived greater pleasure than I have
+      in past days from the study of Mr. Darwin's other works, and no one has
+      felt a greater degree of regret that he should have imperilled his fame by
+      the publication of his treatise upon the 'Origin of Species.'")...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you come across Dr. Freke on 'Origin of Species by means of Organic
+      Affinity,' read a page here and there... He tells the reader to observe
+      [that his result] has been arrived at by "induction," whereas all my
+      results are arrived at only by "analogy." I see a Mr. Neale has read a
+      paper before the Zoological Society on 'Typical Selection;' what it means
+      I know not. I have not read H. Spencer, for I find that I must more and
+      more husband the very little strength which I have. I sometimes suspect I
+      shall soon entirely fail... As soon as this dreadful weather gets a little
+      milder, I must try a little water cure. Have you read the 'Woman in
+      White'? the plot is wonderfully interesting. I can recommend a book which
+      has interested me greatly, viz. Olmsted's 'Journey in the Back Country.'
+      It is an admirably lively picture of man and slavery in the Southern
+      States...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. February 2, 1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have thought you would like to read the enclosed passage in a letter
+      from A. Gray (who is printing his reviews as a pamphlet ("Natural
+      Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology," from the 'Atlantic
+      Monthly' for July, August, and October, 1860; published by Trubner.), and
+      will send copies to England), as I think his account is really favourable
+      in high degree to us:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I wish I had time to write you an account of the lengths to which Bowen
+      and Agassiz, each in their own way, are going. The first denying all
+      heredity (all transmission except specific) whatever. The second coming
+      near to deny that we are genetically descended from our
+      great-grea-grandfathers; and insisting that evidently affiliated
+      languages, e.g. Latin, Greek, Sanscrit, owe none of their similarities to
+      a community of origin, are all autochthonal; Agassiz admits that the
+      derivation of languages, and that of species or forms, stand on the same
+      foundation, and that he must allow the latter if he allows the former,
+      which I tell him is perfectly logical."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Is not this marvellous?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 4 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was delighted to get your long chatty letter, and to hear that you are
+      thawing towards science. I almost wish you had remained frozen rather
+      longer; but do not thaw too quickly and strongly. No one can work long as
+      you used to do. Be idle; but I am a pretty man to preach, for I cannot be
+      idle, much as I wish it, and am never comfortable except when at work. The
+      word holiday is written in a dead language for me, and much I grieve at
+      it. We thank you sincerely for your kind sympathy about poor H. [his
+      daughter]... She has now come up to her old point, and can sometimes get
+      up for an hour or two twice a day... Never to look to the future or as
+      little as possible is becoming our rule of life. What a different thing
+      life was in youth with no dread in the future; all golden, if baseless,
+      hopes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... With respect to the 'Natural History Review' I can hardly think that
+      ladies would be so very sensitive about "lizards' guts;" but the
+      publication is at present certainly a sort of hybrid, and original
+      illustrated papers ought hardly to appear in a review. I doubt its ever
+      paying; but I shall much regret if it dies. All that you say seems very
+      sensible, but could a review in the strict sense of the word be filled
+      with readable matter?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been doing little, except finishing the new edition of the
+      'Origin,' and crawling on most slowly with my volume of 'Variation under
+      Domestication'...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to Mr. Bates's paper, "Contributions to an
+      Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley," in the 'Transactions of the
+      Entomological Society,' vol.5, N.S. (The paper was read November 24,
+      1860.) Mr. Bates points out that with the return, after the glacial
+      period, of a warmer climate in the equatorial regions, the "species then
+      living near the equator would retreat north and south to their former
+      homes, leaving some of their congeners, slowly modified subsequently... to
+      re-people the zone they had forsaken." In this case the species now living
+      at the equator ought to show clear relationship to the species inhabiting
+      the regions about the 25th parallel, whose distant relatives they would of
+      course be. But this is not the case, and this is the difficulty my father
+      refers to. Mr. Belt has offered an explanation in his 'Naturalist in
+      Nicaragua' (1874), page 266. "I believe the answer is that there was much
+      extermination during the glacial period, that many species (and some
+      genera, etc., as, for instance, the American horse), did not survive it...
+      but that a refuge was found for many species on lands now below the ocean,
+      that were uncovered by the lowering of the sea, caused by the immense
+      quantity of water that was locked up in frozen masses on the land."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 27th [March 1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I had intended to have sent you Bates's article this very day. I am so
+      glad you like it. I have been extremely much struck with it. How well he
+      argues, and with what crushing force against the glacial doctrine. I
+      cannot wriggle out of it: I am dumbfounded; yet I do believe that some
+      explanation some day will appear, and I cannot give up equatorial cooling.
+      It explains so much and harmonises with so much. When you write (and much
+      interested I shall be in your letter) please say how far floras are
+      generally uniform in generic character from 0 to 25 degrees N. and S.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Before reading Bates, I had become thoroughly dissatisfied with what I
+      wrote to you. I hope you may get Bates to write in the 'Linnean.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here is a good joke: H.C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+      review the new edition (third edition of 2000 copies, published in April,
+      1861.) of the 'Origin') says that in the first four paragraphs of the
+      introduction, the words "I," "me," "my," occur forty-three times! I was
+      dimly conscious of the accursed fact. He says it can be explained
+      phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that I am the most
+      egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so. I wonder whether he
+      will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the parentheses in
+      Wollaston's writing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>I</i> am, MY dear Hooker, ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April] 23? [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I quite agree with what you say on Lieutenant Hutton's Review (In the
+      'Geologist,' 1861, page 132, by Lieutenant Frederick Wollaston Hutton, now
+      Professor of Biology and Geology at Canterbury College, New Zealand.) (who
+      he is I know not); it struck me as very original. He is one of the very
+      few who see that the change of species cannot be directly proved, and that
+      the doctrine must sink or swim according as it groups and explains
+      phenomena. It is really curious how few judge it in this way, which is
+      clearly the right way. I have been much interested by Bentham's paper ("On
+      the Species and Genera of Plants, etc.," 'Natural History Review,' 1861,
+      page 133.) in the N.H.R., but it would not, of course, from familiarity
+      strike you as it did me. I liked the whole; all the facts on the nature of
+      close and varying species. Good Heavens! to think of the British botanists
+      turning up their noses, and saying that he knows nothing of British
+      plants! I was also pleased at his remarks on classification, because it
+      showed me that I wrote truly on this subject in the 'Origin.' I saw
+      Bentham at the Linnean Society, and had some talk with him and Lubbock,
+      and Edgeworth, Wallich, and several others. I asked Bentham to give us his
+      ideas of species; whether partially with us or dead against us, he would
+      write EXCELLENT matter. He made no answer, but his manner made me think he
+      might do so if urged; so do you attack him. Every one was speaking with
+      affection and anxiety of Henslow. (Prof. Henslow was in his last illness.)
+      I dined with Bell at the Linnean Club, and liked my dinner... Dining out
+      is such a novelty to me that I enjoyed it. Bell has a real good heart. I
+      liked Rolleston's paper, but I never read anything so obscure and not
+      sel-evident as his 'Canons.' (George Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., 1829-1881.
+      Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Oxford. A man of much
+      learning, who left but few published works, among which may be mentioned
+      his handbook 'Forms of Animal Life.' For the 'Canons,' see 'Nat. Hist.
+      Review,' 1861, page 206.)... I called on R. Chambers, at his very nice
+      house in St. John's Wood, and had a very pleasant half-hour's talk; he is
+      really a capital fellow. He made one good remark and chuckled over it,
+      that the laymen universally had treated the controversy on the 'Essays and
+      Reviews' as a merely professional subject, and had not joined in it, but
+      had left it to the clergy. I shall be anxious for your next letter about
+      Henslow. (Sir Joseph Hooker was Prof. Henslow's son-in-law.) Farewell,
+      with sincere sympathy, my old friend,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;We are very much obliged for the 'London Review.' We like
+      reading much of it, and the science is incomparably better than in the
+      "Athenaeum". You shall not go on very long sending it, as you will be
+      ruined by pennies and trouble, but I am under a horrid spell to the
+      "Athenaeum" and the "Gardener's Chronicle", but I have taken them in for
+      so many years, that I CANNOT give them up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter refers to Lyell's visit to the Biddenham gravel-pits near
+      Bedford in April 1861. The visit was made at the invitation of Mr. James
+      Wyatt, who had recently discovered two stone implements "at the depth of
+      thirteen feet from the surface of the soil," resting "immediately on solid
+      beds of oolitic-limestone." ('Antiquity of Man,' fourth edition, page
+      214.) Here, says Sir C. Lyell, "I... for the first time, saw evidence
+      which satisfied me of the chronological relations of those three phenomena&mdash;the
+      antique tools, the extinct mammalia, and the glacial formation."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 12 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been most deeply interested by your letter. You seem to have done
+      the grandest work, and made the greatest step, of any one with respect to
+      man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is an especial relief to hear that you think the French superficial
+      deposits are deltoid and semi-marine; but two days ago I was saying to a
+      friend, that the unknown manner of the accumulation of these deposits,
+      seemed the great blot in all the work done. I could not stomach debacles
+      or lacustrine beds. It is grand. I remember Falconer told me that he
+      thought some of the remains in the Devonshire caverns were pre-glacial,
+      and this, I presume, is now your conclusion for the older celts with hyena
+      and hippopotamus. It is grand. What a fine long pedigree you have given
+      the human race!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am sure I never thought of parallel roads having been accumulated during
+      subsidence. I think I see some difficulties on this view, though, at first
+      reading your note, I jumped at the idea. But I will think over all I saw
+      there. I am (stomacho volente) coming up to London on Tuesday to work on
+      cocks and hens, and on Wednesday morning, about a quarter before ten, I
+      will call on you (unless I hear to the contrary), for I long to see you. I
+      congratulate you on your grand work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Tell Lady Lyell that I was unable to digest the funereal
+      ceremonies of the ants, notwithstanding that Erasmus has often told me
+      that I should find some day that they have their bishops. After a battle I
+      have always seen the ants carry away the dead for food. Ants display the
+      utmost economy, and always carry away a dead fellow-creature as food. But
+      I have just forwarded two most extraordinary letters to Busk, from a
+      backwoodsman in Texas, who has evidently watched ants carefully, and
+      declares most positively that they plant and cultivate a kind of grass for
+      store food, and plant other bushes for shelter! I do not know what to
+      think, except that the old gentleman is not fibbing intentionally. I have
+      left the responsibility with Busk whether or no to read the letters. (I.e.
+      to read them before the Linnean Society.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON. (Thomas Davidson, F.R.S.,
+      born in Edinburgh, May 17, 1817; died 1885. His researches were chiefly
+      connected with the sciences of geology and palaeontology, and were
+      directed especially to the elucidation of the characters, classification,
+      history, geological and geographical distribution of recent and fossil
+      Brachiopoda. On this subject he brought out an important work, 'British
+      Fossil Brachiopoda,' 5 vols. 4to. (Cooper, 'Men of the Time,' 1884.))
+      Down, April 26, 1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will excuse me for venturing to make a suggestion to you
+      which I am perfectly well aware it is a very remote chance that you would
+      adopt. I do not know whether you have read my 'Origin of Species'; in that
+      book I have made the remark, which I apprehend will be universally
+      admitted, that AS A WHOLE, the fauna of any formation is intermediate in
+      character between that of the formations above and below. But several
+      really good judges have remarked to me how desirable it would be that this
+      should be exemplified and worked out in some detail and with some single
+      group of beings. Now every one will admit that no one in the world could
+      do this better than you with Brachiopods. The result might turn out very
+      unfavourable to the views which I hold; if so, so much the better for
+      those who are opposed to me. ("Mr. Davidson is not at all a full believer
+      in great changes of species, which will make his work all the more
+      valuable.&mdash;C. Darwin to R. Chambers (April 30, 1861).) But I am
+      inclined to suspect that on the whole it would be favourable to the notion
+      of descent with modification; for about a year ago, Mr. Salter (John
+      William Salter; 1820- 1869. He entered the service of the Geological
+      Survey in 1846, and ultimately became its Palaeontologist, on the
+      retirement of Edward Forbes, and gave up the office in 1863. He was
+      associated with several well-known naturalists in their work&mdash;with
+      Sedgwick, Murchison, Lyell, Ramsay, and Huxley. There are sixty entries
+      under his name in the Royal Society Catalogue. The above facts are taken
+      from an obituary notice of Mr. Salter in the 'Geological Magazine,' 1869.)
+      in the Museum in Jermyn Street, glued on a board some Spirifers, etc.,
+      from three palaeozoic stages, and arranged them in single and branching
+      lines, with horizontal lines marking the formations (like the diagram in
+      my book, if you know it), and the result seemed to me very striking,
+      though I was too ignorant fully to appreciate the lines of affinities. I
+      longed to have had these shells engraved, as arranged by Mr. Salter, and
+      connected by dotted lines, and would have gladly paid the expense: but I
+      could not persuade Mr. Salter to publish a little paper on the subject. I
+      can hardly doubt that many curious points would occur to any one
+      thoroughly instructed in the subject, who would consider a group of beings
+      under this point of view of descent with modification. All those forms
+      which have come down from an ancient period very slightly modified ought,
+      I think, to be omitted, and those forms alone considered which have
+      undergone considerable change at each successive epoch. My fear is whether
+      brachiopods have changed enough. The absolute amount of difference of the
+      forms in such groups at the opposite extremes of time ought to be
+      considered, and how far the early forms are intermediate in character
+      between those which appeared much later in time. The antiquity of a group
+      is not really diminished, as some seem vaguely to think, because it has
+      transmitted to the present day closely allied forms. Another point is how
+      far the succession of each genus is unbroken, from the first time it
+      appeared to its extinction, with due allowance made for formations poor in
+      fossils. I cannot but think that an important essay (far more important
+      than a hundred literary reviews) might be written by one like yourself,
+      and without very great labour. I know it is highly probable that you may
+      not have leisure, or not care for, or dislike the subject, but I trust to
+      your kindness to forgive me for making this suggestion. If by any
+      extraordinary good fortune you were inclined to take up this notion, I
+      would ask you to read my Chapter X. on Geological Succession. And I should
+      like in this case to be permitted to send you a copy of the new edition,
+      just published, in which I have added and corrected somewhat in Chapters
+      IX. and X.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray excuse this long letter, and believe me, My dear Sir, yours very
+      faithfully, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I write so bad a hand that I have had this note copied.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON. Down, April 30, 1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you warmly for your letter; I did not in the least know that you
+      had attended to my work. I assure you that the attention which you have
+      paid to it, considering your knowledge and the philosophical tone of your
+      mind (for I well remember one remarkable letter you wrote to me, and have
+      looked through your various publications), I consider one of the highest,
+      perhaps the very highest, compliments which I have received. I live so
+      solitary a life that I do not often hear what goes on, and I should much
+      like to know in what work you have published some remarks on my book. I
+      take a deep interest in the subject, and I hope not simply an egotistical
+      interest; therefore you may believe how much your letter has gratified me;
+      I am perfectly contented if any one will fairly consider the subject,
+      whether or not he fully or only very slightly agrees with me. Pray do not
+      think that I feel the least surprise at your demurring to a ready
+      acceptance; in fact, I should not much respect anyone's judgment who did
+      so: that is, if I may judge others from the long time which it has taken
+      me to go round. Each stage of belief cost me years. The difficulties are,
+      as you say, many and very great; but the more I reflect, the more they
+      seem to me to be due to our underestimating our ignorance. I belong so
+      much to old times that I find that I weigh the difficulties from the
+      imperfection of the geological record, heavier than some of the younger
+      men. I find, to my astonishment and joy, that such good men as Ramsay,
+      Jukes, Geikie, and one old worker, Lyell, do not think that I have in the
+      least exaggerated the imperfection of the record. (Professor Sedgwick
+      treated this part of the 'Origin of Species' very differently, as might
+      have been expected from his vehement objection to Evolution in general. In
+      the article in the "Spectator" of March 24, 1860, already noticed,
+      Sedgwick wrote: "We know the complicated organic phenomena of the Mesozoic
+      (or Oolitic) period. It defies the transmutationist at every step. Oh! but
+      the document, says Darwin, is a fragment; I will interpolate long periods
+      to account for all the changes. I say, in reply, if you deny my
+      conclusion, grounded on positive evidence, I toss back your conclusion,
+      derived from negative evidence,&mdash;the inflated cushion on which you
+      try to bolster up the defects of your hypothesis." [The punctuation of the
+      imaginary dialogue is slightly altered from the original, which is obscure
+      in one place.]) If my views ever are proved true, our current geological
+      views will have to be considerably modified. My greatest trouble is, not
+      being able to weigh the direct effects of the long-continued action of
+      changed conditions of life without any selection, with the action of
+      selection on mere accidental (so to speak) variability. I oscillate much
+      on this head, but generally return to my belief that the direct action of
+      the conditions of life has not been great. At least this direct action can
+      have played an extremely small part in producing all the numberless and
+      beautiful adaptations in every living creature. With respect to a person's
+      belief, what does rather surprise me is that any one (like Carpenter)
+      should be willing TO GO SO VERY FAR as to believe that all birds may have
+      descended from one parent, and not go a little farther and include all the
+      members of the same great division; for on such a scale of belief, all the
+      facts in Morphology and in Embryology (the most important in my opinion of
+      all subjects) become mere Divine mockeries... I cannot express how
+      profoundly glad I am that some day you will publish your theoretical view
+      on the modification and endurance of Brachiopodous species; I am sure it
+      will be a most valuable contribution to knowledge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray forgive this very egotistical letter, but you yourself are partly to
+      blame for having pleased me so much. I have told Murray to send a copy of
+      my new edition to you, and have written your name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With cordial thanks, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In Mr. Davidson's Monograph on British Brachiopoda, published shortly
+      afterwards by the Palaeontographical Society, results such as my father
+      anticipated were to some extent obtained. "No less than fifteen commonly
+      received species are demonstrated by Mr. Davidson by the aid of a long
+      series of transitional forms to appertain to... one type." "Lyell,
+      'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 428.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, my father had a good
+      deal of correspondence with Professor Asa Gray on a subject to which
+      reference has already been made&mdash;the publication in the form of a
+      pamphlet, of Professor Gray's three articles in the July, August, and
+      October numbers of the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 1860. The pamphlet was
+      published by Messrs. Trubner, with reference to whom my father wrote,
+      "Messrs. Trubner have been most liberal and kind, and say they shall make
+      no charge for all their trouble. I have settled about a few
+      advertisements, and they will gratuitously insert one in their own
+      periodicals."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's
+      'Darwiniana,' page 87, under the title "Natural Selection not inconsistent
+      with Natural Theology." The pamphlet found many admirers among those most
+      capable of judging of its merits, and my father believed that it was of
+      much value in lessening opposition, and making converts to Evolution. His
+      high opinion of it is shown not only in his letters, but by the fact that
+      he inserted a special notice of it in a most prominent place in the third
+      edition of the 'Origin.' Lyell, among others, recognised its value as an
+      antidote to the kind of criticism from which the cause of Evolution
+      suffered. Thus my father wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;"Just to exemplify the
+      use of your pamphlet, the Bishop of London was asking Lyell what he
+      thought of the review in the 'Quarterly,' and Lyell answered, 'Read Asa
+      Gray in the 'Atlantic.'". It comes out very clearly that in the case of
+      such publications as Dr. Gray's, my father did not rejoice over the
+      success of his special view of Evolution, viz. that modification is mainly
+      due to Natural Selection; on the contrary, he felt strongly that the
+      really important point was that the doctrine of Descent should be
+      accepted. Thus he wrote to Professor Gray (May 11, 1863), with reference
+      to Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man':&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he declines
+      to be a judge... I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had pronounced
+      against me. When I say 'me,' I only mean CHANGE OF SPECIES BY DESCENT.
+      That seems to me the turning-point. Personally, of course, I care much
+      about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly unimportant,
+      compared to the question of Creation OR Modification."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 11 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was very glad to get your photograph: I am expecting mine, which I will
+      send off as soon as it comes. It is an ugly affair, and I fear the fault
+      does not lie with the photographer... Since writing last, I have had
+      several letters full of the highest commendation of your Essay; all agree
+      that it is by far the best thing written, and I do not doubt it has done
+      the 'Origin' much good. I have not yet heard how it has sold. You will
+      have seen a review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". Poor dear Henslow, to
+      whom I owe much, is dying, and Hooker is with him. Many thanks for two
+      sets of sheets of your Proceedings. I cannot understand what Agassiz is
+      driving at. You once spoke, I think, of Professor Bowen as a very clever
+      man. I should have thought him a singularly unobservant man from his
+      writings. He never can have seen much of animals, or he would have seen
+      the difference of old and wise dogs and young ones. His paper about
+      hereditariness beats everything. Tell a breeder that he might pick out his
+      worst INDIVIDUAL animals and breed from them, and hope to win a prize, and
+      he would think you... insane.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Professor Henslow died on May 16, 1861, from a complication of
+      bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, and enlargement of the heart. His
+      strong constitution was slow in giving way, and he lingered for weeks in a
+      painful condition of weakness, knowing that his end was near, and looking
+      at death with fearless eyes. In Mr. Blomefield's (Jenyns) 'Memoir of
+      Henslow' (1862) is a dignified and touching description of Prof.
+      Sedgwick's farewell visit to his old friend. Sedgwick said afterwards that
+      he had never seen "a human being whose soul was nearer heaven."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker on hearing of Henslow's death, "I fully
+      believe a better man never walked this earth."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He gave his impressions of Henslow's character in Mr. Blomefield's
+      'Memoir.' In reference to these recollections he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+      (May 30, 1861):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This morning I wrote my recollections and impressions of character of
+      poor dear Henslow about the year 1830. I liked the job, and so have
+      written four or five pages, now being copied. I do not suppose you will
+      use all, of course you can chop and change as much as you like. If more
+      than a sentence is used, I should like to see a proof-page, as I never can
+      write decently till I see it in print. Very likely some of my remarks may
+      appear too trifling, but I thought it best to give my thoughts as they
+      arose, for you or Jenyns to use as you think fit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You will see that I have exceeded your request, but, as I said when I
+      began, I took pleasure in writing my impression of his admirable
+      character."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 5 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been rather extra busy, so have been slack in answering your note
+      of May 6th. I hope you have received long ago the third edition of the
+      'Origin.'... I have heard nothing from Trubner of the sale of your Essay,
+      hence fear it has not been great; I wrote to say you could supply more. I
+      send a copy to Sir J. Herschel, and in his new edition of his 'Physical
+      Geography' he has a note on the 'Origin of Species,' and agrees, to a
+      certain limited extent, but puts in a caution on design&mdash;much like
+      yours... I have been led to think more on this subject of late, and grieve
+      to say that I come to differ more from you. It is not that designed
+      variation makes, as it seems to me, my deity "Natural Selection"
+      superfluous, but rather from studying, lately, domestic variation, and
+      seeing what an enormous field of undesigned variability there is ready for
+      natural selection to appropriate for any purpose useful to each creature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you much for sending me your review of Phillips. ('Life on the
+      Earth,' 1860.) I remember once telling you a lot of trades which you ought
+      to have followed, but now I am convinced that you are a born reviewer. By
+      Jove, how well and often you hit the nail on the head! You rank Phillips's
+      book higher than I do, or than Lyell does, who thinks it fearfully
+      retrograde. I amused myself by parodying Phillips's argument as applied to
+      domestic variation; and you might thus prove that the duck or pigeon has
+      not varied because the goose has not, though more anciently domesticated,
+      and no good reason can be assigned why it has not produced many varieties
+      ...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I never knew the newspapers so profoundly interesting. North America does
+      not do England justice; I have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with
+      the North. Some few, and I am one of them, even wish to God, though at the
+      loss of millions of lives, that the North would proclaim a crusade against
+      slavery. In the long-run, a million horrid deaths would be amply repaid in
+      the cause of humanity. What wonderful times we live in! Massachusetts
+      seems to show noble enthusiasm. Great God! How I should like to see the
+      greatest curse on earth&mdash;slavery&mdash;abolished!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell. Hooker has been absorbed with poor dear revered Henslow's
+      affairs. Farewell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HUGH FALCONER TO CHARLES DARWIN. 31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me a live Proteus
+      anguinus, designed for you from the moment I got it; i.e. if you have got
+      an aquarium and would care to have it. I only returned last night from the
+      continent, and hearing from your brother that you are about to go to
+      Torquay, I lose no time in making you the offer. The poor dear animal is
+      still alive&mdash;although it has had no appreciable means of sustenance
+      for a month&mdash;and I am most anxious to get rid of the responsibility
+      of starving it longer. In your hands it will thrive and have a fair chance
+      of being developed without delay into some type of the Columbidae&mdash;say
+      a Pouter or a Tumbler.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+      Germany lately. Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+      essay canvassed&mdash;the views of course often dissented from, according
+      to the special bias of the speaker&mdash;but the work, its honesty of
+      purpose, grandeur of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous
+      exposition, always referred to in terms of the highest admiration. And
+      among your warmest friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just
+      appreciation of Charles Darwin than did
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very truly, H. FALCONER.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER. Down [June 24, 1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Falconer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just received your note, and by good luck a day earlier than
+      properly, and I lose not a moment in answering you, and thanking you
+      heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I have no aquarium
+      and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a thousand pities
+      that I should have it. Yet I should certainly much like to see it, but I
+      fear it is impossible. Would not the Zoological Society be the best place?
+      and then the interest which many would take in this extraordinary animal
+      would repay you for your trouble.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this
+      specimen, to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen. I
+      shall keep your note amongst a very few precious letters. Your kindness
+      has quite touched me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately and gratefully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. 2 Hesketh Crescent, Torquay, July
+      13 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I hope Harvey is better; I got his review (The 'Dublin Hospital
+      Gazette,' May 15, 1861. The passage referred to is at page 150.) of me a
+      day or two ago, from which I infer he must be convalescent; it's very good
+      and fair; but it is funny to see a man argue on the succession of animals
+      from Noah's Deluge; as God did not then wholly destroy man, probably he
+      did not wholly destroy the races of other animals at each geological
+      period! I never expected to have a helping hand from the Old Testament...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 2, Hesketh Crescent, Torquay, July
+      20 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I sent you two or three days ago a duplicate of a good review of the
+      'Origin' by a Mr. Maw (Mr. George Maw, of Benthall Hall. The review was
+      published in the 'Zoologist,' July, 1861. On the back of my father's copy
+      is written, "Must be consulted before new edit. of 'Origin'"&mdash;words
+      which are wanting on many more pretentious notices, on which frequently
+      occur my father's brief o/-, or "nothing new."), evidently a thoughtful
+      man, as I thought you might like to have it, as you have so many...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is quite a charming place, and I have actually walked, I believe,
+      good two miles out and back, which is a grand feat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I saw Mr. Pengelly (William Pengelly, the geologist, and well-known
+      explorer of the Devonshire caves.) the other day, and was pleased at his
+      enthusiasm. I do not in the least know whether you are in London. Your
+      illness must have lost you much time, but I hope you have nearly got your
+      great job of the new edition finished. You must be very busy, if in
+      London, so I will be generous, and on honour bright do not expect any
+      answer to this dull little note...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 17 [1861?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you sincerely for your very long and interesting letter, political
+      and scientific, of August 27th and 29th, and September 2nd received this
+      morning. I agree with much of what you say, and I hope to God we English
+      are utterly wrong in doubting (1) whether the N. can conquer the S.; (2)
+      whether the N. has many friends in the South, and (3) whether you noble
+      men of Massachusetts are right in transferring your own good feelings to
+      the men of Washington. Again I say I hope to God we are wrong in doubting
+      on these points. It is number (3) which alone causes England not to be
+      enthusiastic with you. What it may be in Lancashire I know not, but in S.
+      England cotton has nothing whatever to do with our doubts. If abolition
+      does follow with your victory, the whole world will look brighter in my
+      eyes, and in many eyes. It would be a great gain even to stop the spread
+      of slavery into the Territories; if that be possible without abolition,
+      which I should have doubted. You ought not to wonder so much at England's
+      coldness, when you recollect at the commencement of the war how many
+      propositions were made to get things back to the old state with the old
+      line of latitude, but enough of this, all I can say is that Massachusetts
+      and the adjoining States have the full sympathy of every good man whom I
+      see; and this sympathy would be extended to the whole Federal States, if
+      we could be persuaded that your feelings were at all common to them. But
+      enough of this. It is out of my line, though I read every word of news,
+      and formerly well studied Olmsted...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your question what would convince me of Design is a poser. If I saw an
+      angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others seeing
+      him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. If I could be
+      convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function
+      of other imponderable force, I should be convinced. If man was made of
+      brass or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had ever
+      lived, I should perhaps be convinced. But this is childish writing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your
+      idea of the stream of variation having been led or designed. I have asked
+      him (and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether he
+      believes that the shape of my nose was designed. If he does I have nothing
+      more to say. If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting
+      individual differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that it
+      is illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection
+      preserves for the good of any being have been designed. But I know that I
+      am in the same sort of muddle (as I have said before) as all the world
+      seems to be in with respect to free will, yet with everything supposed to
+      have been foreseen or pre-ordained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, my dear Gray, with many thanks for your interesting letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your unmerciful correspondent. C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, December 3 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for your extremely interesting letter, and valuable
+      references, though God knows when I shall come again to this part of my
+      subject. One cannot of course judge of style when one merely hears a paper
+      (On Mimetic Butterflies, read before the Linnean Soc., November 21, 1861.
+      For my father's opinion of it when published, see below.), but yours
+      seemed to me very clear and good. Believe me that I estimate its value
+      most highly. Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced (Hooker
+      and Huxley took the same view some months ago) that a philosophic view of
+      nature can solely be driven into naturalists by treating special subjects
+      as you have done. Under a special point of view, I think you have solved
+      one of the most perplexing problems which could be given to solve. I am
+      glad to hear from Hooker that the Linnean Society will give plates if you
+      can get drawings...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do not complain of want of advice during your travels; I dare say part of
+      your great originality of views may be due to the necessity of
+      sel-exertion of thought. I can understand that your reception at the
+      British Museum would damp you; they are a very good set of men, but not
+      the sort to appreciate your work. In fact I have long thought that TOO
+      MUCH systematic work [and] description somehow blunts the faculties. The
+      general public appreciates a good dose of reasoning, or generalisation,
+      with new and curious remarks on habits, final causes, etc. etc., far more
+      than do the regular naturalists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am extremely glad to hear that you have begun your travels... I am very
+      busy, but I shall be TRULY glad to render any aid which I can by reading
+      your first chapter or two. I do not think I shall be able to correct
+      style, for this reason, that after repeated trials I find I cannot correct
+      my own style till I see the MS. in type. Some are born with a power of
+      good writing, like Wallace; others like myself and Lyell have to labour
+      very hard and slowly at every sentence. I find it a very good plan, when I
+      cannot get a difficult discussion to please me, to fancy that some one
+      comes into the room and asks me what I am doing; and then try at once and
+      explain to the imaginary person what it is all about. I have done this for
+      one paragraph to myself several times, and sometimes to Mrs. Darwin, till
+      I see how the subject ought to go. It is, I think, good to read one's MS.
+      aloud. But style to me is a great difficulty; yet some good judges think I
+      have succeeded, and I say this to encourage you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What I THINK I can do will be to tell you whether parts had better be
+      shortened. It is good, I think, to dash "in media res," and work in later
+      any descriptions of country or any historical details which may be
+      necessary. Murray likes lots of wood-cuts&mdash;give some by all means of
+      ants. The public appreciate monkeys&mdash;our poor cousins. What sexual
+      differences are there in monkeys? Have you kept them tame? if so, about
+      their expression. I fear that you will hardly read my vile hand-writing,
+      but I cannot without killing trouble write better.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You shall have my candid opinion on your MS., but remember it is hard to
+      judge from MS., one reads slowly, and heavy parts seem much heavier. A
+      first-rate judge thought my Journal very poor; now that it is in print, I
+      happen to know, he likes it. I am sure you will understand why I am so
+      egotistical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was a LITTLE disappointed in Wallace's book ('Travels on the Amazon and
+      Rio Negro,' 1853.) on the Amazon; hardly facts enough. On the other hand,
+      in Gosse's book (Probably the 'Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica,' 1851.)
+      there is not reasoning enough to my taste. Heaven knows whether you will
+      care to read all this scribbling...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am glad you had a pleasant day with Hooker (In a letter to Sir J.D.
+      Hooker (December 1861), my father wrote: "I am very glad to hear that you
+      like Bates. I have seldom in my life been more struck with a man's power
+      of mind."), he is an admirably good man in every sense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following extract from a letter to Mr. Bates on the same subject is
+      interesting as giving an idea of the plan followed by my father in writing
+      his 'Naturalist's Voyage:'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As an old hackneyed author, let me give you a bit of advice, viz. to
+      strike out every word which is not quite necessary to the current subject,
+      and which could not interest a stranger. I constantly asked myself, would
+      a stranger care for this? and struck out or left in accordingly. I think
+      too much pains cannot be taken in making the style transparently clear and
+      throwing eloquence to the dogs."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Bates's book, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' was published in 1865,
+      but the following letter may be given here rather than in its due
+      chronological position:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, April 18, 1863.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Bates,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have finished volume i. My criticisms may be condensed into a single
+      sentence, namely, that it is the best work of Natural History Travels ever
+      published in England. Your style seems to me admirable. Nothing can be
+      better than the discussion on the struggle for existence, and nothing
+      better than the description of the Forest scenery. (In a letter to Lyell
+      my father wrote: "He [i.e. Mr. Bates] is second only to Humboldt in
+      describing a tropical forest.") It is a grand book, and whether or not it
+      sells quickly, it will last. You have spoken out boldly on Species; and
+      boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer. How beautifully
+      illustrated it is. The cut on the back is most tasteful. I heartily
+      congratulate you on its publication.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The "Athenaeum" ("I have read the first volume of Bates's Book; it is
+      capital, and I think the best Natural History Travels ever published in
+      England. He is bold about Species, etc., and the "Athenaeum" coolly says
+      'he bends his facts' for this purpose."&mdash;(From a letter to Sir J.D.
+      Hooker.)) was rather cold, as it always is, and insolent in the highest
+      degree about your leading facts. Have you seen the "Reader"? I can send it
+      to you if you have not seen it...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 11 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many and cordial thanks for your two last most valuable notes. What a
+      thing it is that when you receive this we may be at war, and we two be
+      bound, as good patriots, to hate each other, though I shall find this
+      hating you very hard work. How curious it is to see two countries, just
+      like two angry and silly men, taking so opposite a view of the same
+      transaction! I fear there is no shadow of doubt we shall fight if the two
+      Southern rogues are not given up. (The Confederate Commissioners Slidell
+      and Mason were forcibly removed from the "Trent", a West India mail
+      steamer on November 8, 1861. The news that the U.S. agreed to release them
+      reached England on January 8, 1862.) And what a wretched thing it will be
+      if we fight on the side of slavery. No doubt it will be said that we fight
+      to get cotton; but I fully believe that this has not entered into the
+      motive in the least. Well, thank Heaven, we private individuals have
+      nothing to do with so awful a responsibility. Again, how curious it is
+      that you seem to think that you can conquer the South; and I never meet a
+      soul, even those who would most wish it, who thinks it possible&mdash;that
+      is, to conquer and retain it. I do not suppose the mass of people in your
+      country will believe it, but I feel sure if we do go to war it will be
+      with the utmost reluctance by all classes, Ministers of Government and
+      all. Time will show, and it is no use writing or thinking about it. I
+      called the other day on Dr. Boott, and was pleased to find him pretty well
+      and cheerful. I see, by the way, he takes quite an English opinion of
+      American affairs, though an American in heart. (Dr. Boott was born in the
+      U.S.) Buckle might write a chapter on opinion being entirely dependent on
+      longitude!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... With respect to Design, I feel more inclined to show a white flag than
+      to fire my usual long-range shot. I like to try and ask you a puzzling
+      question, but when you return the compliment I have great doubts whether
+      it is a fair way of arguing. If anything is designed, certainly man must
+      be: one's "inner consciousness" (though a false guide) tells one so; yet I
+      cannot admit that man's rudimentary mammae... were designed. If I was to
+      say I believed this, I should believe it in the same incredible manner as
+      the orthodox believe the Trinity in Unity. You say that you are in a haze;
+      I am in thick mud; the orthodox would say in fetid, abominable mud; yet I
+      cannot keep out of the question. My dear Gray, I have written a deal of
+      nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours most cordially, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1862.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Owing to the illness from scarlet fever of one of his boys, he took a
+      house at Bournemouth in the autumn. He wrote to Dr. Gray from Southampton
+      (August 21, 1862):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We are a wretched family, and ought to be exterminated. We slept here to
+      rest our poor boy on his journey to Bournemouth, and my poor dear wife
+      sickened with scarlet fever, and has had it pretty sharply, but is
+      recovering well. There is no end of trouble in this weary world. I shall
+      not feel safe till we are all at home together, and when that will be I
+      know not. But it is foolish complaining."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Gray used to send postage stamps to the scarlet fever patient; with
+      regard to this good-natured deed my father wrote&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must just recur to stamps; my little man has calculated that he will
+      now have 6 stamps which no other boy in the school has. Here is a triumph.
+      Your last letter was plaistered with many coloured stamps, and he long
+      surveyed the envelope in bed with much quiet satisfaction."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The greater number of the letters of 1862 deal with the Orchid work, but
+      the wave of conversion to Evolution was still spreading, and reviews and
+      letters bearing on the subject still came in numbers. As an example of the
+      odd letters he received may be mentioned one which arrived in January of
+      this year "from a German homoeopathic doctor, an ardent admirer of the
+      'Origin.' Had himself published nearly the same sort of book, but goes
+      much deeper. Explains the origin of plants and animals on the principles
+      of homoeopathy or by the law of spirality. Book fell dead in Germany.
+      Therefore would I translate it and publish it in England."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, [January?] 14 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am heartily glad of your success in the North (This refers to two of Mr.
+      Huxley's lectures, given before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh
+      in 1862. The substance of them is given in 'Man's Place in Nature.'), and
+      thank you for your note and slip. By Jove you have attacked Bigotry in its
+      stronghold. I thought you would have been mobbed. I am so glad that you
+      will publish your Lectures. You seem to have kept a due medium between
+      extreme boldness and caution. I am heartily glad that all went off so
+      well. I hope Mrs. Huxley is pretty well... I must say one word on the
+      Hybrid question. No doubt you are right that here is a great hiatus in the
+      argument; yet I think you overrate it&mdash;you never allude to the
+      excellent evidence of VARIETIES of Verbascum and Nicotiana being partially
+      sterile together. It is curious to me to read (as I have to-day) the
+      greatest crossing GARDENER utterly pooh-poohing the distinction which
+      BOTANISTS make on this head, and insisting how frequently crossed
+      VARIETIES produce sterile offspring. Do oblige me by reading the latter
+      half of my Primula paper in the 'Linn. Journal,' for it leads me to
+      suspect that sterility will hereafter have to be largely viewed as an
+      acquired or SELECTED character&mdash;a view which I wish I had had facts
+      to maintain in the 'Origin.' (The view here given will be discussed in the
+      chapter on hetero-styled plants.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 25 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many thanks for your last Sunday's letter, which was one of the
+      pleasantest I ever received in my life. We are all pretty well redivivus,
+      and I am at work again. I thought it best to make a clean breast to Asa
+      Gray; and told him that the Boston dinner, etc. etc., had quite turned my
+      stomach, and that I almost thought it would be good for the peace of the
+      world if the United States were split up; on the other hand, I said that I
+      groaned to think of the slave-holders being triumphant, and that the
+      difficulties of making a line of separation were fearful. I wonder what he
+      will say... Your notion of the Aristocrat being kenspeckle, and the best
+      men of a good lot being thus easily selected is new to me, and striking.
+      The 'Origin' having made you in fact a jolly old Tory, made us all laugh
+      heartily. I have sometimes speculated on this subject; primogeniture (My
+      father had a strong feeling as to the injustice of primogeniture, and in a
+      similar spirit was often indignant over the unfair wills that appear from
+      time to time. He would declare energetically that if he were law-giver no
+      will should be valid that was not published in the testator's lifetime;
+      and this he maintained would prevent much of the monstrous injustice and
+      meanness apparent in so many wills.) is dreadfully opposed to selection;
+      suppose the first-born bull was necessarily made by each farmer the
+      begetter of his stock! On the other hand, as you say, ablest men are
+      continually raised to the peerage, and get crossed with the older
+      Lord-breeds, and the Lords continually select the most beautiful and
+      charming women out of the lower ranks; so that a good deal of indirect
+      selection improves the Lords. Certainly I agree with you the present
+      American row has a very Torifying influence on us all. I am very glad to
+      hear you are beginning to print the 'Genera;' it is a wonderful
+      satisfaction to be thus brought to bed, indeed it is one's chief
+      satisfaction, I think, though one knows that another bantling will soon be
+      developing...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MAXWELL MASTERS. (Dr. Masters is a well-known
+      vegetable teratologist, and has been for many years the editor of the
+      "Gardeners' Chronicle".) Down, February 26 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am much obliged to you for sending me your article (Refers to a paper on
+      "Vegetable Morphology," by Dr. Masters, in the 'British and Foreign
+      Medic-Chirurgical Review' for 1862), which I have just read with much
+      interest. The history, and a good deal besides, was quite new to me. It
+      seems to me capitally done, and so clearly written. You really ought to
+      write your larger work. You speak too generously of my book; but I must
+      confess that you have pleased me not a little; for no one, as far as I
+      know, has ever remarked on what I say on classification&mdash;a part,
+      which when I wrote it, pleased me. With many thanks to you for sending me
+      your article, pray believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir, yours sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the spring of this year (1862) my father read the second volume of
+      Buckle's 'History of Civilisation." The following strongly expressed
+      opinion about it may be worth quoting:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Have you read Buckle's second volume? It has interested me greatly; I do
+      not care whether his views are right or wrong, but I should think they
+      contained much truth. There is a noble love of advancement and truth
+      throughout; and to my taste he is the very best writer of the English
+      language that ever lived, let the other be who he may."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, March 15 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thanks for the newspapers (though they did contain digs at England), and
+      for your note of February 18th. It is really almost a pleasure to receive
+      stabs from so smooth, polished, and sharp a dagger as your pen. I heartily
+      wish I could sympathise more fully with you, instead of merely hating the
+      South. We cannot enter into your feelings; if Scotland were to rebel, I
+      presume we should be very wrath, but I do not think we should care a penny
+      what other nations thought. The millennium must come before nations love
+      each other; but try and do not hate me. Think of me, if you will as a poor
+      blinded fool. I fear the dreadful state of affairs must dull your interest
+      in Science...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I believe that your pamphlet has done my book GREAT good; and I thank you
+      from my heart for myself; and believing that the views are in large part
+      true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn. Natural
+      Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and on the
+      Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French (In June,
+      1862, my father wrote to Dr. Gray: "I received, 2 or 3 days ago, a French
+      translation of the 'Origin,' by a Madlle. Royer, who must be one of the
+      cleverest and oddest women in Europe: is an ardent Deist, and hates
+      Christianity, and declares that natural selection and the struggle for
+      life will explain all morality, nature of man, politics, etc. etc.! She
+      makes some very curious and good hits, and says she shall publish a book
+      on these subjects." Madlle. Royer added foot-notes to her translation, and
+      in many places where the author expresses great doubt, she explains the
+      difficulty, or points out that no real difficulty exists.) one has just
+      appeared. One of the best men, though at present unknown, who has taken up
+      these views, is Mr. Bates; pray read his 'Travels in Amazonia,' when they
+      appear; they will be very good, judging from MS. of the first two
+      chapters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Again I say, do not hate me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 1 Carlton Terrace, Southampton (The
+      house of his son William.), August 22, [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I heartily hope that you (I.e. 'The Antiquity of Man.') will be out in
+      October... you say that the Bishop and Owen will be down on you; the
+      latter hardly can, for I was assured that Owen in his Lectures this spring
+      advanced as a new idea that wingless birds had lost their wings by disuse,
+      also that magpies stole spoons, etc., from a REMNANT of some instinct like
+      that of the Bower-Bird, which ornaments its playing-passage with pretty
+      feathers. Indeed, I am told that he hinted plainly that all birds are
+      descended from one...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your P.S. touches on, as it seems to me, very difficult points. I am glad
+      to see [that] in the 'Origin,' I only say that the naturalists generally
+      consider that low organisms vary more than high; and this I think
+      certainly is the general opinion. I put the statement this way to show
+      that I considered it only an opinion probably true. I must own that I do
+      not at all trust even Hooker's contrary opinion, as I feel pretty sure
+      that he has not tabulated any result. I have some materials at home, I
+      think I attempted to make this point out, but cannot remember the result.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mere variability, though the necessary foundation of all modifications, I
+      believe to be almost always present, enough to allow of any amount of
+      selected change; so that it does not seem to me at all incompatible that a
+      group which at any one period (or during all successive periods) varies
+      less, should in the long course of time have undergone more modification
+      than a group which is generally more variable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Placental animals, e.g. might be at each period less variable than
+      Marsupials, and nevertheless have undergone more DIFFERENTIATION and
+      development than marsupials, owing to some advantage, probably brain
+      development.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am surprised, but do not pretend to form an opinion at Hooker's
+      statement that higher species, genera, etc., are best limited. It seems to
+      me a bold statement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Looking to the 'Origin,' I see that I state that the productions of the
+      land seem to change quicker than those of the sea (Chapter X., page 339,
+      3d edition), and I add there is some reason to believe that organisms
+      considered high in the scale change quicker than those that are low. I
+      remember writing these sentences after much deliberation... I remember
+      well feeling much hesitation about putting in even the guarded sentences
+      which I did. My doubts, I remember, related to the rate of change of the
+      Radiata in the Secondary formation, and of the Foraminifera in the oldest
+      Tertiary beds...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Good night, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, October 1 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I found here (On his return from Bournemouth.) a short and very kind
+      note of Falconer, with some pages of his 'Elephant Memoir,' which will be
+      published, in which he treats admirably on long persistence of type. I
+      thought he was going to make a good and crushing attack on me, but to my
+      great satisfaction, he ends by pointing out a loophole, and adds
+      (Falconer, "On the American Fossil Elephant," in the 'Nat. Hist. Review,'
+      1863, page 81. The words preceding those cited by my father make the
+      meaning of his quotation clearer. The passage begins as follows: "The
+      inferences which I draw from these facts are not opposed to one of the
+      leading propositions of Darwin's theory. With him," etc. etc.) "with him I
+      have no faith that the mammoth and other extinct elephants made their
+      appearance suddenly... The most rational view seems to be that they are
+      the modified descendants of earlier progenitors, etc." This is capital.
+      There will not be soon one good palaeontologist who believes in
+      immutability. Falconer does not allow for the Proboscidean group being a
+      failing one, and therefore not likely to be giving off new races.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He adds that he does not think Natural Selection suffices. I do not quite
+      see the force of his argument, and he apparently overlooks that I say over
+      and over again that Natural Selection can do nothing without variability,
+      and that variability is subject to the most complex fixed laws...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In his letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, about the end of this year, are
+      occasional notes on the progress of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+      Thus on November 24th he wrote: "I hardly know why I am a little sorry,
+      but my present work is leading me to believe rather more in the direct
+      action of physical conditions. I presume I regret it, because it lessens
+      the glory of natural selection, and is so confoundedly doubtful. Perhaps I
+      shall change again when I get all my facts under one point of view, and a
+      pretty hard job this will be."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, on December 22nd, "To-day I have begun to think of arranging my
+      concluding chapters on Inheritance, Reversion, Selection, and such things,
+      and am fairly paralyzed how to begin and how to end, and what to do, with
+      my huge piles of materials."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 6 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When your note of October 4th and 13th (chiefly about Max Muller) arrived,
+      I was nearly at the end of the same book ('Lectures on the Science of
+      Language,' 1st edition 1861.), and had intended recommending you to read
+      it. I quite agree that it is extremely interesting, but the latter part
+      about the FIRST origin of language much the least satisfactory. It is a
+      marvellous problem...[There are] covert sneers at me, which he seems to
+      get the better of towards the close of the book. I cannot quite see how it
+      will forward "my cause," as you call it; but I can see how any one with
+      literary talent (I do not feel up to it) could make great use of the
+      subject in illustration. (Language was treated in the manner here
+      indicated by Sir C. Lyell in the 'Antiquity of Man.' Also by Prof.
+      Schleicher, whose pamphlet was fully noticed in the "Reader", February 27,
+      1864 (as I learn from one of Prof. Huxley's 'Lay Sermons').) What pretty
+      metaphors you would make from it! I wish some one would keep a lot of the
+      most noisy monkeys, half free, and study their means of communication!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A book has just appeared here which will, I suppose, make a noise, by
+      Bishop Colenso ('The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined,'
+      six parts, 1862-71.), who, judging from extracts, smashes most of the Old
+      testament. Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases me,
+      though it is very innocent food, viz., Miss Coopers 'Journal of a
+      Naturalist.' Who is she? She seems a very clever woman, and gives a
+      capital account of the battle between OUR and YOUR weeds. Does it not hurt
+      your Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly? I am sure Mrs. Gray
+      will stick up for your own weeds. Ask her whether they are not more
+      honest, downright good sort of weeds. The book gives an extremely pretty
+      picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though so much
+      more gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one comfort...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, November 20 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Bates,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just finished, after several reads, your paper. (This refers to Mr.
+      Bates's paper, "Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazons Valley"
+      ('Linn. Soc. Trans.' xxiii., 1862), in which the now familiar subject of
+      mimicry was founded. My father wrote a short review of it in the 'Natural
+      History Review,' 1863, page 219, parts of which occur in this review
+      almost verbatim in the later editions of the 'Origin of Species.' A
+      striking passage occurs showing the difficulties of the case from a
+      creationist's point of view:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the Amazonian
+      region acquired their deceptive dress? Most naturalists will answer that
+      they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation&mdash;an answer
+      which will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only by
+      long-drawn arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an
+      effectual bar to all further enquiry. In this particular case, moreover,
+      the creationist will meet with special difficulties; for many of the
+      mimicking forms of Leptalis can be shown by a graduated series to be
+      merely varieties of one species; other mimickers are undoubtedly distinct
+      species, or even distinct genera. So again, some of the mimicked forms can
+      be shown to be merely varieties; but the greater number must be ranked as
+      distinct species. Hence the creationist will have to admit that some of
+      these forms have become imitators, by means of the laws of variation,
+      whilst others he must look at as separately created under their present
+      guise; he will further have to admit that some have been created in
+      imitation of forms not themselves created as we now see them, but due to
+      the laws of variation? Prof. Agassiz, indeed, would think nothing of this
+      difficulty; for he believes that not only each species and each variety,
+      but that groups of individuals, though identically the same, when
+      inhabiting distinct countries, have been all separately created in due
+      proportional numbers to the wants of each land. Not many naturalists will
+      be content thus to believe that varieties and individuals have been turned
+      out all ready made, almost as a manufacturer turns out toys according to
+      the temporary demand of the market.") In my opinion it is one of the most
+      remarkable and admirable papers I ever read in my life. The mimetic cases
+      are truly marvellous, and you connect excellently a host of analogous
+      facts. The illustrations are beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it
+      would have saved the reader not a little trouble, if the name of each had
+      been engraved below each separate figure. No doubt this would have put the
+      engraver into fits, as it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate. I
+      am not at all surprised at such a paper having consumed much time. I am
+      rejoiced that I passed over the whole subject in the 'Origin,' for I
+      should have made a precious mess of it. You have most clearly stated and
+      solved a wonderful problem. No doubt with most people this will be the
+      cream of the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings
+      on variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete
+      species, is not really more, or at least as valuable, a part. I never
+      conceived the process nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the
+      creation of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on
+      the pairing of similar varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts
+      seems here wanted. Then, again, what a host of curious miscellaneous
+      observations there are&mdash;as on related sexual and individual
+      variability: these will some day, if I live, be a treasure to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+      not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot defend
+      themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds, therefore
+      they escape by trickery and deception?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of the
+      paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent
+      attention in it to the mimetic resemblances. Your paper is too good to be
+      largely appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls; but, rely on
+      it, that it will have LASTING value, and I cordially congratulate you on
+      your first great work. You will find, I should think, that Wallace will
+      fully appreciate it. How gets on your book? Keep your spirits up. A book
+      is no light labour. I have been better lately, and working hard, but my
+      health is very indifferent. How is your health? Believe me, dear Bates,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.IV. &mdash; THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS'
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1863-1866.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [His book on animals and plants under domestication was my father's chief
+      employment in the year 1863. His diary records the length of time spent
+      over the composition of its chapters, and shows the rate at which he
+      arranged and wrote out for printing the observations and deductions of
+      several years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The three chapters in volume ii. on inheritance, which occupy 84 pages of
+      print, were begun in January and finished on April 1st; the five on
+      crossing, making 106 pages, were written in eight weeks, while the two
+      chapters on selection, covering 57 pages, were begun on June 16th and
+      finished on July 20th.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work was more than once interrupted by ill health, and in September,
+      what proved to be the beginning of a six month's illness, forced him to
+      leave home for the water-cure at Malvern. He returned in October and
+      remained ill and depressed, in spite of the hopeful opinion of one of the
+      most cheery and skilful physicians of the day. Thus he wrote to Sir J.D.
+      Hooker in November:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Dr. Brinton has been here (recommended by Busk); he does not believe my
+      brain or heart are primarily affected, but I have been so steadily going
+      down hill, I cannot help doubting whether I can ever crawl a little uphill
+      again. Unless I can, enough to work a little, I hope my life may be very
+      short, for to lie on a sofa all day and do nothing but give trouble to the
+      best and kindest of wives and good dear children is dreadful."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The minor works in this year were a short paper in the 'Natural History
+      Review' (N.S. vol. iii. page 115), entitled "On the so-called
+      'Auditor-Sac' of Cirripedes," and one in the 'Geological Society's
+      Journal' (vol. xix), on the "Thickness of the Pampaean Formation near
+      Buenos Ayres." The paper on Cirripedes was called forth by the criticisms
+      of a German naturalist Krohn (Krohn stated that the structures described
+      by my father as ovaries were in reality salivary glands, also that the
+      oviduct runs down to the orifice described in the 'Monograph of the
+      Cirripedia' as the auditory meatus.), and is of some interest in
+      illustration of my father's readiness to admit an error.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the spread of a belief in Evolution, it could not yet be
+      said that the battle was won, but the growth of belief was undoubtedly
+      rapid. So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley could write to F.D. Maurice
+      (Kingsley's 'Life,' ii, page 171.):
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+      everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and
+      fact."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating the growing
+      tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the 'Origin of
+      Species.' He gave a series of lectures to working men at the School of
+      Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the shorthand
+      notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4 pence each, under the
+      title, 'Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature.' When published
+      they were read with interest by my father, who thus refers to them in a
+      letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am very glad you like Huxley's lectures. I have been very much struck
+      with them, especially with the 'Philosophy of Induction.' I have
+      quarrelled with him for overdoing sterility and ignoring cases from
+      Gartner and Kolreuter about sterile varieties. His Geology is obscure; and
+      I rather doubt about man's mind and language. But it seems to me ADMIRABLY
+      done, and, as you say, "Oh my," about the praise of the 'Origin.' I can't
+      help liking it, which makes me rather ashamed of myself."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father admired the clearness of exposition shown in the lectures, and
+      in the following letter urges their author to make use of his powers for
+      the advantage of students:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. November 5 [1864].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I want to make a suggestion to you, but which may probably have occurred
+      to you. &mdash; was reading your Lectures and ended by saying, "I wish he
+      would write a book." I answered, "he has just written a great book on the
+      skull." "I don't call that a book," she replied, and added, "I want
+      something that people can read; he does write so well." Now, with your
+      ease in writing, and with knowledge at your fingers' ends, do you not
+      think you could write a popular Treatise on Zoology? Of course it would be
+      some waste of time, but I have been asked more than a dozen times to
+      recommend something for a beginner and could only think of Carpenter's
+      Zoology. I am sure that a striking Treatise would do real service to
+      science by educating naturalists. If you were to keep a portfolio open for
+      a couple of years, and throw in slips of paper as subjects crossed your
+      mind, you would soon have a skeleton (and that seems to me the difficulty)
+      on which to put the flesh and colours in your inimitable manner. I believe
+      such a book might have a brilliant success, but I did not intend to
+      scribble so much about it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Give my kindest remembrance to Mrs. Huxley, and tell her I was looking at
+      'Enoch Arden,' and as I know how she admires Tennyson, I must call her
+      attention to two sweetly pretty lines (page 105)...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... and he meant, he said he meant, Perhaps he meant, or partly meant, you
+      well.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such a gem as this is enough to make me young again, and like poetry with
+      pristine fervour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley, Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In another letter (January 1865) he returns to the above suggestion,
+      though he was in general strongly opposed to men of science giving up to
+      the writing of text-books, or to teaching, the time that might otherwise
+      have been given to original research.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I knew there was very little chance of your having time to write a
+      popular Treatise on Zoology, but you are about the one man who could do
+      it. At the time I felt it would be almost a sin for you to do it, as it
+      would of course destroy some original work. On the other hand I sometimes
+      think that general and popular treatises are almost as important for the
+      progress of science as original work."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The series of letters will continue the history of the year 1863.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 3 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am burning with indignation and must exhale... I could not get to sleep
+      till past 3 last night for indignation (It would serve no useful purpose
+      if I were to go into the matter which so strongly roused my father's
+      anger. It was a question of literary dishonesty, in which a friend was the
+      sufferer, but which in no way affected himself.)...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now for pleasanter subjects; we were all amused at your defence of stamp
+      collecting and collecting generally... But, by Jove, I can hardly stomach
+      a grown man collecting stamps. Who would ever have thought of your
+      collecting Wedgwoodware! but that is wholly different, like engravings or
+      pictures. We are degenerate descendants of old Josiah W., for we have not
+      a bit of pretty ware in the house.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Notwithstanding the very pleasant reason you give for our not enjoying
+      a holiday, namely, that we have no vices, it is a horrid bore. I have been
+      trying for health's sake to be idle, with no success. What I shall now
+      have to do, will be to erect a tablet in Down Church, "Sacred to the
+      Memory, etc.," and officially die, and then publish books, "by the late
+      Charles Darwin," for I cannot think what has come over me of late; I
+      always suffered from the excitement of talking, but now it has become
+      ludicrous. I talked lately 1 1/2 hours (broken by tea by myself) with my
+      nephew, and I was [ill] half the night. It is a fearful evil for self and
+      family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Good-night. Ever yours. C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter to Sir Julius von Haast (Sir Julius von Haast was a
+      German by birth, but had long been resident in New Zealand. He was, in
+      1862, Government Geologist to the Province of Canterbury.), is an example
+      of the sympathy which he felt with the spread and growth of science in the
+      colonies. It was a feeling not expressed once only, but was frequently
+      present in his mind, and often found utterance. When we, at Cambridge, had
+      the satisfaction of receiving Sir J. von Haast into our body as a Doctor
+      of Science (July 1886), I had the opportunity of hearing from him of the
+      vivid pleasure which this, and other letters from my father, gave him. It
+      was pleasant to see how strong had been the impression made by my father's
+      warm-hearted sympathy&mdash;an impression which seemed, after more than
+      twenty years, to be as fresh as when it was first received:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS VON HAAST. Down, January 22 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you most sincerely for sending me your Address and the Geological
+      Report. (Address to the 'Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (N.Z.).'
+      The "Report" is given in "The New Zealand Government Gazette, Province of
+      Canterbury", October 1862.) I have seldom in my life read anything more
+      spirited and interesting than your address. The progress of your colony
+      makes one proud, and it is really admirable to see a scientific
+      institution founded in so young a nation. I thank you for the very
+      honourable notice of my 'Origin of Species.' You will easily believe how
+      much I have been interested by your striking facts on the old glacial
+      period, and I suppose the world might be searched in vain for so grand a
+      display of terraces. You have, indeed, a noble field for scientific
+      research and discovery. I have been extremely much interested by what you
+      say about the tracks of supposed [living] mammalia. Might I ask, if you
+      succeed in discovering what the creatures are, you would have the great
+      kindness to inform me? Perhaps they may turn out something like the
+      Solenhofen bird creature, with its long tail and fingers, with claws to
+      its wings! I may mention that in South America, in completely uninhabited
+      regions, I found spring rat-traps, baited with CHEESE, were very
+      successful in catching the smaller mammals. I would venture to suggest to
+      you to urge on some of the capable members of your institution to observe
+      annually the rate and manner of spreading of European weeds and insects,
+      and especially to observe WHAT NATIVE PLANTS MOST FAIL; this latter point
+      has never been attended to. Do the introduced hive-bees replace any other
+      insect? etc. All such points are, in my opinion, great desiderata in
+      science. What an interesting discovery that of the remains of prehistoric
+      man!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, dear Sir, With the most cordial respect and thanks, Yours very
+      faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO CAMILLE DARESTE. (Professor Dareste is a
+      well-known worker in Animal Teratology. He was in 1863 living at Lille,
+      but has since then been called to Paris. My father took a special interest
+      in Dareste's work on the production of monsters, as bearing on the causes
+      of variation.) Down, February 16 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear and respected Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you sincerely for your letter and your pamphlet. I had heard (I
+      think in one of M. Quatrefages' books) of your work, and was most anxious
+      to read it, but did not know where to find it. You could not have made me
+      a more valuable present. I have only just returned home, and have not yet
+      read your work; when I do if I wish to ask any questions I will venture to
+      trouble you. Your approbation of my book on Species has gratified me
+      extremely. Several naturalists in England, North America, and Germany,
+      have declared that their opinions on the subject have in some degree been
+      modified, but as far as I know, my book has produced no effect whatever in
+      France, and this makes me the more gratified by your very kind expression
+      of approbation. Pray believe me, dear Sir, with much respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully and obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 24 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am astonished at your note, I have not seen the "Athenaeum" (In the
+      'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 480, Lyell criticised somewhat
+      severely Owen's account of the difference between the Human and Simian
+      brains. The number of the "Athenaeum" here referred to (1863, page 262)
+      contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's strictures. The surprise
+      expressed by my father was at the revival of a controversy which every one
+      believed to be closed. Prof. Huxley ("Medical Times", October 25, 1862,
+      quoted in 'Man's Place in Nature,' page 117) spoke of the "two years
+      during which this preposterous controversy has dragged its weary length."
+      And this no doubt expressed a very general feeling.) but I have sent for
+      it, and may get it to-morrow; and will then say what I think.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have read Lyell's book. ['The Antiquity of Man.'] the whole certainty
+      struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible
+      the facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original
+      work. The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent. I
+      could hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss of novelty was completely
+      worn off. But certainly the aggregation of the evidence produced a very
+      striking effect on my mind. The chapter comparing language and changes of
+      species, seems most ingenious and interesting. He has shown great skill in
+      picking out salient points in the argument for change of species; but I am
+      deeply disappointed (I do not mean personally) to find that his timidity
+      prevents him giving any judgment... From all my communications with him I
+      must ever think that he has really entirely lost faith in the immutability
+      of species; and yet one of his strongest sentences is nearly as follows:
+      "If it should EVER (The italics are not Lyell's.) be rendered highly
+      probable that species change by variation and natural selection," etc.,
+      etc. I had hoped he would have guided the public as far as his own belief
+      went... One thing does please me on this subject, that he seems to
+      appreciate your work. No doubt the public or a part may be induced to
+      think that as he gives to us a larger space than to Lamarck, he must think
+      there is something in our views. When reading the brain chapter, it struck
+      me forcibly that if he had said openly that he believed in change of
+      species, and as a consequence that man was derived from some Quadrumanous
+      animal, it would have been very proper to have discussed by compilation
+      the differences in the most important organ, viz. the brain. As it is, the
+      chapter seems to me to come in rather by the head and shoulders. I do not
+      think (but then I am as prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so)
+      that it is too severe; it struck me as given with judicial force. It might
+      perhaps be said with truth that he had no business to judge on a subject
+      on which he knows nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent.
+      (You know I value and rank high compilers, being one myself!) I have taken
+      you at your word, and scribbled at great length. If I get the "Athenaeum"
+      to-morrow, I will add my impression of Owen's letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday. I
+      dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not spoken
+      out on species, still less on man. And the best of the joke is that he
+      thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old. I hope I may have
+      taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall PARTICULARLY be glad
+      of your opinion on this head. (On this subject my father wrote to Sir
+      Joseph Hooker: "Cordial thanks for your deeply interesting letters about
+      Lyell, Owen, and Co. I cannot say how glad I am to hear that I have not
+      been unjust about the species-question towards Lyell. I feared I had been
+      unreasonable.") When I got his book I turned over the pages, and saw he
+      had discussed the subject of species, and said that I thought he would do
+      more to convert the public than all of us, and now (which makes the case
+      worse for me) I must, in common honesty, retract. I wish to Heaven he had
+      said not a word on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      WEDNESDAY MORNING:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have read the "Athenaeum". I do not think Lyell will be nearly so much
+      annoyed as you expect. The concluding sentence is no doubt very stinging.
+      No one but a good anatomist could unravel Owen's letter; at least it is
+      quite beyond me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Lyell's memory plays him false when he says all anatomists were
+      astonished at Owen's paper ("On the Characters, etc., of the Class
+      Mammalia." 'Linn. Soc. Journal,' ii, 1858.); it was often quoted with
+      approbation. I WELL remember Lyell's admiration at this new
+      classification! (Do not repeat this.) I remember it, because, though I
+      knew nothing whatever about the brain, I felt a conviction that a
+      classification thus founded on a single character would break down, and it
+      seemed to me a great error not to separate more completely the
+      Marsupialia...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+      within, what ought to be, the peaceful realms of science. I will go to my
+      own present subject of inheritance and forget it all for a time. Farewell,
+      my dear old friend,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 23 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... If you have time to read you will be interested by parts of Lyell's
+      book on man; but I fear that the best part, about the Glacial period, may
+      be too geological for any one except a regular geologist. He quotes you at
+      the end with gusto. By the way, he told me the other day how pleased some
+      had been by hearing that they could purchase your pamphlet. The
+      "Parthenon" also speaks of it as the ablest contribution to the literature
+      of the subject. It delights me when I see your work appreciated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lyells come here this day week, and I shall grumble at his excessive
+      caution... The public may well say, if such a man dare not or will not
+      speak out his mind, how can we who are ignorant form even a guess on the
+      subject? Lyell was pleased when I told him lately that you thought that
+      language might be used as an excellent illustration of derivation of
+      species; you will see that he has an ADMIRABLE chapter on this...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I read Cairns's excellent Lecture (Prof. J.E. Cairns, 'The Slave Power,
+      etc.: an attempt to explain the real issues involved in the American
+      contest.' 1862.), which shows so well how your quarrel arose from Slavery.
+      It made me for a time wish honestly for the North; but I could never help,
+      though I tried, all the time thinking how we should be bullied and forced
+      into a war by you, when you were triumphant. But I do most truly think it
+      dreadful that the South, with its accursed slavery, should triumph, and
+      spread the evil. I think if I had power, which thank God, I have not, I
+      would let you conquer the border States, and all west of the Mississippi,
+      and then force you to acknowledge the cotton States. For do you not now
+      begin to doubt whether you can conquer and hold them? I have inflicted a
+      long tirade on you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Times" is getting more detestable (but that is too weak a word) than
+      ever. My good wife wishes to give it up, but I tell her that is a pitch of
+      heroism to which only a woman is equal. To give up the "Bloody Old
+      'Times'," as Cobbett used to call it, would be to give up meat, drink and
+      air. Farewell, my dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, March 6, [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have been of course deeply interested by your book. ('Antiquity of
+      Man.') I have hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a little
+      on what most interested me. But I will first get out what I hate saying,
+      viz., that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not given
+      judgment and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation of
+      species. I should have been contented if you had boldly said that species
+      have not been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt as you like
+      on how far variation and natural selection suffices. I hope to Heaven I am
+      wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems so), but I cannot see
+      how your chapters can do more good than an extraordinary able review. I
+      think the "Parthenon" is right, that you will leave the public in a fog.
+      No doubt they may infer that as you give more space to myself, Wallace,
+      and Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think more of us. But I had always
+      thought that your judgment would have been an epoch in the subject. All
+      that is over with me, and I will only think on the admirable skill with
+      which you have selected the striking points, and explained them. No praise
+      can be too strong, in my opinion, for the inimitable chapter on language
+      in comparison with species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      (After speculating on the sudden appearance of individuals far above the
+      average of the human race, Lyell asks if such leaps upwards in the scale
+      of intellect may not "have cleared at one bound the space which separated
+      the higher stage of the unprogressive intelligence of the inferior animals
+      from the first and lowest form of improvable reason manifested by man.")
+      page 505&mdash;A sentence at the top of the page makes me groan...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you must
+      know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master. I
+      heartily hope and expect that your book will have gigantic circulation and
+      may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do. I am tired, so no
+      more. I have written so briefly that you will have to guess my meaning. I
+      fear my remarks are hardly worth sending. Farewell, with kindest
+      remembrance to Lady Lyell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Mr. Huxley has quoted (vol. i. page 546) some passages from Lyell's
+      letters which show his state of mind at this time. The following passage,
+      from a letter of March 11th to my father, is also of much interest:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "My feelings, however, more than any thought about policy or expediency,
+      prevent me from dogmatising as to the descent of man from the brutes,
+      which, though I am prepared to accept it, takes away much of the charm
+      from my speculations on the past relating to such matters... But you ought
+      to be satisfied, as I shall bring hundreds towards you who, if I treated
+      the matter more dogmatically, would have rebelled."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, 12 [March, 1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may say, charming
+      letter. I feared you might be huffed for a little time with me. I know
+      some men would have been so. I have hardly any more criticisms, anyhow,
+      worth writing. But I may mention that I felt a little surprise that old B.
+      de Perthes (1788-1868. See footnote below.) was not rather more honourably
+      mentioned. I would suggest whether you could not leave out some references
+      to the 'Principles;' one for the real student is as good as a hundred, and
+      it is rather irritating, and gives a feeling of incompleteness to the
+      general reader to be often referred to other books. As you say that you
+      have gone as far as you believe on the species question, I have not a word
+      to say; but I must feel convinced that at times, judging from
+      conversation, expressions, letters, etc., you have as completely given up
+      belief in immutability of specific forms as I have done. I must still
+      think a clear expression from you, IF YOU COULD HAVE GIVEN IT, would have
+      been potent with the public, and all the more so, as you formerly held
+      opposite opinions. The more I work the more satisfied I become with
+      variation and natural selection, but that part of the case I look at as
+      less important, though more interesting to me personally. As you ask for
+      criticisms on this head (and believe me that I should not have made them
+      unasked), I may specify (pages 412, 413) that such words as "Mr. D.
+      labours to show," "is believed by the author to throw light," would lead a
+      common reader to think that you yourself do NOT at all agree, but merely
+      think it fair to give my opinion. Lastly, you refer repeatedly to my view
+      as a modification of Lamarck's doctrine of development and progression. If
+      this is your deliberate opinion there is nothing to be said, but it does
+      not seem so to me. Plato, Buffon, my grandfather before Lamarck, and
+      others, propounded the OBVIOUS views that if species were not created
+      separately they must have descended from other species, and I can see
+      nothing else in common between the 'Origin' and Lamarck. I believe this
+      way of putting the case is very injurious to its acceptance, as it implies
+      necessary progression, and closely connects Wallace's and my views with
+      what I consider, after two deliberate readings, as a wretched book, and
+      one from which (I well remember my surprise) I gained nothing. But I know
+      you rank it higher, which is curious, as it did not in the least shake
+      your belief. But enough, and more than enough. Please remember you have
+      brought it all down on yourself!!!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation." ("Falconer, whom I
+      referred to oftener than to any other author, says I have not done justice
+      to the part he took in resuscitating the cave question, and says he shall
+      come out with a separate paper to prove it. I offered to alter anything in
+      the new edition, but this he declined.&mdash;C. Lyell to C. Darwin, March
+      11, 1863; Lyell's 'Life,' vol. ii. page 364.) I hate the very word, and
+      have a sincere affection for him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Did you ever read anything so wretched as the "Athenaeum" reviews of you,
+      and of Huxley ('Man's Place in Nature,' 1863.) especially. Your OBJECT to
+      make man old, and Huxley's OBJECT to degrade him. The wretched writer has
+      not a glimpse what the discovery of scientific truth means. How splendid
+      some pages are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be popular...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [March 13, 1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I should have thanked you sooner for the "Athenaeum" and very pleasant
+      previous note, but I have been busy, and not a little uncomfortable from
+      frequent uneasy feeling of fullness, slight pain and tickling about the
+      heart. But as I have no other symptoms of heart complaint I do not suppose
+      it is affected... I have had a most kind and delightfully candid letter
+      from Lyell, who says he spoke out as far as he believes. I have no doubt
+      his belief failed him as he wrote, for I feel sure that at times he no
+      more believed in Creation than you or I. I have grumbled a bit in my
+      answer to him at his ALWAYS classing my work as a modification of
+      Lamarck's, which it is no more than any author who did not believe in
+      immutability of species, and did believe in descent. I am very sorry to
+      hear from Lyell that Falconer is going to publish a formal reclamation of
+      his own claims...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is cruel to think of it, but we must go to Malvern in the middle of
+      April; it is ruin to me. (He went to Hartfield in Sussex, on April 27, and
+      to Malvern in the autumn.)...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, March 17 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been much interested by your letters and enclosure, and thank you
+      sincerely for giving me so much time when you must be so busy. What a
+      curious letter from B. de P. [Boucher de Perthes]. He seems perfectly
+      satisfied, and must be a very amiable man. I know something about his
+      errors, and looked at his book many years ago, and am ashamed to think
+      that I concluded the whole was rubbish! Yet he has done for man something
+      like what Agassiz did for glaciers. (In his 'Antiquites Celtiques' (1847),
+      Boucher de Perthes described the flint tools found at Abbeville with bones
+      of rhinoceros, hyaena, etc. "But the scientific world had no faith in the
+      statement that works of art, however rude, had been met with in
+      undisturbed beds of such antiquity." ('Antiquity of Man,' first edition,
+      page 95).)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot say that I agree with Hooker about the public not liking to be
+      told what to conclude, IF COMING FROM ONE IN YOUR POSITION. But I am
+      heartily sorry that I was led to make complaints, or something very like
+      complaints, on the manner in which you have treated the subject, and still
+      more so anything about myself. I steadily ENDEAVOUR never to forget my
+      firm belief that no one can at all judge about his own work. As for
+      Lamarck, as you have such a man as Grove with you, you are triumphant; not
+      that I can alter my opinion that to me it was an absolutely useless book.
+      Perhaps this was owing to my always searching books for facts, perhaps
+      from knowing my grandfather's earlier and identically the same
+      speculation. I will only further say that if I can analyse my own feelings
+      (a very doubtful process), it is nearly as much for your sake as for my
+      own, that I so much wish that your state of belief could have permitted
+      you to say boldly and distinctly out that species were not separately
+      created. I have generally told you the progress of opinion, as I have
+      heard it, on the species question. A first-rate German naturalist (No
+      doubt Haeckel, whose monograph on the Radiolaria was published in 1862. In
+      the same year Professor W. Preyer of Jena published a dissertation on Alca
+      impennis, which was one of the earliest pieces of special work on the
+      basis of the 'Origin of Species.') (I now forget the name!), who has
+      lately published a grand folio, has spoken out to the utmost extent on the
+      'Origin.' De Candolle, in a very good paper on "Oaks," goes, in Asa Gray's
+      opinion, as far as he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing to me,
+      says WE, "we think this and that;" so that I infer he really goes to the
+      full extent with me, and tells me of a French good botanical
+      palaeontologist (name forgotten) (The Marquis de Saporta.), who writes to
+      De Candolle that he is sure that my views will ultimately prevail. But I
+      did not intend to have written all this. It satisfies me with the final
+      results, but this result, I begin to see, will take two or three
+      lifetimes. The entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half
+      a century. I really pity your having to balance the claims of so many
+      eager aspirants for notice; it is clearly impossible to satisfy all...
+      Certainly I was struck with the full and due honour you conferred on
+      Falconer. I have just had a note from Hooker... I am heartily glad that
+      you have made him so conspicuous; he is so honest, so candid, and so
+      modest...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have read &mdash;. I could find nothing to lay hold of, which in one
+      sense I am very glad of, as I should hate a controversy; but in another
+      sense I am very sorry for, as I long to be in the same boat with all my
+      friends... I am heartily glad the book is going off so well.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [March 29, 1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Many thanks for "Athenaeum", received this morning, and to be returned
+      to-morrow morning. Who would have ever thought of the old stupid
+      "Athenaeum" taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy written in
+      Owenian style! (This refers to a review of Dr. Carpenter's 'Introduction
+      to the study of Foraminifera,' that appeared in the "Athenaeum" of March
+      28, 1863 (page 417). The reviewer attacks Dr. Carpenter's views in as much
+      as they support the doctrine of Descent; and he upholds spontaneous
+      generation (Heterogeny) in place of what Dr. Carpenter, naturally enough,
+      believed in, viz. the genetic connection of living and extinct
+      Foraminifera. In the next number is a letter by Dr. Carpenter, which
+      chiefly consists of a protest against the reviewer's somewhat contemptuous
+      classification of Dr. Carpenter and my father as disciple and master. In
+      the course of the letter Dr. Carpenter says&mdash;page 461:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Under the influence of his foregone conclusion that I have accepted Mr.
+      Darwin as my master, and his hypothesis as my guide, your reviewer
+      represents me as blind to the significance of the general fact stated by
+      me, that 'there has been no advance in the foraminiferous type from the
+      palaeozoic period to the present time.' But for such a foregone conclusion
+      he would have recognised in this statement the expression of my conviction
+      that the present state of scientific evidence, instead of sanctioning the
+      idea that the descendants of the primitive type or types of Foraminifera
+      can ever rise to any higher grade, justifies the ANTI-DARWINIAN influence,
+      that however widely they diverge from each other and from their originals,
+      THEY STILL REMAIN FORAMINIFERA.")... It will be some time before we see
+      "slime, protoplasm, etc.," generating a new animal. (On the same subject
+      my father wrote in 1871: "It is often said that all the conditions for the
+      first production of a living organism are now present, which could ever
+      have been present. But if (and oh! what a big if!) we could conceive in
+      some warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts,
+      light, heat, electricity, etc., present, that a proteine compound was
+      chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the
+      present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which
+      would not have been the case before living creatures were formed.") But I
+      have long regretted that I truckled to public opinion, and used the
+      Pentateuchal term of creation (This refers to a passage in which the
+      reviewer of Dr. Carpenter's books speaks of "an operation of force," or "a
+      concurrence of forces which have now no place in nature," as being, "a
+      creative force, in fact, which Darwin could only express in Pentateuchal
+      terms as the primordial form 'into which life was first breathed.'" The
+      conception of expressing a creative force as a primordial form is the
+      Reviewer's.), by which I really meant "appeared" by some wholly unknown
+      process. It is mere rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life;
+      one might as well think of the origin of matter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Friday night [April 17,
+      1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have heard from Oliver that you will be now at Kew, and so I am going to
+      amuse myself by scribbling a bit. I hope you have thoroughly enjoyed your
+      tour. I never in my life saw anything like the spring flowers this year.
+      What a lot of interesting things have been lately published. I liked
+      extremely your review of De Candolle. What an awfully severe article that
+      by Falconer on Lyell ("Athenaeum", April 4, 1863, page 459. The writer
+      asserts that justice has not been done either to himself or Mr. Prestwich&mdash;that
+      Lyell has not made it clear that it was their original work which supplied
+      certain material for the 'Antiquity of Man.' Falconer attempts to draw an
+      unjust distinction between a "philosopher" (here used as a polite word for
+      compiler) like Sir Charles Lyell, and original observers, presumably such
+      as himself, and Mr. Prestwich. Lyell's reply was published in the
+      "Athenaeum", April 18, 1863. It ought to be mentioned that a letter from
+      Mr. Prestwich ("Athenaeum", page 555), which formed part of the
+      controversy, though of the nature of a reclamation, was written in a very
+      different spirit and tone from Dr. Falconer's.); I am very sorry for it; I
+      think Falconer on his side does not do justice to old Perthes and
+      Schmerling... I shall be very curious to see how he [Lyell] answers it
+      t-morrow. (I have been compelled to take in the "Athenaeum" for a while.)
+      I am very sorry that Falconer should have written so spitefully, even if
+      there is some truth in his accusations; I was rather disappointed in
+      Carpenter's letter, no one could have given a better answer, but the chief
+      object of his letter seems to me to be to show that though he has touched
+      pitch he is not defiled. No one would suppose he went so far as to believe
+      all birds came from one progenitor. I have written a letter to the
+      "Athenaeum" ("Athenaeum", 1863, page 554: "The view given by me on the
+      origin or derivation of species, whatever its weaknesses may be, connects
+      (as has been candidly admitted by some of its opponents, such as Pictet,
+      Bronn, etc.), by an intelligible thread of reasoning, a multitude of
+      facts: such as the formation of domestic races by man's selection,&mdash;the
+      classification and affinities of all organic beings,&mdash;the innumerable
+      gradations in structure and instincts,&mdash;the similarity of pattern in
+      the hand, wing, or paddle of animals of the same great class,&mdash;the
+      existence of organs become rudimentary by disuse,&mdash;the similarity of
+      an embryonic reptile, bird, and mammal, with the retention of traces of an
+      apparatus fitted for aquatic respiration; the retention in the young calf
+      of incisor teeth in the upper jaw, etc.&mdash;the distribution of animals
+      and plants, and their mutual affinities within the same region,&mdash;their
+      general geological succession, and the close relationship of the fossils
+      in closely consecutive formations and within the same country; extinct
+      marsupials having preceded living marsupials in Australia, and
+      armadillo-like animals having preceded and generated armadilloes in South
+      America,&mdash;and many other phenomena, such as the gradual extinction of
+      old forms and their gradual replacement by new forms better fitted for
+      their new conditions in the struggle for life. When the advocate of
+      Heterogeny can thus connect large classes of facts, and not until then, he
+      will have respectful and patient listeners.") (the first and last time I
+      shall take such a step) to say, under the cloak of attacking Heterogeny, a
+      word in my own defence. My letter is to appear next week, so the Editor
+      says; and I mean to quote Lyell's sentence (See the next letter.) in his
+      second edition, on the principle if one puffs oneself, one had better puff
+      handsomely...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 18 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was really quite sorry that you had sent me a second copy (The second
+      edition of the 'Antiquity of Man' was published a few months after the
+      first had appeared.) of your valuable book. But after a few hours my
+      sorrow vanished for this reason: I have written a letter to the
+      "Athenaeum", in order, under the cloak of attacking the monstrous article
+      on Heterogeny, to say a word for myself in answer to Carpenter, and now I
+      have inserted a few sentences in allusion to your analogous objection
+      (Lyell objected that the mammalia (e.g. bats and seals) which alone have
+      been able to reach oceanic islands ought to have become modified into
+      various terrestrial forms fitted to fill various places in their new home.
+      My father pointed out in the "Athenaeum" that Sir Charles has in some
+      measure answered his own objection, and went on to quote the "amended
+      sentence" ('Antiquity of Man,' 2nd Edition page 469) as showing how far
+      Lyell agreed with the general doctrines of the "Origin of Species': "Yet
+      we ought by no means to undervalue the importance of the step which will
+      have been made, should it hereafter become the generally received opinion
+      of men of science (as I fully expect it will) that the past changes of the
+      organic world have been brought about by the subordinate agency of such
+      causes as Variation and Natural Selection." In the first edition the words
+      (as I fully expect it will," do not occur.) about bats on islands, and
+      then with infinite slyness have quoted your amended sentence, with your
+      parenthesis ("as I fully believe") (My father here quotes Lyell
+      incorrectly; see the previous foot-note.); I do not think you can be
+      annoyed at my doing this, and you see, that I am determined as far as I
+      can, that the public shall see how far you go. This is the first time I
+      have ever said a word for myself in any journal, and it shall, I think, be
+      the last. My letter is short, and no great things. I was extremely
+      concerned to see Falconer's disrespectful and virulent letter. I like
+      extremely your answer just read; you take a lofty and dignified position,
+      to which you are so well entitled. (In a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he
+      wrote: "I much like Lyell's letter. But all this squabbling will greatly
+      sink scientific men. I have seen sneers already in the 'Times'.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I suspect that if you had inserted a few more superlatives in speaking of
+      the several authors there would have been none of this horrid noise. No
+      one, I am sure, who knows you could doubt about your hearty sympathy with
+      every one who makes any little advance in science. I still well remember
+      my surprise at the manner in which you listened to me in Hart Street on my
+      return from the "Beagle's" voyage. You did me a world of good. It is
+      horridly vexatious that so frank and apparently amiable a man as Falconer
+      should have behaved so. (It is to this affair that the extract from a
+      letter to Falconer, given in volume i., refers.) Well it will all soon be
+      forgotten...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In reply to the above-mentioned letter of my father's to the "Athenaeum",
+      an article appeared in that Journal (May 2nd, 1863, page 586), accusing my
+      father of claiming for his views the exclusive merit of "connecting by an
+      intelligible thread of reasoning" a number of facts in morphology, etc.
+      The writer remarks that, "The different generalizations cited by Mr.
+      Darwin as being connected by an intelligible thread of reasoning
+      exclusively through his attempt to explain specific transmutation are in
+      fact related to it in this wise, that they have prepared the minds of
+      naturalists for a better reception of such attempts to explain the way of
+      the origin of species from species."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To this my father replied in the "Athenaeum" of May 9th, 1863:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, May 5 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+      correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+      intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+      specified. I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+      reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+      explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially the
+      formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species, the
+      principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, etc.) as the theory,
+      or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of Natural
+      Selection. Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever offered of
+      the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each other, and to
+      their physical conditions of life. Whether the naturalist believes in the
+      views given by Lamarck, by Geoffrey St. Hilaire, by the author of the
+      'Vestiges,' by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other such view,
+      signifies extremely little in comparison with the admission that species
+      have descended from other species, and have not been created immutable;
+      for he who admits this as a great truth has a wide field opened to him for
+      further inquiry. I believe, however, from what I see of the progress of
+      opinion on the Continent, and in this country, that the theory of Natural
+      Selection will ultimately be adopted, with, no doubt, many subordinate
+      modifications and improvements.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the following, he refers to the above letter to the "Athenaeum:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Leith Hill Place, Saturday [May
+      11, 1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I have been gnashing
+      my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by &mdash;'s sneers, which
+      were so good that I almost enjoyed them. I have written once again to own
+      to a certain extent of truth in what he says, and then if I am ever such a
+      fool again, have no mercy on me. I have read the squib in "Public Opinion"
+      ("Public Opinion", April 23, 1863. A lively account of a police case, in
+      which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised. Mr. John Bull gives
+      evidence that&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley
+      quarrelled with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and
+      Prestwich with Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody. He had
+      pleasure, however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.
+      They were always picking bones with each other and fighting over their
+      gains. If either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything,
+      he was obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone
+      collectors would be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft
+      afterwards, and the consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as
+      they were wearisome.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Lord Mayor.&mdash;Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+      influence over them?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to say
+      that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the
+      clergy as that to which these unhappy men belonged."); it is capital; if
+      there is more, and you have a copy, do lend it. It shows well that a
+      scientific man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble. I have been
+      drawing diagrams, dissecting shoots, and muddling my brains to a hopeless
+      degree about the divergence of leaves, and have of course utterly failed.
+      But I can see that the subject is most curious, and indeed astonishing...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter refers to Mr. Bentham's presidential address to the
+      Linnean Society (May 25, 1863). Mr. Bentham does not yield to the new
+      theory of Evolution, "cannot surrender at discretion as long as many
+      important outworks remain contestable." But he shows that the great body
+      of scientific opinion is flowing in the direction of belief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The mention of Pasteur by Mr. Bentham is in reference to the promulgation
+      "as it were ex cathedra," of a theory of spontaneous generation by the
+      reviewer of Dr. Carpenter in the "Athenaeum" (March 28, 1863). Mr. Bentham
+      points out that in ignoring Pasteur's refutation of the supposed facts of
+      spontaneous generation, the writer fails to act with "that impartiality
+      which every reviewer is supposed to possess."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, May 22 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Bentham,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am much obliged for your kind and interesting letter. I have no fear of
+      anything that a man like you will say annoying me in the very least
+      degree. On the other hand, any approval from one whose judgment and
+      knowledge I have for many years so sincerely respected, will gratify me
+      much. The objection which you well put, of certain forms remaining
+      unaltered through long time and space, is no doubt formidable in
+      appearance, and to a certain extent in reality according to my judgment.
+      But does not the difficulty rest much on our silently assuming that we
+      know more than we do? I have literally found nothing so difficult as to
+      try and always remember our ignorance. I am never weary, when walking in
+      any new adjoining district or country, of reflecting how absolutely
+      ignorant we are why certain old plants are not there present, and other
+      new ones are, and others in different proportions. If we once fully feel
+      this, then in judging the theory of Natural Selection, which implies that
+      a form will remain unaltered unless some alteration be to its benefit, is
+      it so very wonderful that some forms should change much slower and much
+      less, and some few should have changed not at all under conditions which
+      to us (who really know nothing what are the important conditions) seem
+      very different. Certainly a priori we might have anticipated that all the
+      plants anciently introduced into Australia would have undergone some
+      modification; but the fact that they have not been modified does not seem
+      to me a difficulty of weight enough to shake a belief grounded on other
+      arguments. I have expressed myself miserably, but I am far from well
+      to-day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very glad that you are going to allude to Pasteur; I was struck with
+      infinite admiration at his work. With cordial thanks, believe me, dear
+      Bentham,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;In fact, the belief in Natural Selection must at present be
+      grounded entirely on general considerations. (1) On its being a vera
+      causa, from the struggle for existence; and the certain geological fact
+      that species do somehow change. (2) From the analogy of change under
+      domestication by man's selection. (3) And chiefly from this view
+      connecting under an intelligible point of view a host of facts. When we
+      descend to details, we can prove that no one species has changed [i.e. we
+      cannot prove that a single species has changed]; nor can we prove that the
+      supposed changes are beneficial, which is the groundwork of the theory.
+      Nor can we explain why some species have changed and others have not. The
+      latter case seems to me hardly more difficult to understand precisely and
+      in detail than the former case of supposed change. Bronn may ask in vain,
+      the old creationist school and the new school, why one mouse has longer
+      ears than another mouse, and one plant more pointed leaves than another
+      plant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 19 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Bentham,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been extremely much pleased and interested by your address, which
+      you kindly sent me. It seems to be excellently done, with as much judicial
+      calmness and impartiality as the Lord Chancellor could have shown. But
+      whether the "immutable" gentlemen would agree with the impartiality may be
+      doubted, there is too much kindness shown towards me, Hooker, and others,
+      they might say. Moreover I verily believe that your address, written as it
+      is, will do more to shake the unshaken and bring on those leaning to our
+      side, than anything written directly in favour of transmutation. I can
+      hardly tell why it is, but your address has pleased me as much as Lyell's
+      book disappointed me, that is, the part on species, though so cleverly
+      written. I agree with all your remarks on the reviewers. By the way, Lecoq
+      (Author of 'Geographie Botanique.' 9 vols. 1854-58.) is a believer in the
+      change of species. I, for one, can conscientiously declare that I never
+      feel surprised at any one sticking to the belief of immutability; though I
+      am often not a little surprised at the arguments advanced on this side. I
+      remember too well my endless oscillations of doubt and difficulty. It is
+      to me really laughable when I think of the years which elapsed before I
+      saw what I believe to be the explanation of some parts of the case; I
+      believe it was fifteen years after I began before I saw the meaning and
+      cause of the divergence of the descendants of any one pair. You pay me
+      some most elegant and pleasing compliments. There is much in your address
+      which has pleased me much, especially your remarks on various naturalists.
+      I am so glad that you have alluded so honourably to Pasteur. I have just
+      read over this note; it does not express strongly enough the interest
+      which I have felt in reading your address. You have done, I believe, a
+      real good turn to the RIGHT SIDE. Believe me, dear Bentham,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1864.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In my father's diary for 1864 is the entry, "Ill all January, February,
+      March." About the middle of April (seven months after the beginning of the
+      illness in the previous autumn) his health took a turn for the better. As
+      soon as he was able to do any work, he began to write his papers on
+      Lythrum, and on Climbing Plants, so that the work which now concerns us
+      did not begin until September, when he again set to work on 'Animals and
+      Plants.' A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker gives some account of the
+      r-commencement of the work: "I have begun looking over my old MS., and it
+      is as fresh as if I had never written it; parts are astonishingly dull,
+      but yet worth printing, I think; and other parts strike me as very good. I
+      am a complete millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I have been
+      really astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters on
+      Inheritance and Selection. God knows when the book will ever be completed,
+      for I find that I am very weak and on my best days cannot do more than one
+      or one and a half hours' work. It is a good deal harder than writing about
+      my dear climbing plants."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this year he received the greatest honour which a scientific man can
+      receive in this country&mdash;the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. It is
+      presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St. Andrew's Day (November 30),
+      the medalist being usually present to receive it, but this the state of my
+      father's health prevented. He wrote to Mr. Fox on this subject:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I was glad to see your hand-writing. The Copley, being open to all
+      sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting from
+      several kind letters, such things make little difference to me. It shows,
+      however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this country,
+      and that pleases me. The subject, however, is safe in foreign lands."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To Sir J.D. Hooker, also, he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "How kind you have been about this medal; indeed, I am blessed with many
+      good friends, and I have received four or five notes which have warmed my
+      heart. I often wonder that so old a worn-out dog as I am is not quite
+      forgotten. Talking of medals, has Falconer had the Royal? he surely ought
+      to have it, as ought John Lubbock. By the way, the latter tells me that
+      some old members of the Royal are quite shocked at my having the Copley.
+      Do you know who?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He wrote to Mr. Huxley:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must and will answer you, for it is a real pleasure for me to thank you
+      cordially for your note. Such notes as this of yours, and a few others,
+      are the real medal to me, and not the round bit of gold. These have given
+      me a pleasure which will long endure; so believe in my cordial thanks for
+      your note."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir Charles Lyell, writing to my father in November 1864 ('Life,' vol. ii.
+      page 384), speaks of the supposed malcontents as being afraid to crown
+      anything so unorthodox as the 'Origin.' But he adds that if such were
+      their feelings "they had the good sense to draw in their horns." It
+      appears, however, from the same letter, that the proposal to give the
+      Copley Medal to my father in the previous year failed owing to a similar
+      want of courage&mdash;to Lyell's great indignation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the "Reader", December 3, 1864, General Sabine's presidential address
+      at the Anniversary Meeting is reported at some length. Special weight was
+      laid on my father's work in Geology, Zoology, and Botany, but the 'Origin
+      of Species' is praised chiefly as containing "a mass of observations,"
+      etc. It is curious that as in the case of his election to the French
+      Institution, so in this case, he was honoured not for the great work of
+      his life, but for his less important work in special lines. The paragraph
+      in General Sabine's address which refers to the 'Origin of Species,' is as
+      follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In his most recent work 'On the Origin of Species,' although opinions may
+      be divided or undecided with respect to its merits in some respects, all
+      will allow that it contains a mass of observations bearing upon the
+      habits, structure, affinities, and distribution of animals, perhaps
+      unrivalled for interest, minuteness, and patience of observation. Some
+      amongst us may perhaps incline to accept the theory indicated by the title
+      of this work, while others may perhaps incline to refuse, or at least to
+      remit it to a future time, when increased knowledge shall afford stronger
+      grounds for its ultimate acceptance or rejection. Speaking generally and
+      collectively, we have expressly omitted it from the grounds of our award."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+      President's manner of allusion to the 'Origin' was felt by some Fellows of
+      the Society.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in another way,
+      inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his after-dinner speech, a
+      "confession of faith as to the 'Origin.'" He wrote to my father ('Life,'
+      vol. ii. page 384), "I said I had been forced to give up my old faith
+      without thoroughly seeing my way to a new one. But I think you would have
+      been satisfied with the length I went."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, October 3 [1864].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I do not pour out my admiration of your article ("Criticisms on the
+      Origin of Species," 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1864. Republished in 'Lay
+      Sermons,' 1870, page 328. The work of Professor Kolliker referred to is
+      'Ueber die Darwin'sche Schopfungstheorie' (Leipzig, 1864). Toward
+      Professor Kolliker my father felt not only the respect due to so
+      distinguished a naturalist (a sentiment well expressed in Professor
+      Huxley's review), but he had also a personal regard for him, and often
+      alluded with satisfaction to the visit which Professor Kolliker paid at
+      Down.) on Kolliker, I shall explode. I never read anything better done. I
+      had much wished his article answered, and indeed thought of doing so
+      myself, so that I considered several points. You have hit on all, and on
+      some in addition, and oh! by Jove, how well you have done it. As I read on
+      and came to point after point on which I had thought, I could not help
+      jeering and scoffing at myself, to see how infinitely better you had done
+      it than I could have done. Well, if any one, who does not understand
+      Natural Selection, will read this, he will be a blockhead if it is not as
+      clear as daylight. Old Flourens ('Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur
+      l'origine des especes.' Par P. Flourens. 8vo. Paris, 1864.) was hardly
+      worth the powder and shot; but how capitally you bring in about the
+      Academician, and your metaphor of the sea-sand is INIMITABLE.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a marvel to me how you can resist becoming a regular reviewer. Well,
+      I have exploded now, and it has done me a deal of good...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the same article in the 'Natural History Review,' Mr. Huxley speaks of
+      the book above alluded to by Flourens, the Secretaire Perpetuel of the
+      Academie des Sciences, as one of the two "most elaborate criticisms" of
+      the 'Origin of Species' of the year. He quotes the following passage:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "M. Darwin continue: 'Aucune distinction absolue n'a ete et ne peut etre
+      entre les especes et les varietes!' Je vous ai deja dit que vous vous
+      trompiez; une distinction absolue separe les varietes d'avec les especes."
+      Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of an Academy
+      in England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated in this way
+      even by a Perpetual Secretary." After demonstrating M. Flourens'
+      misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How one knows it
+      all by heart, and with what relief one reads at page 65 'Je laisse M.
+      Darwin.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the same subject my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book against me which
+      pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading in
+      France. He speaks of the "engouement" about this book [the 'Origin'] "so
+      full of empty and presumptuous thoughts." The passage here alluded to is
+      as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Enfin l'ouvrage de M. Darwin a paru. On ne peut qu'etre frappe du talent
+      de l'auteur. Mais que d'idees obscures, que d'idees fausses! Quel jargon
+      metaphysique jete mal a propos dans l'histoire naturelle, qui tombe dans
+      le galimatias des qu'elle sort des idees claires, des idees justes. Quel
+      langage pretentieux et vide! Quelles personifications pueriles et
+      surannees! O lucidite! O solidite de l'esprit francais, que devene-vous?"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1865.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [This was again a time of much ill-health, but towards the close of the
+      year he began to recover under the care of the late Dr. Bence-Jones, who
+      dieted him severely, and as he expressed it, "half-starved him to death."
+      He was able to work at 'Animals and Plants' until nearly the end of April,
+      and from that time until December he did practically no work, with the
+      exception of looking over the 'Origin of Species' for a second French
+      edition. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;"I am, as it were, reading the
+      'Origin' for the first time, for I am correcting for a second French
+      edition: and upon my life, my dear fellow, it is a very good book, but oh!
+      my gracious, it is tough reading, and I wish it were done." (Towards the
+      end of the year my father received the news of a new convert to his views,
+      in the person of the distinguished American naturalist Lesquereux. He
+      wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I have had an enormous letter from Leo
+      Lesquereux (after doubts, I did not think it worth sending you) on Coal
+      Flora. He wrote some excellent articles in 'Silliman' against 'Origin'
+      views; but he says now, after repeated reading of the book, he is a
+      convert!")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers to the Duke of Argyll's address to the Royal
+      Society of Edinburgh, December 5th, 1864, in which he criticises the
+      'Origin of Species.' My father seems to have read the Duke's address as
+      reported in the "Scotsman" of December 6th, 1865. In a letter to my father
+      (January 16, 1865, 'Life,' vol. ii. page 385), Lyell wrote, "The address
+      is a great step towards your views&mdash;far greater, I believe, than it
+      seems when read merely with reference to criticisms and objections."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 22, [1865].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for your very interesting letter. I have the true English
+      instinctive reverence for rank, and therefore liked to hear about the
+      Princess Royal. ("I had... an animated conversation on Darwinism with the
+      Princess Royal, who is a worthy daughter of her father, in the reading of
+      good books, and thinking of what she reads. She was very much au fait at
+      the 'Origin,' and Huxley's book, the 'Antiquity,' etc."&mdash;(Lyell's
+      'Life,' vol. ii. page 385.) You ask what I think of the Duke's address,
+      and I shall be glad to tell you. It seems to me EXTREMELY clever, like
+      everything I have read of his; but I am not shaken&mdash;perhaps you will
+      say that neither gods nor men could shake me. I demur to the Duke
+      reiterating his objection that the brilliant plumage of the male
+      humming-bird could not have been acquired through selection, at the same
+      time entirely ignoring my discussion (page 93, 3rd edition) on beautiful
+      plumage being acquired through SEXUAL selection. The duke may think this
+      insufficient, but that is another question. All analogy makes me quite
+      disagree with the Duke that the difference in the beak, wing and tail, are
+      not of importance to the several species. In the only two species which I
+      have watched, the difference in flight and in the use of the tail was
+      conspicuously great.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Duke, who knows my Orchid book so well, might have learnt a lesson of
+      caution from it, with respect to his doctrine of differences for mere
+      variety or beauty. It may be confidently said that no tribe of plants
+      presents such grotesque and beautiful differences, which no one until
+      lately, conjectured were of any use; but now in almost every case I have
+      been able to show their important service. It should be remembered that
+      with humming birds or orchids, a modification in one part will cause
+      correlated changes in other parts. I agree with what you say about beauty.
+      I formerly thought a good deal on the subject, and was led quite to
+      repudiate the doctrine of beauty being created for beauty's sake. I demur
+      also to the Duke's expression of "new births." That may be a very good
+      theory, but it is not mine, unless indeed he calls a bird born with a beak
+      1/100th of an inch longer than usual "a new birth;" but this is not the
+      sense in which the term would usually be understood. The more I work the
+      more I feel convinced that it is by the accumulation of such extremely
+      slight variations that new species arise. I do not plead guilty to the
+      Duke's charge that I forget that natural selection means only the
+      preservation of variations which independently arise. ("Strictly speaking,
+      therefore, Mr. Darwin's theory is not a theory on the Origin of Species at
+      all, but only a theory on the causes which lead to the relative success
+      and failure of such new forms as may be born into the world."&mdash;"Scotsman",
+      December 6, 1864.) I have expressed this in as strong language as I could
+      use, but it would have been infinitely tedious had I on every occasion
+      thus guarded myself. I will cry "peccavi" when I hear of the Duke or you
+      attacking breeders for saying that man has made his improved shorthorns,
+      or pouter pigeons, or bantams. And I could quote still stronger
+      expressions used by agriculturists. Man does make his artificial breeds,
+      for his selective power is of such importance relatively to that of the
+      slight spontaneous variations. But no one will attack breeders for using
+      such expressions, and the rising generation will not blame me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many thanks for your offer of sending me the 'Elements.' (Sixth edition in
+      one volume.) I hope to read it all, but unfortunately reading makes my
+      head whiz more than anything else. I am able most days to work for two or
+      three hours, and this makes all the difference in my happiness. I have
+      resolved not to be tempted astray, and to publish nothing till my volume
+      on Variation is completed. You gave me excellent advice about the
+      footnotes in my Dog chapter, but their alteration gave me infinite
+      trouble, and I often wished all the dogs, and I fear sometimes you
+      yourself, in the nether regions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We (dictator and writer) send our best love to Lady Lyell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;If ever you should speak with the Duke on the subject, please
+      say how much interested I was with his address.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In his autobiographical sketch my father has remarked that owing to
+      certain early memories he felt the honour of being elected to the Royal
+      and Royal Medical Societies of Edinburgh "more than any similar honour."
+      The following extract from a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker refers to his
+      election to the former of these societies. The latter part of the extract
+      refers to the Berlin Academy, to which he was elected in 1878:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Here is a really curious thing, considering that Brewster is President
+      and Balfour Secretary. I have been elected Honorary Member of the Royal
+      Society of Edinburgh. And this leads me to a third question. Does the
+      Berlin Academy of Sciences send their Proceedings to Honorary Members? I
+      want to know, to ascertain whether I am a member; I suppose not, for I
+      think it would have made some impression on me; yet I distinctly remember
+      receiving some diploma signed by Ehrenberg. I have been so careless; I
+      have lost several diplomas, and now I want to know what Societies I belong
+      to, as I observe every [one] tacks their titles to their names in the
+      catalogue of the Royal Soc."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 21 [1865].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have taken a long time to thank you very much for your present of the
+      'Elements.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am going through it all, reading what is new, and what I have forgotten,
+      and this is a good deal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am simply astonished at the amount of labour, knowledge, and clear
+      thought condensed in this work. The whole strikes me as something quite
+      grand. I have been particularly interested by your account of Heer's work
+      and your discussion on the Atlantic Continent. I am particularly delighted
+      at the view which you take on this subject; for I have long thought Forbes
+      did an ill service in so freely making continents.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have also been very glad to read your argument on the denudation of the
+      Weald, and your excellent resume on the Purbeck Beds; and this is the
+      point at which I have at present arrived in your book. I cannot say that I
+      am quite convinced that there is no connection beyond that pointed out by
+      you, between glacial action and the formation of lake basins; but you will
+      not much value my opinion on this head, as I have already changed my mind
+      some half-dozen times.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I want to make a suggestion to you. I found the weight of your volume
+      intolerable, especially when lying down, so with great boldness cut it
+      into two pieces, and took it out of its cover; now could not Murray
+      without any other change add to his advertisement a line saying, "if bound
+      in two volumes, one shilling or one shilling and sixpence extra." You thus
+      might originate a change which would be a blessing to all weak-handed
+      readers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Lyell, Yours most sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Originate a second REAL BLESSING and have the edges of the sheets cut like
+      a bound book. (This was a favourite reform of my father's. He wrote to the
+      "Athenaeum" on the subject, February 5, 1867, pointing out how that a book
+      cut, even carefully, with a paper knife collects dust on its edges far
+      more than a machine-cut book. He goes on to quote the case of a lady of
+      his acquaintance who was in the habit of cutting books with her thumb, and
+      finally appeals to the "Athenaeum" to earn the gratitude of children "who
+      have to cut through dry and pictureless books for the benefit of their
+      elders." He tried to introduce the reform in the case of his own books,
+      but found the conservatism of booksellers too strong for him. The
+      presentation copies, however, of all his later books were sent out with
+      the edges cut.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Down, June 11 [1865].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lubbock,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The latter half of your book ('Prehistoric Times,' 1865.) has been read
+      aloud to me, and the style is so clear and easy (we both think it
+      perfection) that I am now beginning at the beginning. I cannot resist
+      telling you how excellently well, in my opinion, you have done the very
+      interesting chapter on savage life. Though you have necessarily only
+      compiled the materials the general result is most original. But I ought to
+      keep the term original for your last chapter, which has struck me as an
+      admirable and profound discussion. It has quite delighted me, for now the
+      public will see what kind of man you are, which I am proud to think I
+      discovered a dozen years ago.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do sincerely wish you all success in your election and in politics; but
+      after reading this last chapter, you must let me say: oh, dear! oh, dear!
+      oh dear!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;You pay me a superb compliment ('Prehistoric Times,' page 487,
+      where the words, "the discoveries of a Newton or a Darwin," occur.), but I
+      fear you will be quizzed for it by some of your friends as too
+      exaggerated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' which
+      was afterwards translated, at my father's suggestion, by Mr. Dallas. It is
+      of interest as being the first of the long series of letters which my
+      father wrote to this distinguished naturalist. They never met, but the
+      correspondence with Muller, which continued to the close of my father's
+      life, was a source of very great pleasure to him. My impression is that of
+      all his unseen friends Fritz Muller was the one for whom he had the
+      strongest regard. Fritz Muller is the brother of another distinguished
+      man, the late Hermann Muller, the author of 'Die Befruchtung der Blumen,'
+      and of much other valuable work:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, August 10 [1865].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been for a long time so ill that I have only just finished hearing
+      read aloud your work on species. And now you must permit me to thank you
+      cordially for the great interest with which I have read it. You have done
+      admirable service in the cause in which we both believe. Many of your
+      arguments seem to me excellent, and many of your facts wonderful. Of the
+      latter, nothing has surprised me so much as the two forms of males. I have
+      lately investigated the cases of dimorphic plants, and I should much like
+      to send you one or two of my papers if I knew how. I did send lately by
+      post a paper on climbing plants, as an experiment to see whether it would
+      reach you. One of the points which has struck me most in your paper is
+      that on the differences in the air-breathing apparatus of the several
+      forms. This subject appeared to me very important when I formerly
+      considered the electric apparatus of fishes. Your observations on
+      Classification and Embryology seem to me very good and original. They show
+      what a wonderful field there is for enquiry on the development of
+      crustacea, and nothing has convinced me so plainly what admirable results
+      we shall arrive at in Natural History in the course of a few years. What a
+      marvellous range of structure the crustacea present, and how well adapted
+      they are for your enquiry! Until reading your book I knew nothing of the
+      Rhizocephala; pray look at my account and figures of Anelasma, for it
+      seems to me that this latter cirripede is a beautiful connecting link with
+      the Rhizocephala.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If ever you have any opportunity, as you are so skilful a dissector, I
+      much wish that you would look to the orifice at the base of the first pair
+      of cirrhi in cirripedes, and at the curious organ in it, and discover what
+      its nature is; I suppose I was quite in error, yet I cannot feel fully
+      satisfied at Krohn's (See vol. ii., pages 138, 187.) observations. Also if
+      you ever find any species of Scalpellum, pray look for complemental males;
+      a German author has recently doubted my observations for no reason except
+      that the facts appeared to him so strange.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Permit me again to thank you cordially for the pleasure which I have
+      derived from your work and to express my sincere admiration for your
+      valuable researches.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect, Yours very faithfully, CH.
+      DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I do not know whether you care at all about plants, but if so,
+      I should much like to send you my little work on the 'Fertilization of
+      Orchids,' and I think I have a German copy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Could you spare me a photograph of yourself? I should much like to possess
+      one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Thursday, 27th [September,
+      1865].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I had intended writing this morning to thank Mrs. Hooker most sincerely
+      for her last and several notes about you, and now your own note in your
+      hand has rejoiced me. To walk between five and six miles is splendid, with
+      a little patience you must soon be well. I knew you had been very ill, but
+      I hardly knew how ill, until yesterday, when Bentham (from the Cranworths
+      (Robert Rolfe, Lord Cranworth, and Lord Chancellor of England, lived at
+      Holwood, near Down.)) called here, and I was able to see him for ten
+      minutes. He told me also a little about the last days of your father (Sir
+      William Hooker; 1785-1865. He took charge of the Royal Gardens at Kew, in
+      1840, when they ceased to be the private gardens of the Royal Family. In
+      doing so, he gave up his professorship at Glasgow&mdash;and with it half
+      of his income. He founded the herbarium and library, and within ten years
+      he succeeded in making the gardens the first in the world. It is, thus,
+      not too much to say that the creation of the establishment at Kew is due
+      to the abilities and self-devotion of Sir William Hooker. While, for the
+      subsequent development of the gardens up to their present magnificent
+      condition, the nation must thank Sir Joseph Hooker, in whom the same
+      qualities are so conspicuous.); I wish I had known your father better, my
+      impression is confined to his remarkably cordial, courteous, and frank
+      bearing. I fully concur and understand what you say about the difference
+      of feeling in the loss of a father and child. I do not think any one could
+      love a father much more than I did mine, and I do not believe three or
+      four days ever pass without my still thinking of him, but his death at
+      eight-four caused me nothing of that insufferable grief (I may quote here
+      a passage from a letter of November, 1863. It was written to a friend who
+      had lost his child: "How well I remember your feeling, when we lost Annie.
+      It was my greatest comfort that I had never spoken a harsh word to her.
+      Your grief has made me shed a few tears over our poor darling; but believe
+      me that these tears have lost that unutterable bitterness of former
+      days.") which the loss of our poor dear Annie caused. And this seems to me
+      perfectly natural, for one knows for years previously that one's father's
+      death is drawing slowly nearer and nearer, while the death of one's child
+      is a sudden and dreadful wrench. What a wonderful deal you read; it is a
+      horrid evil for me that I can read hardly anything, for it makes my head
+      almost immediately begin to sing violently. My good womenkind read to me a
+      great deal, but I dare not ask for much science, and am not sure that I
+      could stand it. I enjoyed Tylor ('Researches into the Early History of
+      Mankind,' by E.B. Tylor. 1865.) EXTREMELY, and the first part of Lecky
+      'The Rise of Rationalism in Europe,' by W.E.H. Lecky. 1865.); but I think
+      the latter is often vague, and gives a false appearance of throwing light
+      on his subject by such phrases as "spirit of the age," "spread of
+      civilization," etc. I confine my reading to a quarter or half hour per day
+      in skimming through the back volumes of the Annals and Magazine of Natural
+      History, and find much that interests me. I miss my climbing plants very
+      much, as I could observe them when very poorly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I did not enjoy the 'Mill on the Floss' so much as you, but from what you
+      say we will read it again. Do you know 'Silas Marner'? it is a charming
+      little story; if you run short, and like to have it, we could send it by
+      post... We have almost finished the first volume of Palgrave (William
+      Gifford Palgrave's 'Travels in Arabia,' published in 1865.), and I like it
+      much; but did you ever see a book so badly arranged? The frequency of the
+      allusions to what will be told in the future are quite laughable... By the
+      way, I was very much pleased with the foot-note (The passage which seems
+      to be referred to occurs in the text (page 479) of 'Prehistoric Times.' It
+      expresses admiration of Mr. Wallace's paper in the 'Anthropological
+      Review' (May, 1864), and speaks of the author's "characteristic
+      unselfishness" in ascribing the theory of Natural Selection "unreservedly
+      to Mr. Darwin." about Wallace in Lubbock's last chapter. I had not heard
+      that Huxley had backed up Lubbock about Parliament... Did you see a sneer
+      some time ago in the "Times" about how incomparably more interesting
+      politics were compared with science even to scientific men? Remember what
+      Trollope says, in 'Can you Forgive her,' about getting into Parliament, as
+      the highest earthly ambition. Jeffrey, in one of his letters, I remember,
+      says that making an effective speech in Parliament is a far grander thing
+      than writing the grandest history. All this seems to me a poor
+      short-sighted view. I cannot tell you how it has rejoiced me once again
+      seeing your handwriting&mdash; my best of old friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In October he wrote Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Talking of the 'Origin,' a Yankee has called my attention to a paper
+      attached to Dr. Wells's famous 'Essay on Dew,' which was read in 1813 to
+      the Royal Society, but not [then] printed, in which he applies most
+      distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the Races of Man. So poor
+      old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not, any
+      longer to put on his title-pages, 'Discoverer of the principle of Natural
+      Selection'!"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F.W. FARRAR. (Canon of Westminster.) Down,
+      November 2 [1865?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I have never studied the science of language, it may perhaps seem
+      presumptuous, but I cannot resist the pleasure of telling you what
+      interest and pleasure I have derived from hearing read aloud your volume
+      ('Chapters on Language,' 1865.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I formerly read Max Muller, and thought his theory (if it deserves to be
+      called so) both obscure and weak; and now, after hearing what you say, I
+      feel sure that this is the case, and that your cause will ultimately
+      triumph. My indirect interest in your book has been increased from Mr.
+      Hensleigh Wedgwood, whom you often quote, being my brother-in-law.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No one could dissent from my views on the modification of species with
+      more courtesy than you do. But from the tenor of your mind I feel an
+      entire and comfortable conviction (and which cannot possibly be disturbed)
+      that if your studies led you to attend much to general questions in
+      natural history you would come to the same conclusion that I have done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Have you ever read Huxley's little book of Lectures? I would gladly send a
+      copy if you think you would read it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Considering what Geology teaches us, the argument from the supposed
+      immutability of specific types seems to me much the same as if, in a
+      nation which had no old writings, some wise old savage was to say that his
+      language had never changed; but my metaphor is too long to fill up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray believe me, dear Sir, yours very sincerely obliged, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1866.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The year 1866 is given in my father's Diary in the following words:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Continued correcting chapters of 'Domestic Animals.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      March 1st.&mdash;Began on 4th edition of 'Origin' of 1250 copies (received
+      for it 238 pounds), making 7500 copies altogether.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      May 10th.&mdash;Finished 'Origin,' except revises, and began going over
+      Chapter XIII. of 'Domestic Animals.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      November 21st.&mdash;Finished 'Pangenesis.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      December 21st.&mdash;Finished re-going over all chapters, and sent them to
+      printers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      December 22nd.&mdash;Began concluding chapter of book."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was in London on two occasions for a week at a time, staying with his
+      brother, and for a few days (May 29th-June 2nd) in Surrey; for the rest of
+      the year he was at Down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There seems to have been a gradual mending in his health; thus he wrote to
+      Mr. Wallace (January 1866):&mdash;"My health is so far improved that I am
+      able to work one or two hours a day."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to the 4th edition he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The new edition of the 'Origin' has caused me two great vexations. I
+      forgot Bates's paper on variation (This appears to refer to "Notes on
+      South American Butterflies," Trans. Entomolog. Soc., vol. v. (N.S.).), but
+      I remembered in time his mimetic work, and now, strange to say, I find I
+      have forgotten your Arctic paper! I know how it arose; I indexed for my
+      bigger work, and never expected that a new edition of the 'Origin' would
+      be wanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I cannot say how all this has vexed me. Everything which I have read
+      during the last four years I find is quite washy in my mind." As far as I
+      know, Mr. Bates's paper was not mentioned in the later editions of the
+      'Origin,' for what reason I cannot say.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In connection with his work on 'The Variation of Animals and Plants,' I
+      give here extracts from three letters addressed to Mr. Huxley, which are
+      of interest as giving some idea of the development of the theory of
+      'Pangenesis,' ultimately published in 1868 in the book in question:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, May 27, [1865?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I write now to ask a favour of you, a very great favour from one so
+      hard worked as you are. It is to read thirty pages of MS., excellently
+      copied out and give me, not lengthened criticism, but your opinion whether
+      I may venture to publish it. You may keep the MS. for a month or two. I
+      would not ask this favour, but I REALLY know no one else whose judgment on
+      the subject would be final with me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The case stands thus: in my next book I shall publish long chapters on
+      bud- and seminal-variation, on inheritance, reversion, effects of use and
+      disuse, etc. I have also for many years speculated on the different forms
+      of reproduction. Hence it has come to be a passion with me to try to
+      connect all such facts by some sort of hypothesis. The MS. which I wish to
+      send you gives such a hypothesis; it is a very rash and crude hypothesis,
+      yet it has been a considerable relief to my mind, and I can hang on it a
+      good many groups of facts. I well know that a mere hypothesis, and this is
+      nothing more, is of little value; but it is very useful to me as serving
+      as a kind of summary for certain chapters. Now I earnestly wish for your
+      verdict given briefly as, "Burn it"&mdash;or, which is the most favourable
+      verdict I can hope for, "It does rudely connect together certain facts,
+      and I do not think it will immediately pass out of my mind." If you can
+      say this much, and you do not think it absolutely ridiculous, I shall
+      publish it in my concluding chapter. Now will you grant me this favour?
+      You must refuse if you are too much overworked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must say for myself that I am a hero to expose my hypothesis to the
+      fiery ordeal of your criticism.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      July 12, [1865?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you most sincerely for having so carefully considered my MS. It
+      has been a real act of kindness. It would have annoyed me extremely to
+      have re-published Buffon's views, which I did not know of, but I will get
+      the book; and if I have strength I will also read Bonnet. I do not doubt
+      your judgment is perfectly just, and I will try to persuade myself not to
+      publish. The whole affair is much too speculative; yet I think some such
+      view will have to be adopted, when I call to mind such facts as the
+      inherited effects of use and disuse, etc. But I will try to be cautious...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [1865?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Forgive my writing in pencil, as I can do so lying down. I have read
+      Buffon: whole pages are laughably like mine. It is surprising how candid
+      it makes one to see one's views in another man's words. I am rather
+      ashamed of the whole affair, but not converted to a no-belief. What a
+      kindness you have done me with your "vulpine sharpness." Nevertheless,
+      there is a fundamental distinction between Buffon's views and mine. He
+      does not suppose that each cell or atom of tissue throws off a little bud;
+      but he supposes that the sap or blood includes his "organic molecules,"
+      WHICH ARE READY FORMED, fit to nourish each organ, and when this is fully
+      formed, they collect to form buds and the sexual elements. It is all
+      rubbish to speculate as I have done; yet, if I ever have strength to
+      publish my next book, I fear I shall not resist "Pangenesis," but I assure
+      you I will put it humbly enough. The ordinary course of development of
+      beings, such as the Echinodermata, in which new organs are formed at quite
+      remote spots from the analogous previous parts, seem to me extremely
+      difficult to reconcile on any view except the free diffusion in the parent
+      of the germs or gemmules of each separate new organ; and so in cases of
+      alternate generation. But I will not scribble any more. Hearty thanks to
+      you, you best of critics and most learned man...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The letters now take up the history of the year 1866.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, July 5 [1866].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been much interested by your letter, which is as clear as daylight.
+      I fully agree with all that you say on the advantages of H. Spencer's
+      excellent expression of "the survival of the fittest." (Extract from a
+      letter of Mr. Wallace's, July 2, 1866: "The term 'survival of the fittest'
+      is the plain expression of the fact; 'natural selection' is a metaphorical
+      expression of it, and to a certain degree indirect and incorrect, since...
+      Nature... does not so much select special varieties as exterminate the
+      most unfavourable ones.") This, however, had not occurred to me till
+      reading your letter. It is, however, a great objection to this term that
+      it cannot be used as a substantive governing a verb; and that this is a
+      real objection I infer from H. Spencer continually using the words,
+      natural selection. I formerly thought, probably in an exaggerated degree,
+      that it was a great advantage to bring into connection natural and
+      artificial selection; this indeed led me to use a term in common, and I
+      still think it some advantage. I wish I had received your letter two
+      months ago, for I would have worked in "the survival, etc.," often in the
+      new edition of the 'Origin,' which is now almost printed off, and of which
+      I will of course send you a copy. I will use the term in my next book on
+      Domestic Animals, etc., from which, by the way, I plainly see that you
+      expect MUCH, too much. The term Natural Selection has now been so largely
+      used abroad and at home, that I doubt whether it could be given up, and
+      with all its faults I should be sorry to see the attempt made. Whether it
+      will be rejected must now depend "on the survival of the fittest." As in
+      time the term must grow intelligible the objections to its use will grow
+      weaker and weaker. I doubt whether the use of any term would have made the
+      subject intelligible to some minds, clear as it is to others; for do we
+      not see even to the present day Malthus on Population absurdly
+      misunderstood? This reflection about Malthus has often comforted me when I
+      have been vexed at the misstatement of my views. As for M. Janet (This no
+      doubt refers to Janet's 'Materialisme Contemporain.'), he is a
+      metaphysician, and such gentlemen are so acute that I think they often
+      misunderstand common folk. Your criticism on the double sense ("I find you
+      use 'Natural Selection' in two senses. 1st, for the simple preservation of
+      favourable and rejection of unfavourable variations, in which case it is
+      equivalent to the 'survival of the fittest,'&mdash;and 2ndly, for the
+      effect or CHANGE produced by this preservation." Extract from Mr.
+      Wallace's letter above quoted.) in which I have used Natural Selection is
+      new to me and unanswerable; but my blunder has done no harm, for I do not
+      believe that any one, excepting you, has ever observed it. Again, I agree
+      that I have said too much about "favourable variations;" but I am inclined
+      to think that you put the opposite side too strongly; if every part of
+      every being varied, I do not think we should see the same end, or object,
+      gained by such wonderfully diversified means.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope you are enjoying the country, and are in good health, and are
+      working hard at your Malay Archipelago book, for I will always put this
+      wish in every note I write to you, like some good people always put in a
+      text. My health keeps much the same, or rather improves, and I am able to
+      work some hours daily. With many thanks for your interesting letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Wallace, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 30 [1866].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was very glad to get your note and the Notts. Newspaper. I have seldom
+      been more pleased in my life than at hearing how successfully your lecture
+      (At the Nottingham meeting of the British Association, August 27, 1866.
+      The subject of the lecture was 'Insular Floras.' See "Gardeners'
+      Chronicle", 1866.) went off. Mrs. H. Wedgwood sent us an account, saying
+      that you read capitally, and were listened to with profound attention and
+      great applause. She says, when your final allegory (Sir Joseph Hooker
+      allegorized the Oxford meeting of the British Association as the gathering
+      of a tribe of savages who believed that the new moon was created afresh
+      each month. The anger of the priests and medicine man at a certain heresy,
+      according to which the new moon is but the offspring of the old one, is
+      excellently given.) began, "for a minute or two we were all mystified, and
+      then came such bursts of applause from the audience. It was thoroughly
+      enjoyed amid roars of laughter and noise, making a most brilliant
+      conclusion."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am rejoiced that you will publish your lecture, and felt sure that
+      sooner or later it would come to this, indeed it would have been a sin if
+      you had not done so. I am especially rejoiced as you give the arguments
+      for occasional transport, with such perfect fairness; these will now
+      receive a fair share of attention, as coming from you a professed
+      botanist. Thanks also for Grove's address; as a whole it strikes me as
+      very good and original, but I was disappointed in the part about Species;
+      it dealt in such generalities that it would apply to any view or no view
+      in particular...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now farewell. I do most heartily rejoice at your success, and for
+      Grove's sake at the brilliant success of the whole meeting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter is of interest, as giving the beginning of the connection
+      which arose between my father and Professor Victor Carus. The translation
+      referred to is the third German edition made from the fourth English one.
+      From this time forward Professor Carus continued to translate my father's
+      books into German. The conscientious care with which this work was done
+      was of material service, and I well remember the admiration (mingled with
+      a tinge of vexation at his own short-comings) with which my father used to
+      receive the lists of oversights, etc., which Professor Carus discovered in
+      the course of translation. The connection was not a mere business one, but
+      was cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, November 10, 1866.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for your extremely kind letter. I cannot express too strongly
+      my satisfaction that you have undertaken the revision of the new edition,
+      and I feel the honour which you have conferred on me. I fear that you will
+      find the labour considerable, not only on account of the additions, but I
+      suspect that Bronn's translation is very defective, at least I have heard
+      complaints on this head from quite a large number of persons. It would be
+      a great gratification to me to know that the translation was a really good
+      one, such as I have no doubt you will produce. According to our English
+      practice, you will be fully justified in entirely omitting Bronn's
+      Appendix, and I shall be very glad of its omission. A new edition may be
+      looked at as a new work... You could add anything of your own that you
+      liked, and I should be much pleased. Should you make any additions or
+      append notes, it appears to me that Nageli "Entstehung und Begriff," etc.
+      ('Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art.' An address given at a
+      public meeting of the 'R. Academy of Sciences' at Munich, March 28,
+      1865.), would be worth noticing, as one of the most able pamphlets on the
+      subject. I am, however, far from agreeing with him that the acquisition of
+      certain characters which appear to be of no service to plants, offers any
+      great difficulty, or affords a proof of some innate tendency in plants
+      towards perfection. If you intend to notice this pamphlet, I should like
+      to write hereafter a little more in detail on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I wish I had known when writing my Historical Sketch that you had in
+      1853 published your views on the genealogical connection of past and
+      present forms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I suppose you have the sheets of the last English edition on which I
+      marked with pencil all the chief additions, but many little corrections of
+      style were not marked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray believe that I feel sincerely grateful for the great service and
+      honour which you do me by the present translation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I should be VERY MUCH pleased to possess your photograph, and I
+      send mine in case you should like to have a copy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. NAGELI. (Professor of Botany at Munich.)
+      Down, June 12 [1866].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope you will excuse the liberty which I take in writing to you. I have
+      just read, though imperfectly, your 'Entstehung und Begriff,' and have
+      been so greatly interested by it, that I have sent it to be translated, as
+      I am a poor German scholar. I have just finished a new [4th] edition of my
+      'Origin,' which will be translated into German, and my object in writing
+      to you is to say that if you should see this edition you would think that
+      I had borrowed from you, without acknowledgment, two discussions on the
+      beauty of flowers and fruit; but I assure you every word was printed off
+      before I had opened your pamphlet. Should you like to possess a copy of
+      either the German or English new edition, I should be proud to send one. I
+      may add, with respect to the beauty of flowers, that I have already hinted
+      the same views as you hold in my paper on Lythrum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many of your criticisms on my views are the best which I have met with,
+      but I could answer some, at least to my own satisfaction; and I regret
+      extremely that I had not read your pamphlet before printing my new
+      edition. On one or two points, I think, you have a little misunderstood
+      me, though I dare say I have not been cautious in expressing myself. The
+      remark which has struck me most, is that on the position of the leaves not
+      having been acquired through natural selection, from not being of any
+      special importance to the plant. I well remember being formerly troubled
+      by an analogous difficulty, namely, the position of the ovules, their
+      anatropous condition, etc. It was owing to forgetfulness that I did not
+      notice this difficulty in the 'Origin.' (Nageli's Essay is noticed in the
+      5th edition.) Although I can offer no explanation of such facts, and only
+      hope to see that they may be explained, yet I hardly see how they support
+      the doctrine of some law of necessary development, for it is not clear to
+      me that a plant, with its leaves placed at some particular angle, or with
+      its ovules in some particular position, thus stands higher than another
+      plant. But I must apologise for troubling you with these remarks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I much wish to possess your photograph, I take the liberty of enclosing
+      my own, and with sincere respect I remain, dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [I give a few extracts from letters of various dates showing my father's
+      interest, alluded to in the last letter, in the problem of the arrangement
+      of the leaves on the stems of plants. It may be added that Professor
+      Schwendener of Berlin has successfully attacked the question in his
+      'Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen,' 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      TO DR. FALCONER. August 26 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Do you remember telling me that I ought to study Phyllotaxy? Well I have
+      often wished you at the bottom of the sea; for I could not resist, and I
+      muddled my brains with diagrams, etc., and specimens, and made out, as
+      might have been expected, nothing. Those angles are a most wonderful
+      problem and I wish I could see some one give a rational explanation of
+      them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      TO DR. ASA GRAY. May 11 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If you wish to save me from a miserable death, do tell me why the angles
+      1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, etc, series occur, and no other angles. It is enough
+      to drive the quietest man mad. Did you and some mathematician (Probably my
+      father was thinking of Chauncey Wright's work on Phyllotaxy, in Gould's
+      'Astronomical Journal,' No.99, 1856, and in the 'Mathematical Monthly,'
+      1859. These papers are mentioned in the "Letters of Chauncey Wright.' Mr.
+      Wright corresponded with my father on the subject.) publish some paper on
+      the subject? Hooker says you did; where is it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      TO DR. ASA GRAY. [May 31, 1863?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been looking at Nageli's work on this subject, and am astonished
+      to see that the angle is not always the same in young shoots when the
+      lea-buds are first distinguishable, as in full-grown branches. This shows,
+      I think, that there must be some potent cause for those angles which do
+      occur: I dare say there is some explanation as simple as that for the
+      angles of the Bees-cells."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father also corresponded with Dr. Hubert Airy and was interested in his
+      views on the subject, published in the Royal Soc. Proceedings, 1873, page
+      176.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We now return to the year 1866.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In November, when the prosecution of Governor Eyre was dividing England
+      into two bitterly opposed parties, he wrote to Sir J. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You will shriek at me when you hear that I have just subscribed to the
+      Jamaica Committee." (He subscribed 10 pounds.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On this subject I quote from a letter of my brother's:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "With respect to Governor Eyre's conduct in Jamaica, he felt strongly that
+      J.S. Mill was right in prosecuting him. I remember one evening, at my
+      Uncle's, we were talking on the subject, and as I happened to think it was
+      too strong a measure to prosecute Governor Eyre for murder, I made some
+      foolish remark about the prosecutors spending the surplus of the fund in a
+      dinner. My father turned on me almost with fury, and told me, if those
+      were my feelings, I had better go back to Southampton; the inhabitants
+      having given a dinner to Governor Eyre on his landing, but with which I
+      had had nothing to do." The end of the incident, as told by my brother, is
+      so characteristic of my father that I cannot resist giving it, though it
+      has no bearing on the point at issue. "Next morning at 7 o'clock, or so,
+      he came into my bedroom and sat on my bed, and said that he had not been
+      able to sleep from the thought that he had been so angry with me, and
+      after a few more kind words he left me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The same restless desire to correct a disagreeable or incorrect impression
+      is well illustrated in an extract which I quote from some notes by Rev. J.
+      Brodie Innes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Allied to the extreme carefulness of observation was his most remarkable
+      truthfulness in all matters. On one occasion, when a parish meeting had
+      been held on some disputed point of no great importance, I was surprised
+      by a visit from Mr. Darwin at night. He came to say that, thinking over
+      the debate, though what he had said was quite accurate, he thought I might
+      have drawn an erroneous conclusion, and he would not sleep till he had
+      explained it. I believe that if on any day some certain fact had come to
+      his knowledge which contradicted his most cherished theories, he would
+      have placed the fact on record for publication before he slept."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This tallies with my father's habits, as described by himself. When a
+      difficulty or an objection occurred to him, he thought it of paramount
+      importance to make a note of it instantly because he found hostile facts
+      to be especially evanescent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The same point is illustrated by the following incident, for which I am
+      indebted to Mr. Romanes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have always remembered the following little incident as a good example
+      of Mr. Darwin's extreme solicitude on the score of accuracy. One evening
+      at Down there was a general conversation upon the difficulty of explaining
+      the evolution of some of the distinctively human emotions, especially
+      those appertaining to the recognition of beauty in natural scenery. I
+      suggested a view of my own upon the subject, which, depending upon the
+      principle of association, required the supposition that a long line of
+      ancestors should have inhabited regions, the scenery of which is now
+      regarded as beautiful. Just as I was about to observe that the chief
+      difficulty attaching to my hypothesis arose from feelings of the sublime
+      (seeing that these are associated with awe, and might therefore be
+      expected not to be agreeable), Mr. Darwin anticipated the remark, by
+      asking how the hypothesis was to meet the case of these feelings. In the
+      conversation which followed, he said the occasion in his own life, when he
+      was most affected by the emotions of the sublime was when he stood upon
+      one of the summits of the Cordillera, and surveyed the magnificent
+      prospect all around. It seemed, as he quaintly observed, as if his nerves
+      had become fiddle strings, and had all taken to rapidly vibrating. This
+      remark was only made incidentally, and the conversation passed into some
+      other branch. About an hour afterwards Mr. Darwin retired to rest, while I
+      sat up in the smoking-room with one of his sons. We continued smoking and
+      talking for several hours, when at about one o'clock in the morning the
+      door gently opened and Mr. Darwin appeared, in his slippers and
+      dressing-gown. As nearly as I can remember, the following are the words he
+      used:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "'Since I went to bed I have been thinking over our conversation in the
+      drawing-room, and it has just occurred to me that I was wrong in telling
+      you I felt most of the sublime when on the top of the Cordillera; I am
+      quite sure that I felt it even more when in the forests of Brazil. I
+      thought it best to come and tell you this at once in case I should be
+      putting you wrong. I am sure now that I felt most sublime in the forests.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This was all he had come to say, and it was evident that he had come to
+      do so, because he thought that the fact of his feeling 'most sublime in
+      forests' was more in accordance with the hypothesis which we had been
+      discussing, than the fact which he had previously stated. Now, as no one
+      knew better than Mr. Darwin the difference between a speculation and a
+      fact, I thought this little exhibition of scientific conscientiousness
+      very noteworthy, where the only question concerned was of so highly
+      speculative a character. I should not have been so much impressed if he
+      had thought that by his temporary failure of memory he had put me on a
+      wrong scent in any matter of fact, although even in such a case he is the
+      only man I ever knew who would care to get out of bed at such a time at
+      night in order to make the correction immediately, instead of waiting till
+      next morning. But as the correction only had reference to a flimsy
+      hypothesis, I certainly was very much impressed by this display of
+      character."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 10 [1866].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have now read the last No. of H. Spencer. ('Principles of Biology.')
+      I do not know whether to think it better than the previous number, but it
+      is wonderfully clever, and I dare say mostly true. I feel rather mean when
+      I read him: I could bear, and rather enjoy feeling that he was twice as
+      ingenious and clever as myself, but when I feel that he is about a dozen
+      times my superior, even in the master art of wriggling, I feel aggrieved.
+      If he had trained himself to observe more, even if at the expense, by the
+      law of balancement, of some loss of thinking power, he would have been a
+      wonderful man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am HEARTILY glad you are taking up the Distribution of Plants in New
+      Zealand, and suppose it will make part of your new book. Your view, as I
+      understand it, that New Zealand subsided and formed two or more small
+      islands, and then rose again, seems to me extremely probable... When I
+      puzzled my brains about New Zealand, I remember I came to the conclusion,
+      as indeed I state in the 'Origin,' that its flora, as well as that of
+      other southern lands, had been tinctured by an Antarctic flora, which must
+      have existed before the Glacial period. I concluded that New Zealand never
+      could have been closely connected with Australia, though I supposed it had
+      received some few Australian forms by occasional means of transport. Is
+      there any reason to suppose that New Zealand could have been more closely
+      connected with South Australia during the glacial period, when the
+      Eucalypti, etc., might have been driven further North? Apparently there
+      remains only the line, which I think you suggested, of sunken islands from
+      New Caledonia. Please remember that the Edwardsia was certainly drifted
+      there by the sea.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remember in old days speculating on the amount of life, i.e. of organic
+      chemical change, at different periods. There seems to me one very
+      difficult element in the problem, namely, the state of development of the
+      organic beings at each period, for I presume that a Flora and Fauna of
+      cellular cryptogamic plants, of Protozoa and Radiata would lead to much
+      less chemical change than is now going on. But I have scribbled enough.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter is in acknowledgment of Mr. Rivers' reply to an
+      earlier letter in which my father had asked for information on
+      bu-variation:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It may find a place here in illustration of the manner of my father's
+      intercourse with those "whose avocations in life had to do with the
+      rearing or use of living things" ("Mr. Dyer in 'Charles Darwin,'" "Nature
+      Series", 1882, page 39.)&mdash;an intercourse which bore such good fruit
+      in the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.' Mr. Dyer has some excellent
+      remarks on the unexpected value thus placed on apparently trivial facts
+      disinterred from weekly journals, or amassed by correspondence. He adds:
+      "Horticulturists who had... moulded plants almost at their will at the
+      impulse of taste or profit were at once amazed and charmed to find that
+      they had been doing scientific work and helping to establish a great
+      theory."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T. RIVERS. (The late Mr. Rivers was an eminent
+      horticulturist and writer on horticulture.) Down, December 28 [1866?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Permit me to thank you cordially for your most kind letter. For years I
+      have read with interest every scrap which you have written in periodicals,
+      and abstracted in MS. your book on Roses, and several times I thought I
+      would write to you, but did not know whether you would think me too
+      intrusive. I shall, indeed, be truly obliged for any information you can
+      supply me on bud-variation or sports. When any extra difficult points
+      occur to me in my present subject (which is a mass of difficulties), I
+      will apply to you, but I will not be unreasonable. It is most true what
+      you say that any one to study well the physiology of the life of plants,
+      ought to have under his eye a multitude of plants. I have endeavoured to
+      do what I can by comparing statements by many writers and observing what I
+      could myself. Unfortunately few have observed like you have done. As you
+      are so kind, I will mention one other point on which I am collecting
+      facts; namely, the effect produced on the stock by the graft; thus, it is
+      SAID, that the purple-leaved filbert affects the leaves of the common
+      hazel on which it is grafted (I have just procured a plant to try), so
+      variegated jessamine is SAID to affect its stock. I want these facts
+      partly to throw light on the marvellous laburnum Adami, trifacial oranges,
+      etc. That laburnum case seems one of the strangest in physiology. I have
+      now growing splendid, FERTILE, yellow laburnums (with a long raceme like
+      the so-called Waterer's laburnum) from seed of yellow flowers on the C.
+      Adami. To a man like myself, who is compelled to live a solitary life, and
+      sees few persons, it is no slight satisfaction to hear that I have been
+      able at all [to] interest by my books observers like yourself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I shall publish on my present subject, I presume, within a year, it
+      will be of no use your sending me the shoots of peaches and nectarines
+      which you so kindly offer; I have recorded your facts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Permit me again to thank you cordially; I have not often in my life
+      received a kinder letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.V. &mdash; THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND
+      PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.'
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      JANUARY 1867, TO JUNE 1868.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [At the beginning of the year 1867 he was at work on the final chapter&mdash;"Concluding
+      Remarks" of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,'
+      which was begun after the rest of the MS. had been sent to the printers in
+      the preceding December. With regard to the publication of the book he
+      wrote to Mr. Murray, on January 3:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I cannot tell you how sorry I am to hear of the enormous size of my book.
+      (On January 9 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I have been these last few
+      days vexed and annoyed to a foolish degree by hearing that my MS. on Dom.
+      An. and Cult. Plants will make 2 volumes, both bigger than the 'Origin.'
+      The volumes will have to be full-sized octavo, so I have written to Murray
+      to suggest details to be printed in small type. But I feel that the size
+      is quite ludicrous in relation to the subject. I am ready to swear at
+      myself and at every fool who writes a book.") I fear it can never pay. But
+      I cannot shorten it now; nor, indeed, if I had foreseen its length, do I
+      see which parts ought to have been omitted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If you are afraid to publish it, say so at once, I beg you, and I will
+      consider your note as cancelled. If you think fit, get any one whose
+      judgment you rely on, to look over some of the more legible chapters,
+      namely, the Introduction, and on dogs and plants, the latter chapters
+      being in my opinion, the dullest in the book... The list of chapters, and
+      the inspection of a few here and there, would give a good judge a fair
+      idea of the whole book. Pray do not publish blindly, as it would vex me
+      all my life if I led you to heavy loss."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Murray referred the MS. to a literary friend, and, in spite of a
+      somewhat adverse opinion, willingly agreed to publish the book. My father
+      wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your note has been a great relief to me. I am rather alarmed about the
+      verdict of your friend, as he is not a man of science. I think if you had
+      sent the 'Origin' to an unscientific man, he would have utterly condemned
+      it. I am, however, VERY GLAD that you have consulted any one on whom you
+      can rely.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must add, that my 'Journal of Researches' was seen in MS. by an eminent
+      semi-scientific man, and was pronounced unfit for publication."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proofs were begun in March, and the last revise was finished on
+      November 15th, and during this period the only intervals of rest were two
+      visits of a week each at his brother Erasmus's house in Queen Anne Street.
+      He notes in his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I began this book [in the] beginning of 1860 (and then had some MS.), but
+      owing to interruptions from my illness, and illness of children; from
+      various editions of the 'Origin,' and Papers, especially Orchis book and
+      Tendrils, I have spent four years and two months over it."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The edition of 'Animals and Plants' was of 1500 copies, and of these 1260
+      were sold at Mr. Murray's autumnal sale, but it was not published until
+      January 30, 1868. A new edition of 1250 copies was printed in February of
+      the same year.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1867 he received the distinction of being made a knight of the Prussian
+      Order "Pour le Merite." (The Order "Pour le Merite" was founded in 1740 by
+      Frederick II. by the re-christening of an "Order of Generosity," founded
+      in 1665. It was at one time strictly military, having been previously both
+      civil and military, and in 1840 the Order was again opened to civilians.
+      The order consists of thirty members of German extraction, but
+      distinguished foreigners are admitted to a kind of extraordinary
+      membership. Faraday, Herschel, and Thomas Moore, have belonged to it in
+      this way. From the thirty members a chancellor is elected by the king (the
+      first officer of this kind was Alexander v. Humboldt); and it is the duty
+      of the chancellor to notify a vacancy in the Order to the remainder of the
+      thirty, who then elect by vote the new member&mdash;but the king has
+      technically the appointment in his own hands.) He seems not to have known
+      how great the distinction was, for in June 1868 he wrote to Sir J.D.
+      Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What a man you are for sympathy. I was made "Eques" some months ago, but
+      did not think much about it. Now, by Jove, we all do; but you, in fact,
+      have knighted me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The letters may now take up the story.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 8 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am heartily glad that you have been offered the Presidentship of the
+      British Association, for it is a great honour, and as you have so much
+      work to do, I am equally glad that you have declined it. I feel, however,
+      convinced that you would have succeeded very well; but if I fancy myself
+      in such a position, it actually makes my blood run cold. I look back with
+      amazement at the skill and taste with which the Duke of Argyll made a
+      multitude of little speeches at Glasgow. By the way, I have not seen the
+      Duke's book ('The Reign of Law,' 1867.), but I formerly thought that some
+      of the articles which appeared in periodicals were very clever, but not
+      very profound. One of these was reviewed in the "Saturday Review"
+      ("Saturday Review", November 15, 1862, 'The "Edinburgh Review" on the
+      Supernatural.' Written by my cousin, Mr. Henry Parker.) some years ago,
+      and the fallacy of some main argument was admirably exposed, and I sent
+      the article to you, and you agreed strongly with it... There was the other
+      day a rather good review of the Duke's book in the "Spectator", and with a
+      new explanation, either by the Duke or the reviewer (I could not make out
+      which), of rudimentary organs, namely, that economy of labour and material
+      was a great guiding principle with God (ignoring waste of seed and of
+      young monsters, etc.), and that making a new plan for the structure of
+      animals was thought, and thought was labour, and therefore God kept to a
+      uniform plan, and left rudiments. This is no exaggeration. In short, God
+      is a man, rather cleverer than us... I am very much obliged for the
+      "Nation" (returned by this post); it is ADMIRABLY good. You say I always
+      guess wrong, but I do not believe any one, except Asa Gray, could have
+      done the thing so well. I would bet even, or three to two, that it is Asa
+      Gray, though one or two passages staggered me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I finish my book on 'Domestic Animals,' etc., by a single paragraph,
+      answering, or rather throwing doubt, in so far as so little space permits,
+      on Asa Gray's doctrine that each variation has been specially ordered or
+      led along a beneficial line. It is foolish to touch such subjects, but
+      there have been so many allusions to what I think about the part which God
+      has played in the formation of organic beings (Prof. Judd allows me to
+      quote from some notes which he has kindly given me:&mdash;"Lyell once told
+      me that he had frequently been asked if Darwin was not one of the most
+      unhappy of men, it being suggested that his outrage upon public opinion
+      should have filled him with remorse." Sir Charles Lyell must have been
+      able, I think, to give a satisfactory answer on this point. Professor Judd
+      continues:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I made a note of this and other conversations of Lyell's at the time. At
+      the present time such statements must appear strange to any one who does
+      not recollect the revolution in opinion which has taken place during the
+      last 23 years [1882]."), that I thought it shabby to evade the question...
+      I have even received several letters on the subject... I overlooked your
+      sentence about Providence, and suppose I treated it as Buckland did his
+      own theology, when his Bridgewater Treatise was read aloud to him for
+      correction...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter, from Mrs. Boole, is one of those referred to in the
+      last letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Will you excuse my venturing to ask you a question, to which no one's
+      answer but your own would be quite satisfactory?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do you consider the holding of your theory of Natural Selection, in its
+      fullest and most unreserved sense, to be inconsistent&mdash;I do not say
+      with any particular scheme of theological doctrine&mdash;but with the
+      following belief, namely:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That knowledge is given to man by the direct inspiration of the Spirit of
+      God.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That God is a personal and Infinitely good Being.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That the effect of the action of the Spirit of God on the brain of man is
+      especially a moral effect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And that each individual man has within certain limits a power of choice
+      as to how far he will yield to his hereditary animal impulses, and how far
+      he will rather follow the guidance of the Spirit, who is educating him
+      into a power of resisting those impulses in obedience to moral motives?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The reason why I ask you is this: my own impression has always been, not
+      only that your theory was perfectly COMPATIBLE with the faith to which I
+      have just tried to give expression, but that your books afforded me a clue
+      which would guide me in applying that faith to the solution of certain
+      complicated psychological problems which it was of practical importance to
+      me as a mother to solve. I felt that you had supplied one of the missing
+      links&mdash;not to say THE missing link&mdash;between the facts of science
+      and the promises of religion. Every year's experience tends to deepen in
+      me that impression.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I have lately read remarks on the probable bearing of your theory on
+      religious and moral questions which have perplexed and pained me sorely. I
+      know that the persons who make such remarks must be cleverer and wiser
+      than myself. I cannot feel sure that they are mistaken, unless you will
+      tell me so. And I think&mdash;I cannot know for certain&mdash;but I THINK&mdash;that
+      if I were an author, I would rather that the humblest student of my works
+      should apply to me directly in a difficulty, than that she should puzzle
+      too long over adverse and probably mistaken or thoughtless criticisms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the same time I feel that you have a perfect right to refuse to answer
+      such questions as I have asked you. Science must take her path, and
+      Theology hers, and they will meet when and where and how God pleases, and
+      you are in no sense responsible for it if the meeting-point should still
+      be very far off. If I receive no answer to this letter I shall infer
+      nothing from your silence, except that you felt I had no right to make
+      such enquiries of a stranger.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [My father replied as follows:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, December 14, [1866].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Madam,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It would have gratified me much if I could have sent satisfactory answers
+      to your questions, or, indeed, answers of any kind. But I cannot see how
+      the belief that all organic beings, including man, have been genetically
+      derived from some simple being, instead of having been separately created,
+      bears on your difficulties. These, as it seems to me, can be answered only
+      by widely different evidence from science, or by the so-called "inner
+      consciousness." My opinion is not worth more than that of any other man
+      who has thought on such subjects, and it would be folly in me to give it.
+      I may, however, remark that it has always appeared to me more satisfactory
+      to look at the immense amount of pain and suffering in this world as the
+      inevitable result of the natural sequence of events, i.e. general laws,
+      rather than from the direct intervention of God, though I am aware this is
+      not logical with reference to an omniscient Deity. Your last question
+      seems to resolve itself into the problem of free will and necessity, which
+      has been found by most persons insoluble. I sincerely wish that this note
+      had not been as utterly valueless as it is. I would have sent full
+      answers, though I have little time or strength to spare, had it been in my
+      power. I have the honour to remain, dear Madam,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I am grieved that my views should incidentally have caused
+      trouble to your mind, but I thank you for your judgment, and honour you
+      for it, that theology and science should each run its own course, and that
+      in the present case I am not responsible if their meeting-point should
+      still be far off.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter discusses the 'Reign of Law,' referred to a few pages
+      back:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, June 1 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am at present reading the Duke, and am VERY MUCH interested by him;
+      yet I cannot but think, clever as the whole is, that parts are weak, as
+      when he doubts whether each curvature of the beak of humming-birds is of
+      service to each species. He admits, perhaps too fully, that I have shown
+      the use of each little ridge and shape of each petal in orchids, and how
+      strange he does not extend the view to humming-birds. Still odder, it
+      seems to me, all that he says on beauty, which I should have thought a
+      nonentity, except in the mind of some sentient being. He might have as
+      well said that love existed during the secondary or Palaeozoic periods. I
+      hope you are getting on with your book better than I am with mine, which
+      kills me with the labour of correcting, and is intolerably dull, though I
+      did not think so when I was writing it. A naturalist's life would be a
+      happy one if he had only to observe, and never to write.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We shall be in London for a week in about a fortnight's time, and I shall
+      enjoy having a breakfast talk with you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to the new and improved translation of the
+      'Origin,' undertaken by Professor Carus:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. VICTOR CARUS. Down, February 17 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have read your preface with care. It seems to me that you have treated
+      Bronn with complete respect and great delicacy, and that you have alluded
+      to your own labour with much modesty. I do not think that any of Bronn's
+      friends can complain of what you say and what you have done. For my own
+      sake, I grieve that you have not added notes, as I am sure that I should
+      have profited much by them; but as you have omitted Bronn's objections, I
+      believe that you have acted with excellent judgment and fairness in
+      leaving the text without comment to the independent verdict of the reader.
+      I heartily congratulate you that the main part of your labour is over; it
+      would have been to most men a very troublesome task, but you seem to have
+      indomitable powers of work, judging from those two wonderful and most
+      useful volumes on zoological literature ('Bibliotheca Zoologica,' 1861.)
+      edited by you, and which I never open without surprise at their accuracy,
+      and gratitude for their usefulness. I cannot sufficiently tell you how
+      much I rejoice that you were persuaded to superintend the translation of
+      the present edition of my book, for I have now the great satisfaction of
+      knowing that the German public can judge fairly of its merits and
+      demerits...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With my cordial and sincere thanks, believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor
+      Haeckel, was written in 1865, and from that time forward they corresponded
+      (though not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of my father's
+      life. His friendship with Haeckel was not nearly growth of correspondence,
+      as was the case with some others, for instance, Fritz Muller. Haeckel paid
+      more than one visit to Down, and these were thoroughly enjoyed by my
+      father. The following letter will serve to show the strong feeling of
+      regard which he entertained for his correspondent&mdash;a feeling which I
+      have often heard him emphatically express, and which was warmly returned.
+      The book referred to is Haeckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' published in
+      1866, a copy of which my father received from the author in January 1867.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. E. Krause ('Charles Darwin und sein Verhaltniss zu Deutschland,'
+      1885.) has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's services to the
+      cause of Evolution. After speaking of the lukewarm reception which the
+      'Origin' met with in Germany on its first publication, he goes on to
+      describe the first adherents of the new faith as more or less popular
+      writers, not especially likely to advance its acceptance with the
+      professorial or purely scientific world. And he claims for Haeckel that it
+      was his advocacy of Evolution in his 'Radiolaria' (1862), and at the
+      "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin in 1863, that placed the Darwinian
+      question for the first time publicly before the forum of German science,
+      and his enthusiastic propagandism that chiefly contributed to its success.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+      the Coryphaeus of the Darwinian movement in Germany. Of his 'Generelle
+      Morphologie,' "an attempt to work out the practical application" of the
+      doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+      "force and suggestiveness, and... systematising power of Oken without his
+      extravagance." Professor Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+      'Schopfungs-Geschichte' as an exposition of the 'Generelle Morphologie'
+      "for an educated public."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, in his 'Evolution in Biology' (An article in the 'Encyclopaedia
+      Britannica,' 9th edition, reprinted in 'Science and Culture,' 1881, page
+      298.), Mr. Huxley wrote: "Whatever hesitation may, not unfrequently, be
+      felt by less daring minds, in following Haeckel in many of his
+      speculations, his attempt to systematise the doctrine of Evolution, and to
+      exhibit its influence as the central thought of modern biology, cannot
+      fail to have a far-reaching influence on the progress of science."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner in
+      which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and on this
+      subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (page 162). He asks whether much
+      that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well have been
+      otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to deny this.
+      Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked well for the
+      cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated on himself by his
+      'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,' his 'Generelle Morphologie,' and
+      'Schopfungs-Geschichte,' all the hatred and bitterness which Evolution
+      excited in certain quarters," so that, "in a surprisingly short time it
+      became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel alone should be abused, while
+      Darwin was held up as the ideal of forethought and moderation."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, May 21, 1867.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Haeckel,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for you have received
+      what I said in the most kind and cordial manner. You have in part taken
+      what I said much stronger than I had intended. It never occurred to me for
+      a moment to doubt that your work, with the whole subject so admirably and
+      clearly arranged, as well as fortified by so many new facts and arguments,
+      would not advance our common object in the highest degree. All that I
+      think is that you will excite anger, and that anger so completely blinds
+      every one, that your arguments would have no chance of influencing those
+      who are already opposed to our views. Moreover, I do not at all like that
+      you, towards whom I feel so much friendship, should unnecessarily make
+      enemies, and there is pain and vexation enough in the world without more
+      being caused. But I repeat that I can feel no doubt that your work will
+      greatly advance our subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated
+      into English, for my own sake and that of others. With respect to what you
+      say about my advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some
+      of my English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+      compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+      policy. The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in England
+      (In October 1867 he wrote to Mr. Wallace:&mdash;"Mr. Warrington has lately
+      read an excellent and spirited abstract of the 'Origin' before the
+      Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has gained the
+      name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion which followed during three
+      consecutive meetings is very rich from the nonsense talked. If you would
+      care to see the number I could send it you."), even amongst those who can
+      give no reason for their belief. No body of men were at first so much
+      opposed to my views as the members of the London Entomological Society,
+      but now I am assured that, with the exception of two or three old men, all
+      the members concur with me to a certain extent. It has been a great
+      disappointment to me that I have never received your long letter written
+      to me from the Canary Islands. I am rejoiced to hear that your tour, which
+      seems to have been a most interesting one, has done your health much good.
+      I am working away at my new book, but make very slow progress, and the
+      work tries my health, which is much the same as when you were here.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Victor Carus is going to translate it, but whether it is worth
+      translation, I am rather doubtful. I am very glad to hear that there is
+      some chance of your visiting England this autumn, and all in this house
+      will be delighted to see you here.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Haeckel, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, July 31 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I received a week ago your letter of June 2, full as usual of valuable
+      matter and specimens. It arrived at exactly the right time, for I was
+      enabled to give a pretty full abstract of your observations on the plant's
+      own pollen being poisonous. I have inserted this abstract in the
+      proo-sheets in my chapter on sterility, and it forms the most striking
+      part of my whole chapter. (In 'The Variation of Animals and Plants.') I
+      thank you very sincerely for the most interesting observations, which,
+      however, I regret that you did not publish independently. I have been
+      forced to abbreviate one or two parts more than I wished... Your letters
+      always surprise me, from the number of points to which you attend. I wish
+      I could make my letters of any interest to you, for I hardly ever see a
+      naturalist, and live as retired a life as you in Brazil. With respect to
+      mimetic plants, I remember Hooker many years ago saying he believed that
+      there were many, but I agree with you that it would be most difficult to
+      distinguish between mimetic resemblance and the effects of peculiar
+      conditions. Who can say to which of these causes to attribute the several
+      plants with heath-like foliage at the Cape of Good Hope? Is it not also a
+      difficulty that quadrupeds appear to recognise plants more by their
+      [scent] than their appearance? What I have just said reminds me to ask you
+      a question. Sir J. Lubbock brought me the other day what appears to be a
+      terrestrial Planaria (the first ever found in the northern hemisphere) and
+      which was coloured exactly like our dark-coloured slugs. Now slugs are not
+      devoured by birds, like the shell-bearing species, and this made me
+      remember that I found the Brazilian Planariae actually together with
+      striped Vaginuli which I believe were similarly coloured. Can you throw
+      any light on this? I wish to know, because I was puzzled some months ago
+      how it would be possible to account for the bright colours of the
+      Planariae in reference to sexual selection. By the way, I suppose they are
+      hermaphrodites.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do not forget to aid me, if in your power, with answers to ANY of my
+      questions on expression, for the subject interests me greatly. With
+      cordial thanks for your never-failing kindness, believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, July 18 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many thanks for your long letter. I am sorry to hear that you are in
+      despair about your book (The 2nd volume of the 10th Edition of the
+      'Principles.'); I well know that feeling, but am now getting out of the
+      lower depths. I shall be very much pleased, if you can make the least use
+      of my present book, and do not care at all whether it is published before
+      yours. Mine will appear towards the end of November of this year; you
+      speak of yours as not coming out till November, 1868, which I hope may be
+      an error. There is nothing about Man in my book which can interfere with
+      you, so I will order all the completed clean sheets to be sent (and others
+      as soon as ready) to you, but please observe you will not care for the
+      first volume, which is a mere record of the amount of variation; but I
+      hope the second will be somewhat more interesting. Though I fear the whole
+      must be dull.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I rejoice from my heart that you are going to speak out plainly about
+      species. My book about Man, if published, will be short, and a large
+      portion will be devoted to sexual selection, to which subject I alluded in
+      the 'Origin' as bearing on Man...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, August 22 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you cordially for your last two letters. The former one did me
+      REAL good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could hardly
+      bear to correct the proofs (The proofs of 'Animals and Plants,' which
+      Lyell was then reading.), and you gave me fresh heart. I remember thinking
+      that when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would pass it over as quite
+      unreadable. Your last letter has interested me in very many ways, and I
+      have been glad to hear about those horrid unbelieving Frenchmen. I have
+      been particularly pleased that you have noticed Pangenesis. I do not know
+      whether you ever had the feeling of having thought so much over a subject
+      that you had lost all power of judging it. This is my case with Pangenesis
+      (which is 26 or 27 years old), but I am inclined to think that if it be
+      admitted as a probable hypothesis it will be a somewhat important step in
+      Biology.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot help still regretting that you have ever looked at the slips, for
+      I hope to improve the whole a good deal. It is surprising to me, and
+      delightful, that you should care in the least about the plants. Altogether
+      you have given me one of the best cordials I ever had in my life, and I
+      heartily thank you. I despatched this morning the French edition. (Of the
+      'Origin.' It appears that my father was sending a copy of the French
+      edition to Sir Charles. The introduction was by Mdlle. Royer, who
+      translated the book.) The introduction was a complete surprise to me, and
+      I dare say has injured the book in France; nevertheless... it shows, I
+      think, that the woman is uncommonly clever. Once again many thanks for the
+      renewed courage with which I shall attack the horrid proof-sheets.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;A Russian who is translating my new book into Russian has been
+      here, and says you are immensely read in Russia, and many editions&mdash;how
+      many I forget. Six editions of Buckle and four editions of the 'Origin.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, October 16 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I send by this post clean sheets of Volume I. up to page 336, and there
+      are only 411 pages in this volume. I am VERY glad to hear that you are
+      going to review my book; but if the "Nation" (The book was reviewed by Dr.
+      Gray in the "Nation", March 19, 1868.) is a newspaper I wish it were at
+      the bottom of the sea, for I fear that you will thus be stopped reviewing
+      me in a scientific journal. The first volume is all details, and you will
+      not be able to read it; and you must remember that the chapters on plants
+      are written for naturalists who are not botanists. The last chapter in
+      Volume I. is, however, I think, a curious compilation of facts; it is on
+      bu-variation. In Volume II. some of the chapters are more interesting; and
+      I shall be very curious to hear your verdict on the chapter on close
+      inte-breeding. The chapter on what I call Pangenesis will be called a mad
+      dream, and I shall be pretty well satisfied if you think it a dream worth
+      publishing; but at the bottom of my own mind I think it contains a great
+      truth. I finish my book with a semi-theological paragraph, in which I
+      quote and differ from you; what you will think of it, I know not...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 17 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Congratulate me, for I have finished the last revise of the last sheet of
+      my book. It has been an awful job: seven and a half months correcting the
+      press: the book, from much small type, does not look big, but is really
+      very big. I have had hard work to keep up to the mark, but during the last
+      week only few revises came, so that I have rested and feel more myself.
+      Hence, after our long mutual silence, I enjoy myself by writing a note to
+      you, for the sake of exhaling, and hearing from you. On account of the
+      index (The index was made by Mr. W.S. Dallas; I have often heard my father
+      express his admiration of this excellent piece of work.), I do not suppose
+      that you will receive your copy till the middle of next month. I shall be
+      intensely anxious to hear what you think about Pangenesis; though I can
+      see how fearfully imperfect, even in mere conjectural conclusions, it is;
+      yet it has been an infinite satisfaction to me somehow to connect the
+      various large groups of facts, which I have long considered, by an
+      intelligible thread. I shall not be at all surprised if you attack it and
+      me with unparalleled ferocity. It will be my endeavour to do as little as
+      possible for some time, but [I] shall soon prepare a paper or two for the
+      Linnean Society. In a short time we shall go to London for ten days, but
+      the time is not yet fixed. Now I have told you a deal about myself, and do
+      let me hear a good deal about your own past and future doings. Can you pay
+      us a visit, early in December?... I have seen no one for an age, and heard
+      no news.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... About my book I will give you a bit of advice. Skip the WHOLE of
+      Volume I., except the last chapter (and that need only be skimmed) and
+      skip largely in the 2nd volume; and then you will say it is a very good
+      book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ['The Variation of Animals and Plants' was, as already mentioned,
+      published on January 30, 1868, and on that day he sent a copy to Fritz
+      Muller, and wrote to him:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I send by this post, by French packet, my new book, the publication of
+      which has been much delayed. The greater part, as you will see, is not
+      meant to be read; but I should very much like to hear what you think of
+      'Pangenesis,' though I fear it will appear to EVERY ONE far too
+      speculative."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. February 3 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am very much pleased at what you say about my Introduction; after it
+      was in type I was as near as possible cancelling the whole. I have been
+      for some time in despair about my book, and if I try to read a few pages I
+      feel fairly nauseated, but do not let this make you praise it; for I have
+      made up my mind that it is not worth a fifth part of the enormous labour
+      it has cost me. I assure you that all that is worth your doing (if you
+      have time for so much) is glancing at Chapter VI., and reading parts of
+      the later chapters. The facts on self-impotent plants seem to me curious,
+      and I have worked out to my own satisfaction the good from crossing and
+      evil from interbreeding. I did read Pangenesis the other evening, but even
+      this, my beloved child, as I had fancied, quite disgusted me. The devil
+      take the whole book; and yet now I am at work again as hard as I am able.
+      It is really a great evil that from habit I have pleasure in hardly
+      anything except Natural History, for nothing else makes me forget my
+      eve-recurrent uncomfortable sensations. But I must not howl any more, and
+      the critics may say what they like; I did my best, and man can do no more.
+      What a splendid pursuit Natural History would be if it was all observing
+      and no writing!...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 10 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What is the good of having a friend, if one may not boast to him? I heard
+      yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole edition of 1500 copies
+      of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has agreed with Clowes to get
+      another edition in fourteen days! This has done me a world of good, for I
+      had got into a sort of dogged hatred of my book. And now there has
+      appeared a review in the "Pall Mall" which has pleased me excessively,
+      more perhaps than is reasonable. I am quite content, and do not care how
+      much I may be pitched into. If by any chance you should hear who wrote the
+      article in the "Pall Mall", do please tell me; it is some one who writes
+      capitally, and who knows the subject. I went to luncheon on Sunday, to
+      Lubbock's, partly in hopes of seeing you, and, be hanged to you, you were
+      not there.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your cock-a-hoop friend, C.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in the
+      "Pall Mall Gazette" (February 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well have
+      been gratified by the following passages:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+      expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+      which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on his
+      antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. Considering the
+      amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other side,
+      this forbearance is supremely dignified."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And again in the third notice, February 17:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive
+      sel-love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+      fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators... but while abstaining
+      from impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest debts
+      he may owe; and his book will make many men happy."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am indebted to Messrs. Smith &amp; Elder for the information that these
+      articles were written by Mr. G.H. Lewes.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 23 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have had almost as many letters to write of late as you can have, viz.
+      from 8 to 10 per diem, chiefly getting up facts on sexual selection,
+      therefore I have felt no inclination to write to you, and now I mean to
+      write solely about my book for my own satisfaction, and not at all for
+      yours. The first edition was 1500 copies, and now the second is printed
+      off; sharp work. Did you look at the review in the "Athenaeum"
+      ("Athenaeum", February 15, 1868. My father quoted Pouchet's assertion that
+      "variation under domestication throws no light on the natural modification
+      of species." The reviewer quotes the end of a passage in which my father
+      declares that he can see no force in Pouchet's arguments, or rather
+      assertions, and then goes on: "We are sadly mistaken if there are not
+      clear proofs in the pages of the book before us that, on the contrary, Mr.
+      Darwin has perceived, felt, and yielded to the force of the arguments or
+      assertions of his French antagonist." The following may serve as samples
+      of the rest of the review:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Henceforth the rhetoricians will have a better illustration of
+      anti-climax than the mountain which brought forth a mouse,... in the
+      discoverer of the origin of species, who tried to explain the variation of
+      pigeons!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A few summary words. On the 'Origin of Species' Mr. Darwin has nothing,
+      and is never likely to have anything, to say; but on the vastly important
+      subject of inheritance, the transmission of peculiarities once acquired
+      through successive generations, this work is a valuable store-house of
+      facts for curious students and practical breeders."), showing profound
+      contempt of me?... It is a shame that he should have said that I have
+      taken much from Pouchet, without acknowledgment; for I took literally
+      nothing, there being nothing to take. There is a capital review in the
+      "Gardeners' Chronicle" which will sell the book if anything will. I don't
+      quite see whether I or the writer is in a muddle about man CAUSING
+      variability. If a man drops a bit of iron into sulphuric acid he does not
+      cause the affinities to come into play, yet he may be said to make
+      sulphate of iron. I do not know how to avoid ambiguity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After what the "Pall Mall Gazette" and the "Chronicle" have said I do not
+      care a d&mdash;.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fear Pangenesis is stillborn; Bates says he has read it twice, and is
+      not sure that he understands it. H. Spencer says the view is quite
+      different from his (and this is a great relief to me, as I feared to be
+      accused of plagiarism, but utterly failed to be sure what he meant, so
+      thought it safest to give my view as almost the same as his), and he says
+      he is not sure he understands it... Am I not a poor devil? yet I took such
+      pains, I must think that I expressed myself clearly. Old Sir H. Holland
+      says he has read it twice, and thinks it very tough; but believes that
+      sooner or later "some view akin to it" will be accepted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You will think me very self-sufficient, when I declare that I feel SURE if
+      Pangenesis is now stillborn it will, thank God, at some future time
+      reappear, begotten by some other father, and christened by some other
+      name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Have you ever met with any tangible and clear view of what takes place in
+      generation, whether by seeds or buds, or how a long-lost character can
+      possibly reappear; or how the male element can possibly affect the mother
+      plant, or the mother animal, so that her future progeny are affected? Now
+      all these points and many others are connected together, whether truly or
+      falsely is another question, by Pangenesis. You see I die hard, and stick
+      up for my poor child.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This letter is written for my own satisfaction, and not for yours. So bear
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. NEWTON. (Prof. of Zoology at Cambridge.)
+      Down, February 9 [1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Newton,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant to
+      write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his favour;
+      and yet I am going thus to act. I have just read what you have said in the
+      'Record' ('Zoological Record.' The volume for 1868, published December
+      1869.) about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified me beyond measure. I
+      have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the labour of so many years
+      seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the first man capable of
+      forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages), who seems to have
+      thought anything of this part of my work. The amount of labour,
+      correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more than you
+      could well suppose. I thought the article in the "Athenaeum" was very
+      unjust; but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you for your
+      sympathy and too warm praise. What labour you have bestowed on your part
+      of the 'Record'! I ought to be ashamed to speak of my amount of work. I
+      thoroughly enjoyed the Sunday, which you and the others spent here, and
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, dear Newton, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 27 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You cannot well imagine how much I have been pleased by what you say about
+      'Pangenesis.' None of my friends will speak out... Hooker, as far as I
+      understand him, which I hardly do at present, seems to think that the
+      hypothesis is little more than saying that organisms have such and such
+      potentialities. What you say exactly and fully expresses my feeling, viz.
+      that it is a relief to have some feasible explanation of the various
+      facts, which can be given up as soon as any better hypothesis is found. It
+      has certainly been an immense relief to my mind; for I have been stumbling
+      over the subject for years, dimly seeing that some relation existed
+      between the various classes of facts. I now hear from H. Spencer that his
+      views quoted in my foot-note refer to something quite distinct, as you
+      seem to have perceived.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall be very glad to hear at some future day your criticisms on the
+      "causes of variability." Indeed I feel sure that I am right about
+      sterility and natural selection... I do not quite understand your case,
+      and we think that a word or two is misplaced. I wish sometime you would
+      consider the case under the following point of view:&mdash;If sterility is
+      caused or accumulated through natural selection, than as every degree
+      exists up to absolute barrenness, natural selection must have the power of
+      increasing it. Now take two species, A and B, and assume that they are (by
+      any means) half-sterile, i.e. produce half the full number of offspring.
+      Now try and make (by natural selection) A and B absolutely sterile when
+      crossed, and you will find how difficult it is. I grant indeed, it is
+      certain, that the degree of sterility of the individuals A and B will
+      vary, but any such extra-sterile individuals of, we will say A, if they
+      should hereafter breed with other individuals of A, will bequeath no
+      advantage to their progeny, by which these families will tend to increase
+      in number over other families of A, which are not more sterile when
+      crossed with B. But I do not know that I have made this any clearer than
+      in the chapter in my book. It is a most difficult bit of reasoning, which
+      I have gone over and over again on paper with diagrams.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Hearty thanks for your letter. You have indeed pleased me, for I had
+      given up the great god Pan as a stillborn deity. I wish you could be
+      induced to make it clear with your admirable powers of elucidation in one
+      of the scientific journals...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 28 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been deeply interested by your letter, and we had a good laugh over
+      Huxley's remark, which was so deuced clever that you could not recollect
+      it. I cannot quite follow your train of thought, for in the last page you
+      admit all that I wish, having apparently denied all, or thought all mere
+      words in the previous pages of your note; but it may be my muddle. I see
+      clearly that any satisfaction which Pan may give will depend on the
+      constitution of each man's mind. If you have arrived already at any
+      similar conclusion, the whole will of course appear stale to you. I heard
+      yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity), "I can hardly
+      tell you how much I admire the chapter on 'Pangenesis.' It is a POSITIVE
+      COMFORT to me to have any feasible explanation of a difficulty that has
+      always been haunting me, and I shall never be able to give it up till a
+      better one supplies its place, and that I think hardly possible, etc." Now
+      his foregoing [italicised] words express my sentiments exactly and fully:
+      though perhaps I feel the relief extra strongly from having during many
+      years vainly attempted to form some hypothesis. When you or Huxley say
+      that a single cell of a plant, or the stump of an amputated limb, have the
+      "potentiality" of reproducing the whole&mdash;or "diffuse an influence,"
+      these words give me no positive idea;&mdash;but when it is said that the
+      cells of a plant, or stump, include atoms derived from every other cell of
+      the whole organism and capable of development, I gain a distinct idea. But
+      this idea would not be worth a rush, if it applied to one case alone; but
+      it seems to me to apply to all the forms of reproduction&mdash;inheritance&mdash;metamorphosis&mdash;to
+      the abnormal transposition of organs&mdash;to the direct action of the
+      male element on the mother plant, etc. Therefore I fully believe that each
+      cell does ACTUALLY throw off an atom or gemmule of its contents;&mdash;but
+      whether or not, this hypothesis serves as a useful connecting link for
+      various grand classes of physiological facts, which at present stand
+      absolutely isolated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have touched on the doubtful point (alluded to by Huxley) how far atoms
+      derived from the same cell may become developed into different structure
+      accordingly as they are differently nourished; I advanced as illustrations
+      galls and polypoid excrescences...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a real pleasure to me to write to you on this subject, and I should
+      be delighted if we can understand each other; but you must not let your
+      good nature lead you on. Remember, we always fight tooth and nail. We go
+      to London on Tuesday, first for a week to Queen Anne Street, and
+      afterwards to Miss Wedgwood's, in Regent's Park, and stay the whole month,
+      which, as my gardener truly says, is a "terrible thing" for my
+      experiments.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. (Dr. William Ogle, now the
+      Superintendent of Statistics to the Registrar-General.) Down, March 6
+      [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you most sincerely for your letter, which is very interesting to
+      me. I wish I had known of these views of Hippocrates before I had
+      published, for they seem almost identical with mine&mdash;merely a change
+      of terms&mdash;and an application of them to classes of facts necessarily
+      unknown to the old philosopher. The whole case is a good illustration of
+      how rarely anything is new.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hippocrates has taken the wind out of my sails, but I care very little
+      about being forestalled. I advance the views merely as a provisional
+      hypothesis, but with the secret expectation that sooner or later some such
+      view will have to be admitted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I do not expect the reviewers will be so learned as you: otherwise, no
+      doubt, I shall be accused of wilfully stealing Pangenesis from
+      Hippocrates,&mdash;for this is the spirit some reviewers delight to show.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, March 21 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am very much obliged to you for sending me so frankly your opinion
+      on Pangenesis, and I am sorry it is unfavourable, but I cannot quite
+      understand your remark on pangenesis, selection, and the struggle for life
+      not being more methodical. I am not at all surprised at your unfavourable
+      verdict; I know many, probably most, will come to the same conclusion. One
+      English Review says it is much too complicated... Some of my friends are
+      enthusiastic on the hypothesis... Sir C. Lyell says to every one, "you may
+      not believe in 'Pangenesis,' but if you once understand it, you will never
+      get it out of your mind." And with this criticism I am perfectly content.
+      All cases of inheritance and reversion and development now appear to me
+      under a new light...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [An extract from a letter to Fritz Muller, though of later date (June),
+      may be given here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your letter of April 22 has much interested me. I am delighted that you
+      approve of my book, for I value your opinion more than that of almost any
+      one. I have yet hopes that you will think well of Pangenesis. I feel sure
+      that our minds are somewhat alike, and I find it a great relief to have
+      some definite, though hypothetical view, when I reflect on the wonderful
+      transformations of animals,&mdash;the re-growth of parts,&mdash;and
+      especially the direct action of pollen on the mother-form, etc. It often
+      appears to me almost certain that the characters of the parents are
+      "photographed" on the child, only by means of material atoms derived from
+      each cell in both parents, and developed in the child."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, May 8 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been a most ungrateful and ungracious man not to have written to
+      you an immense time ago to thank you heartily for the "Nation", and for
+      all your most kind aid in regard to the American edition [of 'Animals and
+      Plants']. But I have been of late overwhelmed with letters, which I was
+      forced to answer, and so put off writing to you. This morning I received
+      the American edition (which looks capital), with your nice preface, for
+      which hearty thanks. I hope to heaven that the book will succeed well
+      enough to prevent you repenting of your aid. This arrival has put the
+      finishing stroke to my conscience, which will endure its wrongs no longer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Your article in the "Nation" [March 19] seems to me very good, and you
+      give an excellent idea of Pangenesis&mdash;an infant cherished by few as
+      yet, except his tender parent, but which will live a long life. There is
+      parental presumption for you! You give a good slap at my concluding
+      metaphor (A short abstract of the precipice metaphor is given in Volume I.
+      Dr. Gray's criticism on this point is as follows: "But in Mr. Darwin's
+      parallel, to meet the case of nature according to his own view of it, not
+      only the fragments of rock (answering to variation) should fall, but the
+      edifice (answering to natural selection) should rise, irrespective of will
+      or choice!" But my father's parallel demands that natural selection shall
+      be the architect, not the edifice&mdash;the question of design only comes
+      in with regard to the form of the building materials.): undoubtedly I
+      ought to have brought in and contrasted natural and artificial selection;
+      but it seems so obvious to me that natural selection depended on
+      contingencies even more complex than those which must have determined the
+      shape of each fragment at the base of my precipice. What I wanted to show
+      was that in reference to pre-ordainment whatever holds good in the
+      formation of a pouter pigeon holds good in the formation of a natural
+      species of pigeon. I cannot see that this is false. If the right
+      variations occurred, and no others, natural selection would be
+      superfluous. A reviewer in an Edinburgh paper, who treats me with profound
+      contempt, says on this subject that Professor Asa Gray could with the
+      greatest ease smash me into little pieces. (The "Daily Review", April 27,
+      1868. My father has given rather a highly coloured version of the
+      reviewer's remarks: "We doubt not that Professor Asa Gray... could show
+      that natural selection... is simply an instrument in the hands of an
+      omnipotent and omniscient creator." The reviewer goes on to say that the
+      passage in question is a "very melancholy one," and that the theory is the
+      "apotheosis of materialism.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Gray, Your ungrateful but sincere friend, CHARLES
+      DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 23, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mr. Bentham,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As your address (Presidential Address to the Linnean Society.) is somewhat
+      of the nature of a verdict from a judge, I do not know whether it is
+      proper for me to do so, but I must and will thank you for the pleasure
+      which you have given me. I am delighted at what you say about my book. I
+      got so tired of it, that for months together I thought myself a perfect
+      fool for having given up so much time in collecting and observing little
+      facts, but now I do not care if a score of common critics speak as
+      contemptuously of the book as did the "Athenaeum". I feel justified in
+      this, for I have so complete a reliance on your judgment that I feel
+      certain that I should have bowed to your judgment had it been as
+      unfavourable as it is the contrary. What you say about Pangenesis quite
+      satisfies me, and is as much perhaps as any one is justified in saying. I
+      have read your whole Address with the greatest interest. It must have cost
+      you a vast amount of trouble. With cordial thanks, pray believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I fear that it is not likely that you have a superfluous copy
+      of your Address; if you have, I should much like to send one to Fritz
+      Muller in the interior of Brazil. By the way let me add that I discussed
+      bud-variation chiefly from a belief which is common to several persons,
+      that all variability is related to sexual generation; I wished to show
+      clearly that this was an error.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The above series of letters may serve to show to some extent the
+      reception which the new book received. Before passing on (in the next
+      chapter) to the 'Descent of Man,' I give a letter referring to the
+      translation of Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' it was originally
+      published in 1864, but the English translation, by Mr. Dallas, which bore
+      the title suggested by Sir C. Lyell, of 'Facts and Arguments for Darwin,'
+      did not appear until 1869:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, March 16 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your brother, as you will have heard from him, felt so convinced that you
+      would not object to a translation of 'Fur Darwin' (In a letter to Fritz
+      Muller, my father wrote:&mdash;"I am vexed to see that on the title my
+      name is more conspicuous than yours, which I especially objected to, and I
+      cautioned the printers after seeing one proof."), that I have ventured to
+      arrange for a translation. Engelmann has very liberally offered me cliches
+      of the woodcuts for 22 thalers; Mr. Murray has agreed to bring out a
+      translation (and he is our best publisher) on commission, for he would not
+      undertake the work on his own risk; and I have agreed with Mr. W.S. Dallas
+      (who has translated Von Siebold on Parthenogenesis, and many German works,
+      and who writes very good English) to translate the book. He thinks (and he
+      is a good judge) that it is important to have some few corrections or
+      additions, in order to account for a translation appearing so lately [i.e.
+      at such a long interval of time] after the original; so that I hope you
+      will be able to send some...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Two letters may be placed here as bearing on the spread of Evolutionary
+      ideas in France and Germany:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GAUDRY. Down, January 21 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for your interesting essay on the influence of the Geological
+      features of the country on the mind and habits of the Ancient Athenians
+      (This appears to refer to M. Gaudry's paper translated in the 'Geol.
+      Mag.,' 1868, page 372.), and for your very obliging letter. I am delighted
+      to hear that you intend to consider the relations of fossil animals in
+      connection with their genealogy; it will afford you a fine field for the
+      exercise of your extensive knowledge and powers of reasoning. Your belief
+      will I suppose, at present, lower you in the estimation of your
+      countrymen; but judging from the rapid spread in all parts of Europe,
+      excepting France, of the belief in the common descent of allied species, I
+      must think that this belief will before long become universal. How strange
+      it is that the country which gave birth to Buffon, the elder Geoffroy, and
+      especially to Lamarck, should now cling so pertinaciously to the belief
+      that species are immutable creations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My work on Variation, etc., under domestication, will appear in a French
+      translation in a few months' time, and I will do myself the pleasure and
+      honour of directing the publisher to send a copy to you to the same
+      address as this letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With sincere respect, I remain, dear sir, Yours very faithfully, CHARLES
+      DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter is of especial interest, as showing how high a value my
+      father placed on the support of the younger German naturalists:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. PREYER. (Now Professor of Physiology at
+      Jena.) March 31, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the
+      Modification of Species, and defend my views. The support which I receive
+      from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views will ultimately
+      prevail. To the present day I am continually abused or treated with
+      contempt by writers of my own country; but the younger naturalists are
+      almost all on my side, and sooner or later the public must follow those
+      who make the subject their special study. The abuse and contempt of
+      ignorant writers hurts me very little...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.VI. &mdash; WORK ON 'MAN.'
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      1864-1870.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [In the autobiographical chapter in Volume I., my father gives the
+      circumstances which led to his writing the 'Descent of Man.' He states
+      that his collection of facts, begun in 1837 or 1838, was continued for
+      many years without any definite idea of publishing on the subject. The
+      following letter to Mr. Wallace shows that in the period of ill-health and
+      depression about 1864 he despaired of ever being able to do so:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, [May?] 28 [1864].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so much better that I have just finished a paper for Linnean Society
+      (On the three forms, etc., of Lythrum.); but I am not yet at all strong, I
+      felt much disinclination to write, and therefore you must forgive me for
+      not having sooner thanked you for your paper on 'Man' ('Anthropological
+      Review,' March 1864.), received on the 11th. But first let me say that I
+      have hardly ever in my life been more struck by any paper than that on
+      'Variation,' etc. etc., in the "Reader". ('"Reader", April 16, 1864. "On
+      the Phenomena of Variation," etc. Abstract of a paper read before the
+      Linnean Society, March 17, 1864.) I feel sure that such papers will do
+      more for the spreading of our views on the modification of species than
+      any separate Treatises on the simple subject itself. It is really
+      admirable; but you ought not in the Man paper to speak of the theory as
+      mine; it is just as much yours as mine. One correspondent has already
+      noticed to me your "high-minded" conduct on this head. But now for your
+      Man paper, about which I should like to write more than I can. The great
+      leading idea is quite new to me, viz. that during late ages, the mind will
+      have been modified more than the body; yet I had got as far as to see with
+      you that the struggle between the races of man depended entirely on
+      intellectual and MORAL qualities. The latter part of the paper I can
+      designate only as grand and most eloquently done. I have shown your paper
+      to two or three persons who have been here, and they have been equally
+      struck with it. I am not sure that I go with you on all minor points: when
+      reading Sir G. Grey's account of the constant battles of Australian
+      savages, I remember thinking that natural selection would come in, and
+      likewise with the Esquimaux, with whom the art of fishing and managing
+      canoes is said to be hereditary. I rather differ on the rank, under a
+      classificatory point of view, which you assign to man; I do not think any
+      character simply in excess ought ever to be used for the higher divisions.
+      Ants would not be separated from other hymenopterous insects, however high
+      the instinct of the one, and however low the instincts of the other. With
+      respect to the differences of race, a conjecture has occurred to me that
+      much may be due to the correlation of complexion (and consequently hair)
+      with constitution. Assume that a dusky individual best escaped miasma, and
+      you will readily see what I mean. I persuaded the Director-General of the
+      Medical Department of the Army to send printed forms to the surgeons of
+      all regiments in tropical countries to ascertain this point, but I dare
+      say I shall never get any returns. Secondly, I suspect that a sort of
+      sexual selection has been the most powerful means of changing the races of
+      man. I can show that the different races have a widely different standard
+      of beauty. Among savages the most powerful men will have the pick of the
+      women, and they will generally leave the most descendants. I have
+      collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose that I shall ever use
+      them. Do you intend to follow out your views, and if so, would you like at
+      some future time to have my few references and notes? I am sure I hardly
+      know whether they are of any value, and they are at present in a state of
+      chaos.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is much more that I should like to write, but I have not strength.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Our aristocracy is handsomer (more hideous according to a
+      Chinese or Negro) than the middle classes, from (having the) pick of the
+      women; but oh, what a scheme is primogeniture for destroying natural
+      selection! I fear my letter will be barely intelligible to you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In February 1867, when the manuscript of 'Animals and Plants' had been
+      sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to come
+      in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "chapter on Man," but he
+      soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish it
+      separately as a "very small volume."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of
+      'Animals and Plants,' and by some botanical work, but was resumed in the
+      following year, 1868, the moment he could give himself up to it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He recognized with regret the gradual change in his mind that rendered
+      continuous work more and more necessary to him as he grew older. This is
+      expressed in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker, June 17, 1868, which repeats to
+      some extent what is expressed in the Autobiography:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am glad you were at the 'Messiah,' it is the one thing that I should
+      like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+      appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it is
+      a horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf for
+      every subject except Science. It sometimes makes me hate Science, though
+      God knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest, which
+      makes me forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work on Man was interrupted by illness in the early summer of 1868,
+      and he left home on July 16th for Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, where
+      he remained with his family until August 21st. Here he made the
+      acquaintance of Mrs. Cameron. She received the whole family with
+      open-hearted kindness and hospitality, and my father always retained a
+      warm feeling of friendship for her. She made an excellent photograph of
+      him, which was published with the inscription written by him: "I like this
+      photograph very much better than any other which has been taken of me."
+      Further interruption occurred in the autumn so that continuous work on the
+      'Descent of Man' did not begin until 1869. The following letters give some
+      idea of the earlier work in 1867:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 22, [1867?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am hard at work on sexual selection, and am driven half mad by the
+      number of collateral points which require investigation, such as the
+      relative number of the two sexes, and especially on polygamy. Can you aid
+      me with respect to birds which have strongly marked secondary sexual
+      characters, such as birds of paradise, humming-birds, the Rupicola, or any
+      other such cases? Many gallinaceous birds certainly are polygamous. I
+      suppose that birds may be known not to be polygamous if they are seen
+      during the whole breeding season to associate in pairs, or if the male
+      incubates or aids in feeding the young. Will you have the kindness to turn
+      this in your mind? But it is a shame to trouble you now that, as I am
+      HEARTILY glad to hear, you are at work on your Malayan travels. I am
+      fearfully puzzled how far to extend your protective views with respect to
+      the females in various classes. The more I work the more important sexual
+      selection apparently comes out.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Can butterflies be polygamous! i.e. will one male impregnate more than one
+      female? Forgive me troubling you, and I dare say I shall have to ask
+      forgiveness again...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 23 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but after Monday I was
+      unable even to leave the house. On Monday evening I called on Bates, and
+      put a difficulty before him, which he could not answer, and, as on some
+      former similar occasion, his first suggestion was, "You had better ask
+      Wallace." My difficulty is, why are caterpillars sometimes so beautifully
+      and artistically coloured? Seeing that many are coloured to escape danger,
+      I can hardly attribute their bright colour in other cases to mere physical
+      conditions. Bates says the most gaudy caterpillar he ever saw in Amazonia
+      (of a sphinx) was conspicuous at the distance of yards, from its black and
+      red colours, whilst feeding on large green leaves. If any one objected to
+      male butterflies having been made beautiful by sexual selection, and asked
+      why should they not have been made beautiful as well as their
+      caterpillars, what would you answer? I could not answer, but should
+      maintain my ground. Will you think over this, and some time, either by
+      letter or when we meet, tell me what you think? Also I want to know
+      whether your FEMALE mimetic butterfly is more beautiful and brighter than
+      the male. When next in London I must get you to show me your kingfishers.
+      My health is a dreadful evil; I failed in half my engagements during this
+      last visit to London.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 26 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty. I
+      never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion (The suggestion
+      that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect insects (e.g. white butterflies),
+      which are distasteful to birds, are protected by being easily recognised
+      and avoided. See Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection,' 2nd edition, page
+      117.), and I hope you may be able to prove it true. That is a splendid
+      fact about the white moths; it warms one's very blood to see a theory thus
+      almost proved to be true. (Mr. Jenner Weir's observations published in the
+      Transactions of the Entomolog. Soc. (1869 and 1870) give strong support to
+      the theory in question.) With respect to the beauty of male butterflies, I
+      must as yet think it is due to sexual selection. There is some evidence
+      that dragon-flies are attracted by bright colours; but what leads me to
+      the above belief is, so many male Orthoptera and Cicadas having musical
+      instruments. This being the case, the analogy of birds makes me believe in
+      sexual selection with respect to colour in insects. I wish I had strength
+      and time to make some of the experiments suggested by you, but I thought
+      butterflies would not pair in confinement. I am sure I have heard of some
+      such difficulty. Many years ago I had a dragon-fly painted with gorgeous
+      colours, but I never had an opportunity of fairly trying it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The reason of my being so much interested just at present about sexual
+      selection is, that I have almost resolved to publish a little essay on the
+      origin of Mankind, and I still strongly think (though I failed to convince
+      you, and this, to me, is the heaviest blow possible) that sexual selection
+      has been the main agent in forming the races of man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my essay,
+      namely, expression of countenance. Now, do you happen to know by any odd
+      chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay Archipelago,
+      who you think would make a few easy observations for me on the expression
+      of the Malays when excited by various emotions? For in this case I would
+      send to such person a list of queries. I thank you for your most
+      interesting letter, and remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you much for your two notes. The case of Julia Pastrana (A bearded
+      woman having an irregular double set of teeth. 'Animals and Plants,'
+      volume ii. page 328.) is a splendid addition to my other cases of
+      correlated teeth and hair, and I will add it in correcting the press of my
+      present volume. Pray let me hear in the course of the summer if you get
+      any evidence about the gaudy caterpillars. I should much like to give (or
+      quote if published) this idea of yours, if in any way supported, as
+      suggested by you. It will, however, be a long time hence, for I can see
+      that sexual selection is growing into quite a large subject, which I shall
+      introduce into my essay on Man, supposing that I ever publish it. I had
+      intended giving a chapter on man, inasmuch as many call him (not QUITE
+      truly) an eminently domesticated animal, but I found the subject too large
+      for a chapter. Nor shall I be capable of treating the subject well, and my
+      sole reason for taking it up is, that I am pretty well convinced that
+      sexual selection has played an important part in the formation of races,
+      and sexual selection has always been a subject which has interested me
+      much. I have been very glad to see your impression from memory on the
+      expression of Malays. I fully agree with you that the subject is in no way
+      an important one; it is simply a "hobby-horse" with me, about twenty-seven
+      years old; and AFTER thinking that I would write an essay on man, it
+      flashed on me that I could work in some "supplemental remarks on
+      expression." After the horrid, tedious, dull work of my present huge, and
+      I fear unreadable, book ['The Variation of Animals and Plants'], I thought
+      I would amuse myself with my hobby-horse. The subject is, I think, more
+      curious and more amenable to scientific treatment than you seem willing to
+      allow. I want, anyhow, to upset Sir C. Bell's view, given in his most
+      interesting work, 'The Anatomy of Expression,' that certain muscles have
+      been given to man solely that he may reveal to other men his feelings. I
+      want to try and show how expressions have arisen. That is a good
+      suggestion about newspapers, but my experience tells me that private
+      applications are generally most fruitful. I will, however, see if I can
+      get the queries inserted in some Indian paper. I do not know the names or
+      addresses of any other papers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... My two female amanuenses are busy with friends, and I fear this scrawl
+      will give you much trouble to read. With many thanks,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter may be worth giving, as an example of his sources of
+      information, and as showing what were the thoughts at this time occupying
+      him:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, February 22 [1867].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Many thanks for all the curious facts about the unequal number of the
+      sexes in Crustacea, but the more I investigate this subject the deeper I
+      sink in doubt and difficulty. Thanks also for the confirmation of the
+      rivalry of Cicadae. I have often reflected with surprise on the diversity
+      of the means for producing music with insects, and still more with birds.
+      We thus get a high idea of the importance of song in the animal kingdom.
+      Please to tell me where I can find any account of the auditory organs in
+      the Orthoptera. Your facts are quite new to me. Scudder has described an
+      insect in the Devonian strata, furnished with a stridulating apparatus. I
+      believe he is to be trusted, and, if so, the apparatus is of astonishing
+      antiquity. After reading Landois's paper I have been working at the
+      stridulating organ in the Lamellicorn beetles, in expectation of finding
+      it sexual; but I have only found it as yet in two cases, and in these it
+      was equally developed in both sexes. I wish you would look at any of your
+      common lamellicorns, and take hold of both males and females, and observe
+      whether they make the squeaking or grating noise equally. If they do not,
+      you could, perhaps, send me a male and female in a light little box. How
+      curious it is that there should be a special organ for an object
+      apparently so unimportant as squeaking. Here is another point; have you
+      any toucans? if so, ask any trustworthy hunter whether the beaks of the
+      males, or of both sexes, are more brightly coloured during the breeding
+      season than at other times of the year... Heaven knows whether I shall
+      ever live to make use of half the valuable facts which you have
+      communicated to me! Your paper on Balanus armatus, translated by Mr.
+      Dallas, has just appeared in our 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
+      and I have read it with the greatest interest. I never thought that I
+      should live to hear of a hybrid Balanus! I am very glad that you have seen
+      the cement tubes; they appear to me extremely curious, and, as far as I
+      know, you are the first man who has verified my observations on this
+      point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With most cordial thanks for all your kindness, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, July 6, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I return you my SINCERE thanks for your long letter, which I consider a
+      great compliment, and which is quite full of most interesting facts and
+      views. Your references and remarks will be of great use should a new
+      edition of my book ('Variation of Animals and Plants.') be demanded, but
+      this is hardly probable, for the whole edition was sold within the first
+      week, and another large edition immediately reprinted, which I should
+      think would supply the demand for ever. You ask me when I shall publish on
+      the 'Variation of Species in a State of Nature.' I have had the MS. for
+      another volume almost ready during several years, but I was so much
+      fatigued by my last book that I determined to amuse myself by publishing a
+      short essay on the 'Descent of Man.' I was partly led to do this by having
+      been taunted that I concealed my views, but chiefly from the interest
+      which I had long taken in the subject. Now this essay has branched out
+      into some collateral subjects, and I suppose will take me more than a year
+      to complete. I shall then begin on 'Species,' but my health makes me a
+      very slow workman. I hope that you will excuse these details, which I have
+      given to show that you will have plenty of time to publish your views
+      first, which will be a great advantage to me. Of all the curious facts
+      which you mention in your letter, I think that of the strong inheritance
+      of the scalp-muscles has interested me most. I presume that you would not
+      object to my giving this very curious case on your authority. As I believe
+      all anatomists look at the scalp-muscles as a remnant of the Panniculus
+      carnosus which is common to all the lower quadrupeds, I should look at the
+      unusual development and inheritance of these muscles as probably a case of
+      reversion. Your observation on so many remarkable men in noble families
+      having been illegitimate is extremely curious; and should I ever meet any
+      one capable of writing an essay on this subject, I will mention your
+      remarks as a good suggestion. Dr. Hooker has several times remarked to me
+      that morals and politics would be very interesting if discussed like any
+      branch of natural history, and this is nearly to the same effect with your
+      remarks...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ. Down, August 19, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you cordially for your very kind letter. I certainly thought that
+      you had formed so low an opinion of my scientific work that it might have
+      appeared indelicate in me to have asked for information from you, but it
+      never occurred to me that my letter would have been shown to you. I have
+      never for a moment doubted your kindness and generosity, and I hope you
+      will not think it presumption in me to say, that when we met, many years
+      ago, at the British Association at Southampton, I felt for you the warmest
+      admiration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your information on the Amazonian fishes has interested me EXTREMELY, and
+      tells me exactly what I wanted to know. I was aware, through notes given
+      me by Dr. Gunther, that many fishes differed sexually in colour and other
+      characters, but I was particularly anxious to learn how far this was the
+      case with those fishes in which the male, differently from what occurs
+      with most birds, takes the largest share in the care of the ova and young.
+      Your letter has not only interested me much, but has greatly gratified me
+      in other respects, and I return you my sincere thanks for your kindness.
+      Pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Sunday, August 23 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear old Friend,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have received your note. I can hardly say how pleased I have been at the
+      success of your address (Sir Joseph Hooker was President of the British
+      Association at the Norwich Meeting in 1868.), and of the whole meeting. I
+      have seen the "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", and "Athenaeum", and have
+      heard of other favourable newspapers, and have ordered a bundle. There is
+      a "chorus of praise." The "Times" reported miserably, i.e. as far as
+      errata was concerned; but I was very glad at the leader, for I thought the
+      way you brought in the megalithic monuments most happy. (The British
+      Association was desirous of interesting the Government in certain modern
+      cromlech builders, the Khasia race of East Bengal, in order that their
+      megalithic monuments might be efficiently described.) I particularly
+      admired Tyndall's little speech (Professor Tyndall was President of
+      Section A.)... The "Spectator" pitches a little into you about Theology,
+      in accordance with its usual spirit...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your great success has rejoiced my heart. I have just carefully read the
+      whole address in the "Athenaeum"; and though, as you know, I liked it very
+      much when you read it to me, yet, as I was trying all the time to find
+      fault, I missed to a certain extent the effect as a whole; and this now
+      appears to me most striking and excellent. How you must rejoice at all
+      your bothering labour and anxiety having had so grand an end. I must say a
+      word about myself; never has such a eulogium been passed on me, and it
+      makes me very proud. I cannot get over my AMAZEMENT at what you say about
+      my botanical work. By Jove, as far as my memory goes, you have
+      strengthened instead of weakened some of the expressions. What is far more
+      important than anything personal, is the conviction which I feel that you
+      will have immensely advanced the belief in the evolution of species. This
+      will follow from the publicity of the occasion, your position, so
+      responsible, as President, and your own high reputation. It will make a
+      great step in public opinion, I feel sure, and I had not thought of this
+      before. The "Athenaeum" takes your snubbing (Sir Joseph Hooker made some
+      reference to the review of 'Animals and Plants' in the "Athenaeum" of
+      February 15, 1868.) with the utmost mildness. I certainly do rejoice over
+      the snubbing, and hope [the reviewer] will feel it a little. Whenever you
+      have SPARE time to write again, tell me whether any astronomers (In
+      discussing the astronomer's objection to Evolution, namely that our globe
+      has not existed for a long enough period to give time for the assumed
+      transmutation of living beings, Hooker challenged Whewell's dictum that,
+      astronomy is the queen of sciences&mdash;the only perfect science.) took
+      your remarks in ill part; as they now stand they do not seem at all too
+      harsh and presumptuous. Many of your sentences strike me as extremely
+      felicitous and eloquent. That of Lyell's "under-pinning" (After a eulogium
+      on Sir Charles Lyell's heroic renunciation of his old views in accepting
+      Evolution, Sir J.D. Hooker continued, "Well may he be proud of a
+      superstructure, raised on the foundations of an insecure doctrine, when he
+      finds that he can underpin it and substitute a new foundation; and after
+      all is finished, survey his edifice, not only more secure but more
+      harmonious in its proportion than it was before."), is capital. Tell me,
+      was Lyell pleased? I am so glad that you remembered my old dedication.
+      (The 'Naturalist's Voyage' was dedicated to Lyell.) Was Wallace pleased?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How about photographs? Can you spare time for a line to our dear Mrs.
+      Cameron? She came to see us off, and loaded us with presents of
+      photographs, and Erasmus called after her, "Mrs. Cameron, there are six
+      people in this house all in love with you." When I paid her, she cried
+      out, "Oh what a lot of money!" and ran to boast to her husband.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must not write any more, though I am in tremendous spirits at your
+      brilliant success.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the "Athenaeum" of November 29, 1868, appeared an article which was in
+      fact a reply to Sir Joseph Hooker's remarks at Norwich. He seems to have
+      consulted my father as to the wisdom of answering the article. My father
+      wrote on September 1:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In my opinion Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker need take no notice of the attack
+      in the "Athenaeum" in reference to Mr. Charles Darwin. What an ass the man
+      is to think he cuts one to the quick by giving one's Christian name in
+      full. How transparently false is the statement that my sole groundwork is
+      from pigeons, because I state I have worked them out more fully than other
+      beings! He muddles together two books of Flourens."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers to a paper ('Transactions of the Ottawa
+      Academy of Natural Sciences,' 1868, by John D. Caton, late Chief Justice
+      of Illinois.) by Judge Caton, of which my father often spoke with
+      admiration:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN D. CATON. Down, September 18, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I beg leave to thank you very sincerely for your kindness in sending me,
+      through Mr. Walsh, your admirable paper on American Deer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is quite full of most interesting observations, stated with the
+      greatest clearness. I have seldom read a paper with more interest, for it
+      abounds with facts of direct use for my work. Many of them consist of
+      little points which hardly any one besides yourself has observed, or
+      perceived the importance of recording. I would instance the age at which
+      the horns are developed (a point on which I have lately been in vain
+      searching for information), the rudiment of horns in the female elk, and
+      especially the different nature of the plants devoured by the deer and
+      elk, and several other points. With cordial thanks for the pleasure and
+      instruction which you have afforded me, and with high respect for your
+      power of observation, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following extract from a letter (September 24, 1868) to the Marquis
+      de Saporta, the eminent palaeo-botanist, refers to the growth of
+      evolutionary views in France (In 1868 he was pleased at being asked to
+      authorise a French translation of his 'Naturalist's Voyage.':&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As I have formerly read with great interest many of your papers on fossil
+      plants, you may believe with what high satisfaction I hear that you are a
+      believer in the gradual evolution of species. I had supposed that my book
+      on the 'Origin of Species' had made very little impression in France, and
+      therefore it delights me to hear a different statement from you. All the
+      great authorities of the Institute seem firmly resolved to believe in the
+      immutability of species, and this has always astonished me... almost the
+      one exception, as far as I know, is M. Gaudry, and I think he will be soon
+      one of the chief leaders in Zoological Palaeontology in Europe; and now I
+      am delighted to hear that in the sister department of Botany you take
+      nearly the same view."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, November 19 [1868].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Haeckel,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must write to you again, for two reasons. Firstly, to thank you for your
+      letter about your baby, which has quite charmed both me and my wife; I
+      heartily congratulate you on its birth. I remember being surprised in my
+      own case how soon the paternal instincts became developed, and in you they
+      seem to be unusually strong,... I hope the large blue eyes and the
+      principles of inheritance will make your child as good a naturalist as you
+      are; but, judging from my own experience, you will be astonished to find
+      how the whole mental disposition of your children changes with advancing
+      years. A young child, and the same when nearly grown, sometimes differ
+      almost as much as do a caterpillar and butterfly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The second point is to congratulate you on the projected translation of
+      your great work ('Generelle Morphologie,' 1866. No English translation of
+      this book has appeared.), about which I heard from Huxley last Sunday. I
+      am heartily glad of it, but how it has been brought about, I know not, for
+      a friend who supported the supposed translation at Norwich, told me he
+      thought there would be no chance of it. Huxley tells me that you consent
+      to omit and shorten some parts, and I am confident that this is very wise.
+      As I know your object is to instruct the public, you will assuredly thus
+      get many more readers in England. Indeed, I believe that almost every book
+      would be improved by condensation. I have been reading a good deal of your
+      last book ('Die Naturliche Schopfungs-Geschichte,' 1868. It was translated
+      and published in 1876, under the title, 'The History of Creation.'), and
+      the style is beautifully clear and easy to me; but why it should differ so
+      much in this respect from your great work I cannot imagine. I have not yet
+      read the first part, but began with the chapter on Lyell and myself, which
+      you will easily believe pleased me VERY MUCH. I think Lyell, who was
+      apparently much pleased by your sending him a copy, is also much gratified
+      by this chapter. (See Lyell's interesting letter to Haeckel. 'Life of Sir
+      C. Lyell,' ii. page 435.) Your chapters on the affinities and genealogy of
+      the animal kingdom strike me as admirable and full of original thought.
+      Your boldness, however, sometimes makes me tremble, but as Huxley
+      remarked, some one must be bold enough to make a beginning in drawing up
+      tables of descent. Although you fully admit the imperfection of the
+      geological record, yet Huxley agreed with me in thinking that you are
+      sometimes rather rash in venturing to say at what periods the several
+      groups first appeared. I have this advantage over you, that I remember how
+      wonderfully different any statement on this subject made 20 years ago,
+      would have been to what would now be the case, and I expect the next 20
+      years will make quite as great a difference. Reflect on the
+      monocotyledonous plant just discovered in the PRIMORDIAL formation in
+      Sweden.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I repeat how glad I am at the prospect of the translation, for I fully
+      believe that this work and all your works will have a great influence in
+      the advancement of Science.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Haeckel, your sincere friend, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [It was in November of this year that he sat for the bust by Mr. Woolner:
+      he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I should have written long ago, but I have been pestered with stupid
+      letters, and am undergoing the purgatory of sitting for hours to Woolner,
+      who, however, is wonderfully pleasant, and lightens as much as man can,
+      the penance; as far as I can judge, it will make a fine bust."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I may criticise the work of so eminent a sculptor as Mr. Woolner, I
+      should say that the point in which the bust fails somewhat as a portrait,
+      is that it has a certain air, almost of pomposity, which seems to me
+      foreign to my father's expression.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [At the beginning of the year he was at work in preparing the fifth
+      edition of the 'Origin.' This work was begun on the day after Christmas,
+      1868, and was continued for "forty-six days," as he notes in his diary,
+      i.e. until February 10th, 1869. He then, February 11th, returned to Sexual
+      Selection, and continued at this subject (excepting for ten days given up
+      to Orchids, and a week in London), until June 10th, when he went with his
+      family to North Wales, where he remained about seven weeks, returning to
+      Down on July 31st.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Caerdeon, the house where he stayed, is built on the north shore of the
+      beautiful Barmouth estuary, and is pleasantly placed, in being close to
+      wild hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded "hummocks,"
+      between the steeper hills and the river. My father was ill and somewhat
+      depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt saddened at being
+      imprisoned by his want of strength, and unable even to reach the hills
+      over which he had once wandered for days together.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J.D. Hooker (June 22nd):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to pay
+      us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden, and a
+      really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite. Old Cader is a grand
+      fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light. We
+      remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the house. I
+      have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the stimulus of
+      mental work stops, my whole strength gives way. As yet I have hardly
+      crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been fearfully fatigued.
+      It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a comfortable tomb."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' he wrote to Mr. Wallace
+      (January 22, 1869):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been interrupted in my regular work in preparing a new edition of
+      the 'Origin,' which has cost me much labour, and which I hope I have
+      considerably improved in two or three important points. I always thought
+      individual differences more important than single variations, but now I
+      have come to the conclusion that they are of paramount importance, and in
+      this I believe I agree with you. Fleeming Jenkin's arguments have
+      convinced me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This somewhat obscure sentence was explained, February 2, in another
+      letter to Mr. Wallace:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must have expressed myself atrociously; I meant to say exactly the
+      reverse of what you have understood. F. Jenkin argued in the 'North
+      British Review' against single variations ever being perpetuated, and has
+      convinced me, though not in quite so broad a manner as here put. I always
+      thought individual differences more important; but I was blind and thought
+      that single variations might be preserved much oftener than I now see is
+      possible or probable. I mentioned this in my former note merely because I
+      believed that you had come to a similar conclusion, and I like much to be
+      in accord with you. I believe I was mainly deceived by single variations
+      offering such simple illustrations, as when man selects."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The late Mr. Fleeming Jenkin's review, on the 'Origin of Species,' was
+      published in the 'North British Review' for June 1867. It is not a little
+      remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I believe, felt to be
+      the most valuable ever made on his views should have come, not from a
+      professed naturalist but from a Professor of Engineering.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming
+      Jenkin's argument. My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the volume
+      as usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil in many
+      places. I may quote one passage opposite which my father has written "good
+      sneers"&mdash;but it should be remembered that he used the word "sneer" in
+      rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling of
+      bitterness in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter." Speaking of
+      the 'true believer,' Fleeming Jenkin says, page 293:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no
+      evidence; he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call up
+      continents, floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans, split
+      islands, and parcel out eternity at will; surely with these advantages he
+      must be a dull fellow if he cannot scheme some series of animals and
+      circumstances explaining our assumed difficulty quite naturally. Feeling
+      the difficulty of dealing with adversaries who command so huge a domain of
+      fancy, we will abandon these arguments, and trust to those which at least
+      cannot be assailed by mere efforts of imagination."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' my father altered a passage in the
+      Historical Sketch (fourth edition page xviii.). He thus practically gave
+      up the difficult task of understanding whether or no Sir R. Owen claims to
+      have discovered the principle of Natural Selection. Adding, "As far as the
+      mere enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is concerned, it is
+      quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded me, for both of
+      us... were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr. Matthew."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A somewhat severe critique on the fifth edition, by Mr. John Robertson,
+      appeared in the "Athenaeum", August 14, 1869. The writer comments with
+      some little bitterness on the success of the 'Origin:' "Attention is not
+      acceptance. Many editions do not mean real success. The book has sold; the
+      guess has been talked over; and the circulation and discussion sum up the
+      significance of the editions." Mr. Robertson makes the true, but
+      misleading statement: "Mr. Darwin prefaces his fifth English edition with
+      an Essay, which he calls 'An Historical Sketch,' etc." As a matter of fact
+      the Sketch appeared in the third edition in 1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Robertson goes on to say that the Sketch ought to be called a
+      collection of extracts anticipatory or corroborative of the hypothesis of
+      Natural Selection. "For no account is given of any hostile opinions. The
+      fact is very significant. This historical sketch thus resembles the
+      histories of the reign of Louis XVIII., published after the Restoration,
+      from which the Republic and the Empire, Robespierre and Buonaparte were
+      omitted."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter to Prof. Victor Carus gives an idea of the character
+      of the new edition of the 'Origin:']
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, May 4, 1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have gone very carefully through the whole, trying to make some
+      parts clearer, and adding a few discussions and facts of some importance.
+      The new edition is only two pages at the end longer than the old; though
+      in one part nine pages in advance, for I have condensed several parts and
+      omitted some passages. The translation I fear will cause you a great deal
+      of trouble; the alterations took me six weeks, besides correcting the
+      press; you ought to make a special agreement with M. Koch [the publisher].
+      Many of the corrections are only a few words, but they have been made from
+      the evidence on various points appearing to have become a little stronger
+      or weaker.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus I have been led to place somewhat more value on the definite and
+      direct action of external conditions; to think the lapse of time, as
+      measured by years, not quite so great as most geologists have thought; and
+      to infer that single variations are of even less importance, in comparison
+      with individual differences, than I formerly thought. I mention these
+      points because I have been thus led to alter in many places A FEW WORDS;
+      and unless you go through the whole new edition, one part will not agree
+      with another, which would be a great blemish...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with
+      my father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869 the
+      Editor of the first French edition had brought out a third edition without
+      consulting the author. He was accordingly glad to enter into an
+      arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this was
+      undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+      relations as the publisher of many of his books into French.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated
+      the 'Origin' into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite
+      trouble. She has now just brought out a third edition without informing
+      me, so that all the corrections, etc., in the fourth and fifth English
+      editions are lost. Besides her enormously long preface to the first
+      edition, she has added a second preface abusing me like a pick-pocket for
+      Pangenesis, which of course has no relation to the 'Origin.' So I wrote to
+      Paris; and Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new translation from the
+      fifth English edition, in competition with her third edition... This fact
+      shows that "evolution of species" must at last be spreading in France."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With reference to the spread of Evolution among the orthodox, the
+      following letter is of some interest. In March he received, from the
+      author, a copy of a lecture by Rev. T.R.R. Stebbing, given before the
+      Torquay Natural History Society, February 1, 1869, bearing the title
+      "Darwinism." My father wrote to Mr. Stebbing:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very much obliged to you for your kindness in sending me your
+      spirited and interesting lecture; if a layman had delivered the same
+      address, he would have done good service in spreading what, as I hope and
+      believe, is to a large extent the truth; but a clergyman in delivering
+      such an address does, as it appears to me, much more good by his power to
+      shake ignorant prejudices, and by setting, if I may be permitted to say
+      so, an admirable example of liberality.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain, Dear Sir, yours faithfully
+      and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The references to the subject of expression in the following letter are
+      explained by the fact that my father's original intention was to give his
+      essay on this subject as a chapter in the 'Descent of Man,' which in its
+      turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in 'Animals and
+      Plants:']
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, February 22 [1869?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Although you have aided me to so great an extent in many ways, I am
+      going to beg for any information on two other subjects. I am preparing a
+      discussion on "Sexual Selection," and I want much to know how low down in
+      the animal scale sexual selection of a particular kind extends. Do you
+      know of any lowly organised animals, in which the sexes are separated, and
+      in which the male differs from the female in arms of offence, like the
+      horns and tusks of male mammals, or in gaudy plumage and ornaments, as
+      with birds and butterflies? I do not refer to secondary sexual characters,
+      by which the male is able to discover the female, like the plumed antennae
+      of moths, or by which the male is enabled to seize the female, like the
+      curious pincers described by you in some of the lower Crustaceans. But
+      what I want to know is, how low in the scale sexual differences occur
+      which require some degree of self-consciousness in the males, as weapons
+      by which they fight for the female, or ornaments which attract the
+      opposite sex. Any differences between males and females which follow
+      different habits of life would have to be excluded. I think you will
+      easily see what I wish to learn. A priori, it would never have been
+      anticipated that insects would have been attracted by the beautiful
+      colouring of the opposite sex, or by the sounds emitted by the various
+      musical instruments of the male Orthoptera. I know no one so likely to
+      answer this question as yourself, and should be grateful for any
+      information, however small.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My second subject refers to expression of countenance, to which I have
+      long attended, and on which I feel a keen interest; but to which,
+      unfortunately, I did not attend when I had the opportunity of observing
+      various races of man. It has occurred to me that you might, without much
+      trouble, make a FEW observations for me, in the course of some months, on
+      Negroes, or possibly on native South Americans, though I care most about
+      Negroes; accordingly I enclose some questions as a guide, and if you could
+      answer me even one or two I should feel truly obliged. I am thinking of
+      writing a little essay on the Origin of Mankind, as I have been taunted
+      with concealing my opinions, and I should do this immediately after the
+      completion of my present book. In this case I should add a chapter on the
+      cause or meaning of expression...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The remaining letters of this year deal chiefly with the books, reviews,
+      etc., which interested him.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H. THIEL. Down, February 25, 1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On my return home after a short absence, I found your very courteous note,
+      and the pamphlet ('Ueber einige Formen der Landwirthschaftlichen
+      Genossenschaften.' by Dr. H. Thiel, then of the Agricultural Station at
+      Poppelsdorf.), and I hasten to thank you for both, and for the very
+      honourable mention which you make of my name. You will readily believe how
+      much interested I am in observing that you apply to moral and social
+      questions analogous views to those which I have used in regard to the
+      modification of species. It did not occur to me formerly that my views
+      could be extended to such widely different, and most important, subjects.
+      With much respect, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, March 19 [1869].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thanks for your 'Address.' (In his 'Anniversary Address' to the Geological
+      Society, 1869, Mr. Huxley criticised Sir William Thomson's paper ('Trans.
+      Geol. Soc., Glasgow,' volume iii.) "On Geological Time.") People complain
+      of the unequal distribution of wealth, but it is a much greater shame and
+      injustice that any one man should have the power to write so many
+      brilliant essays as you have lately done. There is no one who writes like
+      you... If I were in your shoes, I should tremble for my life. I agree with
+      all you say, except that I must think that you draw too great a
+      distinction between the evolutionists and the uniformitarians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I find that the few sentences which I have sent to press in the 'Origin'
+      about the age of the world will do fairly well...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March 22 [1869].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have finished your book ('The Malay Archipelago,' etc., 1869.); it seems
+      to me excellent, and at the same time most pleasant to read. That you ever
+      returned alive is wonderful after all your risks from illness and sea
+      voyages, especially that most interesting one to Waigiou and back. Of all
+      the impressions which I have received from your book, the strongest is
+      that your perseverance in the cause of science was heroic. Your
+      descriptions of catching the splendid butterflies have made me quite
+      envious, and at the same time have made me feel almost young again, so
+      vividly have they brought before my mind old days when I collected, though
+      I never made such captures as yours. Certainly collecting is the best
+      sport in the world. I shall be astonished if your book has not a great
+      success; and your splendid generalizations on Geographical Distribution,
+      with which I am familiar from your papers, will be new to most of your
+      readers. I think I enjoyed most the Timor case, as it is best
+      demonstrated; but perhaps Celebes is really the most valuable. I should
+      prefer looking at the whole Asiatic continent as having formerly been more
+      African in its fauna, than admitting the former existence of a continent
+      across the Indian Ocean...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to Mr. Wallace's article in the April number
+      of the 'Quarterly Review' (My father wrote to Mr. Murray: "The article by
+      Wallace is inimitably good, and it is a great triumph that such an article
+      should appear in the 'Quarterly,' and will make the Bishop of Oxford and
+      &mdash;gnash their teeth."), 1869, which to a large extent deals with the
+      tenth edition of Sir Charles Lyell's 'Principles,' published in 1867 and
+      1868. The review contains a striking passage on Sir Charles Lyell's
+      confession of evolutionary faith in the tenth edition of his 'Principles,'
+      which is worth quoting: "The history of science hardly presents so
+      striking an instance of youthfulness of mind in advanced life as is shown
+      by this abandonment of opinions so long held and so powerfully advocated;
+      and if we bear in mind the extreme caution, combined with the ardent love
+      of truth which characterise every work which our author has produced, we
+      shall be convinced that so great a change was not decided on without long
+      and anxious deliberation, and that the views now adopted must indeed be
+      supported by arguments of overwhelming force. If for no other reason than
+      that Sir Charles Lyell in his tenth edition has adopted it, the theory of
+      Mr. Darwin deserves an attentive and respectful consideration from every
+      earnest seeker after truth."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 14, 1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been wonderfully interested by your article, and I should think
+      Lyell will be much gratified by it. I declare if I had been editor, and
+      had the power of directing you, I should have selected for discussion the
+      very points which you have chosen. I have often said to younger geologists
+      (for I began in the year 1830) that they did not know what a revolution
+      Lyell had effected; nevertheless, your extracts from Cuvier have quite
+      astonished me. Though not able really to judge, I am inclined to put more
+      confidence in Croll than you seem to do; but I have been much struck by
+      many of your remarks on degradation. Thomson's views of the recent age of
+      the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, and so I have
+      been glad to read what you say. Your exposition of Natural Selection seems
+      to me inimitably good; there never lived a better expounder than you. I
+      was also much pleased at your discussing the difference between our views
+      and Lamarck's. One sometimes sees the odious expression, "Justice to
+      myself compels me to say," etc., but you are the only man I ever heard of
+      who persistently does himself an injustice, and never demands justice.
+      Indeed, you ought in the review to have alluded to your paper in the
+      'Linnean Journal,' and I feel sure all our friends will agree in this. But
+      you cannot "Burke" yourself, however much you may try, as may be seen in
+      half the articles which appear. I was asked but the other day by a German
+      professor for your paper, which I sent him. Altogether I look at your
+      article as appearing in the 'Quarterly' as an immense triumph for our
+      cause. I presume that your remarks on Man are those to which you alluded
+      in your note. If you had not told me I should have thought that they had
+      been added by some one else. As you expected, I differ grievously from
+      you, and I am very sorry for it. I can see no necessity for calling in an
+      additional and proximate cause in regard to man. (Mr. Wallace points out
+      that any one acquainted merely with the "unaided productions of nature,"
+      might reasonably doubt whether a dray-horse, for example, could have been
+      developed by the power of man directing the "action of the laws of
+      variation, multiplication, and survival, for his own purpose. We know,
+      however, that this has been done, and we must therefore admit the
+      possibility that in the development of the human race, a higher
+      intelligence has guided the same laws for nobler ends.") But the subject
+      is too long for a letter. I have been particularly glad to read your
+      discussion because I am now writing and thinking much about man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that your Malay book sells well; I was extremely pleased with the
+      article in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science,' inasmuch as it is
+      thoroughly appreciative of your work: alas! you will probably agree with
+      what the writer says about the uses of the bamboo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hear that there is also a good article in the "Saturday Review", but
+      have heard nothing more about it. Believe me my dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours ever sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, May 4 [1869].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been applied to for some photographs (carte de visite) to be copied
+      to ornament the diplomas of honorary members of a new Society in Servia!
+      Will you give me one for this purpose? I possess only a full-length one of
+      you in my own album, and the face is too small, I think, to be copied.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you get on well with your work, and have satisfied yourself on
+      the difficult point of glacier lakes. Thank heaven, I have finished
+      correcting the new edition of the 'Origin,' and am at my old work of
+      Sexual Selection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Wallace's article struck me as ADMIRABLE; how well he brought out the
+      revolution which you effected some 30 years ago. I thought I had fully
+      appreciated the revolution, but I was astounded at the extracts from
+      Cuvier. What a good sketch of natural selection! but I was dreadfully
+      disappointed about Man, it seems to me incredibly strange...; and had I
+      not known to the contrary, would have sworn it had been inserted by some
+      other hand. But I believe that you will not agree quite in all this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell, ever yours sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES. Down, May 28 [1869 or
+      1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have received and read your volume (Essays reprinted from the 'Revue des
+      Deux Mondes,' under the title 'Histoire Naturelle Generale,' etc., 1869.),
+      and am much obliged for your present. The whole strikes me as a
+      wonderfully clear and able discussion, and I was much interested by it to
+      the last page. It is impossible that any account of my views could be
+      fairer, or, as far as space permitted, fuller, than that which you have
+      given. The way in which you repeatedly mention my name is most gratifying
+      to me. When I had finished the second part, I thought that you had stated
+      the case so favourably that you would make more converts on my side than
+      on your own side. On reading the subsequent parts I had to change my
+      sanguine view. In these latter parts many of your strictures are severe
+      enough, but all are given with perfect courtesy and fairness. I can truly
+      say I would rather be criticised by you in this manner than praised by
+      many others. I agree with some of your criticisms, but differ entirely
+      from the remainder; but I will not trouble you with any remarks. I may,
+      however, say, that you must have been deceived by the French translation,
+      as you infer that I believe that the Parus and the Nuthatch (or Sitta) are
+      related by direct filiation. I wished only to show by an imaginary
+      illustration, how either instincts or structures might first change. If
+      you had seen Canis Magellanicus alive you would have perceived how foxlike
+      its appearance is, or if you had heard its voice, I think that you would
+      never have hazarded the idea that it was a domestic dog run wild; but this
+      does not much concern me. It is curious how nationality influences
+      opinion; a week hardly passes without my hearing of some naturalist in
+      Germany who supports my views, and often puts an exaggerated value on my
+      works; whilst in France I have not heard of a single zoologist, except M.
+      Gaudry (and he only partially), who supports my views. But I must have a
+      good many readers as my books are translated, and I must hope,
+      notwithstanding your strictures, that I may influence some embryo
+      naturalists in France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You frequently speak of my good faith, and no compliment can be more
+      delightful to me, but I may return you the compliment with interest, for
+      every word which you write bears the stamp of your cordial love for the
+      truth. Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, October 14 [1869].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been delighted to see your review of Haeckel (A review of Haeckel's
+      'Schopfungs-Geschichte.' The "Academy", 1869. Reprinted in 'Critiques and
+      Addresses,' page 303.), and as usual you pile honours high on my head. But
+      I write now (REQUIRING NO ANSWER) to groan a little over what you have
+      said about rudimentary organs. (In discussing Teleology and Haeckel's
+      "Dysteleology," Prof. Huxley says:&mdash;"Such cases as the existence of
+      lateral rudiments of toes, in the foot of a horse, place us in a dilemma.
+      For either these rudiments are of no use to the animals, in which case...
+      they surely ought to have disappeared; or they are of some use to the
+      animal, in which case they are of no use as arguments against Teleology."&mdash;('Critiques
+      and Addresses,' page 308.) Many heretics will take advantage of what you
+      have said. I cannot but think that the explanation given at page 541 of
+      the last edition of the 'Origin' of the long retention of rudimentary
+      organs and of their greater relative size during early life, is
+      satisfactory. Their final and complete abortion seems to me a much greater
+      difficulty. Do look in my 'Variations under Domestication,' volume ii.
+      page 397, at what Pangenesis suggests on this head, though I did not dare
+      to put in the 'Origin.' The passage bears also a little on the struggle
+      between the molecules or gemmules. ("It is a probable hypothesis, that
+      what the world is to organisms in general, each organism is to the
+      molecules of which it is composed. Multitudes of these having diverse
+      tendencies, are competing with one another for opportunity to exist and
+      multiply; and the organism, as a whole, is as much the product of the
+      molecules which are victorious as the Fauna, or Flora, of a country is the
+      product of the victorious organic beings in it."&mdash;('Critiques and
+      Addresses,' page 309.) There is likewise a word or two indirectly bearing
+      on this subject at pages 394-395. It won't take you five minutes, so do
+      look at these passages. I am very glad that you have been bold enough to
+      give your idea about Natural Selection amongst the molecules, though I can
+      not quite follow you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1870 AND BEGINNING OF 1871.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [My father wrote in his Diary:&mdash;"The whole of this year [1870] at
+      work on the 'Descent of Man.'... Went to Press August 30, 1870."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The letters are again of miscellaneous interest, dealing, not only with
+      his work, but also serving to indicate the course of his reading.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E. RAY LANKESTER. Down, March 15 [1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not know whether you will consider me a very troublesome man, but I
+      have just finished your book ('Comparative Longevity.'), and can not
+      resist telling you how the whole has much interested me. No doubt, as you
+      say, there must be much speculation on such a subject, and certain results
+      can not be reached; but all your views are highly suggestive, and to my
+      mind that is high praise. I have been all the more interested as I am now
+      writing on closely allied though not quite identical points. I was pleased
+      to see you refer to my much despised child, 'Pangenesis,' who I think will
+      some day, under some better nurse, turn out a fine stripling. It has also
+      pleased me to see how thoroughly you appreciate (and I do not think that
+      this is general with the men of science) H. Spencer; I suspect that
+      hereafter he will be looked at as by far the greatest living philosopher
+      in England; perhaps equal to any that have lived. But I have no business
+      to trouble you with my notions. With sincere thanks for the interest which
+      your work has given me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter refers to Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection' (1870), a
+      collection of essays reprinted with certain alterations of which a list is
+      given in the volume:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 20 [1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just received your book, and read the preface. There never has been
+      passed on me, or indeed on any one, a higher eulogium than yours. I wish
+      that I fully deserved it. Your modesty and candour are very far from new
+      to me. I hope it is a satisfaction to you to reflect&mdash;and very few
+      things in my life have been more satisfactory to me&mdash;that we have
+      never felt any jealousy towards each other, though in one sense rivals. I
+      believe that I can say this of myself with truth, and I am absolutely sure
+      that it is true of you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have been a good Christian to give a list of your additions, for I
+      want much to read them, and I should hardly have had time just at present
+      to have gone through all your articles. Of course I shall immediately read
+      those that are new or greatly altered, and I will endeavour to be as
+      honest as can reasonably be expected. Your book looks remarkably well got
+      up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Wallace, to remain, Yours very cordially, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Here follow one or two letters indicating the progress of the 'Descent of
+      Man;' the woodcuts referred to were being prepared for that work:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER. (Dr. Gunther, Keeper of Zoology in
+      the British Museum.) March 23, [1870?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Gunther,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I do not know Mr. Ford's address, will you hand him this note, which is
+      written solely to express my unbounded admiration of the woodcuts. I
+      fairly gloat over them. The only evil is that they will make all the other
+      woodcuts look very poor! They are all excellent, and for the feathers I
+      declare I think it the most wonderful woodcut I ever saw; I can not help
+      touching it to make sure that it is smooth. How I wish to see the two
+      other, and even more important, ones of the feathers, and the four [of]
+      reptiles, etc. Once again accept my very sincere thanks for all your
+      kindness. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Ford. Engravings have always
+      hitherto been my greatest misery, and now they are a real pleasure to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I thought I should have been in press by this time, but my
+      subject has branched off into sub-branches, which have cost me infinite
+      time, and heaven knows when I shall have all my MS. ready, but I am never
+      idle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER. May 15 [1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Gunther,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sincere thanks. Your answers are wonderfully clear and complete. I have
+      some analogous questions on reptiles, etc., which I will send in a few
+      days, and then I think I shall cause no more trouble. I will get the books
+      you refer me to. The case of the Solenostoma (In most of the Lophobranchii
+      the male has a marsupial sack in which the eggs are hatched, and in these
+      species the male is slightly brighter coloured than the female. But in
+      Solenostoma the female is the hatcher, and is also the more brightly
+      coloured.&mdash;'Descent of Man,' ii. 21.) is magnificent, so exactly
+      analogous to that of those birds in which the female is the more gay, but
+      ten times better for me, as she is the incubator. As I crawl on with the
+      successive classes I am astonished to find how similar the rules are about
+      the nuptial or "wedding dress" of all animals. The subject has begun to
+      interest me in an extraordinary degree; but I must try not to fall into my
+      common error of being too speculative. But a drunkard might as well say he
+      would drink a little and not too much! My essay, as far as fishes,
+      batrachians and reptiles are concerned, will be in fact yours, only
+      written by me. With hearty thanks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter is of interest, as showing the excessive care and
+      pains which my father took in forming his opinion on a difficult point:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, September 23 [undated].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very much obliged for all your trouble in writing me your long
+      letter, which I will keep by me and ponder over. To answer it would
+      require at least 200 folio pages! If you could see how often I have
+      re-written some pages you would know how anxious I am to arrive as near as
+      I can to the truth. I lay great stress on what I know takes place under
+      domestication; I think we start with different fundamental notions on
+      inheritance. I find it is most difficult, but not I think impossible, to
+      see how, for instance, a few red feathers appearing on the head of a male
+      bird, and which ARE AT FIRST TRANSMITTED TO BOTH SEXES, could come to be
+      transmitted to males alone. It is not enough that females should be
+      produced from the males with red feathers, which should be destitute of
+      red feathers; but these females must have a LATENT TENDENCY to produce
+      such feathers, otherwise they would cause deterioration in the red
+      head-feathers of their male offspring. Such latent tendency would be shown
+      by their producing the red feathers when old, or diseased in their ovaria.
+      But I have no difficulty in making the whole head red if the few red
+      feathers in the male from the first tended to be sexually transmitted. I
+      am quite willing to admit that the female may have been modified, either
+      at the same time or subsequently, for protection by the accumulation of
+      variations limited in their transmission to the female sex. I owe to your
+      writings the consideration of this latter point. But I cannot yet persuade
+      myself that females ALONE have often been modified for protection. Should
+      you grudge the trouble briefly to tell me whether you believe that the
+      plainer head and less bright colours of a female chaffinch, the less red
+      on the head and less clean colours of the female goldfinch, the much less
+      red on the breast of the female bull-finch, the paler crest of
+      golden-crested wren, etc., have been acquired by them for protection. I
+      cannot think so any more than I can that the considerable differences
+      between female and male house sparrow, or much greater brightness of the
+      male Parus coeruleus (both of which build under cover) than of the female
+      Parus, are related to protection. I even mis-doubt much whether the less
+      blackness of the female blackbird is for protection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, can you give me reasons for believing that the moderate differences
+      between the female pheasant, the female Gallus bankiva, the female black
+      grouse, the pea-hen, the female partridge, [and their respective males,]
+      have all special references to protection under slightly different
+      conditions? I, of course, admit that they are all protected by dull
+      colours, derived, as I think, from some dull-ground progenitor; and I
+      account partly for their difference by partial transference of colour from
+      the male and by other means too long to specify; but I earnestly wish to
+      see reason to believe that each is specially adapted for concealment to
+      its environment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me and makes me
+      constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite understand each
+      other. I value the cases of bright-coloured, incubating male fishes, and
+      brilliant female butterflies, solely as showing that one sex may be made
+      brilliant without any necessary transference of beauty to the other sex;
+      for in these cases I cannot suppose that beauty in the other sex was
+      checked by selection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fear this letter will trouble you to read it. A very short answer about
+      your belief in regard to the female finches and gallinaceae would suffice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Wallace, Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 25 [1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Last Friday we all went to the Bull Hotel at Cambridge to see the
+      boys, and for a little rest and enjoyment. The backs of the Colleges are
+      simply paradisaical. On Monday I saw Sedgwick, who was most cordial and
+      kind; in the morning I thought his brain was enfeebled; in the evening he
+      was brilliant and quite himself. His affection and kindness charmed us
+      all. My visit to him was in one way unfortunate; for after a long sit he
+      proposed to take me to the museum, and I could not refuse, and in
+      consequence he utterly prostrated me; so that we left Cambridge next
+      morning, and I have not recovered the exhaustion yet. Is it not
+      humiliating to be thus killed by a man of eighty-six, who evidently never
+      dreamed that he was killing me? As he said to me, "Oh, I consider you as a
+      mere baby to me!" I saw Newton several times, and several nice friends of
+      F.'s. But Cambridge without dear Henslow was not itself; I tried to get to
+      the two old houses, but it was too far for me...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO B.J. SULIVAN. (Admiral Sir James Sulivan was a
+      lieutenant on board the "Beagle".) Down, June 30 [1870].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sulivan,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was very good of you to write to me so long a letter, telling me much
+      about yourself and your children, which I was extremely glad to hear.
+      Think what a benighted wretch I am, seeing no one and reading but little
+      in the newspapers, for I did not know (until seeing the paper of your
+      Natural History Society) that you were a K.C.B. Most heartily glad I am
+      that the Government have at last appreciated your most just claim for this
+      high distinction. On the other hand, I am sorry to hear so poor an account
+      of your health; but you were surely very rash to do all that you did and
+      then pass through so exciting a scene as a ball at the Palace. It was
+      enough to have tired a man in robust health. Complete rest will, however,
+      I hope, quite set you up again. As for myself, I have been rather better
+      of late, and if nothing disturbs me I can do some hours' work every day. I
+      shall this autumn publish another book partly on man, which I dare say
+      many will decry as very wicked. I could have travelled to Oxford, but
+      could no more have withstood the excitement of a commemoration (This
+      refers to an invitation to receive the honorary degree of D.C.L. He was
+      one of those nominated for the degree by Lord Salisbury on assuming the
+      office of Chancellor of the University of Oxford. The fact that the honour
+      was declined on the score of ill-health was published in the "Oxford
+      University Gazette", June 17, 1870.) than I could a ball at Buckingham
+      Palace. Many thanks for your kind remarks about my boys. Thank God, all
+      give me complete satisfaction; my fourth stands second at Woolwich, and
+      will be an Engineer Officer at Christmas. My wife desires to be very
+      kindly remembered to Lady Sulivan, in which I very sincerely join, and in
+      congratulation about your daughter's marriage. We are at present solitary,
+      for all our younger children are gone a tour in Switzerland. I had never
+      heard a word about the success of the T. del Fuego mission. It is most
+      wonderful, and shames me, as I always prophesied utter failure. It is a
+      grand success. I shall feel proud if your Committee think fit to elect me
+      an honorary member of your society. With all good wishes and affectionate
+      remembrances of ancient days,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Sulivan, Your sincere friend, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [My father's connection with the South American Mission, which is referred
+      to in the above letter, has given rise to some public comment, and has
+      been to some extent misunderstood. The Archbishop of Canterbury, speaking
+      at the annual meeting of the South American Missionary Society, April
+      21st, 1885 (I quote a 'Leaflet,' published by the Society.), said that the
+      Society "drew the attention of Charles Darwin, and made him, in his
+      pursuit of the wonders of the kingdom of nature, realise that there was
+      another kingdom just as wonderful and more lasting." Some discussion on
+      the subject appeared in the "Daily News" of April 23rd, 24th, 29th, 1885,
+      and finally Admiral Sir James Sulivan, on April 24th, wrote to the same
+      journal, giving a clear account of my father's connection with the
+      Society:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your article in the "Daily News" of yesterday induces me to give you a
+      correct statement of the connection between the South American Missionary
+      Society and Mr. Charles Darwin, my old friend and shipmate for five years.
+      I have been closely connected with the Society from the time of Captain
+      Allen Gardiner's death, and Mr. Darwin has often expressed to me his
+      conviction that it was utterly useless to send Missionaries to such a set
+      of savages as the Fuegians, probably the very lowest of the human race. I
+      had always replied that I did not believe any human beings existed too low
+      to comprehend the simple message of the Gospel of Christ. After many
+      years, I think about 1869 (It seems to have been in 1867.), but I cannot
+      find the letter, he wrote to me that the recent accounts of the Mission
+      proved to him that he had been wrong and I right in our estimates of the
+      native character, and the possibility of doing them good through
+      Missionaries; and he requested me to forward to the Society an enclosed
+      cheque for 5 pounds, as a testimony of the interest he took in their good
+      work. On June 6th, 1874, he wrote: 'I am very glad to hear so good an
+      account of the Fuegians, and it is wonderful.' On June 10th, 1879: 'The
+      progress of the Fuegians is wonderful, and had it not occurred would have
+      been to me quite incredible.' On January 3rd, 1880: 'Your extracts' [from
+      a journal] 'about the Fuegians are extremely curious, and have interested
+      me much. I have often said that the progress of Japan was the greatest
+      wonder in the world, but I declare that the progress of Fuegia is almost
+      equally wonderful. On March 20th, 1881: 'The account of the Fuegians
+      interested not only me, but all my family. It is truly wonderful what you
+      have heard from Mr. Bridges about their honesty and their language. I
+      certainly should have predicted that not all the Missionaries in the world
+      could have done what has been done.' On December 1st, 1881, sending me his
+      annual subscription to the Orphanage at the Mission Station, he wrote:
+      'Judging from the "Missionary Journal", the Mission in Tierra del Fuego
+      seems going on quite wonderfully well.'"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Down, July 17, 1870.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lubbock,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I hear that the Census will be brought before the House to-morrow, I
+      write to say how much I hope that you will express your opinion on the
+      desirability of queries in relation to consanguineous marriages being
+      inserted. As you are aware, I have made experiments on the subject during
+      several years; AND IT IS MY CLEAR CONVICTION THAT THERE IS NOW AMPLE
+      EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GREAT PHYSIOLOGICAL LAW, RENDERING AN
+      ENQUIRY WITH REFERENCE TO MANKIND OF MUCH IMPORTANCE. IN ENGLAND AND MANY
+      PARTS OF EUROPE THE MARRIAGES OF COUSINS ARE OBJECTED TO FROM THEIR
+      SUPPOSED INJURIOUS CONSEQUENCES; BUT THIS BELIEF RESTS ON NO DIRECT
+      EVIDENCE. IT IS THEREFORE MANIFESTLY DESIRABLE THAT THE BELIEF SHOULD
+      EITHER BE PROVED FALSE, OR SHOULD BE CONFIRMED, so that in this latter
+      case the marriages of cousins might be discouraged. If the proper queries
+      are inserted, the returns would show whether married cousins have in their
+      households on the night of the census as many children as have parents of
+      who are not related; and should the number prove fewer, we might safely
+      infer either lessened fertility in the parents, or which is more probable,
+      lessened vitality in the offspring.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is, moreover, much to be wished that the truth of the often repeated
+      assertion that consanguineous marriages lead to deafness, and dumbness,
+      blindness, etc., should be ascertained; and all such assertions could be
+      easily tested by the returns from a single census.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [When the Census Act was passing through the House of Commons, Sir John
+      Lubbock and Dr. Playfair attempted to carry out this suggestion. The
+      question came to a division, which was lost, but not by many votes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The subject of cousin marriages was afterwards investigated by my brother.
+      ("Marriages between First Cousins in England, and their Effects.' By
+      George Darwin. 'Journal of the Statistical Society,' June, 1875.) The
+      results of this laborious piece of work were negative; the author sums up
+      in the sentence:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "My paper is far from giving any thing like a satisfactory solution of the
+      question as to the effects of consanguineous marriages, but it does, I
+      think, show that the assertion that this question has already been set at
+      rest, cannot be substantiated."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.VII. &mdash; PUBLICATION OF THE 'DESCENT OF MAN.'
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      WORK ON 'EXPRESSION.'
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1871-1873.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The last revise of the 'Descent of Man' was corrected on January 15th,
+      1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years. He wrote to Sir
+      J. Hooker: "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago, the work
+      half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the book is
+      worth publishing."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He also wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have finished my book on the 'Descent of Man,' etc., and its
+      publication is delayed only by the Index: when published, I will send you
+      a copy, but I do not know that you will care about it. Parts, as on the
+      moral sense, will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from you, I
+      shall probably receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of a pen."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book was published on February 24, 1871. 2500 copies were printed at
+      first, and 5000 more before the end of the year. My father notes that he
+      received for this edition 1470 pounds. The letters given in the present
+      chapter deal with its reception, and also with the progress of the work on
+      Expression. The letters are given, approximately, in chronological order,
+      an arrangement which necessarily separates letters of kindred
+      subjec-matter, but gives perhaps a truer picture of the mingled interests
+      and labours of my father's life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nothing can give a better idea (in small compass) of the growth of
+      Evolutionism and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+      Huxley ('Contemporary Review,' 1871.):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade from
+      the date of the publication of the 'Origin of Species;' and whatever may
+      be thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the manner in which he
+      has propounded them, this much is certain, that in a dozen years the
+      'Origin of Species' has worked as complete a revolution in Biological
+      Science as the 'Principia' did in Astronomy;" and it has done so,
+      "because, in the words of Helmholtz, it contains 'an essentially new
+      creative thought.' And, as time has slipped by, a happy change has come
+      over Mr. Darwin's critics. The mixture of ignorance and insolence which at
+      first characterised a large proportion of the attacks with which he was
+      assailed, is no longer the sad distinction of anti-Darwinian criticism."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A passage in the Introduction to the 'Descent of Man' shows that the
+      author recognised clearly this improvement in the position of Evolution.
+      "When a naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his address, as
+      President of the National Institution of Geneva (1869), 'personne en
+      Europe au moins, n'ose plus soutenir la creation independante et de toutes
+      pieces, des especes,' it is manifest that at least a large number of
+      naturalists must admit that species are the modified descendants of other
+      species; and this especially holds good with the younger and rising
+      naturalists... Of the older and honoured chiefs in natural science, many,
+      unfortunately, are still opposed to Evolution in every form."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+      Darwin" ('Harper's Magazine,' October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+      father "early in 1871" (it must have been at the end of February, within a
+      week after the publication of the book.), shortly after the publication of
+      the 'Descent of Man.' Mr. Hague represents my father as "much impressed by
+      the general assent with which his views had been received," and as
+      remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+      language in the 'Edinburgh Review' (July 1871. An adverse criticism. The
+      reviewer sums up by saying that: "Never perhaps in the history of
+      philosophy have such wide generalisations been derived from such a small
+      basis of fact."): "On every side it is raising a storm of mingled wrath,
+      wonder, and admiration."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the subsequent reception of the 'Descent of Man,' my father
+      wrote to Dr. Dohrn, February 3, 1872:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I did not know until reading your article (In 'Das Ausland.'), that my
+      'Descent of Man' had excited so much furore in Germany. It has had an
+      immense circulation in this country and in America, but has met the
+      approval of hardly any naturalists as far as I know. Therefore I suppose
+      it was a mistake on my part to publish it; but, anyhow, it will pave the
+      way for some better work."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book on the 'Expression of the Emotions' was begun on January 17th,
+      1871, the last proof of the 'Descent of Man' having been finished on
+      January 15th. The rough copy was finished by April 27th, and shortly after
+      this (in June) the work was interrupted by the preparation of a sixth
+      edition of the 'Origin.' In November and December the proofs of the
+      'Expression' book were taken in hand, and occupied him until the following
+      year, when the book was published.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some references to the work on Expression have occurred in letters already
+      given, showing that the foundation of the book was, to some extent, laid
+      down for some years before he began to write it. Thus he wrote to Dr. Asa
+      Gray, April 15, 1867:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been lately getting up and looking over my old notes on
+      Expression, and fear that I shall not make so much of my hobby-horse as I
+      thought I could; nevertheless, it seems to me a curious subject which has
+      been strangely neglected."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It should, however, be remembered that the subject had been before his
+      mind, more or less, from 1837 or 1838, as I judge from entries in his
+      early note-books. It was in December, 1839, that he began to make
+      observations on children.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work required much correspondence, not only with missionaries and
+      others living among savages, to whom he sent his printed queries, but
+      among physiologists and physicians. He obtained much information from
+      Professor Donders, Sir W. Bowman, Sir James Paget, Dr. W. Ogle, Dr.
+      Crichton Browne, as well as from other observers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first letter refers to the 'Descent of Man.']
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, January 30 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      (In the note referred to, dated January 27, Mr. Wallace wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Many thanks for your first volume which I have just finished reading
+      through with the greatest pleasure and interest; and I have also to thank
+      you for the great tenderness with which you have treated me and my
+      heresies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The heresy is the limitation of natural selection as applied to man. My
+      father wrote ('Descent of Man,' i. page 137):&mdash;"I cannot therefore
+      understand how it is that Mr. Wallace maintains that 'natural selection
+      could only have endowed the savage with a brain a little superior to that
+      of an ape.'" In the above quoted letter Mr. Wallace wrote:&mdash;"Your
+      chapters on 'Man' are of intense interest, but as touching my special
+      heresy not as yet altogether convincing, though of course I fully agree
+      with every word and every argument which goes to prove the evolution or
+      development of man out of a lower form.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your note has given me very great pleasure, chiefly because I was so
+      anxious not to treat you with the least disrespect, and it is so difficult
+      to speak fairly when differing from any one. If I had offended you, it
+      would have grieved me more than you will readily believe. Secondly, I am
+      greatly pleased to hear that Volume I. interests you; I have got so sick
+      of the whole subject that I felt in utter doubt about the value of any
+      part. I intended, when speaking of females not having been specially
+      modified for protection, to include the prevention of characters acquired
+      by the male being transmitted to the female; but I now see it would have
+      been better to have said "specially acted on," or some such term. Possibly
+      my intention may be clearer in Volume II. Let me say that my conclusions
+      are chiefly founded on the consideration of all animals taken in a body,
+      bearing in mind how common the rules of sexual differences appear to be in
+      all classes. The first copy of the chapter on Lepidoptera agreed pretty
+      closely with you. I then worked on, came back to Lepidoptera, and thought
+      myself compelled to alter it&mdash;finished Sexual Selection and for the
+      last time went over Lepidoptera, and again I felt forced to alter it. I
+      hope to God there will be nothing disagreeable to you in Volume II., and
+      that I have spoken fairly of your views; I am fearful on this head,
+      because I have just read (but not with sufficient care) Mivart's book
+      ('The Genesis of Species,' by St. G. Mivart, 1871.), and I feel ABSOLUTELY
+      CERTAIN that he meant to be fair (but he was stimulated by theological
+      fervour); yet I do not think he has been quite fair... The part which, I
+      think, will have most influence is where he gives the whole series of
+      cases like that of the whalebone, in which we cannot explain the
+      gradational steps; but such cases have no weight on my mind&mdash;if a few
+      fish were extinct, who on earth would have ventured even to conjecture
+      that lungs had originated in a swi-bladder? In such a case as the
+      Thylacine, I think he was bound to say that the resemblance of the jaw to
+      that of the dog is superficial; the number and correspondence and
+      development of teeth being widely different. I think again when speaking
+      of the necessity of altering a number of characters together, he ought to
+      have thought of man having power by selection to modify simultaneously or
+      almost simultaneously many points, as in making a greyhound or racehorse&mdash;as
+      enlarged upon in my 'Domestic Animals.' Mivart is savage or contemptuous
+      about my "moral sense," and so probably will you be. I am extremely
+      pleased that he agrees with my position, AS FAR AS ANIMAL NATURE IS
+      CONCERNED, of man in the series; or if anything, thinks I have erred in
+      making him too distinct.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Forgive me for scribbling at such length. You have put me quite in good
+      spirits; I did so dread having been unintentionally unfair towards your
+      views. I hope earnestly the second volume will escape as well. I care now
+      very little what others say. As for our not quite agreeing, really in such
+      complex subjects, it is almost impossible for two men who arrive
+      independently at their conclusions to agree fully, it would be unnatural
+      for them to do so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours ever, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Professor Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my
+      father about the 'Descent of Man.' I quote from his reply:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I may
+      truly say, charming letter. I am delighted that you approve of my book, as
+      far as you have read it. I felt very great difficulty and doubt how often
+      I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly speaking every
+      idea, although occurring independently to me, if published by you
+      previously ought to have appeared as if taken from your works, but this
+      would have made my book very dull reading; and I hoped that a full
+      acknowledgment at the beginning would suffice. (In the introduction to the
+      'Descent of Man' the author wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This last naturalist [Haeckel]... has recently... published his
+      'Naturliche Schopfungs-geschichte,' in which he fully discusses the
+      genealogy of man. If this work had appeared before my essay had been
+      written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all the
+      conclusions at which I have arrived, I find confirmed by this naturalist,
+      whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine.") I cannot tell
+      you how glad I am to find that I have expressed my high admiration of your
+      labours with sufficient clearness; I am sure that I have not expressed it
+      too strongly."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March 16, 1871.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just read your grand review. ("Academy", March 15, 1871.) It is in
+      every way as kindly expressed towards myself as it is excellent in matter.
+      The Lyells have been here, and Sir C. remarked that no one wrote such good
+      scientific reviews as you, and as Miss Buckley added, you delight in
+      picking out all that is good, though very far from blind to the bad. In
+      all this I most entirely agree. I shall always consider your review as a
+      great honour; and however much my book may hereafter be abused, as no
+      doubt it will be, your review will console me, notwithstanding that we
+      differ so greatly. I will keep your objections to my views in my mind, but
+      I fear that the latter are almost stereotyped in my mind. I thought for
+      long weeks about the inheritance and selection difficulty, and covered
+      quires of paper with notes in trying to get out of it, but could not,
+      though clearly seeing that it would be a great relief if I could. I will
+      confine myself to two or three remarks. I have been much impressed with
+      what you urge against colour (Mr. Wallace says that the pairing of
+      butterflies is probably determined by the fact that one male is
+      stronger-winged, or more pertinacious than the rest, rather than by the
+      choice of the females. He quotes the case of caterpillars which are
+      brightly coloured and yet sexless. Mr. Wallace also makes the good
+      criticism that the 'Descent of Man' consists of two books mixed together.)
+      in the case of insects, having been acquired through sexual selection. I
+      always saw that the evidence was very weak; but I still think, if it be
+      admitted that the musical instruments of insects have been gained through
+      sexual selection, that there is not the least improbability in colour
+      having been thus gained. Your argument with respect to the denudation of
+      mankind and also to insects, that taste on the part of one sex would have
+      to remain nearly the same during many generations, in order that sexual
+      selection should produce any effect, I agree to; and I think this argument
+      would be sound if used by one who denied that, for instance, the plumes of
+      birds of Paradise had been so gained. I believe you admit this, and if so
+      I do not see how your argument applies in other cases. I have recognized
+      for some short time that I have made a great omission in not having
+      discussed, as far as I could, the acquisition of taste, its inherited
+      nature, and its permanence within pretty close limits for long periods.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [With regard to the success of the 'Descent of Man,' I quote from a letter
+      to Professor Ray Lankester (March 22, 1871):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the increasing liberality
+      of England, that my book has sold wonderfully... and as yet no abuse
+      (though some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only contempt even
+      in the poor old 'Athenaeum'."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to reviews that struck him he wrote to Mr. Wallace (March 24, 1871):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is a very striking second article on my book in the 'Pall Mall'.
+      The articles in the "Spectator" ("Spectator", March 11 and 18, 1871. With
+      regard to the evolution of conscience the reviewer thinks that my father
+      comes much nearer to the "kernel of the psychological problem" than many
+      of his predecessors. The second article contains a good discussion of the
+      bearing of the book on the question of design, and concludes by finding in
+      it a vindication of Theism more wonderful than that in Paley's 'Natural
+      Theology.') have also interested me much."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On March 20 he wrote to Mr. Murray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Many thanks for the "Nonconformist" [March 8, 1871]. I like to see all
+      that is written, and it is of some real use. If you hear of reviewers in
+      out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as "Record", "Guardian",
+      "Tablet", kindly inform me. It is wonderful that there has been no abuse
+      ("I feel a full conviction that my chapter on man will excite attention
+      and plenty of abuse, and I suppose abuse is as good as praise for selling
+      a book."&mdash;(from a letter to Mr. Murray, January 31, 1867.) as yet,
+      but I suppose I shall not escape. On the whole, the reviews have been
+      highly favourable."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871) refers
+      to a review in the "Times". ("Times", April 7 and 8, 1871. The review is
+      not only unfavourable as regards the book under discussion, but also as
+      regards Evolution in general, as the following citation will show: "Even
+      had it been rendered highly probable, which we doubt, that the animal
+      creation has been developed into its numerous and widely different
+      varieties by mere evolution, it would still require an independent
+      investigation of overwhelming force and completeness to justify the
+      presumption that man is but a term in this self-evolving series.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have no idea who wrote the "Times" review. He has no knowledge of
+      science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+      that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+      injure the sale."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A review of the 'Descent of Man,' which my father spoke of as "capital,"
+      appeared in the "Saturday Review" (March 4 and 11, 1871). A passage from
+      the first notice (March 4) may be quoted in illustration of the broad
+      basis as regards general acceptance, on which the doctrine of Evolution
+      now stood: "He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and
+      constitution, within that unity which he had previously sought to trace
+      through all lower animal forms. The growth of opinion in the interval, due
+      in chief measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the discussion
+      of this problem in a position very much in advance of that held by it
+      fifteen years ago. The problem of Evolution is hardly any longer to be
+      treated as one of first principles; nor has Mr. Darwin to do battle for a
+      first hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as it is by a phalanx of
+      names full of distinction and promise, in either hemisphere."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The infolded point of the human ear, discovered by Mr. Woolner, and
+      described in the 'Descent of Man,' seems especially to have struck the
+      popular imagination; my father wrote to Mr. Woolner:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The tips to the ears have become quite celebrated. One reviewer
+      ('Nature') says they ought to be called, as I suggested in joke, Angulus
+      Woolnerianus. ('Nature' April 6, 1871. The term suggested is Angulus
+      Woolnerii.) A German is very proud to find that he has the tips well
+      developed, and I believe will send me a photograph of his ears."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN BRODIE INNES. (Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of
+      Milton Brodie, formerly Vicar of Down.) Down, May 29 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Innes,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been very glad to receive your pleasant letter, for to tell you the
+      truth, I have sometimes wondered whether you would not think me an outcast
+      and a reprobate after the publication of my last book ['Descent']. (In a
+      former letter of my father's to Mr. Innes:&mdash;"We often differed, but
+      you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ and yet feel no
+      shade of animosity, and that is a thing which I should feel very proud of,
+      if any one could say it of me.") I do not wonder at all at your not
+      agreeing with me, for a good many professed naturalists do not. Yet when I
+      see in how extraordinary a manner the judgment of naturalists has changed
+      since I published the 'Origin,' I feel convinced that there will be in ten
+      years quite as much unanimity about man, as far as his corporeal frame is
+      concerned...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letters addressed to Dr. Ogle deal with the progress of the
+      work on expression.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, March 12 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Ogle,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have received both your letters, and they tell me all that I wanted to
+      know in the clearest possible way, as, indeed, all your letters have ever
+      done. I thank you cordially. I will give the case of the murderer
+      ('Expression of the Emotions,' page 294. The arrest of a murderer, as
+      witnessed by Dr. Ogle in a hospital.) in my hobby-horse essay on
+      expression. I fear that the Eustachian tube question must have cost you a
+      deal of labour; it is quite a complete little essay. It is pretty clear
+      that the mouth is not opened under surprise merely to improve the hearing.
+      Yet why do deaf men generally keep their mouths open? The other day a man
+      here was mimicking a deaf friend, leaning his head forward and sideways to
+      the speaker, with his mouth well open; it was a lifelike representation of
+      a deaf man. Shakespeare somewhere says: "Hold your breath, listen" or
+      "hark," I forget which. Surprise hurries the breath, and it seems to me
+      one can breathe, at least hurriedly, much quieter through the open mouth
+      than through the nose. I saw the other day you doubted this. As objection
+      is your province at present, I think breathing through the nose ought to
+      come within it likewise, so do pray consider this point, and let me hear
+      your judgment. Consider the nose to be a flower to be fertilised, and then
+      you will make out all about it. (Dr. Ogle had corresponded with my father
+      on his own observations on the fertilisation of flowers.) I have had to
+      allude to your paper on 'Sense of Smell' (Medico-chirurg. Trans. liii.);
+      is the paging right, namely, 1, 2, 3? If not, I protest by all the gods
+      against the plan followed by some, of having presentation copies falsely
+      paged; and so does Rolleston, as he wrote to me the other day. In haste.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, March 25 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Ogle,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You will think me a horrid bore, but I beg you, IN RELATION TO A NEW POINT
+      FOR OBSERVATION, to imagine as well as you can that you suddenly come
+      across some dreadful object, and act with a sudden little start, a SHUDDER
+      OF HORROR; please do this once or twice, and observe yourself as well as
+      you can, and AFTERWARDS read the rest of this note, which I have
+      consequently pinned down. I find, to my surprise, whenever I act thus my
+      platysma contracts. Does yours? (N.B.&mdash;See what a man will do for
+      science; I began this note with a horrid fib, namely, that I want you to
+      attend to a new point. (The point was doubtless described as a new one, to
+      avoid the possibility of Dr. Ogle's attention being directed to the
+      platysma, a muscle which had been the subject of discussion in other
+      letters.)) I will try and get some persons thus to act who are so lucky as
+      not to know that they even possess this muscle, so troublesome for any one
+      making out about expression. Is a shudder akin to the rigor or shivering
+      before fever? If so, perhaps the platysma could be observed in such cases.
+      Paget told me that he had attended much to shivering, and had written in
+      MS. on the subject, and been much perplexed about it. He mentioned that
+      passing a catheter often causes shivering. Perhaps I will write to him
+      about the platysma. He is always most kind in aiding me in all ways, but
+      he is so overworked that it hurts my conscience to trouble him, for I have
+      a conscience, little as you have reason to think so. Help me if you can,
+      and forgive me. Your murderer case has come in splendidly as the acme of
+      prostration from fear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO DR. OGLE. Down, April 29 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Ogle,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am truly obliged for all the great trouble which you have so kindly
+      taken. I am sure you have no cause to say that you are sorry you can give
+      me no definite information, for you have given me far more than I ever
+      expected to get. The action of the platysma is not very important for me,
+      but I believe that you will fully understand (for I have always fancied
+      that our minds were very similar) the intolerable desire I had not to be
+      utterly baffled. Now I know that it sometimes contracts from fear and from
+      shuddering, but not apparently from a prolonged state of fear such as the
+      insane suffer...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,'&mdash;a contribution to the literature
+      of Evolution, which excited much attention&mdash;was published in 1871,
+      before the appearance of the 'Descent of Man.' To this book the following
+      letter (June 21, 1871) from the late Chauncey Wright to my father refers.
+      (Chauncey Wright was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, September 20,
+      1830, and came of a family settled in that town since 1654. He became in
+      1852 a computer in the Nautical Almanac office at Cambridge, Mass., and
+      lived a quiet uneventful life, supported by the small stipend of his
+      office, and by what he earned from his occasional articles, as well as by
+      a little teaching. He thought and read much on metaphysical subjects, but
+      on the whole with an outcome (as far as the world was concerned) not
+      commensurate to the power of his mind. He seems to have been a man of
+      strong individuality, and to have made a lasting impression on his
+      friends. He died in September, 1875.)]:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I send... revised proofs of an article which will be published in the
+      July number of the 'North American Review,' sending it in the hope that it
+      will interest or even be of greater value to you. Mr. Mivart's book
+      ['Genesis of Species'] of which this article is substantially a review,
+      seems to me a very good background from which to present the
+      considerations which I have endeavoured to set forth in the article, in
+      defence and illustration of the theory of Natural Selection. My special
+      purpose has been to contribute to the theory by placing it in its proper
+      relations to philosophical enquiries in general." ('Letters of Chauncey
+      Wright,' by J.B. Thayer. Privately printed, 1878, page 230.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the proofs received from Mr. Wright, my father wrote to Mr.
+      Wallace:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, July 9 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I send by this post a review by Chauncey Wright, as I much want your
+      opinion of it as soon as you can send it. I consider you an incomparably
+      better critic than I am. The article, though not very clearly written, and
+      poor in parts from want of knowledge, seems to me admirable. Mivart's book
+      is producing a great effect against Natural Selection, and more especially
+      against me. Therefore if you think the article even somewhat good I will
+      write and get permission to publish it as a shilling pamphlet, together
+      with the MS. additions (enclosed), for which there was not room at the end
+      of the review...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am now at work at a new and cheap edition of the 'Origin,' and shall
+      answer several points in Mivart's book, and introduce a new chapter for
+      this purpose; but I treat the subject so much more concretely, and I dare
+      say less philosophically, than Wright, that we shall not interfere with
+      each other. You will think me a bigot when I say, after studying Mivart, I
+      was never before in my life so convinced of the GENERAL (i.e. not in
+      detail) truth of the views in the 'Origin.' I grieve to see the omission
+      of the words by Mivart, detected by Wright. ('North American Review,'
+      volume 113, pages 83, 84. Chauncey Wright points out that the words
+      omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart] cites Mr.
+      Darwin's authority." It should be mentioned that the passage from which
+      words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr. Mivart.) I
+      complained to Mivart that in two cases he quotes only the commencement of
+      sentences by me, and thus modifies my meaning; but I never supposed he
+      would have omitted words. There are other cases of what I consider unfair
+      treatment. I conclude with sorrow that though he means to be honourable he
+      is so bigoted that he cannot act fairly...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, July 14, 1871.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have hardly ever in my life read an article which has given me so much
+      satisfaction as the review which you have been so kind as to send me. I
+      agree to almost everything which you say. Your memory must be wonderfully
+      accurate, for you know my works as well as I do myself, and your power of
+      grasping other men's thoughts is something quite surprising; and this, as
+      far as my experience goes, is a very rare quality. As I read on I
+      perceived how you have acquired this power, viz. by thoroughly analyzing
+      each word.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... Now I am going to beg a favour. Will you provisionally give me
+      permission to reprint your article as a shilling pamphlet? I ask only
+      provisionally, as I have not yet had time to reflect on the subject. It
+      would cost me, I fancy, with advertisements, some 20 or 30 pounds; but the
+      worst is that, as I hear, pamphlets never will sell. And this makes me
+      doubtful. Should you think it too much trouble to send me a title FOR THE
+      CHANCE? The title ought, I think, to have Mr. Mivart's name on it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... If you grant permission and send a title, you will kindly understand
+      that I will first make further enquiries whether there is any chance of a
+      pamphlet being read.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray believe me yours very sincerely obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The pamphlet was published in the autumn, and on October 23 my father
+      wrote to Mr. Wright:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It pleases me much that you are satisfied with the appearance of your
+      pamphlet. I am sure it will do our cause good service; and this same
+      opinion Huxley has expressed to me. ('Letters of Chauncey Wright,' page
+      235."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, July 12 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it
+      is so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+      discussion readable. I shall make only a selection. The worst of it is,
+      that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated points,
+      it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work. I wish I had your
+      power of arguing clearly. At present I feel sick of everything, and if I
+      could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather miseries,
+      I would never publish another word. But I shall cheer up, I dare say,
+      soon, having only just got over a bad attack. Farewell; God knows why I
+      bother you about myself. I can say nothing more about missing-links than
+      what I have said. I should rely much on pre-silurian times; but then comes
+      Sir W. Thomson like an odious spectre. Farewell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... There is a most cutting review of me in the 'Quarterly' (July 1871.);
+      I have only read a few pages. The skill and style make me think of Mivart.
+      I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men. This 'Quarterly
+      Review' tempts me to republish Ch. Wright, even if not read by any one,
+      just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and that his (i.e.
+      Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some reflection... God
+      knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to write a chapter
+      versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and feel I shall do it
+      so badly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The above-mentioned 'Quarterly' review was the subject of an article by
+      Mr. Huxley in the November number of the 'Contemporary Review.' Here,
+      also, are discussed Mr. Wallace's 'Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+      Selection,' and the second edition of Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species.'
+      What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article. The 'Quarterly' reviewer,
+      though being to some extent an evolutionist, believes that Man "differs
+      more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from the dust of the
+      earth on which they tread." The reviewer also declares that my father has
+      "with needless opposition, set at naught the first principles of both
+      philosophy and religion." Mr. Huxley passes from the 'Quarterly'
+      reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary opposition
+      between evolution and religion, to the more definite position taken by Mr.
+      Mivart, that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic Church agree
+      in distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their teachings
+      harmonise with all that modern science can possibly require." Here Mr.
+      Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy" (at any rate,
+      in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it was a want he at
+      once set to work to fill up. He was then staying at St. Andrews, whence he
+      wrote to my father:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy
+      of Suarez (The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.), in a
+      dozen big folios. Among these I dived, to the great astonishment of the
+      librarian, and looking into them 'as the careful robin eyes the delver's
+      toil' (vide 'Idylls'), I carried off the two venerable clasped volumes
+      which were most promising." Even those who know Mr. Huxley's unrivalled
+      power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel at the skill with
+      which he has made Suarez speak on his side. "So I have come out," he
+      wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic orthodoxy, and
+      upset Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+      dissection of the 'Quarterly' reviewer's psychology, and his ethical
+      views. He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of
+      Evolution by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.
+      Finally, he devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of the
+      'Quarterly' reviewer's "treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike unjust and
+      unbecoming."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It will be seen that the two following letters were written before the
+      publication of Mr. Huxley's article.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, September 21 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your letter has pleased me in many ways, to a wonderful degree... What a
+      wonderful man you are to grapple with those old metaphysico-divinity
+      books. It quite delights me that you are going to some extent to answer
+      and attack Mivart. His book, as you say, has produced a great effect;
+      yesterday I perceived the reverberations from it, even from Italy. It was
+      this that made me ask Chauncey Wright to publish at my expense his
+      article, which seems to me very clever, though ill-written. He has not
+      knowledge enough to grapple with Mivart in detail. I think there can be no
+      shadow of doubt that he is the author of the article in the 'Quarterly
+      Review'... I am preparing a new edition of the 'Origin,' and shall
+      introduce a new chapter in answer to miscellaneous objections, and shall
+      give up the greater part to answer Mivart's cases of difficulty of
+      incipient structures being of no use: and I find it can be done easily. He
+      never states his case fairly, and makes wonderful blunders... The pendulum
+      is now swinging against our side, but I feel positive it will soon swing
+      the other way; and no mortal man will do half as much as you in giving it
+      a start in the right direction, as you did at the first commencement. God
+      forgive me for writing so long and egotistical a letter; but it is your
+      fault, for you have so delighted me; I never dreamed that you would have
+      time to say a word in defence of the cause which you have so often
+      defended. It will be a long battle, after we are dead and gone... Great is
+      the power of misrepresentation...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, September 30 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was very good of you to send the proof-sheets, for I was VERY anxious
+      to read your article. I have been delighted with it. How you do smash
+      Mivart's theology: it is almost equal to your article versus Comte
+      ('Fortnightly Review,' 1869. With regard to the relations of Positivism to
+      Science my father wrote to Mr. Spencer in 1875: "How curious and amusing
+      it is to see to what an extent the Positivists hate all men of science; I
+      fancy they are dimly conscious what laughable and gigantic blunders their
+      prophet made in predicting the course of science."),&mdash;that never can
+      be transcended... But I have been preeminently glad to read your
+      discussion on [the 'Quarterly' reviewer's] metaphysics, especially about
+      reason and his definition of it. I felt sure he was wrong, but having only
+      common observation and sense to trust to, I did not know what to say in my
+      second edition of my 'Descent.' Now a footnote and reference to you will
+      do the work... For me, this is one of the most IMPORTANT parts of the
+      review. But for PLEASURE, I have been particularly glad that my few words
+      ('Descent of Man,' volume i. page 87. A discussion on the question whether
+      an act done impulsively or instinctively can be called moral.) on the
+      distinction, if it can be so called, between Mivart's two forms of
+      morality, caught your attention. I am so pleased that you take the same
+      view, and give authorities for it; but I searched Mill in vain on this
+      head. How well you argue the whole case. I am mounting climax on climax;
+      for after all there is nothing, I think, better in your whole review than
+      your arguments v. Wallace on the intellect of savages. I must tell you
+      what Hooker said to me a few years ago. "When I read Huxley, I feel quite
+      infantile in intellect." By Jove I have felt the truth of this throughout
+      your review. What a man you are. There are scores of splendid passages,
+      and vivid flashes of wit. I have been a good deal more than merely pleased
+      by the concluding part of your review; and all the more, as I own I felt
+      mortified by the accusation of bigotry, arrogance, etc., in the 'Quarterly
+      Review.' But I assure you, he may write his worst, and he will never
+      mortify me again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley, yours gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Haredene, Albury, August 2 [1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your last letter has interested me greatly; it is wonderfully rich in
+      facts and original thoughts. First, let me say that I have been much
+      pleased by what you say about my book. It has had a VERY LARGE sale; but I
+      have been much abused for it, especially for the chapter on the moral
+      sense; and most of my reviewers consider the book as a poor affair. God
+      knows what its merits may really be; all that I know is that I did my
+      best. With familiarity I think naturalists will accept sexual selection to
+      a greater extent than they now seem inclined to do. I should very much
+      like to publish your letter, but I do not see how it could be made
+      intelligible, without numerous coloured illustrations, but I will consult
+      Mr. Wallace on this head. I earnestly hope that you keep notes of all your
+      letters, and that some day you will publish a book: 'Notes of a Naturalist
+      in S. Brazil,' or some such title. Wallace will hardly admit the
+      possibility of sexual selection with Lepidoptera, and no doubt it is very
+      improbable. Therefore, I am very glad to hear of your cases (which I will
+      quote in the next edition) of the two sets of Hesperiadae, which display
+      their wings differently, according to which surface is coloured. I cannot
+      believe that such display is accidental and purposeless...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No fact of your letter has interested me more than that about mimicry. It
+      is a capital fact about the males pursuing the wrong females. You put the
+      difficulty of the first steps in imitation in a most striking and
+      CONVINCING manner. Your idea of sexual selection having aided protective
+      imitation interests me greatly, for the same idea had occurred to me in
+      quite different cases, viz. the dulness of all animals in the Galapagos
+      Islands, Patagonia, etc., and in some other cases; but I was afraid even
+      to hint at such an idea. Would you object to my giving some such sentence
+      as follows: "F. Muller suspects that sexual selection may have come into
+      play, in aid of protective imitation, in a very peculiar manner, which
+      will appear extremely improbable to those who do not fully believe in
+      sexual selection. It is that the appreciation of certain colour is
+      developed in those species which frequently behold other species thus
+      ornamented." Again let me thank you cordially for your most interesting
+      letter...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E.B. TYLOR. Down, [September 24, 1871].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of telling you how
+      greatly I have been interested by your 'Primitive Culture,' now that I
+      have finished it. It seems to me a most profound work, which will be
+      certain to have permanent value, and to be referred to for years to come.
+      It is wonderful how you trace animism from the lower races up to the
+      religious belief of the highest races. It will make me for the future look
+      at religion&mdash;a belief in the soul, etc.&mdash;from a new point of
+      view. How curious, also, are the survivals or rudiments of old customs...
+      You will perhaps be surprised at my writing at so late a period, but I
+      have had the book read aloud to me, and from much ill-health of late could
+      only stand occasional short reads. The undertaking must have cost you
+      gigantic labour. Nevertheless, I earnestly hope that you may be induced to
+      treat morals in the same enlarged yet careful manner, as you have animism.
+      I fancy from the last chapter that you have thought of this. No man could
+      do the work so well as you, and the subject assuredly is a most important
+      and interesting one. You must now possess references which would guide you
+      to a sound estimation of the morals of savages; and how writers like
+      Wallace, Lubbock, etc., etc., do differ on this head. Forgive me for
+      troubling you, and believe me, with much respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [At the beginning of the year the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' which had
+      been begun in June, 1871, was nearly completed. The last sheet was revised
+      on January 10, 1872, and the book was published in the course of the
+      month. This volume differs from the previous ones in appearance and size&mdash;it
+      consists of 458 pages instead of 596 pages and is a few ounces lighter; it
+      is printed on bad paper, in small type, and with the lines unpleasantly
+      close together. It had, however, one advantage over previous editions,
+      namely that it was issued at a lower price. It is to be regretted that
+      this the final edition of the 'Origin' should have appeared in so
+      unattractive a form; a form which has doubtless kept off many readers from
+      the book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The discussion suggested by the 'Genesis of Species' was perhaps the most
+      important addition to the book. The objection that incipient structures
+      cannot be of use was dealt with in some detail, because it seemed to the
+      author that this was the point in Mr. Mivart's book which has struck most
+      readers in England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a striking proof of how wide and general had become the acceptance
+      of his views that my father found it necessary to insert (sixth edition,
+      page 424), the sentence: "As a record of a former state of things, I have
+      retained in the foregoing paragraphs and also elsewhere, several sentences
+      which imply that naturalists believe in the separate creation of each
+      species; and I have been much censured for having thus expressed myself.
+      But undoubtedly this was the general belief when the first edition of the
+      present work appeared... Now things are wholly changed, and almost every
+      naturalist admits the great principle of evolution."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A small correction introduced into this sixth edition is connected with
+      one of his minor papers: "Note on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker."
+      (Zoolog. Soc. Proc. 1870.) In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' page 220,
+      he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Yet as I can assert not only from my own observation, but from that of
+      the accurate Azara, it [the ground woodpecker] never climbs a tree." The
+      paper in question was a reply to Mr. Hudson's remarks on the woodpecker in
+      a previous number of the same journal. The last sentence of my father's
+      paper is worth quoting for its temperate tone: "Finally, I trust that Mr.
+      Hudson is mistaken when he says that any one acquainted with the habits of
+      this bird might be induced to believe that I 'had purposely wrested the
+      truth' in order to prove my theory. He exonerates me from this charge; but
+      I should be loath to think that there are many naturalists who, without
+      any evidence, would accuse a fellow-worker of telling a deliberate
+      falsehood to prove his theory." In the sixth edition, page 142, the
+      passage runs "in certain large districts it does not climb trees." And he
+      goes on to give Mr. Hudson's statement that in other regions it does
+      frequent trees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One of the additions in the sixth edition (page 149), was a reference to
+      Mr. A. Hyatt's and Professor Cope's theory of "acceleration." With regard
+      to this he wrote (October 10, 1872) in characteristic words to Mr. Hyatt:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Permit me to take this opportunity to express my sincere regret at having
+      committed two grave errors in the last edition of my 'Origin of Species,'
+      in my allusion to yours and Professor Cope's views on acceleration and
+      retardation of development. I had thought that Professor Cope had preceded
+      you; but I now well remember having formerly read with lively interest,
+      and marked, a paper by you somewhere in my library, on fossil Cephalapods
+      with remarks on the subject. It seems also that I have quite
+      misrepresented your joint view. This has vexed me much. I confess that I
+      have never been able to grasp fully what you wish to show, and I presume
+      that this must be owing to some dulness on my part."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, it may be mentioned that this cheap edition being to some extent
+      intended as a popular one, was made to include a glossary of technical
+      terms, "given because several readers have complained... that some of the
+      terms used were unintelligible to them." The glossary was compiled by Mr.
+      Dallas, and being an excellent collection of clear and sufficient
+      definitions, must have proved useful to many readers.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES. Down, January 15, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am much obliged for your very kind letter and exertions in my favour. I
+      had thought that the publication of my last book ['Descent of Man'] would
+      have destroyed all your sympathy with me, but though I estimated very
+      highly your great liberality of mind, it seems that I underrated it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am gratified to hear that M. Lacaze-Duthiers will vote (He was not
+      elected as a corresponding member of the French Academy until 1878.) for
+      me, for I have long honoured his name. I cannot help regretting that you
+      should expend your valuable time in trying to obtain for me the honour of
+      election, for I fear, judging from the last time, that all your labour
+      will be in vain. Whatever the result may be, I shall always retain the
+      most lively recollection of your sympathy and kindness, and this will
+      quite console me for my rejection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With much respect and esteem, I remain, dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours truly obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;With respect to the great stress which you lay on man walking
+      on two legs, whilst the quadrumana go on all fours, permit me to remind
+      you that no one much values the great difference in the mode of
+      locomotion, and consequently in structure, between seals and the
+      terrestrial carnivora, or between the almost biped kangaroos and other
+      marsupials.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. (Professor of Zoology in
+      Freiburg.) Down, April 5, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now read your essay ('Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirung auf die
+      Artbildung.' Leipzig, 1872.) with very great interest. Your view of the
+      'Origin' of local races through "Amixie," is altogether new to me, and
+      seems to throw an important light on an obscure problem. There is,
+      however, something strange about the periods or endurance of variability.
+      I formerly endeavoured to investigate the subject, not by looking to past
+      time, but to species of the same genus widely distributed; and I found in
+      many cases that all the species, with perhaps one or two exceptions, were
+      variable. It would be a very interesting subject for a conchologist to
+      investigate, viz., whether the species of the same genus were variable
+      during many successive geological formations. I began to make enquiries on
+      this head, but failed in this, as in so many other things, from the want
+      of time and strength. In your remarks on crossing, you do not, as it seems
+      to me, lay nearly stress enough on the increased vigour of the offspring
+      derived from parents which have been exposed to different conditions. I
+      have during the last five years been making experiments on this subject
+      with plants, and have been astonished at the results, which have not yet
+      been published.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first part of your essay, I thought that you wasted (to use an
+      English expression) too much powder and shot on M. Wagner (Prof. Wagner
+      has written two essays on the same subject. 'Die Darwin'sche Theorie und
+      das Migrationsgesetz, in 1868, and 'Ueber den Einfluss der Geographischen
+      Isolirung, etc.,' an address to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences at
+      Munich, 1870.); but I changed my opinion when I saw how admirably you
+      treated the whole case, and how well you used the facts about the
+      Planorbis. I wish I had studied this latter case more carefully. The
+      manner in which, as you show, the different varieties blend together and
+      make a constant whole, agrees perfectly with my hypothetical
+      illustrations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many years ago the late E. Forbes described three closely consecutive beds
+      in a secondary formation, each with representative forms of the same
+      fres-water shells: the case is evidently analogous with that of Hilgendorf
+      ("Ueber Planorbis multiformis im Steinheimer Susswasser-kalk."
+      Monatsbericht of the Berlin Academy, 1866.), but the interesting
+      connecting varieties or links were here absent. I rejoice to think that I
+      formerly said as emphatically as I could, that neither isolation nor time
+      by themselves do anything for the modification of species. Hardly anything
+      in your essay has pleased me so much personally, as to find that you
+      believe to a certain extent in sexual selection. As far as I can judge,
+      very few naturalists believe in this. I may have erred on many points, and
+      extended the doctrine too far, but I feel a strong conviction that sexual
+      selection will hereafter be admitted to be a powerful agency. I cannot
+      agree with what you say about the taste for beauty in animals not easily
+      varying. It may be suspected that even the habit of viewing differently
+      coloured surrounding objects would influence their taste, and Fritz Muller
+      even goes so far as to believe that the sight of gaudy butterflies might
+      influence the taste of distinct species. There are many remarks and
+      statements in your essay which have interested me greatly, and I thank you
+      for the pleasure which I have received from reading it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With sincere respect, I remain, My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+      CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;If you should ever be induced to consider the whole doctrine of
+      sexual selection, I think that you will be led to the conclusion, that
+      characters thus gained by one sex are very commonly transferred in a
+      greater or less degree to the other sex.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [With regard to Moritz Wagner's first Essay, my father wrote to that
+      naturalist, apparently in 1868:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear and respected Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you sincerely for sending me your 'Migrationsgesetz, etc.,' and
+      for the very kind and most honourable notice which you have taken of my
+      works. That a naturalist who has travelled into so many and such distant
+      regions, and who has studied animals of so many classes, should, to a
+      considerable extent, agree with me, is, I can assure you, the highest
+      gratification of which I am capable... Although I saw the effects of
+      isolation in the case of islands and mountain-ranges, and knew of a few
+      instances of rivers, yet the greater number of your facts were quite
+      unknown to me. I now see that from the want of knowledge I did not make
+      nearly sufficient use of the views which you advocate; and I almost wish I
+      could believe in its importance to the same extent with you; for you well
+      show, in a manner which never occurred to me, that it removes many
+      difficulties and objections. But I must still believe that in many large
+      areas all the individuals of the same species have been slowly modified,
+      in the same manner, for instance, as the English race-horse has been
+      improved, that is by the continued selection of the fleetest individuals,
+      without any separation. But I admit that by this process two or more new
+      species could hardly be found within the same limited area; some degree of
+      separation, if not indispensable, would be highly advantageous; and here
+      your facts and views will be of great value...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter bears on the same subject. It refers to Professor M.
+      Wagner's Essay, published in "Das Ausland", May 31, 1875:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MORITZ WAGNER. Down, October 13, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now finished reading your essays, which have interested me in a
+      very high degree, notwithstanding that I differ much from you on various
+      points. For instance, several considerations make me doubt whether species
+      are much more variable at one period than at another, except through the
+      agency of changed conditions. I wish, however, that I could believe in
+      this doctrine, as it removes many difficulties. But my strongest objection
+      to your theory is that it does not explain the manifold adaptations in
+      structure in every organic being&mdash;for instance in a Picus for
+      climbing trees and catching insects&mdash;or in a Strix for catching
+      animals at night, and so on ad infinitum. No theory is in the least
+      satisfactory to me unless it clearly explains such adaptations. I think
+      that you misunderstand my views on isolation. I believe that all the
+      individuals of a species can be slowly modified within the same district,
+      in nearly the same manner as man effects by what I have called the process
+      of unconscious selection... I do not believe that one species will give
+      birth to two or more new species as long as they are mingled together
+      within the same district. Nevertheless I cannot doubt that many new
+      species have been simultaneously developed within the same large
+      continental area; and in my 'Origin of Species' I endeavoured to explain
+      how two new species might be developed, although they met and intermingled
+      on the BORDERS of their range. It would have been a strange fact if I had
+      overlooked the importance of isolation, seeing that it was such cases as
+      that of the Galapagos Archipelago, which chiefly led me to study the
+      origin of species. In my opinion the greatest error which I have
+      committed, has been not allowing sufficient weight to the direct action of
+      the environment, i.e. food, climate, etc., independently of natural
+      selection. Modifications thus caused, which are neither of advantage nor
+      disadvantage to the modified organism, would be especially favoured, as I
+      can now see chiefly through your observations, by isolation in a small
+      area, where only a few individuals lived under nearly uniform conditions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When I wrote the 'Origin,' and for some years afterwards, I could find
+      little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there is
+      a large body of evidence, and your case of the Saturnia is one of the most
+      remarkable of which I have heard. Although we differ so greatly, I hope
+      that you will permit me to express my respect for your long-continued and
+      successful labours in the good cause of natural science.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The two following letters are also of interest as bearing on my father's
+      views on the action of isolation as regards the origin of new species:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, November 26, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Professor Semper,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When I published the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' I thought a good deal
+      on the subject to which you refer, and the opinion therein expressed was
+      my deliberate conviction. I went as far as I could, perhaps too far in
+      agreement with Wagner; since that time I have seen no reason to change my
+      mind, but then I must add that my attention has been absorbed on other
+      subjects. There are two different classes of cases, as it appears to me,
+      viz. those in which a species becomes slowly modified in the same country
+      (of which I cannot doubt there are innumerable instances) and those cases
+      in which a species splits into two or three or more new species, and in
+      the latter case, I should think nearly perfect separation would greatly
+      aid in their "specification," to coin a new word.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very glad that you are taking up this subject, for you will be sure
+      to throw much light on it. I remember well, long ago, oscillating much;
+      when I thought of the Fauna and Flora of the Galapagos Islands I was all
+      for isolation, when I thought of S. America I doubted much. Pray believe
+      me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I hope that this letter will not be quite illegible, but I have
+      no amanuensis at present.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, November 30, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Professor Semper,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Since writing I have recalled some of the thoughts and conclusions which
+      have passed through my mind of late years. In North America, in going from
+      north to south or from east to west, it is clear that the changed
+      conditions of life have modified the organisms in the different regions,
+      so that they now form distinct races or even species. It is further clear
+      that in isolated districts, however small, the inhabitants almost always
+      get slightly modified, and how far this is due to the nature of the
+      slightly different conditions to which they are exposed, and how far to
+      mere interbreeding, in the manner explained by Weismann, I can form no
+      opinion. The same difficulty occurred to me (as shown in my 'Variation of
+      Animals and Plants under Domestication') with respect to the aboriginal
+      breeds of cattle, sheep, etc., in the separated districts of Great
+      Britain, and indeed throughout Europe. As our knowledge advances, very
+      slight differences, considered by systematists as of no importance in
+      structure, are continually found to be functionally important; and I have
+      been especially struck with this fact in the case of plants to which my
+      observations have of late years been confined. Therefore it seems to me
+      rather rash to consider the slight differences between representative
+      species, for instance those inhabiting the different islands of the same
+      archipelago, as of no functional importance, and as not in any way due to
+      natural selection. With respect to all adapted structures, and these are
+      innumerable, I cannot see how M. Wagner's view throws any light, nor
+      indeed do I see at all more clearly than I did before, from the numerous
+      cases which he has brought forward, how and why it is that a long isolated
+      form should almost always become slightly modified. I do not know whether
+      you will care about hearing my further opinion on the point in question,
+      for as before remarked I have not attended much of late years to such
+      questions, thinking it prudent, now that I am growing old, to work at
+      easier subjects.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope and trust that you will throw light on these points.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I will add another remark which I remember occurred to me when
+      I first read M. Wagner. When a species first arrives on a small island, it
+      will probably increase rapidly, and unless all the individuals change
+      instantaneously (which is improbable in the highest degree), the slowly,
+      more or less, modifying offspring must intercross one with another, and
+      with their unmodified parents, and any offspring not as yet modified. The
+      case will then be like that of domesticated animals which have slowly
+      become modified, either by the action of the external conditions or by the
+      process which I have called the UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION by man&mdash;i.e.,
+      in contrast with methodical selection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The letters continue the history of the year 1872, which has been
+      interrupted by a digression on Isolation.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, April 8, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you very sincerely and feel much honoured by the trouble which you
+      have taken in giving me your reflections on the origin of Man. It
+      gratifies me extremely that some parts of my work have interested you, and
+      that we agree on the main conclusion of the derivation of man from some
+      lower form.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will reflect on what you have said, but I cannot at present give up my
+      belief in the close relationship of Man to the higher Simiae. I do not put
+      much trust in any single character, even that of dentition; but I put the
+      greatest faith in resemblances in many parts of the whole organisation,
+      for I cannot believe that such resemblances can be due to any cause except
+      close blood relationship. That man is closely allied to the higher Simiae
+      is shown by the classification of Linnaeus, who was so good a judge of
+      affinity. The man who in England knows most about the structure of the
+      Simiae, namely, Mr. Mivart, and who is bitterly opposed to my doctrines
+      about the derivation of the mental powers, yet has publicly admitted that
+      I have not put man too close to the higher Simiae, as far as bodily
+      structure is concerned. I do not think the absence of reversions of
+      structure in man is of much weight; C. Vogt, indeed, argues that [the
+      existence of] Micr-cephalous idiots is a case of reversion. No one who
+      believes in Evolution will doubt that the Phocae are descended from some
+      terrestrial Carnivore. Yet no one would expect to meet with any such
+      reversion in them. The lesser divergence of character in the races of man
+      in comparison with the species of Simiadae may perhaps be accounted for by
+      man having spread over the world at a much later period than did the
+      Simiadae. I am fully prepared to admit the high antiquity of man; but then
+      we have evidence, in the Dryopithecus, of the high antiquity of the
+      Anthropomorphous Simiae.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am glad to hear that you are at work on your fossil plants, which of
+      late years have afforded so rich a field for discovery. With my best
+      thanks for your great kindness, and with much respect, I remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In April, 1872, he was elected to the Royal Society of Holland, and wrote
+      to Professor Donders:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Very many thanks for your letter. The honour of being elected a foreign
+      member of your Royal Society has pleased me much. The sympathy of his
+      fellow workers has always appeared to me by far the highest reward to
+      which any scientific man can look. My gratification has been not a little
+      increased by first hearing of the honour from you."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, June 3, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many thanks for your article (The proof-sheets of an article which
+      appeared in the July number of the 'North American Review.' It was a
+      rejoinder to Mr. Mivart's reply ('North American Review,' April 1872) to
+      Mr. Chauncey Wright's pamphlet. Chauncey Wright says of it ('Letters,'
+      page 238):&mdash;"It is not properly a rejoinder but a new article,
+      repeating and expounding some of the points of my pamphlet, and answering
+      some of Mr. Mivart's replies incidentally.") in the 'North American
+      Review,' which I have read with great interest. Nothing can be clearer
+      than the way in which you discuss the permanence or fixity of species. It
+      never occurred to me to suppose that any one looked at the case as it
+      seems Mr. Mivart does. Had I read his answer to you, perhaps I should have
+      perceived this; but I have resolved to waste no more time in reading
+      reviews of my works or on Evolution, excepting when I hear that they are
+      good and contain new matter... It is pretty clear that Mr. Mivart has come
+      to the end of his tether on this subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As your mind is so clear, and as you consider so carefully the meaning of
+      words, I wish you would take some incidental occasion to consider when a
+      thing may properly be said to be effected by the will of man. I have been
+      led to the wish by reading an article by your Professor Whitney versus
+      Schleicher. He argues, because each step of change in language is made by
+      the will of man, the whole language so changes; but I do not think that
+      this is so, as man has no intention or wish to change the language. It is
+      a parallel case with what I have called "unconscious selection," which
+      depends on men consciously preserving the best individuals, and thus
+      unconsciously altering the breed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Not long afterwards (September) Mr. Chauncey Wright paid a visit to Down
+      (Mr. and Mrs. C.L. Brace, who had given much of their lives to
+      philanthropic work in New York, also paid a visit at Down in this summer.
+      Some of their work is recorded in Mr. Brace's 'The Dangerous Classes of
+      New York,' and of this book my father wrote to the author:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Since you were here my wife has read aloud to me more than half of your
+      work, and it has interested us both in the highest degree, and we shall
+      read every word of the remainder. The facts seem to me very well told, and
+      the inferences very striking. But after all this is but a weak part of the
+      impression left on our minds by what we have read; for we are both filled
+      with earnest admiration at the heroic labours of yourself and others."),
+      which he described in a letter ('Letters, page 246-248.) to Miss S.
+      Sedgwick (now Mrs. William Darwin): "If you can imagine me enthusiastic&mdash;absolutely
+      and unqualifiedly so, without a BUT or criticism, then think of my last
+      evening's and this morning's talks with Mr. Darwin... I was never so
+      worked up in my life, and did not sleep many hours under the hospitable
+      roof... It would be quite impossible to give by way of report any idea of
+      these talks before and at and after dinner, at breakfast, and at
+      leav-taking; and yet I dislike the egotism of 'testifying' like other
+      religious enthusiasts, without any verification, or hint of similar
+      experience."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO HERBERT SPENCER. Bassett, Southampton, June
+      10, [1872].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Spencer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I dare say you will think me a foolish fellow, but I cannot resist the
+      wish to express my unbounded admiration of your article ('Mr. Martineau on
+      Evolution,' by Herbert Spencer, 'Contemporary Review,' July 1872.) in
+      answer to Mr. Martineau. It is, indeed, admirable, and hardly less so your
+      second article on Sociology (which, however, I have not yet finished): I
+      never believed in the reigning influence of great men on the world's
+      progress; but if asked why I did not believe, I should have been sorely
+      perplexed to have given a good answer. Every one with eyes to see and ears
+      to hear (the number, I fear, are not many) ought to bow their knee to you,
+      and I for one do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 12 [1872].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must exhale and express my joy at the way in which the newspapers have
+      taken up your case. I have seen the "Times", the "Daily News", and the
+      "Pall Mall", and hear that others have taken up the case.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Memorial has done great good this way, whatever may be the result in
+      the action of our wretched Government. On my soul, it is enough to make
+      one turn into an old honest Tory...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you answer this, I shall be sorry that I have relieved my feelings by
+      writing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The memorial here referred to was addressed to Mr. Gladstone, and was
+      signed by a number of distinguished men, including Sir Charles Lyell, Mr.
+      Bentham, Mr. Huxley, and Sir James Paget. It gives a complete account of
+      the arbitrary and unjust treatment received by Sir J.D. Hooker at the
+      hands of his official chief, the First Commissioner of Works. The document
+      is published in full in 'Nature' (July 11, 1872), and is well worth
+      studying as an example of the treatment which it is possible for science
+      to receive from officialism. As 'Nature' observes, it is a paper which
+      must be read with the greatest indignation by scientific men in every part
+      of the world, and with shame by all Englishmen. The signatories of the
+      memorial conclude by protesting against the expected consequences of Sir
+      Joseph Hooker's persecution&mdash;namely his resignation, and the loss of
+      "a man honoured for his integrity, beloved for his courtesy and kindliness
+      of heart; and who has spent in the public service not only a stainless but
+      an illustrious life."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Happily this misfortune was averted, and Sir Joseph was freed from further
+      molestation.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, August 3 [1872].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hate controversy, chiefly perhaps because I do it badly; but as Dr. Bree
+      accuses you (Mr. Wallace had reviewed Dr. Bree's book, 'An Exposition of
+      Fallacies in the Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin,' in 'Nature,' July 25, 1872.)
+      of "blundering," I have thought myself bound to send the enclosed letter
+      (The letter is as follows:&mdash;"Bree on Darwinism." 'Nature,' August 8,
+      1872. Permit me to state&mdash;though the statement is almost superfluous&mdash;that
+      Mr. Wallace, in his review of Dr. Bree's work, gives with perfect
+      correctness what I intended to express, and what I believe was expressed
+      clearly, with respect to the probable position of man in the early part of
+      his pedigree. As I have not seen Dr. Bree's recent work, and as his letter
+      is unintelligible to me, I cannot even conjecture how he has so completely
+      mistaken my meaning: but, perhaps, no one who has read Mr. Wallace's
+      article, or who has read a work formerly published by Dr. Bree on the same
+      subject as his recent one, will be surprised at any amount of
+      misunderstanding on his part.&mdash;Charles Darwin. August 3.) to
+      'Nature,' that is if you in the least desire it. In this case please post
+      it. If you do not AT ALL wish it, I should rather prefer not sending it,
+      and in this case please to tear it up. And I beg you to do the same, if
+      you intend answering Dr. Bree yourself, as you will do it incomparably
+      better than I should. Also please tear it up if you don't like the letter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, August 28, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have at last finished the gigantic job of reading Dr. Bastian's book
+      ('The Beginnings of Life.' H.C. Bastian, 1872.) and have been deeply
+      interested by it. You wished to hear my impression, but it is not worth
+      sending.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He seems to me an extremely able man, as, indeed, I thought when I read
+      his first essay. His general argument in favour of Archebiosis (That is to
+      say, Spontaneous Generation. For the distinction between Archebiosis and
+      Heterogenesis, see Bastian, chapter vi.) is wonderfully strong, though I
+      cannot think much of some few of his arguments. The result is that I am
+      bewildered and astonished by his statements, but am not convinced, though,
+      on the whole, it seems to me probable that Archebiosis is true. I am not
+      convinced, partly I think owing to the deductive cast of much of his
+      reasoning; and I know not why, but I never feel convinced by deduction,
+      even in the case of H. Spencer's writings. If Dr. Bastian's book had been
+      turned upside down, and he had begun with the various cases of
+      Heterogenesis, and then gone on to organic, and afterwards to saline
+      solutions, and had then given his general arguments, I should have been, I
+      believe, much more influenced. I suspect, however, that my chief
+      difficulty is the effect of old convictions being stereotyped on my brain.
+      I must have more evidence that germs, or the minutest fragments of the
+      lowest forms, are always killed by 212 degrees of Fahr. Perhaps the mere
+      reiteration of the statements given by Dr. Bastian [by] other men, whose
+      judgment I respect, and who have worked long on the lower organisms, would
+      suffice to convince me. Here is a fine confession of intellectual
+      weakness; but what an inexplicable frame of mind is that of belief!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As for Rotifers and Tardigrades being spontaneously generated, my mind can
+      no more digest such statements, whether true or false, than my stomach can
+      digest a lump of lead. Dr. Bastian is always comparing Archebiosis, as
+      well as growth, to crystallisation; but, on this view, a Rotifer or
+      Tardigrade is adapted to its humble conditions of life by a happy
+      accident, and this I cannot believe... He must have worked with very
+      impure materials in some cases, as plenty of organisms appeared in a
+      saline solution not containing an atom of nitrogen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wholly disagree with Dr. Bastian about many points in his latter
+      chapters. Thus the frequency of generalised forms in the older strata
+      seems to me clearly to indicate the common descent with divergence of more
+      recent forms. Notwithstanding all his sneers, I do not strike my colours
+      as yet about Pangenesis. I should like to live to see Archebiosis proved
+      true, for it would be a discovery of transcendent importance; or, if
+      false, I should like to see it disproved, and the facts otherwise
+      explained; but I shall not live to see all this. If ever proved, Dr.
+      Bastian will have taken a prominent part in the work. How grand is the
+      onward rush of science; it is enough to console us for the many errors
+      which we have committed, and for our efforts being overlaid and forgotten
+      in the mass of new facts and new views which are daily turning up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is all I have to say about Dr. Bastian's book, and it certainly has
+      not been worth saying...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, December 11, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I began reading your new book ('Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+      1873.) sooner than I intended, and when I once began, I could not stop;
+      and now you must allow me to thank you for the very great pleasure which
+      it has given me. I have hardly ever read anything more original and
+      interesting than your treatment of the causes which favour the development
+      of scientific men. The whole was quite new to me, and most curious. When I
+      began your essay I was afraid that you were going to attack the principle
+      of inheritance in relation to mind, but I soon found myself fully content
+      to follow you and accept your limitations. I have felt, of course, special
+      interest in the latter part of your work, but there was here less novelty
+      to me. In many parts you do me much honour, and everywhere more than
+      justice. Authors generally like to hear what points most strike different
+      readers, so I will mention that of your shorter essays, that on the future
+      prevalence of languages, and on vaccination interested me the most, as,
+      indeed, did that on statistics, and free will. Great liability to certain
+      diseases, being probably liable to atavism, is quite a new idea to me. At
+      page 322 you suggest that a young swallow ought to be separated, and then
+      let loose in order to test the power of instinct; but nature annually
+      performs this experiment, as old cuckoos migrate in England some weeks
+      before the young birds of the same year. By the way, I have just used the
+      forbidden word "nature," which, after reading your essay, I almost
+      determined never to use again. There are very few remarks in your book to
+      which I demur, but when you back up Asa Gray in saying that all instincts
+      are congenital habits, I must protest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Finally, will you permit me to ask you a question: have you yourself, or
+      some one who can be quite trusted, observed (page 322) that the
+      butterflies on the Alps are tamer than those on the lowlands? Do they
+      belong to the same species? Has this fact been observed with more than one
+      species? Are they brightly coloured kinds? I am especially curious about
+      their alighting on the brightly coloured parts of ladies' dresses, more
+      especially because I have been more than once assured that butterflies
+      like bright colours, for instance, in India the scarlet leaves of
+      Poinsettia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Once again allow me to thank you for having sent me your work, and for the
+      very unusual amount of pleasure which I have received in reading it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With much respect, I remain, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The last revise of the 'Expression of the Emotions' was finished on
+      August 22nd, 1872, and he wrote in his Diary:&mdash;"Has taken me about
+      twelve months." As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book
+      being generally successful. The following passage in a letter to Haeckel
+      gives the impression that he had felt the writing of this book as a
+      somewhat severe strain:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have finished my little book on 'Expression,' and when it is published
+      in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you would like to
+      read it for amusement. I have resumed some old botanical work, and perhaps
+      I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical views.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+      powers begin to fail. Long life and happiness to you for your own sake and
+      for that of science."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was published in the autumn. The edition consisted of 7000, and of
+      these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November. Two thousand
+      were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a misfortune, as they
+      did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass of notes collected by
+      the author was never employed for a second edition during his lifetime.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among the reviews of the 'Expression of the Emotions' may be mentioned the
+      unfavourable notices in the "Athenaeum", November 9, 1872, and the
+      "Times", December 13, 1872. A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the
+      'Quarterly Journal of Science,' January 1873. Mr. Wallace truly remarks
+      that the book exhibits certain "characteristics of the author's mind in an
+      eminent degree," namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the causes of
+      the varied and complex phenomena presented by living things." He adds that
+      in the case of the author "the restless curiosity of the child to know the
+      'what for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything" seems "never to have
+      abated its force."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A writer in one of the theological reviews describes the book as the most
+      "powerful and insidious" of all the author's works.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Professor Alexander Bain criticised the book in a postscript to the
+      'Senses and the Intellect;' to this essay the following letter refers:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ALEXANDER BAIN. Down, October 9, 1873.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am particularly obliged to you for having send me your essay. Your
+      criticisms are all written in a quite fair spirit, and indeed no one who
+      knows you or your works would expect anything else. What you say about the
+      vagueness of what I have called the direct action of the nervous system,
+      is perfectly just. I felt it so at the time, and even more of late. I
+      confess that I have never been able fully to grasp your principle of
+      spontaneity, as well as some other of your points, so as to apply them to
+      special cases. But as we look at everything from different points of view,
+      it is not likely that we should agree closely. (Professor Bain expounded
+      his theory of Spontaneity in the essay here alluded to. It would be
+      impossible to do justice to it within the limits of a foot-note. The
+      following quotations may give some notion of it:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "By Spontaneity I understand the readiness to pass into movement in the
+      absence of all stimulation whatever; the essential requisite being that
+      the nerve-centres and muscles shall be fresh and vigorous... The
+      gesticulations and the carols of young and active animals are mere
+      overflow of nervous energy; and although they are very apt to concur with
+      pleasing emotion, they have an independent source... They are not properly
+      movements of expression; they express nothing at all except an abundant
+      stock of physical power.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been greatly pleased by what you say about the crying expression
+      and about blushing. Did you read a review in a late 'Edinburgh?' (The
+      review on the 'Expression of the Emotions' appeared in the April number of
+      the 'Edinburgh Review,' 1873. The opening sentence is a fair sample of the
+      general tone of the article: "Mr. Darwin has added another volume of
+      amusing stories and grotesque illustrations to the remarkable series of
+      works already devoted to the exposition and defence of the evolutionary
+      hypothesis." A few other quotations may be worth giving. "His one-sided
+      devotion to an a priori scheme of interpretation seems thus steadily
+      tending to impair the author's hitherto unrivalled powers as an observer.
+      However this may be, most impartial critics will, we think, admit that
+      there is a marked falling off both in philosophical tone and scientific
+      interest in the works produced since Mr. Darwin committed himself to the
+      crude metaphysical conception so largely associated with his name." The
+      article is directed against Evolution as a whole, almost as much as
+      against the doctrines of the book under discussion. We find throughout
+      plenty of that effective style of criticism which consists in the use of
+      such expressions as "dogmatism," "intolerance," "presumptuous,"
+      "arrogant." Together with accusations of such various faults a "virtual
+      abandonment of the inductive method," and the use of slang and vulgarisms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The part of the article which seems to have interested my father is the
+      discussion on the use which he ought to have made of painting and
+      sculpture.) It was magnificently contemptuous towards myself and many
+      others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I retain a very pleasant recollection of our sojourn together at that
+      delightful place, Moor Park.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With my renewed thanks, I remain, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. (Mrs. Haliburton was a
+      daughter of my father's old friend, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse. Her husband,
+      Judge Haliburton, was the well-known author of 'Sam Slick.') Down,
+      November 1 [1872].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mrs. Haliburton,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I dare say you will be surprised to hear from me. My object in writing now
+      is to say that I have just published a book on the 'Expression of the
+      Emotions in Man and Animals;' and it has occurred to me that you might
+      possibly like to read some parts of it; and I can hardly think that this
+      would have been the case with any of the books which I have already
+      published. So I send by this post my present book. Although I have had no
+      communication with you or the other members of your family for so long a
+      time, no scenes in my whole life pass so frequently or so vividly before
+      my mind as those which relate to happy old days spent at Woodhouse. I
+      should very much like to hear a little news about yourself and the other
+      members of your family, if you will take the trouble to write to me.
+      Formerly I used to glean some news about you from my sisters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+      anywhere; and now I feel very old. As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+      life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still
+      my passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for
+      collecting beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse. Excepting from my
+      continued il-health, which has excluded me from society, my life has been
+      a very happy one; the greatest drawback being that several of my children
+      have inherited from me feeble health. I hope with all my heart that you
+      retain, at least to a large extent, the famous "Owen constitution." With
+      sincere feelings of gratitude and affection for all bearing the name of
+      Owen, I venture to sign myself,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. Down, November 6 [1872].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sarah,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been very much pleased by your letter, which I must call charming.
+      I hardly ventured to think that you would have retained a friendly
+      recollection of me for so many years. Yet I ought to have felt assured
+      that you would remain as warm-hearted and as true-hearted as you have ever
+      been from my earliest recollection. I know well how many grievous sorrows
+      you have gone through; but I am very sorry to hear that your health is not
+      good. In the spring or summer, when the weather is better, if you can
+      summon up courage to pay us a visit here, both my wife, as she desires me
+      to say, and myself, would be truly glad to see you, and I know that you
+      would not care about being rather dull here. It would be a real pleasure
+      to me to see you.&mdash;Thank you much for telling about your family,&mdash;much
+      of which was new to me. How kind you all were to me as a boy, and you
+      especially, and how much happiness I owe to you. Believe me your
+      affectionate and obliged friend,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Perhaps you would like to see a photograph of me now that I am
+      old.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1873.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The only work (other than botanical) of this year was the preparation of
+      a second edition of the 'Descent of Man,' the publication of which is
+      referred to in the following chapter. This work was undertaken much
+      against the grain, as he was at the time deeply immersed in the manuscript
+      of 'Insectivorous Plants.' Thus he wrote to Mr. Wallace (November 19), "I
+      never in my lifetime regretted an interruption so much as this new edition
+      of the 'Descent.'" And later (in December) he wrote to Mr. Huxley: "The
+      new edition of the 'Descent' has turned out an awful job. It took me ten
+      days merely to glance over letters and reviews with criticisms and new
+      facts. It is a devil of a job."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work was continued until April 1, 1874, when he was able to return to
+      his much loved Drosera. He wrote to Mr. Murray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have at last finished, after above three months as hard work as I have
+      ever had in my life, a corrected edition of the 'Descent,' and I much wish
+      to have it printed off as soon as possible. As it is to be stereotyped I
+      shall never touch it again."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first of the miscellaneous letters of 1873 refers to a pleasant visit
+      received from Colonel Higginson of Newport, U.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THOS. WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. Down, February 27th
+      [1873].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My wife has just finished reading aloud your 'Life with a Black Regiment,'
+      and you must allow me to thank you heartily for the very great pleasure
+      which it has in many ways given us. I always thought well of the negroes,
+      from the little which I have seen of them; and I have been delighted to
+      have my vague impressions confirmed, and their character and mental powers
+      so ably discussed. When you were here I did not know of the noble position
+      which you had filled. I had formerly read about the black regiments, but
+      failed to connect your name with your admirable undertaking. Although we
+      enjoyed greatly your visit to Down, my wife and myself have over and over
+      again regretted that we did not know about the black regiment, as we
+      should have greatly liked to have heard a little about the South from your
+      own lips.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your descriptions have vividly recalled walks taken forty years ago in
+      Brazil. We have your collected Essays, which were kindly sent us by Mr.
+      [Moncure] Conway, but have not yet had time to read them. I occasionally
+      glean a little news of you in the 'Index'; and within the last hour have
+      read an interesting article of yours on the progress of Free Thought.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear sir, with sincere admiration, Yours very faithfully,
+      CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [On May 28th he sent the following answers to the questions that Mr.
+      Galton was at that time addressing to various scientific men, in the
+      course of the inquiry which is given in his 'English Men of Science, their
+      Nature and Nurture,' 1874. With regard to the questions my father wrote,
+      "I have filled up the answers as well as I could, but it is simply
+      impossible for me to estimate the degrees." For the sake of convenience,
+      the questions and answers relating to "Nurture" are made to precede those
+      on "Nature":
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      NURTURE. EDUCATION?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How taught? I consider that all I have learnt of any value has been
+      sel-taught.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Conducive to or restrictive of habits of observation? Restrictive of
+      observation, being almost entirely classical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Conducive to health or otherwise? Yes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Peculiar merits? None whatever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chief omissions? No mathematics or modern languages, nor any habits of
+      observation or reasoning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      RELIGION.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Has the religious creed taught in your youth had any deterrent effect on
+      the freedom of your researches? No.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SCIENTIFIC TASTES.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do your scientific tastes appear to have been innate? Certainly innate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Were they determined by any and what events? My innate taste for natural
+      history strongly confirmed and directed by the voyage in the "Beagle".
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      NATURE.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Specify any interests that have been very actively pursued. Science, and
+      field sports to a passionate degree during youth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      (C.D. = CHARLES DARWIN, R.D. = ROBERT DARWIN, his father.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      RELIGION?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Nominally to Church of England. R.D.&mdash;Nominally to Church
+      of England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      POLITICS?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Liberal or Radical. R.D.&mdash;Liberal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HEALTH?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Good when young&mdash;bad for last 33 years. R.D.&mdash;Good
+      throughout life, except from gout.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HEIGHT, ETC?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;6ft. Figure, etc.?&mdash;Spare, whilst young rather stout.
+      Measurement round inside of hat?&mdash;22 1/4 in. Colour of Hair?&mdash;Brown.
+      Complexion?&mdash;Rather sallow. R.D.&mdash;6ft. 2 in. Figure, etc?&mdash;Very
+      broad and corpulent. Colour of hair? &mdash;Brown. Complexion?&mdash;Ruddy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      TEMPERAMENT?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Somewhat nervous. R.D.&mdash;Sanguine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ENERGY OF BODY, ETC.?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Energy shown by much activity, and whilst I had health, power
+      of resisting fatigue. I and one other man were alone able to fetch water
+      for a large party of officers and sailors utterly prostrated. Some of my
+      expeditions in S. America were adventurous. An early riser in the morning.
+      R.D.&mdash;Great power of endurance although feeling much fatigue, as
+      after consultations after long journeys; very active&mdash;not restless&mdash;very
+      early riser, no travels. My father said his father suffered much from
+      sense of fatigue, that he worked very hard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ENERGY OF MIND, ETC.?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Shown by rigorous and long-continued work on same subject, as
+      20 years on the 'Origin of Species,' and 9 years on 'Cirripedia.' R.D.&mdash;Habitually
+      very active mind&mdash;shown in conversation with a succession of people
+      during the whole day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      MEMORY?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Memory very bad for dates, and for learning by rote; but good
+      in retaining a general or vague recollection of many facts. R.D.&mdash;Wonderful
+      memory for dates. In old age he told a person, reading aloud to him a book
+      only read in youth, the passages which were coming&mdash;knew the
+      birthdays and death, etc., of all friends and acquaintances.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      STUDIOUSNESS?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Very studious, but not large acquirements. R.D.&mdash;Not very
+      studious or mentally receptive, except for facts in conversation&mdash;great
+      collector of anecdotes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGMENT?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;I think fairly independent; but I can give no instances. I gave
+      up common religious belief almost independently from my own reflections.
+      R.D.&mdash;Free thinker in religious matters. Liberal, with rather a
+      tendency to Toryism.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ORIGINALITY OR ECCENTRICITY?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash; &mdash; Thinks this applies to me; I do not think so&mdash;i.e.,
+      as far as eccentricity. I suppose that I have shown originality in
+      science, as I have made discoveries with regard to common objects. R.D.&mdash;Original
+      character, had great personal influence and power of producing fear of
+      himself in others. He kept his accounts with great care in a peculiar way,
+      in a number of separate little books, without any general ledger.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SPECIAL TALENTS?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;None, except for business as evinced by keeping accounts,
+      replies to correspondence, and investing money very well. Very methodical
+      in all my habits. R.D.&mdash;Practical business&mdash;made a large fortune
+      and incurred no losses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      STRONGLY MARKED MENTAL PECULIARITIES, BEARING ON SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS, AND
+      NOT SPECIFIED ABOVE?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.&mdash;Steadiness&mdash;great curiosity about facts and their meaning.
+      Some love of the new and marvellous. R.D.&mdash;Strong social affection
+      and great sympathy in the pleasures of others. Sceptical as to new things.
+      Curious as to facts. Great foresight. Not much public spirit&mdash;great
+      generosity in giving money and assistance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      N.B.&mdash;I find it quite impossible to estimate my character by your
+      degrees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers inter alia to a letter which appeared in
+      'Nature' (September 25, 1873), "On the Males and Complemental Males of
+      certain Cirripedes, and on Rudimentary Organs:"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, September 25, 1873.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Haeckel,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for the present of your book ('Schopfungs-geschichte,' 4th
+      edition. The translation ('The History of Creation') was not published
+      until 1876.), and I am heartily glad to see its great success. You will do
+      a wonderful amount of good in spreading the doctrine of Evolution,
+      supporting it as you do by so many original observations. I have read the
+      new preface with very great interest. The delay in the appearance of the
+      English translation vexes and surprises me, for I have never been able to
+      read it thoroughly in German, and I shall assuredly do so when it appears
+      in English. Has the problem of the later stages of reduction of useless
+      structures ever perplexed you? This problem has of late caused me much
+      perplexity. I have just written a letter to 'Nature' with a hypothetical
+      explanation of this difficulty, and I will send you the paper with the
+      passage marked. I will at the same time send a paper which has interested
+      me; it need not be returned. It contains a singular statement bearing on
+      so-called Spontaneous Generation. I much wish that this latter question
+      could be settled, but I see no prospect of it. If it could be proved true
+      this would be most important to us...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Wishing you every success in your admirable labours,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.VIII. &mdash; MISCELLANEA
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      INCLUDING SECOND EDITIONS OF 'CORAL REEFS,' THE 'DESCENT OF MAN,' AND THE
+      'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1874 AND 1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The year 1874 was given up to 'Insectivorous Plants,' with the exception
+      of the months devoted to the second edition of the 'Descent of Man,' and
+      with the further exception of the time given to a second edition of his
+      'Coral Reefs' (1874). The Preface to the latter states that new facts have
+      been added, the whole book revised, and "the latter chapters almost
+      rewritten." In the Appendix some account is given of Professor Semper's
+      objections, and this was the occasion of correspondence between that
+      naturalist and my father. In Professor Semper's volume, 'Animal Life' (one
+      of the International Series), the author calls attention to the subject in
+      the following passage which I give in German, the published English
+      translation being, as it seems to me, incorrect: "Es scheint mir als ob er
+      in der zweiten Ausgabe seines allgemein bekannten Werks uber Korallenriffe
+      einem Irrthume uber meine Beobachtungen zum Opfer gefallen ist, indem er
+      die Angaben, die ich allerdings bisher immer nur sehr kurz gehalten hatte,
+      vollstandig falsch wiedergegeben hat."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proof-sheets containing this passage were sent by Professor Semper to
+      my father before 'Animal Life' was published, and this was the occasion
+      for the following letter, which was afterwards published in Professor
+      Semper's book.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, October 2, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Professor Semper,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you for your extremely kind letter of the 19th, and for the
+      proo-sheets. I believe that I understand all, excepting one or two
+      sentences, where my imperfect knowledge of German has interfered. This is
+      my sole and poor excuse for the mistake which I made in the second edition
+      of my 'Coral' book. Your account of the Pellew Islands is a fine addition
+      to our knowledge on coral reefs. I have very little to say on the subject,
+      even if I had formerly read your account and seen your maps, but had known
+      nothing of the proofs of recent elevation, and of your belief that the
+      islands have not since subsided. I have no doubt that I should have
+      considered them as formed during subsidence. But I should have been much
+      troubled in my mind by the sea not being so deep as it usually is round
+      atolls, and by the reef on one side sloping so gradually beneath the sea;
+      for this latter fact, as far as my memory serves me, is a very unusual and
+      almost unparalleled case. I always foresaw that a bank at the proper depth
+      beneath the surface would give rise to a reef which could not be
+      distinguished from an atoll, formed during subsidence. I must still adhere
+      to my opinion that the atolls and barrier reefs in the middle of the
+      Pacific and Indian Oceans indicate subsidence; but I fully agree with you
+      that such cases as that of the Pellew Islands, if of at all frequent
+      occurrence, would make my general conclusions of very little value. Future
+      observers must decide between us. It will be a strange fact if there has
+      not been subsidence of the beds of the great oceans, and if this has not
+      affected the forms of the coral reefs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the last three pages of the last sheet sent I am extremely glad to see
+      that you are going to treat of the dispersion of animals. Your preliminary
+      remarks seem to me quite excellent. There is nothing about M. Wagner, as I
+      expected to find. I suppose that you have seen Moseley's last book, which
+      contains some good observations on dispersion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am glad that your book will appear in English, for then I can read it
+      with ease. Pray believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The most recent criticism on the Coral-reef theory is by Mr. Murray, one
+      of the staff of the "Challenger", who read a paper before the Royal
+      Society of Edinburgh, April 5, 1880. (An abstract is published in volume
+      x. of the 'Proceedings,' page 505, and in 'Nature,' August 12, 1880.) The
+      chief point brought forward is the possibility of the building up of
+      submarine mountains, which may serve as foundations for coral reefs. Mr.
+      Murray also seeks to prove that "the chief features of coral reefs and
+      islands can be accounted for without calling in the aid of great and
+      general subsidence." The following letter refers to this subject:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. AGASSIZ. Down, May 5, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... You will have seen Mr. Murray's views on the formation of atolls and
+      barrier reefs. Before publishing my book, I thought long over the same
+      view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are concerned, for at
+      that time little was known of the multitude of minute oceanic organisms. I
+      rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made in the "Beagle", in the
+      south temperate regions, I concluded that shells, the smaller corals,
+      etc., decayed, and were dissolved, when not protected by the deposition of
+      sediment, and sediment could not accumulate in the open ocean. Certainly,
+      shells, etc., were in several cases completely rotten, and crumbled into
+      mud between my fingers; but you will know well whether this is in any
+      degree common. I have expressly said that a bank at the proper depth would
+      give rise to an atoll, which could not be distinguished from one formed
+      during subsidence. I can, however, hardly believe in the former presence
+      of as many banks (there having been no subsidence) as there are atolls in
+      the great oceans, within a reasonable depth, on which minute oceanic
+      organisms could have accumulated to the thickness of many hundred feet...
+      Pray forgive me for troubling you at such length, but it has occurred [to
+      me] that you might be disposed to give, after your wide experience, your
+      judgment. If I am wrong, the sooner I am knocked on the head and
+      annihilated so much the better. It still seems to me a marvellous thing
+      that there should not have been much, and long continued, subsidence in
+      the beds of the great oceans. I wish that some doubly rich millionaire
+      would take it into his head to have borings made in some of the Pacific
+      and Indian atolls, and bring home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or
+      600 feet...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The second edition of the 'Descent of Man' was published in the autumn of
+      1874. Some severe remarks on the "monistic hypothesis" appeared in the
+      July (The review necessarily deals with the first edition of the 'Descent
+      of Man.') number of the 'Quarterly Review' (page 45). The Reviewer
+      expresses his astonishment at the ignorance of certain elementary
+      distinctions and principles (e.g. with regard to the verbum mentale)
+      exhibited, among others, by Mr. Darwin, who does not exhibit the faintest
+      indication of having grasped them, yet a clear perception of them, and a
+      direct and detailed examination of his facts with regard to them, "was a
+      sine qua non for attempting, with a chance of success, the solution of the
+      mystery as to the descent of man."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some further criticisms of a later date may be here alluded to. In the
+      'Academy,' 1876 (pages 562, 587), appeared a review of Mr. Mivart's
+      'Lessons from Nature,' by Mr. Wallace. When considering the part of Mr.
+      Mivart's book relating to Natural and Sexual Selection, Mr. Wallace says:
+      "In his violent attack on Mr. Darwin's theories our author uses unusually
+      strong language. Not content with mere argument, he expresses 'reprobation
+      of Mr. Darwin's views'; and asserts that though he (Mr. Darwin) has been
+      obliged, virtually, to give up his theory, it is still maintained by
+      Darwinians with 'unscrupulous audacity,' and the actual repudiation of it
+      concealed by the 'conspiracy of silence.'" Mr. Wallace goes on to show
+      that these charges are without foundation, and points out that, "if there
+      is one thing more than another for which Mr. Darwin is pre-eminent among
+      modern literary and scientific men, it is for his perfect literary
+      honesty, his self-abnegation in confessing himself wrong, and the eager
+      haste with which he proclaims and even magnifies small errors in his
+      works, for the most part discovered by himself."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June 17th) refers to
+      Mr. Mivart's statement ('Lessons from Nature,' page 144) that Mr. Darwin
+      at first studiously disguised his views as to the "bestiality of man":&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the Academy.
+      I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me against Mr.
+      Mivart. In the 'Origin' I did not discuss the derivation of any one
+      species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my opinion, I went
+      out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to me (and still so
+      seems) to disclose plainly my belief. This was quoted in my 'Descent of
+      Man.' Therefore it is very unjust,... of Mr. Mivart to accuse me of base
+      fraudulent concealment."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The letter which here follows is of interest in connection with the
+      discussion, in the 'Descent of Man,' on the origin of the musical sense in
+      man:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E. GURNEY. (Author of 'The Power of Sound.')
+      Down, July 8, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mr. Gurney,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have read your article ("Some disputed Points in Music."&mdash;'Fortnightly
+      Review,' July, 1876.) with much interest, except the latter part, which
+      soared above my ken. I am greatly pleased that you uphold my views to a
+      certain extent. Your criticism of the rasping noise made by insects being
+      necessarily rhythmical is very good; but though not made intentionally, it
+      may be pleasing to the females from the nerve cells being nearly similar
+      in function throughout the animal kingdom. With respect to your letter, I
+      believe that I understand your meaning, and agree with you. I never
+      supposed that the different degrees and kinds of pleasure derived from
+      different music could be explained by the musical powers of our semi-human
+      progenitors. Does not the fact that different people belonging to the same
+      civilised nation are very differently affected by the same music, almost
+      show that these diversities of taste and pleasure have been acquired
+      during their individual lives? Your simile of architecture seems to me
+      particularly good; for in this case the appreciation almost must be
+      individual, though possibly the sense of sublimity excited by a grand
+      cathedral, may have some connection with the vague feelings of terror and
+      superstition in our savage ancestors, when they entered a great cavern or
+      gloomy forest. I wish some one could analyse the feeling of sublimity. It
+      amuses me to think how horrified some high flying aesthetic men will be at
+      your encouraging such low degraded views as mine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous interest. The first
+      extract (from a letter, January 18, 1874) refers to a spiritualistic
+      seance, held at Erasmus Darwin's house, 6 Queen Anne Street, under the
+      auspices of a well-known medium:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "... We had grand fun, one afternoon, for George hired a medium, who made
+      the chairs, a flute, a bell, and candlestick, and fiery points jump about
+      in my brother's diningroom, in a manner that astounded every one, and took
+      away all their breaths. It was in the dark, but George and Hensleigh
+      Wedgwood held the medium's hands and feet on both sides all the time. I
+      found it so hot and tiring that I went away before all these astounding
+      miracles, or jugglery, took place. How the man could possibly do what was
+      done passes my understanding. I came downstairs, and saw all the chairs,
+      etc., on the table, which had been lifted over the heads of those sitting
+      round it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lord have mercy on us all, if we have to believe in such rubbish. F.
+      Galton was there, and says it was a good seance..."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Seance in question led to a smaller and more carefully organised one
+      being undertaken, at which Mr. Huxley was present, and on which he
+      reported to my father:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO PROFESSOR T.H. HUXLEY. Down, January 29
+      [1874].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was very good of you to write so long an account. Though the seance did
+      tire you so much it was, I think, really worth the exertion, as the same
+      sort of things are done at all the seances, even at &mdash;'s; and now to
+      my mind an enormous weight of evidence would be requisite to make one
+      believe in anything beyond mere trickery... I am pleased to think that I
+      declared to all my family, the day before yesterday, that the more I
+      thought of all that I had heard happened at Queen Anne St., the more
+      convinced I was it was all imposture... my theory was that [the medium]
+      managed to get the two men on each side of him to hold each other's hands,
+      instead of his, and that he was thus free to perform his antics. I am very
+      glad that I issued my ukase to you to attend.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the spring of this year (1874) he read a book which gave him great
+      pleasure and of which he often spoke with admiration:&mdash;'The
+      Naturalist in Nicaragua,' by the late Thomas Belt. Mr. Belt, whose
+      untimely death may well be deplored by naturalists, was by profession an
+      Engineer, so that all his admirable observations in Natural History in
+      Nicaragua and elsewhere were the fruit of his leisure. The book is direct
+      and vivid in style and is full of description and suggestive discussions.
+      With reference to it my father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Belt I have read, and I am delighted that you like it so much, it appears
+      to me the best of all natural history journals which have ever been
+      published."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, May 30, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been very neglectful in not having sooner thanked you for your
+      kindness in having sent me your 'Etudes sur la Vegetation,' etc., and
+      other memoirs. I have read several of them with very great interest, and
+      nothing can be more important, in my opinion, than your evidence of the
+      extremely slow and gradual manner in which specific forms change. I
+      observe that M. A. De Candolle has lately quoted you on this head versus
+      Heer. I hope that you may be able to throw light on the question whether
+      such protean, or polymorphic forms, as those of Rubus, Hieracium, etc., at
+      the present day, are those which generate new species; as for myself, I
+      have always felt some doubt on this head. I trust that you may soon bring
+      many of your countrymen to believe in Evolution, and my name will then
+      perhaps cease to be scorned. With the most sincere respect, I remain, Dear
+      Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 5 [1874].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now read your article (The article, "Charles Darwin," in the series
+      of "Scientific Worthies" ('Nature,' June 4, 1874). This admirable estimate
+      of my father's work in science is given in the form of a comparison and
+      contrast between Robert Brown and Charles Darwin.) in 'Nature,' and the
+      last two paragraphs were not included in the slip sent before. I wrote
+      yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and now cannot be easy
+      without again telling you how profoundly I have been gratified. Every one,
+      I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked in vain, and when one of
+      these fits overtakes me, I will think of your article, and if that does
+      not dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that I am at the time a little
+      bit insane, as we all are occasionally.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What you say about Teleology ("Let us recognise Darwin's great service to
+      Natural Science in bringing back to it Teleology: so that instead of
+      Morphology versus Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to
+      Teleology.") pleases me especially, and I do not think any one else has
+      ever noticed the point. (See, however, Mr. Huxley's chapter on the
+      'Reception of the Origin of Species' in volume i.) I have always said you
+      were the man to hit the nail on the head.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours gratefully and affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [As a contribution to the history of the reception of the 'Origin of
+      Species,' the meeting of the British Association in 1874, at Belfast,
+      should be mentioned. It is memorable for Professor Tyndall's brilliant
+      presidential address, in which a sketch of the history of Evolution is
+      given culminating in an eloquent analysis of the 'Origin of Species,' and
+      of the nature of its great success. With regard to Prof. Tyndall's
+      address, Lyell wrote ('Life,' ii. page 455) congratulating my father on
+      the meeting, "on which occasion you and your theory of Evolution may be
+      fairly said to have had an ovation." In the same letter Sir Charles speaks
+      of a paper (On the Ancient Volcanoes of the Highlands, 'Journal of
+      Geological Soc.,' 1874.) of Professor Judd's, and it is to this that the
+      following letter refers:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, September 23, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Lyell,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I suppose that you have returned, or will soon return, to London (Sir
+      Charles Lyell returned from Scotland towards the end of September.); and,
+      I hope, reinvigorated by your outing. In your last letter you spoke of Mr.
+      Judd's paper on the Volcanoes of the Hebrides. I have just finished it,
+      and to ease my mind must express my extreme admiration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is years since I have read a purely geological paper which has
+      interested me so greatly. I was all the more interested, as in the
+      Cordillera I often speculated on the sources of the deluges of submarine
+      porphyritic lavas, of which they are built; and, as I have stated, I saw
+      to a certain extent the causes of the obliteration of the points of
+      eruption. I was also not a little pleased to see my volcanic book quoted,
+      for I thought it was completely dead and forgotten. What fine work will
+      Mr. Judd assuredly do!... Now I have eased my mind; and so farewell, with
+      both E.D.'s and C.D.'s very kind remembrances to Miss Lyell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Sir Charles Lyell's reply to the above letter must have been one of the
+      latest that my father received from his old friend, and it is with this
+      letter that the volumes of his published correspondence closes.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO AUG. FOREL. Down, October 15, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now read the whole of your admirable work ('Les Fourmis de la
+      Suisse,' 4to, 1874.) and seldom in my life have I been more interested by
+      any book. There are so many interesting facts and discussions, that I
+      hardly know which to specify; but I think, firstly, the newest points to
+      me have been about the size of the brain in the three sexes, together with
+      your suggestion that increase of mind power may have led to the sterility
+      of the workers. Secondly about the battles of the ants, and your curious
+      account of the enraged ants being held by their comrades until they calmed
+      down. Thirdly, the evidence of ants of the same community being the
+      offspring of brothers and sisters. You admit, I think, that new
+      communities will often be the product of a cross between not-related ants.
+      Fritz Muller has made some interesting observations on this head with
+      respect to Termites. The case of Anergates is most perplexing in many
+      ways, but I have such faith in the law of occasional crossing that I
+      believe an explanation will hereafter be found, such as the dimorphism of
+      either sex and the occasional production of winged males. I see that you
+      are puzzled how ants of the same community recognize each other; I once
+      placed two (F. rufa) in a pill-box smelling strongly of asafoetida and
+      after a day returned them to their homes; they were threatened, but at
+      last recognized. I made the trial thinking that they might know each other
+      by their odour; but this cannot have been the case, and I have often
+      fancied that they must have some common signal. Your last chapter is one
+      great mass of wonderful facts and suggestions, and the whole profoundly
+      interesting. I have seldom been more gratified than by [your] honourable
+      mention of my work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I should like to tell you one little observation which I made with care
+      many years ago; I saw ants (Formica rufa) carrying cocoons from a nest
+      which was the largest I ever saw and which was well-known to all the
+      country people near, and an old man, apparently about eighty years of age,
+      told me that he had known it ever since he was a boy. The ants carrying
+      the cocoons did not appear to be emigrating; following the line, I saw
+      many ascending a tall fir tree still carrying their cocoons. But when I
+      looked closely I found that all the cocoons were empty cases. This
+      astonished me, and next day I got a man to observe with me, and we again
+      saw ants bringing empty cocoons out of the nest; each of us fixed on one
+      ant and slowly followed it, and repeated the observation on many others.
+      We thus found that some ants soon dropped their empty cocoons; others
+      carried them for many yards, as much as thirty paces, and others carried
+      them high up the fir tree out of sight. Now here I think we have one
+      instinct in contest with another and mistaken one. The first instinct
+      being to carry the empty cocoons out of the nest, and it would have been
+      sufficient to have laid them on the heap of rubbish, as the first breath
+      of wind would have blown them away. And then came in the contest with the
+      other very powerful instinct of preserving and carrying their cocoons as
+      long as possible; and this they could not help doing although the cocoons
+      were empty. According as the one or other instinct was the stronger in
+      each individual ant, so did it carry the empty cocoon to a greater or less
+      distance. If this little observation should ever prove of any use to you,
+      you are quite at liberty to use it. Again thanking you cordially for the
+      great pleasure which your work has given me, I remain with much respect,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;If you read English easily I should like to send you Mr. Belt's
+      book, as I think you would like it as much as did Fritz Muller.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. FISKE. Down, December 8, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You must allow me to thank you for the very great interest with which I
+      have at last slowly read the whole of your work. ('Outlines of Cosmic
+      Philosophy,' 2 volumes, 8vo. 1874.) I have long wished to know something
+      about the views of the many great men whose doctrines you give. With the
+      exception of special points I did not even understand H. Spencer's general
+      doctrine; for his style is too hard work for me. I never in my life read
+      so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you are; and I think that
+      I understand nearly the whole&mdash;perhaps less clearly about Cosmic
+      Theism and Causation than other parts. It is hopeless to attempt out of so
+      much to specify what has interested me most, and probably you would not
+      care to hear. I wish some chemist would attempt to ascertain the result of
+      the cooling of heated gases of the proper kinds, in relation to your
+      hypothesis of the origin of living matter. It pleased me to find that here
+      and there I had arrived from my own crude thoughts at some of the same
+      conclusions with you; though I could seldom or never have given my reasons
+      for such conclusions. I find that my mind is so fixed by the inducive
+      method, that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a
+      good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect
+      some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please. This may be very
+      narrow-minded; but the result is that such parts of H. Spencer, as I have
+      read with care impress my mind with the idea of his inexhaustible wealth
+      of suggestion, but never convince me; and so I find it with some others. I
+      believe the cause to lie in the frequency with which I have found
+      first-formed theories [to be] erroneous. I thank you for the honourable
+      mention which you make of my works. Parts of the 'Descent of Man' must
+      have appeared laughably weak to you: nevertheless, I have sent you a new
+      edition just published. Thanking you for the profound interest and profit
+      with which I have read your work. I remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The only work, not purely botanical, which occupied my father in the
+      present year was the correction of the second edition of 'The Variation of
+      Animals and Plants,' and on this he was engaged from the beginning of July
+      till October 3rd. The rest of the year was taken up with his work on
+      insectivorous plants, and on cross-fertilisation, as will be shown in a
+      later chapter. The chief alterations in the second edition of 'Animals and
+      Plants' are in the eleventh chapter on "Bud-variation and on certain
+      anomalous modes of reproduction;" the chapter on Pangenesis "was also
+      largely altered and remodelled." He mentions briefly some of the authors
+      who have noticed the doctrine. Professor Delpino's 'Sulla Darwiniana
+      Teoria della Pangenesi' (1869), an adverse but fair criticism, seems to
+      have impressed him as valuable. Of another critique my father
+      characteristically says ('Animals and Plants,' 2nd edition volume ii. page
+      350.), "Dr. Lionel Beale ('Nature,' May 11, 1871, page 26) sneers at the
+      whole doctrine with much acerbity and some justice." He also points out
+      that, in Mantegazza's 'Elementi di Igiene,' the theory of Pangenesis was
+      clearly foreseen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In connection with this subject, a letter of my father's to 'Nature'
+      (April 27, 1871) should be mentioned. A paper by Mr. Galton had been read
+      before the Royal Society (March 30, 1871) in which were described
+      experiments, on intertransfusion of blood, designed to test the truth of
+      the hypothesis of pangenesis. My father, while giving all due credit to
+      Mr. Galton for his ingenious experiments, does not allow that pangenesis
+      has "as yet received its death-blow, though from presenting so many
+      vulnerable points its life is always in jeopardy."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He seems to have found the work of correcting very wearisome, for he
+      wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have no news about myself, as I am merely slaving over the sickening
+      work of preparing new editions. I wish I could get a touch of poor Lyell's
+      feelings, that it was delightful to improve a sentence, like a painter
+      improving a picture."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The feeling of effort or strain over this piece of work, is shown in a
+      letter to Professor Haeckel:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What I shall do in future if I live, Heaven only knows; I ought perhaps
+      to avoid general and large subjects, as too difficult for me with my
+      advancing years, and I suppose enfeebled brain."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the end of March, in this year, the portrait for which he was sitting
+      to Mr. Ouless was finished. He felt the sittings a great fatigue, in spite
+      of Mr. Ouless's considerate desire to spare him as far as was possible. In
+      a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he wrote, "I look a very venerable, acute,
+      melancholy old dog; whether I really look so I do not know." The picture
+      is in the possession of the family, and is known to many through M.
+      Rajon's etching. Mr. Ouless's portrait is, in my opinion, the finest
+      representation of my father that has been produced.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers to the death of Sir Charles Lyell, which took
+      place on February 22nd, 1875, in his seventy-eighth year.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (NOW MRS. FISHER). (Mrs. Fisher
+      acted as Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.) Down, February 23, 1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Miss Buckley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am grieved to hear of the death of my old and kind friend, though I knew
+      that it could not be long delayed, and that it was a happy thing that his
+      life should not have been prolonged, as I suppose that his mind would
+      inevitably have suffered. I am glad that Lady Lyell (Lady Lyell died in
+      1873.) has been saved this terrible blow. His death makes me think of the
+      time when I first saw him, and how full of sympathy and interest he was
+      about what I could tell him of coral reefs and South America. I think that
+      this sympathy with the work of every other naturalist was one of the
+      finest features of his character. How completely he revolutionised
+      Geology: for I can remember something of pre-Lyellian days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I never forget that almost everything which I have done in science I owe
+      to the study of his great works. Well, he has had a grand and happy
+      career, and no one ever worked with a truer zeal in a noble cause. It
+      seems strange to me that I shall never again sit with him and Lady Lyell
+      at their breakfast. I am very much obliged to you for having so kindly
+      written to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray give our kindest remembrances to Miss Lyell, and I hope that she has
+      not suffered much in health, from fatigue and anxiety.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Miss Buckley, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 25 [1875].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your letter so full of feeling has interested me greatly. I cannot say
+      that I felt his [Lyell's] death much, for I fully expected it, and have
+      looked for some little time at his career as finished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I dreaded nothing so much as his surviving with impaired mental powers. He
+      was, indeed, a noble man in very many ways; perhaps in none more than in
+      his warm sympathy with the work of others. How vividly I can recall my
+      first conversation with him, and how he astonished me by his interest in
+      what I told him. How grand also was his candour and pure love of truth.
+      Well, he is gone, and I feel as if we were all soon to go... I am deeply
+      rejoiced about Westminster Abbey (Sir C. Lyell was buried in Westminster
+      Abbey.), the possibility of which had not occurred to me when I wrote
+      before. I did think that his works were the most enduring of all
+      testimonials (as you say) to him; but then I did not like the idea of his
+      passing away with no outward sign of what scientific men thought of his
+      merits. Now all this is changed, and nothing can be better than
+      Westminster Abbey. Mrs. Lyell has asked me to be one of the pall-bearers,
+      but I have written to say that I dared not, as I should so likely fail in
+      the midst of the ceremony, and have my head whirling off my shoulders. All
+      this affair must have cost you much fatigue and worry, and how I do wish
+      you were out of England...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In 1881 he wrote to Mrs. Fisher in reference to her article on Sir
+      Charles Lyell in the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica':&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For such a publication I suppose you do not want to say much about his
+      private character, otherwise his strong sense of humour and love of
+      society might have been added. Also his extreme interest in the progress
+      of the world, and in the happiness of mankind. Also his freedom from all
+      religious bigotry, though these perhaps would be a superfluity."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following refers to the Zoological station at Naples, a subject on
+      which my father felt an enthusiastic interest:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ANTON DOHRN. Down, [1875?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Dohrn,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many thanks for your most kind letter, I most heartily rejoice at your
+      improved health and at the success of your grand undertaking, which will
+      have so much influence on the progress of Zoology throughout Europe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If we look to England alone, what capital work has already been done at
+      the Station by Balfour and Ray Lankester... When you come to England, I
+      suppose that you will bring Mrs. Dohrn, and we shall be delighted to see
+      you both here. I have often boasted that I have had a live Uhlan in my
+      house! It will be very interesting to me to read your new views on the
+      ancestry of the Vertebrates. I shall be sorry to give up the Ascidians, to
+      whom I feel profound gratitude; but the great thing, as it appears to me,
+      is that any link whatever should be found between the main divisions of
+      the Animal Kingdom...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. Down, December 6, 1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been profoundly interested by your essay on Amblystoma ('Umwandlung
+      des Axolotl.'), and think that you have removed a great stumbling block in
+      the way of Evolution. I once thought of reversion in this case; but in a
+      crude and imperfect manner. I write now to call your attention to the
+      sterility of moths when hatched out of their proper season; I give
+      references in chapter 18 of my 'Variation under Domestication' (volume ii.
+      page 157, of English edition), and these cases illustrate, I think, the
+      sterility of Amblystoma. Would it not be worth while to examine the
+      reproductive organs of those individuals of WINGLESS Hemiptera which
+      occasionally have wings, as in the case of the bed-bug. I think I have
+      heard that the females of Mutilla sometimes have wings. These cases must
+      be due to reversion. I dare say many anomalous cases will be hereafter
+      explained on the same principle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hinted at this explanation in the extraordinary case of the
+      blac-shouldered peacock, the so-called Pavo nigripennis given in my
+      'Variation under Domestication;' and I might have been bolder, as the
+      variety is in many respects intermediate between the two known species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With much respect, Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [It was in November 1875 that my father gave his evidence before the Royal
+      Commission on Vivisection. (See volume i.) I have, therefore, placed
+      together here the matter relating to this subject, irrespective of date.
+      Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling with regard
+      to suffering both in man and beast. It was indeed one of the strongest
+      feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small and great, in
+      his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing dogs, or in his
+      horror at the sufferings of slaves. (He once made an attempt to free a
+      patient in a mad-house, who (as he wrongly supposed) was sane. He had some
+      correspondence with the gardener at the asylum, and on one occasion he
+      found a letter from a patient enclosed with one from the gardener. The
+      letter was rational in tone and declared that the writer was sane and
+      wrongfully confined.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the source
+      of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been visited by
+      the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane. Sometime afterwards
+      the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father for his
+      interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane, when he wrote
+      his former letter.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he was
+      powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a slave,
+      haunted him for years, especially at night. In smaller matters, where he
+      could interfere, he did so vigorously. He returned one day from his walk
+      pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the agitation
+      of violently remonstrating with the man. On another occasion he saw a
+      hors-breaker teaching his son to ride, the little boy was frightened and
+      the man was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of the carriage
+      reproved the man in no measured terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+      animals was well-known in his own neighbourhood. A visitor, driving from
+      Orpington to Down, told the man to go faster, "Why," said the driver, "If
+      I had whipped the horse THIS much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would have got
+      out of the carriage and abused me well."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to the special point under consideration,&mdash;the
+      sufferings of animals subjected to experiment,&mdash;nothing could show a
+      stronger feeling than the following extract from a letter to Professor Ray
+      Lankester (March 22, 1871):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is
+      justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+      damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick
+      with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+      sleep to-night."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      An extract from Sir Thomas Farrer's notes shows how strongly he expressed
+      himself in a similar manner in conversation:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The last time I had any conversation with him was at my house in
+      Bryanston Square, just before one of his last seizures. He was then deeply
+      interested in the vivisection question; and what he said made a deep
+      impression on me. He was a man eminently fond of animals and tender to
+      them; he would not knowingly have inflicted pain on a living creature; but
+      he entertained the strongest opinion that to prohibit experiments on
+      living animals, would be to put a stop to the knowledge of and the
+      remedies for pain and disease."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer,
+      seems to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, e.g. by the
+      index to 'Nature' for that year, in which the word "Vivisection," suddenly
+      comes into prominence. But before that date the subject had received the
+      earnest attention of biologists. Thus at the Liverpool Meeting of the
+      British Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed, which reported,
+      defining the circumstances and conditions under which, in the opinion of
+      the signatories, experiments on living animals were justifiable. In the
+      spring of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill into the Upper House to
+      regulate the course of physiological research. Shortly afterwards a Bill
+      more just towards science in its provisions was introduced to the House of
+      Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair, Walpole, and Ashley. It was, however,
+      withdrawn on the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire into the
+      whole question. The Commissioners were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr.
+      W.E. Forster, Sir J.B. Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr.
+      R.H. Hutton: they commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report
+      was published early in the following year.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+      amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced. It cannot
+      be denied that the framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable
+      clamour of the public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal
+      Commission. As a correspondent in 'Nature' put it (1876, page 248), "the
+      evidence on the strength of which legislation was recommended went beyond
+      the facts, the Report went beyond the evidence, the Recommendations beyond
+      the Report; and the Bill can hardly be said to have gone beyond the
+      Recommendations; but rather to have contradicted them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The legislation which my father worked for, as described in the following
+      letters, was practically what was introduced as Dr. Lyon Playfair's Bill.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. LITCHFIELD. (His daughter.) January 4,
+      1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear H.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your letter has led me to think over vivisection (I wish some new word
+      like anaes-section could be invented (He communicated to 'Nature'
+      (September 30, 1880) an article by Dr. Wilder, of Cornell University, an
+      abstract of which was published (page 517). Dr. Wilder advocated the use
+      of the word 'Callisection' for painless operations on animals.) for some
+      hours, and I will jot down my conclusions, which will appear very
+      unsatisfactory to you. I have long thought physiology one of the greatest
+      of sciences, sure sooner, or more probably later, greatly to benefit
+      mankind; but, judging from all other sciences, the benefits will accrue
+      only indirectly in the search for abstract truth. It is certain that
+      physiology can progress only by experiments on living animals. Therefore
+      the proposal to limit research to points of which we can now see the
+      bearings in regard to health, etc., I look at as puerile. I thought at
+      first it would be good to limit vivisection to public laboratories; but I
+      have heard only of those in London and Cambridge, and I think Oxford; but
+      probably there may be a few others. Therefore only men living in a few
+      great towns would carry on investigation, and this I should consider a
+      great evil. If private men were permitted to work in their own houses, and
+      required a licence, I do not see who is to determine whether any
+      particular man should receive one. It is young unknown men who are the
+      most likely to do good work. I would gladly punish severely any one who
+      operated on an animal not rendered insensible, if the experiment made this
+      possible; but here again I do not see that a magistrate or jury could
+      possibly determine such a point. Therefore I conclude, if (as is likely)
+      some experiments have been tried too often, or anaesthetics have not been
+      used when they could have been, the cure must be in the improvement of
+      humanitarian feelings. Under this point of view I have rejoiced at the
+      present agitation. If stringent laws are passed, and this is likely,
+      seeing how unscientific the House of Commons is, and that the gentlemen of
+      England are humane, as long as their sports are not considered, which
+      entailed a hundred or thousand-fold more suffering than the experiments of
+      physiologists&mdash;if such laws are passed, the result will assuredly be
+      that physiology, which has been until within the last few years at a
+      standstill in England, will languish or quite cease. It will then be
+      carried on solely on the Continent; and there will be so many the fewer
+      workers on this grand subject, and this I should greatly regret. By the
+      way, F. Balfour, who has worked for two or three years in the laboratory
+      at Cambridge, declares to George that he has never seen an experiment,
+      except with animals rendered insensible. No doubt the names of Doctors
+      will have great weight with the House of Commons; but very many
+      practitioners neither know nor care anything about the progress of
+      knowledge. I cannot at present see my way to sign any petition, without
+      hearing what physiologists thought would be its effect, and then judging
+      for myself. I certainly could not sign the paper sent me by Miss Cobbe,
+      with its monstrous (as it seems to me) attack on Virchow for experimenting
+      on the Trichinae. I am tired and so no more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, April 14 [1875].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I worked all the time in London on the vivisection question; and we now
+      think it advisable to go further than a mere petition. Litchfield (Mr.
+      R.B. Litchfield, his son-in-law.) drew up a sketch of a Bill, the
+      essential features of which have been approved by Sanderson, Simon and
+      Huxley, and from conversation, will, I believe, be approved by Paget, and
+      almost certainly, I think, by Michael Foster. Sanderson, Simon and Paget
+      wish me to see Lord Derby, and endeavour to gain his advocacy with the
+      Home Secretary. Now, if this is carried into effect, it will be of great
+      importance to me to be able to say that the Bill in its essential features
+      has the approval of some half-dozen eminent scientific men. I have
+      therefore asked Litchfield to enclose a copy to you in its first rough
+      form; and if it is not essentially modified may I say that it meets with
+      your approval as President of the Royal Society? The object is to protect
+      animals, and at the same time not to injure Physiology, and Huxley and
+      Sanderson's approval almost suffices on this head. Pray let me have a line
+      from you soon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The Physiological Society, which was founded in 1876, was in some measure
+      the outcome of the anti-vivisection movement, since it was this agitation
+      which impressed on Physiologists the need of a centre for those engaged in
+      this particular branch of science. With respect to the Society, my father
+      wrote to Mr. Romanes (May 29, 1876):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I was very much gratified by the wholly unexpected honour of being
+      elected one of the Honorary Members. This mark of sympathy has pleased me
+      to a very high degree."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter appeared in the "Times", April 18th, 1881:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO FRITHIOF HOLMGREN. (Professor of Physiology at
+      Upsala.) Down, April 14, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no objection to
+      express my opinion with respect to the right of experimenting on living
+      animals. I use this latter expression as more correct and comprehensive
+      than that of vivisection. You are at liberty to make any use of this
+      letter which you may think fit, but if published I should wish the whole
+      to appear. I have all my life been a strong advocate for humanity to
+      animals, and have done what I could in my writings to enforce this duty.
+      Several years ago, when the agitation against physiologists commenced in
+      England, it was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless
+      suffering caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might be
+      advisable to have an Act of Parliament on the subject. I then took an
+      active part in trying to get a Bill passed, such as would have removed all
+      just cause of complaint, and at the same time have left physiologists free
+      to pursue their researches,&mdash;a Bill very different from the Act which
+      has since been passed. It is right to add that the investigation of the
+      matter by a Royal Commission proved that the accusations made against our
+      English physiologists were false. From all that I have heard, however, I
+      fear that in some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings
+      of animals, and if this be the case, I should be glad to hear of
+      legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other hand, I
+      know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of
+      experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he
+      who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind.
+      Any one who remembers, as I can, the state of this science half a century
+      ago, must admit that it has made immense progress, and it is now
+      progressing at an ever-increasing rate. What improvements in medical
+      practice may be directly attributed to physiological research is a
+      question which can be properly discussed only by those physiologists and
+      medical practitioners who have studied the history of their subjects; but,
+      as far as I can learn, the benefits are already great. However this may
+      be, no one, unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done for
+      mankind, can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which will
+      hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the lower
+      animals. Look for instance at Pasteur's results in modifying the germs of
+      the most malignant diseases, from which, as it so happens, animals will in
+      the first place receive more relief than man. Let it be remembered how
+      many lives and what a fearful amount of suffering have been saved by the
+      knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and
+      others on living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at
+      the ingratitude shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of
+      mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and shall
+      always honour, every one who advances the noble science of physiology.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir, yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the "Times" of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr. Darwin
+      and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe. To this my father
+      replied in the "Times" of April 22, 1881. On the same day he wrote to Mr.
+      Romanes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the "Times" on
+      Vivisection, which is printed to-day. I thought it fair to bear my share
+      of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the letter
+      which appeared in the "Times" of the 19th inst.; but as she asserts that I
+      have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying that "the
+      investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the
+      accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I will
+      merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the Report of the
+      Commission.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. The sentence&mdash;"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be
+      found in persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe
+      quotes from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can
+      necessarily concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners," is
+      immediately followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in
+      Magendie." Magendie was a French physiologist who became notorious some
+      half century ago for his cruel experiments on living animals.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+      humanity" prevailing in this country, say (page 10):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This principle is accepted generally by the very highly educated men
+      whose lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and education
+      or to the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of their
+      fellow-creatures; though differences of degree in regard to its practical
+      application will be easily discernible by those who study the evidence as
+      it has been laid before us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, according to the Commissioners (page 10):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+      Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world
+      in this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be
+      very different, indeed, from that of foreign physiologists; and while
+      giving it as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed
+      which are in their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and
+      that the pain which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to
+      inflict even for the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges
+      that he does not know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in general
+      the English physiologists have used anaesthetics where they think they can
+      do so with safety to the experiment."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am, Sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      April 21.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the "Times" of Saturday, April 23, 1881, appeared a letter from Miss
+      Cobbe in reply:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 25, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Romanes,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was very glad to read your last note with much news interesting to me.
+      But I write now to say how I, and indeed all of us in the house have
+      admired your letter in the "Times". (April 25, 1881.&mdash;Mr. Romanes
+      defended Dr. Sanderson against the accusations made by Miss Cobbe.) It was
+      so simple and direct. I was particularly glad about Burton Sanderson, of
+      whom I have been for several years a great admirer. I was also especially
+      glad to read the last sentences. I have been bothered with several
+      letters, but none abusive. Under a SELFISH point of view I am very glad of
+      the publication of your letter, as I was at first inclined to think that I
+      had done mischief by stirring up the mud. Now I feel sure that I have done
+      good. Mr. Jesse has written to me very politely, he says his Society has
+      had nothing to do with placards and diagrams against physiology, and I
+      suppose, therefore, that these all originate with Miss Cobbe... Mr. Jesse
+      complains bitterly that the "Times" will "burke" all his letters to this
+      newspaper, nor am I surprised, judging from the laughable tirades
+      advertised in "Nature".
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter refers to a projected conjoint article on vivisection, to
+      which Mr. Romanes wished my father to contribute:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, September 2, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Romanes,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your letter has perplexed me beyond all measure. I fully recognise the
+      duty of every one whose opinion is worth anything, expressing his opinion
+      publicly on vivisection; and this made me send my letter to the "Times". I
+      have been thinking at intervals all morning what I could say, and it is
+      the simple truth that I have nothing worth saying. You and men like you,
+      whose ideas flow freely, and who can express them easily, cannot
+      understand the state of mental paralysis in which I find myself. What is
+      most wanted is a careful and accurate attempt to show what physiology has
+      already done for man, and even still more strongly what there is every
+      reason to believe it will hereafter do. Now I am absolutely incapable of
+      doing this, or of discussing the other points suggested by you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you wish for my name (and I should be glad that it should appear with
+      that of others in the same cause), could you not quote some sentence from
+      my letter in the "Times" which I enclose, but please return it. If you
+      thought fit you might say you quoted it with my approval, and that after
+      still further reflection I still abide most strongly in my expressed
+      conviction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For Heaven's sake, do think of this. I do not grudge the labour and
+      thought; but I could write nothing worth any one reading.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Allow me to demur to your calling your conjoint article a "symposium"
+      strictly a "drinking party." This seems to me very bad taste, and I do
+      hope every one of you will avoid any semblance of a joke on the subject. I
+      KNOW that words, like a joke, on this subject have quite disgusted some
+      persons not at all inimical to physiology. One person lamented to me that
+      Mr. Simon, in his truly admirable Address at the Medical Congress (by far
+      the best thing which I have read), spoke of the fantastic SENSUALITY
+      ('Transactions of the International Medical Congress,' 1881, volume iv.
+      page 413. The expression "lackadaisical" (not fantastic), and "feeble
+      sensuality," are used with regard to the feelings of the
+      ant-vivisectionists.) (or some such term) of the many mistaken, but honest
+      men and women who are half mad on the subject...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [To Dr. Lauder Brunton my father wrote in February 1882:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Have you read Mr. [Edmund] Gurney's articles in the 'Fortnightly' ("A
+      chapter in the Ethics of Pain," 'Fortnightly Review,' 1881, volume xxx.
+      page 778.) and 'Cornhill?' ("An Epilogue on Vivisection," 'Cornhill
+      Magazine,' 1882, volume xlv. page 191.) They seem to me very clever,
+      though obscurely written, and I agree with almost everything he says,
+      except with some passages which appear to imply that no experiments should
+      be tried unless some immediate good can be predicted, and this is a
+      gigantic mistake contradicted by the whole history of science."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.IX. &mdash; MISCELLANEA (continued)
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      A REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK&mdash;THE BOOK ON EARTHWORMS&mdash;LIFE OF
+      ERASMUS DARWIN&mdash;MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1876-1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [We have now to consider the work (other than botanical) which occupied
+      the concluding six years of my father's life. A letter to his old friend
+      Rev. L. Blomefield (Jenyns), written in March, 1877, shows what was my
+      father's estimate of his own powers of work at this time:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "My dear Jenyns (I see I have forgotten your proper names).&mdash;Your
+      extremely kind letter has given me warm pleasure. As one gets old, one's
+      thoughts turn back to the past rather than to the future, and I often
+      think of the pleasant, and to me valuable, hours which I spent with you on
+      the borders of the Fens.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You ask about my future work; I doubt whether I shall be able to do much
+      more that is new, and I always keep before my mind the example of poor old
+      &mdash;, who in his old age had a cacoethes for writing. But I cannot
+      endure doing nothing, so I suppose that I shall go on as long as I can
+      without obviously making a fool of myself. I have a great mass of matter
+      with respect to variation under nature; but so much has been published
+      since the appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' that I very much doubt
+      whether I retain power of mind and strength to reduce the mass into a
+      digested whole. I have sometimes thought that I would try, but dread the
+      attempt..."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His prophecy proved to be a true one with regard to any continuation of
+      any general work in the direction of Evolution, but his estimate of powers
+      which could afterwards prove capable of grappling with the 'Power of
+      Movement in Plants,' and with the work on 'Earthworms,' was certainly a
+      low one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The year 1876, with which the present chapter begins, brought with it a
+      revival of geological work. He had been astonished, as I hear from
+      Professor Judd, and as appears in his letters, to learn that his books on
+      'Volcanic Islands,' 1844, and on 'South America,' 1846, were still
+      consulted by geologists, and it was a surprise to him that new editions
+      should be required. Both these works were originally published by Messrs.
+      Smith and Elder, and the new edition of 1876 was also brought out by them.
+      This appeared in one volume with the title 'Geological Observations on the
+      Volcanic Islands, and Parts of South America visited during the Voyage of
+      H.M.S. "Beagle".' He has explained in the preface his reasons for leaving
+      untouched the text of the original editions: "They relate to parts of the
+      world which have been so rarely visited by men of science, that I am not
+      aware that much could be corrected or added from observations subsequently
+      made. Owing to the great progress which Geology has made within recent
+      times, my views on some few points may be somewhat antiquated; but I have
+      thought it best to leave them as they originally appeared."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It may have been the revival of geological speculation, due to the
+      revision of his early books, that led to his recording the observations of
+      which some account is given in the following letter. Part of it has been
+      published in Professor James Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe,' chapters vii.
+      and ix. (My father's suggestion is also noticed in Prof. Geikie's address
+      on the 'Ice Age in Europe and North America,' given at Edinburgh, November
+      20, 1884.), a few verbal alterations having been made at my father's
+      request in the passages quoted. Mr. Geikie lately wrote to me: "The views
+      suggested in his letter as to the origin of the angular gravels, etc., in
+      the South of England will, I believe, come to be accepted as the truth.
+      This question has a much wider bearing than might at first appear. In
+      point of fact it solves one of the most difficult problems in Quaternary
+      Geology&mdash;and has already attracted the attention of German
+      geologists."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JAMES GEIKIE. Down, November 16, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will forgive me for troubling you with a very long letter.
+      But first allow me to tell you with what extreme pleasure and admiration I
+      have just finished reading your 'Great Ice Age.' It seems to me admirably
+      done, and most clear. Interesting as many chapters are in the history of
+      the world, I do not think that any one comes [up] nearly to the glacial
+      period or periods. Though I have steadily read much on the subject, your
+      book makes the whole appear almost new to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am now going to mention a small observation, made by me two or three
+      years ago, near Southampton, but not followed out, as I have no strength
+      for excursions. I need say nothing about the character of the drift there
+      (which includes palaeolithic celts), for you have described its essential
+      features in a few words at page 506. It covers the whole country [in an]
+      even plain-like surface, almost irrespective of the present outline of the
+      land.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The coarse stratification has sometimes been disturbed. I find that you
+      allude "to the larger stones often standing on end;" and this is the point
+      which struck me so much. Not only moderately sized angular stones, but
+      small oval pebbles often stand vertically up, in a manner which I have
+      never seen in ordinary gravel beds. This fact reminded me of what occurs
+      near my home, in the stiff red clay, full of unworn flints over the chalk,
+      which is no doubt the residue left undissolved by rain water. In this
+      clay, flints as long and thin as my arm often stand perpendicularly up;
+      and I have been told by the tank-diggers that it is their "natural
+      position!" I presume that this position may safely be attributed to the
+      differential movement of parts of the red clay as it subsided very slowly
+      from the dissolution of the underlying chalk; so that the flints arrange
+      themselves in the lines of least resistance. The similar but less strongly
+      marked arrangement of the stones in the drift near Southampton makes me
+      suspect that it also must have slowly subsided; and the notion has crossed
+      my mind that during the commencement and height of the glacial period
+      great beds of frozen snow accumulated over the south of England, and that,
+      during the summer, gravel and stones were washed from the higher land over
+      its surface, and in superficial channels. The larger streams may have cut
+      right through the frozen snow, and deposited gravel in lines at the
+      bottom. But on each succeeding autumn, when the running water failed, I
+      imagine that the lines of drainage would have been filled up by blown snow
+      afterwards congealed, and that, owing to great surface accumulations of
+      snow, it would be a mere chance whether the drainage, together with gravel
+      and sand, would follow the same lines during the next summer. Thus, as I
+      apprehend, alternate layers of frozen snow and drift, in sheets and lines,
+      would ultimately have covered the country to a great thickness, with lines
+      of drift probably deposited in various directions at the bottom by the
+      larger streams. As the climate became warmer, the lower beds of frozen
+      snow would have melted with extreme slowness, and the many irregular beds
+      of interstratified drift would have sunk down with equal slowness; and
+      during this movement the elongated pebbles would have arranged themselves
+      more or less vertically. The drift would also have been deposited almost
+      irrespective of the outline of the underlying land. When I viewed the
+      country I could not persuade myself that any flood, however great, could
+      have deposited such coarse gravel over the almost level platforms between
+      the valleys. My view differs from that of Holst, page 415 ['Great Ice
+      Age'], of which I had never heard, as his relates to channels cut through
+      glaciers, and mine to beds of drift interstratified with frozen snow where
+      no glaciers existed. The upshot of this long letter is to ask you to keep
+      my notion in your head, and look out for upright pebbles in any lowland
+      country which you may examine, where glaciers have not existed. Or if you
+      think the notion deserves any further thought, but not otherwise, to tell
+      any one of it, for instance Mr. Skertchly, who is examining such
+      districts. Pray forgive me for writing so long a letter, and again
+      thanking you for the great pleasure derived from your book,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.... I am glad that you have read Blytt (Axel Blytt.&mdash;'Essay on
+      the Immigration of the Norwegian Flora during alternate rainy and dry
+      Seasons.' Christiania, 1876.); his paper seemed to me a most important
+      contribution to Botanical Geography. How curious that the same conclusions
+      should have been arrived at by Mr. Skertchly, who seems to be a first-rate
+      observer; and this implies, as I always think, a sound theoriser.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have told my publisher to send you in two or three days a copy (second
+      edition) of my geological work during the voyage of the "Beagle". The sole
+      point which would perhaps interest you is about the steppe-like plains of
+      Patagonia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For many years past I have had fearful misgivings that it must have been
+      the level of the sea, and not that of the land which has changed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I read a few months ago your [brother's] very interesting life of
+      Murchison. (By Mr. Archibald Geikie.) Though I have always thought that he
+      ranked next to W. Smith in the classification of formations, and though I
+      knew how kind-hearted [he was], yet the book has raised him greatly in my
+      respect, notwithstanding his foibles and want of broad philosophical
+      views.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The only other geological work of his later years was embodied in his
+      book on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be conveniently considered
+      in this place. This subject was one which had interested him many years
+      before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the formation of mould was
+      published in the Proceedings of the Geological Society (see volume i.).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, etc., which had
+      been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found after
+      a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but still
+      forming a layer." For the explanation of this fact, which forms the
+      central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to his
+      uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth to the
+      surface in their castings, must undermine any objects lying on the surface
+      and cause an apparent sinking.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+      and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to the
+      amount of work done. (He received much valuable help from Dr. King, of the
+      Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The following passage is from a letter to Dr.
+      King, dated January 18, 1873:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I really do not know how to thank you enough for the immense trouble
+      which you have taken. You have attended EXACTLY and FULLY to the points
+      about which I was most anxious. If I had been each evening by your side, I
+      could not have suggested anything else.") He also added a mass of
+      observations on the habits, natural history and intelligence of worms, a
+      part of the work which added greatly to its popularity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains
+      of a building of Roman-British times, and thus gave my father the
+      opportunity of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms' work
+      on the old concrete-floors, walls, etc. On his return he wrote to Sir
+      Thomas Farrer:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last. I know very well
+      that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the sole
+      charm."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the autumn of 1880, when the 'Power of Movement in Plants' was nearly
+      finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus
+      (September 21):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
+      book, and have done nearly half of it. Its title will be (as at present
+      designed) 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.'
+      (The full title is 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+      Worms with Observations on their Habits,' 1881.) As far as I can judge it
+      will be a curious little book."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The manuscript was sent to the printers in April, 1881, and when the
+      proo-sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus: "The subject has
+      been to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish
+      detail."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once. He
+      wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the 'Worms.' When
+      in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at all
+      interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+      published."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8): "It has been a complete
+      surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject." And to Mr.
+      Dyer (in November): "My book has been received with almost laughable
+      enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!" Again, to his friend Mr.
+      Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+      endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish and
+      enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+      correcting yesterday the 'Sixth Thousand.'" The popularity of the book may
+      be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following its
+      publication, 8500 copies were sold&mdash;a sale relatively greater than
+      that of the 'Origin of Species.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+      public. Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood, drawn
+      from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated vigour
+      and freshness, may well have attracted many readers. A reviewer remarks:
+      "In the eyes of most men... the earthworm is a mere blind, dumb,
+      senseless, and unpleasantly slimy annelid. Mr. Darwin undertakes to
+      rehabilitate his character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as an
+      intelligent and beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological changes,
+      a planer down of mountain sides... a friend of man... and an ally of the
+      Society for the preservation of ancient monuments." The "St. James
+      Gazette", October 17, 1881, pointed out that the teaching of the
+      cumulative importance of the infinitely little is the point of contact
+      between this book and the author's previous work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One more book remains to be noticed, the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work of
+      Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, 'Kosmos.' The number
+      of 'Kosmos' in question was a "Gratulationsheft" (The same number contains
+      a good biographical sketch of my father, of which the material was to a
+      large extent supplied by him to the writer, Professor Preyer of Jena. The
+      article contains an excellent list of my father's publications.), or
+      special congratulatory issue in honour of my father's birthday, so that
+      Dr. Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist, was quite in its
+      place. He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially for the honour paid
+      to Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish (The wish to do so was
+      shared by his brother, Erasmus Darwin the younger, who continued to be
+      associated with the project.) an English translation of the Essay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+      contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward." This appears from a
+      letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which he asks
+      for any documents and letters which might throw light on the character of
+      Erasmus. This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my father's hands a
+      quantity of valuable material, including a curious folio common-place
+      book, of which he wrote: "I have been deeply interested by the great
+      book,... reading and looking at it is like having communion with the
+      dead...[it] has taught me a good deal about the occupations and tastes of
+      our grandfather." A subsequent letter (April 8) to the same correspondent
+      describes the source of a further supply of material:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Since my last letter I have made a strange discovery; for an old box from
+      my father marked "Old Deeds," and which consequently I had never opened, I
+      found full of letters&mdash;hundreds from Dr. Erasmus&mdash;and others
+      from old members of the Family: some few very curious. Also a drawing of
+      Elston before it was altered, about 1750, of which I think I will give a
+      copy."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the 'Life of Erasmus
+      Darwin,' my father supplying a "preliminary notice." This expression on
+      the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+      than half the book, and should have been described as a biography. Work of
+      this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton Dyer,
+      June 18th: "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is such a new
+      kind of work to me." The strong interest he felt about his forebears
+      helped to give zest to the work, which became a decided enjoyment to him.
+      With the general public the book was not markedly successful, but many of
+      his friends recognised its merits. Sir J.D. Hooker was one of these, and
+      to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the Life of Dr. D. has pleased me
+      exceedingly, for I despised my work, and thought myself a perfect fool to
+      have undertaken such a job."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am EXTREMELY glad that you approve of the little 'Life' of our
+      grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+      work was quite beyond my tether."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The publication of the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin' led to an attack by Mr.
+      Samuel Butler, which amounted to a charge of falsehood against my father.
+      After consulting his friends, he came to the determination to leave the
+      charge unanswered, as unworthy of his notice. (He had, in a letter to Mr.
+      Butler, expressed his regret at the oversight which caused so much
+      offence.) Those who wish to know more of the matter, may gather the facts
+      of the case from Ernst Krause's 'Charles Darwin,' and they will find Mr.
+      Butler's statement of his grievance in the "Athenaeum", January 31, 1880,
+      and in the "St. James's Gazette", December 8, 1880. The affair gave my
+      father much pain, but the warm sympathy of those whose opinion he
+      respected soon helped him to let it pass into a well-merited oblivion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers to M. J.H. Fabre's 'Souvenirs Entomologiques.'
+      It may find a place here, as it contains a defence of Erasmus Darwin on a
+      small point. The postscript is interesting, as an example of one of my
+      father's bold ideas both as to experiment and theory:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. FABRE. Down, January 31, 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will permit me to have the satisfaction of thanking you
+      cordially for the lively pleasure which I have derived from reading your
+      book. Never have the wonderful habits of insects been more vividly
+      described, and it is almost as good to read about them as to see them. I
+      feel sure that you would not be unjust to even an insect, much less to a
+      man. Now, you have been misled by some translator, for my grandfather,
+      Erasmus Darwin, states ('Zoonomia,' volume i. page 183, 1794) that it was
+      a wasp (guepe) which he saw cutting off the wings of a large fly. I have
+      no doubt that you are right in saying that the wings are generally cut off
+      instinctively; but in the case described by my grandfather, the wasp,
+      after cutting off the two ends of the body, rose in the air, and was
+      turned round by the wind; he then alighted and cut off the wings. I must
+      believe, with Pierre Huber, that insects have "une petite dose de raison."
+      In the next edition of your book, I hope that you will alter PART of what
+      you say about my grandfather.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am sorry that you are so strongly opposed to the Descent theory; I have
+      found the searching for the history of each structure or instinct an
+      excellent aid to observation; and wonderful observer as you are, it would
+      suggest new points to you. If I were to write on the evolution of
+      instincts, I could make good use of some of the facts which you give.
+      Permit me to add, that when I read the last sentence in your book, I
+      sympathised deeply with you. (The book is intended as a memorial of the
+      early death of M. Fabre's son, who had been his father's assistant in his
+      observations on insect life.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With the most sincere respect, I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+      CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;Allow me to make a suggestion in relation to your wonderful
+      account of insects finding their way home. I formerly wished to try it
+      with pigeons: namely, to carry the insects in their paper "cornets," about
+      a hundred paces in the opposite direction to that which you ultimately
+      intended to carry them; but before turning round to return, to put the
+      insect in a circular box, with an axle which could be made to revolve very
+      rapidly, first in one direction, and then in another, so as to destroy for
+      a time all sense of direction in the insects. I have sometimes IMAGINED
+      that animals may feel in which direction they were at the first start
+      carried. (This idea was a favourite one with him, and he has described in
+      'Nature' (volume vii. 1873, page 360) the behaviour of his cob Tommy, in
+      whom he fancied he detected a sense of direction. The horse had been taken
+      by rail from Kent to the Isle of Wight; when there he exhibited a marked
+      desire to go eastward, even when his stable lay in the opposite direction.
+      In the same volume of 'Nature,' page 417, is a letter on the 'Origin of
+      Certain Instincts,' which contains a short discussion on the sense of
+      direction.) If this plan failed, I had intended placing the pigeons within
+      an induction coil, so as to disturb any magnetic or dia-magnetic
+      sensibility, which it seems just possible that they may possess.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [During the latter years of my father's life there was a growing tendency
+      in the public to do him honour. In 1877 he received the honorary degree of
+      LL.D. from the University of Cambridge. The degree was conferred on
+      November 17, and with the customary Latin speech from the Public Orator,
+      concluding with the words: "Tu vero, qui leges naturae tam docte
+      illustraveris, legum doctor nobis esto."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the University
+      to obtain some permanent memorial of my father. A sum of about 400 pounds
+      was subscribed, and after the rejection of the idea that a bust would be
+      the best memorial, a picture was determined on. In June 1879 he sat to Mr.
+      W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession of the University, now
+      placed in the Library of the philosophical Society at Cambridge. He is
+      represented seated in his Doctor's gown, the head turned towards the
+      spectator: the picture has many admirers, but, according to my own view,
+      neither the attitude nor the expression are characteristic of my father.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society&mdash; with which my
+      father was so closely associated&mdash;led to his sitting in August, 1881,
+      to Mr. John Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the
+      Society. Of the artist, he wrote, "Collier was the most considerate, kind
+      and pleasant painter a sitter could desire." The portrait represents him
+      standing facing the observer in the loose cloak so familiar to those who
+      knew him, and with his slouch hat in his hand. Many of those who knew his
+      face most intimately, think that Mr. Collier's picture is the best of the
+      portraits, and in this judgment the sitter himself was inclined to agree.
+      According to my feeling it is not so simple or strong a representation of
+      him as that given by Mr. Ouless. There is a certain expression in Mr.
+      Collier's portrait which I am inclined to consider an exaggeration of the
+      almost painful expression which Professor Cohn has described in my
+      father's face, and which he had previously noticed in Humboldt. Professor
+      Cohn's remarks occur in a pleasantly written account of a visit to Down in
+      1876, published in the "Breslauer Zeitung", April 23, 1882. (In this
+      connection may be mentioned a visit (1881) from another distinguished
+      German, Hans Richter. The occurrence is otherwise worthy of mention,
+      inasmuch as it led to the publication, after my father's death, of Herr
+      Richter's recollections of the visit. The sketch is simply and
+      sympathetically written, and the author has succeeded in giving a true
+      picture of my father as he lived at Down. It appeared in the "Neue
+      Tagblatt" of Vienna, and was republished by Dr. O. Zacharias in his
+      'Charles R. Darwin,' Berlin, 1882.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of
+      an academic kind from some foreign societies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+      Institute ("Lyell always spoke of it as a great scandal that Darwin was so
+      long kept out of the French Institute. As he said, even if the development
+      hypothesis were objected to, Darwin's original works on Coral Reefs, the
+      Cirripedia, and other subjects, constituted a more than sufficient claim"&mdash;From
+      Professor Judd's notes.), in the Botanical Section, and wrote to Dr. Asa
+      Gray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute. It
+      is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical Section,
+      as the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy is a
+      Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      (The statement has been more than once published that he was elected to
+      the Zoological Section, but this was not the case.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He received twenty-six votes out of a possible 39, five blank papers were
+      sent in, and eight votes were recorded for the other candidates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1872 an attempt had been made to elect him to the Section of Zoology,
+      when, however, he only received 15 out of 48 votes, and Loven was chosen
+      for the vacant place. It appears ('Nature,' August 1, 1872) that an
+      eminent member of the Academy wrote to "Les Mondes" to the following
+      effect:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the
+      science of those of his books which have made his chief title to fame-the
+      'Origin of Species,' and still more the 'Descent of Man,' is not science,
+      but a mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous hypotheses, often
+      evidently fallacious. This kind of publication and these theories are a
+      bad example, which a body that respects itself cannot encourage.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the early part of the same year he was elected a Corresponding Member
+      of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and he wrote (March 12) to Professor Du
+      Bois Reymond, who had proposed him for election:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter, in which you announce
+      the great honour conferred on me. The knowledge of the names of the
+      illustrious men, who seconded the proposal is even a greater pleasure to
+      me than the honour itself."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The seconders were Helmholtz, Peters, Ewald, Pringsheim and Virchow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1879 he received the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians.
+      (The visit to London, necessitated by the presentation of the Baly Medal,
+      was combined with a visit to Miss Forster's house at Abinger, in Surrey,
+      and this was the occasion of the following characteristic letter:&mdash;"I
+      must write a few words to thank you cordially for lending us your house.
+      It was a most kind thought, and has pleased me greatly; but I know well
+      that I do not deserve such kindness from any one. On the other hand, no
+      one can be too kind to my dear wife, who is worth her weight in gold many
+      times over, and she was anxious that I should get some complete rest, and
+      here I cannot rest. Your house will be a delightful haven and again I
+      thank you truly.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again in 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the "Bressa"
+      prize for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs. In the
+      following year he received on his birthday, as on previous occasions, a
+      kind letter of congratulation from Dr. Dohrn of Naples. In writing
+      (February 15th) to thank him and the other naturalists at the Zoological
+      Station, my father added:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+      extraordinary degree by awarding me the "Bressa" Prize. Now it occurred to
+      me that if your station wanted some pieces of apparatus, of about the
+      value of 100 pounds, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for it.
+      Will you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should occur
+      to you, I would send you a cheque at any time."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I find from my father's accounts that 100 pounds was presented to the
+      Naples Station.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He received also several tokens of respect and sympathy of a more private
+      character from various sources. With regard to such incidents and to the
+      estimation of the public generally, his attitude may be illustrated by a
+      passage from a letter to Mr. Romanes:&mdash;(The lecture referred to was
+      given at the Dublin meeting of the British association.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You have indeed passed a most magnificent eulogium upon me, and I wonder
+      that you were not afraid of hearing 'oh! oh!' or some other sign of
+      disapprobation. Many persons think that what I have done in science has
+      been much overrated, and I very often think so myself; but my comfort is
+      that I have never consciously done anything to gain applause. Enough and
+      too much about my dear self."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among such expressions of regard he valued very highly the two
+      photographic albums received from Germany and Holland on his birthday,
+      1877. Herr Emil Rade of Munster, originated the idea of the German
+      birthday gift, and undertook the necessary arrangements. To him my father
+      wrote (February 16, 1877):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I hope that you will inform the one hundred and fifty-four men of
+      science, including some of the most highly honoured names in the world,
+      how grateful I am for their kindness and generous sympathy in having sent
+      me their photographs on my birthday."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To Professor Haeckel he wrote (February 16, 1877):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The album has just arrived quite safe. It is most superb. (The album is
+      magnificently bound and decorated with a beautifully illuminated title
+      page, the work of an artist, Herr A. Fitger of Bremen, who also
+      contributed the dedicatory poem.) It is by far the greatest honour which I
+      have ever received, and my satisfaction has been greatly enhanced by your
+      most kind letter of February 9... I thank you all from my heart. I have
+      written by this post to Herr Rade, and I hope he will somehow manage to
+      thank all my generous friends."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To Professor A. van Bemmelen he wrote, on receiving a similar present from
+      a number of distinguished men and lovers of Natural History in the
+      Netherlands:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I received yesterday the magnificent present of the album, together with
+      your letter. I hope that you will endeavour to find some means to express
+      to the two hundred and seventeen distinguished observers and lovers of
+      natural science, who have sent me their photographs, my gratitude for
+      their extreme kindness. I feel deeply gratified by this gift, and I do not
+      think that any testimonial more honourable to me could have been imagined.
+      I am well aware that my books could never have been written, and would not
+      have made any impression on the public mind, had not an immense amount of
+      material been collected by a long series of admirable observers; and it is
+      to them that honour is chiefly due. I suppose that every worker at science
+      occasionally feels depressed, and doubts whether what he has published has
+      been worth the labour which it has cost him, but for the few remaining
+      years of my life, whenever I want cheering, I will look at the portraits
+      of my distinguished co-workers in the field of science, and remember their
+      generous sympathy. When I die, the album will be a most precious bequest
+      to my children. I must further express my obligation for the very
+      interesting history contained in your letter of the progress of opinion in
+      the Netherlands, with respect to Evolution, the whole of which is quite
+      new to me. I must again thank all my kind friends, from my heart, for
+      their ever-memorable testimonial, and I remain, Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your obliged and grateful servant, CHARLES R. DARWIN."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the June of the following year (1878) he was gratified by learning
+      that the Emperor of Brazil had expressed a wish to meet him. Owing to
+      absence from home my father was unable to comply with this wish; he wrote
+      to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Emperor has done so much for science, that every scientific man is
+      bound to show him the utmost respect, and I hope that you will express in
+      the strongest language, and which you can do with entire truth, how
+      greatly I feel honoured by his wish to see me; and how much I regret my
+      absence from home."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Finally it should be mentioned that in 1880 he received an address
+      personally presented by members of the Council of the Birmingham
+      Philosophical Society, as well as a memorial from the Yorkshire Naturalist
+      Union presented by some of the members, headed by Dr. Sorby. He also
+      received in the same year a visit from some of the members of the Lewisham
+      and Blackheath Scientific Association,&mdash;a visit which was, I think,
+      enjoyed by both guests and host.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS&mdash;1876-1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The chief incident of a personal kind (not already dealt with) in the
+      years which we are now considering was the death of his brother Erasmus,
+      who died at his house in Queen Anne Street, on August 26th, 1881. My
+      father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (August 30):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The death of Erasmus is a very heavy loss to all of us, for he had a most
+      affectionate disposition. He always appeared to me the most pleasant and
+      clearest headed man, whom I have ever known. London will seem a strange
+      place to me without his presence; I am deeply glad that he died without
+      any great suffering, after a very short illness from mere weakness and not
+      from any definite disease. ("He was not, I think, a happy man, and for
+      many years did not value life, though never complaining."&mdash;From a
+      letter to Sir Thomas Farrer.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I cannot quite agree with you about the death of the old and young. Death
+      in the latter case, when there is a bright future ahead, causes grief
+      never to be wholly obliterated."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      An incident of a happy character may also be selected for especial notice,
+      since it was one which strongly moved my father's sympathy. A letter
+      (December 17, 1879) to Sir Joseph Hooker shows that the possibility of a
+      Government Pension being conferred on Mr. Wallace first occurred to my
+      father at this time. The idea was taken up by others, and my father's
+      letters show that he felt the most lively interest in the success of the
+      plan. He wrote, for instance, to Mrs. Fisher, "I hardly ever wished for
+      anything more than I do for the success of our plan." He was deeply
+      pleased when this thoroughly deserved honour was bestowed on his friend,
+      and wrote to the same correspondent (January 7, 1881), on receiving a
+      letter from Mr. Gladstone announcing the fact: "How extraordinarily kind
+      of Mr. Gladstone to find time to write under the present circumstances.
+      (Mr. Gladstone was then in office, and the letter must have been written
+      when he was overwhelmed with business connected with the opening of
+      Parliament (January 6). Good heavens! how pleased I am!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous character and refer
+      principally to the books he read, and to his minor writings.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (MRS. FISHER). Down, February 11
+      [1876].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Miss Buckley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You must let me have the pleasure of saying that I have just finished
+      reading with very great interest your new book. ('A Short History of
+      Natural Science.') The idea seems to me a capital one, and as far as I can
+      judge very well carried out. There is much fascination in taking a bird's
+      eye view of all the grand leading steps in the progress of science. At
+      first I regretted that you had not kept each science more separate; but I
+      dare say you found it impossible. I have hardly any criticisms, except
+      that I think you ought to have introduced Murchison as a great classifier
+      of formations, second only to W. Smith. You have done full justice, and
+      not more than justice, to our dear old master, Lyell. Perhaps a little
+      more ought to have been said about botany, and if you should ever add
+      this, you would find Sachs' 'History,' lately published, very good for
+      your purpose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have crowned Wallace and myself with much honour and glory. I heartily
+      congratulate you on having produced so novel and interesting a work, and
+      remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Miss Buckley, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. [Hopedene] (Mr. Hensleigh
+      Wedgwood's house in Surrey.), June 5, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must have the pleasure of expressing to you my unbounded admiration of
+      your book ('Geographical Distribution,' 1876.), though I have read only to
+      page 184&mdash;my object having been to do as little as possible while
+      resting. I feel sure that you have laid a broad and safe foundation for
+      all future work on Distribution. How interesting it will be to see
+      hereafter plants treated in strict relation to your views; and then all
+      insects, pulmonate molluscs and fresh-water fishes, in greater detail than
+      I suppose you have given to these lower animals. The point which has
+      interested me most, but I do not say the most valuable point, is your
+      protest against sinking imaginary continents in a quite reckless manner,
+      as was stated by Forbes, followed, alas, by Hooker, and caricatured by
+      Wollaston and [Andrew] Murray! By the way, the main impression that the
+      latter author has left on my mind is his utter want of all scientific
+      judgment. I have lifted up my voice against the above view with no avail,
+      but I have no doubt that you will succeed, owing to your new arguments and
+      the coloured chart. Of a special value, as it seems to me, is the
+      conclusion that we must determine the areas, chiefly by the nature of the
+      mammals. When I worked many years ago on this subject, I doubted much
+      whether the now called Palaearctic and Nearctic regions ought to be
+      separated; and I determined if I made another region that it should be
+      Madagascar. I have, therefore, been able to appreciate your evidence on
+      these points. What progress Palaeontology has made during the last 20
+      years; but if it advances at the same rate in the future, our views on the
+      migration and birth-place of the various groups will, I fear, be greatly
+      altered. I cannot feel quite easy about the Glacial period, and the
+      extinction of large mammals, but I must hope that you are right. I think
+      you will have to modify your belief about the difficulty of dispersal of
+      land molluscs; I was interrupted when beginning to experimentize on the
+      just hatched young adhering to the feet of groun-roosting birds. I differ
+      on one other point, viz. in the belief that there must have existed a
+      Tertiary Antarctic continent, from which various forms radiated to the
+      southern extremities of our present continents. But I could go on
+      scribbling forever. You have written, as I believe, a grand and memorable
+      work which will last for years as the foundation for all future treatises
+      on Geographical Distribution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;You have paid me the highest conceivable compliment, by what
+      you say of your work in relation to my chapters on distribution in the
+      'Origin,' and I heartily thank you for it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letters illustrate my father's power of taking a vivid
+      interest in work bearing on Evolution, but unconnected with his own
+      special researches at the time. The books referred to in the first letter
+      are Professor Weismann's 'Studien zur Descendenzlehre' (My father
+      contributed a prefatory note to Mr. Meldola's translation of Prof.
+      Weismann's 'Studien,' 1880-81.), being part of the series of essays by
+      which the author has done such admirable service to the cause of
+      evolution:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. January 12, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I read German so slowly, and have had lately to read several other
+      papers, so that I have as yet finished only half of your first essay and
+      two-thirds of your second. They have excited my interest and admiration in
+      the highest degree, and whichever I think of last, seems to me the most
+      valuable. I never expected to see the coloured marks on caterpillars so
+      well explained; and the case of the ocelli delights me especially...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... There is one other subject which has always seemed to me more
+      difficult to explain than even the colours of caterpillars, and that is
+      the colour of birds' eggs, and I wish you would take this up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MELCHIOR NEUMAYR (Professor of Palaeontology
+      at Vienna.), VIENNA. Down, Beckenham, Kent, March 9, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From having been obliged to read other books, I finished only yesterday
+      your essay on 'Die Congerien,' etc. ('Die Congerien und Paludinenschichten
+      Slavoneins.' 4to, 1875.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will allow me to express my gratitude for the pleasure and
+      instruction which I have derived from reading it. It seems to me to be an
+      admirable work; and is by far the best case which I have ever met with,
+      showing the direct influence of the conditions of life on the
+      organization.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Hyatt, who has been studying the Hilgendorf case, writes to me with
+      respect to the conclusions at which he has arrived, and these are nearly
+      the same as yours. He insists that closely similar forms may be derived
+      from distinct lines of descent; and this is what I formerly called
+      analogical variation. There can now be no doubt that species may become
+      greatly modified through the direct action of the environment. I have some
+      excuse for not having formerly insisted more strongly on this head in my
+      'Origin of Species,' as most of the best facts have been observed since
+      its publication.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With my renewed thanks for your most interesting essay, and with the
+      highest respect, I remain, dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO E.S. MORSE. Down, April 23, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You must allow me just to tell you how very much I have been interested
+      with the excellent Address ("What American Zoologists have done for
+      Evolution," an Address to the American Association for the Advancement of
+      Science, August, 1876. Volume xxv. of the Proceedings of the Association.)
+      which you have been so kind as to send me, and which I had much wished to
+      read. I believe that I had read all, or very nearly all, the papers by
+      your countrymen to which you refer, but I have been fairly astonished at
+      their number and importance when seeing them thus put together. I quite
+      agree about the high value of Mr. Allen's works (Mr. J.A. Allen shows the
+      existence of geographical races of birds and mammals. Proc. Boston Soc.
+      Nat. Hist. volume xv.), as showing how much change may be expected
+      apparently through the direct action of the conditions of life. As for the
+      fossil remains in the West, no words will express how wonderful they are.
+      There is one point which I regret that you did not make clear in your
+      Address, namely what is the meaning and importance of Professors Cope and
+      Hyatt's views on acceleration and retardation. I have endeavoured, and
+      given up in despair, the attempt to grasp their meaning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Permit me to thank you cordially for the kind feeling shown towards me
+      through your Address, and I remain, my dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter refers to his 'Biographical Sketch of an Infant,' written
+      from notes made 37 years previously, and published in 'Mind,' July, 1877.
+      The article attracted a good deal of attention, and was translated at the
+      time in 'Kosmos,' and the 'Revue Scientifique,' and has been recently
+      published in Dr. Krause's 'Gesammelte kleinere SchrifteN von Charles
+      Darwin,' 1887:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G. CROOM ROBERTSON. (The editor of 'Mind.')
+      Down, April 27, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope that you will be so good as to take the trouble to read the
+      enclosed MS., and if you think it fit for publication in your admirable
+      journal of 'Mind,' I shall be gratified. If you do not think it fit, as is
+      very likely, will you please to return it to me. I hope that you will read
+      it in an extra critical spirit, as I cannot judge whether it is worth
+      publishing from having been so much interested in watching the dawn of the
+      several faculties in my own infant. I may add that I should never have
+      thought of sending you the MS., had not M. Taine's article appeared in
+      your Journal. (1877, page 252. The original appeared in the 'Revue
+      Philosophique' 1876.) If my MS. is printed, I think that I had better see
+      a proof.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, dear Sir, Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The two following extracts show the lively interest he preserved in
+      diverse fields of enquiry. Professor Cohn of Breslau had mentioned, in a
+      letter, Koch's researches on Splenic Fever, my father replied, January 3:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I well remember saying to myself, between twenty and thirty years ago,
+      that if ever the origin of any infectious disease could be proved, it
+      would be the greatest triumph to science; and now I rejoice to have seen
+      the triumph."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the spring he received a copy of Dr. E. von Mojsisovics' 'Dolomit
+      Riffe,' his letter to the author (June 1, 1878) is interesting as bearing
+      on the influence of his own work on the methods of geology.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have at last found time to read the first chapter of your 'Dolomit
+      Riffe,' and have been EXCEEDINGLY interested by it. What a wonderful
+      change in the future of Geological chronology you indicate, by assuming
+      the descent theory to be established, and then taking the graduated
+      changes of the same group of organisms as the true standard! I never hoped
+      to live to see such a step even proposed by any one."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another geological research which roused my father's admiration was Mr. D.
+      Mackintosh's work on erratic blocks. Apart from its intrinsic merit the
+      work keenly excited his sympathy from the conditions under which it was
+      executed, Mr. Mackintosh being compelled to give nearly his whole time to
+      tuition. The following passage is from a letter to Mr. Mackintosh of
+      October 9, 1879, and refers to his paper in the Journal of the Geological
+      Society, 1878:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of thanking you for
+      the very great pleasure which I have derived from just reading your paper
+      on erratic blocks. The map is wonderful, and what labour each of those
+      lines show! I have thought for some years that the agency of floating ice,
+      which nearly half a century ago was overrated, has of late been
+      underrated. You are the sole man who has ever noticed the distinction
+      suggested by me (In his paper on the 'Ancient Glaciers of Carnarvonshire,'
+      Phil. Mag. xxi. 1842.) between flat or planed scored rocks, and
+      mammillated scored rocks."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO C. RIDLEY. Down, November 28, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I just skimmed through Dr. Pusey's sermon, as published in the "Guardian",
+      but it did [not] seem to me worthy of any attention. As I have never
+      answered criticisms excepting those made by scientific men, I am not
+      willing that this letter should be published; but I have no objection to
+      your saying that you sent me the three questions, and that I answered that
+      Dr. Pusey was mistaken in imagining that I wrote the 'Origin' with any
+      relation whatever to Theology. I should have thought that this would have
+      been evident to any one who had taken the trouble to read the book, more
+      especially as in the opening lines of the introduction I specify how the
+      subject arose in my mind. This answer disposes of your two other
+      questions; but I may add that many years ago, when I was collecting facts
+      for the 'Origin,' my belief in what is called a personal God was as firm
+      as that of Dr. Pusey himself, and as to the eternity of matter I have
+      never troubled myself about such insoluble questions. Dr. Pusey's attack
+      will be as powerless to retard by a day the belief in Evolution, as were
+      the virulent attacks made by divines fifty years ago against Geology, and
+      the still older ones of the Catholic Church against Galileo, for the
+      public is wise enough always to follow Scientific men when they agree on
+      any subject; and now there is almost complete unanimity amongst Biologists
+      about Evolution, though there is still considerable difference as to the
+      means, such as how far natural selection has acted, and how far external
+      conditions, or whether there exists some mysterious innate tendency to
+      perfectability. I remain, dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Theologians were not the only adversaries of freedom in science. On
+      September 22, 1877, Prof. Virchow delivered an address at the Munich
+      meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians, which had the effect of
+      connecting Socialism with the Descent theory. This point of view was taken
+      up by anti-evolutionists to such an extent that, according to Haeckel, the
+      "Kreuz Zeitung" threw "all the blame of" the "treasonable attempts of the
+      democrats Hodel and Nobiling... directly on the theory of Descent." Prof.
+      Haeckel replied with vigour and ability in his 'Freedom in Science and
+      Teaching' (English Translation 1879), an essay which must have the
+      sympathy of all lovers of freedom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following passage from a letter (December 26, 1879) to Dr. Scherzer,
+      the author of the 'Voyage of the "Novara",' gives a hint of my father's
+      views on this once burning question:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What a foolish idea seems to prevail in Germany on the connection between
+      Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY. (Professor of Zoology at Oxford.
+      The book alluded to is Prof. Moseley's 'Notes by a Naturalist on the
+      "Challenger".') Down, January 20, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Moseley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just received your book, and I declare that never in my life have I
+      seen a dedication which I admired so much. ("To Charles Darwin, Esquire,
+      LL.D., F.R.S., etc., from the study of whose 'Journal of Researches' I
+      mainly derived my desire to travel round the world; to the development of
+      whose theory I owe the principal pleasures and interests of my life, and
+      who has personally given me much kindly encouragement in the prosecution
+      of my studies, this book is, by permission, gratefully dedicated.") Of
+      course I am not a fair judge, but I hope that I speak dispassionately,
+      though you have touched me in my very tenderest point, by saying that my
+      old Journal mainly gave you the wish to travel as a Naturalist. I shall
+      begin to read your book this very evening, and am sure that I shall enjoy
+      it much.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY. Down, February 4, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Moseley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have at last read every word of your book, and it has excited in me
+      greater interest than any other scientific book which I have read for a
+      long time. You will perhaps be surprised how slow I have been, but my head
+      prevents me reading except at intervals. If I were asked which parts have
+      interested me most, I should be somewhat puzzled to answer. I fancy that
+      the general reader would prefer your account of Japan. For myself I
+      hesitate between your discussions and description of the Southern ice,
+      which seems to me admirable, and the last chapter which contained many
+      facts and views new to me, though I had read your papers on the stony
+      Hydroid Corals, yet your resume made me realise better than I had done
+      before, what a most curious case it is.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You have also collected a surprising number of valuable facts bearing on
+      the dispersal of plants, far more than in any other book known to me. In
+      fact your volume is a mass of interesting facts and discussions, with
+      hardly a superfluous word; and I heartily congratulate you on its
+      publication.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your dedication makes me prouder than ever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In November, 1879, he answered for Mr. Galton a series of questions
+      utilised in his 'Inquiries into Human Faculty,' 1883. He wrote to Mr.
+      Galton:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have answered the questions as well as I could, but they are miserably
+      answered, for I have never tried looking into my own mind. Unless others
+      answer very much better than I can do, you will get no good from your
+      queries. Do you not think you ought to have the age of the answerer? I
+      think so, because I can call up faces of many schoolboys, not seen for
+      sixty years, with MUCH DISTINCTNESS, but nowadays I may talk with a man
+      for an hour, and see him several times consecutively, and, after a month,
+      I am utterly unable to recollect what he is at all like. The picture is
+      quite washed out. The greater number of the answers are given in the
+      annexed table."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      QUESTIONS ON THE FACULTY OF VISUALISING.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. ILLUMINATION? Moderate, but my solitary breakfast was early, and the
+      morning dark.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. DEFINITION? Some objects quite defined, a slice of cold beef, some
+      grapes and a pear, the state of my plate when I had finished, and a few
+      other objects, are as distinct as if I had photo's before me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. COMPLETENESS? Very moderately so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. COLOURING? The objects above named perfectly coloured.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. EXTENT OF FIELD OF VIEW? Rather small.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMAGERY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. PRINTED PAGES. I cannot remember a single sentence, but I remember the
+      place of the sentence and the kind of type.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. FURNITURE? I have never attended to it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. PERSONS? I remember the faces of persons formerly well-known vividly,
+      and can make them do anything I like.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. SCENERY? Remembrance vivid and distinct, and gives me pleasure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. GEOGRAPHY? No.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. MILITARY MOVEMENTS? No.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. MECHANISM? Never tried.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. GEOMETRY? I do not think I have any power of the kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      14. NUMERALS? When I think of any number, printed figures arise before my
+      mind. I can't remember for an hour four consecutive figures.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      15. CARD PLAYING? Have not played for many years, but I am sure should not
+      remember.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      16. CHESS? Never played.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In 1880 he published a short paper in 'Nature' (volume xxi. page 207) on
+      the "Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese goose." He received
+      the hybrids from the Rev. Dr. Goodacre, and was glad of the opportunity of
+      testing the accuracy of the statement that these species are fertile inter
+      se. This fact, which was given in the 'Origin' on the authority of Mr.
+      Eyton, he considered the most remarkable as yet recorded with respect to
+      the fertility of hybrids. The fact (as confirmed by himself and Dr.
+      Goodacre) is of interest as giving another proof that sterility is no
+      criterion of specific difference, since the two species of goose now shown
+      to be fertile inter se are so distinct that they have been placed by some
+      authorities in distinct genera or sub-genera.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers to Mr. Huxley's lecture: "The Coming of Age of
+      the Origin of Species" (This same "Coming of Age" was the subject of an
+      address from the Council of the Otago Institute. It is given in 'Nature,'
+      February 24, 1881.), given at the Royal Institution, April 9, 1880,
+      published in 'Nature,' and in 'Science and Culture,' page 310:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday,
+      April 11, 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a bad cough, and we
+      have come here to see whether a change would do me good, as it has done.
+      What a magnificent success your lecture seems to have been, as I judge
+      from the reports in the "Standard" and "Daily News", and more especially
+      from the accounts given me by three of my children. I suppose that you
+      have not written out your lecture, so I fear there is no chance of its
+      being printed in extenso. You appear to have piled, as on so many other
+      occasions, honours high and thick on my old head. But I well know how
+      great a part you have played in establishing and spreading the belief in
+      the descen-theory, ever since that grand review in the "Times" and the
+      battle royal at Oxford up to the present day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever my dear Huxley, Yours sincerely and gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement
+      of your Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject,
+      until my wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since the
+      'Origin' appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your words
+      flashed on me!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the above-mentioned lecture Mr. Huxley made a strong point of the
+      accumulation of palaeontological evidence which the years between 1859 and
+      1880 have given us in favour of Evolution. On this subject my father wrote
+      (August 31, 1880):]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Professor Marsh,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I received some time ago your very kind note of July 28th, and yesterday
+      the magnificent volume. (Odontornithes. A Monograph on the extinct Toothed
+      Birds of North America. 1880. By O.C. Marsh.) I have looked with renewed
+      admiration at the plates, and will soon read the text. Your work on these
+      old birds, and on the many fossil animals of North America has afforded
+      the best support to the theory of Evolution, which has appeared within the
+      last twenty years. (Mr. Huxley has well pointed out ('Science and
+      Culture,' page 317) that: "In 1875, the discovery of the toothed birds of
+      the cretaceous formation in North America, by Prof. Marsh, completed the
+      series of transitional forms between birds and reptiles, and removed Mr.
+      Darwin's proposition that, 'many animal forms of life have been utterly
+      lost, through which the early progenitors of birds were formerly connected
+      with the early progenitors of the other vertebrate classes,' from the
+      region of hypothesis to that of demonstrable fact.") The general
+      appearance of the copy which you have sent me is worthy of its contents,
+      and I can say nothing stronger than this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With cordial thanks, believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In November, 1880, he received an account of a flood in Brazil, from
+      which his friend Fritz Muller had barely escaped with his life. My father
+      immediately wrote to Hermann Muller anxiously enquiring whether his
+      brother had lost books, instruments, etc., by this accident, and begging
+      in that case "for the sake of science, so that science should not suffer,"
+      to be allowed to help in making good the loss. Fortunately, however, the
+      injury to Fritz Muller's possessions was not so great as was expected, and
+      the incident remains only as a memento, which I trust cannot be otherwise
+      than pleasing to the survivor, of the friendship of the two naturalists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 'Nature' (November 11, 1880) appeared a letter from my father, which
+      is, I believe, the only instance in which he wrote publicly with anything
+      like severity. The late Sir Wyville Thomson wrote, in the Introduction to
+      the 'Voyage of the "Challenger"': "The character of the abyssal fauna
+      refuses to give the least support to the theory which refers the evolution
+      of species to extreme variation guided only by natural selection." My
+      father, after characterising these remarks as a "standard of criticism,
+      not uncommonly reached by theologians and metaphysicians," goes on to take
+      exception to the term "extreme variation," and challenges Sir Wyville to
+      name any one who has "said that the evolution of species depends only on
+      natural selection." The letter closes with an imaginary scene between Sir
+      Wyville and a breeder, in which Sir Wyville criticises artificial
+      selection in a somewhat similar manner. The breeder is silent, but on the
+      departure of his critic he is supposed to make use of "emphatic but
+      irreverent language about naturalists." The letter, as originally written,
+      ended with a quotation from Sedgwick on the invulnerability of those who
+      write on what they do not understand, but this was omitted on the advice
+      of a friend, and curiously enough a friend whose combativeness in the good
+      cause my father had occasionally curbed.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 16, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Romanes,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My MS. on 'Worms' has been sent to the printers, so I am going to amuse
+      myself by scribbling to you on a few points; but you must not waste your
+      time in answering at any length this scribble.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Firstly, your letter on intelligence was very useful to me and I tor up
+      and re-wrote what I sent to you. I have not attempted to define
+      intelligence; but have quoted your remarks on experience, and have shown
+      how far they apply to worms. It seems to me that they must be said to work
+      with some intelligence, anyhow they are not guided by a blind instinct.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, I was greatly interested by the abstract in 'Nature' of your
+      work on Echinoderms ("On the locomotor system of Echinoderms," by G.J.
+      Romanes and J. Cossar Ewart. 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1881, page
+      829.), the complexity with simplicity, and with such curious co-ordination
+      of the nervous system is marvellous; and you showed me before what
+      splendid gymnastic feats they can perform.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, Dr. Roux has sent me a book just published by him: 'Der Kampf der
+      Theile,' etc., 1881 (240 pages in length).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He is manifestly a well-read physiologist and pathologist, and from his
+      position a good anatomist. It is full of reasoning, and this in German is
+      very difficult to me, so that I have only skimmed through each page; here
+      and there reading with a little more care. As far as I can imperfectly
+      judge, it is the most important book on Evolution, which has appeared for
+      some time. I believe that G.H. Lewes hinted at the same fundamental idea,
+      viz. that there is a struggle going on within every organism between the
+      organic molecules, the cells and the organs. I think that his basis is,
+      that every cell which best performs its function is, in consequence, at
+      the same time best nourished and best propagates its kind. The book does
+      not touch on mental phenomena, but there is much discussion on rudimentary
+      or atrophied parts, to which subject you formerly attended. Now if you
+      would like to read this book, I would sent it... If you read it, and are
+      struck with it (but I may be WHOLLY mistaken about its value), you would
+      do a public service by analysing and criticising it in 'Nature.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Roux makes, I think, a gigantic oversight in never considering plants;
+      these would simplify the problem for him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourthly, I do not know whether you will discuss in your book on the mind
+      of animals any of the more complex and wonderful instincts. It is
+      unsatisfactory work, as there can be no fossilised instincts, and the sole
+      guide is their state in other members of the same order, and mere
+      PROBABILITY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But if you do discuss any (and it will perhaps be expected of you), I
+      should think that you could not select a better case than that of the sand
+      wasps, which paralyse their prey, as formerly described by Fabre, in his
+      wonderful paper in the 'Annales des Sciences,' and since amplified in his
+      admirable 'Souvenirs.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whilst reading this latter book, I speculated a little on the subject.
+      Astonishing nonsense is often spoken of the sand wasp's knowledge of
+      anatomy. Now will any one say that the Gauchos on the plains of La Plata
+      have such knowledge, yet I have often seen them pith a struggling and
+      lassoed cow on the ground with unerring skill, which no mere anatomist
+      could imitate. The pointed knife was infallibly driven in between the
+      vertebrae by a single slight thrust. I presume that the art was first
+      discovered by chance, and that each young Gaucho sees exactly how the
+      others do it, and then with a very little practice learns the art. Now I
+      suppose that the sand wasps originally merely killed their prey by
+      stinging them in many places (see page 129 of Fabre's 'Souvenirs,' and
+      page 241) on the lower and softest side of the body&mdash;and that to
+      sting a certain segment was found by far the most successful method; and
+      was inherited like the tendency of a bulldog to pin the nose of a bull, or
+      of a ferret to bite the cerebellum. It would not be a very great step in
+      advance to prick the ganglion of its prey only slightly, and thus to give
+      its larvae fresh meat instead of old dried meat. Though Fabre insists so
+      strongly on the unvarying character of instinct, yet it is shown that
+      there is some variability, as at pages 176, 177.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fear that I shall have utterly wearied you with my scribbling and bad
+      handwriting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Romanes, yours, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      POSTSCRIPT OF A LETTER TO PROFESSOR A. AGASSIZ, MAY 5TH, 1881:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I read with much interest your address before the American Association.
+      However true your remarks on the genealogies of the several groups may be,
+      I hope and believe that you have over-estimated the difficulties to be
+      encountered in the future:&mdash;A few days after reading your address, I
+      interpreted to myself your remarks on one point (I hope in some degree
+      correctly) in the following fashion:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Any character of an ancient, generalised, or intermediate form may, and
+      often does, re-appear in its descendants, after countless generations, and
+      this explains the extraordinarily complicated affinities of existing
+      groups. This idea seems to me to throw a flood of light on the lines,
+      sometimes used to represent affinities, which radiate in all directions,
+      often to very distant sub-groups,&mdash;a difficulty which has haunted me
+      for half a century. A strong case could be made out in favour of believing
+      in such reversion after immense intervals of time. I wish the idea had
+      been put into my head in old days, for I shall never again write on
+      difficult subjects, as I have seen too many cases of old men becoming
+      feeble in their minds, without being in the least conscious of it. If I
+      have interpreted your ideas at all correctly, I hope that you will
+      re-urge, on any fitting occasion, your view. I have mentioned it to a few
+      persons capable of judging, and it seemed quite new to them. I beg you to
+      forgive the proverbial garrulity of old age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C.D.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to Sir J.D. Hooker's Geographical address at
+      the York Meeting (1881) of the British Association:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 6, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For Heaven's sake never speak of boring me, as it would be the greatest
+      pleasure to aid you in the slightest degree and your letter has interested
+      me exceedingly. I will go through your points seriatim, but I have never
+      attended much to the history of any subject, and my memory has become
+      atrociously bad. It will therefore be a mere chance whether any of my
+      remarks are of any use.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your idea, to show what travellers have done, seems to me a brilliant and
+      just one, especially considering your audience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. I know nothing about Tournefort's works.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. I believe that you are fully right in calling Humboldt the greatest
+      scientific traveller who ever lived, I have lately read two or three
+      volumes again. His Geology is funny stuff; but that merely means that he
+      was not in advance of his age. I should say he was wonderful, more for his
+      near approach to omniscience than for originality. Whether or not his
+      position as a scientific man is as eminent as we think, you might truly
+      call him the parent of a grand progeny of scientific travellers, who,
+      taken together, have done much for science.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. It seems to me quite just to give Lyell (and secondarily E. Forbes) a
+      very prominent place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Dana was, I believe, the first man who maintained the permanence of
+      continents and the great oceans... When I read the 'Challenger's'
+      conclusion that sediment from the land is not deposited at greater
+      distances than 200 or 300 miles from the land, I was much strengthened in
+      my old belief. Wallace seems to me to have argued the case excellently.
+      Nevertheless, I would speak, if I were in your place, rather cautiously;
+      for T. Mellard Reade has argued lately with some force against the view;
+      but I cannot call to mind his arguments. If forced to express a judgment,
+      I should abide by the view of approximate permanence since Cambrian days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. The extreme importance of the Arctic fossil-plants, is self-evident.
+      Take the opportunity of groaning over [our] ignorance of the Lignite
+      Plants of Kerguelen Land, or any Antarctic land. It might do good.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. I cannot avoid feeling sceptical about the travelling of plants from
+      the North EXCEPT DURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD. It may of course have been so
+      and probably was so from one of the two poles at the earliest period,
+      during Pre-Cambrian ages; but such speculations seem to me hardly
+      scientific seeing how little we know of the old Floras.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will now jot down without any order a few miscellaneous remarks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I think you ought to allude to Alph. De Candolle's great book, for though
+      it (like almost everything else) is washed out of my mind, yet I remember
+      most distinctly thinking it a very valuable work. Anyhow, you might allude
+      to his excellent account of the history of all cultivated plants.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How shall you manage to allude to your New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego
+      work? if you do not allude to them you will be scandalously unjust.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The many Angiosperm plants in the Cretacean beds of the United States (and
+      as far as I can judge the age of these beds has been fairly well made out)
+      seems to me a fact of very great importance, so is their relation to the
+      existing flora of the United States under an Evolutionary point of view.
+      Have not some Australian extinct forms been lately found in Australia? or
+      have I dreamed it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, the recent discovery of plants rather low down in our Silurian beds
+      is very important.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nothing is more extraordinary in the history of the Vegetable Kingdom, as
+      it seems to me, than the APPARENTLY very sudden or abrupt development of
+      the higher plants. I have sometimes speculated whether there did not exist
+      somewhere during long ages an extremely isolated continent, perhaps near
+      the South Pole.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hence I was greatly interested by a view which Saporta propounded to me, a
+      few years ago, at great length in MS. and which I fancy he has since
+      published, as I urged him to do&mdash;viz., that as soon as
+      flower-frequenting insects were developed, during the latter part of the
+      secondary period, an enormous impulse was given to the development of the
+      higher plants by cross-fertilization being thus suddenly formed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A few years ago I was much struck with Axel Blytt's Essay showing from
+      observation, on the peat beds in Scandinavia, that there had apparently
+      been long periods with more rain and other with less rain (perhaps
+      connected with Croll's recurrent astronomical periods), and that these
+      periods had largely determined the present distribution of the plants of
+      Norway and Sweden. This seemed to me, a very important essay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just read over my remarks and I fear that they will not be of the
+      slightest use to you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot but think that you have got through the hardest, or at least the
+      most difficult, part of your work in having made so good and striking a
+      sketch of what you intend to say; but I can quite understand how you must
+      groan over the great necessary labour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I most heartily sympathise with you on the successes of B. and R.: as
+      years advance what happens to oneself becomes of very little consequence,
+      in comparison with the careers of our children.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Keep your spirits up, for I am convinced that you will make an excellent
+      address.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In September he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have this minute finished reading your splendid but too short address.
+      I cannot doubt that it will have been fully appreciated by the Geographers
+      of York; if not, they are asses and fools."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Sunday evening [1881].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear L.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your address (Presidential Address at the York meeting of the British
+      Association.) has made me think over what have been the great steps in
+      Geology during the last fifty years, and there can be no harm in telling
+      you my impression. But it is very odd that I cannot remember what you have
+      said on Geology. I suppose that the classification of the Silurian and
+      Cambrian formations must be considered the greatest or most important
+      step; for I well remember when all these older rocks were called
+      grau-wacke, and nobody dreamed of classing them; and now we have three
+      azoic formations pretty well made out beneath the Cambrian! But the most
+      striking step has been the discovery of the Glacial period: you are too
+      young to remember the prodigious effect this produced about the year 1840
+      (?) on all our minds. Elie de Beaumont never believed in it to the day of
+      his death! the study of the glacial deposits led to the study of the
+      superficial drift, which was formerly NEVER STUDIED and called Diluvium,
+      as I well remember. The study under the microscope of rock-sections is
+      another not inconsiderable step. So again the making out of cleavage and
+      the foliation of the metamorphic rocks. But I will not run on, having now
+      eased my mind. Pray do not waste even one minute in acknowledging my
+      horrid scrawls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following extracts referring to the late Francis Maitland Balfour
+      (Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge. He was born in 1851, and was
+      killed, with his guide, on the Aiguille Blanche, near Courmayeur, in July,
+      1882.), show my father's estimate of his work and intellectual qualities,
+      but they give merely an indication of his strong appreciation of Balfour's
+      most lovable personal character:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From a letter to Fritz Muller, January 5, 1882:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your appreciation of Balfour's book ['Comparative Embryology'] has
+      pleased me excessively, for though I could not properly judge of it, yet
+      it seemed to me one of the most remarkable books which have been published
+      for some considerable time. He is quite a young man, and if he keeps his
+      health, will do splendid work... He has a fair fortune of his own, so that
+      he can give up his whole time to Biology. He is very modest, and very
+      pleasant, and often visits here and we like him very much."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From a letter to Dr. Dohrn, February 13, 1882:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have got one very bad piece of news to tell you, that F. Balfour is
+      very ill at Cambridge with typhoid fever... I hope that he is not in a
+      very dangerous state; but the fever is severe. Good Heavens, what a loss
+      he would be to Science, and to his many loving friends!"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, January 12, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Very many thanks for 'Science and Culture,' and I am sure that I shall
+      read most of the essays with much interest. With respect to Automatism
+      ("On the hypothesis that animals are automata and its history," an Address
+      given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association, 1874, and
+      published in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1874, and in 'Science and
+      Culture.'), I wish that you could review yourself in the old, and of
+      course forgotten, trenchant style, and then you would here answer yourself
+      with equal incisiveness; and thus, by Jove, you might go on ad infinitum,
+      to the joy and instruction of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to Dr. Ogle's translation of Aristotle, 'On
+      the Parts of Animals' (1882):]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, February 22, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Ogle,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You must let me thank you for the pleasure which the introduction to the
+      Aristotle book has given me. I have rarely read anything which has
+      interested me more, though I have not read as yet more than a quarter of
+      the book proper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's
+      merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he was.
+      Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways,
+      but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle. How very curious, also,
+      his ignorance on some points, as on muscles as the means of movement. I am
+      glad that you have explained in so probable a manner some of the grossest
+      mistakes attributed to him. I never realized, before reading your book, to
+      what an enormous summation of labour we owe even our common knowledge. I
+      wish old Aristotle could know what a grand Defender of the Faith he had
+      found in you. Believe me, my dear Dr. Ogle,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In February, he received a letter and a specimen from a Mr. W.D. Crick,
+      which illustrated a curious mode of dispersal of bivalve shells, namely,
+      by closure of their valves so as to hold on to the leg of a water-beetle.
+      This class of fact had a special charm for him, and he wrote to 'Nature,'
+      describing the case. ('Nature,' April 6, 1882.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In April he received a letter from Dr. W. Van Dyck, Lecturer in Zoology at
+      the Protestant College of Beyrout. The letter showed that the street dogs
+      of Beyrout had been rapidly mongrelised by introduced European dogs, and
+      the facts have an interesting bearing on my father's theory of Sexual
+      Selection.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W.T. VAN DYCK. Down, April 3, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After much deliberation, I have thought it best to send your very
+      interesting paper to the Zoological Society, in hopes that it will be
+      published in their Journal. This journal goes to every scientific
+      institution in the world, and the contents are abstracted in all
+      year-books on Zoology. Therefore I have preferred it to 'Nature,' though
+      the latter has a wider circulation, but is ephemeral.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have prefaced your essay by a few general remarks, to which I hope that
+      you will not object.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of course I do not know that the Zoological Society, which is much
+      addicted to mere systematic work, will publish your essay. If it does, I
+      will send you copies of your essay, but these will not be ready for some
+      months. If not published by the Zoological Society, I will endeavour to
+      get 'Nature' to publish it. I am very anxious that it should be published
+      and preserved.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir, Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The paper was read at a meeting of the Zoological Society on April 18th&mdash;the
+      day before my father's death.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The preliminary remarks with which Dr. Van Dyck's paper is prefaced are
+      thus the latest of my father's writings.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We must now return to an early period of his life, and give a connected
+      account of his botanical work, which has hitherto been omitted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0010" id="link2HCH0010">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.X. &mdash; FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      [In the letters already given we have had occasion to notice the general
+      bearing of a number of botanical problems on the wider question of
+      Evolution. The detailed work in botany which my father accomplished by the
+      guidance of the light cast on the study of natural history by his own work
+      on Evolution remains to be noticed. In a letter to Mr. Murray, September
+      24th, 1861, speaking of his book on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' he
+      says: "It will perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural History may be
+      worked under the belief of the modification of species." This remark gives
+      a suggestion as to the value and interest of his botanical work, and it
+      might be expressed in far more emphatic language without danger of
+      exaggeration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says: "I think this little volume
+      will do good to the 'Origin,' as it will show that I have worked hard at
+      details." It is true that his botanical work added a mass of corroborative
+      detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support to his doctrines
+      given by these researches was of another kind. They supplied an argument
+      against those critics who have so freely dogmatised as to the uselessness
+      of particular structures, and as to the consequent impossibility of their
+      having been developed by means of natural selection. His observations on
+      Orchids enabled him to say: "I can show the meaning of some of the
+      apparently meaningless ridges, horns, who will now venture to say that
+      this or that structure is useless?" A kindred point is expressed in a
+      letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (May 14th, 1862:)&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+      adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to the
+      effects of climate, etc., but when a single point alone, as a hooked seed,
+      it is conceivable it may thus have arisen. I have found the study of
+      Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the flower
+      are co-adapted for fertilization by insects, and therefore the results of
+      natural selection&mdash;even the most trifling details of structure."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the study of Natural
+      History is the revival of Teleology. The evolutionist studies the purpose
+      or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleology, but with far
+      wider and more coherent purpose. He has the invigorating knowledge that he
+      is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy of the present, but a
+      coherent view of both past and present. And even where he fails to
+      discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge of its structure,
+      unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the life of the species.
+      In this way a vigour and unity is given to the study of the forms of
+      organised beings, which before it lacked. This point has already been
+      discussed in Mr. Huxley's chapter on the 'Reception of the "Origin of
+      Species",' and need not be here considered. It does, however, concern us
+      to recognize that this "great service to natural science," as Dr. Gray
+      describes it, was effected almost as much by his special botanical work as
+      by the 'Origin of Species.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical work,
+      I may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,' one of
+      the "Nature Series". Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship with my
+      father, and especially his power of sympathising with the work of others,
+      combine to give this essay a permanent value. The following passage (page
+      43) gives a true picture:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr. Darwin
+      always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed botanist. He
+      turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they were convenient
+      objects for studying organic phenomena in their least complicated forms;
+      and this point of view, which, if one may use the expression without
+      disrespect, had something of the amateur about it, was in itself of the
+      greatest importance. For, from not being, till he took up any point,
+      familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind was absolutely free
+      from any prepossession. He was never afraid of his facts, or of framing
+      any hypothesis, however startling, which seemed to explain them... In any
+      one else such an attitude would have produced much work that was crude and
+      rash. But Mr. Darwin&mdash;if one may venture on language which will
+      strike no one who had conversed with him as over-strained&mdash;seemed by
+      gentle persuasion to have penetrated that reserve of nature which baffles
+      smaller men. In other words, his long experience had given him a kind of
+      instinctive insight into the method of attack of any biological problem,
+      however unfamiliar to him, while he rigidly controlled the fertility of
+      his mind in hypothetical explanations by the no less fertility of
+      ingeniously devised experiment."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+      father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it is
+      necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+      emerged. It should be remembered that it was only during the early years
+      of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants, became
+      at all firmly established. Sachs, in his 'History of Botany' (1875), has
+      given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness with which
+      its acceptance gained ground. He remarks that when we consider the
+      experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by Kolreuter
+      (1761-66), it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards have been
+      raised as to the sexuality of plants. Yet he shows that such doubts did
+      actually repeatedly crop up. These adverse criticisms rested for the most
+      part on careless experiments, but in many cases on a priori arguments.
+      Even as late as 1820, a book of this kind, which would now rank with
+      circle squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was seriously noticed in a
+      botanical journal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A distinct conception of sex as applied to plants, had not long emerged
+      from the mists of profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the time
+      when my father began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at Cambridge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+      incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+      weighing down any rational view of the subject. Camerarius (Sachs,
+      'Geschichte,' page 419.) believed (naturally enough in his day) that
+      hermaphrodite flowers are necessarily self-fertilised. He had the wit to
+      be astonished at this, a degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points
+      out, the majority of his successors did not attain to.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred to
+      my father as early as 1837:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Do not plants which have male and female organs together [i.e. in the
+      same flower] yet receive influence from other plants? Does not Lyell give
+      some argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on account of
+      pollen from other plants? Because this may be applied to show all plants
+      do receive intermixture."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sprengel (Christian Conrad Sprengel, 1750-1816.), indeed, understood that
+      the hermaphrodite structure of flowers by no means necessarily leads to
+      self-fertilisation. But although he discovered that in many cases pollen
+      is of necessity carried to the stigma of another FLOWER, he did not
+      understand that in the advantage gained by the intercrossing of distinct
+      PLANTS lies the key to the whole question. Hermann Muller has well
+      remarked that this "omission was for several generations fatal to
+      Sprengel's work... For both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt
+      above all the weakness of his theory, and they set aside, along with his
+      defective ideas, his rich store of patient and acute observations and his
+      comprehensive and accurate interpretations." It remained for my father to
+      convince the world that the meaning hidden in the structure of flowers was
+      to be found by seeking light in the same direction in which Sprengel,
+      seventy years before, had laboured. Robert Brown was the connecting link
+      between them, for it was at his recommendation that my father in 1841 read
+      Sprengel's now celebrated 'Secret of Nature Displayed.' ('Das entdeckte
+      Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der Befruchtung der Blumen.' Berlin,
+      1793.) The book impressed him as being "full of truth," although "with
+      some little nonsense." It not only encouraged him in kindred speculation,
+      but guided him in his work, for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's
+      observations. It may be doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more
+      beautiful seed than in putting such a book into such hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A passage in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.) shows how it was that my
+      father was attracted to the subject of fertilisation: "During the summer
+      of 1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend to
+      the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come
+      to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+      crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The original connection between the study of flowers and the problem of
+      evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted. Moreover, it
+      was not a permanent bond. As soon as the idea arose that the offspring of
+      cross-fertilisation is, in the struggle for life, likely to conquer the
+      seedlings of self-fertilised parentage, a far more vigorous belief in the
+      potency of natural selection in moulding the structure of flowers is
+      attained. A central idea is gained towards which experiment and
+      observation may be directed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea ('Nature,'
+      June 4, 1874):&mdash;"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a
+      characteristic specimen of the science of the middle ages. The aphorism,
+      Nature abhors close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the
+      principle, belong to our age and to Mr. Darwin. To have originated this,
+      and also the principle of Natural Selection... and to have applied these
+      principles to the system of nature, in such a manner as to make, within a
+      dozen years, a deeper impression upon natural history than has been made
+      since Linnaeus, is ample title for one man's fame."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The flowers of the Papilionaceae attracted his attention early, and were
+      the subject of his first paper on fertilisation. ("Gardeners' Chronicle",
+      1857, page 725. It appears that this paper was a piece of "over-time"
+      work. He wrote to a friend, "that confounded leguminous paper was done in
+      the afternoon, and the consequence was I had to go to Moor Park for a
+      week.") The following extract from an undated letter to Dr. Asa Gray seems
+      to have been written before the publication of this paper, probably in
+      1856 or 1857:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "... What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+      facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark is
+      applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed many
+      years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly in
+      direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+      bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand. It is really
+      pretty to watch the action of a Humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean, and
+      in this genus (and in Lathyrus grandiflorus) the honey is so placed that
+      the bee invariably alights on that ONE side of the flower towards which
+      the spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it pollen), and by the
+      depression of the wing-petal is forced against the bee's side all dusted
+      with pollen. (If you will look at a bed of scarlet kidney beans you will
+      find that the wing-petals on the LEFT side alone are all scratched by the
+      tarsi of the bees. [Note in the original letter by C. Darwin.]) In the
+      broom the pistil is rubbed on the centre of the back of the bee. I suspect
+      there is something to be made out about the Leguminosae, which will bring
+      the case within OUR theory; though I have failed to do so. Our theory will
+      explain why in the vegetable and animal kingdom the act of fertilisation
+      even in hermaphrodites usually takes place sub-jove, though thus exposed
+      to GREAT injury from damp and rain. In animals which cannot be
+      [fertilised] by insects or wind, there is NO CASE of LAND-animals being
+      hermaphrodite without the concourse of two individuals."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of the
+      paper in the "Gardeners' Chronicle":&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed; but
+      I was led to believe that the pollen could HARDLY get on the stigma by
+      wind or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and moving the
+      wing petals: hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two bottles in
+      every way treated the same: the flowers in one I daily just momentarily
+      moved, as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other NOT ONE. Of
+      course this little experiment must be tried again, and this year in
+      England it is too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to set. If bees are
+      necessary to this flower's self-fertilisation, bees must almost cross
+      them, as their dusted right-side of head and right legs constantly touch
+      the stigma.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have, also, lately been re-observing daily Lobelia fulgens&mdash;this
+      in my garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without
+      pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited by
+      bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such beautiful
+      contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own pollen; which
+      seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of crosses."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858. ("Gardeners' Chronicle",
+      1858, page 828. In 1861 another paper on Fertilisation appeared in the
+      "Gardeners' Chronicle", page 552, in which he explained the action of
+      insects on Vinca major. He was attracted to the periwinkle by the fact
+      that it is not visited by insects and never set seeds.) The chief object
+      of these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+      possibility of growing varieties of leguminous plants near each other, and
+      yet keeping them true. It is curious that the Papilionaceae should not
+      only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by their
+      obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+      constituted one of his sorest puzzles. The common pea and the sweet pea
+      gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+      for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep true.
+      The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they are not
+      perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects. He could not, at
+      this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination between a
+      flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be as delicate as
+      that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation was not likely
+      to occur to him. (He was of course alive to variety in the habits of
+      insects. He published a short note in the "Entomologists Weekly
+      Intelligencer", 1860, asking whether the Tineina and other small moths
+      suck flowers.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides observing the Leguminosae, he had already begun, as shown in the
+      foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in
+      relation to insects. At the beginning of 1860 he worked at Leschenaultia
+      (He published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation of this flower,
+      in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1871, page 1166.), which at first puzzled
+      him, but was ultimately made out. A passage in a letter chiefly relating
+      to Leschenaultia seems to show that it was only in the spring of 1860 that
+      he began widely to apply his knowledge to the relation of insects to other
+      flowers. This is somewhat surprising, when we remember that he had read
+      Sprengel many years before. He wrote (May 14):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to visits
+      of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Even in July 1862 he wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is no end to the adaptations. Ought not these cases to make one
+      very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts? I fully believe
+      that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in relation to
+      insects. Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the witty
+      "Athenaeum") world."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that several
+      kinds are common near Down. The letters of 1860 show that these plants
+      occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part of the
+      summer and all the autumn to the subject. He evidently considered himself
+      idle for wasting time on Orchids, which ought to have been given to
+      'Variation under Domestication.' Thus he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+      but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not sticking
+      to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks. I hear that Lyell is
+      savage at me. I shall never resist Linum next summer."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking and
+      familiar facts in the book, namely, the manner in which the pollen masses
+      in Orchis are adapted for removal by insects. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+      July 12:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been examining Orchis pyramidalis, and it almost equals, perhaps
+      even beats, your Listera case; the sticky glands are congenitally united
+      into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of movement, and seizes
+      hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable manner, and then another
+      movement takes place in the pollen masses, by which they are beautifully
+      adapted to leave pollen on the two LATERAL stigmatic surfaces. I never saw
+      anything so beautiful."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In June of the same year he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You speak of adaptation being rarely VISIBLE, though present in plants. I
+      have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I
+      think its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and
+      plain, or even more beautiful than in the Woodpecker. I have written and
+      sent a notice for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" (June 9, 1860. This seems to
+      have attracted some attention, especially among entomologists, as it was
+      reprinted in the "Entomologists Weekly Intelligencer", 1860.), on a
+      curious difficulty in the Bee Orchis, and should much like to hear what
+      you think of the case. In this article I have incidentally touched on
+      adaptation to visits of insects; but the contrivance to keep the sticky
+      glands fresh and sticky beats almost everything in nature. I never
+      remember having seen it described, but it must have been, and, as I ought
+      not in my book to give the observation as my own, I should be very glad to
+      know where this beautiful contrivance is described."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common orchids,
+      and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the hills, but I
+      have been so struck with admiration at the contrivances, that I have sent
+      a notice to the "Gardeners' Chronicle". The Ophrys apifera, offers, as you
+      will see, a curious contradiction in structure."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+      1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+      good use in the Orchid book. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you,
+      after examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me
+      feel positive I am right! I do not quite understand some of your terms;
+      but sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am intensely
+      interested on the subject, just as at a game of chess."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This work was valuable from a systematic point of view. In 1880 he wrote
+      to Mr. Bentham:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchideae, for it has
+      pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the LEAST use to
+      you about the nature of the parts."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown in
+      such extracts as the following from a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (July 27,
+      1861):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me. They came safe,
+      but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa- or snuff-canister much
+      safer. I enclose postage. As an account of the movement, I shall allude to
+      what I suppose is Oncidium, to make CERTAIN,&mdash;is the enclosed flower
+      with crumpled petals this genus? Also I most specially want to know what
+      the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is. I have only seen pollen of a
+      Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not unintentionally sent me what I
+      wanted most (after Catasetum or Mormodes), viz. one of the Epidendreae?! I
+      PARTICULARLY want (and will presently tell you why) another spike of this
+      little Orchid, with older flowers, some even almost withered."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray (1863).
+      referring to Cruger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:&mdash;"Happy man,
+      he has actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with the
+      pollinia sticking to their backs!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following extracts of letters to Sir J.D. Hooker illustrate further
+      the interest which his work excited in him:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning. What wonderful structures!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I enjoy
+      looking at them MUCH, and it has been very useful to me, seeing so many
+      different forms, it is idleness. For my object each species requires
+      studying for days. I wish you had time to take up the group. I would give
+      a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have traced so many
+      curious modifications. I suppose it cannot be one of the stigmas (It is a
+      modification of the upper stigma.), there seems a great tendency for two
+      lateral stigmas to appear. My paper, though touching on only subordinate
+      points will run, I fear, to 100 MS. folio pages! The beauty of the
+      adaptation of parts seems to me unparalleled. I should think or guess waxy
+      pollen was most differentiated. In Cypripedium which seems least modified,
+      and a much exterminated group, the grains are single. In ALL OTHERS, as
+      far as I have seen, they are in packets of four; and these packets cohere
+      into many wedge-formed masses in Orchis; into eight, four, and finally
+      two. It seems curious that a flower should exist, which could AT MOST
+      fertilise only two other flowers, seeing how abundant pollen generally is;
+      this fact I look at as explaining the perfection of the contrivance by
+      which the pollen, so important from its fewness, is carried from flower to
+      flower" (1861).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the Orchids
+      came. What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you really must
+      not take an atom more; for the Orchids are more play than real work. I
+      have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked all morning at
+      them; for heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more" (August 30, 1861).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+      Linnean Society's Journal, but it soon became evident that a separate
+      volume would be a more suitable form of publication. In a letter to Sir
+      J.D. Hooker, September 24, 1861, he writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and perhaps
+      in truth I have. When I finished a few days ago my Orchis paper, which
+      turns out 140 folio pages!! and thought of the expense of woodcuts, I said
+      to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society to withdraw it, and publish it
+      in a pamphlet. It then flashed on me that perhaps Murray would publish it,
+      so I gave him a cautious description, and offered to share risks and
+      profits. This morning he writes that he will publish and take all risks,
+      and share profits and pay for all illustrations. It is a risk, and heaven
+      knows whether it will not be a dead failure, but I have not deceived
+      Murray, and [have] told him that it would interest those alone who cared
+      much for natural history. I hope I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the
+      many special contrivances."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He wrote the two following letters to Mr. Murray about the publication of
+      the book:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, September 21 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Will you have the kindness to give me your opinion, which I shall
+      implicitly follow. I have just finished a very long paper intended for
+      Linnean Society (the title is enclosed), and yesterday for the first time
+      it occurred to me that POSSIBLY it might be worth publishing separately
+      which would save me trouble and delay. The facts are new, and have been
+      collected during twenty years and strike me as curious. Like a Bridgewater
+      treatise, the chief object is to show the perfection of the many
+      contrivances in Orchids. The subject of propagation is interesting to most
+      people, and is treated in my paper so that any woman could read it. Parts
+      are dry and purely scientific; but I think my paper would interest a good
+      many of such persons who care for Natural History, but no others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... It would be a very little book, and I believe you think very little
+      books objectionable. I have myself GREAT doubts on the subject. I am very
+      apt to think that my geese are swans; but the subject seems to me curious
+      and interesting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I beg you not to be guided in the least in order to oblige me, but as far
+      as you can judge, please give me your opinion. If I were to publish
+      separately, I would agree to any terms, such as half risk and half profit,
+      or what you liked; but I would not publish on my sole risk, for to be
+      frank, I have been told that no publisher whatever, under such
+      circumstances, cares for the success of a book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY. Down, September 24 [1861].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very much obliged for your note and very liberal offer. I have had
+      some qualms and fears. All that I can feel sure of is that the MS.
+      contains many new and curious facts, and I am sure the Essay would have
+      interested me, and will interest those who feel lively interest in the
+      wonders of nature; but how far the public will care for such minute
+      details, I cannot at all tell. It is a bold experiment; and at worst,
+      cannot entail much loss; as a certain amount of sale will, I think, be
+      pretty certain. A large sale is out of the question. As far as I can
+      judge, generally the points which interest me I find interest others; but
+      I make the experiment with fear and trembling,&mdash;not for my own sake,
+      but for yours...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [On September 28th he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back. I
+      have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing my
+      paper, a most ridiculous thing. It would annoy me much, but only for
+      Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still
+      receiving Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is impossible to thank you enough. I was almost mad at the wealth of
+      Orchids." And again&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+      which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be irritable;
+      so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech you, observe
+      what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must be touched.
+      Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum, the most
+      wonderful Orchid I have seen."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On October 13th he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature. I have had the hardest
+      day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand at
+      last the mechanism of movements and the functions. Catasetum is a
+      beautiful case of slight modification of structure leading to new
+      functions. I never was more interested in any subject in my life than in
+      this of Orchids. I owe very much to you."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall be
+      most grateful; had I not better send for it? The case is truly marvellous;
+      the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch is certainly
+      transmitted through the antennae for more than one inch INSTANTANEOUSLY...
+      A cursed insect or something let my last flower off last night."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Professor de Candolle has remarked ('Darwin considere, etc.,' 'Archives
+      des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles,' 3eme periode. Tome vii. 481, 1882
+      (May).) of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui qui aurait demande de construire
+      des palais pour y loger des laboratoires." This was singularly true of his
+      orchid work, or rather it would be nearer the truth to say that he had no
+      laboratory, for it was only after the publication of the 'Fertilisation of
+      Orchids,' that he built himself a greenhouse. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+      (December 24th, 1862):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And now I am going to tell you a MOST important piece of news!! I have
+      almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really
+      firs-rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and see
+      that it is well done, and he is really a clever fellow, who wins lots of
+      prizes, and is very observant. He believes that we should succeed with a
+      little patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to experiment with
+      plants."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+      just like a schoolboy. Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+      give me; and then I shall know what to order? And do advise me how I had
+      better get such plants as you can SPARE. Would it do to send my tax-cart
+      early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the cart with
+      mats, and arriving here before night? I have no idea whether this degree
+      of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could injure
+      stov-plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the journey
+      home."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A week later he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "you cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than your
+      dead Wedgwood ware can give you); and I go and gloat over them, but we
+      privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own, perhaps
+      we should not see such transcendent beauty in each leaf."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And in March, when he was extremely unwell he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A few words about the Stove-plants; they do so amuse me. I have crawled
+      to see them two or three times. Will you correct and answer, and return
+      enclosed. I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names (His
+      difficulty with regard to the names of plants is illustrated, with regard
+      to a Lupine on which he was at work, in an extract from a letter (July 21,
+      1866) to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I sent to the nursery garden, whence I bought
+      the seed, and could only hear that it was 'the common blue Lupine,' the
+      man saying 'he was no scholard, and did not know Latin, and that parties
+      who make experiments ought to find out the names.'"), and I like much to
+      know the family."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to
+      Murray, June 13th and 18th:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me
+      (perhaps you) the 'Parthenon,' with a good review. The "Athenaeum" (May
+      24, 1862.) treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer
+      knew nothing of his subject."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the 'London Review,'
+      (June 14, 1862.) But I have not been a fool, as I thought I was, to
+      publish (Doubts on this point still, however, occurred to him about this
+      time. He wrote to Prof. Oliver (June 8): "I am glad that you have read my
+      Orchis-book and seem to approve of it; for I never published anything
+      which I so much doubted whether it was worth publishing, and indeed I
+      still doubt. The subject interested me beyond what, I suppose, it is
+      worth."); for Asa Gray, about the most competent judge in the world,
+      thinks almost as highly of the book as does the 'London Review.' The
+      "Athenaeum" will hinder the sale greatly."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Rev. M.J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the 'London
+      Review,' as my father learned from Sir J.D. Hooker, who added, 'I thought
+      it very well done indeed. I have read a good deal of the Orchid-book, and
+      echo all he says."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "My dear Old Friend,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart, but you will never know
+      how often you have warmed mine. It is not your approbation of my
+      scientific work (though I care for that more than for any one's): it is
+      something deeper. To this day I remember keenly a letter you wrote to me
+      from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and how it cheered me when I
+      was utterly weary of life. Well, my Orchis-book is a success (but I do not
+      know whether it sells.)"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and Oliver
+      approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness, and doubted
+      whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and concocted pleasant
+      little stinging remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr. Darwin's head seems to
+      have been turned by a certain degree of success, and he thinks that the
+      most trifling observations are worth publication.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Bentham's approval was given in his Presidential Address to the
+      Linnean Society, May 24, 1862, and was all the more valuable because it
+      came from one who was by no means supposed to be favourable to
+      evolutionary doctrines.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 10 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your generous sympathy makes you overestimate what you have read of my
+      Orchid-book. But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+      foolish amount of satisfaction. The subject interested me, I knew, beyond
+      its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made myself a
+      complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form. Now I shall
+      confidently defy the world. I have heard that Bentham and Oliver approve
+      of it; but I have heard the opinion of no one else whose opinion is worth
+      a farthing... No doubt my volume contains much error: how curiously
+      difficult it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost. Your notes have
+      interested me beyond measure. I can now afford to d&mdash; my critics with
+      ineffable complacency of mind. Cordial thanks for this benefit. It is
+      surprising to me that you should have strength of mind to care for
+      science, amidst the awful events daily occurring in your country. I daily
+      look at the "Times" with almost as much interest as an American could do.
+      When will peace come? it is dreadful to think of the desolation of large
+      parts of your magnificent country; and all the speechless misery suffered
+      by many. I hope and think it not unlikely that we English are wrong in
+      concluding that it will take a long time for prosperity to return to you.
+      It is an awful subject to reflect on...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Dr. Asa Gray reviewed the book in 'Silliman's Journal' ('Silliman's
+      Journal,' volume xxiv. page 138. Here is given an account of the
+      fertilisation of Platanthera Hookeri. P. hyperborea is discussed in Dr.
+      Gray's 'Enumeration' in the same volume, page 259; also, with other
+      species, in a second notice of the Orchid-book at page 420.), where he
+      speaks, in strong terms, of the fascination which it must have for even
+      slightly instructed readers. He made, too, some original observations on
+      an American orchid, and these first-fruits of the subject, sent in MS. or
+      proof sheet to my father, were welcomed by him in a letter (July 23rd):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Last night, after writing the above, I read the great bundle of notes.
+      Little did I think what I had to read. What admirable observations! You
+      have distanced me on my own hobby-horse! I have not had for weeks such a
+      glow of pleasure as your observations gave me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next letter refers to the publication of the review:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, July 28 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hardly know what to thank for first. Your stamps gave infinite
+      satisfaction. I took him (One of his boys who was ill.) first one lot, and
+      then an hour afterwards another lot. He actually raised himself on one
+      elbow to look at them. It was the first animation he showed. He said only:
+      "You must thank Professor Gray awfully." In the evening after a long
+      silence, there came out the oracular sentence: "He is awfully kind." And
+      indeed you are, overworked as you are, to take so much trouble for our
+      poor dear little man.&mdash;And now I must begin the "awfullys" on my own
+      account: what a capital notice you have published on the orchids! It could
+      not have been better; but I fear that you overrate it. I am very sure that
+      I had not the least idea that you or any one would approve of it so much.
+      I return your last note for the chance of your publishing any notice on
+      the subject; but after all perhaps you may not think it worth while; yet
+      in my judgment SEVERAL of your facts, especially Platanthera hyperborea,
+      are MUCH too good to be merged in a review. But I have always noticed that
+      you are prodigal in originality in your reviews...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+      writing in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor. My
+      father wrote to Sir Joseph (November 12, 1862):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "So you did write the review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". Once or twice
+      I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap at R.
+      Brown, I doubted no longer. You arch-rogue! I do not wonder you have
+      deceived others also. Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you have
+      much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming from you I
+      value it much more than from any other."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I am
+      fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists." Among
+      naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+      appreciation of the book. I have no means of knowing when he read it, but
+      in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic in
+      praise of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' which he considered "next to the
+      'Origin,' as the most valuable of all Darwin's works." Among the general
+      public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus he wrote
+      to his cousin Fox in September 1862: "Hardly any one not a botanist,
+      except yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A favourable notice appeared in the "Saturday Review", October 18th, 1862;
+      the reviewer points out that the book would escape the angry polemics
+      aroused by the 'Origin.' (Dr. Gray pointed out that if the Orchid-book
+      (with a few trifling omissions) had appeared before the 'Origin,' the
+      author would have been canonised rather than anathematised by the natural
+      theologians.) This is illustrated by a review in the "Literary Churchman",
+      in which only one fault found, namely, that Mr. Darwin's expression of
+      admiration at the contrivances in orchids is too indirect a way of saying,
+      "O Lord, how manifold are Thy works!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A somewhat similar criticism occurs in the 'Edinburgh Review' (October
+      1862). The writer points out that Mr. Darwin constantly uses phrases, such
+      as "beautiful contrivance," "the labellum is... IN ORDER TO attract," "the
+      nectar is PURPOSELY lodged." The Reviewer concludes his discussion thus:
+      "We know, too that these purposes and ideas are not our own, but the ideas
+      and purposes of Another."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The 'Edinburgh' reviewer's treatment of this subject was criticised in the
+      "Saturday Review", November 15th, 1862: With reference to this article my
+      father wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (December 29th, 1862):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Here is an odd chance; my nephew Henry Parker, an Oxford Classic, and
+      Fellow of Oriel, came here this evening; and I asked him whether he knew
+      who had written the little article in the "Saturday", smashing the
+      [Edinburgh reviewer], which we liked; and after a little hesitation he
+      owned he had. I never knew that he wrote in the "Saturday"; and was it not
+      an odd chance?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The 'Edinburgh' article was written by the Duke of Argyll, and has since
+      been made use of in his 'Reign of Law,' 1867. Mr. Wallace replied
+      ('Quarterly Journal of Science,' October 1867. Republished in 'Natural
+      Selection,' 1871.) to the Duke's criticisms, making some specially good
+      remarks on those which refer to orchids. He shows how, by a "beautiful
+      self-acting adjustment," the nectary of the orchid Angraecum (from 10 to
+      14 inches in length), and the proboscis of a moth sufficiently long to
+      reach the nectar, might be developed by natural selection. He goes on to
+      point out that on any other theory we must suppose that the flower was
+      created with an enormously long nectary, and that then by a special act,
+      an insect was created fitted to visit the flower, which would otherwise
+      remain sterile. With regard to this point my father wrote (October 12 or
+      13, 1867):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I forgot to remark how capitally you turn the tables on the Duke, when
+      you make him create the Angraecum and Moth by special creation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers, we
+      do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+      immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book. There are a few
+      papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and by
+      Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+      Hildebrand, and the Mullers, did not begin to appear until about 1867. The
+      period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before they
+      became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short. The later
+      activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact that the
+      valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson in his translation
+      of Muller's 'Befruchtung' (1883), contains references to 814 papers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides the book on Orchids, my father wrote two or three papers on the
+      subject, which will be found mentioned in the Appendix. The earliest of
+      these, on the three sexual forms of Catasetum, was published in 1862; it
+      is an anticipation of part of the Orchid-book, and was merely published in
+      the Linnean Society's Journal, in acknowledgment of the use made of a
+      specimen in the Society's possession. The possibility of apparently
+      distinct species being merely sexual forms of a single species, suggested
+      a characteristic experiment, which is alluded to in the following letter
+      to one of his earliest disciples in the study of the fertilisation of
+      flowers:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE. (The late Mr.
+      Moggridge, author of 'Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders,' 'Flora of
+      Mentone,' etc.) Down, October 13 [1865].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am especially obliged to you for your beautiful plates and letter-press;
+      for no single point in natural history interests and perplexes me so much
+      as the self-fertilisation (He once remarked to Dr. Norman Moore that one
+      of the things that made him wish to live a few thousand years, was his
+      desire to see the extinction of the Bee-orchis,&mdash;an end to which he
+      believed its self-fertilising habit was leading.) of the Bee-orchis. You
+      have already thrown some light on the subject, and your present
+      observations promise to throw more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I formed two conjectures: first, that some insect during certain seasons
+      might cross the plants, but I have almost given up this; nevertheless,
+      pray have a look at the flowers next season. Secondly, I conjectured that
+      the Spider and Bee-orchis might be a crossing and self-fertile form of the
+      same species. Accordingly I wrote some years ago to an acquaintance,
+      asking him to mark some Spider-orchids, and observe whether they retained
+      the same character; but he evidently thought the request as foolish as if
+      I had asked him to mark one of his cows with a ribbon, to see if it would
+      turn next spring into a horse. Now will you be so kind as to tie a string
+      round the stem of a half-a-dozen Spider-orchids, and when you leave
+      Mentone dig them up, and I would try and cultivate them and see if they
+      kept constant; but I should require to know in what sort of soil and
+      situations they grow. It would be indispensable to mark the plant so that
+      there could be no mistake about the individual. It is also just possible
+      that the same plant would throw up, at different seasons different
+      flower-scapes, and the marked plants would serve as evidence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With many thanks, my dear sir, Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I send by this post my paper on climbing plants, parts of which
+      you might like to read.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Sir Thomas Farrer and Dr. W. Ogle were also guided and encouraged by my
+      father in their observations. The following refers to a paper by Sir
+      Thomas Farrer, in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 1868, on
+      the fertilisation of the Scarlet Runner:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER. Down, September 15, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mr. Farrer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I grieve to say that the MAIN features of your case are known. I am the
+      sinner and described them some ten years ago. But I overlooked many
+      details, as the appendage to the single stamen, and several other points.
+      I send my notes, but I must beg for their return, as I have NO OTHER COPY.
+      I quite agree, the facts are most striking, especially as you put them.
+      Are you sure that the Hive-bee is the cutter? it is against my experience.
+      If sure, make the point more prominent, or if not sure, erase it. I do not
+      think the subject is quite new enough for the Linnean Society; but I dare
+      say the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' or "Gardeners'
+      Chronicle" would gladly publish your observations, and it is a great pity
+      they should be lost. If you like I would send your paper to either quarter
+      with a note. In this case you must give a title, and your name, and
+      perhaps it would be well to premise your remarks with a line of reference
+      to my paper stating that you had observed independently and more fully.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have read my own paper over after an interval of several years, and am
+      amused at the caution with which I put the case that the final end was for
+      crossing distinct individuals, of which I was then as fully convinced as
+      now, but I knew that the doctrine would shock all botanists. Now the
+      opinion is becoming familiar.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To see penetration of pollen-tubes is not difficult, but in most cases
+      requires some practice with dissecting under a one-tenth of an inch focal
+      distance single lens; and just at first this will seem to you extremely
+      difficult.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What a capital observer you are&mdash;a first-rate Naturalist has been
+      sacrificed, or partly sacrificed to Public life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;If you come across any large Salvia, look at it&mdash;the
+      contrivance is admirable. It went to my heart to tell a man who came here
+      a few weeks ago with splendid drawings and MS. on Salvia, that the work
+      had been all done in Germany. (Dr. W. Ogle, the observer of the
+      fertilisation of Salvia here alluded to, published his results in the
+      'Pop. Science Review,' 1869. He refers both gracefully and gratefully to
+      his relationship with my father in the introduction to his translation of
+      Kerner's 'Flowers and their Unbidden Guests.')
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following extract is from a letter, November 26th, 1868, to Sir
+      Thomas Farrer, written as I learn from him, "in answer to a request for
+      some advice as to the best modes of observation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In my opinion the best plan is to go on working and making copious notes,
+      without much thought of publication, and then if the results turn out
+      striking publish them. It is my impression, but I do not feel sure that I
+      am right, that the best and most novel plan would be, instead of
+      describing the means of fertilisation in particular plants, to investigate
+      the part which certain structures play with all plants or throughout
+      certain orders; for instance, the brush of hairs on the style, or the
+      diadelphous condition of the stamens, in the Leguminosae, or the hairs
+      within the corolla, etc. etc. Looking to your note, I think that this is
+      perhaps the plan which you suggest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is well to remember that Naturalists value observations far more than
+      reasoning; therefore your conclusions should be as often as possible
+      fortified by noticing how insects actually do the work."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1869, Sir Thomas Farrer corresponded with my father on the
+      fertilisation of Passiflora and of Tacsonia. He has given me his
+      impressions of the correspondence:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I had suggested that the elaborate series of chevaux-de-frise, by which
+      the nectary of the common Passiflora is guarded, were specially calculated
+      to protect the flower from the stiff-beaked humming birds which would not
+      fertilise it, and to facilitate the access of the little proboscis of the
+      humble bee, which would do so; whilst, on the other hand, the long pendent
+      tube and flexible valve-like corona which retains the nectar of Tacsonia
+      would shut out the bee, which would not, and admit the humming bird which
+      would, fertilise that flower. The suggestion is very possibly worthless,
+      and could only be verified or refuted by examination of flowers in the
+      countries where they grow naturally... What interested me was to see that
+      on this as on almost any other point of detailed observation, Mr. Darwin
+      could always say, 'Yes; but at one time I made some observations myself on
+      this particular point; and I think you will find, etc. etc.' That he
+      should after years of interval remember that he had noticed the peculiar
+      structure to which I was referring in the Passiflora princeps struck me at
+      the time as very remarkable."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the spread of a belief in the adaptation of flowers for
+      cross-fertilisation, my father wrote to Mr. Bentham April 22, 1868:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Most of the criticisms which I sometimes meet with in French works
+      against the frequency of crossing, I am certain are the result of mere
+      ignorance. I have never hitherto found the rule to fail that when an
+      author describes the structure of a flower as specially adapted for
+      self-fertilisation, it is really adapted for crossing. The Fumariaceae
+      offer a good instance of this, and Treviranus threw this order in my
+      teeth; but in Corydalis, Hildebrand shows how utterly false the idea of
+      self-fertilisation is. This author's paper on Salvia is really worth
+      reading, and I have observed some species, and know that he is accurate."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next letter refers to Professor Hildebrand's paper on Corydalis,
+      published in the 'Proc. Internat. Hort. Congress,' London, 1866, and in
+      Pringsheim's 'Jahrbucher,' volume v. The memoir on Salvia alluded to is
+      contained in the previous volume of the same Journal:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND. (Professor of Botany at
+      Freiburg.) Down, May 16 [1866].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The state of my health prevents my attending the Hort. Congress; but I
+      forwarded yesterday your paper to the secretary, and if they are not
+      overwhelmed with papers, yours will be gladly received. I have made many
+      observations on the Fumariaceae, and convinced myself that they were
+      adapted for insect agency; but I never observed anything nearly so curious
+      as your most interesting facts. I hope you will repeat your experiments on
+      the Corydalis on a larger scale, and especially on several distinct
+      plants; for your plant might have been individually peculiar, like certain
+      individual plants of Lobelia, etc., described by Gartner, and of
+      Passiflora and Orchids described by Mr. Scott...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Since writing to you before, I have read your admirable memoir on Salvia,
+      and it has interested me almost as much as when I first investigated the
+      structure of Orchids. Your paper illustrates several points in my 'Origin
+      of Species,' especially the transition of organs. Knowing only two or
+      three species in the genus, I had often marvelled how one cell of the
+      anther could have been transformed into the movable plate or spoon; and
+      how well you show the gradations; but I am surprised that you did not more
+      strongly insist on this point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall be still more surprised if you do not ultimately come to the same
+      belief with me, as shown by so many beautiful contrivances, that all
+      plants require, from some unknown cause, to be occasionally fertilized by
+      pollen from a distinct individual. With sincere respect, believe me, my
+      dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to the late Hermann Muller's 'Befruchtung der
+      Blumen,' by far the most valuable of the mass of literature originating in
+      the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.' An English translation, by Prof. D'Arcy
+      Thompson was published in 1883. My father's "Prefatory Notice" to this
+      work is dated February 6, 1882, and is therefore almost the last of his
+      writings:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER. Down, May 5, 1873.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Owing to all sorts of interruptions and to my reading German so slowly, I
+      have read only to page 88 of your book; but I must have the pleasure of
+      telling you how very valuable a work it appears to me. Independently of
+      the many original observations, which of course form the most important
+      part, the work will be of the highest use as a means of reference to all
+      that has been done on the subject. I am fairly astonished at the number of
+      species of insects, the visits of which to different flowers you have
+      recorded. You must have worked in the most indefatigable manner. About
+      half a year ago the editor of 'Nature' suggested that it would be a grand
+      undertaking if a number of naturalists were to do what you have already
+      done on so large a scale with respect to the visits of insects. I have
+      been particularly glad to read your historical sketch, for I had never
+      before seen all the references put together. I have sometimes feared that
+      I was in error when I said that C.K. Sprengel did not fully perceive that
+      cross-fertilisation was the final end of the structure of flowers; but now
+      this fear is relieved, and it is a great satisfaction to me to believe
+      that I have aided in making his excellent book more generally known.
+      Nothing has surprised me more than to see in your historical sketch how
+      much I myself have done on the subject, as it never before occurred to me
+      to think of all my papers as a whole. But I do not doubt that your
+      generous appreciation of the labours of others has led you to
+      over-estimate what I have done. With very sincere thanks and respect,
+      believe me,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;I have mentioned your book to almost every one who, as far as I
+      know, cares for the subject in England; and I have ordered a copy to be
+      send to our Royal Society.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter, to Dr. Behrens, refers to the same subject as the last:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. BEHRENS. Down, August 29 [1878].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very much obliged to you for having sent me your 'Geschichte der
+      Bestaubungs-Theorie' (Progr. der K. Gewerbschule zu Elberfeld, 1877,
+      1878.), and which has interested me much. It has put some things in a new
+      light, and has told me other things which I did not know. I heartily agree
+      with you in your high appreciation of poor old C. Sprengel's work; and one
+      regrets bitterly that he did not live to see his labours thus valued. It
+      rejoices me also to notice how highly you appreciate H. Muller, who has
+      always seemed to me an admirable observer and reasoner. I am at present
+      endeavouring to persuade an English publisher to bring out a translation
+      of his 'Befruchtung.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, permit me to thank you for your very generous remarks on my works.
+      By placing what I have been able to do on this subject in systematic
+      order, you have made me think more highly of my own work than I ever did
+      before! Nevertheless, I fear that you have done me more than justice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The letter which follows was called forth by Dr. Gray's article in
+      'Nature,' to which reference has already been made, and which appeared
+      June 4, 1874:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 3 [1874].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was rejoiced to see your hand-writing again in your note of the 4th, of
+      which more anon. I was astonished to see announced about a week ago that
+      you were going to write in 'Nature' an article on me, and this morning I
+      received an advance copy. It is the grandest thing ever written about me,
+      especially as coming from a man like yourself. It has deeply pleased me,
+      particularly some of your side remarks. It is a wonderful thing to me to
+      live to see my name coupled in any fashion with that of Robert Brown. But
+      you are a bold man, for I am sure that you will be sneered at by not a few
+      botanists. I have never been so honoured before, and I hope it will do me
+      good and make me try to be as careful as possible; and good heavens, how
+      difficult accuracy is! I feel a very proud man, but I hope this won't
+      last...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Fritz Muller has observed that the flowers of Hedychium are so arranged
+      that the pollen is removed by the wings of hovering butterflies. My
+      father's prediction of this observation is given in the following letter:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER. Down, August 7, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I was much interested by your brother's article on Hedychium; about
+      two years ago I was so convinced that the flowers were fertilized by the
+      tips of the wings of large moths, that I wrote to India to ask a man to
+      observe the flowers and catch the moths at work, and he sent me 20 to 30
+      Sphin-moths, but so badly packed that they all arrived in fragments; and I
+      could make out nothing...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following extract from a letter (February 25, 1864), to Dr. Gray
+      refers to another prediction fulfilled:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have of course seen no one, and except good dear Hooker, I hear from no
+      one. He, like a good and true friend, though so overworked, often writes
+      to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have had one letter which has interested me greatly, with a paper,
+      which will appear in the Linnean Journal, by Dr. Cruger of Trinidad, which
+      shows that I am all right about Catasetum, even to the spot where the
+      pollinia adhere to the bees, which visit the flower, as I said, to gnaw
+      the labellum. Cruger's account of Coryanthes and the use of the
+      bucket-like labellum full of water beats everything: I SUSPECT that the
+      bees being well wetted flattens their hairs, and allows the viscid disc to
+      adhere."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, December 24,
+      1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I thank you sincerely for your long and most interesting letter, which I
+      should have answered sooner had it not been delayed in London. I had not
+      heard before that I was to be proposed as a Corresponding Member of the
+      Institute. Living so retired a life as I do, such honours affect me very
+      little, and I can say with entire truth that your kind expression of
+      sympathy has given and will give me much more pleasure than the election
+      itself, should I be elected.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your idea that dicotyledonous plants were not developed in force until
+      sucking insects had been evolved seems to me a splendid one. I am
+      surprised that the idea never occurred to me, but this is always the case
+      when one first hears a new and simple explanation of some mysterious
+      phenomenon... I formerly showed that we might fairly assume that the
+      beauty of flowers, their sweet odour and copious nectar, may be attributed
+      to the existence of flower-haunting insects, but your idea, which I hope
+      you will publish, goes much further and is much more important. With
+      respect to the great development of mammifers in the later Geological
+      periods following from the development of dicotyledons, I think it ought
+      to be proved that such animals as deer, cows, horses, etc. could not
+      flourish if fed exclusively on the gramineae and other anemophilous
+      monocotyledons; and I do not suppose that any evidence on this head
+      exists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your suggestion of studying the manner of fertilisation of the surviving
+      members of the most ancient forms of the dicotyledons is a very good one,
+      and I hope that you will keep it in mind yourself, for I have turned my
+      attention to other subjects. Delpino I think says that Magnolia is
+      fertilised by insects which gnaw the petals, and I should not be surprised
+      if the same fact holds good with Nymphaea. Whenever I have looked at the
+      flowers of these latter plants I have felt inclined to admit the view that
+      petals are modified stamens, and not modified leaves; though Poinsettia
+      seems to show that true leaves might be converted into coloured petals. I
+      grieve to say that I have never been properly grounded in Botany and have
+      studied only special points&mdash;therefore I cannot pretend to express
+      any opinion on your remarks on the origin of the flowers of the Coniferae,
+      Gnetaceae, etc.; but I have been delighted with what you say on the
+      conversion of a monoecious species into a hermaphrodite one by the
+      condensations of the verticils on a branch bearing female flowers near the
+      summit, and male flowers below.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I expect Hooker to come here before long, and I will then show him your
+      drawing, and if he makes any important remarks I will communicate with
+      you. He is very busy at present in clearing off arrears after his American
+      Expedition, so that I do not like to trouble him, even with the briefest
+      note. I am at present working with my son at some Physiological subjects,
+      and we are arriving at very curious results, but they are not as yet
+      sufficiently certain to be worth communicating to you...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In 1877 a second edition of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' was published,
+      the first edition having been for some time out of print. The new edition
+      was remodelled and almost re-written, and a large amount of new matter
+      added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz Muller.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book. After much doubt I
+      have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that is
+      to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the small
+      quantity of work left in me for new matter."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He may have felt a diminution of his powers of reviewing large bodies of
+      facts, such as would be needed in the preparation of new editions, but his
+      powers of observation were certainly not diminished. He wrote to Mr. Dyer
+      on July 14, 1878:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thalia dealbata was sent me from Kew: it has flowered and after looking
+      casually at the flowers, they have driven me almost mad, and I have worked
+      at them for a week: it is as grand a case as that of Catasetum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pistil vigorously motile (so that whole flower shakes when pistil suddenly
+      coils up); when excited by a touch the two filaments [are] produced
+      laterally and transversely across the flower (just over the nectar) from
+      one of the petals or modified stamens. It is splendid to watch the
+      phenomenon under a weak power when a bristle is inserted into a YOUNG
+      flower which no insect has visited. As far as I know Stylidium is the sole
+      case of sensitive pistil and here it is the pistil + stamens. In Thalia
+      (Hildebrand has described an explosive arrangement in some of the
+      Maranteae&mdash;the tribe to which Thalia belongs.) cross-fertilisation is
+      ensured by the wonderful movement, if bees visit several flowers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now relieved my mind and will tell the purport of this note&mdash;viz.
+      if any other species of Thalia besides T. dealbata should flower with you,
+      for the love of heaven and all the saints, send me a few in TIN BOX WITH
+      DAMP MOSS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your insane friend, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In 1878 Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's interesting book, 'Flowers and
+      their Unbidden Guests,' was published. My father, who felt much interest
+      in the translation (as appears in the following letter), contributed some
+      prefatory words of approval:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, December 16 [1878].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have now read Kerner's book, which is better even than I
+      anticipated. The translation seems to me as clear as daylight, and written
+      in forcible and good familiar English. I am rather afraid that it is too
+      good for the English public, which seems to like very washy food, unless
+      it be administered by some one whose name is well-known, and then I
+      suspect a good deal of the unintelligible is very pleasing to them. I hope
+      to heaven that I may be wrong. Anyhow, you and Mrs. Ogle have done a right
+      good service for Botanical Science. Yours very sincerely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;You have done me much honour in your prefatory remarks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to Mr.
+      Bentham, February 16, 1880. It shows the amount of pleasure which this
+      subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him) that his
+      reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations which
+      preceded its publication. Not to the applause which followed it:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think with a
+      glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in their
+      method of fertilisation."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0011" id="link2HCH0011">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.XI. &mdash; THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND SELF-FERTILISATION
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.'
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [This book, as pointed out in the 'Autobiography,' is a complement to the
+      'Fertilisation of Orchids,' because it shows how important are the results
+      of cross-fertilisation which are ensured by the mechanisms described in
+      that book.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By proving that the offspring of cross-fertilisation are more vigorous
+      than the offspring of self-fertilisation, he showed that one circumstance
+      which influences the fate of young plants in the struggle for life is the
+      degree to which their parents are fitted for cross-fertilisation. He thus
+      convinced himself that the intensity of the struggle (which he had
+      elsewhere shown to exist among young plants) is a measure of the strength
+      of a selective agency perpetually sifting out every modification in the
+      structure of flowers which can effect its capabilities for
+      cros-fertilisation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+      the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality. The increased vigour
+      resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to the
+      advantage gained by change of conditions. So strongly is this the case,
+      that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to the
+      offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+      conditions. So that the really important thing is not that two individuals
+      of different BLOOD shall unite, but two individuals which have been
+      subjected to different conditions. We are thus led to believe that
+      sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+      coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not
+      follow if reproductions were entirely asexual.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of
+      experimental work, owed its origin to a chance observation. My father had
+      raised two beds of Linaria vulgaris&mdash;one set being the offspring of
+      cross- and the other of self-fertilisation. These plants were grown for
+      the sake of some observations on inheritance, and not with any view to
+      cross-breeding, and he was astonished to observe that the offspring of
+      self-fertilisation were clearly less vigorous than the others. It seemed
+      incredible to him that this result could be due to a single act of
+      self-fertilisation, and it was only in the following year when precisely
+      the same result occurred in the case of a similar experiment on
+      inheritance in Carnations, that his attention was "thoroughly aroused" and
+      that he determined to make a series of experiments specially directed to
+      the question. The following letters give some account of the work in
+      question.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. September 10, [1866?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have just begun a large course of experiments on the germination of
+      the seed, and on the growth of the young plants when raised from a pistil
+      fertilised by pollen from the same flower, and from pollen from a distinct
+      plant of the same, or of some other variety. I have not made sufficient
+      experiments to judge certainly, but in some cases the difference in the
+      growth of the young plants is highly remarkable. I have taken every kind
+      of precaution in getting seed from the same plant, in germinating the seed
+      on my own chimney-piece, in planting the seedlings in the same flower-pot,
+      and under this similar treatment I have seen the young seedlings from the
+      crossed seed exactly twice as tall as the seedlings from the
+      sel-fertilised seed; both seeds having germinated on the same day. If I
+      can establish this fact (but perhaps it will all go to the dogs), in some
+      fifty cases, with plants of different orders, I think it will be very
+      important, for then we shall positively know why the structure of every
+      flower permits, or favours, or necessitates an occasional cross with a
+      distinct individual. But all this is rather cooking my hare before I have
+      caught it. But somehow it is a great pleasure to me to tell you what I am
+      about. Believe me, my dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours most truly, and with cordial thanks, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. April 22, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am experimenting on a very large scale on the difference in power of
+      growth between plants raised from self-fertilised and crossed seeds; and
+      it is no exaggeration to say that the difference in growth and vigour is
+      sometimes truly wonderful. Lyell, Huxley and Hooker have seen some of my
+      plants, and been astonished; and I should much like to show them to you. I
+      always supposed until lately that no evil effects would be visible until
+      after several generations of self-fertilisation; but now I see that one
+      generation sometimes suffices; and the existence of dimorphic plants and
+      all the wonderful contrivances of orchids are quite intelligible to me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With cordial thanks for your letter, which has pleased me greatly,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [An extract from a letter to Dr. Gray (March 11, 1873) mentions the
+      progress of the work:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I worked last summer hard at Drosera, but could not finish till I got
+      fresh plants, and consequently took up the effects of crossing and
+      sel-fertilising plants, and am got so interested that Drosera must go to
+      the dogs till I finish with this, and get it published; but then I will
+      resume my beloved Drosera, and I heartily apologise for having sent the
+      precious little things even for a moment to the dogs."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letters give the author's impression of his own book.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY. Down, September 16, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just received proofs in sheet of five sheets, so you will have to
+      decide soon how many copies will have to be struck off. I do not know what
+      to advise. The greater part of the book is extremely dry, and the whole on
+      a special subject. Nevertheless, I am convinced that the book is of value,
+      and I am convinced that for MANY years copies will be occasionally sold.
+      Judging from the sale of my former books, and from supposing that some
+      persons will purchase it to complete the set of my works, I would suggest
+      1500. But you must be guided by your larger experience. I will only repeat
+      that I am convinced the book is of some permanent value...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, September 27, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I sent by this morning's post the four first perfect sheets of my new
+      book, the title of which you will see on the first page, and which will be
+      published early in November.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am sorry to say that it is only shorter by a few pages than my
+      'Insectivorous Plants.' The whole is now in type, though I have corrected
+      finally only half the volume. You will, therefore, rapidly receive the
+      remainder. The book is very dull. Chapters II. to VI., inclusive, are
+      simply a record of experiments. Nevertheless, I believe (though a man can
+      never judge his own books) that the book is valuable. You will have to
+      decide whether it is worth translating. I hope so. It has cost me very
+      great labour, and the results seem to me remarkable and well established.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you translate it, you could easily get aid for Chapters II. to VI., as
+      there is here endless, but I have thought necessary repetition. I shall be
+      anxious to hear what you decide...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I most sincerely hope that your health has been fairly good this summer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir, yours very truly, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, October 28, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I send by this post all the clean sheets as yet printed, and I hope to
+      send the remainder within a fortnight. Please observe that the first six
+      chapters are not readable, and the six last very dull. Still I believe
+      that the results are valuable. If you review the book, I shall be very
+      curious to see what you think of it, for I care more for your judgment
+      than for that of almost any one else. I know also that you will speak the
+      truth, whether you approve or disapprove. Very few will take the trouble
+      to read the book, and I do not expect you to read the whole, but I hope
+      you will read the latter chapters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am so sick of correcting the press and licking my horrid bad style
+      into intelligible English.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The 'Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation' was published on November
+      10, 1876, and 1500 copies were sold before the end of the year. The
+      following letter refers to a review in 'Nature' (February 15, 1877.):]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, February 16, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must tell you how greatly I am pleased and honoured by your article in
+      'Nature,' which I have just read. You are an adept in saying what will
+      please an author, not that I suppose you wrote with this express
+      intention. I should be very well contented to deserve a fraction of your
+      praise. I have also been much interested, and this is better than mere
+      pleasure, by your argument about the separation of the sexes. I dare say
+      that I am wrong, and will hereafter consider what you say more carefully:
+      but at present I cannot drive out of my head that the sexes must have
+      originated from two individuals, slightly different, which conjugated. But
+      I am aware that some cases of conjugation are opposed to any such views.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With hearty thanks, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0012" id="link2HCH0012">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.XII. &mdash; 'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME
+      SPECIES.'
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      1877.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [The volume bearing the above title was published in 1877, and was
+      dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+      respect and affection." It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+      with the addition of a quantity of new matter. The subjects treated in the
+      book are:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. Heterostyled Plants.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Polygamous, Dioecious, and Gynodioecious Plants.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. Cleistogamic Flowers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose, one
+      of the best known examples of the class. If a number of primroses be
+      gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+      flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen
+      to the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers
+      with short styles. Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes
+      differing structurally from each other. My father showed that they also
+      differ sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes more
+      nearly resembles that between separate sexes than any other known
+      relationship. Thus for example a long-styled primrose, though it can be
+      fertilised by its own pollen, is not FULLY fertile unless it is
+      impregnated by the pollen of a short-styled flower. Heterostyled plants
+      are comparable to hermaphrodite animals, such as snails, which require the
+      concourse of two individuals, although each possesses both the sexual
+      elements. The difference is that in the case of the primrose it is PERFECT
+      FERTILITY, and not simply FERTILITY, that depends on the mutual action of
+      the two sets of individuals.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the author
+      attached much importance, on the problem of origin of species. (See
+      'Autobiography,' volume i.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between hybridisation
+      and certain forms of fertilisation among heterostyled plants. So that it
+      is hardly an exaggeration to say that the "illegitimately" reared
+      seedlings are hybrids, although both their parents belong to identically
+      the same species. In a letter to Professor Huxley, my father writes as if
+      his researches on heterostyled plants tended to make him believe that
+      sterility is a selected or acquired quality. But in his later
+      publications, e.g. in the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' he adheres to the
+      belief that sterility is an incidental rather than a selected quality. The
+      result of his work on heterostyled plants is of importance as showing that
+      sterility is no test of specific distinctness, and that it depends on
+      differentiation of the sexual elements which is independent of any racial
+      difference. I imagine that it was his instinctive love of making out a
+      difficulty which to a great extent kept him at work so patiently on the
+      heterostyled plants. But it was the fact that general conclusions of the
+      above character could be drawn from his results which made him think his
+      results worthy of publication. (See 'Forms of Flowers,' page 243.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The papers which on this subject preceded and contributed to 'Forms of
+      Flowers' were the following:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the two Forms or Dimorphic Condition in the Species of Primula, and on
+      their remarkable Sexual Relations." Linn. Soc. Journal, 1862.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the Existence of Two Forms, and on their Reciprocal Sexual Relations,
+      in several Species of the Genus Linum." Linn. Soc. Journal, 1863.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria," Ibid.
+      1864.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+      Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants." Ibid. 1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var.
+      Officinalis, Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P.
+      elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip. With
+      Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus
+      Verbascum." Ibid. 1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter shows that he began the work on heterostyled plants
+      with an erroneous view as to the meaning of the facts.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 7 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have this morning been looking at my experimental cowslips, and I
+      find some plants have all flowers with long stamens and short pistils,
+      which I will call "male plants," others with short stamens and long
+      pistils, which I will call "female plants." This I have somewhere seen
+      noticed, I think by Henslow; but I find (after looking at my two sets of
+      plants) that the stigmas of the male and female are of slightly different
+      shape, and certainly different degree of roughness, and what has
+      astonished me, the pollen of the so-called female plant, though very
+      abundant, is more transparent, and each granule is exactly only 2/3 of the
+      size of the pollen of the so-called male plant. Has this been observed? I
+      cannot help suspecting [that] the cowslip is in fact dioecious, but it may
+      turn out all a blunder, but anyhow I will mark with sticks the so-called
+      male and female plants and watch their seeding. It would be a fine case of
+      gradation between an hermaphrodite and unisexual condition. Likewise a
+      sort of case of balancement of long and short pistils and stamens.
+      Likewise perhaps throws light on oxlips...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now examined primroses and find exactly the same difference in the
+      size of the pollen, correlated with the same difference in the length of
+      the style and roughness of the stigmas.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. June 8 [1860].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+      interested and perplexed me much. I find with primroses and cowslips, that
+      about an equal number of plants are thus characterised.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SO-CALLED (by me) MALE plant. Pistil much shorter than stamens; stigma
+      rather smooth,&mdash;POLLEN GRAINS LARGE, throat of corolla short.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SO-CALLED FEMALE plant. Pistil much longer than stamens, stigma rougher,
+      POLLEN-GRAINS SMALLER,&mdash;throat of corolla long.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have marked a lot of plants, and expected to find the so-called male
+      plant barren; but judging from the feel of the capsules, this is not the
+      case, and I am very much surprised at the difference in the size of the
+      pollen... If it should prove that the so-called male plants produce less
+      seed than the so-called females, what a beautiful case of gradation from
+      hermaphrodite to unisexual condition it will be! If they produce about
+      equal number of seed, how perplexing it will be.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 17 [1860?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have just been ordering a photograph of myself for a friend; and
+      have ordered one for you, and for heaven's sake oblige me, and burn that
+      now hanging up in your room.&mdash;It makes me look atrociously wicked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... In the spring I must get you to look for long pistils and short
+      pistils in the rarer species of Primula and in some allied Genera. It
+      holds with P. Sinensis. You remember all the fuss I made on this subject
+      last spring; well, the other day at last I had time to weigh the seeds,
+      and by Jove the plants of primroses and cowslip with short pistils and
+      large grained pollen (Thus the plants which he imagined to be tending
+      towards a male condition were more productive than the supposed females.)
+      are rather more fertile than those with long pistils, and small-grained
+      pollen. I find that they require the action of insects to set them, and I
+      never will believe that these differences are without some meaning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some of my experiments lead me to suspect that the large-grained pollen
+      suits the long pistils and the small-grained pollen suits the short
+      pistils; but I am determined to see if I cannot make out the mystery next
+      spring.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How does your book on plants brew in your mind? Have you begun it?...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Remember me most kindly to Oliver. He must be astonished at not having a
+      string of questions, I fear he will get out of practice!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The Primula-work was finished in the autumn of 1861, and on November 8th
+      he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have sent my paper on dimorphism in Primula to the Linn. Soc. I shall
+      go up and read it whenever it comes on; I hope you may be able to attend,
+      for I do not suppose many will care a penny for the subject."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the reading of the paper (on November 21st), he wrote to
+      the same friend:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I by no means thought that I produced a "tremendous effect" in the Linn.
+      Soc., but by Jove the Linn. Soc. produced a tremendous effect on me, for I
+      could not get out of bed till late next evening, so that I just crawled
+      home. I fear I must give up trying to read any paper or speak; it is a
+      horrid bore, I can do nothing like other people."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To Dr. Gray he wrote, (December 1861):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You may rely on it, I will send you a copy of my Primula paper as soon as
+      I can get one; but I believe it will not be printed till April 1st, and
+      therefore after my Orchid Book. I care more for your and Hooker's opinion
+      than for that of all the rest of the world, and for Lyell's on geological
+      points. Bentham and Hooker thought well of my paper when read; but no one
+      can judge of evidence by merely hearing a paper."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work on Primula was the means of bringing my father in contact with
+      the late Mr. John Scott, then working as a gardener in the Botanic Gardens
+      at Edinburgh,&mdash;an employment which he seems to have chosen in order
+      to gratify his passion for natural history. He wrote one or two excellent
+      botanical papers, and ultimately obtained a post in India. (While in India
+      he made some admirable observations on expression for my father.) He died
+      in 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A few phrases may be quoted from letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, showing my
+      father's estimate of Scott:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If you know, do please tell me who is John Scott of the Botanical Gardens
+      of Edinburgh; I have been corresponding largely with him; he is no common
+      man."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If he had leisure he would make a wonderful observer; to my judgment I
+      have come across no one like him."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He has interested me strangely, and I have formed a very high opinion of
+      his intellect. I hope he will accept pecuniary assistance from me; but he
+      has hitherto refused." (He ultimately succeeded in being allowed to pay
+      for Mr. Scott's passage to India.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I know nothing of him excepting from his letters; these show remarkable
+      talent, astonishing perseverance, much modesty, and what I admire,
+      determined difference from me on many points."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So highly did he estimate Scott's abilities that he formed a plan (which
+      however never went beyond an early stage of discussion) of employing him
+      to work out certain problems connected with intercrossing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter refers to my father's investigations on Lythrum (He
+      was led to this, his first case of trimorphism by Lecoq's 'Geographie
+      Botanique,' and this must have consoled him for the trick this work played
+      him in turning out to be so much larger than he expected. He wrote to Sir
+      J.D. Hooker: "Here is a good joke: I saw an extract from Lecoq, 'Geograph.
+      Bot.,' and ordered it and hoped that it was a good sized pamphlet, and
+      nine thick volumes have arrived!"), a plant which reveals even a more
+      wonderful condition of sexual complexity than that of Primula. For in
+      Lythrum there are not merely two, but three castes, differing structurally
+      and physiologically from each other:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 9 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is late at night, and I am going to write briefly, and of course to beg
+      a favour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Mitchella very good, but pollen apparently equal-sized. I have just
+      examined Hottonia, grand difference in pollen. Echium vulgare, a humbug,
+      merely a case like Thymus. But I am almost stark staring mad over Lythrum
+      (On another occasion he wrote (to Dr. Gray) with regard to Lythrum: "I
+      must hold hard, otherwise I shall spend my life over dimorphism."); if I
+      can prove what I fully believe, it is a grand case of TRIMORPHISM, with
+      three different pollens and three stigmas; I have castrated and fertilised
+      above ninety flowers, trying all the eighteen distinct crosses which are
+      possible within the limits of this one species! I cannot explain, but I
+      feel sure you would think it a grand case. I have been writing to
+      Botanists to see if I can possibly get L. hyssopifolia, and it has just
+      flashed on me that you might have Lythrum in North America, and I have
+      looked to your Manual. For the love of heaven have a look at some of your
+      species, and if you can get me seed, do; I want much to try species with
+      few stamens, if they are dimorphic; Nesaea verticillata I should expect to
+      be trimorphic. Seed! Seed! Seed! I should rather like seed of Mitchella.
+      But oh, Lythrum!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your utterly mad friend, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;There is reason in my madness, for I can see that to those who
+      already believe in change of species, these facts will modify to a certain
+      extent the whole view of Hybridity. (A letter to Dr. Gray (July, 1862)
+      bears on this point: "A few days ago I made an observation which has
+      surprised me more than it ought to do&mdash;it will have to be repeated
+      several times, but I have scarcely a doubt of its accuracy. I stated in my
+      Primula paper that the long-styled form of Linum grandiflorum was utterly
+      sterile with its own pollen; I have lately been putting the pollen of the
+      two forms on the stigma of the SAME flower; and it strikes me as truly
+      wonderful, that the stigma distinguishes the pollen; and is penetrated by
+      the tubes of the one and not by those of the other; nor are the tubes
+      exserted. Or (which is the same thing) the stigma of the one form acts on
+      and is acted on by pollen, which produces not the least effect on the
+      stigma of the other form. Taking sexual power as the criterion of
+      difference, the two forms of this one species may be said to be
+      generically distinct.")
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [On the same subject he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in August 1862:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Is Oliver at Kew? When I am established at Bournemouth I am completely
+      mad to examine any fresh flowers of any Lythraceous plant, and I would
+      write and ask him if any are in bloom."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again he wrote to the same friend in October:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If you ask Oliver, I think he will tell you I have got a real odd case in
+      Lythrum, it interests me extremely, and seems to me the strangest case of
+      propagation recorded amongst plants or animals, viz. a necessary triple
+      alliance between three hermaphrodites. I feel sure I can now prove the
+      truth of the case from a multitude of crosses made this summer."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In an article, 'Dimorphism in the Genitalia of Plants' ('Silliman's
+      Journal,' 1862, volume xxxiv. page 419), Dr. Gray pointed out that the
+      structural difference between the two forms of Primula had already been
+      defined in the 'Flora of North America,' as DIOECIO-DIMORPHISM. The use of
+      this term called forth the following remarks from my father. The letter
+      also alludes to a review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the same
+      volume of 'Silliman's Journal.']
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 26 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Gray,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The very day after my last letter, yours of November 10th, and the review
+      in 'Silliman,' which I feared might have been lost, reached me. We were
+      all very much interested by the political part of your letter; and in some
+      odd way one never feels that information and opinions painted in a
+      newspaper come from a living source; they seem dead, whereas all that you
+      write is full of life. The reviews interested me profoundly; you rashly
+      ask for my opinion, and you must consequently endure a long letter. First
+      for Dimorphism; I do not AT PRESENT like the term "Dioecio-dimorphism;"
+      for I think it gives quite a false notion, that the phenomena are
+      connected with a separation of the sexes. Certainly in Primula there is
+      unequal fertility in the two forms, and I suspect this is the case with
+      Linum; and, therefore I felt bound in the Primula paper to state that it
+      might be a step towards a dioecious condition; though I believe there are
+      no dioecious forms in Primulaceae or Linaceae. But the three forms in
+      Lythrum convince me that the phenomenon is in no way necessarily connected
+      with any tendency to separation of sexes. The case seems to me in result
+      or function to be almost identical with what old C.K. Sprengel called
+      "dichogamy," and which is so frequent in truly hermaphrodite groups;
+      namely, the pollen and stigma of each flower being mature at different
+      periods. If I am right, it is very advisable not to use the term
+      "dioecious," as this at once brings notions of separation of sexes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I was much perplexed by Oliver's remarks in the 'Natural History
+      Review' on the Primula case, on the lower plants having sexes more often
+      separated than in the higher plants,&mdash;so exactly the reverse of what
+      takes place in animals. Hooker in his review of the 'Orchids' repeats this
+      remark. There seems to be much truth in what you say ("Forms which are low
+      in the scale as respects morphological completeness may be high in the
+      scale of rank founded on specialisation of structure and function."&mdash;Dr.
+      Gray, in 'Silliman's Journal.'), and it did not occur to me, about no
+      improbability of specialisation in CERTAIN lines in lowly organised
+      beings. I could hardly doubt that the hermaphrodite state is the
+      aboriginal one. But how is it in the conjugation of Confervae&mdash;is not
+      one of the two individuals here in fact male, and the other female? I have
+      been much puzzled by this contrast in sexual arrangements between plants
+      and animals. Can there be anything in the following consideration: By
+      ROUGHEST calculation about one-third of the British GENERA of aquatic
+      plants belong to the Linnean classes of Mono and Dioecia; whilst of
+      terrestrial plants (the aquatic genera being subtracted) only
+      one-thirteenth of the genera belong to these two classes. Is there any
+      truth in this fact generally? Can aquatic plants, being confined to a
+      small area or small community of individuals, require more free crossing,
+      and therefore have separate sexes? But to return to our point, does not
+      Alph. de Candolle say that aquatic plants taken as a whole are lowly
+      organised, compared with terrestrial; and may not Oliver's remark on the
+      separation of the sexes in lowly organised plants stand in some relation
+      to their being frequently aquatic? Or is this all rubbish?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... What a magnificent compliment you end your review with! You and Hooker
+      seem determined to turn my head with conceit and vanity (if not already
+      turned) and make me an unbearable wretch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With most cordial thanks, my good and kind friend, Farewell, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following passage from a letter (July 28, 1863), to Prof. Hildebrand,
+      contains a reference to the reception of the dimorphic work in France:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am extremely much pleased to hear that you have been looking at the
+      manner of fertilisation of your native Orchids, and still more pleased to
+      hear that you have been experimenting on Linum. I much hope that you may
+      publish the result of these experiments; because I was told that the most
+      eminent French botanists of Paris said that my paper on Primula was the
+      work of imagination, and that the case was so improbable they did not
+      believe in my results."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. April 19 [1864].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I received a little time ago a paper with a good account of your
+      Herbarium and Library, and a long time previously your excellent review of
+      Scott's 'Primulaceae,' and I forwarded it to him in India, as it would
+      much please him. I was very glad to see in it a new case of Dimorphism (I
+      forget just now the name of the plant); I shall be grateful to hear of any
+      other cases, as I still feel an interest in the subject. I should be very
+      glad to get some seed of your dimorphic Plantagos; for I cannot banish the
+      suspicion that they must belong to a very different class like that of the
+      common Thyme. (In this prediction he was right. See 'Forms of Flowers,'
+      page 307.) How could the wind, which is the agent of fertilisation, with
+      Plantago, fertilise "reciprocally dimorphic" flowers like Primula? Theory
+      says this cannot be, and in such cases of one's own theories I follow
+      Agassiz and declare, "that nature never lies." I should even be very glad
+      to examine the two dried forms of Plantago. Indeed, any dried dimorphic
+      plants would be gratefully received...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Did my Lythrum paper interest you? I crawl on at the rate of two hours per
+      diem, with 'Variation under Domestication.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 26 [1864].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... You do not know how pleased I am that you have read my Lythrum paper;
+      I thought you would not have time, and I have for long years looked at you
+      as my Public, and care more for your opinion than that of all the rest of
+      the world. I have done nothing which has interested me so much as Lythrum,
+      since making out the complemental males of Cirripedes. I fear that I have
+      dragged in too much miscellaneous matter into the paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I get letters occasionally, which show me that Natural Selection is
+      making GREAT progress in Germany, and some amongst the young in France. I
+      have just received a pamphlet from Germany, with the complimentary title
+      of "Darwinische Arten-Enstehung-Humbug"!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Farewell, my best of old friends, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. September 10, [1867?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... The only point which I have made out this summer, which could possibly
+      interest you, is that the common Oxlip found everywhere, more or less
+      commonly in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and
+      cowslip; whilst the P. elatior (Jacq.), found only in the Eastern
+      Counties, is a perfectly distinct and good species; hardly distinguishable
+      from the common oxlip, except by the length of the seed-capsule relatively
+      to the calyx. This seems to me rather a horrid fact for all systematic
+      botanists...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND. Down, November 16, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wrote my last note in such a hurry from London, that I quite forgot what
+      I chiefly wished to say, namely to thank you for your excellent notices in
+      the 'Bot. Zeitung' of my paper on the offspring of dimorphic plants. The
+      subject is so obscure that I did not expect that any one would have
+      noticed my paper, and I am accordingly very much pleased that you should
+      have brought the subject before the many excellent naturalists of Germany.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of all the German authors (but they are not many) whose works I have read,
+      you write by far the clearest style, but whether this is a compliment to a
+      German writer I do not know.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The two following letters refer to the small bud-like "Cleistogamic"
+      flowers found in the violet and many other plants. They do not open and
+      are necessarily self-fertilised:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 30 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... What will become of my book on Variation? I am involved in a
+      multiplicity of experiments. I have been amusing myself by looking at the
+      small flowers of Viola. If Oliver (Shortly afterwards he wrote: "Oliver,
+      the omniscient, has sent me a paper in the 'Bot. Zeitung,' with most
+      accurate description of all that I saw in Viola.") has had time to study
+      them, he will have seen the curious case (as it seems to me) which I have
+      just made clearly out, viz. that in these flowers, the FEW pollen grains
+      are never shed, or never leave the anther-cells, but emit long pollen
+      tubes, which penetrate the stigma. To-day I got the anther with the
+      included pollen grain (now empty) at one end, and a bundle of tubes
+      penetrating the stigmatic tissue at the other end; I got the whole under a
+      microscope without breaking the tubes; I wonder whether the stigma pours
+      some fluid into the anther so as to excite the included grains. It is a
+      rather odd case of correlation, that in the double sweet violet the small
+      flowers are double; i.e., have a multitude of minute scales representing
+      the petals. What queer little flowers they are.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Have you had time to read poor dear Henslow's life? it has interested me
+      for the man's sake, and, what I did not think possible, has even exalted
+      his character in my estimation...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following is an extract from the letter given in part above, and
+      refers to Dr. Gray's article on the sexual differences of plants:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. NOVEMBER 26 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... You will think that I am in the most unpleasant, contradictory,
+      fractious humour, when I tell you that I do not like your term of
+      "precocious fertilisation" for your second class of dimorphism [i.e. for
+      cleistogamic fertilisation]. If I can trust my memory, the state of the
+      corolla, of the stigma, and the pollen-grains is different from the state
+      of the parts in the bud; that they are in a condition of special
+      modification. But upon my life I am ashamed of myself to differ so much
+      from my betters on this head. The TEMPORARY theory (This view is now
+      generally accepted.) which I have formed on this class of dimorphism, just
+      to guide experiment, is that the PERFECT flowers can only be perfectly
+      fertilised by insects, and are in this case abundantly crossed; but that
+      the flowers are not always, especially in early spring, visited enough by
+      insects, and therefore the little imperfect self-fertilising flowers are
+      developed to ensure a sufficiency of seed for present generations. Viola
+      canina is sterile, when not visited by insects, but when so visited forms
+      plenty of seed. I infer from the structure of three or four forms of
+      Balsamineae, that these require insects; at least there is almost as plain
+      adaptation to insects as in the Orchids. I have Oxalis acetosella ready in
+      pots for experiment next spring; and I fear this will upset my little
+      theory... Campanula carpathica, as I found this summer, is absolutely
+      sterile if insects are excluded. Specularia speculum is fairly fertile
+      when enclosed; and this seemed to me to be partially effected by the
+      frequent closing of the flower; the inward angular folds of the corolla
+      corresponding with the clefts of the open stigma, and in this action
+      pushing pollen from the outside of the stigma on to its surface. Now can
+      you tell me, does S. perfoliata close its flower like S. speculum, with
+      angular inward folds? if so, I am smashed without some fearful
+      "wriggling." Are the IMPERFECT flowers of your Specularia the early or the
+      later ones? very early or very late? It is rather pretty to see the
+      importance of the closing of flowers of S. speculum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ['Forms of Flowers' was published in July; in June, 1877, he wrote to
+      Professor Carus with regard to the translation:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "My new book is not a long one, viz. 350 pages, chiefly of the larger
+      type, with fifteen simple woodcuts. All the proofs are corrected except
+      the Index, so that it will soon be published.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "... I do not suppose that I shall publish any more books, though perhaps
+      a few more papers. I cannot endure being idle, but heaven knows whether I
+      am capable of any more good work."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The review alluded to in the next letter is at page 445 of the volume of
+      'Nature' for 1878:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, April 5, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have just read in 'Nature' the review of 'Forms of Flowers,' and I am
+      sure that it is by you. I wish with all my heart that it deserved one
+      quarter of the praises which you give it. Some of your remarks have
+      interested me greatly... Hearty thanks for your generous and most kind
+      sympathy, which does a man real good, when he is as dog-tired as I am at
+      this minute with working all day, so good-bye.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      C. DARWIN. <a name="link2HCH0013" id="link2HCH0013">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.XIII. &mdash; CLIMBING AND INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      [My father mentions in his 'Autobiography' (volume i.) that he was led to
+      take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper, "Note
+      on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants." ('Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and
+      Sciences,' 1858.) This essay seems to have been read in 1862, but I am
+      only able to guess at the date of the letter in which he asks for a
+      reference to it, so that the precise date of his beginning this work
+      cannot be determined.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In June 1863 he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker for
+      information as to previous publications on the subject, being then in
+      ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both of
+      which were published in 1827.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [June] 25 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been observing pretty carefully a little fact which has surprised
+      me; and I want to know from you and Oliver whether it seems new or odd to
+      you, so just tell me whenever you write; it is a very trifling fact, so do
+      not answer on purpose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have got a plant of Echinocystis lobata to observe the irritability of
+      the tendrils described by Asa Gray, and which of course, is plain enough.
+      Having the plant in my study, I have been surprised to find that the
+      uppermost part of each branch (i.e. the stem between the two uppermost
+      leaves excluding the growing tip) is CONSTANTLY and slowly twisting round
+      making a circle in from one-half to two hours; it will sometimes go round
+      two or three times, and then at the same rate untwists and twists in
+      opposite directions. It generally rests half an hour before it
+      retrogrades. The stem does not become permanently twisted. The stem
+      beneath the twisting portion does not move in the least, though not tied.
+      The movement goes on all day and all early night. It has no relation to
+      light for the plant stands in my window and twists from the light just as
+      quickly as towards it. This may be a common phenomenon for what I know,
+      but it confounded me quite, when I began to observe the irritability of
+      the tendrils. I do not say it is the final cause, but the result is
+      pretty, for the plant every one and a half or two hours sweeps a circle
+      (according to the length of the bending shoot and the length of the
+      tendril) of from one foot to twenty inches in diameter, and immediately
+      that the tendril touches any object its sensitiveness causes it
+      immediately to seize it; a clever gardener, my neighbour, who saw the
+      plant on my table last night, said: "I believe, Sir, the tendrils can see,
+      for wherever I put a plant it finds out any stick near enough." I believe
+      the above is the explanation, viz. that it sweeps slowly round and round.
+      The tendrils have some sense, for they do not grasp each other when young.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 14 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am getting very much amused by my tendrils, it is just the sort of
+      niggling work which suits me, and takes up no time and rather rests me
+      whilst writing. So will you just think whether you know any plant, which
+      you could give or lend me, or I could buy, with tendrils, remarkable in
+      any way for development, for odd or peculiar structure, or even for an odd
+      place in natural arrangement. I have seen or can see Cucurbitaceae,
+      Passion-flower, Virginian-creeper, Cissus discolor, Common-pea and
+      Everlasting-pea. It is really curious the diversification of irritability
+      (I do not mean the spontaneous movement, about which I wrote before and
+      correctly, as further observation shows): for instance, I find a slight
+      pinch between the thumb and finger at the end of the tendril of the
+      Cucurbitaceae causes prompt movement, but a pinch excites no movement in
+      Cissus. The cause is that one side alone (the concave) is irritable in the
+      former; whereas both sides are irritable in Cissus, so if you excite at
+      the same time both OPPOSITE sides there is no movement, but by touching
+      with a pencil the two branches of the tendril, in any part whatever, you
+      cause movement towards that point; so that I can mould, by a mere touch,
+      the two branches into any shape I like...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 4 [1863].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils: their irritability
+      is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as anything in
+      Orchids. About the SPONTANEOUS movement (independent of touch) of the
+      tendrils and upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by your saying, "is
+      it not wel-known?" I can find nothing in any book which I have... The
+      spontaneous movement of the tendrils is independent of the movement of the
+      upper internodes, but both work harmoniously together in sweeping a circle
+      for the tendrils to grasp a stick. So with all climbing plants (without
+      tendrils) as yet examined, the upper internodes go on night and day
+      sweeping a circle in one fixed direction. It is surprising to watch the
+      Apocyneae with shoots 18 inches long (beyond the supporting stick),
+      steadily searching for something to climb up. When the shoot meets a
+      stick, the motion at that point is arrested, but in the upper part is
+      continued; so that the climbing of all plants yet examined is the simple
+      result of the spontaneous circulatory movement of the upper internodes.
+      Pray tell me whether anything has been published on this subject? I hate
+      publishing what is old; but I shall hardly regret my work if it is old, as
+      it has much amused me...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. May 28, 1864.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... An Irish nobleman on his death-bed declared that he could
+      conscientiously say that he had never throughout life denied himself any
+      pleasure; and I can conscientiously say that I have never scrupled to
+      trouble you; so here goes.&mdash;Have you travelled South, and can you
+      tell me whether the trees, which Bignonia capreolata climbs, are covered
+      with moss or filamentous lichen or Tillandsia? (He subsequently learned
+      from Dr. Gray that Polypodium incanum abounds on the trees in the
+      districts where this species of Bignonia grows. See 'Climbing Plants,'
+      page 103.) I ask because its tendrils abhor a simple stick, do not much
+      relish rough bark, but delight in wool or moss. They adhere in a curious
+      manner by making little disks, like the Ampelopsis... By the way, I will
+      enclose some specimens, and if you think it worth while, you can put them
+      under the simple microscope. It is remarkable how specially adapted some
+      tendrils are; those of Eccremocarpus scaber do not like a stick, will have
+      nothing to say to wool; but give them a bundle of culms of grass, or a
+      bundle of bristles and they seize them well.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 10 [1864].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has been
+      written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a good
+      deal of new matter. It is strange, but I really think no one has explained
+      simple twining plants. These books have stirred me up, and made me wish
+      for plants specified in them. I shall be very glad of those you mention. I
+      have written to Veitch for young Nepenthes and Vanilla (which I believe
+      will turn out a grand case, though a root creeper), if I cannot buy young
+      Vanilla I will ask you. I have ordered a leaf-climbing fern, Lygodium. All
+      this work about climbers would hurt my conscience, did I think I could do
+      harder work. (He was much out of health at this time.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+      illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the following
+      spring. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, apparently in March 1864:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For several days I have been decidedly better, and what I lay much stress
+      on (whatever doctors say), my brain feels far stronger, and I have lost
+      many dreadful sensations. The hot-house is such an amusement to me, and my
+      amusement I owe to you, as my delight is to look at the many odd leaves
+      and plants from Kew... The only approach to work which I can do is to look
+      at tendrils and climbers, this does not distress my weakened brain. Ask
+      Oliver to look over the enclosed queries (and do you look) and amuse a
+      broken-down brother naturalist by answering any which he can. If you ever
+      lounge through your houses, remember me and climbing plants."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On October 29, 1864, he wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have not been able to resist doing a little more at your godchild, my
+      climbing paper, or rather in size little book, which by Jove I will have
+      copied out, else I shall never stop. This has been new sort of work for
+      me, and I have been pleased to find what a capital guide for observations
+      a full conviction of the change of species is."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On January 19, 1865, he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is working hours, but I am trying to take a day's holiday, for I
+      finished and despatched yesterday my climbing paper. For the last ten days
+      I have done nothing but correct refractory sentences, and I loathe the
+      whole subject."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have begun correcting proofs of my paper on 'Climbing Plants.' I
+      suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks. I think
+      it contains a good deal new and some curious points, but it is so
+      fearfully long, that no one will ever read it. If, however, you do not
+      SKIM through it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your child."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+      satisfaction, as the following extracts show:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th. Now that I can do
+      nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my climbing
+      paper gives me VERY great satisfaction. I made my observations when I
+      could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but always doubted whether they
+      were worth publishing. I demur to its not being necessary to explain in
+      detail about the spires in CAUGHT tendrils running in opposite directions;
+      for the fact for a long time confounded me, and I have found it difficult
+      enough to explain the cause to two or three persons." (August 15, 1865.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I received yesterday your article (In the September number of 'Silliman's
+      Journal,' concluded in the January number, 1866.) on climbers, and it has
+      pleased me in an extraordinary and even silly manner. You pay me a superb
+      compliment, and as I have just said to my wife, I think my friends must
+      perceive that I like praise, they give me such hearty doses. I always
+      admire your skill in reviews or abstracts, and you have done this article
+      excellently and given the whole essence of my paper... I have had a letter
+      from a good Zoologist in S. Brazil, F. Muller, who has been stirred up to
+      observe climbers and gives me some curious cases of BRANCH-climbers, in
+      which branches are converted into tendrils, and then continue to grow and
+      throw out leaves and new branches, and then lose their tendril character."
+      (October 1865.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate book.
+      The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to the
+      style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written during
+      a period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require a great
+      deal of alteration. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (March 3, 1875): "It is
+      lucky for authors in general that they do not require such dreadful work
+      in merely licking what they write into shape." And to Mr. Murray in
+      September he wrote: "The corrections are heavy in 'Climbing Plants,' and
+      yet I deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three times." The book
+      was published in September 1875, an edition of 1500 copies was struck off;
+      the edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional copies were printed in
+      June of the following year.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+      Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest, whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to Sir
+      Joseph Hooker;&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with a
+      few observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera; and I must
+      consult you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating to the
+      Linnean Society."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In August he wrote to the same friend:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied by my copier: the
+      subject amused me when I had nothing to do."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He has described in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.), the general nature of
+      these early experiments. He noticed insects sticking to the leaves, and
+      finding that flies, etc., placed on the adhesive glands were held fast and
+      embraced, he suspected that the leaves were adapted to supply nitrogenous
+      food to the plant. He therefore tried the effect on the leaves of various
+      nitrogenous fluids&mdash;with results which, as far as they went, verified
+      his surmise. In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera: the movements are
+      really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+      nitrogenous compounds is marvellous. You will laugh; but it is, at
+      present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect (and
+      move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of nitrate of
+      ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their chemical
+      skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these salts! I
+      began this work on Drosera in relation to GRADATION as throwing light on
+      Dionaea."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+      where he continued his work on Drosera. The work was so new to him that he
+      found himself in difficulties in the preparation of solutions, and became
+      puzzled over fluid and solid ounces, etc. etc. To a friend, the late Mr.
+      E. Cresy, who came to his help in the matter of weights and measures, he
+      wrote giving an account of the experiments. The extract (November 2, 1860)
+      which follows illustrates the almost superstitious precautions he often
+      applied to his researches:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Generally I have scrutinised every gland and hair on the leaf before
+      experimenting; but it occurred to me that I might in some way affect the
+      leaf; though this is almost impossible, as I scrutinised with equal care
+      those that I put into distilled water (the same water being used for
+      dissolving the carbonate of ammonia). I then cut off four leaves (not
+      touching them with my fingers), and put them in plain water, and four
+      other leaves into the weak solution, and after leaving them for an hour
+      and a half, I examined every hair on all eight leaves; no change on the
+      four in water; every gland and hair affected in those in ammonia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I had measured the quantity of weak solution, and I counted the glands
+      which had absorbed the ammonia, and were plainly affected; the result
+      convinced me that each gland could not have absorbed more than 1/64000 or
+      1/65000 of a grain. I have tried numbers of other experiments all pointing
+      to the same result. Some experiments lead me to believe that very
+      sensitive leaves are acted on by much smaller doses. Reflect how little
+      ammonia a plant can get growing on poor soil&mdash;yet it is nourished.
+      The really surprising part seems to me that the effect should be visible,
+      and not under very high power; for after trying a high power, I thought it
+      would be safer not to consider any effect which was not plainly visible
+      under a two-thirds object glass and middle eye-piece. The effect which the
+      carbonate of ammonia produces is the segregation of the homogeneous fluid
+      in the cells into a cloud of granules and colourless fluid; and
+      subsequently the granules coalesce into larger masses, and for hours have
+      the oddest movements&mdash;coalescing, dividing, coalescing ad infinitum.
+      I do not know whether you will care for these ill-written details; but, as
+      you asked, I am sure I am bound to comply, after all the very kind and
+      great trouble which you have taken."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On his return home he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 21, 1860):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been working like a madman at Drosera. Here is a fact for you
+      which is certain as you stand where you are, though you won't believe it,
+      that a bit of hair 1/78000 of one grain in weight placed on gland, will
+      cause ONE of the gland-bearing hairs of Drosera to curve inwards, and will
+      alter the condition of the contents of every cell in the foot-stalk of the
+      gland."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And a few days later to Lyell:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for, at
+      the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the
+      species in the world. But I will not publish on Drosera till next year,
+      for I am frightened and astounded at my results. I declare it is a certain
+      fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight seventy-eight
+      times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which will move the best
+      chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous movement. Is it not
+      curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to the touch than any
+      nerve in the human body? Yet I am perfectly sure that this is true. When I
+      am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my friends how well my
+      hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he stayed
+      during the autumn of 1862. The discussion in the following letter on
+      "nervous matter" in Drosera is of interest in relation to recent
+      researches on the continuity of protoplasm from cell to cell:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth.
+      September 26 [1862].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do not read this till you have leisure. If that blessed moment ever comes,
+      I should be very glad to have your opinion on the subject of this letter.
+      I am led to the opinion that Drosera must have diffused matter in organic
+      connection, closely analogous to the nervous matter of animals. When the
+      glands of one of the papillae or tentacles, in its natural position is
+      supplied with nitrogenised fluid and certain other stimulants, or when
+      loaded with an extremely slight weight, or when struck several times with
+      a needle, the pedicel bends near its base in under one minute. These
+      varied stimulants are conveyed down the pedicel by some means; it cannot
+      be vibration, for drops of fluid put on quite quietly cause the movement;
+      it cannot be absorption of the fluid from cell to cell, for I can see the
+      rate of absorption, which though quick, is far slower, and in Dionaea the
+      transmission is instantaneous; analogy from animals would point to
+      transmission through nervous matter. Reflecting on the rapid power of
+      absorption in the glands, the extreme sensibility of the whole organ, and
+      the conspicuous movement caused by varied stimulants, I have tried a
+      number of substances which are not caustic or corrosive,... but most of
+      which are known to have a remarkable action on the nervous matter of
+      animals. You will see the results in the enclosed paper. As the nervous
+      matter of different animals are differently acted on by the same poisons,
+      one would not expect the same action on plants and animals; only if plants
+      have diffused nervous matter, some degree of analogous action. And this is
+      partially the case. Considering these experiments, together with the
+      previously made remarks on the functions of the parts, I cannot avoid the
+      conclusion, that Drosera possesses matter at least in some degree
+      analogous in constitution and function to nervous matter. Now do tell me
+      what you think, as far as you can judge from my abstract; of course many
+      more experiments would have to be tried; but in former years I tried on
+      the whole leaf, instead of on separate glands, a number of innocuous (This
+      line of investigation made him wish for information on the action of
+      poisons on plants; as in many other cases he applied to Professor Oliver,
+      and in reference to the result wrote to Hooker: "Pray thank Oliver
+      heartily for his heap of references on poisons.") substances, such as
+      sugar, gum, starch, etc., and they produced no effect. Your opinion will
+      aid me in deciding some future year in going on with this subject. I
+      should not have thought it worth attempting, but I had nothing on earth to
+      do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Hooker, Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;We return home on Monday 28th. Thank Heaven!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+      not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again. A passage in
+      a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however, that
+      the question was not altogether absent from his mind in the interim:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is a
+      wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal. I will stick up for
+      Drosera to the day of my death. Heaven knows whether I shall ever publish
+      my pile of experiments on it."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He notes in his diary that the last proof of the 'Expression of the
+      Emotions' was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+      Drosera on the following day.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and then
+      broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks (where
+      I now am) to get complete rest. I have very little power of working now,
+      and must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next spring, as my
+      plants are dying. It is an endless subject, and I must cut it short, and
+      for this reason shall not do much on Dionaea. The point which has
+      interested me most is tracing the NERVES! which follow the vascular
+      bundles. By a prick with a sharp lancet at a certain point, I can paralyse
+      one-half the leaf, so that a stimulus to the other half causes no
+      movement. It is just like dividing the spinal marrow of a frog:&mdash;no
+      stimulus can be sent from the brain or anterior part of the spine to the
+      hind legs; but if these latter are stimulated, they move by reflex action.
+      I find my old results about the astonishing sensitiveness of the nervous
+      system (!?)of Drosera to various stimulants fully confirmed and
+      extended...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [His work on digestion in Drosera and other points in the physiology of
+      the plant soon led him into regions where his knowledge was defective, and
+      here the advice and assistance which he received from Dr. Burdon Sanderson
+      was of much value:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. Down, July 25, 1873.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dr. Sanderson,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I should like to tell you a little about my recent work with Drosera, to
+      show that I have profited by your suggestions, and to ask a question or
+      two.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1. It is really beautiful how quickly and well Drosera and Dionaea
+      dissolve little cubes of albumen and gelatine. I kept the same sized cubes
+      on wet moss for comparison. When you were here I forgot that I had tried
+      gelatine, but albumen is far better for watching its dissolution and
+      absorption. Frankland has told me how to test in a rough way for pepsin;
+      and in the autumn he will discover what acid the digestive juice contains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. A decoction of cabbage-leaves and green peas causes as much inflection
+      as an infusion of raw meat; a decoction of grass is less powerful. Though
+      I hear that the chemists try to precipitate all albumen from the extract
+      of belladonna, I think they must fail, as the extract causes inflection,
+      whereas a new lot of atropine, as well as the valerianate [of atropine],
+      produce no effect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. I have been trying a good many experiments with heated water... Should
+      you not call the following case one of heat rigor? Two leaves were heated
+      to 130 deg, and had every tentacle closely inflected; one was taken out
+      and placed in cold water, and it re-expanded; the other was heated to 145
+      deg, and had not the least power of re-expansion. Is not this latter case
+      heat rigor? If you can inform me, I should very much like to hear at what
+      temperature cold-blooded and invertebrate animals are killed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. I must tell you my final result, of which I am sure, [as to] the
+      sensitiveness of Drosera. I made a solution of one part of phosphate of
+      ammonia by weight to 218,750 of water; of this solution I gave so much
+      that a leaf got 1/8000 of a grain of the phosphate. I then counted the
+      glands, and each could have got only 1/1552000 of a grain; this being
+      absorbed by the glands, sufficed to cause the tentacles bearing these
+      glands to bend through an angle of 180 deg. Such sensitiveness requires
+      hot weather, and carefully selected young yet mature leaves. It strikes me
+      as a wonderful fact. I must add that I took every precaution, by trying
+      numerous leaves at the same time in the solution and in the same water
+      which was used for making the solution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. If you can persuade your friend to try the effects of carbonate of
+      ammonia on the aggregation of the white blood corpuscles, I should very
+      much like to hear the result.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I hope this letter will not have wearied you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, 24 [December 1873?].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mr. Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I fear that you will think me a great bore, but I cannot resist telling
+      you that I have just found out that the leaves of Pinguicula possess a
+      beautifully adapted power of movement. Last night I put on a row of little
+      flies near one edge of two YOUNGISH leaves; and after 14 hours these edges
+      are beautifully folded over so as to clasp the flies, thus bringing the
+      glands into contact with the upper surfaces of the flies, and they are now
+      secreting copiously above and below the flies and no doubt absorbing. The
+      acid secretion has run down the channelled edge and has collected in the
+      spoon-shaped extremity, where no doubt the glands are absorbing the
+      delicious soup. The leaf on one side looks just like the helix of a human
+      ear, if you were to stuff flies within the fold. Yours most sincerely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 3 [1874].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera &amp; Co. ready for
+      the printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+      points to observe. I think you will be interested by my observations on
+      the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+      acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+      with, pepsin; for I have been making a long series of comparative trials.
+      No human being will believe what I shall publish about the smallness of
+      the doses of phosphate of ammonia which act.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I began reading the Madagascar squib (A description of a carnivorous
+      plant supposed to subsist on human beings.) quite gravely, and when I
+      found it stated that Felis and Bos inhabited Madagascar, I thought it was
+      a false story, and did not perceive it was a hoax till I came to the
+      woman...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F.C. DONDERS. (Professor Donders, the
+      well-known physiologist of Utrecht.) Down, July 7, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Professor Donders,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My son George writes to me that he has seen you, and that you have been
+      very kind to him, for which I return to you my cordial thanks. He tells me
+      on your authority, of a fact which interests me in the highest degree, and
+      which I much wish to be allowed to quote. It relates to the action of one
+      millionth of a grain of atropine on the eye. Now will you be so kind,
+      whenever you can find a little leisure, to tell me whether you yourself
+      have observed this fact, or believe it on good authority. I also wish to
+      know what proportion by weight the atropine bore to the water solution,
+      and how much of the solution was applied to the eye. The reason why I am
+      so anxious on this head is that it gives some support to certain facts
+      repeatedly observed by me with respect to the action of phosphate of
+      ammonia on Drosera. The 1/4000000 of a grain absorbed by a gland clearly
+      makes the tentacle which bears this gland become inflected; and I am fully
+      convinced that 1/20000000 of a grain of the crystallised salt (i.e.
+      containing about one-third of its weight of water of crystallisation) does
+      the same. Now I am quite unhappy at the thought of having to publish such
+      a statement. It will be of great value to me to be able to give any
+      analogous facts in support. The case of Drosera is all the more
+      interesting as the absorption of the salt or any other stimulant applied
+      to the gland causes it to transmit a motor influence to the base of the
+      tentacle which bears the gland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray forgive me for troubling you, and do not trouble yourself to answer
+      this until your health is fully re-established.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [During the summer of 1874 he was at work on the genus Utricularia, and he
+      wrote (July 16th) to Sir J.D. Hooker giving some account of the progress
+      of his work:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am rather glad you have not been able to send Utricularia, for the
+      common species has driven F. and me almost mad. The structure is MOST
+      complex. The bladders catch a multitude of Entomostraca, and larvae of
+      insects. The mechanism for capture is excellent. But there is much that we
+      cannot understand. From what I have seen to-day, I strongly suspect that
+      it is necrophagous, i.e. that it cannot digest, but absorbs decaying
+      matter."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was indebted to Lady Dorothy Nevill for specimens of the curious
+      Utricularia montana, which is not aquatic like the European species, but
+      grows among the moss and debris on the branches of trees. To this species
+      the following letter refers:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO LADY DOROTHY NEVILL. Down September 18 [1874].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dear Lady Dorothy Nevill,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am so much obliged to you. I was so convinced that the bladders were
+      with the leaves that I never thought of removing the moss, and this was
+      very stupid of me. The great solid bladder-like swellings almost on the
+      surface are wonderful objects, but are not the true bladders. These I
+      found on the roots near the surface, and down to a depth of two inches in
+      the sand. They are as transparent as glass, from 1/20 to 1/100 of an inch
+      in size, and hollow. They have all the important points of structure of
+      the bladders of the floating English species, and I felt confident I
+      should find captured prey. And so I have to my delight in two bladders,
+      with clear proof that they had absorbed food from the decaying mass. For
+      Utricularia is a carrion-feeder, and not strictly carnivorous like
+      Drosera.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The great solid bladder-like bodies, I believe, are reservoirs of water
+      like a camel's stomach. As soon as I have made a few more observations, I
+      mean to be so cruel as to give your plant no water, and observe whether
+      the great bladders shrink and contain air instead of water; I shall then
+      also wash all earth from all roots, and see whether there are true
+      bladders for capturing subterranean insects down to the very bottom of the
+      pot. Now shall you think me very greedy, if I say that supposing the
+      species is not very precious, and you have several, will you give me one
+      more plant, and if so, please to send it to "Orpington Station, S.E.R., to
+      be forwarded by foot messenger."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have hardly ever enjoyed a day more in my life than I have this day's
+      work; and this I owe to your Ladyship's great kindness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The seeds are very curious monsters; I fancy of some plant allied to
+      Medicago, but I will show them to Dr. Hooker.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your ladyship's very gratefully, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 30, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear H.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your magnificent present of Aldrovanda has arrived quite safe. I have
+      enjoyed greatly a good look at the shut leaves, one of which I cut open.
+      It is an aquatic Dionaea, which has acquired some structures identical
+      with those of Utricularia!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If the leaves open and I can transfer them open under the microscope, I
+      will try some experiments, for mortal man cannot resist the temptation. If
+      I cannot transfer, I will do nothing, for otherwise it would require
+      hundreds of leaves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You are a good man to give me such pleasure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The manuscript of 'Insectivorous Plants' was finished in March 1875. He
+      seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this
+      book, thus he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker in February:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to
+      commit suicide; I thought it was decently written, but find so much wants
+      rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two months, and
+      will then make a confoundedly big book. Murray will say that it is no use
+      publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what will be the
+      upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a book is a
+      fool."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out of
+      the edition of 3000.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0014" id="link2HCH0014">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.XIV. &mdash; THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS.'
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      1880.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+      clearness the connection between the 'Power of Movement,' and one of the
+      author's earlier books, that on 'Climbing Plants.' The central idea of the
+      book is that the movements of plants in relation to light, gravitation,
+      etc., are modifications of a spontaneous tendency to revolve or
+      circumnutate, which is widely inherent in the growing parts of plants.
+      This conception has not been generally adopted, and has not taken a place
+      among the canons of orthodox physiology. The book has been treated by
+      Professor Sachs with a few words of professorial contempt; and by
+      Professor Wiesner it has been honoured by careful and generously expressed
+      criticism.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Thiselton Dyer ('Charles Darwin' ('Nature' Series), page 41.) has well
+      said: "Whether this masterly conception of the unity of what has hitherto
+      seemed a chaos of unrelated phenomena will be sustained, time alone will
+      show. But no one can doubt the importance of what Mr. Darwin has done, in
+      showing that for the future the phenomena of plant movement can and indeed
+      must be studied from a single point of view."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+      'Different Forms of Flowers,' and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+      subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer: "I am all on
+      fire at the work." At this time he was studying the movements of
+      cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its simplest
+      form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what useful
+      purpose these sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker
+      (March 25th, 1878):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I think we have PROVED that the sleep of plants is to lessen the injury
+      to the leaves from radiation. This has interested me much, and has cost us
+      great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of Linnaeus. But we
+      have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants: N.B.&mdash;Oxalis
+      carnosa was most valuable, but last night was killed."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His letters of this period do not give any connected account of the
+      progress of the work. The two following are given as being characteristic
+      of the author:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, June 2, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remember saying that I should die a disgraced man if I did not observe a
+      seedling Cactus and Cycas, and you have saved me from this horrible fate,
+      as they move splendidly and normally. But I have two questions to ask: the
+      Cycas observed was a huge seed in a broad and very shallow pot with
+      cocoa-nut fibre as I suppose. It was named only Cycas. Was it Cycas
+      pectinata? I suppose that I cannot be wrong in believing that what first
+      appears above ground is a true leaf, for I can see no stem or axis.
+      Lastly, you may remember that I said that we could not raise Opuntia
+      nigricans; now I must confess to a piece of stupidity; one did come up,
+      but my gardener and self stared at it, and concluded that it could not be
+      a seedling Opuntia, but now that I have seen one of O. basilaris, I am
+      sure it was; I observed it only casually, and saw movements, which makes
+      me wish to observe carefully another. If you have any fruit, will Mr.
+      Lynch (Mr. R.I. Lynch, now Curator of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge was
+      at this time in the Royal Gardens, Kew.) be so kind as to send one more?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am working away like a slave at radicles [roots] and at movements of
+      true leaves, for I have pretty well done with cotyledons...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That was an EXCELLENT letter about the Gardens (This refers to an attempt
+      to induce the Government to open the Royal Gardens at Kew in the
+      morning.): I had hoped that the agitation was over. Politicians are a poor
+      truckling lot, for [they] must see the wretched effects of keeping the
+      gardens open all day long.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your ever troublesome friend, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. 4 Bryanston St., Portman
+      Square, November 21 [1878].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must thank you for all the wonderful trouble which you have taken about
+      the seeds of Impatiens, and on scores of other occasions. It in truth
+      makes me feel ashamed of myself, and I cannot help thinking: "Oh Lord,
+      when he sees our book he will cry out, is this all for which I have helped
+      so much!" In seriousness, I hope that we have made out some points, but I
+      fear that we have done very little for the labour which we have expended
+      on our work. We are here for a week for a little rest, which I needed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I remember right, November 30th, is the anniversary at the Royal, and I
+      fear Sir Joseph must be almost at the last gasp. I shall be glad when he
+      is no longer President.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [In the spring of the following year, 1879. When he was engaged in putting
+      his results together, he wrote somewhat despondingly to Mr. Dyer: "I am
+      overwhelmed with my notes, and almost too old to undertake the job which I
+      have in hand&mdash;i.e. movements of all kinds. Yet it is worse to be
+      idle."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Later on in the year, when the work was approaching completion, he wrote
+      to Prof. Carus (July 17, 1879), with respect to a translation:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Together with my son Francis, I am preparing a rather large volume on the
+      general movements of Plants, and I think that we have made out a good many
+      new points and views.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I fear that our views will meet a good deal of opposition in Germany; but
+      we have been working very hard for some years at the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I shall be MUCH pleased if you think the book worth translating, and
+      proof-sheets shall be sent you, whenever they are ready."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the autumn he was hard at work on the manuscript, and wrote to Dr. Gray
+      (October 24, 1879):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have written a rather big book&mdash;more is the pity&mdash;on the
+      movements of plants, and I am now just beginning to go over the MS. for
+      the second time, which is a horrid bore."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Only the concluding part of the next letter refers to the 'Power of
+      Movements':]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. May 28, 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am particularly obliged to you for having so kindly send me your
+      'Phytographie' (A book on the methods of botanical research, more
+      especially of systematic work.); for if I had merely seen it advertised, I
+      should not have supposed that it could have concerned me. As it is, I have
+      read with very great interest about a quarter, but will not delay longer
+      thanking you. All that you say seems to me very clear and convincing, and
+      as in all your writings I find a large number of philosophical remarks new
+      to me, and no doubt shall find many more. They have recalled many a puzzle
+      through which I passed when monographing the Cirripedia; and your book in
+      those days would have been quite invaluable to me. It has pleased me to
+      find that I have always followed your plan of making notes on separate
+      pieces of paper; I keep several scores of large portfolios, arranged on
+      very thin shelves about two inches apart, fastened to the walls of my
+      study, and each shelf has its proper name or title; and I can thus put at
+      once every memorandum into its proper place. Your book will, I am sure, be
+      very useful to many young students, and I shall beg my son Francis (who
+      intends to devote himself to the physiology of plants) to read it
+      carefully.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As for myself I am taking a fortnight's rest, after sending a pile of MS.
+      to the printers, and it was a piece of good fortune that your book arrived
+      as I was getting into my carriage, for I wanted something to read whilst
+      away from home. My MS. relates to the movements of plants, and I think
+      that I have succeeded in showing that all the more important great classes
+      of movements are due to the modification of a kind of movement common to
+      all parts of all plants from their earliest youth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray give my kind remembrances to your son, and with my highest respect
+      and best thanks,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S.&mdash;It always pleases me to exalt plants in the organic scale, and
+      if you will take the trouble to read my last chapter when my book (which
+      will be sadly too big) is published and sent to you, I hope and think that
+      you also will admire some of the beautiful adaptations by which seedling
+      plants are enabled to perform their proper functions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were disposed
+      of at Mr. Murray's sale. With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+      (November 23):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your note has pleased me much&mdash;for I did not expect that you would
+      have had time to read ANY of it. Read the last chapter, and you will know
+      the whole result, but without the evidence. The case, however, of radicles
+      bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their tips (or
+      brains) cut off is, I think, worth your reading (bottom of page 525); it
+      astounded me. The next most remarkable fact, as it appeared to me (page
+      148), is the discrimination of the tip of the radicle between a slightly
+      harder and softer object affixed on opposite sides of tip. But I will
+      bother you no more about my book. The sensitiveness of seedlings to light
+      is marvellous."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of our
+      work, not but what this is very pleasant... Many of the Germans are very
+      contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer the
+      souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+      interesting part of Natural History. Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+      you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and most
+      kind assistance to us."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the general
+      public. The following letter refers to a leading article in the "Times",
+      November 20, 1880:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. (Mrs. Haliburton was a
+      daughter of my father's early friend, the late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.)
+      Down, November 22, 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sarah,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved and shall ever
+      love this name. Your letter has done more than please me, for its kindness
+      has touched my heart. I often think of old days and of the delight of my
+      visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude I owe to your
+      father. It was very good of you to write. I had quite forgotten my old
+      ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper (Mrs. Haliburton had reminded him
+      of his saying as a boy that if Eddowes' newspaper ever alluded to him as
+      "our deserving fellow-townsman," his ambition would be amply gratified.);
+      but I remember the pride which I felt when I saw in a book about beetles
+      the impressive words "captured by C. Darwin." Captured sounded so grand
+      compared with caught. This seemed to me glory enough for any man! I do not
+      know in the least what made the "Times" glorify me (The following is the
+      opening sentence of the leading article:&mdash;"Of all our living men of
+      science none have laboured longer and to more splendid purpose than Mr.
+      Darwin."), for it has sometimes pitched into me ferociously.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit here
+      very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead a solitary
+      life. But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in London, and then
+      if you have anything else to do in London, you would perhaps come and
+      lunch with us. (My father had the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Haliburton at
+      his brother's house in Queen Anne Street.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, my dear Sarah, Yours gratefully and affectionately, CHARLES
+      DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+      devoted to the criticism of the 'Power of Movement in Plants' by an
+      accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+      University of Vienna:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS WIESNER. Down, October 25th, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have now finished your book ('Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen.'
+      Vienna, 1881.), and have understood the whole except a very few passages.
+      In the first place, let me thank you cordially for the manner in which you
+      have everywhere treated me. You have shown how a man may differ from
+      another in the most decided manner, and yet express his difference with
+      the most perfect courtesy. Not a few English and German naturalists might
+      learn a useful lesson from your example; for the coarse language often
+      used by scientific men towards each other does no good, and only degrades
+      science.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+      experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+      vivisected. It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+      topics in your book. I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+      which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of horizontally
+      extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture; but I cannot
+      persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral branches and roots
+      is due simply to their lessened power of growth. Nor when I think of my
+      experiments with the cotyledons of Phalaris, can I give up the belief of
+      the transmission of some stimulus due to light from the upper to the lower
+      part. At page 60 you have misunderstood my meaning, when you say that I
+      believe that the effects from light are transmitted to a part which is not
+      itself heliotropic. I never considered whether or not the short part
+      beneath the ground was heliotropic; but I believe that with young
+      seedlings the part which bends NEAR, but ABOVE the ground is heliotropic,
+      and I believe so from this part bending only moderately when the light is
+      oblique, and bending rectangularly when the light is horizontal.
+      Nevertheless the bending of this lower part, as I conclude from my
+      experiments with opaque caps, is influenced by the action of light on the
+      upper part. My opinion, however, on the above and many other points,
+      signifies very little, for I have no doubt that your book will convince
+      most botanists that I am wrong in all the points on which we differ.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of facts
+      leading me to believe that light, gravity, etc., act not in a direct
+      manner on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to modify my
+      judgment on this head. I could not understand the passage at page 78,
+      until I consulted my son George, who is a mathematician. He supposes that
+      your objection is founded on the diffused light from the lamp illuminating
+      both sides of the object, and not being reduced, with increasing distance
+      in the same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts whether this
+      NECESSARY correction will account for the very little difference in the
+      heliotropic curvature of the plants in the successive pots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I
+      cannot admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits of
+      card attached by liquid gum causing movement; whereas no movement was
+      caused if the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the
+      liquid gum. The fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached on
+      opposite sides of the same root by shellac, causing movement in one
+      direction, has to be explained. You often speak of the tip having been
+      injured; but externally there was no sign of injury: and when the tip was
+      plainly injured, the extreme part became curved TOWARDS the injured side.
+      I can no more believe that the tip was injured by the bits of card, at
+      least when attached by gum-water, than that the glands of Drosera are
+      injured by a particle of thread or hair placed on it, or that the human
+      tongue [is so] when it feels any such object.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I can
+      only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+      conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my son
+      Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home. The greater
+      part of your book is beautifully clear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence a fresh
+      set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full recantation of my
+      errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for such an undertaking,
+      nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much, or any more, original
+      work. I imagine that I see one possible source of error in your beautiful
+      experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a lateral light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With high respect and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which you
+      have treated me and my mistakes, I remain, my dear Sir, yours sincerely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CHARLES DARWIN. <a name="link2HCH0015" id="link2HCH0015">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.XV. &mdash; MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      1873-1882.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [The present chapter contains a series of miscellaneous letters on
+      botanical subjects. Some of them show my father's varied interests in
+      botanical science, and others give account of researches which never
+      reached completion.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      BLOOM ON LEAVES AND FRUIT.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [His researches into the meaning of the "bloom," or waxy coating found on
+      many leaves, was one of those inquiries which remained unfinished at the
+      time of his death. He amassed a quantity of notes on the subject, part of
+      which I hope to publish at no distant date. (A small instalment on the
+      relation between bloom and the distribution of the stomata on leaves has
+      appeared in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society,' 1886. Tschirsch
+      ("Linnaea", 1881) has published results identical with some which my
+      father and myself obtained, viz. that bloom diminishes transpiration. The
+      same fact was previously published by Garreau in 1850.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One of his earliest letters on this subject was addressed in August, 1873,
+      to Sir Joseph Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I want a little information from you, and if you do not yourself know,
+      please to enquire of some of the wise men of Kew.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Why are the leaves and fruit of so many plants protected by a thin layer
+      of waxy matter (like the common cabbage), or with fine hair, so that when
+      such leaves or fruit are immersed in water they appear as if encased in
+      thin glass? It is really a pretty sight to put a pod of the common pea, or
+      a raspberry into water. I find several leaves are thus protected on the
+      under surface and not on the upper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "How can water injure the leaves if indeed this is at all the case?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On this latter point he wrote to Sir Thomas Farrer:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am now become mad about drops of water injuring leaves. Please ask Mr.
+      Paine (Sir Thomas Farrer's gardener.) whether he believes, FROM HIS OWN
+      EXPERIENCE, that drops of water injure leaves or fruit in his
+      conservatories. It is said that the drops act as burning-glasses; if this
+      is true, they would not be at all injurious on cloudy days. As he is so
+      acute a man, I should very much like to hear his opinion. I remember when
+      I grew hot-house orchids I was cautioned not to wet their leaves; but I
+      never then thought on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I enjoyed my visit greatly with you, and I am very sure that all England
+      could not afford a kinder and pleasanter host."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some years later he took up the subject again, and wrote to Sir Joseph
+      Hooker (May 25, 1877):&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have been looking over my old notes about the "bloom" on plants, and I
+      think that the subject is well worth pursuing, though I am very doubtful
+      of any success. Are you inclined to aid me on the mere chance of success,
+      for without your aid I could do hardly anything?"]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 4 [1877].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ... I am now trying to make out the use or function of "bloom," or the
+      waxy secretion on the leaves and fruit of plants, but am VERY doubtful
+      whether I shall succeed. Can you give me any light? Are such plants
+      commoner in warm than in colder climates? I ask because I often walk out
+      in heavy rain, and the leaves of very few wild dicotyledons can be here
+      seen with drops of water rolling off them like quick-silver. Whereas in my
+      flower garden, greenhouse, and hot-houses there are several. Again, are
+      bloo-protected plants common on your DRY western plains? Hooker THINKS
+      that they are common at the Cape of Good Hope. It is a puzzle to me if
+      they are common under very dry climates, and I find bloom very common on
+      the Acacias and Eucalypti of Australia. Some of the Eucalypti which do not
+      appear to be covered with bloom have the epidermis protected by a layer of
+      some substance which is dissolved in boiling alcohol. Are there any
+      bloo-protected leaves or fruit in the Arctic regions? If you can
+      illuminate me, as you so often have done, pray do so; but otherwise do not
+      bother yourself by answering.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, September 5 [1877].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Dyer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One word to thank you. I declare had it not been for your kindness, we
+      should have broken down. As it is we have made out clearly that with some
+      plants (chiefly succulent) the bloom checks evaporation&mdash;with some
+      certainly prevents attacks of insects; with SOME sea-shore plants prevents
+      injury from salt-water, and, I believe, with a few prevents injury from
+      pure water resting on the leaves. This latter is as yet the most doubtful
+      and the most interesting point in relation to the movements of plants...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, July 4 [1881].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your kindness is unbounded, and I cannot tell you how much your last
+      letter (May 31) has interested me. I have piles of notes about the effect
+      of water resting on leaves, and their movements (as I supposed) to shake
+      off the drops. But I have not looked over these notes for a long time, and
+      had come to think that perhaps my notion was mere fancy, but I had
+      intended to begin experimenting as soon as I returned home; and now with
+      your INVALUABLE letter about the position of the leaves of various plants
+      during rain (I have one analogous case with Acacia from South Africa), I
+      shall be stimulated to work in earnest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      VARIABILITY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter refers to a subject on which my father felt the
+      strongest interest:&mdash;the experimental investigation of the causes of
+      variability. The experiments alluded to were to some extent planned out,
+      and some preliminary work was begun in the direction indicated below, but
+      the research was ultimately abandoned.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. GILBERT. (Dr. Gilbert, F.R.S., joint
+      author with Sir John Bennett Lawes of a long series of valuable researches
+      in Scientific Agriculture.) Down, February 16, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When I met you at the Linnean Society, you were so kind as to say that you
+      would aid me with advice, and this will be of the utmost value to me and
+      my son. I will first state my object, and hope that you will excuse a long
+      letter. It is admitted by all naturalists that no problem is so perplexing
+      as what causes almost every cultivated plant to vary, and no experiments
+      as yet tried have thrown any light on the subject. Now for the last ten
+      years I have been experimenting in crossing and self-fertilising plants;
+      and one indirect result has surprised me much; namely, that by taking
+      pains to cultivate plants in pots under glass during several successive
+      generations, under nearly similar conditions, and by self-fertilising them
+      in each generation, the colour of the flowers often changes, and, what is
+      very remarkable, they became in some of the most variable species, such as
+      Mimulus, Carnation, etc., quite constant, like those of a wild species.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This fact and several others have led me to the suspicion that the cause
+      of variation must be in different substances absorbed from the soil by
+      these plants when their powers of absorption are not interfered with by
+      other plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature. Therefore
+      my son and I wish to grow plants in pots in soil entirely, or as nearly
+      entirely as is possible, destitute of all matter which plants absorb, and
+      then to give during several successive generations to several plants of
+      the same species as different solutions as may be compatible with their
+      life and health. And now, can you advise me how to make soil approximately
+      free of all the substances which plants naturally absorb? I suppose white
+      silver sand, sold for cleaning harness, etc., is nearly pure silica, but
+      what am I to do for alumina? Without some alumina I imagine that it would
+      be impossible to keep the soil damp and fit for the growth of plants. I
+      presume that clay washed over and over again in water would still yield
+      mineral matter to the carbonic acid secreted by the roots. I should want a
+      good deal of soil, for it would be useless to experimentise unless we
+      could fill from twenty to thirty moderately sized flower-pots every year.
+      Can you suggest any plan? for unless you can it would, I fear, be useless
+      for us to commence an attempt to discover whether variability depends at
+      all on matter absorbed from the soil. After obtaining the requisite kind
+      of soil, my notion is to water one set of plants with nitrate of
+      potassium, another set with nitrate of sodium, and another with nitrate of
+      lime, giving all as much phosphate of ammonia as they seemed to support,
+      for I wish the plants to grow as luxuriantly as possible. The plants
+      watered with nitrate of Na and of Ca would require, I suppose, some K; but
+      perhaps they would get what is absolutely necessary from such soil as I
+      should be forced to employ, and from the rain-water collected in tanks. I
+      could use hard water from a deep well in the chalk, but then all the
+      plants would get lime. If the plants to which I give Nitrate of Na and of
+      Ca would not grow I might give them a little alum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am well aware how very ignorant I am, and how crude my notions are; and
+      if you could suggest any other solutions by which plants would be likely
+      to be affected it would be a very great kindness. I suppose that there are
+      no organic fluids which plants would absorb, and which I could procure?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must trust to your kindness to excuse me for troubling you at such
+      length, and,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remain, dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The next letter to Professor Semper (Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.)
+      bears on the same subject:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      FROM <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, July 19, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Professor Semper,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been much pleased to receive your letter, but I did not expect you
+      to answer my former one... I cannot remember what I wrote to you, but I am
+      sure that it must have expressed the interest which I felt in reading your
+      book. (Published in the 'International Scientific Series,' in 1881, under
+      the title, 'The Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect Animal
+      Life.') I thought that you attributed too much weight to the DIRECT action
+      of the environment; but whether I said so I know not, for without being
+      asked I should have thought it presumptuous to have criticised your book,
+      nor should I now say so had I not during the last few days been struck
+      with Professor Hoffmann's review of his own work in the 'Botanische
+      Zeitung,' on the variability of plants; and it is really surprising how
+      little effect he produced by cultivating certain plants under unnatural
+      conditions, as the presence of salt, lime, zinc, etc., etc., during
+      SEVERAL generations. Plants, moreover, were selected which were the most
+      likely to vary under such conditions, judging from the existence of
+      closely-allied forms adapted for these conditions. No doubt I originally
+      attributed too little weight to the direct action of conditions, but
+      Hoffmann's paper has staggered me. Perhaps hundreds of generations of
+      exposure are necessary. It is a most perplexing subject. I wish I was not
+      so old, and had more strength, for I see lines of research to follow.
+      Hoffmann even doubts whether plants vary more under cultivation than in
+      their native home and under their natural conditions. If so, the
+      astonishing variations of almost all cultivated plants must be due to
+      selection and breeding from the varying individuals. This idea crossed my
+      mind many years ago, but I was afraid to publish it, as I thought that
+      people would say, "how he does exaggerate the importance of selection."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I still MUST believe that changed conditions give the impulse to
+      variability, but that they act IN MOST CASES in a very indirect manner.
+      But, as I said, it is a most perplexing problem. Pray forgive me for
+      writing at such length; I had no intention of doing so when I sat down to
+      write.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am extremely sorry to hear, for your own sake and for that of Science,
+      that you are so hard worked, and that so much of your time is consumed in
+      official labour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pray believe me, dear Professor Semper, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      GALLS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Shortly before his death, my father began to experimentise on the
+      possibility of producing galls artificially. A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker
+      (November 3, 1880) shows the interest which he felt in the question:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I was delighted with Paget's Essay ('Disease in Plants,' by Sir James
+      Paget.&mdash;See "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1880.); I hear that he has
+      occasionally attended to this subject from his youth... I am very glad he
+      has called attention to galls: this has always seemed to me a profoundly
+      interesting subject; and if I had been younger would take it up."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish to
+      learn something of the causes of variation. He imagined to himself
+      wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these
+      means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus
+      new varieties arise. He made a considerable number of experiments by
+      injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves, and with some
+      slight indications of success.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      AGGREGATION.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The following letter gives an idea of the subject of the last of his
+      published papers. ('Journal of the Linnean Society.' volume xix, 1882,
+      pages 239 and 262.) The appearances which he observed in leaves and roots
+      attracted him, on account of their relation to the phenomena of
+      aggregation which had so deeply interested him when he was at work on
+      Drosera:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO S.H. VINES. (Reader in Botany in the
+      University of Cambridge.) Down, November 1, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Mr. Vines,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As I know how busy you are, it is a great shame to trouble you. But you
+      are so rich in chemical knowledge about plants, and I am so poor, that I
+      appeal to your charity as a pauper. My question is&mdash;Do you know of
+      any solid substance in the cells of plants which glycerine and water
+      dissolves? But you will understand my perplexity better if I give you the
+      facts: I mentioned to you that if a plant of Euphorbia peplus is gently
+      dug up and the roots placed for a short time in a weak solution (1 to
+      10,000 of water, suffices in 24 hours) of carbonate of ammonia the
+      (generally) alternate longitudinal rows of cells in every rootlet, from
+      the root-cap up to the very top of the root (but not as far as I have yet
+      seen in the green stem) become filled with translucent, brownish grains of
+      matter. These rounded grains often cohere and even become confluent. Pure
+      phosphate and nitrate of ammonia produce (though more slowly) the same
+      effect, as does pure carbonate of soda.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now, if slices of root under a cover-glass are irrigated with glycerine
+      and water, every one of the innumerable grains in the cells disappear
+      after some hours. What am I to think of this.?...
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Forgive me for bothering you to such an extent; but I must mention that if
+      the roots are dipped in boiling water there is no deposition of matter,
+      and carbonate of ammonia afterwards produces no effect. I should state
+      that I now find that the granular matter is formed in the cells
+      immediately beneath the thin epidermis, and a few other cells near the
+      vascular tissue. If the granules consisted of living protoplasm (but I can
+      see no traces of movement in them), then I should infer that the glycerine
+      killed them and aggregation ceased with the diffusion of invisibly minute
+      particles, for I have seen an analogous phenomenon in Drosera.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If you can aid me, pray do so, and anyhow forgive me. Yours very
+      sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      MR. TORBITT'S EXPERIMENTS ON THE POTATO-DISEASE.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Mr. James Torbitt, of Belfast, has been engaged for the last twelve years
+      in the difficult undertaking, in which he has been to a large extent
+      successful, of raising fungus-proof varieties of the potato. My father
+      felt great interest in Mr. Torbitt's work, and corresponded with him from
+      1876 onwards. The following letter, giving a clear account of Mr.
+      Torbitt's method and of my father's opinion of the probability of its
+      success, was written with the idea that Government aid for the work might
+      possibly be obtainable:]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER. Down, March 2, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Farrer,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Torbitt's plan of overcoming the potato-disease seems to me by far the
+      best which has ever been suggested. It consists, as you know from his
+      printed letter, of rearing a vast number of seedlings from
+      cross-fertilised parents, exposing them to infection, ruthlessly
+      destroying all that suffer, saving those which resist best, and repeating
+      the process in successive seminal generations. My belief in the
+      probability of good results from this process rests on the fact of all
+      characters whatever occasionally varying. It is known, for instance, that
+      certain species and varieties of the vine resist phylloxera better than
+      others. Andrew Knight found in one variety or species of the apple which
+      was not in the least attacked by coccus, and another variety has been
+      observed in South Australia. Certain varieties of the peach resist mildew,
+      and several other such cases could be given. Therefore there is no great
+      improbability in a new variety of potato arising which would resist the
+      fungus completely, or at least much better than any existing variety. With
+      respect to the cross-fertilisation of two distinct seedling plants, it has
+      been ascertained that the offspring thus raised inherit much more vigorous
+      constitutions and generally are more prolific than seedlings from
+      self-fertilised parents. It is also probable that cross-fertilisation
+      would be especially valuable in the case of the potato, as there is reason
+      to believe that the flowers are seldom crossed by our native insects; and
+      some varieties are absolutely sterile unless fertilised with pollen from a
+      distinct variety. There is some evidence that the good effects from a
+      cross are transmitted for several generations; it would not, therefore be
+      necessary to cross-fertilise the seedlings in each generation, though this
+      would be desirable, as it is almost certain that a greater number of seeds
+      would thus be obtained. It should be remembered that a cross between
+      plants raised from the tubers of the same plant, though growing on
+      distinct roots, does no more good than a cross between flowers on the same
+      individual. Considering the whole subject, it appears to me that it would
+      be a national misfortune if the cros-fertilised seeds in Mr. Torbitt's
+      possession produced by parents which have already shown some power of
+      resisting the disease, are not utilised by the Government, or some public
+      body, and the process of selection continued during several more
+      generations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Should the Agricultural Society undertake the work, Mr. Torbitt's
+      knowledge gained by experience would be especially valuable; and an
+      outline of the plan is given in his printed letter. It would be necessary
+      that all the tubers produced by each plant should be collected separately,
+      and carefully examined in each succeeding generation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It would be advisable that some kind of potato eminently liable to the
+      disease should be planted in considerable numbers near the seedlings so as
+      to infect them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Altogether the trial would be one requiring much care and extreme
+      patience, as I know from experience with analogous work, and it may be
+      feared that it would be difficult to find any one who would pursue the
+      experiment with sufficient energy. It seems, therefore, to me highly
+      desirable that Mr. Torbitt should be aided with some small grant so as to
+      continue the work himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Judging from his reports, his efforts have already been crowned in so
+      short a time with more success than could have been anticipated; and I
+      think you will agree with me, that any one who raises a fungus-proof
+      potato will be a public benefactor of no common kind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Farrer, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [After further consultation with Sir Thomas Farrer and with Mr. Caird, my
+      father became convinced that it was hopeless to attempt to obtain
+      Government aid. He wrote to Mr. Torbitt to this effect, adding, "it would
+      be less trouble to get up a subscription from a few rich leading
+      agriculturists than from Government. This plan I think you cannot object
+      to, as you have asked nothing, and will have nothing whatever to do with
+      the subscription. In fact, the affair is, in my opinion, a compliment to
+      you." The idea here broached was carried out, and Mr. Torbitt was enabled
+      to continue his work by the aid of a sum to which Sir T. Farrer, Mr.
+      Caird, my father, and a few friends, subscribed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father's sympathy and encouragement were highly valued by Mr. Torbitt,
+      who tells me that without them he should long ago have given up his
+      attempt. A few extracts will illustrate my father's fellow feeling with
+      Mr. Torbitt's energy and perseverance:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I admire your indomitable spirit. If any one ever deserved success, you
+      do so, and I keep to my original opinion that you have a very good chance
+      of raising a fungus-proof variety of the potato.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A pioneer in a new undertaking is sure to meet with many disappointments,
+      so I hope that you will keep up your courage, though we have done so very
+      little for you."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Torbitt tells me that he still (1887) succeeds in raising varieties
+      possessing well-marked powers of resisting disease; but this immunity is
+      not permanent, and, after some years, the varieties become liable to the
+      attacks of the fungus.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      THE KEW INDEX OF PLANT-NAMES, OR 'NOMENCLATOR DARWINIANUS.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Some account of my father's connection with the Index of Plant-names now
+      (1887) in course of preparation at Kew will be found in Mr. B. Daydon
+      Jackson's paper in the 'Journal of Botany,' 1887, page 151. Mr. Jackson
+      quotes the following statement by Sir J.D. Hooker:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+      that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+      for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+      utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+      event of these not being completed during his lifetime.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+      regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index to the
+      names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to botanists,
+      together with their native countries. Steudel's 'Nomenclator' is the only
+      existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a century old,
+      Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches. It has been
+      indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a list of all
+      known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors, or as a digest
+      of botanical geography."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Since 1840, when the 'Nomenclator' was published, the number of described
+      plants may be said to have doubled, so that the 'Nomenclator' is now
+      seriously below the requirements of botanical work. To remedy this want,
+      the 'Nomenclator' has been from time to time posted up in an interleaved
+      copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied by private
+      liberality." (Kew Gardens Report, 1881, page 62.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My father, like other botanists, had as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+      experienced the value of Steudel's work. He obtained plants from all sorts
+      of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the necessity
+      of adhering to the accepted nomenclature, so that he might convey to other
+      workers precise indications as to the plants which he had studied. It was
+      also frequently a matter of importance to him to know the native country
+      of his experimental plants. Thus it was natural that he should recognize
+      the desirability of completing and publishing the interleaved volume at
+      Kew. The wish to help in this object was heightened by the admiration he
+      felt for the results for which the world has to thank the Royal Gardens at
+      Kew, and by his gratitude for the invaluable aid which for so many years
+      he received from its Director and his staff. He expressly stated that it
+      was his wish "to aid in some way the scientific work carried on at the
+      Royal Gardens" (Kew Gardens Report, 1881, page 62.)&mdash;which induced
+      him to offer to supply funds for the completion of the Kew 'Nomenclator.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+      much interest, as illustrating the motives that actuated my father in this
+      matter. Professor Judd writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income
+      having recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same, he
+      was most anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement of
+      Geology or Biology. He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact that
+      he owed so much happiness and fame to the natural-history sciences, which
+      had been the solace of what might have been a painful existence;&mdash;and
+      he begged me, if I knew of any research which could be aided by a grant of
+      a few hundreds of pounds, to let him know, as it would be a delight to him
+      to feel that he was helping in promoting the progress of science. He
+      informed me at the same time that he was making the same suggestion to Sir
+      Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley with respect to Botany and Zoology
+      respectively. I was much impressed by the earnestness, and, indeed, deep
+      emotion, with which he spoke of his indebtedness to Science, and his
+      desire to promote its interests."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir Joseph Hooker was asked by my father "to take into consideration, with
+      the aid of the botanical staff at Kew and the late Mr. Bentham, the extent
+      and scope of the proposed work, and to suggest the best means of having it
+      executed. In doing this, Sir Joseph had further the advantage of the great
+      knowledge and experience of Professor Asa Gray, of Cambridge, U.S.A., and
+      of Mr. John Ball, F.R.S." ('Journal of Botany,' loc. cit.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir Joseph
+      Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr. B. Daydon
+      Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive knowledge of
+      botanical literature qualifies him for the task. My father's original idea
+      of producing a modern edition of Steudel's 'Nomenclator' has been
+      practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view is rather to construct a
+      list of genera and species (with references) founded on Bentham and
+      Hooker's 'Genera Plantarum.' The colossal nature of the work in progress
+      at Kew may be estimated by the fact that the manuscript of the 'Index' is
+      at the present time (1887) believed to weigh more than a ton. Under Sir
+      Joseph Hooker's supervision the work goes steadily forward, being carried
+      out with admirable zeal by Mr. Jackson, who devotes himself unsparingly to
+      the enterprise, in which, too, he has the advantage of the active interest
+      in the work felt by Professor Oliver and Mr. Thiselton Dyer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Kew 'Index,' which will, in all probability, be ready to go to press
+      in four or five years, will be a fitting memorial of my father: and his
+      share in its completion illustrates a part of his character&mdash;his
+      ready sympathy with work outside his own lines of investigation&mdash;and
+      his respect for minute and patient labour in all branches of science.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2HCH0016" id="link2HCH0016">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CHAPTER 2.XVI. &mdash; CONCLUSION.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+      gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages. The subject of
+      health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+      because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+      outward form of his life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the last ten years of his life the condition of his health was a
+      cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. His condition showed signs
+      of amendment in several particulars. He suffered less distress and
+      discomfort, and was able to work more steadily. Something has been already
+      said of Dr. Bence Jones's treatment, from which my father certainly
+      derived benefit. In later years he became a patient of Sir Andrew Clark,
+      under whose care he improved greatly in general health. It was not only
+      for his generously rendered service that my father felt a debt of
+      gratitude towards Sir Andrew Clark. He owed to his cheering personal
+      influence an ofte-repeated encouragement, which laterally added something
+      real to his happiness, and he found sincere pleasure in Sir Andrew's
+      friendship and kindness towards himself and his children.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Scattered through the past pages are one or two references to pain or
+      uneasiness felt in the region of the heart. How far these indicate that
+      the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any case
+      it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of this nature
+      until shortly before his death. In spite of the general improvement in his
+      health, which has been above alluded to, there was a certain loss of
+      physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last few years of his
+      life. This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter to his old friend Sir
+      James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879: "My scientific work tires me
+      more than it used to do, but I have nothing else to do, and whether one is
+      worn out a year or two sooner or later signifies but little."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker of June 15,
+      1881. My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote: "I am rather
+      despondent about myself... I have not the heart or strength to begin any
+      investigation lasting years, which is the only thing which I enjoy, and I
+      have no little jobs which I can do."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace, "We have just returned home after
+      spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming, but I
+      cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery... What I shall
+      do with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell. I have
+      everything to make me happy and contented, but life has become very
+      wearisome to me." He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and
+      that of a trying sort (On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots and
+      leaves.), during the autumn of 1881, but towards the end of the year he
+      was clearly in need of rest; and during the winter was in a lower
+      condition than was usual with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On December 13 he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+      Street. During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and was
+      seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same kind as
+      those which afterwards became so frequent. The rest of the incident, which
+      I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a different point of
+      view, as giving one more illustration of my father's scrupulous
+      consideration for others:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+      asked him to come in, he said he would prefer going home, and although the
+      butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he said he
+      would rather not give so much trouble. For the same reason he refused to
+      allow the butler to accompany him. Accordingly he watched him walking with
+      difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be met with, and
+      saw that, when he had got about three hundred yards from the house, he
+      staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if to prevent himself
+      from falling. The butler therefore hastened to his assistance, but after a
+      few seconds saw him turn round with the evident purpose of retracing his
+      steps to my house. However, after he had returned part of the way he seems
+      to have felt better, for he again changed his mind, and proceeded to find
+      a cab."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks of
+      pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse, became
+      frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon. A seizure of this sort
+      occurred about March 7, when he was walking alone at a short distance from
+      the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the last time that he
+      was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.' Shortly after this, his
+      illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and he was seen by Sir
+      Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr. Norman Moore, of St.
+      Bartholomew's Hospital, and Mr. Alfrey, of St. Mary Cray. He suffered from
+      distressing sensations of exhaustion and faintness, and seemed to
+      recognise with deep depression the fact that his working days were over.
+      He gradually recovered from this condition, and became more cheerful and
+      hopeful, as is shown in the following letter to Mr. Huxley, who was
+      anxious that my father should have closer medical supervision than the
+      existing arrangements allowed:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Down, March 27, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Huxley,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me. I have felt better
+      to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no pain. Your plan seems
+      an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it, unless I get very much
+      better. Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me, but he is too busy to
+      come here. Once again, accept my cordial thanks, my dear old friend. I
+      wish to God there were more automata (The allusion is to Mr. Huxley's
+      address 'On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its History,'
+      given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association in 1874, and
+      republished in 'Science and Culture.') in the world like you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ever yours, CH. DARWIN."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation. Sir
+      Andrew Clark himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who,
+      however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+      severely his great practice taxed his strength.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on Saturday
+      15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in the evening,
+      and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa. On the 17th he was again
+      better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the progress of an
+      experiment in which I was engaged. During the night of April 18th, about a
+      quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed into a faint, from
+      which he was brought back to consciousness with great difficulty. He
+      seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I am not the least
+      afraid to die." All the next morning he suffered from terrible nausea and
+      faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+      seventy-fourth year of his age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect
+      added to the manuscript of his 'Autobiography' in 1879:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily following,
+      and devoting my life to Science. I feel no remorse from having committed
+      any great sin, but have often and often regretted that I have not done
+      more direct good to my fellow creatures."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_APPE1" id="link2H_APPE1">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      APPENDIX I.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed
+      by twenty members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+      Westminster:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 21, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Very Rev. Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we venture to
+      suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of our
+      fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious
+      countryman, Mr. Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We remain, your obedient servants,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      JOHN LUBBOCK, NEVIL STOREY MASKELYNE, A.J. MUNDELLA, G.O. TREVELYAN, LYON
+      PLAYFAIR, CHARLES W. DILKE, DAVID WEDDERBURN, ARTHUR RUSSEL, HORACE DAVEY,
+      BENJAMIN ARMITAGE, RICHARD B. MARTIN, FRANCIS W. BUXTON, E.L. STANLEY,
+      HENRY BROADHURST, JOHN BARRAN, F.J. CHEETHAM, H.S. HOLLAND, H.
+      CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, CHARLES BRUCE, RICHARD FORT.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial acquiescence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down: with
+      regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 25, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My dear Darwin,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I should greatly have
+      preferred that your father should have rested in Down amongst us all. It
+      is, I am sure, quite understood that the initiative was not taken by you.
+      Still, from a national point of view, it is clearly right that he should
+      be buried in the Abbey. I esteem it a great privilege to be allowed to
+      accompany my dear master to the grave.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      JOHN LUBBOCK. W.E. DARWIN, ESQ.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place in
+      Westminster Abbey on April 26th. The pall-bearers were:&mdash;
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  SIR JOHN LUBBOCK,
+  MR. HUXLEY,
+  MR. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (American Minister),
+  MR. A.R. WALLACE,
+  THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,
+  CANON FARRAR,
+  SIR J.D. HOOKER,
+  MR. WM. SPOTTISWOODE (President of the Royal Society),
+  THE EARL OF DERBY,
+  THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany, Italy,
+      Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities, and learned Societies, as
+      well as by large numbers of personal friends and distinguished men.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The grave is in the North aisle of the Nave close to the angle of the
+      choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton. The stone
+      bears the inscription&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN. Born 12 February, 1809. Died 19 April, 1882.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_APPE2" id="link2H_APPE2">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      APPENDIX II.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      I.&mdash;LIST OF WORKS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of Her Majesty's Ships 'Adventure' and
+      'Beagle' between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of
+      the Southern shores of South America, and the 'Beagle's' circumnavigation
+      of the globe. Volume iii. Journal and Remarks, 1832-1836. By Charles
+      Darwin. 8vo. London, 1839.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the
+      countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world,
+      under the command of Captain Fitz-Roy, R.N. 2nd edition, corrected, with
+      additions. 8vo. London, 1845. (Colonial and Home Library.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Naturalist's Voyage. Journal of Researches, etc., 8vo. London, 1860.
+      [Contains a postscript dated February 1, 1860.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Edited and superintended by
+      Charles Darwin. Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen. With a
+      Geological Introduction, by Charles Darwin. 4to. London, 1840.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Part II. Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse. With a notice of their
+      habits and ranges, by Charles Darwin. 4to. London, 1839.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Part III. Birds, by John Gould. An "Advertisement" (2 pages) states
+      that in consequence of Mr. Gould's having left England for Australia, many
+      descriptions were supplied by Mr. G.R. Gray of the British Museum. 4to.
+      London, 1841.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Part IV. Fish, by Rev. Leonard Jenyns. 4to. London, 1842.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Part V. Reptiles, by Thomas Bell. 4to. London, 1843.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of the
+      Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1842.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. 2nd edition. 8vo. London,
+      1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage
+      of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Being the Second Part of the Geology of the Voyage of
+      the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1844.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Geological Observations on South America. Being the Third Part of the
+      Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1846.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South America
+      visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' 2nd edition. 8vo. London,
+      1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great
+      Britain. 4to. London, 1851. (Palaeontographical Society.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species.
+      The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. 8vo. London, 1851. (Ray
+      Society.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. 8vo.
+      London, 1854. (Ray Society.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Monograph of the Fossil Balanidae and Verrucidae of Great Britain. 4to.
+      London, 1854. (Palaeontographical Society.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the
+      Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. 8vo. London,
+      1859. (Dated October 1st, 1859, published November 24, 1859.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Fifth thousand. 8vo. London, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Third edition, with additions and corrections. (Seventh thousand.)
+      8vo. London, 1861. (Dated March, 1861.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Fourth edition with additions and corrections. (Eighth thousand.)
+      8vo. London, 1866. (Dated June, 1866.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Fifth edition, with additions and corrections. (Tenth thousand.)
+      8vo. London, 1869. (Dated May, 1869.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Sixth edition, with additions and corrections to 1872.
+      (Twenty-fourth thousand.) 8vo. London, 1882. (Dated January, 1872.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the various contrivances by which Orchids are fertilised by Insects.
+      8vo. London, 1862.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Second edition. 8vo. London, 1877. [In the second edition the word
+      "On" is omitted from the title.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. Second edition. 8vo. London,
+      1875. [First appeared in the ninth volume of the 'Journal of the Linnean
+      Society.']
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. 2 volumes. 8vo.
+      London, 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Second edition, revised. 2 volumes. 8vo. London, 1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 volumes. 8vo.
+      London, 1871.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Second edition. 8vo. London, 1874. (In 1 volume.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. 8vo. London, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Insectivorous Plants. 8vo. London, 1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. 8vo.
+      London, 1876.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Second edition. 8vo. London, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. 8vo. London,
+      1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;Second edition. 8vo. London, 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Power of Movement in Plants. By Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis
+      Darwin. 8vo. London, 1880.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with
+      Observations on their Habits. 8vo. London, 1881.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      II.&mdash;LIST OF BOOKS CONTAINING CONTRIBUTIONS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's
+      Navy: and adapted for travellers in general. Edited by Sir John F.W.
+      Herschel, Bart. 8vo. London, 1849. (Section VI. Geology. By Charles
+      Darwin.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. 8vo.
+      London, 1862. [In Chapter III., Recollections by Charles Darwin.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton published in Prof. J.
+      Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Flowers and their unbidden guests. By A. Kerner. With a Prefatory Letter
+      by Charles Darwin. The translation revised and edited by W. Ogle. 8vo.
+      London, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Erasmus Darwin. By Ernst Krause. Translated from the German by W.S.
+      Dallas. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. 8vo. London, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Studies in the Theory of Descent. By August Weismann. Translated and
+      edited by Raphael Meldola. With a Prefatory Notice by Charles Darwin. 8vo.
+      London, 1880&mdash;.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Fertilisation of Flowers. By Hermann Muller. Translated and edited by
+      D'Arcy W. Thompson. With a Preface by Charles Darwin. 8vo. London, 1883.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mental Evolution in Animals. By G.J. Romanes. With a posthumous essay on
+      instinct by Charles Darwin, 1883. [Also published in the Journal of the
+      Linnean Society.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some Notes on a curious habit of male humble bees were sent to Prof.
+      Hermann Muller, of Lippstadt, who had permission from Mr. Darwin to make
+      what use he pleased of them. After Muller's death the Notes were given by
+      his son to Dr. E. Krause, who published them under the title, "Ueber die
+      Wege der Hummel-Mannchen" in his book, 'Gesammelte kleinere Schriften von
+      Charles Darwin.' (1886).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      III.&mdash;LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS, INCLUDING A SELECTION OF LETTERS AND
+      SHORT COMMUNICATIONS TO SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Letters to Professor Henslow, read by him at the meeting of the Cambridge
+      Philosophical Society, held November 16, 1835. 31 pages. 8vo. Privately
+      printed for distribution among the members of the Society.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of South
+      America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account of a
+      transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between Valparaiso and
+      Mendoza. [Read November 18, 1835.] Geology Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages
+      210-212. [This Paper is incorrectly described in Geology Society Proc.
+      ii., page 210 as follows:&mdash;"Geological notes, etc., by F. Darwin,
+      Esq., of St. John's College, Cambridge: communicated by Prof. Sedgwick."
+      It is Indexed under C. Darwin.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_NOTE" id="link2H_NOTE">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Notes upon the Rhea Americana. Zoology Society Proc., Part v. 1837.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      pages 35-36.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili, made
+      during the survey of H.M.S. "Beagle," commanded by Captain Fitz-Roy.
+      [1837.] Geological Society Proc. ii.1838, pages 446-449.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the neighbourhood
+      of the Plata. [1837.] Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 542-544.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian
+      oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations. [1837.] Geological
+      Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 552-554.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Formation of Mould. [Read November 1, 1837.] Geological Society
+      Proc. ii. 1838, pages 574-576; Geological Society Transactions v. 1840,
+      pages 505-510.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena and on the formation of
+      mountain-chains and the effects of continental elevations. [Read March 7,
+      1838.] Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 654-660; Geological
+      Society Transactions v. 1840, pages 601-632. [In the Society's
+      Transactions the wording of the title is slightly different.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Origin of saliferous deposits. Salt Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata.
+      Geological Society Journal ii. (Part ii.), 1838, pages 127-128.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Note on a Rock seen on an Iceberg in 16 deg South Latitude. Geographical
+      Society Journal ix. 1839, pages 528-529.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of
+      Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine
+      origin. Phil. Trans. 1839, pages 39-82.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On a remarkable Bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the Coast of Brazil.
+      Phil. Mag. xix. 1841, pages 257-260.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous
+      Unstratified Deposits of South America. [1841.] Geological Society Proc.
+      iii. 1842, pages 425-430; Geological Society Transactions vi. 1842, pages
+      415-432.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_NOTE2" id="link2H_NOTE2">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient Glaciers of
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by Floating Ice. London
+      Philosophical Magazine volume xxi. page 180. 1842.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Remarks on the preceding paper, in a Letter from Charles Darwin, Esq., to
+      Mr. Maclaren. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal xxxiv. 1843, pages 47-
+      50. [The "preceding" paper is: "On Coral Islands and Reefs as described by
+      Mr. Darwin. By Charles Maclaren, Esq., F.R.S.E."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta. Annals
+      and Magazine of Natural History xiii. 1844, pages 1-6.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some
+      remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. Annals and
+      Magazine of Natural History xiv. 1844, pages 241-251.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      An account of the Fine Dust which often falls on Vessels in the Atlantic
+      Ocean. Geological Society Journal ii. 1846, pages 26-30.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Geology of the Falkland Islands. Geological Society Journal ii.
+      1846, pages 267-274.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A review of Waterhouse's 'Natural History of the Mammalia.' [Not signed.]
+      Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1847. Volume xix. page 53.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher level.
+      Geological Society Journal iv. 1848, pages 315-323.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On British fossil Lepadidae. Geological Society Journal vi. 1850, pages
+      439-440. [The G.S.J. says "This paper was withdrawn by the author with the
+      permission of the Council."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Analogy of the Structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers.
+      Edinburgh Royal Society Proc. ii. 1851, pages 17-18.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the power of Icebergs to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed Grooves
+      across a Submarine Undulatory Surface. Philosophical Magazine x. 1855,
+      pages 96-98.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Vitality of Seeds. "Gardeners' Chronicle", November 17, 1855, page 758.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the action of Sea-water on the Germination of Seeds. [1856.] Linnean
+      Society Journal i. 1857 ("Botany"), pages 130-140.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers.
+      "Gardeners' Chronicle", page 725, 1857.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+      Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. By Charles Darwin,
+      Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., and F.G.S., and Alfred Wallace, Esq. [Read July 1st,
+      1858.] Journal of the Linnean Society 1859, volume iii. ("Zoology"), page
+      45.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Special titles of Charles Darwin's contributions to the foregoing:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      i. Extract from an unpublished work on Species by Charles Darwin Esq.,
+      consisting of a portion of a chapter entitled, "On the Variation of
+      Organic Beings in a State of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection; on
+      the Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ii. Abstract of a Letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Professor Asa Gray, of
+      Boston U.S., dated September 5, 1857.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers, and
+      on the Crossing of Kidney Beans. "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1858, page 828
+      and Annals of Natural History 3rd series ii. 1858, pages 459-465.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Do the Tineina or other small Moths suck Flowers, and if so what Flowers?
+      "Entomological Weekly Intelligencer" volume viii. 1860, page 103.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Note on the achenia of Pumilio Argyrolepis. "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+      January 5, 1861, page 4.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fertilisation of Vincas. "Gardeners' Chronicle", pages 552, 831, 832.
+      1861.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the species of Primula, and
+      on their remarkable Sexual Relations. Linnean Society Journal vi. 1862
+      ("Botany"), pages 77-96.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid
+      in the possession of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society Journal vi. 1862
+      ("Botany"), pages 151-157.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yellow Rain. "Gardeners' Chronicle", July 18, 1863, page 675.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the thickness of the Pampean formation near Buenos Ayres. Geological
+      Society Journal xix. 1863, pages 68-71.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the so-called "Auditory-sac" of Cirripedes. Natural History Review,
+      1863, pages 115-116.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A review of Mr. Bates' paper on 'Mimetic Butterflies.' Natural History
+      Review, 1863, page 221-. [Not signed.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in
+      several species of the genus Linum. Linnean Society Journal vii. 1864
+      ("Botany"), pages 69-83.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria. [1864.]
+      Linnean Society Journal viii. 1865 ("Botany"), pages 169-196.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants. [1865.] Linnean Society
+      Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), pages 1-118.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Note on the Common Broom (Cytisus scoparius). [1866.] Linnean Society
+      Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), page 358.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_NOTE3" id="link2H_NOTE3">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      History, 4th series, iv. 1869, pages 141-159.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+      Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants. [1868.] Linnean
+      Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages 393-437.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Specific Difference between Primula veris, British Fl. (var.
+      officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, British Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.),
+      and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip. With
+      Supplementary Remarks on naturally produced Hybrids in the genus
+      Verbascum. [1868.] Linnean Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages
+      437-454.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestris).
+      Zoological Society Proceedings November 1, 1870, pages 705-706.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fertilisation of Leschenaultia. "Gardeners' Chronicle", page 1166, 1871.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants. 'Nature,' November 18, 1869,
+      volume i. page 85.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pangenesis. 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, volume iii. page 502.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A new view of Darwinism. 'Nature,' July 6, 1871, volume iv. page 180.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bree on Darwinism. 'Nature,' August 8, 1872, volume vi. page 279.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Inherited Instinct. 'Nature,' February 13, 1873, volume vii. page 281.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perception in the Lower Animals. 'Nature,' March 13, 1873, volume vii.
+      page 360.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Origin of certain instincts. 'Nature,' April 3, 1873, volume vii. page
+      417.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Habits of Ants. 'Nature,' July 24, 1873, volume viii. page 244.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes, and on
+      Rudimentary Structures. 'Nature,' September 25, 1873, volume viii. page
+      431.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Recent researches on Termites and Honey-bees. 'Nature,' February 19, 1874,
+      volume ix. page 308.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fertilisation of the Fumariaceae. 'Nature,' April 16, 1874, volume ix.
+      page 460.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds. 'Nature,' April 23, 1874,
+      volume ix. page 482; May 14, 1874, volume x. page 24.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cherry Blossoms. 'Nature,' May 11, 1876, volume xiv. page 28.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys. 'Nature,' November 2, 1876,
+      volume xv. page 18. Reprinted as a supplement to the 'Descent of Man,'
+      18..
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fritz Muller on Flowers and Insects. 'Nature,' November 29, 1877, volume
+      xvii. page 78.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Scarcity of Holly Berries and Bees. "Gardeners' Chronicle", January
+      20, 1877, page 83.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Note on Fertilization of Plants. "Gardeners' Chronicle", volume vii. page
+      246, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A biographical sketch of an infant. 'Mind,' No.7, July, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Transplantation of Shells. 'Nature,' May 30, 1878, volume xviii. page 120.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fritz Muller on a Frog having Eggs on its back&mdash;on the abortion of
+      the hairs on the legs of certain Caddis-Flies, etc. 'Nature,' March 20,
+      1879, volume xix. page 462.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Rats and Water-Casks. 'Nature,' March 27, 1879, volume xix. page 481.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese Goose. 'Nature,' January
+      1, 1880, volume xxi. page 207.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies. 'Nature,' January 8, 1880,
+      volume xxi. page 237.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Omori Shell Mounds. 'Nature,' April 15, 1880, volume xxi. page 561.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection. 'Nature,' November 11, 1880,
+      volume xxiii. page 32.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Black Sheep. 'Nature,' December 30, 1880, volume xxiii. page 193.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Movements of Plants. 'Nature,' March 3, 1881, volume xxiii. page 409.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Movements of Leaves. 'Nature,' April 28, 1881, volume xxiii. page 603.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Inheritance. 'Nature,' July 21, 1881, volume xxiv. page 257.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Leaves injured at Night by Free Radiation. 'Nature,' September 15, 1881,
+      volume xxiv. page 459.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Parasitic Habits of Molothrus. 'Nature,' November 17, 1881, volume
+      xxv. page 51.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves. 'Nature,' April 6, 1882, volume
+      xxv. page 529.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of certain Plants. [Read
+      March 16, 1882.] Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882,
+      pages 239-261.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies. [Read March 6,
+      1882.] Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882, pages 262-
+      284.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the modification of a Race of Syrian Street-Dogs by means of Sexual
+      Selection. By W. Van Dyck. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.
+      [Read April 18, 1882.] Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1882, pages
+      367-370.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_APPE3" id="link2H_APPE3">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      APPENDIX III.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      PORTRAITS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      1838: Water-colour by G. Richmond in the possession of The Family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1851: Lithograph by Ipswich British Association Series.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1853: Chalk Drawing by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of The Family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1853?: Chalk Drawing (Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings for
+      the last mentioned.) by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of Prof. Hughes,
+      Cambridge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1869: Bust, marble, by T. Woolner, R.A. in the possession of The Family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1875: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of
+      Christ's College, Cambridge.) by W. Ouless, R.A., etched by P. Rajon, in
+      the possession of The Family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1879: Oil Painting by W.B. Richmond in the possession of The University of
+      Cambridge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1881: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of W.E.
+      Darwin, Esq., Southampton.) by the Hon. John Collier, in the possession of
+      The Linnaean Society, etched by Leopold Flameng.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Statue by Joseph Boehm, R.A., in the possession of Museum, South
+      Kensington.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bust by Chr. Lehr, Junr.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Plaque by T. Woolner, R.A., and Josiah Wedgwood and Sons in the possession
+      of Christ's College, in Charles Darwin's Room.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Deep Medallion by J. Boehm, R.A. to be placed in Westminster Abbey.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1854?: By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for 'Harper's Magazine'
+      (October 1884).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1870?: By O.J. Rejlander, engraved on steel by C.H. Jeens for 'Nature'
+      (June 4, 1874).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1874?: By Captain Darwin, R.E., engraved on wood for the 'Century
+      Magazine' (January 1883). Frontispiece, volume i.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      (The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+      uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+      give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and his
+      business was broken up. My brother, captain Darwin, has no record of the
+      date at which his photograph was taken.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      1881: By Messrs. Elliott and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for the
+      present work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_APPE4" id="link2H_APPE4">
+      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      APPENDIX IV.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      HONOURS, DEGREES, SOCIETIES, ETC.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (The list has been compiled from the diplomas and letters in my father's
+      possession, and is no doubt incomplete, as he seems to have lost or
+      mislaid some of the papers received from foreign Societies. Where the name
+      of a foreign Society (excluding those in the United States) is given in
+      English, it is a translation of the Latin (or in one case Russian) of the
+      original Diploma.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ORDER.&mdash;Prussian Order, 'Pour le Merite.' 1867.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      OFFICE.&mdash;County Magistrate. 1857.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      DEGREES.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cambridge: B.A. 1831 [1832]. See volume i. M.A. 1837. Hon. LL.D. 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Breslau: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1862.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bonn: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1868.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Leyden: Hon. M.D. 1875.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SOCIETIES.&mdash;London:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Zoological. Corresponding Member. 1831. (He afterwards became a Fellow of
+      the Society.) Entomological. 1833, Original Member. Geological. 1836.
+      Wollaston Medal, 1859. Royal Geographical. 1838. Royal. 1839. Royal Medal,
+      1853. Copley Medal, 1864. Linnean. 1854. Ethnological. 1861.
+      Medico-Chirurgical. Hon. Member. 1868. Baly Medal of the Royal College of
+      Physicians, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SOCIETIES.&mdash;PROVINCIAL, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1865. Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh,
+      1826. Hon. Member, 1861. Royal Irish Academy. Hon. Member, 1866. Literary
+      and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Hon. Member, 1868. Watford
+      Natural History Society. Hon. Member, 1877. Asiatic Society of Bengal.
+      Hon. Member, 1871. Royal Society of New South Wales. Hon. Member, 1879.
+      Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. Hon. Member, 1863. New
+      Zealand Institute. Hon. Member, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      FOREIGN SOCIETIES.&mdash;AMERICA.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. Hon. Member, 1877. Academia Nacional de
+      Ciencias, Argentine Republic. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad Zoologica
+      Arjentina. Hon. Member, 1874. Boston Society of Natural History. Hon.
+      Member, 1873. American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston). Foreign Hon.
+      Member, 1874. California Academy of Sciences. Hon. Member, 1872.
+      California State Geological Society. Corresponding Member, 1877. Franklin
+      Literary Society, Indiana. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad de Naturalistas
+      Neo-Granadinos. Hon. Member, 1860. New York Academy of Sciences. Hon.
+      Member, 1879. Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura em Pernambuco. Corresponding
+      Member, 1879. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Correspondent,
+      1860. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Member, 1869.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. Foreign Corresponding Member,
+      1871; Hon. Foreign Member, 1875. Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.
+      Hon. Member, 1872. K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien.
+      Member, 1867. Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, 1872.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      BELGIUM.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Societe Royale des Sciences Medicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles. Hon.
+      Member, 1878. Societie Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 'Membre Associe,'
+      1881. Academie Royale des Sciences, etc., de Belgique. 'Associe de la
+      Classe des Sciences.' 1870.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      DENMARK.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Royal Society of Copenhagen. Fellow, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      FRANCE.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Foreign Member, 1871. Societe
+      Entomologique de France. Hon. Member, 1874. Societe Geologique de France
+      (Life Member), 1837. Institut de France. 'Correspondant' Section of
+      Botany, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      GERMANY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin). Corresponding Member, 1863;
+      Fellow, 1878. Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, etc. Corresponding
+      Member, 1877. Schlesische Gesellschaft fur Vaterlandische Cultur
+      (Breslau). Hon. Member 1878. Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina Academia Naturae
+      Curiosorum (Dresden). 1857. (The diploma contains the words "accipe... ex
+      antiqua nostra consuetudine cognomen Forster." It was formerly the custom
+      in the "Caesarea Leopoldin-Carolina Academia", that each new member should
+      receive as a 'cognomen,' a name celebrated in that branch of science to
+      which he belonged. Thus a physician might be christened Boerhave, or an
+      astronomer, Kepler. My father seems to have been named after the traveller
+      John Reinhold Forster.) Senkenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu
+      Frankfurt am Main. Corresponding Member, 1873. Naturforschende
+      Gesellschaft zu Halle. Member 1879. Siebenburgische Verein fur
+      Naturwissenschaften (Hermannstadt). Hon. Member, 1877.
+      Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Jena. Hon. Member,
+      1878. Royal Bavarian Academy of Literature and Science (Munich). Foreign
+      Member, 1878.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      HOLLAND.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie (Batavia).
+      Corresponding Member, 1880. Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem.
+      Foreign Member, 1877. Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen te
+      Middelburg. Foreign Member, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ITALY.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Societa Geografica Italiana (Florence). 1870. Societa Italiana di
+      Antropologia e di Etnologia (Florence). Hon. Member, 1872. Societa dei
+      Naturalisti in Modena. Hon. Member, 1875. Academia de' Lincei di Roma.
+      Foreign Member, 1875. La Scuola Italica, Academia Pitagorica, Reale ed
+      Imp. Societa (Rome). "Presidente Onoraria degli Anziani Pitagorici," 1880.
+      Royal Academy of Turin. 1873. "Bressa" Prize, 1879.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      PORTUGAL.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa (Lisbon). Corresponding Member, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      RUSSIA.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Society of Naturalists of the Imperial Kazan University. Hon. Member,
+      1875. Societas Caesarea Naturae Curiosorum (Moscow). Hon. Member, 1870.
+      Imperial Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Corresponding Member, 1867.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SPAIN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Institucion Libre de Ensenanza (Madrid). Hon. Professor, 1877.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SWEDEN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Stockholm). Foreign Member, 1865. Royal
+      Society of Sciences (Upsala). Fellow, 1860.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      SWITZERLAND.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. Corresponding Member, 1863.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      INDEX.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  ABBOT, F.E., letter to.
+
+  ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Philadelphia) elects Darwin a member.
+
+  AGASSIZ, Alexander, letter to.
+
+  AGASSIZ, Louis, Darwin's estimate of.
+  Letters to.
+  His attitude toward the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  AGGREGATION, studied by Darwin.
+
+  'ALMANACK, THE NATURALISTS' POCKET,' mentioned.
+
+  ANDES, Darwin crosses the.
+
+  'ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,' mentioned.
+
+  ANTICIPATION of Darwin's views.
+
+  ANTS, observations on.
+
+  APPLETON, D., &amp; CO., publish 'Origin of Species' in America.
+
+  ARGYLL, Duke of, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin's comments on his criticisms.
+  Darwin on his 'Reign of Law.'
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  ARISTOTLE, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  ARRANGEMENT of leaves on the stems of plants.
+
+  'ATHENAEUM,' Darwin on its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reports British Association discussion.
+  Darwin's letters to, in his own defence.
+  Criticises Darwin.
+
+  AUSTRALIA, development of animals in.
+
+  AUSTRALIAN flora.
+
+  AUSTRIAN expedition.
+
+  AUTOBIOGRAPHY, extracts from.
+
+  AVELING, Dr., on Darwin's religious views.
+  Note.
+
+  BAIN, Alexander, letter to.
+
+  BALFOUR, Francis M., Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  BALY medal presented to Darwin.
+
+  BAER, K.E. von, agrees with Darwin.
+
+  BASTIAN, H.C., Darwin on his 'Beginnings of Life.'
+
+  BATES, H.W., Darwin on his insect fauna of the Amazon valley.
+  Letters to.
+  Darwin on his mimetic variations of butterflies.
+
+  BATS.
+
+  "BEAGLE", voyage of.
+  Darwin offered an appointment to the.
+  Her equipments.
+  Object of her voyage.
+  Her crew.
+
+  BEETLES, collecting.
+
+  BEHRENS, W., letter to.
+
+  BELL, T., describes Darwin's reptiles.
+
+  BELL-STONE of Shrewsbury mentioned.
+
+  BELT, Thomas, Darwin on his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua.'
+
+  BEMMELEN, A. van, letter to.
+
+  BENTHAM, George, his silence on natural selection.
+  Letter to Francis Darwin on his adoption of Darwin's views.
+  His view of natural selection.
+  Letters to.
+
+  BERKELEY, Rev. M.J., reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  BERLIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+  BET made by Darwin.
+
+  BLOMEFIELD (JENYNS), Rev. Leonard, Darwin becomes acquainted with.
+  Letters to.
+  Darwin on his 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+  BLOOM on leaves and fruit, Darwin's work on.
+
+  BLYTH, Edward, mentioned.
+
+  BOOLE, Mrs., her letter on natural selection and religion.
+  Letter to.
+
+  BOOTT, Francis, mentioned.
+
+  BOTANY, Darwin's work on, and its relation to natural selection.
+
+  BOWEN, Francis, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  BRACE, C.L., and wife, Darwin on their philanthropic work.
+
+  BRAZIL, Emperor of, wishes to meet Darwin.
+
+  BREE, C.R., his work 'Species not Transmutable.'
+  Accuses Wallace of blundering, and is answered by Darwin.
+
+  BREEDING, sources of information on.
+
+  BRESSA prize presented to Darwin.
+
+  BRITISH ASSOCIATION discusses the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Oxford meeting of, allegorized.
+  Belfast meeting.
+
+  BRONN, H.G., edits the 'Origin of Species' in German.
+  Letters to.
+  Criticisms on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  BROWN, Robert, mentioned.
+
+  BRUNTON, T. Lauder, letter to.
+
+  BUCKLE, his system of collecting facts.
+  Darwin on his 'History of Civilisation.'
+
+  BUCKLEY, Miss A.B., letters to.
+
+  BUFFON, Darwin on.
+
+  BUNBURY, Sir C., mentioned.
+
+  BUTLER, Samuel, charges Darwin of falsehood.
+
+  BUTLER, Dr., his school at Shrewsbury.
+
+  BUTTON, Jemmy, a visit to.
+
+  CAIRNS, J.E., his lecture on 'The Slave Power.'
+
+  CAM BRIDGE, University of, makes Darwin LL.D.
+  Obtains memorial portrait of him.
+
+  CAMERON, Mrs., makes a photograph of Darwin.
+
+  CANARY ISLANDS, projected trip to.
+
+  CANDOLLE, Alphonse de, letters to.
+  His view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his 'Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+
+  CARLYLE, Thomas, on Erasmus A. Darwin.
+  His interesting talk.
+
+  CARPENTER, W.B., letters to.
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His work on 'Foraminifera.'
+
+  CARUS, J. Victor, letters to.
+
+  CATON, John D., letter to.
+
+  CHAMBERS, R., Darwin on his geological views.
+
+  CHANCE, not implied in evolution.
+
+  CHIMNEY-SWEEPS, Darwin's efforts for.
+
+  CIRRIPEDIA, monograph of the.
+  Nomenclature of.
+  Work on.
+  The so-called auditory sac of.
+
+  CIVIL WAR in the United States.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  CLARK, William, mentioned.
+
+  CLARK, Sir Andrew, is Darwin's physician.
+
+  CLIMATE and migration.
+
+  'CLIMBING PLANTS,' written and published.
+  Work on.
+  Republished in book-form.
+
+  COAL, discussion on submarine.
+
+  COHN, Prof., describes a visit to Darwin.
+
+  COLENSO, Bishop, his 'Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua.'
+
+  COLLECTING, Darwin on.
+  Butterflies.
+
+  COLLIER, John, paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  COLOURS OF INSECTS.
+
+  CONTINENTAL EXTENSION, Darwin's reasons against.
+
+  CONTINENTS, permanence of.
+
+  COPE, E.D., Darwin on his theory of acceleration.
+
+  COPLEY MEDAL presented to Darwin.
+
+  'CORAL REEFS,' at work upon.
+  Opinions on.
+  Criticised by Semper.
+  Darwin's answer to Semper.
+  Darwin on Murray's criticisms of.
+  Second edition.
+
+  CRAWFORD, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  CREATIVE POWER.
+
+  'CREED OF SCIENCE,' read by Darwin.
+
+  CRESY, E., letter to.
+
+  CRICK, W.D., communicates to Darwin a mode of dispersal of bivalve shells.
+
+  CUTTING EDGES OF BOOKS, Darwin on.
+
+  DANA, Prof., sends Darwin 'Geology of U.S. Expedition.'
+
+  DARESTE, Camille, letter to.
+
+  DARWIN FAMILY.
+
+  DARWIN, Annie, Darwin's account of.
+  Death of.
+
+  DARWIN, Miss C., letter to.
+
+  DARWIN, Catherine, letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, Charles, studies medicine at Edinburgh.
+  Young man of great promise.
+
+  DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882).
+  Table of relationship.
+  Ancestors.
+  Personal characteristics as traced from his forefathers.
+  Love and respect for his father's memory.
+  His affection for his brother Erasmus.
+  Autobiography.
+  Mother dies.
+  Taste for natural history.
+  School-boy experiences.
+  Humane disposition toward animals.
+  Goes to Dr. Butler's school at Shrewsbury.
+  Taste for long, solitary walks.
+  Inability to master a language.
+  Leaves school with strong and diversified tastes.
+  Fondness for poetry in early life.
+  A wish to travel first roused by reading 'Wonders of the World.'
+  Fondness for shooting.
+  Collects minerals and becomes interested in insects and birds.
+  Studies chemistry.
+  Goes to Edinburgh University.
+  And attends medical lectures.
+  Collects and dissects marine animals.
+  Attends meetings of the Plinian Royal Medical and Wernerian societies.
+  Attends lectures on geology and zoology.
+  Meets Sir J. Mackintosh.
+  Spends three years at Cambridge studying for the ministry.
+  Phrenological characteristics.
+  Reads Paley with delight.
+  Attends Henslow's lectures on botany.
+  His taste for pictures and music.
+  His interest in entomology.
+  Friendship of Prof. Henslow and its influence upon his career.
+  Meets Dr. Whewell.
+  Reads Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative' and Herschel's 'Introduction to the
+  Study of Natural History.'
+  Begins the study of geology.
+  Field-work in North Wales.
+  Voyage of the "Beagle".
+  Receives a proposal to sail in the "Beagle".
+  Starts for Cambridge and thence to London.
+  'Voyage of the "Beagle" the most important event in my life.'
+  Sails in the "Beagle".
+  His letters read before the Philosophical Society of Cambridge.
+  Returns to England.
+  Begins his 'Journal of Travels.'
+  Takes lodgings in London.
+  Begins preparing MS. for his 'Geological Observations.'
+  Arranges for publication of 'Zoology of the Voyage of the "Beagle".
+  Opens first note-book of 'Origin of Species.'
+  Meets Lyell and Robert Brown.
+  Marries.
+  Works on his 'Coral Reefs.'
+  Reads papers before Geological Society.
+  Acts as secretary of the Geological Society.
+  Residence at Down.
+  His absorption in science.
+  His publications.
+  'Geological Observations' published.
+  Success of the 'Journal of Researches.'
+  Begins work on 'Cirripedia.'
+  visits to water-cure establishments.
+  Work on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reads 'Malthus on Population.'
+  Begins notes on 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.'
+  Becomes interested in cross-fertilisation of flowers.
+  Publishes papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants.
+  Publishes 'Descent of Man.'
+  First child born.
+  Publishes translation and sketch of 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+  Methods of work.
+  Mental qualities.
+  Fond of novel reading.
+  A good observer.
+  Habits and personal appearance.
+  Ill health.
+  Fondness for dogs.
+  Correspondence.
+  Business habits.
+  Scientific reading.
+  Wide interest in science.
+  Journals of daily events.
+  Holidays.
+  Relation to his family and friends.
+  His account of his little daughter Annie.
+  How he brought up his children.
+  Manner towards servants.
+  As a host.
+  Modesty.
+  Not quick at argument.
+  Intercourse with strangers.
+  Use of simple methods and few instruments.
+  Perseverance.
+  Theorizing power.
+  Books used only as tools.
+  Use of note-books and portfolios.
+  Courteous tone toward his reader.
+  Illustration of his books.
+  Consideration for other authors.
+  His wife's tender care.
+  Cambridge life.
+  His character.
+  Intention of going into the church.
+  Appointment to the "Beagle".
+  The voyage.
+  Life at sea.
+  Views on slavery.
+  Excursion across the Andes.
+  Meets Sir J. Herschel.
+  Reaches home.
+  Life at London and Cambridge.
+  Residence at Cambridge.
+  Works on his 'Journal of Researches.'
+  Appointed secretary of Geological Society.
+  Visits Glen Roy.
+  Admiration for Lyell's 'Elements.'
+  Increasing ill-health.
+  At work on 'Coral Reefs.'
+  His religious views.
+  Life at Down, 1842-1854.
+  Reasons for leaving London.
+  Early impressions of Down.
+  Theory of coral islands.
+  Time spent on geological books.
+  Purchases farm in Lincolnshire.
+  Dines with Lord Mahon.
+  Daughter Annie dies.
+  His children.
+  Growth of views on 'Origin of Species.'
+  Plan for publishing 'Sketch of 1844,' in case of his sudden death.
+  Pigeon fancying enterprise.
+  Collecting plants.
+  General acceptance of his work.
+  Publishes 'Origin of Species.'
+  Elected correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia).
+  His views on the civil war in the United States.
+  At Bournemouth.
+  His view of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Receives the Copley medal.
+  Elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+  His conscientiousness in argument.
+  His intercourse with horticulturists and stock-raisers.
+  Elected to the Royal Society of Holland.
+  Made a knight of the Prussian order Pour le Merite.
+  Sits for a bust.
+  Declines a nomination for the degree of D.C.L. because of ill-health.
+  His connection with the South American Missionary Society.
+  His answers to Galton's questions on nature and nurture.
+  Sits for portrait to W. Ouless.
+  Elected to Physiological Society.
+  Replies to Miss Cobbe on vivisection in the "Times".
+  Publishes the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+  Sits for memorial portraits.
+  Receives various honours.
+  Makes a present to the Naples Zoological Station.
+  His answers to Galton's questions on the faculty of visualising.
+  Offers aid to Fritz Muller.
+  Replies to Sir W. Thomson on abyssal fauna.
+  His botanical work.
+  Builds a greenhouse.
+  Publishes work on the fertilisation of orchids.
+  Studies the bloom on leaves and fruit.
+  Studies the causes of variability.
+  Studies the production of galls.
+  Studies aggregation.
+  Encourages Torbitt's work on the potato disease.
+  Aids the preparation of the Kew 'Index of Plant-names.'
+  Death.
+  Burial in Westminster Abbey.
+  List of works.
+
+  DARWIN &amp; Wallace's joint paper on variation.
+
+  DARWIN, Edward, author of 'Gamekeeper's Manual.'
+
+  DARWIN, Mrs. Emma (Wedgwood), letter to.
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1731), poet and philosopher.
+  Character of.
+  Life published in English.
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1759).
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus Alvey (1804-1881), educated as a physician.
+  Character of.
+  Carlyle's sketch of his character.
+  Miss Wedgwood's letter on his character.
+  Letter from.
+  His death.
+
+  DARWIN, Robert, of Elston Hall.
+  Charles Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1724), publishes 'Principia Botanica.'
+
+  DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1767), studies medicine at Leyden.
+  Settles in Shrewsbury.
+  Marries Susannah Wedgwood.
+  His son Charles's description of him.
+  His six children.
+  Letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, Susan, letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, William, of Marton, first known ancestor of Charles.
+
+  DARWIN, William, son of Richard, appointed yeoman of the Royal Armoury.
+
+  DARWIN, William (1655).
+
+  DARWYN, Richard, of Marton, mentioned.
+
+  DAVIDSON, Thomas, letter to, asking him to investigate brachiopods.
+  Letter to.
+  On British brachiopoda.
+
+  DE CANDOLLE, A., see Candolle, A. De.
+
+  DESCENT, doctrine of.
+
+  DESCENT OF ANIMALS.
+
+  'DESCENT OF MAN,' published.
+  Work on.
+  Reviews of.
+  Reception in Germany.
+  Wallace's views on.
+  Second edition.
+  Connected with socialism.
+
+  DESIGN IN NATURE, doctrine of.
+
+  DIAGRAMS OF DESCENT OF MAMMALS.
+
+  'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS,' published.
+  Reviewed in 'Nature.'
+
+  DIGESTION OF PLANTS, Darwin's work on.
+
+  DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
+
+  DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER, principle of.
+
+  DOGS, multiple origin of.
+
+  DOHRN, Anton, letter to.
+
+  DONDERS, F.C., letters to.
+
+  DOWN, description of.
+
+  DRIFT near Southampton, stones standing on end in.
+
+  DU BOIS-REYMOND agrees with Darwin.
+
+  DYCK, W.T. van, letter to.
+
+  DYER, W. Thiselton, on Darwin's botanical work.
+  Letters to.
+
+  EAR, human, infolded point of.
+
+  Earthquakes, paper read on.
+
+  EATON, J., extract from his book on 'Pigeons.'
+
+  'EDINBURGH REVIEW,' Darwin's criticisms on.
+
+  EDUCATION, Darwin on.
+
+  'EFFECTS OF CROSS And SELF-FERTILISATION,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  ELECTRICAL ORGANS in fish.
+
+  ERRATIC BOULDERS of South America, paper on, read.
+
+  EVOLUTION, doctrine of, objections to, answered.
+  Not a doctrine of chance.
+  And teleology.
+  Neither anti-theistic nor theistic.
+  Mental.
+
+  EXPRESSION, facial, origin of.
+
+  'EXPRESSION OF The EMOTIONS,' published.
+  Work on.
+  Reviews of.
+
+  EYRE, Gov., Darwin's views on the prosecution of.
+
+  FABRE, J.H., letter to.
+
+  FALCONER, Hugh, letters to.
+  Mentioned.
+  Letter to Darwin.
+  Views on the origin of elephants.
+  Reclamation from Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+
+  FARRER, F.W., letter to.
+
+  FARRER, Sir Thomas H., aids Darwin's researches on earthworms.
+  Letters to.
+
+  FAWCETT, Henry, defends Darwin's reasoning.
+
+  'FERTILISATION OF ORCHIDS,' published.
+
+  FISKE, John, letter to.
+
+  FISHER, Mrs., letters to.
+
+  FITTON, W.H., mentioned.
+
+  FITZ-ROY, R.,captain of the "Beagle".
+  His character.
+  Meets Darwin.
+  Letters to.
+  His intention of resigning.
+
+  FLINT instruments.
+
+  FLOURENS, P.,on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  FLOWERS, fertilisation of.
+
+  FORBES, David, praises Darwin's work on Chile.
+
+  FORBES, Edward, his theory of change of level.
+
+  FORDYCE, J.,letter to.
+
+  FOREL, Aug., letter to.
+
+  'FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD,' paper read on.
+  Published.
+  Work on.
+  Its reception.
+
+  FOX, William Darwin, Darwin's friendship with.
+  Letters to.
+
+  FRANCE, Institute of, elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+  FRAUDS, scientific.
+
+  FREE-WILL, doctrine of.
+
+  FREKE, Dr., his 'Origin of Species by Means of Organic Affinity.'
+
+  FEUGIANS, Darwin's impressions of.
+
+  GALAPAGOS animals and plants.
+
+  GALLS, production of, studied by Darwin.
+
+  GALTON, Francis, mentioned.
+  His questions on nature and nurture, and Darwin's answers.
+  His questions on the faculty of visualising, and Darwin's answers.
+
+  'GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,' Darwin answers Mr. Westwood in.
+
+  GAUDRY, A., letter to.
+
+  GEIKIE, Archibald, his opinion of Darwin's geological works.
+
+  GEIKIE, James, letter to.
+
+  GENERA, varying of large.
+
+  GENERATION, spontaneous.
+
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,' MS. begun.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOLCANIC ISLANDS' published.
+  Opinions on.
+  Second edition.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA,' opinions on.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL RECORD, imperfection of.
+  Succession in.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin wishes to become a member.
+  Papers contributed to.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS secured during voyage.
+  Disposed of.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL, importance of.
+  Of St. Jago.
+  Article on, in 'Admiralty Manual.'
+  Darwin on the progress of.
+
+  GERMANY, progress of natural selection in.
+
+  GERMINATION, experiments in.
+
+  GILBERT, J.H., letter to.
+
+  GLACIAL period, its effect on species.
+  Phenomena at Cwm Idwal.
+
+  GLACIERS, paper on ancient, in Wales.
+
+  GLEN ROY, Darwin visits.
+  'Observations' on, published.
+  Work criticised by D. Milne.
+
+  GOURMET CLUB and its members.
+
+  GOVERNMENT AID in publication of 'Zoology of Voyage of "Beagle".'
+
+  GRAHAM, W., letter to.
+
+  GRAY, Asa, his papers on natural selection and natural theology.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter to Hooker on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+  Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  GRAY, J.E., mentioned.
+
+  GUNTHER, A., letters to.
+
+  GURNEY, E., letter to.
+
+  HAAST, Sir Julius von, letter to.
+
+  HAECKEL, E., his views on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin's friendship with.
+  His work for natural selection in Germany.
+  Letters to.
+
+  HALIBURTON, Mrs., letters to.
+
+  HARVEY, W.H., criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HAUGHTON, Rev. S., criticises Darwin and Wallace's joint paper.
+
+  HENSLOW, J.S., his friendship with Darwin.
+  His character.
+  Letter from.
+  Letters to.
+  Presides at the Oxford discussion on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His views on natural selection.
+  His death.
+
+  HERBERT, John Maurice, Darwin's friendship with.
+  Letters to.
+
+  HERSCHEL, Sir J., Darwin's opinion of.
+  Meets Darwin.
+
+  HETEROGENY, Darwin on.
+
+  HIGGINSON, T.W., letter to.
+
+  HILDEBRAND, F., letters to.
+
+  HIPPOCRATES anticipates Darwin on pangenesis.
+
+  HOLMGREN, Frithiof, letter to.
+
+  HOLLAND, Royal Society of, elects Darwin a member.
+
+  HOLLAND, Sir Henry, his view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HOMOEOPATHY, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  HONOURS conferred on Darwin, list of.
+
+  HOOKER, Sir Joseph D., Darwin's friendship for.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter from.
+  His reminiscences of Darwin.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his 'Australian Flora.'
+  Answers Harvey.
+  Memorial on his treatment by the First Commissioner of Works.
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  HOOKER, Sir William, mentioned.
+
+  HOPKINS, William, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HUDSON, Darwin's reply to.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  HUTTON, F.W., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, mentioned.
+  His opinion of Darwin's work on 'Cirripedes.'
+  On the 'Vestiges of Creation.'
+  On the 'Philosophie Zoologique.'
+  On the 'Principles of Geology.'
+  On the reception of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Letters to.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species' in 'Westminster Review.'
+  Defends Darwin before the British Association.
+  Contradicts R. Owen.
+  Letter from.
+  Lectures to workingmen on natural selection.
+  Asked by Darwin to write a text-book on zoology.
+  Replies to the 'Quarterly' reviewer on the 'Descent of Man.'
+
+  HYATT, Alpheus, letter to, on his theory of acceleration.
+
+  HYBRID GEESE, fertility of.
+
+  HYBRIDISM.
+
+  IMMORTALITY, Darwin's views upon.
+
+  'INFANT, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AN.'
+
+  INFERIORITY inherited by the forms which are beaten.
+
+  INNES, Rev. J. Brodie, on Darwin's interest in village affairs.
+  On the 'Origin of Species' and the Bible.
+  On Darwin's conscientiousness.
+  Letter to.
+
+  'INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  INSECTS, instinct of.
+  As carriers of pollen.
+
+  INSTINCT, Darwin on.
+
+  ISLANDS, animals of.
+
+  ISOLATION, effect of, on the origin of species.
+
+  JARDINE, Sir W., mentioned.
+
+  JEFFREYS, Gwyn, mentioned.
+
+  JENKINS, Fleeming, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his criticisms.
+
+  JENYNS (BLOMEFIELD), Rev. Leonard, mentioned.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter from.
+  His 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+  JONES, Dr. Bence, is Darwin's physician.
+
+  'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES,' work on.
+  Lyell's opinion of.
+  The German translation and its reception.
+  Second edition published.
+  Dedication of.
+  Condemned in manuscript.
+
+  JUDD, Prof., his paper on 'Volcanoes of the Hebrides.'
+  On Darwin's desire to promote the progress of science.
+
+  JUKES, Joseph B., mentioned.
+
+  KEW, 'Index of Plant Names.'
+
+  KINGSLEY, Rev C., letter from, on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  KOCH'S RESEARCHES on splenic fever.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  KOLLIKER, Prof., is reviewed by Huxley.
+
+  KRAUSE, Ernst, criticises Bronn's German edition of the 'Origin of
+  Species.'
+  His essay on Erasmus Darwin published.
+
+  KROHN, Aug., finds mistakes in the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LAMARCK's discussion of the species question, its insufficiency.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  LANE, Dr., his recollections of Darwin.
+
+  LANGEL reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LANKESTER, E. Ray, letter to.
+
+  LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, anecdote of.
+
+  LEE, Samuel, mentioned.
+
+  LESQUEREUX, Leo, accepts the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+  LEWES, G.H., reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  LINDLEY, John, mentioned.
+
+  LINNEAN SOCIETY obtains memorial portrait of Darwin.
+
+  LITCHFIELD, Mrs., on Darwin's style.
+  Letter to.
+
+  LIZARDS.
+
+  LONSDALE, William, mentioned.
+
+  LOWELL, J.A., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LUBBOCK, Sir John, letters to.
+  On the burial of Darwin.
+
+  LYELL, Sir Charles, estimate of his character as a geologist.
+  Letters to.
+  Letters from.
+  Opinion of 'Coral Reefs.'
+  His views of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the origin of species by natural causes.
+  Admission of the doctrine of natural selection.
+  Darwin on his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Falconer's reclamation from his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Darwin on his 'Elements of Geology.'
+  His death.
+  Darwin's opinion of.
+
+  MACAULAY and his memory.
+
+  MCDONNELL, R., his study of electrical organs in fish.
+
+  MACKINTOSH, D., his work on erratic blocks.
+
+  MACLEAY, W.S., mentioned.
+
+  MADEIRA AND BERMUDA birds not peculiar.
+
+  MALAY ARCHIPELAGO,' Wallace's 'Zoological Geography of.
+
+  MAMMALS, descent of, from a single type.
+
+  MAN, all races of, descended from one type.
+  Antiquity of.
+  Origin of.
+  Relationship to apes.
+
+  MARRIAGES, consanguineous.
+
+  MARSH, O.C., letter to.
+
+  MASTERS, Maxwell, letter to.
+
+  MATTHEW, Patrick, anticipates the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+  MAW, George, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  MEDAL of Royal Society awarded to Darwin.
+
+  MEGATHERIUM sent down from heaven.
+
+  MESMERISM, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  MILNE, D., criticises Glen Roy paper.
+
+  MIMETIC MODIFICATIONS in plants.
+
+  MIVART, St. G., Darwin on his 'Genesis of Species.'
+  His 'Genesis of Species' reviewed by Chauncey Wright.
+  Criticised by Huxley.
+  His 'Lessons from Nature' reviewed in the 'Academy.'
+
+  MODIFICATION.
+
+  MODIFICATIONS, absence of.
+
+  MOGGRIDGE, J.T., letter to.
+
+  MOJSISOVIC, E. von, Darwin on 'Dolomit Riffe.'
+
+  MONADS, persistence of.
+
+  MONSTERS.
+
+  MONSTROSITIES are sterile.
+
+  MORSE, E.S., letter to.
+
+  MOSELEY, H.N., letters to.
+
+  MULLER, Fritz, letters to.
+  His 'Fur Darwin' translated.
+  Receives offer of aid from Darwin.
+
+  MULLER, Hermann, letters to.
+
+  MULLER, Max, his 'Lectures on the Science of Language.'
+
+  MURRAY, Andrew, quoted on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  MURRAY, John, letters to.
+
+  MUSIC OF INSECTS.
+
+  MUTABILITY OF SPECIES.
+
+  NAGELI, C., his 'Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art.'
+  Letter to.
+
+  NAPLES Zoological Station receives a present from Darwin.
+
+  NATURAL HISTORY, Darwin's passion for.
+
+  NATURAL SELECTION, see Selection, natural.
+
+  NAUDIN, Darwin on.
+
+  NEUMAYR, Melchior, letter to.
+
+  NEVILL, Lady Dorothy, letter to.
+
+  NEWTON, A., letter to.
+  Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  NEW ZEALAND, animals of.
+  Plants of.
+
+  NOBILITY, natural selection among.
+
+  NOMENCLATURE of species, discussion on.
+
+  NORMAN, E., Darwin's secretary.
+
+  NOVARA expedition.
+
+  'OBSERVATIONS ON PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN ROY,' published.
+  Extract from.
+
+  OGLE, William, letter to.
+
+  'ORCHIDS, FERTILISATION OF,' work on.
+  Published.
+  Reviews of.
+  Second edition published.
+
+  'ORCHIS BANK' described.
+
+  ORGANS, rudimentary.
+
+  'ORIGIN OF SPECIES,' first note-book of, opened.
+  Growth of the.
+  Published.
+  Its success.
+  Second edition.
+  Darwin's change of views upon.
+  Description of sketch of 1844.
+  Huxley's view of sketch of 1844.
+  Prof. Newton's view of same.
+  The writing of.
+  Abstract book.
+  Unorthodoxy of.
+  Faults of style.
+  Lyell on.
+  Huxley on.
+  Bishop Wilberforce on.
+  Huxley's summary of reviews of.
+  Answer to Lyell on.
+  H.C. Watson on.
+  Jos. D. Hooker on.
+  French translation proposed.
+  First German edition.
+  Reviewed in the "Times".
+  First American edition.
+  Asa Gray on.
+  Kingsley on.
+  And the Bible.
+  Rev. J. Brodie Innes on.
+  Reviewed in the 'Edinburgh Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'North American Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Revue des deux Mondes.'
+  Reviewed in the "New York Times".
+  Reviewed in the "Christian Examiner".
+  Discussed by the British Association.
+  Reviewed in 'Quarterly Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'London Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'American Journal of Science and Arts.
+  Bronn's criticisms of.
+  Reviewed in the 'Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.'
+  Answers to criticisms on.
+  Third edition.
+  'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the.'
+  Dutch edition.
+  First French edition.
+  Reviewed in the 'Geologist.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Dublin Hospital Gazette.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Zoologist.'
+  De Candolle's view of.
+  Haeckel's view of.
+  Gen. Sabine on.
+  Flourens on.
+  Second French edition.
+  Criticised by the Duke of Argyll.
+  Fourth edition.
+  Third German edition.
+  Russian editions of.
+  Fifth edition.
+  Reviewed in the 'North British Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Athenaeum.'
+  Third and fourth French editions.
+  Sixth edition.
+  Criticised by Pusey.
+  'Coming of age of.'
+
+  OSTRICH, Darwin discovers a new species of.
+
+  OULESS, W., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  OWEN, Sir R., criticises Darwin's theory.
+  Contradicted by Huxley.
+  His views on variation by descent.
+
+  PALEY's argument of design in nature no longer good.
+  His 'Natural Theology' mentioned.
+
+  PAMPAEAN FORMATION, Darwin on.
+
+  PANGENESIS, hypothesis of.
+  Opinions on.
+  Anticipated by Hippocrates.
+
+  PARKER, Henry, defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  PARSONS, Theophilus, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  PEACOCK, George, letter on appointment of naturalist to "Beagle".
+  Letter from, appointing Darwin to "Beagle".
+
+  PENGELLY, William, mentioned.
+
+  PERTHES, Boucher de, Darwin on.
+
+  PETRELS as agents of distribution.
+
+  PHILLIPS, John, mentioned.
+
+  PHILOSOPHICAL CLUB, its nature.
+
+  'PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE,' Huxley on.
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHS, albums of, presented to Darwin by German and Dutch scientists.
+
+  PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY elects Darwin an honorary member.
+
+  PICTET, Francois Jules, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  PIGEONS, Darwin's interest in.
+
+  PLANTS, fossil.
+  sexuality of.
+  A recent discovery.
+
+  PLATYSMA, contraction of, from shuddering.
+
+  PORTRAITS OF DARWIN, list of.
+
+  POTATO DISEASE, Torbitt's experiments on.
+
+  POUR LE MERITE, Darwin admitted to order.
+
+  POUTER PIGEON, variation in.
+
+  'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  PRESTWICH, J., letter to.
+
+  PREYER, W., letter to.
+
+  PRIMOGENITURE, law of, Darwin on.
+
+  'PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY,' Huxley on.
+
+  PRIORITY, nomenclature of species by.
+
+  PROGRESSION, necessary.
+
+  PROTECTION, modification for.
+
+  PUSEY's criticisms of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  'QUARTERLY REVIEW,' recognises merits of 'Journal of Researches.'
+
+  QUATREFAGES, J.L.A. de, letters to.
+
+  RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF DARWIN, difficulties not created by science.
+
+  REMINISCENCES OF DARWIN by Hooker.
+
+  REVELATION, Darwin's disbelief in.
+
+  REVERSION, Darwin on.
+
+  REYMOND, Du Bois-, letter to.
+
+  RICHMOND, W.B., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  RIDLEY, C., letter to.
+
+  RIVERS, T., letter to.
+
+  ROBERTSON, G. Croom, letter to.
+
+  ROBERTSON, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  RODWELL, Rev. J.M., letter to.
+
+  ROLLESTON, George, his 'Canons.'
+
+  ROMAN CATHOLIC church on evolution.
+
+  ROMANES, G.J., on Darwin's conscientiousness.
+  Letters to.
+
+  ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS presents the Baly medal to Darwin.
+
+  ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH elects Darwin honorary member.
+
+  ROYER, Mlle. Clemence, translates the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Publishes third French edition.
+
+  RUDIMENTARY organs.
+
+  SABINE, Gen., on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  SALTER, J.W., his diagram of spirifers.
+  'Sand-walk' described.
+
+  SANDERSON, J. Burdon, letter to.
+
+  SAPORTA, Marquis de, letter to.
+
+  SCHAAFFHAUSEN, H., claims to anticipate Darwin.
+
+  SCOTT, John, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  SEDGWICK, Rev. Adam, mentioned.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the imperfection of the geological record.
+
+  SEEDS, vitality of.
+
+  SELECTION, NATURAL, doctrine of, clearly conceived by Darwin about 1839.
+  Opposed to doctrine of design.
+  Effect of, on the scientific mind.
+  And religion.
+  Small effects of, in changing species.
+  Among the nobility.
+  Huxley's lectures to workingmen on.
+  Progress of.
+  Darwin anticipated on.
+  Use of the term.
+  Effect on sterility.
+  Progress among the clergy.
+  Progress of, in Germany.
+  Progress of, in France.
+
+  SELECTION, SEXUAL, instance of, in the dogs of Beyrout.
+
+  SEMPER, K., letters to.
+
+  SHELBURNE, Lord, anecdote of.
+
+  SLAVERY, Darwin's opinion of.
+  In the United States.
+
+  SMITH, Sydney, inexplicably amusing.
+
+  SOCIALISM and the descent of man.
+
+  SOCIETIES, learned, Darwin's membership in.
+
+  SOUTH AMERICAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Darwin's connection with.
+
+  SPECIES, mutability of.
+  Origin of, effect of isolation on.
+  Specific centres.
+
+  SPENCER, Herbert, letters to.
+  Prof. Huxley's friendship with.
+  Darwin on.
+  Originates the term 'survival of the fittest.'
+  His impression of 'Pangenesis.'
+
+  SPIRITISM, Darwin on.
+
+  SPONTANEITY, Bain's theory of.
+
+  SPRENGEL, C.C., his work on the fertilisation of flowers.
+
+  STANHOPE, Lord, his parties of historians.
+
+  STEBBING, Rev. T.R.R., letter to.
+
+  STENDEL'S 'Nomenclator.'
+
+  STERILITY, effect of natural selection on.
+  Of moths.
+
+  STOKES, Admiral, Lord, extract from letter of.
+
+  STONES standing on end in the Southampton drift.
+
+  STRICKLAND, Hugh, letters to.
+  Letter from.
+
+  STRIPED HORSES.
+
+  STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.
+
+  STYLE of Darwin.
+
+  SUBLIMITY, where felt most by Darwin.
+
+  SULIVAN, B.J., letter to.
+
+  SULIVAN, Admiral Sir James, extract from letter of.
+
+  SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, use of the term.
+
+  TEGETMEIER, W.B., extract from letter to.
+
+  TELEOLOGY, evolution and.
+  Darwin's revival of.
+
+  TENERIFFE, projected trip to.
+
+  THIEL, H., letter to.
+
+  THOMSON, Thomas, mentioned.
+
+  THOMSON, Sir Wyville, on abyssal fauna.
+
+  THORLEY, Miss, botanical work with.
+
+  THWAITES, G.J.K., mentioned.
+
+  TIERRA DEL FUEGO MISSION, Darwin's connection with.
+
+  "TIMES", its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on.
+
+  TORBITT, James, his work on the potato disease.
+
+  TURIN, Royal Academy of, presents Darwin the Bressa prize.
+
+  TYLOR, E.B., letter to.
+
+  TYNDALL, John, praises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  USBORNE, A.B., extract from a letter of.
+
+  VAN DYCK, W.T., letter to.
+
+  VARIATIONS IN SPECIES, Wallace's essay on.
+  Darwin and Wallace's joint paper on.
+  Sudden.
+  Governed by design.
+  Cause of.
+  Mimetic, of butterflies.
+  Governed by design.
+  Mimetic, of plants.
+  In colours of insects.
+  Transmission of.
+  Analogical.
+  Darwin studies the causes of.
+
+  'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION,' work on.
+  Publication of.
+  Reviewed in the "Nation".
+  Russian edition.
+  Second edition.
+  Reviewed in the "Pall Mall Gazette".
+  Reviewed in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".
+  Reviewed in the "Athenaeum".
+  Reviewed in the 'Zoological Record.'
+  American edition.
+
+  VARIETIES, production of.
+  And species, collecting facts about.
+
+  'VESTIGES OF CREATION' read by Darwin.
+  Huxley on.
+
+  VINES, S.H., letter to.
+
+  VIRCHOW connects the descent of man with socialism.
+
+  VISUALISING, questions and answers on the faculty of.
+
+  VIVISECTION.
+
+  WAGNER, Moritz, criticised by A. Weismann.
+  Letters to.
+
+  WAGNER, R., mentioned.
+
+  WALLACE, A.R., sends essay to Darwin.
+  Letters to.
+  Essay on variation.
+  His 'Zoological Geography.'
+  Reviews the 'Descent of Man.'
+  Reviews Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature.'
+  Pension granted to.
+  Defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  WATKINS, Archdeacon, reminiscence of Darwin.
+  Letter to.
+
+  WATSON, H.C., mentioned.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  WEDGWOOD, Josiah, his character.
+  Mentioned.
+  Letter from.
+
+  WEDGWOOD, Miss Julia, on Erasmus Darwin, in "Spectator".
+  Letter to.
+
+  WEISMANN, August, letters to.
+
+  WELLS, Dr., anticipates Darwin on natural selection.
+
+  WESTMINSTER ABBEY, Darwin buried in.
+
+  WHEWELL, Dr., mentioned.
+  On the succession of species.
+
+  WHITLEY, C., letter to.
+
+  WIESNER, Julius, letter to.
+
+  WILBERFORCE, Bishop, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  WILLIAM IV, coronation of.
+
+  WOODPECKER, Pampas, Darwin on.
+
+  WOOLNER, T., makes a bust of Darwin.
+  Discovers infolded point of the human ear.
+
+  WOLLASTON MEDAL.
+
+  WOLLASTON's 'Insecta Maderensia.'
+  His 'Variation of Species' referred to.
+
+  WORKS BY DARWIN, list of.
+
+  WRIGHT, Chauncey, letter from.
+  Letters to.
+  On his visit to Darwin at Down.
+
+  YARRELL, William, mentioned.
+
+  ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin visits.
+  Reads a paper at.
+
+  'ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. "BEAGLE",' arrangement for publication.
+</pre>
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume 2
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+
+
+THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
+
+INCLUDING AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER
+
+EDITED BY HIS SON
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+VOLUME II
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.I.--The Publication of the 'Origin of Species'--October 3, 1859,
+to December 31, 1859.
+
+CHAPTER 2.II.--The 'Origin of Species' (continued)--1860.
+
+CHAPTER 2.III.--The Spread of Evolution--1861-1862.
+
+CHAPTER 2.IV.--The Spread of Evolution.  'Variation of Animals and Plants'
+--1863-1866.
+
+CHAPTER 2.V.--The Publication of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under
+Domestication'--January 1867-June 1868.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VI.--Work on 'Man'--1864-1870.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII.--The Publication of the 'Descent of Man.'  Work on
+'Expression'--1871-1873.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII.--Miscellanea, including Second Editions of 'Coral Reefs,'
+the 'Descent of Man,' and the 'Variation of Animals and Plants'--1874 and
+1875.
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX.--Miscellanea (continued).  A Revival of Geological Work--The
+Book on Earthworms--Life of Erasmus Darwin--Miscellaneous Letters--1876-
+1882.
+
+BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+
+CHAPTER 2.X.--Fertilisation of Flowers--1839-1880.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI.--The 'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the
+Vegetable Kingdom'--1866-1877.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII.--'Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species'
+--1860-1878.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIII.--Climbing and Insectivorous Plants--1863-1875.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIV.--The 'Power of Movement in Plants'--1878-1881.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XV.--Miscellaneous Botanical Letters--1873-1882.
+
+...
+
+CHAPTER 2.XVI.--Conclusion.
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+I.--The Funeral in Westminster Abbey.
+
+II.--List of Works by C. Darwin.
+
+III.--Portraits.
+
+IV.--Honours, Degrees, Societies, etc.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A NOTE-BOOK OF 1837.
+
+--led to comprehend true affinities.  My theory would give zest to recent &
+Fossil Comparative Anatomy:  it would lead to study of instincts, heredity,
+& mind heredity, whole metaphysics, it would lead to closest examination of
+hybridity & generation, causes of change in order to know what we have come
+from & to what we tend, to what circumstances favour crossing & what
+prevents it, this & direct examination of direct passages of structure in
+species, might lead to laws of change, which would then be main object of
+study, to guide our speculations.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.I.
+
+THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+OCTOBER 3, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31, 1859.
+
+
+1859.
+
+[Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+entry:  "Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract on
+'Origin of Species'; 1250 copies printed.  The first edition was published
+on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."
+
+On October 2d he started for a water-cure establishment at Ilkley, near
+Leeds, where he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th of
+that month he was again at Down.  The only other entry in the Diary for
+this year is as follows:  "During end of November and beginning of
+December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+multitude of letters."
+
+The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof sheets, and to
+early copies of the 'Origin' which were sent to friends before the book was
+published.]
+
+C. LYELL TO CHARLES DARWIN.  (Part of this letter is given in the 'Life of
+Sir Charles Lyell,' volume ii. page 325.)
+October 3d, 1859.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have just finished your volume and right glad I am that I did my best
+with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without waiting for a time which
+probably could never have arrived, though you lived till the age of a
+hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on which you ground so many
+grand generalizations.
+
+It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps for
+the uninitiated, but an effective and important preliminary statement,
+which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear, of some
+occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and cirripedes, of
+which you make such excellent use.
+
+I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for, you
+may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast number of
+abstract propositions.  So far as I am concerned, I am so well prepared to
+take your statements of facts for granted, that I do not think the "pieces
+justificatives" when published will make much difference, and I have long
+seen most clearly that if any concession is made, all that you claim in
+your concluding pages will follow.  It is this which has made me so long
+hesitate, always feeling that the case of Man and his races, and of other
+animals, and that of plants is one and the same, and that if a "vera causa"
+be admitted for one, instead of a purely unknown and imaginary one, such as
+the word "Creation," all the consequences must follow.
+
+I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place, to indulge
+in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted with Oceanic
+Islands--Rudimentary Organs--Embryology--the genealogical key to the
+Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I should be
+copying the heads of all your chapters.  But I will say a word of the
+Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or at least, omission of a
+word or two be still possible in that.
+
+In the first place, at page 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species? 
+You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck.  As to the latter,
+you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection for
+volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the changes
+of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt, have laid an
+undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions, and too little
+on those of contending organisms.  He at least was for the universal
+mutability of species and for a genealogical link between the first and the
+present.  The men of his school also appealed to domesticated varieties. 
+(Do you mean LIVING naturalists?)  (In the published copies of the first
+edition, page 480, the words are "eminent living naturalists.")
+
+The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+objection as the formation of "the eye," not by means analogous to man's
+reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human reason, but
+by superinduced variation like those of which a cattle-breeder avails
+himself.  Pages would be required thus to state an objection and remove it. 
+It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to say nothing.  Leave out
+several sentences, and in a future edition bring it out more fully. 
+Between the throwing down of such a stumbling-block in the way of the
+reader, and the passage to the working ants, in page 460, there are pages
+required; and these ants are a bathos to him before he has recovered from
+the shock of being called upon to believe the eye to have been brought to
+perfection, from a state of blindness or purblindness, by such variations
+as we witness.  I think a little omission would greatly lessen the
+objectionableness of these sentences if you have not time to recast and
+amplify.
+
+...But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun.  Your comparison of
+the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound, to
+rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical.
+
+The want of peculiar birds in Madeira is a greater difficulty than seemed
+to me allowed for.  I could cite passages where you show that variations
+are superinduced from the new circumstances of new colonists, which would
+require some Madeira birds, like those of the Galapagos, to be peculiar. 
+There has been ample time in the case of Madeira and Porto Santo...
+
+You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly charge
+them as letters, 2 pence extra.  I wish all their fines on MS. were worth
+as much.  I paid 4 shillings 6 pence for such wash the other day from
+Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of the Seine.
+
+With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,
+
+Ever very affectionately yours,
+CHAS. LYELL.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+October 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you cordially for giving me so much of your valuable time in
+writing me the long letter of 3d, and still longer of 4th.  I wrote a line
+with the missing proof-sheet to Scarborough.  I have adopted most
+thankfully all your minor corrections in the last chapter, and the greater
+ones as far as I could with little trouble.  I damped the opening passage
+about the eye (in my bigger work I show the gradations in structure of the
+eye) by putting merely "complex organs."  But you are a pretty Lord
+Chancellor to tell the barrister on one side how best to win the cause! 
+The omission of "living" before eminent naturalists was a dreadful blunder.
+
+MADEIRA AND BERMUDA BIRDS NOT PECULIAR.
+
+You are right, there is a screw out here; I thought no one would have
+detected it; I blundered in omitting a discussion, which I have written out
+in full.  But once for all, let me say as an excuse, that it was most
+difficult to decide what to omit.  Birds, which have struggled in their own
+homes, when settled in a body, nearly simultaneously in a new country,
+would not be subject to much modification, for their mutual relations would
+not be much disturbed.  But I quite agree with you, that in time they ought
+to undergo some.  In Bermuda and Madeira they have, as I believe, been kept
+constant by the frequent arrival, and the crossing with unaltered
+immigrants of the same species from the mainland.  In Bermuda this can be
+proved, in Madeira highly probable, as shown me by letters from E.V.
+Harcourt.  Moreover, there are ample grounds for believing that the crossed
+offspring of the new immigrants (fresh blood as breeders would say), and
+old colonists of the same species would be extra vigorous, and would be the
+most likely to survive; thus the effects of such crossing in keeping the
+old colonists unaltered would be much aided.
+
+ON GALAPAGOS PRODUCTIONS HAVING AMERICAN TYPE ON VIEW OF CREATION.
+
+I cannot agree with you, that species if created to struggle with American
+forms, would have to be created on the American type.  Facts point
+diametrically the other way.  Look at the unbroken and untilled ground in
+La Plata, COVERED with European products, which have no near affinity to
+the indigenous products.  They are not American types which conquer the
+aborigines.  So in every island throughout the world.  Alph. De Candolle's
+results (though he does not see its full importance), that thoroughly well
+naturalised [plants] are in general very different from the aborigines
+(belonging in large proportion of cases to non-indigenous genera) is most
+important always to bear in mind.  Once for all, I am sure, you will
+understand that I thus write dogmatically for brevity sake.
+
+ON THE CONTINUED CREATION Of MONADS.
+
+This doctrine is superfluous (and groundless) on the theory of Natural
+Selection, which implies no NECESSARY tendency to progression.  A monad, if
+no deviation in its structure profitable to it under its EXCESSIVELY SIMPLE
+conditions of life occurred, might remain unaltered from long before the
+Silurian Age to the present day.  I grant there will generally be a
+tendency to advance in complexity of organisation, though in beings fitted
+for very simple conditions it would be slight and slow.  How could a
+complex organisation profit a monad? if it did not profit it there would be
+no advance.  The Secondary Infusoria differ but little from the living. 
+The parent monad form might perfectly well survive unaltered and fitted for
+its simple conditions, whilst the offspring of this very monad might become
+fitted for more complex conditions.  The one primordial prototype of all
+living and extinct creatures may, it is possible, be now alive!  Moreover,
+as you say, higher forms might be occasionally degraded, the snake Typhlops
+SEEMS (?!) to have the habits of earth-worms.  So that fresh creatures of
+simple forms seem to me wholly superfluous.
+
+"MUST YOU NOT ASSUME A PRIMEVAL CREATIVE POWER WHICH DOES NOT ACT WITH
+UNIFORMITY, OR HOW COULD MAN SUPERVENE?"
+
+I am not sure that I understand your remarks which follow the above.  We
+must under present knowledge assume the creation of one or of a few forms
+in the same manner as philosophers assume the existence of a power of
+attraction without any explanation.  But I entirely reject, as in my
+judgment quite unnecessary, any subsequent addition "of new powers and
+attributes and forces;" or of any "principle of improvement," except in so
+far as every character which is naturally selected or preserved is in some
+way an advantage or improvement, otherwise it would not have been selected. 
+If I were convinced that I required such additions to the theory of natural
+selection, I would reject it as rubbish, but I have firm faith in it, as I
+cannot believe, that if false, it would explain so many whole classes of
+facts, which, if I am in my senses, it seems to explain.  As far as I
+understand your remarks and illustrations, you doubt the possibility of
+gradations of intellectual powers.  Now, it seems to me, looking to
+existing animals alone, that we have a very fine gradation in the
+intellectual powers of the Vertebrata, with one rather wide gap (not half
+so wide as in many cases of corporeal structure), between say a Hottentot
+and a Ourang, even if civilised as much mentally as the dog has been from
+the wolf.  I suppose that you do not doubt that the intellectual powers are
+as important for the welfare of each being as corporeal structure; if so, I
+can see no difficulty in the most intellectual individuals of a species
+being continually selected; and the intellect of the new species thus
+improved, aided probably by effects of inherited mental exercise.  I look
+at this process as now going on with the races of man; the less
+intellectual races being exterminated.  But there is not space to discuss
+this point.  If I understand you, the turning-point in our difference must
+be, that you think it impossible that the intellectual powers of a species
+should be much improved by the continued natural selection of the most
+intellectual individuals.  To show how minds graduate, just reflect how
+impossible every one has yet found it, to define the difference in mind of
+man and the lower animals; the latter seem to have the very same attributes
+in a much lower stage of perfection than the lowest savage.  I would give
+absolutely nothing for the theory of Natural Selection, if it requires
+miraculous additions at any one stage of descent.  I think Embryology,
+Homology, Classification, etc., etc., show us that all vertebrata have
+descended from one parent; how that parent appeared we know not.  If you
+admit in ever so little a degree, the explanation which I have given of
+Embryology, Homology and Classification, you will find it difficult to say: 
+thus far the explanation holds good, but no further; here we must call in
+"the addition of new creative forces."  I think you will be driven to
+reject all or admit all:  I fear by your letter it will be the former
+alternative; and in that case I shall feel sure it is my fault, and not the
+theory's fault, and this will certainly comfort me.  With regard to the
+descent of the great Kingdoms (as Vertebrata, Articulata, etc.) from one
+parent, I have said in the conclusion, that mere analogy makes me think it
+probable; my arguments and facts are sound in my judgment only for each
+separate kingdom.
+
+THE FORMS WHICH ARE BEATEN INHERITING SOME INFERIORITY IN COMMON.
+
+I dare say I have not been guarded enough, but might not the term
+inferiority include less perfect adaptation to physical conditions?
+
+My remarks apply not to single species, but to groups or genera; the
+species of most genera are adapted at least to rather hotter, and rather
+less hot, to rather damper and dryer climates; and when the several species
+of a group are beaten and exterminated by the several species of another
+group, it will not, I think, generally be from EACH new species being
+adapted to the climate, but from all the new species having some common
+advantage in obtaining sustenance, or escaping enemies.  As groups are
+concerned, a fairer illustration than negro and white in Liberia would be
+the almost certain future extinction of the genus ourang by the genus man,
+not owing to man being better fitted for the climate, but owing to the
+inherited intellectual inferiority of the Ourang-genus to Man-genus, by his
+intellect, inventing fire-arms and cutting down forests.  I believe from
+reasons given in my discussion, that acclimatisation is readily effected
+under nature.  It has taken me so many years to disabuse my mind of the TOO
+great importance of climate--its important influence being so conspicuous,
+whilst that of a struggle between creature and creature is so hidden--that
+I am inclined to swear at the North Pole, and, as Sydney Smith said, even
+to speak disrespectfully of the Equator.  I beg you often to reflect (I
+have found NOTHING so instructive) on the case of thousands of plants in
+the middle point of their respective ranges, and which, as we positively
+know, can perfectly well withstand a little more heat and cold, a little
+more damp and dry, but which in the metropolis of their range do not exist
+in vast numbers, although if many of the other inhabitants were destroyed
+[they] would cover the ground.  We thus clearly see that their numbers are
+kept down, in almost every case, not by climate, but by the struggle with
+other organisms.  All this you will perhaps think very obvious; but, until
+I repeated it to myself thousands of times, I took, as I believe, a wholly
+wrong view of the whole economy of nature...
+
+HYBRIDISM.
+
+I am so much pleased that you approve of this chapter; you would be
+astonished at the labour this cost me; so often was I, on what I believe
+was, the wrong scent.
+
+RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.
+
+On the theory of Natural Selection there is a wide distinction between
+Rudimentary Organs and what you call germs of organs, and what I call in my
+bigger book "nascent" organs.  An organ should not be called rudimentary
+unless it be useless--as teeth which never cut through the gums--the
+papillae, representing the pistil in male flowers, wing of Apteryx, or
+better, the little wings under soldered elytra.  These organs are now
+plainly useless, and a fortiori, they would be useless in a less developed
+state.  Natural Selection acts exclusively by preserving successive slight,
+USEFUL modifications.  Hence Natural Selection cannot possibly make a
+useless or rudimentary organ.  Such organs are solely due to inheritance
+(as explained in my discussion), and plainly bespeak an ancestor having the
+organ in a useful condition.  They may be, and often have been, worked in
+for other purposes, and then they are only rudimentary for the original
+function, which is sometimes plainly apparent.  A nascent organ, though
+little developed, as it has to be developed must be useful in every stage
+of development.  As we cannot prophesy, we cannot tell what organs are now
+nascent; and nascent organs will rarely have been handed down by certain
+members of a class from a remote period to the present day, for beings with
+any important organ but little developed, will generally have been
+supplanted by their descendants with the organ well developed.  The mammary
+glands in Ornithorhynchus may, perhaps, be considered as nascent compared
+with the udders of a cow--Ovigerous frena, in certain cirripedes, are
+nascent branchiae--in [illegible] the swim bladder is almost rudimentary
+for this purpose, and is nascent as a lung.  The small wing of penguin,
+used only as a fin, might be nascent as a wing; not that I think so; for
+the whole structure of the bird is adapted for flight, and a penguin so
+closely resembles other birds, that we may infer that its wings have
+probably been modified, and reduced by natural selection, in accordance
+with its sub-aquatic habits.  Analogy thus often serves as a guide in
+distinguishing whether an organ is rudimentary or nascent.  I believe the
+Os coccyx gives attachment to certain muscles, but I can not doubt that it
+is a rudimentary tail.  The bastard wing of birds is a rudimentary digit;
+and I believe that if fossil birds are found very low down in the series,
+they will be seen to have a double or bifurcated wing.  Here is a bold
+prophecy!
+
+To admit prophetic germs, is tantamount to rejecting the theory of Natural
+Selection.
+
+I am very glad you think it worth while to run through my book again, as
+much, or more, for the subject's sake as for my own sake.  But I look at
+your keeping the subject for some little time before your mind--raising
+your own difficulties and solving them--as far more important than reading
+my book.  If you think enough, I expect you will be perverted, and if you
+ever are, I shall know that the theory of Natural Selection, is, in the
+main, safe; that it includes, as now put forth, many errors, is almost
+certain, though I cannot see them.  Do not, of course, think of answering
+this; but if you have other OCCASION to write again, just say whether I
+have, in ever so slight a degree, shaken any of your objections.  Farewell.
+With my cordial thanks for your long letters and valuable remarks,
+
+Believe me, yours most truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You often allude to Lamarck's work; I do not know what you think
+about it, but it appeared to me extremely poor; I got not a fact or idea
+from it.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ.  (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born at
+Mortier, on the lake of Morat in Switzerland, on May 28, 1807.  He
+emigrated to America in 1846, where he spent the rest of his life, and died
+December 14, 1873.  His 'Life,' written by his widow, was published in
+1885.  The following extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth
+giving, as showing how my father regarded him, and it may be added that his
+cordial feelings towards the great American naturalist remained strong to
+the end of his life:--
+
+"I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most kind
+present of 'Lake Superior.'  I had heard of it, and had much wished to read
+it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in my
+possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy that has given
+me such lively and sincere pleasure.  I cordially thank you for it.  I have
+begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will increase as I go
+on.")
+Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract) on
+the 'Origin of Species.'  As the conclusions at which I have arrived on
+several points differ so widely from yours, I have thought (should you at
+any time read my volume) that you might think that I had sent it to you out
+of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I assure you that I act under a
+wholly different frame of mind.  I hope that you will at least give me
+credit, however erroneous you may think my conclusions, for having
+earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth.  With sincere respect, I beg
+leave to remain,
+
+Yours, very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE.
+Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have thought that you would permit me to send you (by Messrs. Williams
+and Norgate, booksellers) a copy of my work (as yet only an abstract) on
+the 'Origin of Species.'  I wish to do this, as the only, though quite
+inadequate manner, by which I can testify to you the extreme interest which
+I have felt, and the great advantage which I have derived, from studying
+your grand and noble work on Geographical Distribution.  Should you be
+induced to read my volume, I venture to remark that it will be intelligible
+only by reading the whole straight through, as it is very much condensed. 
+It would be a high gratification to me if any portion interested you.  But
+I am perfectly well aware that you will entirely disagree with the
+conclusion at which I have arrived.
+
+You will probably have quite forgotten me; but many years ago you did me
+the honour of dining at my house in London to meet M. and Madame Sismondi
+(Jessie Allen, sister of Mrs. Josiah Wedgwood of Maer.), the uncle and aunt
+of my wife.  With sincere respect, I beg to remain,
+
+Yours, very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER.
+Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Falconer,
+
+I have told Murray to send you a copy of my book on the 'Origin of
+Species,' which as yet is only an abstract.
+
+If you read it, you must read it straight through, otherwise from its
+extremely condensed state it will be unintelligible.
+
+Lord, how savage you will be, if you read it, and how you will long to
+crucify me alive!  I fear it will produce no other effect on you; but if it
+should stagger you in ever so slight a degree, in this case, I am fully
+convinced that you will become, year after year, less fixed in your belief
+in the immutability of species.  With this audacious and presumptuous
+conviction,
+
+I remain, my dear Falconer,
+Yours most truly,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have directed a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract) on the 'Origin
+of Species' to be sent you.  I know how you are pressed for time; but if
+you can read it, I shall be infinitely gratified...If ever you do read it,
+and can screw out time to send me (as I value your opinion so highly),
+however short a note, telling me what you think its weakest and best parts,
+I should be extremely grateful.  As you are not a geologist, you will
+excuse my conceit in telling you that Lyell highly approves of the two
+Geological chapters, and thinks that on the Imperfection of the Geological
+Record not exaggerated.  He is nearly a convert to my views...
+
+Let me add I fully admit that there are very many difficulties not
+satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification, but I
+cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many classes
+of facts as I think it certainly does explain.  On these grounds I drop my
+anchor, and believe that the difficulties will slowly disappear...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.S. HENSLOW.
+Down, November 11th, 1859.
+
+My dear Henslow,
+
+I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my dear old
+master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not approve of
+your pupil in this case.  The book in its present state does not show the
+amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.
+
+If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to point
+out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be a most
+material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope to commence in a
+few months.  You know also how highly I value your judgment.  But I am not
+so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to write detailed and lengthy
+criticisms, but merely a few general remarks, pointing out the weakest
+parts.
+
+If you are IN EVEN SO SLIGHT A DEGREE staggered (which I hardly expect) on
+the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further reflection
+you will become more and more staggered, for this has been the process
+through which my mind has gone.  My dear Henslow,
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK.  (The present Sir John Lubbock.)
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+Saturday [November 12th, 1859].
+
+...Thank you much for asking me to Brighton.  I hope much that you will
+enjoy your holiday.  I have told Murray to send a copy for you to Mansion
+House Street, and I am surprised that you have not received it.  There are
+so many valid and weighty arguments against my notions, that you, or any
+one, if you wish on the other side, will easily persuade yourself that I am
+wholly in error, and no doubt I am in part in error, perhaps wholly so,
+though I cannot see the blindness of my ways.  I dare say when thunder and
+lightning were first proved to be due to secondary causes, some regretted
+to give up the idea that each flash was caused by the direct hand of God.
+
+Farewell, I am feeling very unwell to-day, so no more.
+
+Yours very truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+Tuesday [November 15th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+I beg pardon for troubling you again.  I do not know how I blundered in
+expressing myself in making you believe that we accepted your kind
+invitation to Brighton.  I meant merely to thank you sincerely for wishing
+to see such a worn-out old dog as myself.  I hardly know when we leave this
+place,--not under a fortnight, and then we shall wish to rest under our own
+roof-tree.
+
+I do not think I hardly ever admired a book more than Paley's 'Natural
+Theology.'  I could almost formerly have said it by heart.
+
+I am glad you have got my book, but I fear that you value it far too
+highly.  I should be grateful for any criticisms.  I care not for Reviews;
+but for the opinion of men like you and Hooker and Huxley and Lyell, etc.
+
+Farewell, with our joint thanks to Mrs. Lubbock and yourself.  Adios.
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS.  (Now Rev. L. Blomefield.)
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+November 13th, 1859.
+
+My dear Jenyns,
+
+I must thank you for your very kind note forwarded to me from Down.  I have
+been much out of health this summer, and have been hydropathising here for
+the last six weeks with very little good as yet.  I shall stay here for
+another fortnight at least.  Please remember that my book is only an
+abstract, and very much condensed, and, to be at all intelligible, must be
+carefully read.  I shall be very grateful for any criticisms.  But I know
+perfectly well that you will not at all agree with the lengths which I go. 
+It took long years to convert me.  I may, of course, be egregiously wrong;
+but I cannot persuade myself that a theory which explains (as I think it
+certainly does) several large classes of facts, can be wholly wrong;
+notwithstanding the several difficulties which have to be surmounted
+somehow, and which stagger me even to this day.
+
+I wish that my health had allowed me to publish in extenso; if ever I get
+strong enough I will do so, as the greater part is written out, and of
+which MS. the present volume is an abstract.
+
+I fear this note will be almost illegible; but I am poorly, and can hardly
+sit up.  Farewell; with thanks for your kind note and pleasant remembrance
+of good old days.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a copy of my book, and
+I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same time with this note. 
+(N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write extra badly.)  If you
+are so inclined, I should very much like to hear your general impression of
+the book, as you have thought so profoundly on the subject, and in so
+nearly the same channel with myself.  I hope there will be some little new
+to you, but I fear not much.  Remember it is only an abstract, and very
+much condensed.  God knows what the public will think.  No one has read it,
+except Lyell, with whom I have had much correspondence.  Hooker thinks him
+a complete convert, but he does not seem so in his letters to me; but is
+evidently deeply interested in the subject.  I do not think your share in
+the theory will be overlooked by the real judges, as Hooker, Lyell, Asa
+Gray, etc.  I have heard from Mr. Slater that your paper on the Malay
+Archipelago has been read at the Linnean Society, and that he was EXTREMELY
+much interested by it.
+
+I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the state
+of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you.  I am
+writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for the last
+six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer.  As yet I have
+profited very little.  God knows when I shall have strength for my bigger
+book.
+
+I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+thinking of returning (Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.) soon with
+your magnificent collections, and still grander mental materials.  You will
+be puzzled how to publish.  The Royal Society fund will be worth your
+consideration.  With every good wish, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S. I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert.  If
+I can convert Huxley I shall be content.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.D. FOX.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+Wednesday [November 16th, 1859].
+
+...I like the place very much, and the children have enjoyed it much, and
+it has done my wife good.  It did H. good at first, but she has gone back
+again.  I have had a series of calamities; first a sprained ankle, and then
+a badly swollen whole leg and face, much rash, and a frightful succession
+of boils--four or five at once.  I have felt quite ill, and have little
+faith in this "unique crisis," as the doctor calls it, doing me much
+good...You will probably have received, or will very soon receive, my
+weariful book on species, I naturally believe it mainly includes the truth,
+but you will not at all agree with me.  Dr. Hooker, whom I consider one of
+the best judges in Europe, is a complete convert, and he thinks Lyell is
+likewise; certainly, judging from Lyell's letters to me on the subject, he
+is deeply staggered.  Farewell.  If the spirit moves you, let me have a
+line...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+November 18th [1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I must thank you for your letter on my own account, and if I know myself,
+still more warmly for the subject's sake.  As you seem to have understood
+my last chapter without reading the previous chapters, you must have
+maturely and most profoundly self-thought out the subject; for I have found
+the most extraordinary difficulty in making even able men understand at
+what I was driving.  There will be strong opposition to my views.  If I am
+in the main right (of course including partial errors unseen by me), the
+admission in my views will depend far more on men, like yourself, with
+well-established reputations, than on my own writings.  Therefore, on the
+supposition that when you have read my volume you think the view in the
+main true, I thank and honour you for being willing to run the chance of
+unpopularity by advocating the view.  I know not in the least whether any
+one will review me in any of the Reviews.  I do not see how an author could
+enquire or interfere; but if you are willing to review me anywhere, I am
+sure from the admiration which I have long felt and expressed for your
+'Comparative Physiology,' that your review will be excellently done, and
+will do good service in the cause for which I think I am not selfishly
+deeply interested.  I am feeling very unwell to-day, and this note is
+badly, perhaps hardly intelligibly, expressed; but you must excuse me, for
+I could not let a post pass, without thanking you for your note.  You will
+have a tough job even to shake in the slightest degree Sir H. Holland.  I
+do not think (privately I say it) that the great man has knowledge enough
+to enter on the subject.  Pray believe me with sincerity, Yours truly
+obliged,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--As you are not a practical geologist, let me add that Lyell thinks
+the chapter on the Imperfection of the Geological Record NOT exaggerated.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+November 19th [1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I beg pardon for troubling you again.  If, after reading my book, you are
+able to come to a conclusion in any degree definite, will you think me very
+unreasonable in asking you to let me hear from you.  I do not ask for a
+long discussion, but merely for a brief idea of your general impression. 
+From your widely extended knowledge, habit of investigating the truth, and
+abilities, I should value your opinion in the very highest rank.  Though I,
+of course, believe in the truth of my own doctrine, I suspect that no
+belief is vivid until shared by others.  As yet I know only one believer,
+but I look at him as of the greatest authority, viz., Hooker.  When I think
+of the many cases of men who have studied one subject for years, and have
+persuaded themselves of the truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel
+sometimes a little frightened, whether I may not be one of these mono-
+maniacs.
+
+Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request.  A short note would
+suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many a
+one.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+Sunday [November 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have just read a review on my book in the "Athenaeum" (November 19,
+1859.), and it excites my curiosity much who is the author.  If you should
+hear who writes in the "Athenaeum" I wish you would tell me.  It seems to
+me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and, being hostile,
+passes over every single argument in favour of the doctrine,...I fear from
+the tone of the review, that I have written in a conceited and cocksure
+style (The Reviewer speaks of the author's "evident self-satisfaction," and
+of his disposing of all difficulties "more or less confidently."), which
+shames me a little.  There is another review of which I should like to know
+the author, viz., of H.C. Watson in the "Gardener's Chronicle".  Some of
+the remarks are like yours, and he does deserve punishment; but surely the
+review is too severe.  Don't you think so?
+
+I hope you got the three copies for Foreign Botanists in time for your
+parcel, and your own copy.  I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is
+likely to be a convert.  Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go a
+long way with us.  He says that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram
+closely like mine!
+
+I shall stay here one fortnight more, and then go to Down, staying on the
+road at Shrewsbury a week.  I have been very unfortunate:  out of seven
+weeks I have been confined for five to the house.  This has been bad for
+me, as I have not been able to help thinking to a foolish extent about my
+book.  If some four or five GOOD men came round nearly to our view, I shall
+not fear ultimate success.  I long to learn what Huxley thinks.  Is your
+introduction (Introduction to the 'Flora of Australia.') published?  I
+suppose that you will sell it separately.  Please answer this, for I want
+an extra copy to send away to Wallace.  I am very bothersome, farewell.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+I was very glad to see the Royal Medal for Mr. Bentham.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, December 21st, 1859.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Pray give my thanks to Mrs. Hooker for her extremely kind note, which has
+pleased me much.  We are very sorry she cannot come here, but shall be
+delighted to see you and W. (our boys will be at home) here in the 2nd week
+of January, or any other time.  I shall much enjoy discussing any points in
+my book with you...
+
+I hate to hear you abuse your own work.  I, on the contrary, so sincerely
+value all that you have written.  It is an old and firm conviction of mine,
+that the Naturalists who accumulate facts and make many partial
+generalisations are the REAL benefactors of science.  Those who merely
+accumulate facts I cannot very much respect.
+
+I had hoped to have come up for the Club to-morrow, but very much doubt
+whether I shall be able.  Ilkley seems to have done me no essential good. 
+I attended the Bench on Monday, and was detained in adjudicating some
+troublesome cases 1 1/2 hours longer than usual, and came home utterly
+knocked up, and cannot rally.  I am not worth an old button...Many thanks
+for your pleasant note.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I feel confident that for the future progress of the subject of the
+origin and manner of formation of species, the assent and arguments and
+facts of working naturalists, like yourself, are far more important than my
+own book; so for God's sake do not abuse your Introduction.
+
+
+H.C. WATSON TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Thames Ditton, November 21st [1859].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Once commenced to read the 'Origin,' I could not rest till I had galloped
+through the whole.  I shall now begin to re-read it more deliberately. 
+Meantime I am tempted to write you the first impressions, not doubting that
+they will, in the main, be the permanent impressions:--
+
+1st.  Your leading idea will assuredly become recognised as an established
+truth in science, i.e. "Natural Selection."  It has the characteristics of
+all great natural truths, clarifying what was obscure, simplifying what was
+intricate, adding greatly to previous knowledge.  You are the greatest
+revolutionist in natural history of this century, if not of all centuries.
+
+2nd.  You will perhaps need, in some degree, to limit or modify, possibly
+in some degree also to extend, your present applications of the principle
+of natural selection.  Without going to matters of more detail, it strikes
+me that there is one considerable primary inconsistency, by one failure in
+the analogy between varieties and species; another by a sort of barrier
+assumed for nature on insufficient grounds and arising from "divergence." 
+These may, however, be faults in my own mind, attributable to yet
+incomplete perception of your views.  And I had better not trouble you
+about them before again reading the volume.
+
+3rd.  Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific
+public, it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed to
+see their right road sooner.  How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance, for
+thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species AND THEIR
+SUCCESSION, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!
+
+A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like the
+same state of mind on the main question, but you were able to see and work
+out the quo modo of the succession, the all-important thing, while I failed
+to grasp it.  I send by this post a little controversial pamphlet of old
+date--Combe and Scott.  If you will take the trouble to glance at the
+passages scored on the margin, you will see that, a quarter of a century
+ago, I was also one of the few who then doubted the absolute distinctness
+of species, and special creations of them.  Yet I, like the rest, failed to
+detect the quo modo which was reserved for your penetration to DISCOVER,
+and your discernment to APPLY.
+
+You answered my query about the hiatus between Satyrus and Homo as was
+expected.  The obvious explanation really never occurred to me till some
+months after I had read the papers in the 'Linnean Proceedings.'  The first
+species of Fere-homo ("Almost-man.") would soon make direct and
+exterminating war upon his Infra-homo cousins.  The gap would thus be made,
+and then go on increasing, into the present enormous and still widening
+hiatus.  But how greatly this, with your chronology of animal life, will
+shock the ideas of many men!
+
+Very sincerely,
+HEWETT C. WATSON.
+
+
+J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Athenaeum, Monday [November 21st, 1859].
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only to thank you for
+your glorious book--what a mass of close reasoning on curious facts and
+fresh phenomena--it is capitally written, and will be very successful.  I
+say this on the strength of two or three plunges into as many chapters, for
+I have not yet attempted to read it.  Lyell, with whom we are staying, is
+perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating over it.  I must accept
+your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of supposed assistance from me,
+as the warm tribute of affection from an honest (though deluded) man, and
+furthermore accept it as very pleasing to my vanity; but, my dear fellow,
+neither my name nor my judgment nor my assistance deserved any such
+compliments, and if I am dishonest enough to be pleased with what I don't
+deserve, it must just pass.  How different the BOOK reads from the MS.  I
+see I shall have much to talk over with you.  Those lazy printers have not
+finished my luckless Essay; which, beside your book, will look like a
+ragged handkerchief beside a Royal Standard...
+
+All well, ever yours affectionately,
+JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire [November 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I cannot help it, I must thank you for your affectionate and most kind
+note.  My head will be turned.  By Jove, I must try and get a bit modest. 
+I was a little chagrined by the review.  (This refers to the review in the
+"Athenaeum", November 19, 1859, where the reviewer, after touching on the
+theological aspects of the book, leaves the author to "the mercies of the
+Divinity Hall, the College, the Lecture Room, and the Museum.")  I hope it
+was NOT --.  As advocate, he might think himself justified in giving the
+argument only on one side.  But the manner in which he drags in
+immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me to their mercies, is
+base.  He would, on no account, burn me, but he will get the wood ready,
+and tell the black beasts how to catch me...It would be unspeakably grand
+if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can see this is a mere
+chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.
+
+...I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents me
+sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is very
+modest about himself.
+
+You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a score
+of savage reviewers.  I suppose you are still with the Lyells.  Give my
+kindest remembrance to them.  I triumph to hear that he continues to
+approve.
+
+Believe me, your would-be modest friend,
+C.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Ilkley Wells, Yorkshire,
+November 23 [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+You seemed to have worked admirably on the species question; there could
+not have been a better plan than reading up on the opposite side.  I
+rejoice profoundly that you intend admitting the doctrine of modification
+in your new edition (It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's published letters
+that he intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in a new edition of the
+'Manual,' but this was not published till 1865.  He was, however, at work
+on the 'Antiquity of Man' in 1860, and had already determined to discuss
+the 'Origin' at the end of the book.); nothing, I am convinced, could be
+more important for its success.  I honour you most sincerely.  To have
+maintained in the position of a master, one side of a question for thirty
+years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt
+whether the records of science offer a parallel.  For myself, also, I
+rejoice profoundly; for, thinking of so many cases of men pursuing an
+illusion for years, often and often a cold shudder has run through me, and
+I have asked myself whether I may not have devoted my life to a phantasy. 
+Now I look at it as morally impossible that investigators of truth, like
+you and Hooker, can be wholly wrong, and therefore I rest in peace.  Thank
+you for criticisms, which, if there be a second edition, I will attend to. 
+I have been thinking that if I am much execrated as an atheist, etc.,
+whether the admission of the doctrine of natural selection could injure
+your works; but I hope and think not, for as far as I can remember, the
+virulence of bigotry is expended on the first offender, and those who adopt
+his views are only pitied as deluded, by the wise and cheerful bigots.
+
+I cannot help thinking that you overrate the importance of the multiple
+origin of dogs.  The only difference is, that in the case of single
+origins, all difference of the races has originated since man domesticated
+the species.  In the case of multiple origins part of the difference was
+produced under natural conditions.  I should INFINITELY prefer the theory
+of single origin in all cases, if facts would permit its reception.  But
+there seems to me some a priori improbability (seeing how fond savages are
+of taming animals), that throughout all times, and throughout all the
+world, that man should have domesticated one single species alone, of the
+widely distributed genus Canis.  Besides this, the close resemblance of at
+least three kinds of American domestic dogs to wild species still
+inhabiting the countries where they are now domesticated, seem to almost
+compel admission that more than one wild Canis has been domesticated by
+man.
+
+I thank you cordially for all the generous zeal and interest you have shown
+about my book, and I remain, my dear Lyell,
+
+Your affectionate friend and disciple,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Sir J. Herschel, to whom I sent a copy, is going to read my book.  He says
+he leans to the side opposed to me.  If you should meet him after he has
+read me, pray find out what he thinks, for, of course, he will not write;
+and I should excessively like to hear whether I produce any effect on such
+a mind.
+
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Jermyn Street W.,
+November 23rd, 1859.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination having furnished me
+with a few hours of continuous leisure.
+
+Since I read Von Baer's (Karl Ernst von Baer, born 1792, died at Dorpat
+1876--one of the most distinguished biologists of the century.  He
+practically founded the modern science of embryology.) essays, nine years
+ago, no work on Natural History Science I have met with has made so great
+an impression upon me, and I do most heartily thank you for the great store
+of new views you have given me.  Nothing, I think, can be better than the
+tone of the book, it impresses those who know nothing about the subject. 
+As for your doctrine, I am prepared to go to the stake, if requisite, in
+support of Chapter IX., and most parts of Chapters X., XI., XII., and
+Chapter XIII. contains much that is most admirable, but on one or two
+points I enter a caveat until I can see further into all sides of the
+question.
+
+As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully with all the
+principles laid down in them.  I think you have demonstrated a true cause
+for the production of species, and have thrown the onus probandi that
+species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your adversaries.
+
+But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings of
+those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I will
+write no more about them just now.
+
+The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have loaded
+yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting Natura non facit saltum
+so unreservedly...And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if continual physical
+conditions are of so little moment as you suppose, variation should occur
+at all.
+
+However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume to
+begin picking holes.
+
+I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or annoyed
+by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I greatly
+mistake, is in store for you.  Depend upon it you have earned the lasting
+gratitude of all thoughtful men.  And as to the curs which will bark and
+yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any rate, are
+endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have often and
+justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.
+
+I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.
+
+Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."
+
+Ever yours faithfully,
+T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Ilkley, November 25th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down.  Like a good Catholic who
+has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc dimittis."  I should
+have been more than contented with one quarter of what you have said. 
+Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper for this volume, I had
+awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had deluded myself, like so many
+have done, and I then fixed in my mind three judges, on whose decision I
+determined mentally to abide.  The judges were Lyell, Hooker, and yourself. 
+It was this which made me so excessively anxious for your verdict.  I am
+now contented, and can sing my nunc dimittis.  What a joke it would be if I
+pat you on the back when you attack some immovable creationist!  You have
+most cleverly hit on one point, which has greatly troubled me; if, as I
+must think, external conditions produce little DIRECT effect, what the
+devil determines each particular variation?  What makes a tuft of feathers
+come on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose?  I shall much like to talk
+over this with you...
+
+My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Hereafter I shall be particularly curious to hear what you think of
+my explanation of Embryological similarity.  On classification I fear we
+shall split.  Did you perceive the argumentum ad hominem Huxley about
+kangaroo and bear?
+
+
+ERASMUS DARWIN (His brother.) TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+November 23rd [1859].
+
+Dear Charles,
+
+I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if I can write, but at
+all events I will jot down a few things that the Dr. (Dr., afterwards Sir
+Henry Holland.) has said.  He has not read much above half, so as he says
+he can give no definite conclusion, and it is my private belief he wishes
+to remain in that state...He is evidently in a dreadful state of
+indecision, and keeps stating that he is not tied down to either view, and
+that he has always left an escape by the way he has spoken of varieties.  I
+happened to speak of the eye before he had read that part, and it took away
+his breath--utterly impossible--structure, function, etc., etc., etc., but
+when he had read it he hummed and hawed, and perhaps it was partly
+conceivable, and then he fell back on the bones of the ear, which were
+beyond all probability or conceivability.  He mentioned a slight blot,
+which I also observed, that in speaking of the slave-ants carrying one
+another, you change the species without giving notice first, and it makes
+one turn back...
+
+...For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever read,
+and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry, getting into a
+new world or rather behind the scenes.  To me the geographical
+distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents, is the most
+convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest forms to the
+existing species.  I dare say I don't feel enough the absence of varieties,
+but then I don't in the least know if everything now living were fossilized
+whether the paleontologists could distinguish them.  In fact the a priori
+reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me that if the facts won't fit in,
+why so much the worse for the facts is my feeling.  My ague has left me in
+such a state of torpidity that I wish I had gone through the process of
+natural selection.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+E.A.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Ilkley, November [24th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Again I have to thank you for a most valuable lot of criticisms in a letter
+dated 22nd.
+
+This morning I heard also from Murray that he sold the whole edition (First
+edition, 1250 copies.) the first day to the trade.  He wants a new edition
+instantly, and this utterly confounds me.  Now, under water-cure, with all
+nervous power directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do head-work, and I
+must make only actually necessary corrections.  But I will, as far as I can
+without my manuscript, take advantage of your suggestions:  I must not
+attempt much.  Will you send me one line to say whether I must strike out
+about the secondary whale (The passage was omitted in the second edition.),
+it goes to my heart.  About the rattle-snake, look to my Journal, under
+Trigonocephalus, and you will see the probable origin of the rattle, and
+generally in transitions it is the premier pas qui coute.
+
+Madame Belloc wants to translate my book into French; I have offered to
+look over proofs for SCIENTIFIC errors.  Did you ever hear of her?  I
+believe Murray has agreed at my urgent advice, but I fear I have been rash
+and premature.  Quatrefages has written to me, saying he agrees largely
+with my views.  He is an excellent naturalist.  I am pressed for time. 
+Will you give us one line about the whales?  Again I thank you for never-
+tiring advice and assistance; I do in truth reverence your unselfish and
+pure love of truth.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[With regard to a French translation, he wrote to Mr. Murray in November
+1859:  "I am EXTREMELY anxious, for the subject's sake (and God knows not
+for mere fame), to have my book translated; and indirectly its being known
+abroad will do good to the English sale.  If it depended on me, I should
+agree without payment, and instantly send a copy, and only beg that she
+[Mme. Belloc] would get some scientific man to look over the
+translation...You might say that, though I am a very poor French scholar, I
+could detect any scientific mistake, and would read over the French
+proofs."
+
+The proposed translation was not made, and a second plan fell through in
+the following year.  He wrote to M. de Quatrefages:  "The gentleman who
+wished to translate my 'Origin of Species' has failed in getting a
+publisher.  Balliere, Masson, and Hachette all rejected it with contempt. 
+It was foolish and presumptuous in me, hoping to appear in a French dress;
+but the idea would not have entered my head had it not been suggested to
+me.  It is a great loss.  I must console myself with the German edition
+which Prof. Bronn is bringing out."  (See letters to Bronn, page 70.)
+
+A sentence in another letter to M. de Quatrefages shows how anxious he was
+to convert one of the greatest of contemporary Zoologists:  "How I should
+like to know whether Milne Edwards had read the copy which I sent him, and
+whether he thinks I have made a pretty good case on our side of the
+question.  There is no naturalist in the world for whose opinion I have so
+profound a respect.  Of course I am not so silly as to expect to change his
+opinion."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Ilkley, [November 26th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have received your letter of the 24th.  It is no use trying to thank you;
+your kindness is beyond thanks.  I will certainly leave out the whale and
+bear...
+
+The edition was 1250 copies.  When I was in spirits, I sometimes fancied
+that my book would be successful, but I never even built a castle in the
+air of such success as it has met with; I do not mean the sale, but the
+impression it has made on you (whom I have always looked at as chief judge)
+and Hooker and Huxley.  The whole has infinitely exceeded my wildest hopes.
+
+Farewell, I am tired, for I have been going over the sheets.
+
+My kind friend, farewell, yours, 
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+December 2nd [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Every note which you have sent me has interested me much.  Pray thank Lady
+Lyell for her remark.  In the chapters she refers to, I was unable to
+modify the passage in accordance with your suggestion; but in the final
+chapter I have modified three or four.  Kingsley, in a note (The letter is
+given below) to me, had a capital paragraph on such notions as mine being
+NOT opposed to a high conception of the Deity.  I have inserted it as an
+extract from a letter to me from a celebrated author and divine.  I have
+put in about nascent organs.  I had the greatest difficulty in partially
+making out Sedgwick's letter, and I dare say I did greatly underrate its
+clearness.  Do what I could, I fear I shall be greatly abused.  In answer
+to Sedgwick's remark that my book would be "mischievous," I asked him
+whether truth can be known except by being victorious over all attacks. 
+But it is no use.  H.C. Watson tells me that one zoologist says he will
+read my book, "but I will never believe it."  What a spirit to read any
+book in!  Crawford writes to me that his notice (John Crawford,
+orientalist, ethnologist, etc., 1783-1868.  The review appeared in the
+"Examiner", and, though hostile, is free from bigotry, as the following
+citation will show:  "We cannot help saying that piety must be fastidious
+indeed that objects to a theory the tendency of which is to show that all
+organic beings, man included, are in a perpetual progress of amelioration,
+and that is expounded in the reverential language which we have quoted.")
+will be hostile, but that "he will not calumniate the author."  He says he
+has read my book, "at least such parts as he could understand."  He sent me
+some notes and suggestions (quite unimportant), and they show me that I
+have unavoidably done harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract.  He
+is a real Pallasian; nearly all our domestic races descended from a
+multitude of wild species now commingled.  I expected Murchison to be
+outrageous.  How little he could ever have grappled with the subject of
+denudation!  How singular so great a geologist should have so
+unphilosophical a mind!  I have had several notes from --, very civil and
+less decided.  Says he shall not pronounce against me without much
+reflection, PERHAPS WILL SAY NOTHING on the subject.  X. says -- will go to
+that part of hell, which Dante tells us is appointed for those who are
+neither on God's side nor on that of the devil.
+
+I fully believe that I owe the comfort of the next few years of my life to
+your generous support, and that of a very few others.  I do not think I am
+brave enough to have stood being odious without support; now I feel as bold
+as a lion.  But there is one thing I can see I must learn, viz., to think
+less of myself and my book.  Farewell, with cordial thanks.
+
+Yours most truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+I return home on the 7th, and shall sleep at Erasmus's.  I will call on you
+about ten o'clock, on Thursday, the 8th, and sit with you, as I have so
+often sat, during your breakfast.
+
+I wish there was any chance of Prestwich being shaken; but I fear he is too
+much of a catastrophist.
+
+
+[In December there appeared in 'Macmillan's Magazine' an article, "Time and
+Life," by Professor Huxley.  It is mainly occupied by an analysis of the
+argument of the 'Origin,' but it also gives the substance of a lecture
+delivered at the Royal Institution before that book was published. 
+Professor Huxley spoke strongly in favour of evolution in his Lecture, and
+explains that in so doing he was to a great extent resting on a knowledge
+of "the general tenor of the researches in which Mr. Darwin had been so
+long engaged," and was supported in so doing by his perfect confidence in
+his knowledge, perseverance, and "high-minded love of truth."  My father
+was evidently deeply pleased by Mr. Huxley's words, and wrote:
+
+"I must thank you for your extremely kind notice of my book in 'Macmillan.' 
+No one could receive a more delightful and honourable compliment.  I had
+not heard of your Lecture, owing to my retired life.  You attribute much
+too much to me from our mutual friendship.  You have explained my leading
+idea with admirable clearness.  What a gift you have of writing (or more
+properly) thinking clearly."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER.
+Ilkley, Yorkshire,
+December 3rd [1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I am perfectly delighted at your letter.  It is a great thing to have got a
+great physiologist on our side.  I say "our" for we are now a good and
+compact body of really good men, and mostly not old men.  In the long run
+we shall conquer.  I do not like being abused, but I feel that I can now
+bear it; and, as I told Lyell, I am well convinced that it is the first
+offender who reaps the rich harvest of abuse.  You have done an essential
+kindness in checking the odium theologicum in the E.R.  (This must refer to
+Carpenter's critique which would now have been ready to appear in the
+January number of the "Edinburgh Review", 1860, and in which the odium
+theologicum is referred to.)  It much pains all one's female relations and
+injures the cause.
+
+I look at it as immaterial whether we go quite the same lengths; and I
+suspect, judging from myself, that you will go further, by thinking of a
+population of forms like Ornithorhyncus, and by thinking of the common
+homological and embryological structure of the several vertebrate orders. 
+But this is immaterial.  I quite agree that the principle is everything. 
+In my fuller MS. I have discussed a good many instincts; but there will
+surely be more unfilled gaps here than with corporeal structure, for we
+have no fossil instincts, and know scarcely any except of European animals. 
+When I reflect how very slowly I came round myself, I am in truth
+astonished at the candour shown by Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and yourself.  In
+my opinion it is grand.  I thank you cordially for taking the trouble of
+writing a review for the 'National.'  God knows I shall have few enough in
+any degree favourable.  (See a letter to Dr. Carpenter below.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Saturday [December 5th, 1859].
+
+...I have had a letter from Carpenter this morning.  He reviews me in the
+'National.'  He is a convert, but does not go quite so far as I, but quite
+far enough, for he admits that all birds are from one progenitor, and
+probably all fishes and reptiles from another parent.  But the last
+mouthful chokes him.  He can hardly admit all vertebrates from one parent. 
+He will surely come to this from Homology and Embryology.  I look at it as
+grand having brought round a great physiologist, for great I think he
+certainly is in that line.  How curious I shall be to know what line Owen
+will take; dead against us, I fear; but he wrote me a most liberal note on
+the reception of my book, and said he was quite prepared to consider fairly
+and without prejudice my line of argument.
+
+
+J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Kew, Monday.
+
+Dear Darwin,
+
+You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the publication of your
+book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite.  I hope now that you are
+well through Edition II., and I have heard that you were flourishing in
+London.  I have not yet got half-through the book, not from want of will,
+but of time--for it is the very hardest book to read, to full profits, that
+I ever tried--it is so cram-full of matter and reasoning.  I am all the
+more glad that you have published in this form, for the three volumes,
+unprefaced by this, would have choked any Naturalist of the nineteenth
+century, and certainly have softened my brain in the operation of
+assimilating their contents.  I am perfectly tired of marvelling at the
+wonderful amount of facts you have brought to bear, and your skill in
+marshalling them and throwing them on the enemy; it is also extremely clear
+as far as I have gone, but very hard to fully appreciate.  Somehow it reads
+very different from the MS., and I often fancy I must have been very stupid
+not to have more fully followed it in MS.  Lyell told me of his criticisms. 
+I did not appreciate them all, and there are many little matters I hope one
+day to talk over with you.  I saw a highly flattering notice in the
+'English Churchman,' short and not at all entering into discussion, but
+praising you and your book, and talking patronizingly of the
+doctrine!...Bentham and Henslow will still shake their heads I fancy...
+
+Ever yours affectionately,
+JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, Saturday [December 12th, 1859].
+
+...I had very long interviews with --, which perhaps you would like to hear
+about...I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he goes an
+immense way with us...
+
+He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+the manner of formation of species.  I said I was very glad to hear it.  He
+took me up short:  "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you in
+all respects."  I said I thought it no more likely that I should be right
+in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get heads
+twenty times running.  I asked him what he thought the weakest part.  He
+said he had no particular objection to any part.  He added:--
+
+"If I must criticise, I should say, 'we do not want to know what Darwin
+believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove.'"  I agreed most fully
+and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and defended my
+general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing how many classes
+of facts the theory would explain.  I added that I would endeavour to
+modify the "believes" and "convinceds."  He took me up short:  "You will
+then spoil your book, the charm of (!) it is that it is Darwin himself." 
+He added another objection, that the book was too teres atque rotundus---
+that it explained everything, and that it was improbable in the highest
+degree that I should succeed in this.  I quite agree with this rather queer
+objection, and it comes to this that my book must be very bad or very
+good...
+
+I have heard, by roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is the law
+of higgledy-piggledy."  What this exactly means I do not know, but it is
+evidently very contemptuous.  If true this is a great blow and
+discouragement.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK.
+December 14th [1859].
+
+...The latter part of my stay at Ilkley did me much good, but I suppose I
+never shall be strong, for the work I have had since I came back has
+knocked me up a little more than once.  I have been busy in getting a
+reprint (with a very few corrections) through the press.
+
+My book has been as yet VERY MUCH more successful than I ever dreamed of: 
+Murray is now printing 3000 copies.  Have you finished it?  If so, pray
+tell me whether you are with me on the GENERAL issue, or against me.  If
+you are against me, I know well how honourable, fair, and candid an
+opponent I shall have, and which is a good deal more than I can say of all
+my opponents...
+
+Pray tell me what you have been doing.  Have you had time for any Natural
+History?...
+
+P.S.--I have got--I wish and hope I might say that WE have got--a fair
+number of excellent men on our side of the question on the mutability of
+species.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, December 14th [1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your approval of my book, for many reasons, gives me intense satisfaction;
+but I must make some allowance for your kindness and sympathy.  Any one
+with ordinary faculties, if he had PATIENCE enough and plenty of time,
+could have written my book.  You do not know how I admire your and Lyell's
+generous and unselfish sympathy, I do not believe either of you would have
+cared so much about your own work.  My book, as yet, has been far more
+successful than I ever even formerly ventured in the wildest day-dreams to
+anticipate.  We shall soon be a good body of working men, and shall have, I
+am convinced, all young and rising naturalists on our side.  I shall be
+intensely interested to hear whether my book produces any effect on A.
+Gray; from what I heard at Lyell's, I fancy your correspondence has brought
+him some way already.  I fear that there is no chance of Bentham being
+staggered.  Will he read my book?  Has he a copy?  I would send him one of
+the reprints if he has not.  Old J.E. Gray (John Edward Gray (1800-1875),
+was the son of S.F. Gray, author of the 'Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia.' 
+In 1821 he published in his father's name 'The Natural Arrangement of
+British Plants,' one of the earliest works in English on the natural
+method.  In 1824 he became connected with the Natural History Department of
+the British Museum, and was appointed Keeper of the Zoological collections
+in 1840.  He was the author of 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology,' 'The
+Knowsley Menagerie,' etc., and of innumerable descriptive Zoological
+papers.), at the British Museum, attacked me in fine style:  "You have just
+reproduced Lamarck's doctrine and nothing else, and here Lyell and others
+have been attacking him for twenty years, and because YOU (with a sneer and
+laugh) say the very same thing, they are all coming round; it is the most
+ridiculous inconsistency, etc., etc."
+
+You must be very glad to be settled in your house, and I hope all the
+improvements satisfy you.  As far as my experience goes, improvements are
+never perfection.  I am very sorry to hear that you are still so very busy,
+and have so much work.  And now for the main purport of my note, which is
+to ask and beg you and Mrs. Hooker (whom it is really an age since I have
+seen), and all your children, if you like, to come and spend a week here. 
+It would be a great pleasure to me and to my wife...As far as we can see,
+we shall be at home all the winter; and all times probably would be equally
+convenient; but if you can, do not put it off very late, as it may slip
+through.  Think of this and persuade Mrs. Hooker, and be a good man and
+come.
+
+Farewell, my kind and dear friend,
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I shall be very curious to hear what you think of my discussion on
+Classification in Chapter XIII.; I believe Huxley demurs to the whole, and
+says he has nailed his colours to the mast, and I would sooner die than
+give up; so that we are in as fine a frame of mind to discuss the point as
+any two religionists.
+
+Embryology is my pet bit in my book, and, confound my friends, not one has
+noticed this to me.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, December 21st [1859].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have just received your most kind, long, and valuable letter.  I will
+write again in a few days, for I am at present unwell and much pressed with
+business:  to-day's note is merely personal.  I should, for several
+reasons, be very glad of an American Edition.  I have made up my mind to be
+well abused; but I think it of importance that my notions should be read by
+intelligent men, accustomed to scientific argument, though NOT naturalists. 
+It may seem absurd, but I think such men will drag after them those
+naturalists who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a species is an
+entity.  The first edition of 1250 copies was sold on the first day, and
+now my publisher is printing off, as RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE, 3000 more copies. 
+I mention this solely because it renders probable a remunerative sale in
+America.  I should be infinitely obliged if you could aid an American
+reprint; and could make, for my sake and the publisher's, any arrangement
+for any profit.  The new edition is only a reprint, yet I have made a FEW
+important corrections.  I will have the clean sheets sent over in a few
+days of as many sheets as are printed off, and the remainder afterwards,
+and you can do anything you like,--if nothing, there is no harm done.  I
+should be glad for the new edition to be reprinted and not the old.--In
+great haste, and with hearty thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+I will write soon again.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, 22nd [December, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+Thanks about "Bears" (See 'Origin,' edition i., page 184.), a word of ill-
+omen to me.
+
+I am too unwell to leave home, so shall not see you.
+
+I am very glad of your remarks on Hooker.  (Sir C. Lyell wrote to Sir J.D.
+Hooker, December 19, 1859 ('Life,' ii. page 327):  "I have just finished
+the reading of your splendid Essay [the 'Flora of Australia'] on the origin
+of species, as illustrated by your wide botanical experience, and think it
+goes very far to raise the variety-making hypothesis to the rank of a
+theory, as accounting for the manner in which new species enter the
+world.")  I have not yet got the essay.  The parts which I read in sheets
+seemed to me grand, especially the generalization about the Australian
+flora itself.  How superior to Robert Brown's celebrated essay!  I have not
+seen Naudin's paper ('Revue Horticole,' 1852.  See historical Sketch in the
+later editions of the 'Origin of Species.'), and shall not be able till I
+hunt the libraries.  I am very anxious to see it.  Decaisne seems to think
+he gives my whole theory.  I do not know when I shall have time and
+strength to grapple with Hooker...
+
+P.S.--I have heard from Sir W. Jardine (Jardine, Sir William, Bart., 1800-
+1874, was the son of Sir A. Jardine of Applegarth, Dumfriesshire.  He was
+educated at Edinburgh, and succeeded to the title on his father's decease
+in 1821.  He published, jointly with Mr. Prideaux, J. Selby, Sir Stamford
+Raffles, Dr. Horsfield, and other ornithologists, 'Illustrations of
+Ornithology,' and edited the 'Naturalist's Library,' in 40 volumes, which
+included the four branches:  Mammalia, Ornithology, Ichnology, and
+Entomology.  Of these 40 volumes 14 were written by himself.  In 1836 he
+became editor of the 'Magazine of Zoology and Botany,' which, two years
+later, was transformed into 'Annals of Natural History,' but remained under
+his direction.  For Bohn's Standard Library he edited White's 'Natural
+History of Selborne.'  Sir W. Jardine was also joint editor of the
+'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and was author of 'British Salmonidae,'
+'Ichthyology of Annandale,' 'Memoirs of the late Hugh Strickland,'
+'Contributions to Ornithology,' 'Ornithological Synonyms,' etc.--(Taken
+from Ward, 'Men of the Reign,' and Cates, 'Dictionary of General
+Biography.'):  his criticisms are quite unimportant; some of the Galapagos
+so-called species ought to be called varieties, which I fully expected;
+some of the sub-genera, thought to be wholly endemic, have been found on
+the Continent (not that he gives his authority), but I do not make out that
+the species are the same.  His letter is brief and vague, but he says he
+will write again.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down [23rd December, 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I received last night your 'Introduction,' for which very many thanks; I am
+surprised to see how big it is:  I shall not be able to read it very soon. 
+It was very good of you to send Naudin, for I was very curious to see it. 
+I am surprised that Decaisne should say it was the same as mine.  Naudin
+gives artificial selection, as well as a score of English writers, and when
+he says species were formed in the same manner, I thought the paper would
+certainly prove exactly the same as mine.  But I cannot find one word like
+the struggle for existence and natural selection.  On the contrary, he
+brings in his principle (page 103) of finality (which I do not understand),
+which, he says, with some authors is fatality, with others providence, and
+which adapts the forms of every being, and harmonises them all throughout
+nature.
+
+He assumes like old geologists (who assumed that the forces of nature were
+formerly greater), that species were at first more plastic.  His simile of
+tree and classification is like mine (and others), but he cannot, I think,
+have reflected much on the subject, otherwise he would see that genealogy
+by itself does not give classification; I declare I cannot see a MUCH
+closer approach to Wallace and me in Naudin than in Lamarck--we all agree
+in modification and descent.  If I do not hear from you I will return the
+'Revue' in a few days (with the cover).  I dare say Lyell would be glad to
+see it.  By the way, I will retain the volume till I hear whether I shall
+or not send it to Lyell.  I should rather like Lyell to see this note,
+though it is foolish work sticking up for independence or priority.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+A. SEDGWICK (Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 1785-1873, Woodwardian Professor of
+Geology in the University of Cambridge.) TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Cambridge, December 24th, [1859].
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I write to thank you for your work on the 'Origin of Species.'  It came, I
+think, in the latter part of last week; but it MAY have come a few days
+sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels, which often remain
+unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before me.  So soon as I
+opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after many interruptions,
+on Tuesday.  Yesterday I was employed--1st, in preparing for my lecture;
+2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother Fellows to discuss the final
+propositions of the Parliamentary Commissioners; 3rdly, in lecturing;
+4thly, in hearing the conclusion of the discussion and the College reply,
+whereby, in conformity with my own wishes, we accepted the scheme of the
+Commissioners; 5thly, in dining with an old friend at Clare College; 6thly,
+in adjourning to the weekly meeting of the Ray Club, from which I returned
+at 10 P.M., dog-tired, and hardly able to climb my staircase.  Lastly, in
+looking through the "Times" to see what was going on in the busy world.
+
+I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does abhor
+a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to you by the
+earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted opportunity. 
+If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving man, I should not
+tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of facts, capital views
+of the correlation of the various parts of organic nature, admirable hints
+about the diffusion, through wide regions of many related organic beings,
+etc., etc.) I have read your book with more pain than pleasure.  Parts of
+it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at till my sides were almost sore;
+other parts I read with absolute sorrow, because I think them utterly false
+and grievously mischievous.  You have DESERTED--after a start in that tram-
+road of all solid physical truth--the true method of induction, and started
+us in machinery as wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkins's locomotive that was
+to sail with us to the moon.  Many of your wide conclusions are based upon
+assumptions which can neither be proved nor disproved, why then express
+them in the language and arrangement of philosophical induction?  As to
+your grand principle--NATURAL SELECTION--what is it but a secondary
+consequence of supposed, or known, primary facts!  Development is a better
+word, because more close to the cause of the fact?  For you do not deny
+causation.  I call (in the abstract) causation the will of God; and I can
+prove that He acts for the good of His creatures.  He also acts by laws
+which we can study and comprehend.  Acting by law, and under what is called
+final causes, comprehends, I think, your whole principle.  You write of
+"natural selection" as if it were done curiously by the selecting agent. 
+'Tis but a consequence of the presupposed development, and the subsequent
+battle for life.  This view of nature you have stated admirably, though
+admitted by all naturalists and denied by no one of common sense.  We all
+admit development as a fact of history:  but how came it about?  Here, in
+language, and still more in logic, we are point-blank at issue.  There is a
+moral or metaphysical part of nature as well a physical.  A man who denies
+this is deep in the mire of folly.  'Tis the crown and glory of organic
+science that it DOES through FINAL CAUSE, link material and moral; and yet
+DOES NOT allow us to mingle them in our first conception of laws, and our
+classification of such laws, whether we consider one side of nature or the
+other.  You have ignored this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning,
+you have done your best in one or two pregnant cases to break it.  Were it
+possible (which, thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind,
+would suffer a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race into
+a lower grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since its
+written records tell us of its history.  Take the case of the bee-cells. 
+If your development produced the successive modification of the bee and its
+cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand good as the
+directing cause under which the successive generations acted and gradually
+improved.  Passages in your book, like that to which I have alluded (and
+there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral taste.  I think,
+in speculating on organic descent, you OVER-state the evidence of geology;
+and that you UNDER-state it while you are talking of the broken links of
+your natural pedigree:  but my paper is nearly done, and I must go to my
+lecture-room.  Lastly, then, I greatly dislike the concluding chapter--not
+as a summary, for in that light it appears good--but I dislike it from the
+tone of triumphant confidence in which you appeal to the rising generation
+(in a tone I condemned in the author of the 'Vestiges') and prophesy of
+things not yet in the womb of time, nor (if we are to trust the accumulated
+experience of human sense and the inferences of its logic) ever likely to
+be found anywhere but in the fertile womb of man's imagination.  And now to
+say a word about a son of a monkey and an old friend of yours:  I am
+better, far better, than I was last year.  I have been lecturing three days
+a week (formerly I gave six a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the
+loss of activity and memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily
+frame is sinking slowly towards the earth.  But I have visions of the
+future.  They are as much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and
+these visions are to have their antitype in solid fruition of what is best
+and greatest.  But on one condition only--that I humbly accept God's
+revelation of Himself both in his works and in His word, and do my best to
+act in conformity with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He
+only can sustain me in doing.  If you and I do all this we shall meet in
+heaven.
+
+I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of any
+disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your true-
+hearted old friend,
+
+A. SEDGWICK.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, December 25th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+One part of your note has pleased me so much that I must thank you for it. 
+Not only Sir H.H. [Holland], but several others, have attacked me about
+analogy leading to belief in one primordial CREATED form.  ('Origin,'
+edition i. page 484.--"Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably
+all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended
+from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed.")  (By
+which I mean only that we know nothing as yet [of] how life originates.)  I
+thought I was universally condemned on this head.  But I answered that
+though perhaps it would have been more prudent not to have put it in, I
+would not strike it out, as it seemed to me probable, and I give it on no
+other grounds.  You will see in your mind the kind of arguments which made
+me think it probable, and no one fact had so great an effect on me as your
+most curious remarks on the apparent homologies of the head of Vertebrata
+and Articulata.
+
+You have done a real good turn in the Agency business ("My General Agent"
+was a sobriquet applied at this time by my father to Mr. Huxley.)  (I never
+before heard of a hard-working, unpaid agent besides yourself), in talking
+with Sir H.H., for he will have great influence over many.  He floored me
+from my ignorance about the bones of the ear, and I made a mental note to
+ask you what the facts were.
+
+With hearty thanks and real admiration for your generous zeal for the
+subject.
+
+Yours most truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+You may smile about the care and precautions I have taken about my ugly MS.
+(Manuscript left with Mr. Huxley for his perusal.); it is not so much the
+value I set on them, but the remembrance of the intolerable labour--for
+instance, in tracing the history of the breeds of pigeons.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, 25th [December, 1859].
+
+...I shall not write to Decaisne (With regard to Naudin's paper in the
+'Revue Horticole,' 1852.); I have always had a strong feeling that no one
+had better defend his own priority.  I cannot say that I am as indifferent
+to the subject as I ought to be, but one can avoid doing anything in
+consequence.
+
+I do not believe one iota about your having assimilated any of my notions
+unconsciously.  You have always done me more than justice.  But I do think
+I did you a bad turn by getting you to read the old MS., as it must have
+checked your own original thoughts.  There is one thing I am fully
+convinced of, that the future progress (which is the really important
+point) of the subject will have depended on really good and well-known
+workers, like yourself, Lyell, and Huxley, having taken up the subject,
+than on my own work.  I see plainly it is this that strikes my non-
+scientific friends.
+
+Last night I said to myself, I would just cut your Introduction, but would
+not begin to read, but I broke down, and had a good hour's read.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+December 28th, 1859.
+
+...Have you seen the splendid essay and notice of my book in the "Times"? 
+(December 26th.)  I cannot avoid a strong suspicion that it is by Huxley;
+but I never heard that he wrote in the "Times".  It will do grand
+service,...
+
+
+C. DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, December 28th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Yesterday evening, when I read the "Times" of a previous day, I was amazed
+to find a splendid essay and review of me.  Who can the author be?  I am
+intensely curious.  It included an eulogium of me which quite touched me,
+though I am not vain enough to think it all deserved.  The author is a
+literary man, and German scholar.  He has read my book very attentively;
+but, what is very remarkable, it seems that he is a profound naturalist. 
+He knows my Barnacle-book, and appreciates it too highly.  Lastly, he
+writes and thinks with quite uncommon force and clearness; and what is even
+still rarer, his writing is seasoned with most pleasant wit.  We all
+laughed heartily over some of the sentences.  I was charmed with those
+unreasonable mortals, who know anything, all thinking fit to range
+themselves on one side.  (The reviewer proposes to pass by the orthodox
+view, according to which the phenomena of the organic world are "the
+immediate product of a creative fiat, and consequently are out of the
+domain of science altogether."  And he does so "with less hesitation, as it
+so happens that those persons who are practically conversant with the facts
+of the case (plainly a considerable advantage) have always thought fit to
+range themselves" in the category of those holding "views which profess to
+rest on a scientific basis only, and therefore admit of being argued to
+their consequences.")  Who can it be?  Certainly I should have said that
+there was only one man in England who could have written this essay, and
+that YOU were the man.  But I suppose I am wrong, and that there is some
+hidden genius of great calibre.  For how could you influence Jupiter
+Olympius and make him give three and a half columns to pure science?  The
+old fogies will think the world will come to an end.  Well, whoever the man
+is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than by a dozen
+reviews in common periodicals.  The grand way he soars above common
+religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the "Times", I
+look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of the mere
+question of species.  If you should happen to be ACQUAINTED with the
+author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?
+
+My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[It is impossible to give in a short space an adequate idea of Mr. Huxley's
+article in the "Times" of December 26.  It is admirably planned, so as to
+claim for the 'Origin' a respectful hearing, and it abstains from anything
+like dogmatism in asserting the truth of the doctrines therein upheld.  A
+few passages may be quoted:--"That this most ingenious hypothesis enables
+us to give a reason for many apparent anomalies in the distribution of
+living beings in time and space, and that it is not contradicted by the
+main phenomena of life and organisation, appear to us to be
+unquestionable."  Mr. Huxley goes on to recommend to the readers of the
+'Origin' a condition of "thatige Skepsis"--a state of "doubt which so loves
+truth that it neither dares rest in doubting, nor extinguish itself by
+unjustified belief."  The final paragraph is in a strong contrast to
+Professor Sedgwick and his "ropes of bubbles" (see below).  Mr. Huxley
+writes:  "Mr. Darwin abhors mere speculation as nature abhors a vacuum.  He
+is as greedy of cases and precedents as any constitutional lawyer, and all
+the principles he lays down are capable of being brought to the test of
+observation and experiment.  The path he bids us follow professes to be not
+a mere airy track, fabricated of ideal cobwebs, but a solid and broad
+bridge of facts.  If it be so, it will carry us safely over many a chasm in
+our knowledge, and lead us to a region free from the snares of those
+fascinating but barren virgins, the Final Causes, against whom a high
+authority has so justly warned us."
+
+There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing as it did in the
+leading daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the reading
+public.  Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account of the
+happy chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing it.
+
+"The 'Origin' was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the "Times"
+writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of business. 
+Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later period, editor
+of 'Once a Week,' was as innocent of any knowledge of science as a babe,
+and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to deal with such a book. 
+Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get him out of his difficulty,
+and he applied to me accordingly, explaining, however, that it would be
+necessary for him formally to adopt anything I might be disposed to write,
+by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs of his own.
+
+"I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving the
+book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the "Times" to make
+any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the subject, I
+wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything in my life,
+and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening sentences.
+
+"When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+authorship.  The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not by
+my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement from
+the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they knew it
+was mine from the first paragraph!
+
+"As the "Times" some years since, referred to my connection with the
+review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the publication
+of this little history, if you think it worth the space it will occupy."]
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.II.
+
+THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES' (continued).
+
+1860.
+
+[I extract a few entries from my father's Diary:--
+
+"January 7th.  The second edition, 3000 copies, of 'Origin' was published."
+
+"May 22nd.  The first edition of 'Origin' in the United States was 2500
+copies."
+
+My father has here noted down the sums received for the 'Origin.'
+
+First Edition......180 pounds
+Second Edition.....636 pounds 13 shillings 4 pence
+
+Total..............816 pounds 13 shillings 4 pence.
+
+After the publication of the second edition he began at once, on January
+9th, looking over his materials for the 'Variation of Animals and Plants;'
+the only other work of the year was on Drosera.
+
+He was at Down during the whole of this year, except for a visit to Dr.
+Lane's Water-cure Establishment at Sudbrooke, and in June, and for visits
+to Miss Elizabeth Wedgwood's house at Hartfield, in Sussex (July), and to
+Eastbourne, September 22 to November 16.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, January 3rd [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have finished your Essay.  ('Australian Flora.')  As probably you would
+like to hear my opinion, though a non-botanist, I will give it without any
+exaggeration.  To my judgment it is by far the grandest and most
+interesting essay, on subjects of the nature discussed, I have ever read. 
+You know how I admired your former essays, but this seems to me far
+grander.  I like all the part after page xxvi better than the first part,
+probably because newer to me.  I dare say you will demur to this, for I
+think every author likes the most speculative parts of his own productions. 
+How superior your essay is to the famous one of Brown (here will be sneer
+1st from you).  You have made all your conclusions so admirably clear, that
+it would be no use at all to be a botanist (sneer No. 2).  By Jove, it
+would do harm to affix any idea to the long names of outlandish orders. 
+One can look at your conclusions with the philosophic abstraction with
+which a mathematician looks at his a times x + the square root of z
+squared, etc. etc.  I hardly know which parts have interested me most; for
+over and over again I exclaimed, "this beats all."  The general comparison
+of the Flora of Australia with the rest of the world, strikes me (as
+before) as extremely original, good, and suggestive of many reflections.
+
+...The invading Indian Flora is very interesting, but I think the fact you
+mention towards the close of the essay--that the Indian vegetation, in
+contradistinction to the Malayan vegetation, is found in low and level
+parts of the Malay Islands, GREATLY lessens the difficulty which at first
+(page 1) seemed so great.  There is nothing like one's own hobby-horse.  I
+suspect it is the same case as of glacial migration, and of naturalised
+production--of production of greater area conquering those of lesser; of
+course the Indian forms would have a greater difficulty in seizing on the
+cool parts of Australia.  I demur to your remarks (page 1), as not
+"conceiving anything in soil, climate, or vegetation of India," which could
+stop the introduction of Australian plants.  Towards the close of the essay
+(page civ), you have admirable remarks on our profound ignorance of the
+cause of possible naturalisation or introduction; I would answer page 1, by
+a later page, viz. page civ.
+
+Your contrast of the south-west and south-east corners is one of the most
+wonderful cases I ever heard of...You show the case with wonderful force. 
+Your discussion on mixed invaders of the south-east corner (and of New
+Zealand) is as curious and intricate a problem as of the races of men in
+Britain.  Your remark on mixed invading Flora keeping down or destroying an
+original Flora, which was richer in number of species, strikes me as
+EMINENTLY NEW AND IMPORTANT.  I am not sure whether to me the discussion on
+the New Zealand Flora is not even more instructive.  I cannot too much
+admire both.  But it will require a long time to suck in all the facts. 
+Your case of the largest Australian orders having none, or very few,
+species in New Zealand, is truly marvellous.  Anyhow, you have now
+DEMONSTRATED (together with no mammals in New Zealand) (bitter sneer No.
+3), that New Zealand has never been continuously, or even nearly
+continuously, united by land to Australia!!  At page lxxxix, is the only
+sentence (on this subject) in the whole essay at which I am much inclined
+to quarrel, viz. that no theory of trans-oceanic migration can explain,
+etc. etc.  Now I maintain against all the world, that no man knows anything
+about the power of trans-oceanic migration.  You do not know whether or not
+the absent orders have seeds which are killed by sea-water, like almost all
+Leguminosae, and like another order which I forget.  Birds do not migrate
+from Australia to New Zealand, and therefore floatation SEEMS the only
+possible means; but yet I maintain that we do not know enough to argue on
+the question, especially as we do not know the main fact whether the seeds
+of Australian orders are killed by sea-water.
+
+The discussion on European Genera is profoundly interesting; but here alone
+I earnestly beg for more information, viz. to know which of these genera
+are absent in the Tropics of the world, i.e. confined to temperate regions. 
+I excessively wish to know, ON THE NOTION OF GLACIAL MIGRATION, how much
+modification has taken place in Australia.  I had better explain when we
+meet, and get you to go over and mark the list.
+
+...The list of naturalised plants is extremely interesting, but why at the
+end, in the name of all that is good and bad, do you not sum up and comment
+on your facts?  Come, I will have a sneer at you in return for the many
+which you will have launched at this letter.  Should you have remarked on
+the number of plants naturalised in Australia and the United States UNDER
+EXTREMELY DIFFERENT CLIMATES, as showing that climate is so important, and
+[on] the considerable sprinkling of plants from India, North America, and
+South Africa, as showing that the frequent introduction of seeds is so
+important?  With respect to "abundance of unoccupied ground in Australia,"
+do you believe that European plants introduced by man now grow on spots in
+Australia which were absolutely bare?  But I am an impudent dog, one must
+defend one's own fancy theories against such cruel men as you.  I dare say
+this letter will appear very conceited, but one must form an opinion on
+what one reads with attention, and in simple truth, I cannot find words
+strong enough to express my admiration of your essay.
+
+My dear old friend, yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I differ about the "Saturday Review".  ("Saturday Review", December
+24, 1859.  The hostile arguments of the reviewer are geological, and he
+deals especially with the denudation of the Weald.  The reviewer remarks
+that, "if a million of centuries, more or less, is needed for any part of
+his argument, he feels no scruple in taking them to suit his purpose.") 
+One cannot expect fairness in a reviewer, so I do not complain of all the
+other arguments besides the 'Geological Record' being omitted.  Some of the
+remarks about the lapse of years are very good, and the reviewer gives me
+some good and well-deserved raps--confound it.  I am sorry to confess the
+truth:  but it does not at all concern the main argument.  That was a nice
+notice in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".  I hope and imagine that Lindley is
+almost a convert.  Do not forget to tell me if Bentham gets all the more
+staggered.
+
+With respect to tropical plants during the Glacial period, I throw in your
+teeth your own facts, at the base of the Himalaya, on the possibility of
+the co-existence of at least forms of the tropical and temperate regions. 
+I can give a parallel case for animals in Mexico.  Oh! my dearly beloved
+puny child, how cruel men are to you!  I am very glad you approve of the
+Geographical chapters...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, [January 4th, 1860].
+
+My dear L.
+
+"Gardeners' Chronicle" returned safe.  Thanks for note.  I am beyond
+measure glad that you get more and more roused on the subject of species,
+for, as I have always said, I am well convinced that your opinions and
+writings will do far more to convince the world than mine.  You will make a
+grand discussion on man.  You are very bold in this, and I honour you.  I
+have been, like you, quite surprised at the want of originality in opposed
+arguments and in favour too.  Gwyn Jeffreys attacks me justly in his letter
+about strictly littoral shells not being often embedded at least in
+Tertiary deposits.  I was in a muddle, for I was thinking of Secondary, yet
+Chthamalus applied to Tertiary...
+
+Possibly you might like to see the enclosed note (Dr. Whewell wrote
+(January 2, 1860):  "...I cannot, yet at least, become a convert.  But
+there is so much of thought and of fact in what you have written that it is
+not to be contradicted without careful selection of the ground and manner
+of the dissent."  Dr. Whewell dissented in a practical manner for some
+years, by refusing to allow a copy of the 'Origin of Species' to be placed
+in the Library of Trinity College.) from Whewell, merely as showing that he
+is not horrified with us.  You can return it whenever you have occasion to
+write, so as not to waste your time.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, [January 4th? 1860].
+
+...I have had a brief note from Keyserling (Joint author with Murchison of
+the 'Geology of Russia,' 1845.), but not worth sending you.  He believes in
+change of species, grants that natural selection explains well adaptation
+of form, but thinks species change too regularly, as if by some chemical
+law, for natural selection to be the sole cause of change.  I can hardly
+understand his brief note, but this is I think the upshot.
+
+...I will send A. Murray's paper whenever published.  (The late Andrew
+Murray wrote two papers on the 'Origin' in the Proc. R. Soc. Edin. 1860. 
+The one referred to here is dated January 16, 1860.  The following is
+quoted from page 6 of the separate copy:  "But the second, and, as it
+appears to me, by much the most important phase of reversion to type (and
+which is practically, if not altogether ignored by Mr. Darwin), is the
+instinctive inclination which induces individuals of the same species by
+preference to intercross with those possessing the qualities which they
+themselves want, so as to preserve the purity or equilibrium of the
+breed...It is trite to a proverb, that tall men marry little women...a man
+of genius marries a fool...and we are told that this is the result of the
+charm of contrast, or of qualities admired in others because we do not
+possess them.  I do not so explain it.  I imagine it is the effort of
+nature to preserve the typical medium of the race.")  It includes
+speculations (which he perhaps will modify) so rash, and without a single
+fact in support, that had I advanced them he or other reviewers would have
+hit me very hard.  I am sorry to say that I have no "consolatory view" on
+the dignity of man.  I am content that man will probably advance, and care
+not much whether we are looked at as mere savages in a remotely distant
+future.  Many thanks for your last note.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+I have received, in a Manchester newspaper, rather a good squib, showing
+that I have proved "might is right," and therefore that Napoleon is right,
+and every cheating tradesman is also right.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER.
+Down, January 6th [1860]?
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I have just read your excellent article in the 'National.'  It will do
+great good; especially if it becomes known as your production.  It seems to
+me to give an excellently clear account of Mr. Wallace's and my views.  How
+capitally you turn the flanks of the theological opposers by opposing to
+them such men as Bentham and the more philosophical of the systematists!  I
+thank you sincerely for the EXTREMELY honourable manner in which you
+mention me.  I should have liked to have seen some criticisms or remarks on
+embryology, on which subject you are so well instructed.  I do not think
+any candid person can read your article without being much impressed with
+it.  The old doctrine of immutability of specific forms will surely but
+slowly die away.  It is a shame to give you trouble, but I should be very
+much obliged if you could tell me where differently coloured eggs in
+individuals of the cuckoo have been described, and their laying in twenty-
+seven kinds of nests.  Also do you know from your own observation that the
+limbs of sheep imported into the West Indies change colour?  I have had
+detailed information about the loss of wool; but my accounts made the
+change slower than you describe.
+
+With most cordial thanks and respect, believe me, my dear Carpenter, yours
+very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS.  (Rev. L. Blomefield.)
+Down, January 7th, 1860.
+
+My dear Jenyns,
+
+I am very much obliged for your letter.  It is of great use and interest to
+me to know what impression my book produces on philosophical and instructed
+minds.  I thank you for the kind things which you say; and you go with me
+much further than I expected.  You will think it presumptuous, but I am
+convinced, IF CIRCUMSTANCES LEAD YOU TO KEEP THE SUBJECT IN MIND, that you
+will go further.  No one has yet cast doubts on my explanation of the
+subordination of group to group, on homologies, embryology, and rudimentary
+organs; and if my explanation of these classes of facts be at all right,
+whole classes of organic beings must be included in one line of descent.
+
+The imperfection of the Geological Record is one of the greatest
+difficulties...During the earliest period the record would be most
+imperfect, and this seems to me sufficient to account for our not finding
+intermediate forms between the classes in the same great kingdoms.  It was
+certainly rash in me putting in my belief of the probability of all beings
+having descended from ONE primordial form; but as this seems yet to me
+probable, I am not willing to strike it out.  Huxley alone supports me in
+this, and something could be said in its favour.  With respect to man, I am
+very far from wishing to obtrude my belief; but I thought it dishonest to
+quite conceal my opinion.  Of course it is open to every one to believe
+that man appeared by a separate miracle, though I do not myself see the
+necessity or probability.
+
+Pray accept my sincere thanks for your kind note.  Your going some way with
+me gives me great confidence that I am not very wrong.  For a very long
+time I halted half way; but I do not believe that any enquiring mind will
+rest half-way.  People will have to reject all or admit all; by ALL I mean
+only the members of each great kingdom.
+
+My dear Jenyns, yours most sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, January 10th [1860].
+
+...It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections (The second
+edition of 3000 copies of the 'Origin' was published on January 7th.) to
+you, and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily glad you
+approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me; those confounded
+millions (This refers to the passage in the 'Origin of Species' (2nd
+edition, page 285), in which the lapse of time implied by the denudation of
+the Weald is discussed.  The discussion closes with the sentence:  "So that
+it is not improbable that a longer period than 300 million years has
+elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary period."  This passage is
+omitted in the later editions of the 'Origin,' against the advice of some
+of his friends, as appears from the pencil notes in my father's copy of the
+second edition.) of years (not that I think it is probably wrong), and my
+not having (by inadvertance) mentioned Wallace towards the close of the
+book in the summary, not that any one has noticed this to me.  I have now
+put in Wallace's name at page 484 in a conspicuous place.  I cannot refer
+you to tables of mortality of children, etc. etc.  I have notes somewhere,
+but I have not the LEAST idea where to hunt, and my notes would now be old. 
+I shall be truly glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give my
+opinion.  You used to caution me to be cautious about man.  I suspect I
+shall have to return the caution a hundred fold!  Yours will, no doubt, be
+a grand discussion; but it will horrify the world at first more than my
+whole volume; although by the sentence (page 489, new edition (First
+edition, page 488.)) I show that I believe man is in the same predicament
+with other animals.  It is, in fact, impossible to doubt it.  I have
+thought (only vaguely) on man.  With respect to the races, one of my best
+chances of truth has broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. 
+I have one good speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in
+Natural Selection before he will even listen to it.  Psychologically, I
+have done scarcely anything.  Unless, indeed, expression of countenance can
+be included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts, and
+speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+uncommonly curious subject.  By the way, I sent off a lot of questions the
+day before yesterday to Tierra del Fuego on expression!  I suspect (for I
+have never read it) that Spencer's 'Psychology' has a bearing on Psychology
+as we should look at it.  By all means read the Preface, in about 20 pages,
+of Hensleigh Wedgwood's new Dictionary on the first origin of Language;
+Erasmus would lend it.  I agree about Carpenter, a very good article, but
+with not much original...Andrew Murray has criticised, in an address to the
+Botanical Society of Edinburgh, the notice in the 'Linnean Journal,' and
+"has disposed of" the whole theory by an ingenious difficulty, which I was
+very stupid not to have thought of; for I express surprise at more and
+analogous cases not being known.  The difficulty is, that amongst the blind
+insects of the caves in distant parts of the world there are some of the
+same genus, and yet the genus is not found out of the caves or living in
+the free world.  I have little doubt that, like the fish Amblyopsis, and
+like Proteus in Europe, these insects are "wrecks of ancient life," or
+"living fossils," saved from competition and extermination.  But that
+formerly SEEING insects of the same genus roamed over the whole area in
+which the cases are included.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--OUR ancestor was an animal which breathed water, had a swim bladder,
+a great swimming tail, an imperfect skull, and undoubtedly was an
+hermaphrodite!
+
+Here is a pleasant genealogy for mankind.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, January 14th [1860].
+
+...I shall be much interested in reading your man discussion, and will give
+my opinion carefully, whatever that may be worth; but I have so long looked
+at you as the type of cautious scientific judgment (to my mind one of the
+highest and most useful qualities), that I suspect my opinion will be
+superfluous.  It makes me laugh to think what a joke it will be if I have
+to caution you, after your cautions on the same subject to me!
+
+I will order Owen's book ('Classification of the Mammalia,' 1859.); I am
+very glad to hear Huxley's opinion on his classification of man; without
+having due knowledge, it seemed to me from the very first absurd; all
+classifications founded on single characters I believe have failed.
+
+...What a grand, immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray to
+publish my book.  I never till to-day realised that it was getting widely
+distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says she heard a
+man enquiring for it at the RAILWAY STATION!!! at Waterloo Bridge; and the
+bookseller said that he had none till the new edition was out.  The
+bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a very remarkable
+book!!!...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, 14th [January, 1860].
+
+...I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news.  You
+are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death with
+hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review of my book!  I
+thought it ('Gardeners' Chronicle', 1860.  Referred to above.  Sir J.D.
+Hooker took the line of complete impartiality, so as not to commit
+Lindley.) a very good one, and was so much struck with it that I sent it to
+Lyell.  But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was Lindley's.  Now
+that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and, my kind and good friend,
+it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and noble things you say of
+me and it.  I was a good deal surprised at Lindley hitting on some of the
+remarks, but I never dreamed of you.  I admired it chiefly as so well
+adapted to tell on the readers of the 'Gardeners' Chronicle'; but now I
+admired it in another spirit.  Farewell, with hearty thanks...Lyell is
+going at man with an audacity that frightens me.  It is a good joke; he
+used always to caution me to slip over man.
+
+
+[In the "Gardeners' Chronicle", January 21, 1860, appeared a short letter
+from my father which was called forth by Mr. Westwood's communication to
+the previous number of the journal, in which certain phenomena of cross-
+breeding are discussed in relation to the 'Origin of Species.'  Mr.
+Westwood wrote in reply (February 11) and adduced further evidence against
+the doctrine of descent, such as the identity of the figures of ostriches
+on the ancient "Egyptian records," with the bird as we now know it.  The
+correspondence is hardly worth mentioning, except as one of the very few
+cases in which my father was enticed into anything resembling a
+controversy.]
+
+
+ASA GRAY TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Cambridge, Mass.,
+January 5th, 1860.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your last letter, which reached me just before Christmas, has got mislaid
+during the upturnings in my study which take place at that season, and has
+not yet been discovered.  I should be very sorry to lose it, for there were
+in it some botanical mems. which I had not secured...
+
+The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.
+
+Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four days
+ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.
+
+It is done in a MASTERLY MANNER.  It might well have taken twenty years to
+produce it.  It is crammed full of most interesting matter--thoroughly
+digested--well expressed--close, cogent, and taken as a system it makes out
+a better case than I had supposed possible...
+
+Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it.  He says it is
+POOR--VERY POOR!! (entre nous).  The fact [is] he is very much annoyed by
+it,...and I do not wonder at it.  To bring all IDEAL systems within the
+domain of science, and give good physical or natural explanations of all
+his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take the glacier
+materials...and give scientific explanation of all the phenomena.
+
+Tell Darwin all this.  I will write to him when I get a chance.  As I have
+promised, he and you shall have fair-play here...I must myself write a
+review of Darwin's book for 'Silliman's Journal' (the more so that I
+suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March) No., and I
+am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment working the
+Expl[oring] Expedition Compositae, which I know far more about).  And
+really it is no easy job, as you may well imagine.
+
+I doubt if I shall please you altogether.  I know I shall not please
+Agassiz at all.  I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book will
+excite much attention here, and some controversy...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, January 28th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I cannot express how
+deeply it has gratified me.  To receive the approval of a man whom one has
+long sincerely respected.  And whose judgment and knowledge are most
+universally admitted, is the highest reward an author can possibly wish
+for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind expressions.
+
+I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+answer your letter to me of the 10th of January.  You have been extremely
+kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition.  It has been a
+mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets.  I had
+entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets as
+printed off.  But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered your
+most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken advantage of it;
+for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with general readers; I
+believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending the sheets to America. 
+(In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father wrote:--"I am amused by Asa
+Gray's account of the excitement my book has made amongst naturalists in
+the United States.  Agassiz has denounced it in a newspaper, but yet in
+such terms that it is in fact a fine advertisement!"  This seems to refer
+to a lecture given before the Mercantile Library Association.)
+
+After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others, I
+have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+errors, or here and there inserting short sentences) and to use all my
+strength, WHICH IS BUT LITTLE, to bring out the first part (forming a
+separate volume with index, etc.) of the three volumes which will make my
+bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in making
+corrections for an American edition.  I enclose a list of a few corrections
+in the second reprint, which you will have received by this time complete,
+and I could send four or five corrections or additions of equally small
+importance, or rather of equal brevity.  I also intend to write a SHORT
+preface with a brief history of the subject.  These I will set about, as
+they must some day be done, and I will send them to you in a short time--
+the few corrections first, and the preface afterwards, unless I hear that
+you have given up all idea of a separate edition.  You will then be able to
+judge whether it is worth having the new edition with YOUR REVIEW PREFIXED. 
+Whatever be the nature of your review, I assure you I should feel it a
+GREAT honour to have my book thus preceded...
+
+
+ASA GRAY TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Cambridge, January 23rd, 1860.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+You have my hurried letter telling you of the arrival of the remainder of
+the sheets of the reprint, and of the stir I had made for a reprint in
+Boston.  Well, all looked pretty well, when, lo, we found that a second New
+York publishing house had announced a reprint also!  I wrote then to both
+New York publishers, asking them to give way to the AUTHOR and his reprint
+of a revised edition.  I got an answer from the Harpers that they withdraw
+--from the Appletons that they had got the book OUT (and the next day I saw
+a copy); but that, "if the work should have any considerable sale, we
+certainly shall be disposed to pay the author reasonably and liberally."
+
+The Appletons being thus out with their reprint, the Boston house declined
+to go on.  So I wrote to the Appletons taking them at their word, offering
+to aid their reprint, to give them the use of the alterations in the London
+reprint, as soon as I find out what they are, etc. etc.  And I sent them
+the first leaf, and asked them to insert in their future issue the
+additional matter from Butler (A quotation from Butler's 'Analogy,' on the
+use of the word natural, which in the second edition is placed with the
+passages from Whewell and Bacon on page ii, opposite the title-page.),
+which tells just right.  So there the matter stands.  If you furnish any
+matter in advance of the London third edition, I will make them pay for it.
+
+I may get something for you.  All got is clear gain; but it will not be
+very much, I suppose.
+
+Such little notices in the papers here as have yet appeared are quite
+handsome and considerate.
+
+I hope next week to get printed sheets of my review from New Haven, and
+send [them] to you, and will ask you to pass them on to Dr. Hooker.
+
+To fulfil your request, I ought to tell you what I think the weakest, and
+what the best, part of your book.  But this is not easy, nor to be done in
+a word or two.  The BEST PART, I think, is the WHOLE, i.e., its PLAN and
+TREATMENT, the vast amount of facts and acute inferences handled as if you
+had a perfect mastery of them.  I do not think twenty years too much time
+to produce such a book in.
+
+Style clear and good, but now and then wants revision for little matters
+(page 97, self-fertilises ITSELF, etc.).
+
+Then your candour is worth everything to your cause.  It is refreshing to
+find a person with a new theory who frankly confesses that he finds
+difficulties, insurmountable, at least for the present.  I know some people
+who never have any difficulties to speak of.
+
+The moment I understood your premisses, I felt sure you had a real
+foundation to hold on.  Well, if one admits your premisses, I do not see
+how he is to stop short of your conclusions, as a probable hypothesis at
+least.
+
+It naturally happens that my review of your book does not exhibit anything
+like the full force of the impression the book has made upon me.  Under the
+circumstances I suppose I do your theory more good here, by bespeaking for
+it a fair and favourable consideration, and by standing non-committed as to
+its full conclusions, than I should if I announced myself a convert; nor
+could I say the latter, with truth.
+
+Well, what seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt to
+account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, etc., by natural
+selection.  Some of this reads quite Lamarckian.
+
+The chapter on HYBRIDISM is not a WEAK, but a STRONG chapter.  You have
+done wonders there.  But still you have not accounted, as you may be held
+to account, for divergence up to a certain extent producing increased
+fertility of the crosses, but carried one short almost imperceptible step
+more, giving rise to sterility, or reversing the tendency.  Very likely you
+are on the right track; but you have something to do yet in that
+department.
+
+Enough for the present.
+
+...I am not insensible to your compliments, the very high compliment which
+you pay me in valuing my opinion.  You evidently think more of it than I
+do, though from the way I write [to] you, and especially [to] Hooker, this
+might not be inferred from the reading of my letters.
+
+I am free to say that I never learnt so much from one book as I have from
+yours, there remain a thousand things I long to say about it.
+
+Ever yours,
+ASA GRAY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+[February? 1860].
+
+...Now I will just run through some points in your letter.  What you say
+about my book gratifies me most deeply, and I wish I could feel all was
+deserved by me.  I quite think a review from a man, who is not an entire
+convert, if fair and moderately favourable, is in all respects the best
+kind of review.  About the weak points I agree.  The eye to this day gives
+me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason
+tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.
+
+Pray kindly remember and tell Prof. Wyman how very grateful I should be for
+any hints, information, or criticisms.  I have the highest respect for his
+opinion.  I am so sorry about Dana's health.  I have already asked him to
+pay me a visit.
+
+Farewell, you have laid me under a load of obligation--not that I feel it a
+load.  It is the highest possible gratification to me to think that you
+have found my book worth reading and reflection; for you and three others I
+put down in my own mind as the judges whose opinions I should value most of
+all.
+
+My dear Gray, yours most sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I feel pretty sure, from my own experience, that if you are led by
+your studies to keep the subject of the origin of species before your mind,
+you will go further and further in your belief.  It took me long years, and
+I assure you I am astonished at the impression my book has made on many
+minds.  I fear twenty years ago, I should not have been half as candid and
+open to conviction.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, [January 31st, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have resolved to publish a little sketch of the progress of opinion on
+the change of species.  Will you or Mrs. Hooker do me the favour to copy
+ONE sentence out of Naudin's paper in the 'Revue Horticole,' 1852, page
+103, namely, that on his principle of Finalite.  Can you let me have it
+soon, with those confounded dashes over the vowels put in carefully?  Asa
+Gray, I believe, is going to get a second edition of my book, and I want to
+send this little preface over to him soon.  I did not think of the
+necessity of having Naudin's sentence on finality, otherwise I would have
+copied it.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I shall end by just alluding to your Australian Flora Introduction. 
+What was the date of publication:  December 1859, or January 1860?  Please
+answer this.
+
+My preface will also do for the French edition, which I BELIEVE, is agreed
+on.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+February [1860].
+
+...As the 'Origin' now stands, Harvey's (William Henry Harvey was descended
+from a Quaker family of Youghal, and was born in February, 1811, at
+Summerville, a country house on the banks of the Shannon.  He died at
+Torquay in 1866.  In 1835, Harvey went to Africa (Table Bay) to pursue his
+botanical studies, the results of which were given in his 'Genera of South
+African Plants.'  In 1838, ill-health compelled him to obtain leave of
+absence, and return to England for a time; in 1840 he returned to Cape
+Town, to be again compelled by illness to leave.  In 1843 he obtained the
+appointment of Botanical Professor at Trinity College, Dublin.  In 1854,
+1855, and 1856 he visited Australia, New Zealand, the Friendly and Fiji
+Islands.  In 1857 Dr. Harvey reached home, and was appointed the successor
+of Professor Allman to the Chair of Botany in Dublin University.  He was
+author of several botanical works, principally on Algae.--(From a Memoir
+published in 1869.)) is a good hit against my talking so much of the
+insensibly fine gradations; and certainly it has astonished me that I
+should be pelted with the fact, that I had not allowed abrupt and great
+enough variations under nature.  It would take a good deal more evidence to
+make me admit that forms have often changed by saltum.
+
+Have you seen Wollaston's attack in the 'Annals'?  ('Annals and Magazine of
+Natural History,' 1860.)  The stones are beginning to fly.  But Theology
+has more to do with these two attacks than Science...
+
+
+[In the above letter a paper by Harvey in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+February 18, 1860, is alluded to.  He describes a case of monstrosity in
+Begonia frigida, in which the "sport" differed so much from a normal
+Begonia that it might have served as the type of a distinct natural order. 
+Harvey goes on to argue that such a case is hostile to the theory of
+natural selection, according to which changes are not supposed to take
+place per saltum, and adds that "a few such cases would overthrow it [Mr.
+Darwin's hypothesis] altogether."  In the following number of the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle" Sir J.D. Hooker showed that Dr. Harvey had
+misconceived the bearing of the Begonia case, which he further showed to be
+by no means calculated to shake the validity of the doctrine of
+modification by means of natural selection.  My father mentions the Begonia
+case in a letter to Lyell (February 18, 1860):--
+
+"I send by this post an attack in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", by Harvey (a
+first-rate Botanist, as you probably know).  It seems to me rather strange;
+he assumes the permanence of monsters, whereas, monsters are generally
+sterile, and not often inheritable.  But grant his case, it comes that I
+have been too cautious in not admitting great and sudden variations.  Here
+again comes in the mischief of my ABSTRACT.  In the fuller MS. I have
+discussed a parallel case of a normal fish like the monstrous gold-fish."
+
+With reference to Sir J.D. Hooker's reply, my father wrote:]
+
+Down, [February 26th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your answer to Harvey seems to me ADMIRABLY good.  You would have made a
+gigantic fortune as a barrister.  What an omission of Harvey's about the
+graduated state of the flowers!  But what strikes me most is that surely I
+ought to know my own book best, yet, by Jove, you have brought forward ever
+so many arguments which I did not think of!  Your reference to
+classification (viz. I presume to such cases as Aspicarpa) is EXCELLENT,
+for the monstrous Begonia no doubt in all details would be Begonia.  I did
+not think of this, nor of the RETROGRADE step from separated sexes to an
+hermaphrodite state; nor of the lessened fertility of the monster.  Proh
+pudor to me.
+
+The world would say what a lawyer has been lost in a MERE botanist!
+
+Farewell, my dear master in my own subject,
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+I am so heartily pleased to see that you approve of the chapter on
+Classification.
+
+I wonder what Harvey will say.  But no one hardly, I think, is able at
+first to see when he is beaten in an argument.
+
+
+[The following letters refer to the first translation (1860) of the 'Origin
+of Species' into German, which was superintended by H.G. Bronn, a good
+zoologist and palaeontologist, who was at the time at Freiburg, but
+afterwards Professor at Heidelberg.  I have been told that the translation
+was not a success, it remained an obvious translation, and was
+correspondingly unpleasant to read.  Bronn added to the translation an
+appendix of the difficulties that occurred to him.  For instance, how can
+natural selection account for differences between species, when these
+differences appear to be of no service to their possessors; e.g., the
+length of the ears and tail, or the folds in the enamel of the teeth of
+various species of rodents?  Krause, in his book, 'Charles Darwin,' page
+91, criticises Bronn's conduct in this manner, but it will be seen that my
+father actually suggested the addition of Bronn's remarks.  A more serious
+charge against Bronn made by Krause (op. cit. page 87) is that he left out
+passages of which he did not approve, as, for instance, the passage
+('Origin,' first edition, page 488) "Light will be thrown on the origin of
+man and his history."  I have no evidence as to whether my father did or
+did not know of these alterations.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN.
+Down, February 4 [1860].
+
+Dear and much honoured Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter; I feared that you would
+much disapprove of the 'Origin,' and I sent it to you merely as a mark of
+my sincere respect.  I shall read with much interest your work on the
+productions of Islands whenever I receive it.  I thank you cordially for
+the notice in the 'Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie,' and still more for
+speaking to Schweitzerbart about a translation; for I am most anxious that
+the great and intellectual German people should know something about my
+book.
+
+I have told my publisher to send immediately a copy of the NEW (Second
+edition.) edition to Schweitzerbart, and I have written to Schweitzerbart
+that I gave up all right to profit for myself, so that I hope a translation
+will appear.  I fear that the book will be difficult to translate, and if
+you could advise Schweitzerbart about a GOOD translator, it would be of
+very great service.  Still more, if you would run your eye over the more
+difficult parts of the translation; but this is too great a favour to
+expect.  I feel sure that it will be difficult to translate, from being so
+much condensed.
+
+Again I thank you for your noble and generous sympathy, and I remain, with
+entire respect,
+
+Yours, truly obliged,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--The new edition has some few corrections, and I will send in MS. some
+additional corrections, and a short historical preface, to Schweitzerbart.
+
+How interesting you could make the work by EDITING (I do not mean
+translating) the work, and appending notes of REFUTATION or confirmation. 
+The book has sold so very largely in England, that an editor would, I
+think, make profit by the translation.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN.
+Down, February 14 [1860].
+
+My dear and much honoured Sir,
+
+I thank you cordially for your extreme kindness in superintending the
+translation.  I have mentioned this to some eminent scientific men, and
+they all agree that you have done a noble and generous service.  If I am
+proved quite wrong, yet I comfort myself in thinking that my book may do
+some good, as truth can only be known by rising victorious from every
+attack.  I thank you also much for the review, and for the kind manner in
+which you speak of me.  I send with this letter some corrections and
+additions to M. Schweitzerbart, and a short historical preface.  I am not
+much acquainted with German authors, as I read German very slowly;
+therefore I do not know whether any Germans have advocated similar views
+with mine; if they have, would you do me the favour to insert a foot-note
+to the preface?  M. Schweitzerbart has now the reprint ready for a
+translator to begin.  Several scientific men have thought the term "Natural
+Selection" good, because its meaning is NOT obvious, and each man could not
+put on it his own interpretation, and because it at once connects variation
+under domestication and nature.  Is there any analogous term used by German
+breeders of animals?  "Adelung," ennobling, would, perhaps, be too
+metaphysical.  It is folly in me, but I cannot help doubting whether "Wahl
+der Lebensweise" expresses my notion.  It leaves the impression on my mind
+of the Lamarckian doctrine (which I reject) of habits of life being all-
+important.  Man has altered, and thus improved the English race-horse by
+SELECTING successive fleeter individuals; and I believe, owing to the
+struggle for existence, that similar SLIGHT variations in a wild horse, IF
+ADVANTAGEOUS TO IT, would be SELECTED or PRESERVED by nature; hence Natural
+Selection.  But I apologise for troubling you with these remarks on the
+importance of choosing good German terms for "Natural Selection."  With my
+heartfelt thanks, and with sincere respect,
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN.
+Down, July 14 [1860].
+
+Dear and honoured Sir,
+
+On my return home, after an absence of some time, I found the translation
+of the third part (The German translation was published in three pamphlet-
+like numbers.) of the 'Origin,' and I have been delighted to see a final
+chapter of criticisms by yourself.  I have read the first few paragraphs
+and final paragraph, and am perfectly contented, indeed more than
+contented, with the generous and candid spirit with which you have
+considered my views.  You speak with too much praise of my work.  I shall,
+of course, carefully read the whole chapter; but though I can read
+descriptive books like Gaertner's pretty easily, when any reasoning comes
+in, I find German excessively difficult to understand.  At some FUTURE time
+I should very much like to hear how my book has been received in Germany,
+and I most sincerely hope M. Schweitzerbart will not lose money by the
+publication.  Most of the reviews have been bitterly opposed to me in
+England, yet I have made some converts, and SEVERAL naturalists who would
+not believe in a word of it, are now coming slightly round, and admit that
+natural selection may have done something.  This gives me hope that more
+will ultimately come round to a certain extent to my views.
+
+I shall ever consider myself deeply indebted to you for the immense service
+and honour which you have conferred on me in making the excellent
+translation of my book.  Pray believe me, with most sincere respect,
+
+Dear Sir, yours gratefully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, [February 12th, 1860].
+
+...I think it was a great pity that Huxley wasted so much time in the
+lecture on the preliminary remarks;...but his lecture seemed to me very
+fine and very bold.  I have remonstrated (and he agrees) against the
+impression that he would leave, that sterility was a universal and
+infallible criterion of species.
+
+You will, I am sure, make a grand discussion on man.  I am so glad to hear
+that you and Lady Lyell will come here.  Pray fix your own time; and if it
+did not suit us we would say so.  We could then discuss man well...
+
+How much I owe to you and Hooker!  I do not suppose I should hardly ever
+have published had it not been for you.
+
+
+[The lecture referred to in the last letter was given at the Royal
+Institution, February 10, 1860.  The following letter was written in reply
+to Mr. Huxley's request for information about breeding, hybridisation, etc. 
+It is of interest as giving a vivid retrospect of the writer's experience
+on the subject.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Ilkley, Yorks, November 27 [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Gartner grand, Kolreuter grand, but papers scattered through many volumes
+and very lengthy.  I had to make an abstract of the whole.  Herbert's
+volume on Amaryllidaceae very good, and two excellent papers in the
+'Horticultural Journal.'  For animals, no resume to be trusted at all;
+facts are to be collected from all original sources.  (This caution is
+exemplified in the following extract from an earlier letter to Professor
+Huxley:--"The inaccuracy of the blessed gang (of which I am one) of
+compilers passes all bounds.  MONSTERS have frequently been described as
+hybrids without a tittle of evidence.  I must give one other case to show
+how we jolly fellows work.  A Belgian Baron (I forget his name at this
+moment) crossed two distinct geese and got SEVEN hybrids, which he proved
+subsequently to be quite sterile; well, compiler the first, Chevreul, says
+that the hybrids were propagated for SEVEN generations inter se.  Compiler
+second (Morton) mistakes the French name, and gives Latin names for two
+more distinct geese, and says CHEVREUL himself propagated them inter se for
+seven generations; and the latter statement is copied from book to book.") 
+I fear my MS. for the bigger book (twice or thrice as long as in present
+book), with all references, would be illegible, but it would save you
+infinite labour; of course I would gladly lend it, but I have no copy, so
+care would have to be taken of it.  But my accursed handwriting would be
+fatal, I fear.
+
+About breeding, I know of no one book.  I did not think well of Lowe, but I
+can name none better.  Youatt I look at as a far better and MORE PRACTICAL
+authority; but then his views and facts are scattered through three or four
+thick volumes.  I have picked up most by reading really numberless special
+treatises and ALL agricultural and horticultural journals; but it is a work
+of long years.  THE DIFFICULTY IS TO KNOW WHAT TO TRUST.  No one or two
+statements are worth a farthing; the facts are so complicated.  I hope and
+think I have been really cautious in what I state on this subject, although
+all that I have given, as yet, is FAR too briefly.  I have found it very
+important associating with fanciers and breeders.  For instance, I sat one
+evening in a gin palace in the Borough amongst a set of pigeon fanciers,
+when it was hinted that Mr. Bull had crossed his Pouters with Runts to gain
+size; and if you had seen the solemn, the mysterious, and awful shakes of
+the head which all the fanciers gave at this scandalous proceeding, you
+would have recognised how little crossing has had to do with improving
+breeds, and how dangerous for endless generations the process was.  All
+this was brought home far more vividly than by pages of mere statements,
+etc.  But I am scribbling foolishly.  I really do not know how to advise
+about getting up facts on breeding and improving breeds.  Go to Shows is
+one way.  Read ALL treatises on any ONE domestic animal, and believe
+nothing without largely confirmed.  For your lectures I can give you a few
+amusing anecdotes and sentences, if you want to make the audience laugh.
+
+I thank you particularly for telling me what naturalists think.  If we can
+once make a compact set of believers we shall in time conquer.  I am
+EMINENTLY glad Ramsey is on our side, for he is, in my opinion, a first-
+rate geologist.  I sent him a copy.  I hope he got it.  I shall be very
+curious to hear whether any effect has been produced on Prestwich; I sent
+him a copy, not as a friend, but owing to a sentence or two in some paper,
+which made me suspect he was doubting.
+
+Rev. C. Kingsley has a mind to come round.  Quatrefages writes that he goes
+some long way with me; says he exhibited diagrams like mine.  With most
+hearty thanks,
+
+Yours very tired,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[I give the conclusion of Professor Huxley's lecture, as being one of the
+earliest, as well as one of the most eloquent of his utterances in support
+of the 'Origin of Species':
+
+"I have said that the man of science is the sworn interpreter of nature in
+the high court of reason.  But of what avail is his honest speech, if
+ignorance is the assessor of the judge, and prejudice the foreman of the
+jury?  I hardly know of a great physical truth, whose universal reception
+has not been preceded by an epoch in which most estimable persons have
+maintained that the phenomena investigated were directly dependent on the
+Divine Will, and that the attempt to investigate them was not only futile,
+but blasphemous.  And there is a wonderful tenacity of life about this sort
+of opposition to physical science.  Crushed and maimed in every battle, it
+yet seems never to be slain; and after a hundred defeats it is at this day
+as rampant, though happily not so mischievous, as in the time of Galileo.
+
+"But to those whose life is spent, to use Newton's noble words, in picking
+up here a pebble and there a pebble on the shores of the great ocean of
+truth--who watch, day by day, the slow but sure advance of that mighty
+tide, bearing on its bosom the thousand treasures wherewith man ennobles
+and beautifies his life--it would be laughable, if it were not so sad, to
+see the little Canutes of the hour enthroned in solemn state, bidding that
+great wave to stay, and threatening to check its beneficent progress.  The
+wave rises and they fly; but, unlike the brave old Dane, they learn no
+lesson of humility:  the throne is pitched at what seems a safe distance,
+and the folly is repeated.
+
+"Surely it is the duty of the public to discourage anything of this kind,
+to discredit these foolish meddlers who think they do the Almighty a
+service by preventing a thorough study of His works.
+
+"The Origin of Species is not the first, and it will not be the last, of
+the great questions born of science, which will demand settlement from this
+generation.  The general mind is seething strangely, and to those who watch
+the signs of the times, it seems plain that this nineteenth century will
+see revolutions of thought and practice as great as those which the
+sixteenth witnessed.  Through what trials and sore contests the civilised
+world will have to pass in the course of this new reformation, who can
+tell?
+
+"But I verily believe that come what will, the part which England may play
+in the battle is a grand and a noble one.  She may prove to the world that,
+for one people, at any rate, despotism and demagogy are not the necessary
+alternatives of government; that freedom and order are not incompatible;
+that reverence is the handmaid of knowledge; that free discussion is the
+life of truth, and of true unity in a nation.
+
+"Will England play this part?  That depends upon how you, the public, deal
+with science.  Cherish her, venerate her, follow her methods faithfully and
+implicitly in their application to all branches of human thought, and the
+future of this people will be greater than the past.
+
+"Listen to those who would silence and crush her, and I fear our children
+will see the glory of England vanishing like Arthur in the mist; they will
+cry too late the woful cry of Guinever:--
+
+'It was my duty to have loved the highest;
+It surely was my profit had I known;
+It would have been my pleasure had I seen.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down [February 15th, 1860].
+
+...I am perfectly convinced (having read this morning) that the review in
+the 'Annals' (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. third series, vol. 5, page 132. 
+My father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from the following
+passage (page 138):  "But who is this Nature, we have a right to ask, who
+has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency such marvellous
+performances are ascribed?  What are her image and attributes, when dragged
+from her wordy lurking-place?  Is she aught but a pestilent abstraction,
+like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the workings of an Intelligent First
+Cause of all?"  The reviewer pays a tribute to my father's candour, "so
+manly and outspoken as almost to 'cover a multitude of sins.'"  The
+parentheses (to which allusion is made above) are so frequent as to give a
+characteristic appearance to Mr. Wollaston's pages.) is by Wollaston; no
+one else in the world would have used so many parentheses.  I have written
+to him, and told him that the "pestilent" fellow thanks him for his kind
+manner of speaking about him.  I have also told him that he would be
+pleased to hear that the Bishop of Oxford says it is the most
+unphilosophical (Another version of the words is given by Lyell, to whom
+they were spoken, viz. "the most illogical book ever written."--'Life,'
+volume ii. page 358.) work he ever read.  The review seems to me clever,
+and only misinterprets me in a few places.  Like all hostile men, he passes
+over the explanation given of Classification, Morphology, Embryology, and
+Rudimentary Organs, etc.  I read Wallace's paper in MS. ("On the Zoological
+Geography of the Malay Archipelago."--Linn. Soc. Journ. 1860.), and thought
+it admirably good; he does not know that he has been anticipated about the
+depth of intervening sea determining distribution...The most curious point
+in the paper seems to me that about the African character of the Celebes
+productions, but I should require further confirmation...
+
+Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much the
+same state as Bunbury (The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well-known as a
+Palaeo-botanist.), and will go a very little way with us, but brings up no
+real argument against going further.  He also shudders at the eye!  It is
+really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our favour) how differently
+different opposers view the subject.  Henslow used to rest his opposition
+on the imperfection of the Geological Record, but he now thinks nothing of
+this, and says I have got well out of it; I wish I could quite agree with
+him.  Baden Powell says he never read anything so conclusive as my
+statement about the eye!!  A stranger writes to me about sexual selection,
+and regrets that I boggle about such a trifle as the brush of hair on the
+male turkey, and so on.  As L. Jenyns has a really philosophical mind, and
+as you say you like to see everything, I send an old letter of his.  In a
+later letter to Henslow, which I have seen, he is more candid than any
+opposer I have heard of, for he says, though he CANNOT go so far as I do,
+yet he can give no good reason why he should not.  It is funny how each man
+draws his own imaginary line at which to halt.  It reminds me so vividly
+what I was told (By Professor Henslow.) about you when I first commenced
+geology--to believe a LITTLE, but on no account to believe all.
+
+Ever yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, February 18th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I received about a week ago two sheets of your Review (The 'American
+Journal of Science and Arts,' March, 1860.  Reprinted in 'Darwiniana,'
+1876.); read them, and sent them to Hooker; they are now returned and re-
+read with care, and to-morrow I send them to Lyell.  Your Review seems to
+me ADMIRABLE; by far the best which I have read.  I thank you from my heart
+both for myself, but far more for the subject's sake.  Your contrast
+between the views of Agassiz and such as mine is very curious and
+instructive.  (The contrast is briefly summed up thus:  "The theory of
+Agassiz regards the origin of species and their present general
+distribution over the world as equally primordial, equally supernatural;
+that of Darwin as equally derivative, equally natural."--'Darwiniana,' page
+14.)  By the way, if Agassiz writes anything on the subject, I hope you
+will tell me.  I am charmed with your metaphor of the streamlet never
+running against the force of gravitation.  Your distinction between an
+hypothesis and theory seems to me very ingenious; but I do not think it is
+ever followed.  Every one now speaks of the undulatory THEORY of light; yet
+the ether is itself hypothetical, and the undulations are inferred only
+from explaining the phenomena of light.  Even in the THEORY of gravitation
+is the attractive power in any way known, except by explaining the fall of
+the apple, and the movements of the Planets?  It seems to me that an
+hypothesis is DEVELOPED into a theory solely by explaining an ample lot of
+facts.  Again and again I thank you for your generous aid in discussing a
+view, about which you very properly hold yourself unbiassed.
+
+My dear Gray, yours most sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Several clergymen go far with me.  Rev. L. Jenyns, a very good
+naturalist.  Henslow will go a very little way with me, and is not shocked
+with me.  He has just been visiting me.
+
+
+[With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+Church, the following letter (already referred to) from Charles Kingsley is
+of interest:]
+
+
+C. KINGSLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+Eversley Rectory, Winchfield,
+November 18th, 1859.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book.  That the
+Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know and to
+learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book, encourages me at
+least to observe more carefully, and perhaps more slowly.
+
+I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now as
+I ought.  All I have seen of it AWES me; both with the heap of facts and
+the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that if you
+be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.
+
+In that I care little.  Let God be true, and every man a liar!  Let us know
+what IS, and, as old Socrates has it, epesthai to logo--follow up the
+villainous shifty fox of an argument, into whatsoever unexpected bogs and
+brakes he may lead us, if we do but run into him at last.
+
+From two common superstitions, at least, I shall be free while judging of
+your books:--
+
+1.  I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated animals
+and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species.
+
+2.  I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a conception of
+Deity, to believe that he created primal forms capable of self development
+into all forms needful pro tempore and pro loco, as to believe that He
+required a fresh act of intervention to supply the lacunas which He Himself
+had made.  I question whether the former be not the loftier thought.
+
+Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a proof
+that you are aware of the existence of such a person as
+
+Your faithful servant,
+C. KINGSLEY.
+
+
+[My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+was for many years Vicar of Down, writes in the same spirit:
+
+"We never attacked each other.  Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted, and
+publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference to the
+Bible.  That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same Divine
+source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would never
+cross...
+
+"His views on this subject were very much to the same effect from his side.
+Of course any conversations we may have had on purely religious subjects
+are as sacredly private now as in his life; but the quaint conclusion of
+one may be given.  We had been speaking of the apparent contradiction of
+some supposed discoveries with the Book of Genesis; he said, 'you are (it
+would have been more correct to say you ought to be) a theologian, I am a
+naturalist, the lines are separate.  I endeavour to discover facts without
+considering what is said in the Book of Genesis.  I do not attack Moses,
+and I think Moses can take care of himself.'  To the same effect he wrote
+more recently, 'I cannot remember that I ever published a word directly
+against religion or the clergy; but if you were to read a little pamphlet
+which I received a couple of days ago by a clergyman, you would laugh, and
+admit that I had some excuse for bitterness.  After abusing me for two or
+three pages, in language sufficiently plain and emphatic to have satisfied
+any reasonable man, he sums up by saying that he has vainly searched the
+English language to find terms to express his contempt for me and all
+Darwinians.'  In another letter, after I had left Down, he writes, 'We
+often differed, but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can
+differ and yet feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I
+should feel very proud, if any one could say [it] of me.'
+
+"On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Brodie
+Innes and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never
+thoroughly agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at each
+other, and thought one of us must be very ill.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, February 23rd [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+That is a splendid answer of the father of Judge Crompton.  How curious
+that the Judge should have hit on exactly the same points as yourself.  It
+shows me what a capital lawyer you would have made, how many unjust acts
+you would have made appear just!  But how much grander a field has science
+been than the law, though the latter might have made you Lord Kinnordy.  I
+will, if there be another edition, enlarge on gradation in the eye, and on
+all forms coming from one prototype, so as to try and make both less
+glaringly improbable...
+
+With respect to Bronn's objection that it cannot be shown how life arises,
+and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that natural selection
+is not a vera causa, I was much interested by finding accidentally in
+Brewster's 'Life of Newton,' that Leibnitz objected to the law of gravity
+because Newton could not show what gravity itself is.  As it has chanced, I
+have used in letters this very same argument, little knowing that any one
+had really thus objected to the law of gravity.  Newton answers by saying
+that it is philosophy to make out the movements of a clock, though you do
+not know why the weight descends to the ground.  Leibnitz further objected
+that the law of gravity was opposed to Natural Religion!  Is this not
+curious?  I really think I shall use the facts for some introductory
+remarks for my bigger book.
+
+...You ask (I see) why we do not have monstrosities in higher animals; but
+when they live they are almost always sterile (even giants and dwarfs are
+GENERALLY sterile), and we do not know that Harvey's monster would have
+bred.  There is I believe only one case on record of a peloric flower being
+fertile, and I cannot remember whether this reproduced itself.
+
+To recur to the eye.  I really think it would have been dishonest, not to
+have faced the difficulty; and worse (as Talleyrand would have said), it
+would have been impolitic I think, for it would have been thrown in my
+teeth, as H. Holland threw the bones of the ear, till Huxley shut him up by
+showing what a fine gradation occurred amongst living creatures.
+
+I thank you much for your most pleasant letter.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I send a letter by Herbert Spencer, which you can read or not as you
+think fit.  He puts, to my mind, the philosophy of the argument better than
+almost any one, at the close of the letter.  I could make nothing of Dana's
+idealistic notions about species; but then, as Wollaston says, I have not a
+metaphysical head.
+
+By the way, I have thrown at Wollaston's head, a paper by Alexander Jordan,
+who demonstrates metaphysically that all our cultivated races are God-
+created species.
+
+Wollaston misrepresents accidentally, to a wonderful extent, some passages
+in my book.  He reviewed, without relooking at certain passages.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, February 25th [1860].
+
+...I cannot help wondering at your zeal about my book.  I declare to heaven
+you seem to care as much about my book as I do myself.  You have no right
+to be so eminently unselfish!  I have taken off my spit [i.e. file] a
+letter of Ramsay's, as every geologist convert I think very important.  By
+the way, I saw some time ago a letter from H.D. Rogers (Professor of
+Geology in the University of Glasgow.  Born in the United States 1809, died
+1866.) to Huxley, in which he goes very far with us...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, Saturday, March 3rd, [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+What a day's work you had on that Thursday!  I was not able to go to London
+till Monday, and then I was a fool for going, for, on Tuesday night, I had
+an attack of fever (with a touch of pleurisy), which came on like a lion,
+but went off as a lamb, but has shattered me a good bit.
+
+I was much interested by your last note...I think you expect too much in
+regard to change of opinion on the subject of Species.  One large class of
+men, more especially I suspect of naturalists, never will care about ANY
+general question, of which old Gray, of the British Museum, may be taken as
+a type; and secondly, nearly all men past a moderate age, either in actual
+years or in mind, are, I am fully convinced, incapable of looking at facts
+under a new point of view.  Seriously, I am astonished and rejoiced at the
+progress which the subject has made; look at the enclosed memorandum.  (See
+table of names below.)  -- says my book will be forgotten in ten years,
+perhaps so; but, with such a list, I feel convinced the subject will not. 
+The outsiders, as you say, are strong.
+
+You say that you think that Bentham is touched, "but, like a wise man,
+holds his tongue."  Perhaps you only mean that he cannot decide, otherwise
+I should think such silence the reverse of magnanimity; for if others
+behaved the same way, how would opinion ever progress?  It is a dereliction
+of actual duty.  (In a subsequent letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (March 12th,
+1860), my father wrote, "I now quite understand Bentham's silence.")
+
+I am so glad to hear about Thwaites.  (Dr. G.J.K. Thwaites, who was born in
+1811, established a reputation in this country as an expert microscopist,
+and an acute observer, working especially at cryptogamic botany.  On his
+appointment as Director of the Botanic Gardens at Peradenyia, Ceylon, Dr.
+Thwaites devoted himself to the flora of Ceylon.  As a result of this he
+has left numerous and valuable collections, a description of which he
+embodied in his 'Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae' (1864).  Dr. Thwaites was
+a fellow of the Linnean Society, but beyond the above facts little seems to
+have been recorded of his life.  His death occurred in Ceylon on September
+11th, 1882, in his seventy-second year.  "Athenaeum", October 14th, 1882,
+page 500.)...I have had an astounding letter from Dr. Boott (The letter is
+enthusiastically laudatory, and obviously full of genuine feeling.); it
+might be turned into ridicule against him and me, so I will not send it to
+any one.  He writes in a noble spirit of love of truth.
+
+I wonder what Lindley thinks; probably too busy to read or think on the
+question.
+
+I am vexed about Bentham's reticence, for it would have been of real value
+to know what parts appeared weakest to a man of his powers of observation.
+
+Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Is not Harvey in the class of men who do not at all care for
+generalities?  I remember your saying you could not get him to write on
+Distribution.  I have found his works very unfruitful in every respect.
+
+
+[Here follows the memorandum referred to:]
+
+Geologists.    Zoologists and       Physiologists.    Botanists.
+               Palaeontologists.
+
+Lyell.         Huxley.              Carpenter.        Hooker.
+
+Ramsay.*       J. Lubbock.           Sir H. Holland   H.C. Watson.
+                                    (to large extent).
+
+Jukes.*        L. Jenyns                              Asa Gray
+               (to large extent).                     (to some extent).
+
+H.D. Rogers.   Searles Wood.*                         Dr. Boott
+                                                      (to large extent).
+
+                                                      Thwaites.
+
+(*Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological Survey.
+
+Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., 1811-1869.  He was educated at Cambridge,
+and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as naturalist to H.M.S. "Fly", on an
+exploring expedition in Australia and New Guinea.  He was afterwards
+appointed Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland.  He was the author
+of many papers, and of more than one good hand-book of geology.
+
+Searles Valentine Wood, February 14, 1798-1880.  Chiefly known for his work
+on the Mollusca of the 'Crag.')
+
+
+[The following letter is of interest in connection with the mention of Mr.
+Bentham in the last letter:]
+
+G. BENTHAM TO FRANCIS DARWIN.
+25 Wilton Place, S.W.,
+May 30th, 1882.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+In compliance with your note which I received last night, I send herewith
+the letters I have from your father.  I should have done so on seeing the
+general request published in the papers, but that I did not think there
+were any among them which could be of any use to you.  Highly flattered as
+I was by the kind and friendly notice with which Mr. Darwin occasionally
+honoured me, I was never admitted into his intimacy, and he therefore never
+made any communications to me in relation to his views and labours.  I have
+been throughout one of his most sincere admirers, and fully adopted his
+theories and conclusions, notwithstanding the severe pain and
+disappointment they at first occasioned me.  On the day that his celebrated
+paper was read at the Linnean Society, July 1st, 1858, a long paper of mine
+had been set down for reading, in which, in commenting on the British
+Flora, I had collected a number of observations and facts illustrating what
+I then believed to be a fixity in species, however difficult it might be to
+assign their limits, and showing a tendency of abnormal forms produced by
+cultivation or otherwise, to withdraw within those original limits when
+left to themselves.  Most fortunately my paper had to give way to Mr.
+Darwin's and when once that was read, I felt bound to defer mine for
+reconsideration; I began to entertain doubts on the subject, and on the
+appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' I was forced, however reluctantly,
+to give up my long-cherished convictions, the results of much labour and
+study, and I cancelled all that part of my paper which urged original
+fixity, and published only portions of the remainder in another form,
+chiefly in the 'Natural History Review.'  I have since acknowledged on
+various occasions my full adoption of Mr. Darwin's views, and chiefly in my
+Presidential Address of 1863, and in my thirteenth and last address, issued
+in the form of a report to the British Association at its meeting at
+Belfast in 1874.
+
+I prize so highly the letters that I have of Mr. Darwin's, that I should
+feel obliged by your returning them to me when you have done with them. 
+Unfortunately I have not kept the envelopes, and Mr. Darwin usually only
+dated them by the month not by the year, so that they are not in any
+chronological order.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+GEORGE BENTHAM.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down [March] 12th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Thinking over what we talked about, the high state of intellectual
+development of the old Grecians with the little or no subsequent
+improvement, being an apparent difficulty, it has just occurred to me that
+in fact the case harmonises perfectly with our views.  The case would be a
+decided difficulty on the Lamarckian or Vestigian doctrine of necessary
+progression, but on the view which I hold of progression depending on the
+conditions, it is no objection at all, and harmonises with the other facts
+of progression in the corporeal structure of other animals.  For in a state
+of anarchy, or despotism, or bad government, or after irruption of
+barbarians, force, strength, or ferocity, and not intellect, would be apt
+to gain the day.
+
+We have so enjoyed your and Lady Lyell's visit.
+
+Good-night.
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--By an odd chance (for I had not alluded even to the subject) the
+ladies attacked me this evening, and threw the high state of old Grecians
+into my teeth, as an unanswerable difficulty, but by good chance I had my
+answer all pat, and silenced them.  Hence I have thought it worth
+scribbling to you...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. PRESTWICH.  (Now Professor of Geology in the
+University of Oxford.)
+Down, March 12th [1860].
+
+...At some future time, when you have a little leisure, and when you have
+read my 'Origin of Species,' I should esteem it a SINGULAR favour if you
+would send me any general criticisms.  I do not mean of unreasonable
+length, but such as you could include in a letter.  I have always admired
+your various memoirs so much that I should be eminently glad to receive
+your opinion, which might be of real service to me.
+
+Pray do not suppose that I expect to CONVERT or PERVERT you; if I could
+stagger you in ever so slight a degree I should be satisfied; nor fear to
+annoy me by severe criticisms, for I have had some hearty kicks from some
+of my best friends.  If it would not be disagreeable to you to send me your
+opinion, I certainly should be truly obliged...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, April 3rd [1860].
+
+...I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold all
+over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable.  The
+sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me
+sick!...
+
+You may like to hear about reviews on my book.  Sedgwick (as I and Lyell
+feel CERTAIN from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely and unfairly
+in the "Spectator".  (See the quotations which follow the present letter.) 
+The notice includes much abuse, and is hardly fair in several respects.  He
+would actually lead any one, who was ignorant of geology, to suppose that I
+had invented the great gaps between successive geological formations,
+instead of its being an almost universally admitted dogma.  But my dear old
+friend Sedgwick, with his noble heart, is old, and is rabid with
+indignation.  It is hard to please every one; you may remember that in my
+last letter I asked you to leave out about the Weald denudation:  I told
+Jukes this (who is head man of the Irish geological survey), and he blamed
+me much, for he believed every word of it, and thought it not at all
+exaggerated!  In fact, geologists have no means of gauging the infinitude
+of past time.  There has been one prodigy of a review, namely, an OPPOSED
+one (by Pictet (Francois Jules Pictet, in the 'Archives des Sciences de la
+Bibliotheque Universelle,' Mars 1860.  The article is written in a
+courteous and considerate tone, and concludes by saying that the 'Origin'
+will be of real value to naturalists, especially if they are not led away
+by its seductive arguments to believe in the dangerous doctrine of
+modification.  A passage which seems to have struck my father as being
+valuable, and opposite which he has made double pencil marks and written
+the word "good," is worth quoting:  "La theorie de M. Darwin s'accorde mal
+avec l'histoire des types a formes bien tranchees et definies qui
+paraissent n'avoir vecu que pendant un temps limite.  On en pourrait citer
+des centaines d'exemples, tel que les reptiles volants, les ichthyosaures,
+les belemnites, les ammonites, etc."  Pictet was born in 1809, died 1872;
+he was Professor of Anatomy and Zoology at Geneva.), the palaeontologist,
+in the Bib. Universelle of Geneva) which is PERFECTLY fair and just, and I
+agree to every word he says; our only difference being that he attaches
+less weight to arguments in favour, and more to arguments opposed, than I
+do.  Of all the opposed reviews, I think this the only quite fair one, and
+I never expected to see one.  Please observe that I do not class your
+review by any means as opposed, though you think so yourself!  It has done
+me MUCH too good service ever to appear in that rank in my eyes.  But I
+fear I shall weary you with so much about my book.  I should rather think
+there was a good chance of my becoming the most egotistical man in all
+Europe!  What a proud pre-eminence!  Well, you have helped to make me so
+and therefore you must forgive me if you can.
+
+My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In a letter to Sir Charles Lyell reference is made to Sedgwick's review in
+the "Spectator", March 24:
+
+"I now feel certain that Sedgwick is the author of the article in the
+"Spectator".  No one else could use such abusive terms.  And what a
+misrepresentation of my notions!  Any ignoramus would suppose that I had
+FIRST broached the doctrine, that the breaks between successive formations
+marked long intervals of time.  It is very unfair.  But poor dear old
+Sedgwick seems rabid on the question.  "Demoralised understanding!"  If
+ever I talk with him I will tell him that I never could believe that an
+inquisitor could be a good man:  but now I know that a man may roast
+another, and yet have as kind and noble a heart as Sedgwick's."
+
+The following passages are taken from the review:
+
+"I need hardly go on any further with these objections.  But I cannot
+conclude without expressing my detestation of the theory, because of its
+unflinching materialism;--because it has deserted the inductive track, the
+only track that leads to physical truth;--because it utterly repudiates
+final causes, and thereby indicates a demoralised understanding on the part
+of its advocates."
+
+"Not that I believe that Darwin is an atheist; though I cannot but regard
+his materialism as atheistical.  I think it untrue, because opposed to the
+obvious course of nature, and the very opposite of inductive truth.  And I
+think it intensely mischievous."
+
+"Each series of facts is laced together by a series of assumptions, and
+repetitions of the one false principle.  You cannot make a good rope out of
+a string of air bubbles."
+
+"But any startling and (supposed) novel paradox, maintained very boldly and
+with something of imposing plausibility, produces in some minds a kind of
+pleasing excitement which predisposes them in its favour; and if they are
+unused to careful reflection, and averse to the labour of accurate
+investigation, they will be likely to conclude that what is (apparently)
+ORIGINAL, must be a production of original GENIUS, and that anything very
+much opposed to prevailing notions must be a grand DISCOVERY,--in short,
+that whatever comes from the 'bottom of a well' must be the 'truth'
+supposed to be hidden there."
+
+In a review in the December number of 'Macmillan's Magazine,' 1860, Fawcett
+vigorously defended my father from the charge of employing a false method
+of reasoning; a charge which occurs in Sedgwick's review, and was made at
+the time ad nauseam, in such phrases as:  "This is not the true Baconian
+method."  Fawcett repeated his defence at the meeting of the British
+Association in 1861.  (See an interesting letter from my father in Mr.
+Stephen's 'Life of Henry Fawcett,' 1886, page 101.)]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B CARPENTER.
+Down, April 6th [1860].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I have this minute finished your review in the 'Med. Chirurg. Review.' 
+(April 1860.)  You must let me express my admiration at this most able
+essay, and I hope to God it will be largely read, for it must produce a
+great effect.  I ought not, however, to express such warm admiration, for
+you give my book, I fear, far too much praise.  But you have gratified me
+extremely; and though I hope I do not care very much for the approbation of
+the non-scientific readers, I cannot say that this is at all so with
+respect to such few men as yourself.  I have not a criticism to make, for I
+object to not a word; and I admire all, so that I cannot pick out one part
+as better than the rest.  It is all so well balanced.  But it is impossible
+not to be struck with your extent of knowledge in geology, botany, and
+zoology.  The extracts which you give from Hooker seem to me EXCELLENTLY
+chosen, and most forcible.  I am so much pleased in what you say also about
+Lyell.  In fact I am in a fit of enthusiasm, and had better write no more. 
+With cordial thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, April 10th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Thank you much for your note of the 4th; I am very glad to hear that you
+are at Torquay.  I should have amused myself earlier by writing to you, but
+I have had Hooker and Huxley staying here, and they have fully occupied my
+time, as a little of anything is a full dose for me...There has been a
+plethora of reviews, and I am really quite sick of myself.  There is a very
+long review by Carpenter in the 'Medical and Chirurg. Review,' very good
+and well balanced, but not brilliant.  He discusses Hooker's books at as
+great length as mine, and makes excellent extracts; but I could not get
+Hooker to feel the least interest in being praised.
+
+Carpenter speaks of you in thoroughly proper terms.  There is a BRILLIANT
+review by Huxley ('Westminster Review,' April 1860.), with capital hits,
+but I do not know that he much advances the subject.  I THINK I have
+convinced him that he has hardly allowed weight enough to the case of
+varieties of plants being in some degrees sterile.
+
+To diverge from reviews:  Asa Gray sends me from Wyman (who will write), a
+good case of all the pigs being black in the Everglades of Virginia.  On
+asking about the cause, it seems (I have got capital analogous cases) that
+when the BLACK pigs eat a certain nut their bones become red, and they
+suffer to a certain extent, but that the WHITE pigs lose their hoofs and
+perish, "and we aid by SELECTION, for we kill most of the young white
+pigs."  This was said by men who could hardly read.  By the way, it is a
+great blow to me that you cannot admit the potency of natural selection. 
+The more I think of it, the less I doubt its power for great and small
+changes.  I have just read the 'Edinburgh' ('Edinburgh Review,' April
+1860.), which without doubt is by --.  It is extremely malignant, clever,
+and I fear will be very damaging.  He is atrociously severe on Huxley's
+lecture, and very bitter against Hooker.  So we three ENJOYED it together. 
+Not that I really enjoyed it, for it made me uncomfortable for one night;
+but I have got quite over it to-day.  It requires much study to appreciate
+all the bitter spite of many of the remarks against me; indeed I did not
+discover all myself.  It scandalously misrepresents many parts.  He
+misquotes some passages, altering words within inverted commas...
+
+It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which -- hates me.
+
+Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done.  In last
+Saturday's "Gardeners' Chronicle" (April 7th, 1860.), a Mr. Patrick Matthew
+publishes a long extract from his work on 'Naval Timber and Arboriculture,'
+published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely anticipates the
+theory of Natural Selection.  I have ordered the book, as some few passages
+are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a complete but not
+developed anticipation!  Erasmus always said that surely this would be
+shown to be the case some day.  Anyhow, one may be excused in not having
+discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.
+
+I heartily hope that your Torquay work may be successful.  Give my kindest
+remembrances to Falconer, and I hope he is pretty well.  Hooker and Huxley
+(with Mrs. Huxley) were extremely pleasant.  But poor dear Hooker is tired
+to death of my book, and it is a marvel and a prodigy if you are not worse
+tired--if that be possible.  Farewell, my dear Lyell,
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, [April 13th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels, that I should
+esteem it a great favour if you would read the enclosed.  ((My father wrote
+("Gardeners' Chronicle", 1860, page 362, April 21st): "I have been much
+interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in the number of your
+paper dated April 7th.  I freely acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has
+anticipated by many years the explanation which I have offered of the
+origin of species, under the name of natural selection.  I think that no
+one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any other
+naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how briefly they
+are given, and that they appeared in the appendix to a work on Naval Timber
+and Arboriculture.  I can do no more than offer my apologies to Mr. Matthew
+for my entire ignorance of this publication.  If any other edition of my
+work is called for, I will insert to the foregoing effect."  In spite of my
+father's recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew remained unsatisfied, and
+complained that an article in the 'Saturday Analyst and Leader' was
+"scarcely fair in alluding to Mr. Darwin as the parent of the origin of
+species, seeing that I published the whole that Mr. Darwin attempts to
+prove, more than twenty-nine years ago."--"Saturday Analyst and Leader",
+November 24, 1860.)  If you think it proper that I should send it (and of
+this there can hardly be any question), and if you think it full and ample
+enough, please alter the date to the day on which you post it, and let that
+be soon.  The case in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" seems a LITTLE stronger
+than in Mr. Matthew's book, for the passages are therein scattered in three
+places; but it would be mere hair-splitting to notice that.  If you object
+to my letter, please return it; but I do not expect that you will, but I
+thought that you would not object to run your eye over it.  My dear Hooker,
+it is a great thing for me to have so good, true, and old a friend as you.
+I owe much for science to my friends.
+
+Many thanks for Huxley's lecture.  The latter part seemed to be grandly
+eloquent.
+
+...I have gone over [the 'Edinburgh'] review again, and compared passages,
+and I am astonished at the misrepresentations.  But I am glad I resolved
+not to answer.  Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think more on the
+subject is too unpleasant.  I am so sorry that Huxley by my means has been
+thus atrociously attacked.  I do not suppose you much care about the
+gratuitous attack on you.
+
+Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+overworked.  Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+has done this--who thought it absurd till too late.  I have often thought
+the same.  You know that you were bad enough before your Indian journey.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, April [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I was very glad to get your nice long letter from Torquay.  A press of
+letters prevented me writing to Wells.  I was particularly glad to hear
+what you thought about not noticing [the 'Edinburgh'] review.  Hooker and
+Huxley thought it a sort of duty to point out the alteration of quoted
+citations, and there is truth in this remark; but I so hated the thought
+that I resolved not to do so.  I shall come up to London on Saturday the
+14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I have an accumulation of things to do
+in London, and will (if I do not hear to the contrary) call about a quarter
+before ten on Sunday morning, and sit with you at breakfast, but will not
+sit long, and so take up much of your time.  I must say one more word about
+our quasi-theological controversy about natural selection, and let me have
+your opinion when we meet in London.  Do you consider that the successive
+variations in the size of the crop of the Pouter Pigeon, which man has
+accumulated to please his caprice, have been due to "the creative and
+sustaining powers of Brahma?"  In the sense that an omnipotent and
+omniscient Deity must order and know everything, this must be admitted;
+yet, in honest truth, I can hardly admit it.  It seems preposterous that a
+maker of a universe should care about the crop of a pigeon solely to please
+man's silly fancies.  But if you agree with me in thinking such an
+interposition of the Deity uncalled for, I can see no reason whatever for
+believing in such interpositions in the case of natural beings, in which
+strange and admirable peculiarities have been naturally selected for the
+creature's own benefit.  Imagine a Pouter in a state of nature wading into
+the water and then, being buoyed up by its inflated crop, sailing about in
+search of food.  What admiration this would have excited--adaptation to the
+laws of hydrostatic pressure, etc. etc.  For the life of me I cannot see
+any difficulty in natural selection producing the most exquisite structure,
+IF SUCH STRUCTURE CAN BE ARRIVED AT BY GRADATION, and I know from
+experience how hard it is to name any structure towards which at least some
+gradations are not known.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray, is that
+such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the human
+intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of evil."
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, [April 18th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return --'s letter...Some of my relations say it cannot POSSIBLY be --'s
+article (The 'Edinburgh Review.'), because the reviewer speaks so very
+highly of --.  Poor dear simple folk!  My clever neighbour, Mr. Norman,
+says the article is so badly written, with no definite object, that no one
+will read it.  Asa Gray has sent me an article ('North American Review,'
+April, 1860.  "By Professor Bowen," is written on my father's copy.  The
+passage referred to occurs at page 488, where the author says that we ought
+to find "an infinite number of other varieties--gross, rude, and
+purposeless--the unmeaning creations of an unconscious cause.") from the
+United States, clever, and dead against me.  But one argument is funny. 
+The reviewer says, that if the doctrine were true, geological strata would
+be full of monsters which have failed!  A very clear view this writer had
+of the struggle for existence!
+
+...I am glad you like Adam Bede so much.  I was charmed with it...
+
+We think you must by mistake have taken with your own numbers of the
+'National Review' my precious number.  (This no doubt refers to the January
+number, containing Dr. Carpenter's review of the 'Origin.')  I wish you
+would look.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, April 25th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have no doubt I have to thank you for the copy of a review on the
+'Origin' in the 'North American Review.'  It seems to me clever, and I do
+not doubt will damage my book.  I had meant to have made some remarks on
+it; but Lyell wished much to keep it, and my head is quite confused between
+the many reviews which I have lately read.  I am sure the reviewer is wrong
+about bees' cells, i.e. about the distance; any lesser distance would do,
+or even greater distance, but then some of the places would lie outside the
+generative spheres; but this would not add much difficulty to the work. 
+The reviewer takes a strange view of instinct:  he seems to regard
+intelligence as a developed instinct; which I believe to be wholly false. 
+I suspect he has never much attended to instinct and the minds of animals,
+except perhaps by reading.
+
+My chief object is to ask you if you could procure for me a copy of the
+"New York Times" for Wednesday, March 28th.  It contains A VERY STRIKING
+review of my book, which I should much like to keep.  How curious that the
+two most striking reviews (i.e. yours and this) should have appeared in
+America.  This review is not really useful, but somehow is impressive. 
+There was a good review in the 'Revue des Deux Mondes,' April 1st, by M.
+Laugel, said to be a very clever man.
+
+Hooker, about a fortnight ago, stayed here a few days, and was very
+pleasant; but I think he overworks himself.  What a gigantic undertaking, I
+imagine, his and Bentham's 'Genera Plantarum' will be!  I hope he will not
+get too much immersed in it, so as not to spare some time for Geographical
+Distribution and other such questions.
+
+I have begun to work steadily, but very slowly as usual, at details on
+variation under domestication.
+
+My dear Gray,
+Yours always truly and gratefully,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, [May 8th, 1860].
+
+...I have sent for the 'Canadian Naturalist.'  If I cannot procure a copy I
+will borrow yours.  I had a letter from Henslow this morning, who says that
+Sedgwick was, on last Monday night, to open a battery on me at the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society.  Anyhow, I am much honoured by being
+attacked there, and at the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+
+I do not think it worth while to contradict single cases nor is it worth
+while arguing against those who do not attend to what I state.  A moment's
+reflection will show you that there must be (on our doctrine) large genera
+not varying (see page 56 on the subject, in the second edition of the
+'Origin').  Though I do not there discuss the case in detail.
+
+It may be sheer bigotry for my own notions, but I prefer to the Atlantis,
+my notion of plants and animals having migrated from the Old to the New
+World, or conversely, when the climate was much hotter, by approximately
+the line of Behring's Straits.  It is most important, as you say, to see
+living forms of plants going back so far in time.  I wonder whether we
+shall ever discover the flora of the dry land of the coal period, and find
+it not so anomalous as the swamp or coal-making flora.  I am working away
+over the blessed Pigeon Manuscript; but, from one cause or another, I get
+on very slowly...
+
+This morning I got a letter from the Academy of Natural Sciences of
+Philadelphia, announcing that I am elected a correspondent...It shows that
+some Naturalists there do not think me such a scientific profligate as many
+think me here.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours gratefully,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--What a grand fact about the extinct stag's horn worked by man!
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, [May 13th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return Henslow, which I was very glad to see.  How good of him to defend
+me.  (Against Sedgwick's attack before the Cambridge Philosophical
+Society.)  I will write and thank him.
+
+As you said you were curious to hear Thomson's (Dr. Thomas Thomson the
+Indian Botanist.  He was a collaborateur in Hooker and Thomson's Flora
+Indica.  1855.) opinion, I send his kind letter.  He is evidently a strong
+opposer to us...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, [May 15th, 1860].
+
+...How paltry it is in such men as X, Y and Co. not reading your essay.  It
+is incredibly paltry.  (These remarks do not apply to Dr. Harvey, who was,
+however, in a somewhat similar position.  See below.)  They may all attack
+me to their hearts' content.  I am got case-hardened.  As for the old
+fogies in Cambridge, it really signifies nothing.  I look at their attacks
+as a proof that our work is worth the doing.  It makes me resolve to buckle
+on my armour.  I see plainly that it will be a long uphill fight.  But
+think of Lyell's progress with Geology.  One thing I see most plainly, that
+without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my book would have
+been a mere flash in the pan.  But if we all stick to it, we shall surely
+gain the day.  And I now see that the battle is worth fighting.  I deeply
+hope that you think so.  Does Bentham progress at all?  I do not know what
+to say about Oxford.  (His health prevented him from going to Oxford for
+the meeting of the British Association.)  I should like it much with you,
+but it must depend on health...
+
+Yours must affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, May 18th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I send a letter from Asa Gray to show how hotly the battle rages there. 
+Also one from Wallace, very just in his remarks, though too laudatory and
+too modest, and how admirably free from envy or jealousy.  He must be a
+good fellow.  Perhaps I will enclose a letter from Thomson of Calcutta; not
+that it is much, but Hooker thinks so highly of him...
+
+Henslow informs me that Sedgwick (Sedgwick's address is given somewhat
+abbreviated in "The Cambridge Chronicle", May 19th, 1860.) and then
+Professor Clarke [sic] (The late William Clark, Professor of Anatomy, my
+father seems to have misunderstood his informant.  I am assured by Mr. J.W.
+Clark that his father (Prof. Clark) did not support Sedgwick in the
+attack.) made a regular and savage onslaught on my book lately at the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society, but Henslow seems to have defended me
+well, and maintained that the subject was a legitimate one for
+investigation.  Since then Phillips (John Phillips, M.A., F.R.S., born
+1800, died 1874, from the effects of a fall.  Professor of Geology at
+King's College, London, and afterwards at Oxford.  He gave the 'Rede'
+lecture at Cambridge on May 15th, 1860, on 'The Succession of Life on the
+earth.'  The Rede Lecturer is appointed annually by the Vice-Chancellor,
+and is paid by an endowment left in 1524 by Sir Robert Rede, Lord Chief
+Justice, in the reign of Henry VIII.) has given lectures at Cambridge on
+the same subject, but treated it very fairly.  How splendidly Asa Gray is
+fighting the battle.  The effect on me of these multiplied attacks is
+simply to show me that the subject is worth fighting for, and assuredly I
+will do my best...I hope all the attacks make you keep up your courage, and
+courage you assuredly will require...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, May 18th, 1860.
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,
+
+I received this morning your letter from Amboyna, dated February 16th,
+containing some remarks and your too high approval of my book.  Your letter
+has pleased me very much, and I most completely agree with you on the parts
+which are strongest and which are weakest.  The imperfection of the
+Geological Record is, as you say, the weakest of all; but yet I am pleased
+to find that there are almost more geological converts than of pursuers of
+other branches of natural science...I think geologists are more easily
+converted than simple naturalists, because more accustomed to reasoning. 
+Before telling you about the progress of opinion on the subject, you must
+let me say how I admire the generous manner in which you speak of my book. 
+Most persons would in your position have felt some envy or jealousy.  How
+nobly free you seem to be of this common failing of mankind.  But you speak
+far too modestly of yourself.  You would, if you had my leisure, have done
+the work just as well, perhaps better, than I have done it...
+
+...Agassiz sends me a personal civil message, but incessantly attacks me;
+but Asa Gray fights like a hero in defence.  Lyell keeps as firm as a
+tower, and this Autumn will publish on the 'Geological History of Man,' and
+will then declare his conversion, which now is universally known.  I hope
+that you have received Hooker's splendid essay...Yesterday I heard from
+Lyell that a German, Dr. Schaaffhausen (Hermann Schaaffhausen 'Ueber
+Bestandigkeit und Umwandlung der Arten.'  Verhandl. d. Naturhist. Vereins,
+Bonn, 1853.  See 'Origin,' Historical Sketch.), has sent him a pamphlet
+published some years ago, in which the same view is nearly anticipated; but
+I have not yet seen this pamphlet.  My brother, who is a very sagacious
+man, always said, "you will find that some one will have been before you." 
+I am at work at my larger work, which I shall publish in a separate volume. 
+But from ill-health and swarms of letters, I get on very very slowly.  I
+hope that I shall not have wearied you with these details.  With sincere
+thanks for your letter, and with most deeply felt wishes for your success
+in science, and in every way, believe me,
+
+Your sincere well-wisher,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, May 22nd 1860.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant letters of May 7th,
+enclosing a very pleasant remittance of 22 pounds.  I am in simple truth
+astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me.  I return
+Appleton's account.  For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+acknowledgment I send one.  If you have any further communication to the
+Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for it is
+generosity in my opinion.  I am not at all surprised at the sale
+diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale.  No doubt
+the public has been SHAMEFULLY imposed on! for they bought the book
+thinking that it would be nice easy reading.  I expect the sale to stop
+soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling at
+Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous forty-eight
+hours.  I am extremely glad that you will notice in 'Silliman' the
+additions in the 'Origin.'  Judging from letters (and I have just seen one
+from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the most serious omission in my
+book was not explaining how it is, as I believe, that all forms do not
+necessarily advance, how there can now be SIMPLE organisms still
+existing...I hear there is a VERY severe review on me in the 'North
+British,' by a Rev. Mr. Dunns (This statement as to authorship was made on
+the authority of Robert Chambers.), a Free Kirk minister, and dabbler in
+Natural History.  I should be very glad to see any good American reviews,
+as they are all more or less useful.  You say that you shall touch on other
+reviews.  Huxley told me some time ago that after a time he would write a
+review on all the reviews, whether he will I know not.  If you allude to
+the 'Edinburgh,' pray notice SOME of the points which I will point out on a
+separate slip.  In the "Saturday Review" (one of our cleverest periodicals)
+of May 5th, page 573, there is a nice article on [the 'Edinburgh'] review,
+defending Huxley, but not Hooker; and the latter, I think, [the 'Edinburgh'
+reviewer] treats most ungenerously.  (In a letter to Mr. Huxley my father
+wrote:  "Have you seen the last "Saturday Review"?  I am very glad of the
+defence of you and of myself.  I wish the reviewer had noticed Hooker.  The
+reviewer, whoever he is, is a jolly good fellow, as this review and the
+last on me showed.  He writes capitally, and understands well his subject. 
+I wish he had slapped [the 'Edinburgh' reviewer] a little bit harder.") 
+But surely you will get sick unto death of me and my reviewers.
+
+With respect to the theological view of the question.  This is always
+painful to me.  I am bewildered.  I had no intention to write
+atheistically.  But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and as
+I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. 
+There seems to me too much misery in the world.  I cannot persuade myself
+that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the
+Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living
+bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.  Not believing
+this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye was expressly designed. 
+On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented to view this wonderful
+universe, and especially the nature of man, and to conclude that everything
+is the result of brute force.  I am inclined to look at everything as
+resulting from designed laws, with the details, whether good or bad, left
+to the working out of what we may call chance.  Not that this notion AT ALL
+satisfies me.  I feel most deeply that the whole subject is too profound
+for the human intellect.  A dog might as well speculate on the mind of
+Newton.  Let each man hope and believe what he can.  Certainly I agree with
+you that my views are not at all necessarily atheistical.  The lightning
+kills a man, whether a good one or bad one, owing to the excessively
+complex action of natural laws.  A child (who may turn out an idiot) is
+born by the action of even more complex laws, and I can see no reason why a
+man, or other animal, may not have been aboriginally produced by other
+laws, and that all these laws may have been expressly designed by an
+omniscient Creator, who foresaw every future event and consequence.  But
+the more I think the more bewildered I become; as indeed I probably have
+shown by this letter.
+
+Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.
+
+Yours sincerely and cordially,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+{Here follow my father's criticisms on the 'Edinburgh Review':
+
+"What a quibble to pretend he did not understand what I meant by
+INHABITANTS of South America; and any one would suppose that I had not
+throughout my volume touched on Geographical Distribution.  He ignores also
+everything which I have said on Classification, Geological Succession,
+Homologies, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs--page 496.
+
+He falsely applies what I said (too rudely) about "blindness of
+preconceived opinions" to those who believe in creation, whereas I
+exclusively apply the remark to those who give up multitudes of species as
+true species, but believe in the remainder--page 500.
+
+He slightly alters what I say,--I ASK whether creationists really believe
+that elemental atoms have flashed into life.  He says that I describe them
+as so believing, and this, surely, is a difference--page 501.
+
+He speaks of my "clamouring against" all who believe in creation, and this
+seems to me an unjust accusation--page 501.
+
+He makes me say that the dorsal vertebrae vary; this is simply false:  I
+nowhere say a word about dorsal vertebrae--page 522.
+
+What an illiberal sentence that is about my pretension to candour, and
+about my rushing through barriers which stopped Cuvier:  such an argument
+would stop any progress in science--page 525.
+
+How disingenuous to quote from my remark to you about my BRIEF letter
+[published in the 'Linn. Soc. Journal'], as if it applied to the whole
+subject--page 530.
+
+How disingenuous to say that we are called on to accept the theory, from
+the imperfection of the geological record, when I over and over again [say]
+how grave a difficulty the imperfection offers--page 530."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, May 30th [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return Harvey's letter, I have been very glad to see the reason why he
+has not read your Essay.  I feared it was bigotry, and I am glad to see
+that he goes a little way (VERY MUCH further than I supposed) with us...
+
+I was not sorry for a natural opportunity of writing to Harvey, just to
+show that I was not piqued at his turning me and my book into ridicule (A
+"serio-comic squib," read before the 'Dublin University Zoological and
+Botanical Association,' February 17, 1860, and privately printed.  My
+father's presentation copy is inscribed "With the writer's REPENTANCE,
+October 1860."), not that I think it was a proceeding which I deserved, or
+worthy of him.  It delights me that you are interested in watching the
+progress of opinion on the change of Species; I feared that you were weary
+of the subject; and therefore did not send A. Gray's letters.  The battle
+rages furiously in the United States.  Gray says he was preparing a speech,
+which would take 1 1/2 hours to deliver, and which he "fondly hoped would
+be a stunner."  He is fighting splendidly, and there seems to have been
+many discussions with Agassiz and others at the meetings.  Agassiz pities
+me much at being so deluded.  As for the progress of opinion, I clearly see
+that it will be excessively slow, almost as slow as the change of
+species...I am getting wearied at the storm of hostile reviews and hardly
+any useful...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, Friday night [June 1st, 1860].
+
+...Have you seen Hopkins (William Hopkins died in 1866, "in his seventy-
+third year."  He began life with a farm in Suffolk, but ultimately entered,
+comparatively late in life, at Peterhouse, Cambridge; he took his degree in
+1827, and afterward became an Esquire Bedell of the University.  He was
+chiefly known as a mathematical "coach," and was eminently successful in
+the manufacture of Senior Wranglers.  Nevertheless Mr. Stephen says ('Life
+of Fawcett,' page 26) that he "was conspicuous for inculcating" a "liberal
+view of the studies of the place.  He endeavoured to stimulate a
+philosophical interest in the mathematical sciences, instead of simply
+rousing an ardour for competition."  He contributed many papers on
+geological and mathematical subjects to the scientific journals.  He had a
+strong influence for good over the younger men with whom he came in
+contact.  The letter which he wrote to Henry Fawcett on the occasion of his
+blindness illustrates this.  Mr. Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page 48)
+that by "this timely word of good cheer," Fawcett was roused from "his
+temporary prostration," and enabled to take a "more cheerful and resolute
+tone.") in the new 'Fraser'? the public will, I should think, find it
+heavy.  He will be dead against me, as you prophesied; but he is generally
+civil to me personally.  ('Fraser's Magazine,' June 1860.  My father, no
+doubt, refers to the following passage, page 752, where the Reviewer
+Expresses his "full participation in the high respect in which the author
+is universally held, both as a man and a naturalist; and the more so,
+because in the remarks which will follow in the second part of this Essay
+we shall be found to differ widely from him as regards many of his
+conclusions and the reasonings on which he has founded them, and shall
+claim the full right to express such differences of opinion with all that
+freedom which the interests of scientific truth demands, and which we are
+sure Mr. Darwin would be one of the last to refuse to any one prepared to
+exercise it with candour and courtesy."  Speaking of this review, my father
+wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:  "I have remonstrated with him [Hopkins] for so
+coolly saying that I base my views on what I reckon as great difficulties. 
+Any one, by taking these difficulties alone, can make a most strong case
+against me.  I could myself write a more damning review than has as yet
+appeared!"  A second notice by Hopkins appeared in the July number of
+'Fraser's Magazine.')  On his standard of proof, NATURAL science would
+never progress, for without the making of theories I am convinced there
+would be no observation.
+
+...I have begun reading the 'North British' (May 1860.), which so far
+strikes me as clever.
+
+Phillips's Lecture at Cambridge is to be published.
+
+All these reiterated attacks will tell heavily; there will be no more
+converts, and probably some will go back.  I hope you do not grow
+disheartened, I am determined to fight to the last.  I hear, however, that
+the great Buckle highly approves of my book.
+
+I have had a note from poor Blyth (Edward Blyth, 1810-1873.  His
+indomitable love of natural history made him neglect the druggist's
+business with which he started in life, and he soon got into serious
+difficulties.  After supporting himself for a few years as a writer on
+Field Natural History, he ultimately went out to India as Curator of the
+Museum of the R. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, where the greater part of his
+working life was spent.  His chief publications were the monthly reports
+made as part of his duty to the Society.  He had stored in his remarkable
+memory a wonderful wealth of knowledge, especially with regard to the
+mammalia and birds of India--knowledge of which he freely gave to those who
+asked.  His letters to my father give evidence of having been carefully
+studied, and the long list of entries after his name in the index to
+'Animals and Plants,' show how much help was received from him.  His life
+was an unprosperous and unhappy one, full of money difficulties and
+darkened by the death of his wife after a few years of marriage.), of
+Calcutta, who is much disappointed at hearing that Lord Canning will not
+grant any money; so I much fear that all your great pains will be thrown
+away.  Blyth says (and he is in many respects a very good judge) that his
+ideas on species are quite revolutionised...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, June 5th [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+It is a pleasure to me to write to you, as I have no one to talk about such
+matters as we write on.  But I seriously beg you not to write to me unless
+so inclined; for busy as you are, and seeing many people, the case is very
+different between us...
+
+Have you seen --'s abusive article on me?...It out does even the 'North
+British' and 'Edinburgh' in misapprehension and misrepresentation.  I never
+knew anything so unfair as in discussing cells of bees, his ignoring the
+case of Melipona, which builds combs almost exactly intermediate between
+hive and humble bees.  What has -- done that he feels so immeasurably
+superior to all us wretched naturalists, and to all political economists,
+including that great philosopher Malthus?  This review, however, and
+Harvey's letter have convinced me that I must be a very bad explainer. 
+Neither really understand what I mean by Natural Selection.  I am inclined
+to give up the attempt as hopeless.  Those who do not understand, it seems,
+cannot be made to understand.
+
+By the way, I think, we entirely agree, except perhaps that I use too
+forcible language about selection.  I entirely agree, indeed would almost
+go further than you when you say that climate (i.e. variability from all
+unknown causes) is "an active handmaid, influencing its mistress most
+materially."  Indeed, I have never hinted that Natural Selection is "the
+efficient cause to the exclusion of the other," i.e. variability from
+Climate, etc.  The very term SELECTION implies something, i.e. variation or
+difference, to be selected...
+
+How does your book progress (I mean your general sort of book on plants), I
+hope to God you will be more successful than I have been in making people
+understand your meaning.  I should begin to think myself wholly in the
+wrong, and that I was an utter fool, but then I cannot yet persuade myself,
+that Lyell, and you and Huxley, Carpenter, Asa Gray, and Watson, etc., are
+all fools together.  Well, time will show, and nothing but time. 
+Farewell...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, June 6th [1860].
+
+...It consoles me that -- sneers at Malthus, for that clearly shows,
+mathematician though he may be, he cannot understand common reasoning.  By
+the way what a discouraging example Malthus is, to show during what long
+years the plainest case may be misrepresented and misunderstood.  I have
+read the 'Future'; how curious it is that several of my reviewers should
+advance such wild arguments, as that varieties of dogs and cats do not
+mingle; and should bring up the old exploded doctrine of definite
+analogies...I am beginning to despair of ever making the majority
+understand my notions.  Even Hopkins does not thoroughly.  By the way, I
+have been so much pleased by the way he personally alludes to me.  I must
+be a very bad explainer.  I hope to Heaven that you will succeed better. 
+Several reviews and several letters have shown me too clearly how little I
+am understood.  I suppose "natural selection" was a bad term; but to change
+it now, I think, would make confusion worse confounded, nor can I think of
+a better; "Natural Preservation" would not imply a preservation of
+particular varieties, and would seem a truism, and would not bring man's
+and nature's selection under one point of view.  I can only hope by
+reiterated explanations finally to make the matter clearer.  If my MS.
+spreads out, I think I shall publish one volume exclusively on variation of
+animals and plants under domestication.  I want to show that I have not
+been quite so rash as many suppose.
+
+Though weary of reviews, I should like to see Lowell's (The late J.A.
+Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner' (Boston, U.S., May, 1860.) some time...I
+suppose Lowell's difficulty about instinct is the same as Bowen's; but it
+seems to me wholly to rest on the assumption that instincts cannot graduate
+as finely as structures.  I have stated in my volume that it is hardly
+possible to know which, i.e. whether instinct or structure, change first by
+insensible steps.  Probably sometimes instinct, sometimes structure.  When
+a British insect feeds on an exotic plant, instinct has changed by very
+small steps, and their structures might change so as to fully profit by the
+new food.  Or structure might change first, as the direction of tusks in
+one variety of Indian elephants, which leads it to attack the tiger in a
+different manner from other kinds of elephants.  Thanks for your letter of
+the 2nd, chiefly about Murray.  (N.B. Harvey of Dublin gives me, in a
+letter, the argument of tall men marrying short women, as one of great
+weight!)
+
+I do not quite understand what you mean by saying, "that the more they
+prove that you underrate physical conditions, the better for you, as
+Geology comes in to your aid."
+
+...I see in Murray and many others one incessant fallacy, when alluding to
+slight differences of physical conditions as being very important; namely,
+oblivion of the fact that all species, except very local ones, range over a
+considerable area, and though exposed to what the world calls considerable
+DIVERSITIES, yet keep constant.  I have just alluded to this in the
+'Origin' in comparing the productions of the Old and the New Worlds. 
+Farewell, shall you be at Oxford?  If H. gets quite well, perhaps I shall
+go there.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down [June 14th, 1860].
+
+...Lowell's review (J.A. Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner,' May 1860.) is
+pleasantly written, but it is clear that he is not a naturalist.  He quite
+overlooks the importance of the accumulation of mere individual
+differences, and which, I think I can show, is the great agency of change
+under domestication.  I have not finished Schaaffhausen, as I read German
+so badly.  I have ordered a copy for myself, and should like to keep yours
+till my own arrives, but will return it to you instantly if wanted.  He
+admits statements rather rashly, as I dare say I do.  I see only one
+sentence as yet at all approaching natural selection.
+
+There is a notice of me in the penultimate number of 'All the Year Round,'
+but not worth consulting; chiefly a well-done hash of my own words.  Your
+last note was very interesting and consolatory to me.
+
+I have expressly stated that I believe physical conditions have a more
+direct effect on plants than on animals.  But the more I study, the more I
+am led to think that natural selection regulates, in a state of nature,
+most trifling differences.  As squared stone, or bricks, or timber, are the
+indispensable materials for a building, and influence its character, so is
+variability not only indispensable, but influential.  Yet in the same
+manner as the architect is the ALL important person in a building, so is
+selection with organic bodies...
+
+
+[The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous for two
+pitched battles over the 'Origin of Species.'  Both of them originated in
+unimportant papers.  On Thursday, June 28, Dr. Daubeny of Oxford made a
+communication to Section D:  "On the final causes of the sexuality of
+plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on the 'Origin of
+Species.'"  Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but tried (according
+to the "Athenaeum" report) to avoid a discussion, on the ground "that a
+general audience, in which sentiment would unduly interfere with intellect,
+was not the public before which such a discussion should be carried on." 
+However, the subject was not allowed to drop.  Sir R. Owen (I quote from
+the "Athenaeum", July 7, 1860), who "wished to approach this subject in the
+spirit of the philosopher," expressed his "conviction that there were facts
+by which the public could come to some conclusion with regard to the
+probabilities of the truth of Mr. Darwin's theory."  He went on to say that
+the brain of the gorilla "presented more differences, as compared with the
+brain of man, than it did when compared with the brains of the very lowest
+and most problematical of the Quadrumana."  Mr. Huxley replied, and gave
+these assertions a "direct and unqualified contradiction," pledging himself
+to "justify that unusual procedure elsewhere" ('Man's Place in Nature,' by
+T.H. Huxley, 1863, page 114.), a pledge which he amply fulfilled.  (See the
+'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861.)  On Friday there was peace, but on Saturday
+30th, the battle arose with redoubled fury over a paper by Dr. Draper of
+New York, on the 'Intellectual development of Europe considered with
+reference to the views of Mr. Darwin.'
+
+The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The excitement was tremendous.  The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for the
+audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum, which was
+crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered the lists.  The
+numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000.  Had it been term-time, or had
+the general public been admitted, it would have been impossible to have
+accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the bold Bishop.  Professor
+Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied the chair and wisely
+announced in limine that none who had not valid arguments to bring forward
+on one side or the other, would be allowed to address the meeting:  a
+caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than four combatants had their
+utterances burked by him, because of their indulgence in vague declamation.
+
+"The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour with inimitable
+spirit, emptiness and unfairness.  It was evident from his handling of the
+subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and that he knew
+nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not to be found in his
+'Quarterly' article.  He ridiculed Darwin badly, and Huxley savagely, but
+all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner, and in such well-turned
+periods, that I who had been inclined to blame the President for allowing a
+discussion that could serve no scientific purpose now forgave him from the
+bottom of my heart.  Unfortunately the Bishop, hurried along on the current
+of his own eloquence, so far forgot himself as to push his attempted
+advantage to the verge of personality in a telling passage in which he
+turned round and addressed Huxley:  I forgot the precise words, and quote
+from Lyell.  'The Bishop asked whether Huxley was related by his
+grandfather's or grandmother's side to an ape.'  (Lyell's 'Letters,' vol.
+ii. page 335.)  Huxley replied to the scientific argument of his opponent
+with force and eloquence, and to the personal allusion with a self-
+restraint, that gave dignity to his crushing rejoinder."
+
+Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current:  the following report of
+his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard Green,
+then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd Dawkins.  "I
+asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be ashamed of having an
+ape for his grandfather.  If there were an ancestor whom I should feel
+shame in recalling, it would be a MAN, a man of restless and versatile
+intellect, who, not content with an equivocal (Prof. V. Carus, who has a
+distinct recollection of the scene, does not remember the word equivocal. 
+He believes too that Lyell's version of the "ape" sentence is slightly
+incorrect.) success in his own sphere of activity, plunges into scientific
+questions with which he has no real acquaintance, only to obscure them by
+an aimless rhetoric, and distract the attention of his hearers from the
+real point at issue by eloquent digressions, and skilled appeals to
+religious prejudice."
+
+The letter above quoted continues:
+
+"The excitement was now at its height; a lady fainted and had to be carried
+out, and it was some time before the discussion was resumed.  Some voices
+called for Hooker, and his name having been handed up, the President
+invited him to give his view of the theory from the Botanical side.  This
+he did, demonstrating that the Bishop, by his own showing, had never
+grasped the principles of the 'Origin' (With regard to the Bishop's
+'Quarterly Review,' my father wrote:  "These very clever men think they can
+write a review with a very slight knowledge of the book reviewed or subject
+in question."), and that he was absolutely ignorant of the elements of
+botanical science.  The Bishop made no reply, and the meeting broke up.
+
+"There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+sole topic was the battle of the 'Origin,' and I was much struck with the
+fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats of
+Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they offered
+their congratulations to the winners in the combat.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Sudbrook Park, Monday night
+[July 2nd, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have just received your letter.  I have been very poorly, with almost
+continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I was low enough, and
+thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and all others, when your
+letter came, and it has so cheered me; your kindness and affection brought
+tears into my eyes.  Talk of fame, honour, pleasure, wealth, all are dirt
+compared with affection; and this is a doctrine with which, I know, from
+your letter, that you will agree with from the bottom of your heart...How I
+should have liked to have wandered about Oxford with you, if I had been
+well enough; and how still more I should have liked to have heard you
+triumphing over the Bishop.  I am astonished at your success and audacity. 
+It is something unintelligible to me how any one can argue in public like
+orators do.  I had no idea you had this power.  I have read lately so many
+hostile views, that I was beginning to think that perhaps I was wholly in
+the wrong, and that -- was right when he said the whole subject would be
+forgotten in ten years; but now that I hear that you and Huxley will fight
+publicly (which I am sure I never could do), I fully believe that our cause
+will, in the long-run, prevail.  I am glad I was not in Oxford, for I
+should have been overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present state.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Sudbrook Park, Richmond,
+July 3rd [1860].
+
+...I had a letter from Oxford, written by Hooker late on Sunday night,
+giving me some account of the awful battles which have raged about species
+at Oxford.  He tells me you fought nobly with Owen (but I have heard no
+particulars), and that you answered the B. of O. capitally.  I often think
+that my friends (and you far beyond others) have good cause to hate me, for
+having stirred up so much mud, and led them into so much odious trouble. 
+If I had been a friend of myself, I should have hated me.  (How to make
+that sentence good English, I know not.)  But remember, if I had not
+stirred up the mud, some one else certainly soon would.  I honour your
+pluck; I would as soon have died as tried to answer the Bishop in such an
+assembly...
+
+
+[On July 20th, my father wrote to Mr. Huxley:
+
+"From all that I hear from several quarters, it seems that Oxford did the
+subject great good.  It is of enormous importance, the showing the world
+that a few first-rate men are not afraid of expressing their opinion."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+[July 1860].
+
+...I have just read the 'Quarterly.'  ('Quarterly Review,' July 1860.  The
+article in question was by Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and was
+afterwards published in his "Essays Contributed to the 'Quarterly Review,'
+1874."  The passage from the 'Anti-Jacobin' gives the history of the
+evolution of space from the "primaeval point or punctum saliens of the
+universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line ad
+infinitum, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which it had
+generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral direction,
+describing an area of infinite extent.  This area, as soon as it became
+conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or descend according
+as its specific gravity would determine it, forming an immense solid space
+filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the present universe."
+
+The following (page 263) may serve as an example of the passages in which
+the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:--"That Mr. Darwin should have
+wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle of
+fanciful assumption is no small evil.  We trust that he is mistaken in
+believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts.  We know,
+indeed, that the strength of the temptations which he can bring to bear
+upon his geological brother...Yet no man has been more distinct and more
+logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C. Lyell,
+and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its full vigour
+and maturity."  The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in order that with
+his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely put down as was what
+in spite of all denials we must venture to call its twin though less
+instructed brother, the 'Vestiges of Creation.'"
+
+With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+and neighbour, writes:--"Most men would have been annoyed by an article
+written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument and
+ridicule.  Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+postscript--'If you have not seen the last 'Quarterly,' do get it; the
+Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.'  By a
+curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the same
+house with the Bishop, and showed it to him.  He said, 'I am very glad he
+takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'")  It is uncommonly
+clever; it picks out with skill all the most conjectural parts, and brings
+forward well all the difficulties.  It quizzes me quite splendidly by
+quoting the 'Anti-Jacobin' versus my Grandfather.  You are not alluded to,
+nor, strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here and there, --'s
+hand.  The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his shoes.  By Jove,
+if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero.  Good-night.  Your well-
+quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend.
+
+C.D.
+
+I can see there has been some queer tampering with the Review, for a page
+has been cut out and reprinted.
+
+
+[Writing on July 22 to Dr. Asa Gray my father thus refers to Lyell's
+position:--
+
+"Considering his age, his former views and position in society, I think his
+conduct has been heroic on this subject."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+[Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having to move my sick
+girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read the discussion in
+Proc. American Acad. (April 10, 1860.  Dr. Gray criticised in detail
+"several of the positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr. [J.A.]
+Lowell, Prof. Bowen and Prof. Agassiz."  It was reprinted in the
+"Athenaeum", August 4, 1860.), and now I cannot resist expressing my
+sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning.  As Hooker
+lately said in a note to me, you are more than ANY ONE else the thorough
+master of the subject.  I declare that you know my book as well as I do
+myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration and argument in
+a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my envy!  I admire these
+discussions, I think, almost more than your article in Silliman's Journal. 
+Every single word seems weighed carefully, and tells like a 32-pound shot. 
+It makes me much wish (but I know that you have not time) that you could
+write more in detail, and give, for instance, the facts on the variability
+of the American wild fruits.  The "Athenaeum" has the largest circulation,
+and I have sent my copy to the editor with a request that he would
+republish the first discussion; I much fear he will not, as he reviewed the
+subject in so hostile a spirit...I shall be curious [to see] and will order
+the August number, as soon as I know that it contains your review of
+Reviews.  My conclusion is that you have made a mistake in being a
+botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.
+
+...Henslow (Professor Henslow was mentioned in the December number of
+'Macmillan's Magazine' as being an adherent of Evolution.  In consequence
+of this he published, in the February number of the following year, a
+letter defining his position.  This he did by means of an extract from a
+letter addressed to him by the Rev. L. Jenyns (Blomefield) which "very
+nearly," as he says, expressed his views.  Mr. Blomefield wrote, "I was not
+aware that you had become a convert to his (Darwin's) theory, and can
+hardly suppose you have accepted it as a whole, though, like myself, you
+may go to the length of imagining that many of the smaller groups, both of
+animals and plants, may at some remote period have had a common parentage. 
+I do not with some say that the whole of his theory cannot be true--but
+that it is very far from proved; and I doubt its ever being possible to
+prove it.") and Daubeny are shaken.  I hear from Hooker that he hears from
+Hochstetter that my views are making very considerable progress in Germany,
+and the good workers are discussing the question.  Bronn at the end of his
+translation has a chapter of criticism, but it is such difficult German
+that I have not yet read it.  Hopkins's review in 'Fraser' is thought the
+best which has appeared against us.  I believe that Hopkins is so much
+opposed because his course of study has never led him to reflect much on
+such subjects as geographical distribution, classification, homologies,
+etc., so that he does not feel it a relief to have some kind of
+explanation.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Hartfield [Sussex], July 30th [1860].
+
+...I had lots of pleasant letters about the British Association, and our
+side seems to have got on very well.  There has been as much discussion on
+the other side of the Atlantic as on this.  No one I think understands the
+whole case better than Asa Gray, and he has been fighting nobly.  He is a
+capital reasoner.  I have sent one of his printed discussions to our
+"Athenaeum", and the editor says he will print it.  The 'Quarterly' has
+been out some time.  It contains no malice, which is wonderful...It makes
+me say many things which I do not say.  At the end it quotes all your
+conclusions against Lamarck, and makes a solemn appeal to you to keep firm
+in the true faith.  I fancy it will make you quake a little.  -- has
+ingeniously primed the Bishop (with Murchison) against you as head of the
+uniformitarians.  The only other review worth mentioning, which I can think
+of, is in the third No. of the 'London Review,' by some geologist, and
+favorable for a wonder.  It is very ably done, and I should like much to
+know who is the author.  I shall be very curious to hear on your return
+whether Bronn's German translation of the 'Origin' has drawn any attention
+to the subject.  Huxley is eager about a 'Natural History Review,' which he
+and others are going to edit, and he has got so many first-rate assistants,
+that I really believe he will make it a first-rate production.  I have been
+doing nothing, except a little botanical work as amusement.  I shall
+hereafter be very anxious to hear how your tour has answered.  I expect
+your book on the geological history of Man will, with a vengeance, be a
+bomb-shell.  I hope it will not be very long delayed.  Our kindest
+remembrances to Lady Lyell.  This is not worth sending, but I have nothing
+better to say.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. WATKINS.  (See Volume I.)
+Down, July 30th, [1860?].
+
+My dear Watkins,
+
+Your note gave me real pleasure.  Leading the retired life which I do, with
+bad health, I oftener think of old times than most men probably do; and
+your face now rises before me, with the pleasant old expression, as vividly
+as if I saw you.
+
+My book has been well abused, praised, and splendidly quizzed by the Bishop
+of Oxford; but from what I see of its influence on really good workers in
+science, I feel confident that, IN THE MAIN, I am on the right road.  With
+respect to your question, I think the arguments are valid, showing that all
+animals have descended from four or five primordial forms; and that analogy
+and weak reasons go to show that all have descended from some single
+prototype.
+
+Farewell, my old friend.  I look back to old Cambridge days with unalloyed
+pleasure.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+August 6th, 1860.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have to announce a new and great ally for you...
+
+Von Baer writes to me thus:--Et outre cela, je trouve que vous ecrivez
+encore des redactions.  Vous avez ecrit sur l'ouvrage de M. Darwin une
+critique dont je n'ai trouve que des debris dans un journal allemand.  J'ai
+oublie le nom terrible du journal anglais dans lequel se trouve votre
+recension.  En tout cas aussi je ne peux pas trouver le journal ici.  Comme
+je m'interesse beaucoup pour les idees de M. Darwin, sur lesquelles j'ai
+parle publiquement et sur lesquelles je ferai peut-etre imprimer quelque
+chose--vous m'obligeriez infiniment si vous pourriez me faire parvenir ce
+que vous avez ecrit sur ces idees.
+
+"J'ai enonce les memes idees sur la transformation des types ou origine
+d'especes que M. Darwin.  (See Vol. I.)  Mais c'est seulement sur la
+geographie zoologique que je m'appuie.  Vous trouverez, dans le dernier
+chapitre du traite 'Ueber Papuas und Alfuren,' que j'en parle tres
+decidement sans savoir que M. Darwin s'occupait de cet objet."
+
+The treatise to which Von Baer refers he gave me when over here, but I have
+not been able to lay hands on it since this letter reached me two days ago. 
+When I find it I will let you know what there is in it.
+
+Ever yours faithfully,
+T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, August 8 [1860].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your note contained magnificent news, and thank you heartily for sending it
+me.  Von Baer weighs down with a vengeance all the virulence of [the
+'Edinburgh' reviewer] and weak arguments of Agassiz.  If you write to Von
+Baer, for heaven's sake tell him that we should think one nod of
+approbation on our side, of the greatest value; and if he does write
+anything, beg him to send us a copy, for I would try and get it translated
+and published in the "Athenaeum" and in 'Silliman' to touch up
+Agassiz...Have you seen Agassiz's weak metaphysical and theological attack
+on the 'Origin' in the last 'Silliman'?  (The 'American Journal of Science
+and Arts' (commonly called 'Silliman's Journal'), July 1860.  Printed from
+advanced sheets of vol. iii. of 'Contributions to the Nat. Hist. of the
+U.S.'  My father's copy has a pencilled "Truly" opposite the following
+passage:--"Unless Darwin and his followers succeed in showing that the
+struggle for life tends to something beyond favouring the existence of
+certain individuals over that of other individuals, they will soon find
+that they are following a shadow.")  I would send it you, but apprehend it
+would be less trouble for you to look at it in London than return it to me. 
+R. Wagner has sent me a German pamphlet ('Louis Agassiz's Prinzipien der
+Classification, etc., mit Rucksicht auf Darwins Ansichten.  Separat-Abdruck
+aus den Gottingischen gelehrten Anzeigen,' 1860.), giving an abstract of
+Agassiz's 'Essay on Classification,' "mit Rucksicht auf Darwins Ansichten,"
+etc. etc.  He won't go very "dangerous lengths," but thinks the truth lies
+half-way between Agassiz and the 'Origin.'  As he goes thus far he will,
+nolens volens, have to go further.  He says he is going to review me in
+[his] yearly Report.  My good and kind agent for the propagation of the
+Gospel--i.e. the devil's gospel.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, August 11th [1860].
+
+...I have laughed at Woodward thinking that you were a man who could be
+influenced in your judgment by the voice of the public; and yet after
+mortally sneering at him, I was obliged to confess to myself, that I had
+had fears, what the effect might be of so many heavy guns fired by great
+men.  As I have (sent by Murray) a spare 'Quarterly Review,' I send it by
+this post, as it may amuse you.  The Anti-Jacobin part amused me.  It is
+full of errors, and Hooker is thinking of answering it.  There has been a
+cancelled page; I should like to know what gigantic blunder it contained. 
+Hooker says that -- has played on the Bishop, and made him strike whatever
+note he liked; he has wished to make the article as disagreeable to you as
+possible.  I will send the "Athenaeum" in a day or two.
+
+As you wish to hear what reviews have appeared, I may mention that Agassiz
+has fired off a shot in the last 'Silliman,' not good at all, denies
+variations and rests on the perfection of Geological evidence.  Asa Gray
+tells me that a very clever friend has been almost converted to our side by
+this review of Agassiz's...Professor Parsons (Theophilus Parsons, Professor
+of Law in Harvard University.) has published in the same 'Silliman' a
+speculative paper correcting my notions, worth nothing.  In the 'Highland
+Agricultural Journal' there is a review by some Entomologist, not worth
+much.  This is all that I can remember...As Huxley says, the platoon firing
+must soon cease.  Hooker and Huxley, and Asa Gray, I see, are determined to
+stick to the battle and not give in; I am fully convinced that whenever you
+publish, it will produce a great effect on all TRIMMERS, and on many
+others.  By the way I forgot to mention Daubeny's pamphlet ('Remarks on the
+final causes of the sexuality of plants with particular reference to Mr.
+Darwin's work on the "Origin of Species."'--British Association Report,
+1860.), very liberal and candid, but scientifically weak.  I believe Hooker
+is going nowhere this summer; he is excessively busy...He has written me
+many, most nice letters.  I shall be very curious to hear on your return
+some account of your Geological doings.  Talking of Geology, you used to be
+interested about the "pipes" in the chalk.  About three years ago a
+perfectly circular hole suddenly appeared in a flat grass field to
+everyone's astonishment, and was filled up with many waggon loads of earth;
+and now two or three days ago, again it has circularly subsided about two
+feet more.  How clearly this shows what is still slowly going on.  This
+morning I recommenced work, and am at dogs; when I have written my short
+discussion on them, I will have it copied, and if you like, you can then
+see how the argument stands, about their multiple origin.  As you seemed to
+think this important, it might be worth your reading; though I do not feel
+sure that you will come to the same probable conclusion that I have done. 
+By the way, the Bishop makes a very telling case against me, by
+accumulating several instances where I speak very doubtfully; but this is
+very unfair, as in such cases as this of the dog, the evidence is and must
+be very doubtful...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, August 11 [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+On my return home from Sussex about a week ago, I found several articles
+sent by you.  The first article, from the 'Atlantic Monthly,' I am very
+glad to possess.  By the way, the editor of the "Athenaeum" (August 4,
+1860.) has inserted your answer to Agassiz, Bowen, and Co., and when I
+therein read them, I admired them even more than at first.  They really
+seemed to be admirable in their condensation, force, clearness and novelty.
+
+I am surprised that Agassiz did not succeed in writing something better. 
+How absurd that logical quibble--"if species do not exist, how can they
+vary?"  As if any one doubted their temporary existence.  How coolly he
+assumes that there is some clearly defined distinction between individual
+differences and varieties.  It is no wonder that a man who calls identical
+forms, when found in two countries, distinct species, cannot find variation
+in nature.  Again, how unreasonable to suppose that domestic varieties
+selected by man for his own fancy should resemble natural varieties or
+species.  The whole article seems to me poor; it seems to me hardly worth a
+detailed answer (even if I could do it, and I much doubt whether I possess
+your skill in picking out salient points and driving a nail into them), and
+indeed you have already answered several points.  Agassiz's name, no doubt,
+is a heavy weight against us...
+
+If you see Professor Parsons, will you thank him for the extremely liberal
+and fair spirit in which his Essay ('Silliman's Journal,' July, 1860.) is
+written.  Please tell him that I reflected much on the chance of favourable
+monstrosities (i.e. great and sudden variation) arising.  I have, of
+course, no objection to this, indeed it would be a great aid, but I do not
+allude to the subject, for, after much labour, I could find nothing which
+satisfied me of the probability of such occurrences.  There seems to me in
+almost every case too much, too complex, and too beautiful adaptation, in
+every structure, to believe in its sudden production.  I have alluded under
+the head of beautifully hooked seeds to such possibility.  Monsters are apt
+to be sterile, or NOT to transmit monstrous peculiarities.  Look at the
+fineness of gradation in the shells of successive SUB-STAGES of the same
+great formation; I could give many other considerations which made me doubt
+such view.  It holds, to a certain extent, with domestic productions no
+doubt, where man preserves some abrupt change in structure.  It amused me
+to see Sir R. Murchison quoted as a judge of affinities of animals, and it
+gave me a cold shudder to hear of any one speculating about a true
+crustacean giving birth to a true fish!  (Parson's, loc. cit. page 5,
+speaking of Pterichthys and Cephalaspis, says:--"Now is it too much to
+infer from these facts that either of these animals, if a crustacean, was
+so nearly a fish that some of its ova may have become fish; or, if itself a
+fish, was so nearly a crustacean that it may have been born from the ovum
+of a crustacean?")
+
+Yours most truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, September 1st [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+morning.  It has DELIGHTED me, because it demonstrates that you have
+thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection.  Few things have surprised
+me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties new to me in
+the published reviews.  Your remarks are of a different stamp and new to
+me.  I will run through them, and make a few pleadings such as occur to me.
+
+I put in the possibility of the Galapagos having been CONTINUOUSLY joined
+to America, out of mere subservience to the many who believe in Forbes's
+doctrine, and did not see the danger of admission, about small mammals
+surviving there in such case.  The case of the Galapagos, from certain
+facts on littoral sea-shells (viz. Pacific Ocean and South American
+littoral species), in fact convinced me more than in any other case of
+other islands, that the Galapagos had never been continuously united with
+the mainland; it was mere base subservience, and terror of Hooker and Co.
+
+With respect to atolls, I think mammals would hardly survive VERY LONG,
+even if the main islands (for as I have said in the Coral Book, the outline
+of groups of atolls do not look like a former CONTINENT) had been tenanted
+by mammals, from the extremely small area, the very peculiar conditions,
+and the probability that during subsidence all or nearly all atolls have
+been breached and flooded by the sea many times during their existence as
+atolls.
+
+I cannot conceive any existing reptile being converted into a mammal.  From
+homologies I should look at it as certain that all mammals had descended
+from some single progenitor.  What its nature was, it is impossible to
+speculate.  More like, probably, the Ornithorhynchus or Echidna than any
+known form; as these animals combine reptilian characters (and in a less
+degree bird character) with mammalian.  We must imagine some form as
+intermediate, as is Lepidosiren now, between reptiles and fish, between
+mammals and birds on the one hand (for they retain longer the same
+embryological character) and reptiles on the other hand.  With respect to a
+mammal not being developed on any island, besides want of time for so
+prodigious a development, there must have arrived on the island the
+necessary and peculiar progenitor, having a character like the embryo of a
+mammal; and not an ALREADY DEVELOPED reptile, bird or fish.
+
+We might give to a bird the habits of a mammal, but inheritance would
+retain almost for eternity some of the bird-like structure, and prevent a
+new creature ranking as a true mammal.
+
+I have often speculated on antiquity of islands, but not with your
+precision, or at all under the point of view of Natural Selection NOT
+having done what might have been anticipated.  The argument of littoral
+Miocene shells at the Canary Islands is new to me.  I was deeply impressed
+(from the amount of the denudation) [with the] antiquity of St. Helena, and
+its age agrees with the peculiarity of the flora.  With respect to bats at
+New Zealand (N.B. There are two or three European bats in Madeira, and I
+think in the Canary Islands) not having given rise to a group of non-volant
+bats, it is, now you put the case, surprising; more especially as the genus
+of bats in New Zealand is very peculiar, and therefore has probably been
+long introduced, and they now speak of Cretacean fossils there.  But the
+first necessary step has to be shown, namely, of a bat taking to feed on
+the ground, or anyhow, and anywhere, except in the air.  I am bound to
+confess I do know one single such fact, viz. of an Indian species killing
+frogs.  Observe, that in my wretched Polar Bear case, I do show the first
+step by which conversion into a whale "would be easy," "would offer no
+difficulty"!!  So with seals, I know of no fact showing any the least
+incipient variation of seals feeding on the shore.  Moreover, seals wander
+much; I searched in vain, and could not find ONE case of any species of
+seal confined to any islands.  And hence wanderers would be apt to cross
+with individuals undergoing any change on an island, as in the case of land
+birds of Madeira and Bermuda.  The same remark applies even to bats, as
+they frequently come to Bermuda from the mainland, though about 600 miles
+distant.  With respect to the Amblyrhynchus of the Galapagos, one may infer
+as probable, from marine habits being so rare with Saurians, and from the
+terrestrial species being confined to a few central islets, that its
+progenitor first arrived at the Galapagos; from what country it is
+impossible to say, as its affinity I believe is not very clear to any known
+species.  The offspring of the terrestrial species was probably rendered
+marine.  Now in this case I do not pretend I can show variation in habits;
+but we have in the terrestrial species a vegetable feeder (in itself a
+rather unusual circumstance), largely on LICHENS, and it would not be a
+great change for its offspring to feed first on littoral algae and then on
+submarine algae.  I have said what I can in defence, but yours is a good
+line of attack.  We should, however, always remember that no change will
+ever be effected till a variation in the habits or structure or of both
+CHANCE to occur in the right direction, so as to give the organism in
+question an advantage over other already established occupants of land or
+water, and this may be in any particular case indefinitely long.  I am very
+glad you will read my dogs MS., for it will be important to me to see what
+you think of the balance of evidence.  After long pondering on a subject it
+is often hard to judge.  With hearty thanks for your most interesting
+letter.  Farewell.
+
+My dear old master,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, September 2nd [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am astounded at your news received this morning.  I am become such an old
+fogy that I am amazed at your spirit.  For God's sake do not go and get
+your throat cut.  Bless my soul, I think you must be a little insane.  I
+must confess it will be a most interesting tour; and, if you get to the top
+of Lebanon, I suppose extremely interesting--you ought to collect any
+beetles under stones there; but the Entomologists are such slow coaches.  I
+dare say no result could be made out of them.  [They] have never worked the
+Alpines of Britain.
+
+If you come across any Brine lakes, do attend to their minute flora and
+fauna; I have often been surprised how little this has been attended to.
+
+I have had a long letter from Lyell, who starts ingenious difficulties
+opposed to Natural Selection, because it has not done more than it has. 
+This is very good, as it shows that he has thoroughly mastered the subject;
+and shows he is in earnest.  Very striking letter altogether and it
+rejoices the cockles of my heart.
+
+...How I shall miss you, my best and kindest of friends.  God bless you.
+
+Yours ever affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, September 10 [1860].
+
+...You will be weary of my praise, but it (Dr. Gray in the 'Atlantic
+Monthly' for July, 1860.) does strike me as quite admirably argued, and so
+well and pleasantly written.  Your many metaphors are inimitably good.  I
+said in a former letter that you were a lawyer, but I made a gross mistake,
+I am sure that you are a poet.  No, by Jove, I will tell you what you are,
+a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist and theologian!  Was
+there ever such a monster seen before?
+
+I have just looked through the passages which I have marked as appearing to
+me extra good, but I see that they are too numerous to specify, and this is
+no exaggeration.  My eye just alights on the happy comparison of the
+colours of the prism and our artificial groups.  I see one little error of
+fossil CATTLE in South America.
+
+It is curious how each one, I suppose, weighs arguments in a different
+balance:  embryology is to me by far the strongest single class of facts in
+favour of change of forms, and not one, I think, of my reviewers has
+alluded to this.  Variation not coming on at a very early age, and being
+inherited at not a very early corresponding period, explains, as it seems
+to me, the grandest of all facts in natural history, or rather in zoology,
+viz. the resemblance of embryos.
+
+
+[Dr. Gray wrote three articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly' for July, August,
+and October, which were reprinted as a pamphlet in 1861, and now form
+chapter iii. in 'Darwiniana' (1876), with the heading 'Natural Selection
+not inconsistent with Natural Theology.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL
+Down, September 12th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I never thought of showing your letter to any one.  I mentioned in a letter
+to Hooker that I had been much interested by a letter of yours with
+original objections, founded chiefly on Natural Selection not having done
+so much as might have been expected...In your letter just received, you
+have improved your case versus Natural Selection; and it would tell with
+the public (do not be tempted by its novelty to make it too strong); yet is
+seems to me, not REALLY very killing, though I cannot answer your case,
+especially, why Rodents have not become highly developed in Australia.  You
+must assume that they have inhabited Australia for a very long period, and
+this may or may not be the case.  But I feel that our ignorance is so
+profound, why one form is preserved with nearly the same structure, or
+advances in organisation or even retrogrades, or becomes extinct, that I
+cannot put very great weight on the difficulty.  Then, as you say often in
+your letter, we know not how many geological ages it may have taken to make
+any great advance in organisation.  Remember monkeys in the Eocene
+formations:  but I admit that you have made out an excellent objection and
+difficulty, and I can give only unsatisfactory and quite vague answers,
+such as you have yourself put; however, you hardly put weight enough on the
+absolute necessity of variations first arising in the right direction,
+videlicet, of seals beginning to feed on the shore.
+
+I entirely agree with what you say about only one species of many becoming
+modified.  I remember this struck me much when tabulating the varieties of
+plants, and I have a discussion somewhere on this point.  It is absolutely
+implied in my ideas of classification and divergence that only one or two
+species, of even large genera, give birth to new species; and many whole
+genera become WHOLLY extinct...Please see page 341 of the 'Origin.'  But I
+cannot remember that I have stated in the 'Origin' the fact of only very
+few species in each genus varying.  You have put the view much better in
+your letter.  Instead of saying, as I often have, that very few species
+vary at the same time, I ought to have said, that very few species of a
+genus EVER vary so as to become modified; for this is the fundamental
+explanation of classification, and is shown in my engraved diagram...
+
+I quite agree with you on the strange and inexplicable fact of
+Ornithorhynchus having been preserved, and Australian Trigonia, or the
+Silurian Lingula.  I always repeat to myself that we hardly know why any
+one single species is rare or common in the best-known countries.  I have
+got a set of notes somewhere on the inhabitants of fresh water; and it is
+singular how many of these are ancient, or intermediate forms; which I
+think is explained by the competition having been less severe, and the rate
+of change of organic forms having been slower in small confined areas, such
+as all the fresh waters make compared with sea or land.
+
+I see that you do allude in the last page, as a difficulty, to Marsupials
+not having become Placentals in Australia; but this I think you have no
+right at all to expect; for we ought to look at Marsupials and Placentals
+as having descended from some intermediate and lower form.  The argument of
+Rodents not having become highly developed in Australia (supposing that
+they have long existed there) is much stronger.  I grieve to see you hint
+at the creation "of distinct successive types, as well as of a certain
+number of distinct aboriginal types."  Remember, if you admit this, you
+give up the embryological argument (THE WEIGHTIEST OF ALL TO ME), and the
+morphological or homological argument.  You cut my throat, and your own
+throat; and I believe will live to be sorry for it.  So much for species.
+
+The striking extract which E. copied was your own writing!! in a note to
+me, many long years ago--which she copied and sent to Mme. Sismondi; and
+lately my aunt, in sorting her letters, found E.'s and returned them to
+her...I have been of late shamefully idle, i.e. observing (Drosera) instead
+of writing, and how much better fun observing is than writing.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne,
+Sunday [September 23rd, 1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I got your letter of the 18th just before starting here.  You speak of
+saving me trouble in answering.  Never think of this, for I look at every
+letter of yours as an honour and pleasure, which is a pretty deal more than
+I can say of some of the letters which I receive.  I have now one of 13
+CLOSELY WRITTEN FOLIO PAGES to answer on species!...
+
+I have a very decided opinion that all mammals must have descended from a
+SINGLE parent.  Reflect on the multitude of details, very many of them of
+extremely little importance to their habits (as the number of bones of the
+head, etc., covering of hair, identical embryological development, etc.
+etc.).  Now this large amount of similarity I must look at as certainly due
+to inheritance from a common stock.  I am aware that some cases occur in
+which a similar or nearly similar organ has been acquired by independent
+acts of natural selection.  But in most of such cases of these apparently
+so closely similar organs, some important homological difference may be
+detected.  Please read page 193, beginning, "The electric organs," and
+trust me that the sentence, "In all these cases of two very distinct
+species," etc. etc., was not put in rashly, for I went carefully into every
+case.  Apply this argument to the whole frame, internal and external, of
+mammifers, and you will see why I think so strongly that all have descended
+from one progenitor.  I have just re-read your letter, and I am not
+perfectly sure that I understand your point.
+
+I enclose two diagrams showing the sort of manner I CONJECTURE that mammals
+have been developed.  I thought a little on this when writing page 429,
+beginning, "Mr. Waterhouse."  (Please read the paragraph.)  I have not
+knowledge enough to choose between these two diagrams.  If the brain of
+Marsupials in embryo closely resembles that of Placentals, I should
+strongly prefer No.2, and this agrees with the antiquity of Microlestes. 
+As a general rule I should prefer No.1 diagram; whether or not Marsupials
+have gone on being developed, or rising in rank, from a very early period
+would depend on circumstances too complex for even a conjecture.  Lingula
+has not risen since the Silurian epoch, whereas other molluscs may have
+risen.
+
+Here appear two diagrams.
+
+Diagram I.
+
+A
+-
+Mammals, not true Marsupials nor true Placentals.
+-
+2 branches
+-
+Branch I, True Placental, from which branch off
+Rodents,
+Insectivora,
+a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms,
+Canidae
+and terminates in Quadrumana.
+-
+Branch II, True Marsupial, from which branches off
+Kangaroo family
+an unnamed branch terminating in 2 unnamed branches
+and terminates in Didelphys Family.
+
+Diagram II.
+
+A
+-
+True Marsupials, lowly developed.
+-
+True Marsupials, highly developed.
+-
+2 branches
+-
+Branch I, Placentals, from which branch off
+Rodents,
+Insectivora,
+a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms,
+Canidae
+and terminates in Quadrumana.
+-
+Branch II, Present Marsupials, splitting into two branches terminating in
+Kangaroo family (with 2 unnamed branches) and
+Didelphys family.
+
+A, in the two diagrams, represents an unknown form, probably intermediate
+between Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds, as intermediate as Lepidosiren now is
+between Fish and Batrachians.  This unknown form is probably more closely
+related to Ornithorhynchus than to any other known form.
+
+I do not think that the multiple origin of dogs goes against the single
+origin of man...All the races of man are so infinitely closer together than
+to any ape, that (as in the case of descent of all mammals from one
+progenitor), I should look at all races of men as having certainly
+descended from one parent.  I should look at it as probable that the races
+of men were less numerous and less divergent formerly than now, unless,
+indeed, some lower and more aberrant race even than the Hottentot has
+become extinct.  Supposing, as I do for one believe, that our dogs have
+descended from two or three wolves, jackals, etc., yet these have, on OUR
+VIEW, descended from a single remote unknown progenitor.  With domestic
+dogs the question is simply whether the whole amount of difference has been
+produced since man domesticated a single species; or whether part of the
+difference arises in the state of nature.  Agassiz and Co. think the negro
+and Caucasian are now distinct species, and it is a mere vain discussion
+whether, when they were rather less distinct, they would, on this standard
+of specific value, deserve to be called species.
+
+I agree with your answer which you give to yourself on this point; and the
+simile of man now keeping down any new man which might be developed,
+strikes me as good and new.  The white man is "improving off the face of
+the earth" even races nearly his equals.  With respect to islands, I think
+I would trust to want of time alone, and not to bats and Rodents.
+
+N.B.--I know of no rodents on oceanic islands (except my Galapagos mouse,
+which MAY have been introduced by man) keeping down the development of
+other classes.  Still MUCH more weight I should attribute to there being
+now, neither in islands nor elsewhere, [any] known animals of a grade of
+organisation intermediate between mammals, fish, reptiles, etc., whence a
+new mammal could be developed.  If every vertebrate were destroyed
+throughout the world, except our NOW WELL-ESTABLISHED reptiles, millions of
+ages might elapse before reptiles could become highly developed on a scale
+equal to mammals; and, on the principle of inheritance, they would make
+some quite NEW CLASS, and not mammals; though POSSIBLY more intellectual! 
+I have not an idea that you will care for this letter, so speculative.
+
+Most truly yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, September 26 [1860].
+
+...I have had a letter of fourteen folio pages from Harvey against my book,
+with some ingenious and new remarks; but it is an extraordinary fact that
+he does not understand at all what I mean by Natural Selection.  I have
+begged him to read the Dialogue in next 'Silliman,' as you never touch the
+subject without making it clearer.  I look at it as even more extraordinary
+that you never say a word or use an epithet which does not express fully my
+meaning.  Now Lyell, Hooker, and others, who perfectly understand my book,
+yet sometimes use expressions to which I demur.  Well, your extraordinary
+labour is over; if there is any fair amount of truth in my view, I am well
+assured that your great labour has not been thrown away...
+
+I yet hope and almost believe, that the time will come when you will go
+further, in believing a very large amount of modification of species, than
+you did at first or do now.  Can you tell me whether you believe further or
+more firmly than you did at first?  I should really like to know this.  I
+can perceive in my immense correspondence with Lyell, who objected to much
+at first, that he has, perhaps unconsciousnessly to himself, converted
+himself very much during the last six months, and I think this is the case
+even with Hooker.  This fact gives me far more confidence than any other
+fact.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne,
+Friday evening [September 28th, 1860].
+
+...I am very glad to hear about the Germans reading my book.  No one will
+be converted who has not independently begun to doubt about species.  Is
+not Krohn (There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands,
+and the other on the development of Cirripedes, 'Wiegmann's Archiv,' xxv.
+and xxvi.  My father has remarked that he "blundered dreadfully about the
+cement glands," 'Autobiography.') a good fellow?  I have long meant to
+write to him.  He has been working at Cirripedes, and has detected two or
+three gigantic blunders,...about which, I thank Heaven, I spoke rather
+doubtfully.  Such difficult dissection that even Huxley failed.  It is
+chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is so wrong, and not
+the parts which I describe.  But they were gigantic blunders, and why I say
+all this is because Krohn, instead of crowing at all, pointed out my errors
+with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness.  I have always meant to write
+to him and thank him.  I suppose Dr. Krohn, Bonn, would reach him.
+
+I cannot see yet how the multiple origin of dog can be properly brought as
+argument for the multiple origin of man.  Is not your feeling a remnant of
+the deeply impressed one on all our minds, that a species is an entity,
+something quite distinct from a variety?  Is it not that the dog case
+injures the argument from fertility, so that one main argument that the
+races of man are varieties and not species--i.e., because they are fertile
+inter se, is much weakened?
+
+I quite agree with what Hooker says, that whatever variation is possible
+under culture, is POSSIBLE under nature; not that the same form would ever
+be accumulated and arrived at by selection for man's pleasure, and by
+natural selection for the organism's own good.
+
+Talking of "natural selection;" if I had to commence de novo, I would have
+used "natural preservation."  For I find men like Harvey of Dublin cannot
+understand me, though he has read the book twice.  Dr. Gray of the British
+Museum remarked to me that, "SELECTION was obviously impossible with
+plants!  No one could tell him how it could be possible!"  And he may now
+add that the author did not attempt it to him!
+
+Yours ever affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne,
+October 8th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I send the [English] translation of Bronn (A MS. translation of Bronn's
+chapter of objections at the end of his German translation of the 'Origin
+of Species.'), the first part of the chapter with generalities and praise
+is not translated.  There are some good hits.  He makes an apparently, and
+in part truly, telling case against me, says that I cannot explain why one
+rat has a longer tail and another longer ears, etc.  But he seems to muddle
+in assuming that these parts did not all vary together, or one part so
+insensibly before the other, as to be in fact contemporaneous.  I might ask
+the creationist whether he thinks these differences in the two rats of any
+use, or as standing in some relation from laws of growth; and if he admits
+this, selection might come into play.  He who thinks that God created
+animals unlike for mere sport or variety, as man fashions his clothes, will
+not admit any force in my argumentum ad hominem.
+
+Bronn blunders about my supposing several Glacial periods, whether or no
+such ever did occur.
+
+He blunders about my supposing that development goes on at the same rate in
+all parts of the world.  I presume that he has misunderstood this from the
+supposed migration into all regions of the more dominant forms.
+
+I have ordered Dr. Bree ('Species not Transmutable,' by C.R. Bree, 1860.),
+and will lend it to you, if you like, and if it turns out good.
+
+...I am very glad that I misunderstood you about species not having the
+capacity to vary, though in fact few do give birth to new species.  It
+seems that I am very apt to misunderstand you; I suppose I am always
+fancying objections.  Your case of the Red Indian shows me that we agree
+entirely...
+
+I had a letter yesterday from Thwaites of Ceylon, who was much opposed to
+me.  He now says, "I find that the more familiar I become with your views
+in connection with the various phenomena of nature, the more they commend
+themselves to my mind."
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.M. RODWELL.  (Rev. J.M. Rodwell, who was at Cambridge
+with my father, remembers him saying:--"It strikes me that all our
+knowledge about the structure of our earth is very much like what an old
+hen would know of a hundred acre field, in a corner of which she is
+scratching.")
+15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne.
+November 5th [1860].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am extremely much obliged for your letter, which I can compare only to a
+plum-pudding, so full it is of good things.  I have been rash about the
+cats ("Cats with blue eyes are invariably deaf," 'Origin of Species,'
+edition i. page 12.):  yet I spoke on what seemed to me, good authority. 
+The Rev. W.D. Fox gave me a list of cases of various foreign breeds in
+which he had observed the correlation, and for years he had vainly sought
+an exception.  A French paper also gives numerous cases, and one very
+curious case of a kitten which GRADUALLY lost the blue colour in its eyes
+and as gradually acquired its power of hearing.  I had not heard of your
+uncle, Mr. Kirby's case (William Kirby, joint author with Spence, of the
+well-known 'Introduction to Entomology,' 1818.) (whom I, for as long as I
+can remember, have venerated) of care in breeding cats.  I do not know
+whether Mr. Kirby was your uncle by marriage, but your letters show me that
+you ought to have Kirby blood in your veins, and that if you had not taken
+to languages you would have been a first-rate naturalist.
+
+I sincerely hope that you will be able to carry out your intention of
+writing on the "Birth, Life, and Death of Words."  Anyhow, you have a
+capital title, and some think this the most difficult part of a book.  I
+remember years ago at the Cape of Good Hope, Sir J. Herschel saying to me,
+I wish some one would treat language as Lyell has treated geology.  What a
+linguist you must be to translate the Koran!  Having a vilely bad head for
+languages, I feel an awful respect for linguists.
+
+I do not know whether my brother-in-law, Hensleigh Wedgwood's 'Etymological
+Dictionary' would be at all in your line; but he treats briefly on the
+genesis of words; and, as it seems to me, very ingeniously.  You kindly say
+that you would communicate any facts which might occur to you, and I am
+sure that I should be most grateful.  Of the multitude of letters which I
+receive, not one in a thousand is like yours in value.
+
+With my cordial thanks, and apologies for this untidy letter written in
+haste, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours sincerely obliged,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+November 20th [1860].
+
+...I have not had heart to read Phillips ('Life on the Earth.') yet, or a
+tremendous long hostile review by Professor Bowen in the 4to Mem. of the
+American Academy of Sciences. ("Remarks on the latest form of the
+Development Theory."  By Francis Bowen, Professor of Natural Religion and
+Moral Philosophy, at Harvard University.  'American Academy of Arts and
+Sciences,' vol. viii.)  (By the way, I hear Agassiz is going to thunder
+against me in the next part of the 'Contributions.')  Thank you for telling
+me of the sale of the 'Origin,' of which I had not heard.  There will be
+some time, I presume, a new edition, and I especially want your advice on
+one point, and you know I think you the wisest of men, and I shall be
+ABSOLUTELY GUIDED BY YOUR ADVICE.  It has occurred to me, that it would
+PERHAPS be a good plan to put a set of notes (some twenty to forty or
+fifty) to the 'Origin,' which now has none, exclusively devoted to errors
+of my reviewers.  It has occurred to me that where a reviewer has erred, a
+common reader might err.  Secondly, it will show the reader that he must
+not trust implicitly to reviewers.  Thirdly, when any special fact has been
+attacked, I should like to defend it.  I would show no sort of anger.  I
+enclose a mere rough specimen, done without any care or accuracy--done from
+memory alone--to be torn up, just to show the sort of thing that has
+occurred to me.  WILL YOU DO ME THE GREAT KINDNESS TO CONSIDER THIS WELL?
+
+It seems to me it would have a good effect, and give some confidence to the
+reader.  It would [be] a horrid bore going through all the reviews.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Here follow samples of foot-notes, the references to volume and page being
+left blank.  It will be seen that in some cases he seems to have forgotten
+that he was writing foot-notes, and to have continued as if writing to
+Lyell:--
+
+*Dr. Bree asserts that I explain the structure of the cells of the Hive Bee
+by "the exploded doctrine of pressure."  But I do not say one word which
+directly or indirectly can be interpreted into any reference to pressure.
+
+*The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer quotes my work as saying that the "dorsal
+vertebrae of pigeons vary in number, and disputes the fact."  I nowhere
+even allude to the dorsal vertebrae, only to the sacral and caudal
+vertebrae.
+
+*The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer throws a doubt on these organs being the
+Branchiae of Cirripedes.  But Professor Owen in 1854 admits, without
+hesitation, that they are Branchiae, as did John Hunter long ago.
+
+*The confounded Wealden Calculation to be struck out, and a note to be
+inserted to the effect that I am convinced of its inaccuracy from a review
+in the "Saturday Review", and from Phillips, as I see in his Table of
+Contents that he alludes to it.
+
+*Mr. Hopkins ('Fraser') states--I am quoting only from vague memory--that,
+"I argue in favour of my views from the extreme imperfection of the
+Geological Record," and says this is the first time in the history of
+Science he has ever heard of ignorance being adduced as an argument.  But I
+repeatedly admit, in the most emphatic language which I can use, that the
+imperfect evidence which Geology offers in regard to transitorial forms is
+most strongly opposed to my views.  Surely there is a wide difference in
+fully admitting an objection, and then in endeavouring to show that it is
+not so strong as it at first appears, and in Mr. Hopkins's assertion that I
+found my argument on the Objection.
+
+*I would also put a note to "Natural Selection," and show how variously it
+has been misunderstood.
+
+*A writer in the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal' denies my statement that
+the Woodpecker of La Plata never frequents trees.  I observed its habits
+during two years, but, what is more to the purpose, Azara, whose accuracy
+all admit, is more emphatic than I am in regard to its never frequenting
+trees.  Mr. A. Murray denies that it ought to be called a woodpecker; it
+has two toes in front and two behind, pointed tail feathers, a long pointed
+tongue, and the same general form of body, the same manner of flight,
+colouring and voice.  It was classed, until recently, in the same genus--
+Picus--with all other woodpeckers, but now has been ranked as a distinct
+genus amongst the Picidae.  It differs from the typical Picus only in the
+beak, not being quite so strong, and in the upper mandible being slightly
+arched.  I think these facts fully justify my statement that it is "in all
+essential parts of its organisation" a Woodpecker.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, November 22 [1860].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+For heaven's sake don't write an anti-Darwinian article; you would do it so
+confoundedly well.  I have sometimes amused myself with thinking how I
+could best pitch into myself, and I believe I could give two or three good
+digs; but I will see you -- first before I will try.  I shall be very
+impatient to see the Review.  (The first number of the new series of the
+'Nat. Hist. Review' appeared in 1861.)  If it succeeds it may really do
+much, very much good...
+
+I heard to-day from Murray that I must set to work at once on a new edition
+(The 3rd edition.) of the 'Origin.'  [Murray] says the Reviews have not
+improved the sale.  I shall always think those early reviews, almost
+entirely yours, did the subject an ENORMOUS service.  If you have any
+important suggestions or criticisms to make on any part of the 'Origin,' I
+should, of course, be very grateful for [them].  For I mean to correct as
+far as I can, but not enlarge.  How you must be wearied with and hate the
+subject, and it is God's blessing if you do not get to hate me.  Adios.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, November 24th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you much for your letter.  I had got to take pleasure in thinking
+how I could best snub my reviewers; but I was determined, in any case, to
+follow your advice, and, before I had got to the end of your letter, I was
+convinced of the wisdom of your advice.  ("I get on slowly with my new
+edition.  I find that your advice was EXCELLENT.  I can answer all reviews,
+without any direct notice of them, by a little enlargement here and there,
+with here and there a new paragraph.  Bronn alone I shall treat with the
+respect of giving his objections with his name.  I think I shall improve my
+book a good deal, and add only some twenty pages."--From a letter to Lyell,
+December 4th, 1860.)  What an advantage it is to me to have such friends as
+you.  I shall follow every hint in your letter exactly.
+
+I have just heard from Murray; he says he sold 700 copies at his sale, and
+that he has not half the number to supply; so that I must begin at once (On
+the third edition of the 'Origin of Species,' published in April 1861.)...
+
+P.S.--I must tell you one little fact which has pleased me.  You may
+remember that I adduce electrical organs of fish as one of the greatest
+difficulties which have occurred to me, and -- notices the passage in a
+singularly disingenuous spirit.  Well, McDonnell, of Dublin (a first-rate
+man), writes to me that he felt the difficulty of the whole case as
+overwhelming against me.  Not only are the fishes which have electric
+organs very remote in scale, but the organ is near the head in some, and
+near the tail in others, and supplied by wholly different nerves.  It seems
+impossible that there could be any transition.  Some friend, who is much
+opposed to me, seems to have crowed over McDonnell, who reports that he
+said to himself, that if Darwin is right, there must be homologous organs
+both near the head and tail in other non-electric fish.  He set to work,
+and, by Jove, he has found them!  ('On an organ in the Skate, which appears
+to be the homologue of the electrical organ of the Torpedo,' by R.
+McDonnell, 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861, page 57.) so that some of the
+difficulty is removed; and is it not satisfactory that my hypothetical
+notions should have led to pretty discoveries?  McDonnell seems very
+cautious; he says, years must pass before he will venture to call himself a
+believer in my doctrine, but that on the subjects which he knows well,
+viz., Morphology and Embryology, my views accord well, and throw light on
+the whole subject.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, November 26th, 1860.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have to thank you for two letters.  The latter with corrections, written
+before you received my letter asking for an American reprint, and saying
+that it was hopeless to print your reviews as a pamphlet, owing to the
+impossibility of getting pamphlets known.  I am very glad to say that the
+August or second 'Atlantic' article has been reprinted in the 'Annals and
+Magazine of Natural History'; but I have not seen it there.  Yesterday I
+read over with care the third article; and it seems to me, as before,
+ADMIRABLE.  But I grieve to say that I cannot honestly go as far as you do
+about Design.  I am conscious that I am in an utterly hopeless muddle.  I
+cannot think that the world, as we see it, is the result of chance; and yet
+I cannot look at each separate thing as the result of Design.  To take a
+crucial example, you lead me to infer (page 414) that you believe "that
+variation has been led along certain beneficial lines."  I cannot believe
+this; and I think you would have to believe, that the tail of the Fantail
+was led to vary in the number and direction of its feathers in order to
+gratify the caprice of a few men.  Yet if the Fantail had been a wild bird,
+and had used its abnormal tail for some special end, as to sail before the
+wind, unlike other birds, every one would have said, "What a beautiful and
+designed adaptation."  Again, I say I am, and shall ever remain, in a
+hopeless muddle.
+
+Thank you much for Bowen's 4to. review.  ('Memoirs of the American Academy
+of Arts and Sciences,' vol. viii.)  The coolness with which he makes all
+animals to be destitute of reason is simply absurd.  It is monstrous at
+page 103, that he should argue against the possibility of accumulative
+variation, and actually leave out, entirely, selection!  The chance that an
+improved Short-horn, or improved Pouter-pigeon, should be produced by
+accumulative variation without man's selection is as almost infinity to
+nothing; so with natural species without natural selection.  How capitally
+in the 'Atlantic' you show that Geology and Astronomy are, according to
+Bowen, Metaphysics; but he leaves out this in the 4to. Memoir.
+
+I have not much to tell you about my Book.  I have just heard that Du Bois-
+Reymond agrees with me.  The sale of my book goes on well, and the
+multitude of reviews has not stopped the sale...; so I must begin at once
+on a new corrected edition.  I will send you a copy for the chance of your
+ever re-reading; but, good Heavens, how sick you must be of it!
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, December 2nd [1860].
+
+...I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews.  Nevertheless, they have been
+of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce a few new
+discussions.  OF COURSE I will send you a copy of the new edition.
+
+I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me, I have
+far more confidence in the GENERAL truth of the doctrine than I formerly
+had.  Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went half an
+inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly opposed are now
+less bitterly opposed.  And this makes me feel a little disappointed that
+you are not inclined to think the general view in some slight degree more
+probable than you did at first.  This I consider rather ominous.  Otherwise
+I should be more contented with your degree of belief.  I can pretty
+plainly see that, if my view is ever to be generally adopted, it will be by
+young men growing up and replacing the old workers, and then young ones
+finding that they can group facts and search out new lines of investigation
+better on the notion of descent, than on that of creation.  But forgive me
+for running on so egotistically.  Living so solitary as I do, one gets to
+think in a silly manner of one's own work.
+
+Ever yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, December 11th [1860].
+
+...I heard from A. Gray this morning; at my suggestion he is going to
+reprint the three 'Atlantic' articles as a pamphlet, and send 250 copies to
+England, for which I intend to pay half the cost of the whole edition, and
+shall give away, and try to sell by getting a few advertisements put in,
+and if possible notices in Periodicals.
+
+...David Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and as I
+value praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other
+quality, forgive (if you can) the INSUFFERABLE vanity of my copying the
+last sentence in his note:  "I regard your Monograph on Chile as, without
+exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological enquiry."  I feel
+inclined to strut like a Turkey-cock!
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.III.
+
+SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+1861-1862.
+
+[The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father with the third chapter of
+'The Variation of Animals and Plants' still on his hands.  It had been
+begun in the previous August, and was not finished until March 1861.  He
+was, however, for part of this time (I believe during December 1860 and
+January 1861) engaged in a new edition (2000 copies) of the 'Origin,' which
+was largely corrected and added to, and was published in April 1861.
+
+With regard to this, the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in December
+1860:--
+
+"I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+print off--the more the better for me in all ways, as far as compatible
+with safety; for I hope never again to make so many corrections, or rather
+additions, which I have made in hopes of making my many rather stupid
+reviewers at least understand what is meant.  I hope and think I shall
+improve the book considerably."
+
+An interesting feature in the new edition was the "Historical Sketch of the
+Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species" (The Historical Sketch
+had already appeared in the first German edition (1860) and the American
+edition.  Bronn states in the German edition (footnote, page 1) that it was
+his critique in the 'N. Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie' that suggested the idea
+of such a sketch to my father.) which now appeared for the first time, and
+was continued in the later editions of the work.  It bears a strong impress
+of the author's personal character in the obvious wish to do full justice
+to all his predecessors,--though even in this respect it has not escaped
+some adverse criticism.
+
+Towards the end of the present year (1861), the final arrangements for the
+first French edition of the 'Origin' were completed, and in September a
+copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle. Clemence Royer,
+who undertook the work of translation.  The book was now spreading on the
+Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we have seen, a German
+translation had been published in 1860.  In a letter to Mr. Murray
+(September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting much attention in
+Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent me."  The silence had
+been broken, and in a few years the voice of German science was to become
+one of the strongest of the advocates of evolution.
+
+During all the early part of the year (1861) he was working at the mass of
+details which are marshalled in order in the early chapter of 'Animals and
+Plants.'  Thus in his Diary occur the laconic entries, "May 16, Finished
+Fowls (eight weeks); May 31, Ducks."
+
+On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+until August 27--a holiday which he characteristically enters in his diary
+as "eight weeks and a day."  The house he occupied was in Hesketh Crescent,
+a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea, somewhat removed
+from what was then the main body of the town, and not far from the
+beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of Anstey's Cove.
+
+During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked at
+the fertilisation of orchids.  This part of the year 1861 is not dealt with
+in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the record of
+his life, as told in his letters, seems to become clearer when the whole of
+his botanical work is placed together and treated separately.  The present
+series of chapters will, therefore, include only the progress of his works
+in the direction of a general amplification of the 'Origin of Species'--
+e.g., the publication of 'Animals and Plants,' 'Descent of Man,' etc.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, January 15 [1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+The sight of your handwriting always rejoices the very cockles of my
+heart...
+
+I most fully agree to what you say about Huxley's Article ('Natural History
+Review,' 1861, page 67, "On the Zoological Relations of Man with the Lower
+Animals."  This memoir had its origin in a discussion at the previous
+meeting of the British Association, when Professor Huxley felt himself
+"compelled to give a diametrical contradiction to certain assertions
+respecting the differences which obtain between the brains of the higher
+apes and of man, which fell from Professor Owen."  But in order that his
+criticisms might refer to deliberately recorded words, he bases them on
+Professor Owen's paper, "On the Characters, etc., of the Class Mammalia,"
+read before the Linnean Society in February and April, 1857, in which he
+proposed to place man not only in a distinct order, but in "a distinct sub-
+class of the Mammalia"--the Archencephala.), and the power of writing...The
+whole review seems to me excellent.  How capitally Oliver has done the
+resume of botanical books.  Good Heavens, how he must have read!...
+
+I quite agree that Phillips ('Life on the Earth' (1860), by Prof. Phillips,
+containing the substance of the Rede Lecture (May 1860).) is unreadably
+dull.  You need not attempt Bree.  (The following sentence (page 16) from
+'Species not Transmutable,' by Dr. Bree, illustrates the degree in which he
+understood the 'Origin of Species':  "The only real difference between Mr.
+Darwin and his two predecessors" [Lamarck and the 'Vestiges'] "is this:--
+that while the latter have each given a mode by which they conceive the
+great changes they believe in have been brought about, Mr. Darwin does no
+such thing."  After this we need not be surprised at a passage in the
+preface:  "No one has derived greater pleasure than I have in past days
+from the study of Mr. Darwin's other works, and no one has felt a greater
+degree of regret that he should have imperilled his fame by the publication
+of his treatise upon the 'Origin of Species.'")...
+
+If you come across Dr. Freke on 'Origin of Species by means of Organic
+Affinity,' read a page here and there...He tells the reader to observe
+[that his result] has been arrived at by "induction," whereas all my
+results are arrived at only by "analogy."  I see a Mr. Neale has read a
+paper before the Zoological Society on 'Typical Selection;' what it means I
+know not.  I have not read H. Spencer, for I find that I must more and more
+husband the very little strength which I have.  I sometimes suspect I shall
+soon entirely fail...As soon as this dreadful weather gets a little milder,
+I must try a little water cure.  Have you read the 'Woman in White'? the
+plot is wonderfully interesting.  I can recommend a book which has
+interested me greatly, viz. Olmsted's 'Journey in the Back Country.'  It is
+an admirably lively picture of man and slavery in the Southern States...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+February 2, 1861.
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have thought you would like to read the enclosed passage in a letter from
+A. Gray (who is printing his reviews as a pamphlet ("Natural Selection not
+inconsistent with Natural Theology," from the 'Atlantic Monthly' for July,
+August, and October, 1860; published by Trubner.), and will send copies to
+England), as I think his account is really favourable in high degree to
+us:--
+
+"I wish I had time to write you an account of the lengths to which Bowen
+and Agassiz, each in their own way, are going.  The first denying all
+heredity (all transmission except specific) whatever.  The second coming
+near to deny that we are genetically descended from our great-great-
+grandfathers; and insisting that evidently affiliated languages, e.g.
+Latin, Greek, Sanscrit, owe none of their similarities to a community of
+origin, are all autochthonal; Agassiz admits that the derivation of
+languages, and that of species or forms, stand on the same foundation, and
+that he must allow the latter if he allows the former, which I tell him is
+perfectly logical."
+
+Is not this marvellous?
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 4 [1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I was delighted to get your long chatty letter, and to hear that you are
+thawing towards science.  I almost wish you had remained frozen rather
+longer; but do not thaw too quickly and strongly.  No one can work long as
+you used to do.  Be idle; but I am a pretty man to preach, for I cannot be
+idle, much as I wish it, and am never comfortable except when at work.  The
+word holiday is written in a dead language for me, and much I grieve at it. 
+We thank you sincerely for your kind sympathy about poor H. [his
+daughter]...She has now come up to her old point, and can sometimes get up
+for an hour or two twice a day...Never to look to the future or as little
+as possible is becoming our rule of life.  What a different thing life was
+in youth with no dread in the future; all golden, if baseless, hopes.
+
+...With respect to the 'Natural History Review' I can hardly think that
+ladies would be so very sensitive about "lizards' guts;" but the
+publication is at present certainly a sort of hybrid, and original
+illustrated papers ought hardly to appear in a review.  I doubt its ever
+paying; but I shall much regret if it dies.  All that you say seems very
+sensible, but could a review in the strict sense of the word be filled with
+readable matter?
+
+I have been doing little, except finishing the new edition of the 'Origin,'
+and crawling on most slowly with my volume of 'Variation under
+Domestication'...
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Mr. Bates's paper, "Contributions to an
+Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley," in the 'Transactions of the
+Entomological Society,' vol.5, N.S. (The paper was read November 24, 1860.) 
+Mr. Bates points out that with the return, after the glacial period, of a
+warmer climate in the equatorial regions, the "species then living near the
+equator would retreat north and south to their former homes, leaving some
+of their congeners, slowly modified subsequently...to re-people the zone
+they had forsaken."  In this case the species now living at the equator
+ought to show clear relationship to the species inhabiting the regions
+about the 25th parallel, whose distant relatives they would of course be. 
+But this is not the case, and this is the difficulty my father refers to. 
+Mr. Belt has offered an explanation in his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua'
+(1874), page 266.  "I believe the answer is that there was much
+extermination during the glacial period, that many species (and some
+genera, etc., as, for instance, the American horse), did not survive
+it...but that a refuge was found for many species on lands now below the
+ocean, that were uncovered by the lowering of the sea, caused by the
+immense quantity of water that was locked up in frozen masses on the
+land."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, 27th [March 1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I had intended to have sent you Bates's article this very day.  I am so
+glad you like it.  I have been extremely much struck with it.  How well he
+argues, and with what crushing force against the glacial doctrine.  I
+cannot wriggle out of it:  I am dumbfounded; yet I do believe that some
+explanation some day will appear, and I cannot give up equatorial cooling. 
+It explains so much and harmonises with so much.  When you write (and much
+interested I shall be in your letter) please say how far floras are
+generally uniform in generic character from 0 to 25 degrees N. and S.
+
+Before reading Bates, I had become thoroughly dissatisfied with what I
+wrote to you.  I hope you may get Bates to write in the 'Linnean.'
+
+Here is a good joke:  H.C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+review the new edition (third edition of 2000 copies, published in April,
+1861.) of the 'Origin') says that in the first four paragraphs of the
+introduction, the words "I," "me," "my," occur forty-three times!  I was
+dimly conscious of the accursed fact.  He says it can be explained
+phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that I am the most
+egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so.  I wonder whether he
+will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the parentheses in
+Wollaston's writing.
+
+_I_ am, MY dear Hooker, ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, [April] 23? [1861].
+
+...I quite agree with what you say on Lieutenant Hutton's Review (In the
+'Geologist,' 1861, page 132, by Lieutenant Frederick Wollaston Hutton, now
+Professor of Biology and Geology at Canterbury College, New Zealand.) (who
+he is I know not); it struck me as very original.  He is one of the very
+few who see that the change of species cannot be directly proved, and that
+the doctrine must sink or swim according as it groups and explains
+phenomena.  It is really curious how few judge it in this way, which is
+clearly the right way.  I have been much interested by Bentham's paper ("On
+the Species and Genera of Plants, etc.," 'Natural History Review,' 1861,
+page 133.) in the N.H.R., but it would not, of course, from familiarity
+strike you as it did me.  I liked the whole; all the facts on the nature of
+close and varying species.  Good Heavens! to think of the British botanists
+turning up their noses, and saying that he knows nothing of British plants! 
+I was also pleased at his remarks on classification, because it showed me
+that I wrote truly on this subject in the 'Origin.'  I saw Bentham at the
+Linnean Society, and had some talk with him and Lubbock, and Edgeworth,
+Wallich, and several others.  I asked Bentham to give us his ideas of
+species; whether partially with us or dead against us, he would write
+EXCELLENT matter.  He made no answer, but his manner made me think he might
+do so if urged; so do you attack him.  Every one was speaking with
+affection and anxiety of Henslow.  (Prof. Henslow was in his last illness.) 
+I dined with Bell at the Linnean Club, and liked my dinner...Dining out is
+such a novelty to me that I enjoyed it.  Bell has a real good heart.  I
+liked Rolleston's paper, but I never read anything so obscure and not self-
+evident as his 'Canons.'  (George Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., 1829-1881. 
+Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Oxford.  A man of much
+learning, who left but few published works, among which may be mentioned
+his handbook 'Forms of Animal Life.'  For the 'Canons,' see 'Nat. Hist.
+Review,' 1861, page 206.)...I called on R. Chambers, at his very nice house
+in St. John's Wood, and had a very pleasant half-hour's talk; he is really
+a capital fellow.  He made one good remark and chuckled over it, that the
+laymen universally had treated the controversy on the 'Essays and Reviews'
+as a merely professional subject, and had not joined in it, but had left it
+to the clergy.  I shall be anxious for your next letter about Henslow. 
+(Sir Joseph Hooker was Prof. Henslow's son-in-law.)  Farewell, with sincere
+sympathy, my old friend,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--We are very much obliged for the 'London Review.'  We like reading
+much of it, and the science is incomparably better than in the "Athenaeum". 
+You shall not go on very long sending it, as you will be ruined by pennies
+and trouble, but I am under a horrid spell to the "Athenaeum" and the
+"Gardener's Chronicle", but I have taken them in for so many years, that I
+CANNOT give them up.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Lyell's visit to the Biddenham gravel-pits near
+Bedford in April 1861.  The visit was made at the invitation of Mr. James
+Wyatt, who had recently discovered two stone implements "at the depth of
+thirteen feet from the surface of the soil," resting "immediately on solid
+beds of oolitic-limestone."  ('Antiquity of Man,' fourth edition, page
+214.)  Here, says Sir C. Lyell, "I...for the first time, saw evidence which
+satisfied me of the chronological relations of those three phenomena--the
+antique tools, the extinct mammalia, and the glacial formation."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, April 12 [1861].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been most deeply interested by your letter.  You seem to have done
+the grandest work, and made the greatest step, of any one with respect to
+man.
+
+It is an especial relief to hear that you think the French superficial
+deposits are deltoid and semi-marine; but two days ago I was saying to a
+friend, that the unknown manner of the accumulation of these deposits,
+seemed the great blot in all the work done.  I could not stomach debacles
+or lacustrine beds.  It is grand.  I remember Falconer told me that he
+thought some of the remains in the Devonshire caverns were pre-glacial, and
+this, I presume, is now your conclusion for the older celts with hyena and
+hippopotamus.  It is grand.  What a fine long pedigree you have given the
+human race!
+
+I am sure I never thought of parallel roads having been accumulated during
+subsidence.  I think I see some difficulties on this view, though, at first
+reading your note, I jumped at the idea.  But I will think over all I saw
+there.  I am (stomacho volente) coming up to London on Tuesday to work on
+cocks and hens, and on Wednesday morning, about a quarter before ten, I
+will call on you (unless I hear to the contrary), for I long to see you.  I
+congratulate you on your grand work.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Tell Lady Lyell that I was unable to digest the funereal ceremonies
+of the ants, notwithstanding that Erasmus has often told me that I should
+find some day that they have their bishops.  After a battle I have always
+seen the ants carry away the dead for food.  Ants display the utmost
+economy, and always carry away a dead fellow-creature as food.  But I have
+just forwarded two most extraordinary letters to Busk, from a backwoodsman
+in Texas, who has evidently watched ants carefully, and declares most
+positively that they plant and cultivate a kind of grass for store food,
+and plant other bushes for shelter!  I do not know what to think, except
+that the old gentleman is not fibbing intentionally.  I have left the
+responsibility with Busk whether or no to read the letters.  (I.e. to read
+them before the Linnean Society.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON.  (Thomas Davidson, F.R.S., born in
+Edinburgh, May 17, 1817; died 1885.  His researches were chiefly connected
+with the sciences of geology and palaeontology, and were directed
+especially to the elucidation of the characters, classification, history,
+geological and geographical distribution of recent and fossil Brachiopoda. 
+On this subject he brought out an important work, 'British Fossil
+Brachiopoda,' 5 vols. 4to.  (Cooper, 'Men of the Time,' 1884.))
+Down, April 26, 1861.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will excuse me for venturing to make a suggestion to you
+which I am perfectly well aware it is a very remote chance that you would
+adopt.  I do not know whether you have read my 'Origin of Species'; in that
+book I have made the remark, which I apprehend will be universally
+admitted, that AS A WHOLE, the fauna of any formation is intermediate in
+character between that of the formations above and below.  But several
+really good judges have remarked to me how desirable it would be that this
+should be exemplified and worked out in some detail and with some single
+group of beings.  Now every one will admit that no one in the world could
+do this better than you with Brachiopods.  The result might turn out very
+unfavourable to the views which I hold; if so, so much the better for those
+who are opposed to me.  ("Mr. Davidson is not at all a full believer in
+great changes of species, which will make his work all the more valuable.--
+C. Darwin to R. Chambers (April 30, 1861).)  But I am inclined to suspect
+that on the whole it would be favourable to the notion of descent with
+modification; for about a year ago, Mr. Salter (John William Salter; 1820-
+1869.  He entered the service of the Geological Survey in 1846, and
+ultimately became its Palaeontologist, on the retirement of Edward Forbes,
+and gave up the office in 1863.  He was associated with several well-known
+naturalists in their work--with Sedgwick, Murchison, Lyell, Ramsay, and
+Huxley.  There are sixty entries under his name in the Royal Society
+Catalogue.  The above facts are taken from an obituary notice of Mr. Salter
+in the 'Geological Magazine,' 1869.) in the Museum in Jermyn Street, glued
+on a board some Spirifers, etc., from three palaeozoic stages, and arranged
+them in single and branching lines, with horizontal lines marking the
+formations (like the diagram in my book, if you know it), and the result
+seemed to me very striking, though I was too ignorant fully to appreciate
+the lines of affinities.  I longed to have had these shells engraved, as
+arranged by Mr. Salter, and connected by dotted lines, and would have
+gladly paid the expense:  but I could not persuade Mr. Salter to publish a
+little paper on the subject.  I can hardly doubt that many curious points
+would occur to any one thoroughly instructed in the subject, who would
+consider a group of beings under this point of view of descent with
+modification.  All those forms which have come down from an ancient period
+very slightly modified ought, I think, to be omitted, and those forms alone
+considered which have undergone considerable change at each successive
+epoch.  My fear is whether brachiopods have changed enough.  The absolute
+amount of difference of the forms in such groups at the opposite extremes
+of time ought to be considered, and how far the early forms are
+intermediate in character between those which appeared much later in time. 
+The antiquity of a group is not really diminished, as some seem vaguely to
+think, because it has transmitted to the present day closely allied forms. 
+Another point is how far the succession of each genus is unbroken, from the
+first time it appeared to its extinction, with due allowance made for
+formations poor in fossils.  I cannot but think that an important essay
+(far more important than a hundred literary reviews) might be written by
+one like yourself, and without very great labour.  I know it is highly
+probable that you may not have leisure, or not care for, or dislike the
+subject, but I trust to your kindness to forgive me for making this
+suggestion.  If by any extraordinary good fortune you were inclined to take
+up this notion, I would ask you to read my Chapter X. on Geological
+Succession.  And I should like in this case to be permitted to send you a
+copy of the new edition, just published, in which I have added and
+corrected somewhat in Chapters IX. and X.
+
+Pray excuse this long letter, and believe me,
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I write so bad a hand that I have had this note copied.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON.
+Down, April 30, 1861.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you warmly for your letter; I did not in the least know that you
+had attended to my work.  I assure you that the attention which you have
+paid to it, considering your knowledge and the philosophical tone of your
+mind (for I well remember one remarkable letter you wrote to me, and have
+looked through your various publications), I consider one of the highest,
+perhaps the very highest, compliments which I have received.  I live so
+solitary a life that I do not often hear what goes on, and I should much
+like to know in what work you have published some remarks on my book.  I
+take a deep interest in the subject, and I hope not simply an egotistical
+interest; therefore you may believe how much your letter has gratified me;
+I am perfectly contented if any one will fairly consider the subject,
+whether or not he fully or only very slightly agrees with me.  Pray do not
+think that I feel the least surprise at your demurring to a ready
+acceptance; in fact, I should not much respect anyone's judgment who did
+so:  that is, if I may judge others from the long time which it has taken
+me to go round.  Each stage of belief cost me years.  The difficulties are,
+as you say, many and very great; but the more I reflect, the more they seem
+to me to be due to our underestimating our ignorance.  I belong so much to
+old times that I find that I weigh the difficulties from the imperfection
+of the geological record, heavier than some of the younger men.  I find, to
+my astonishment and joy, that such good men as Ramsay, Jukes, Geikie, and
+one old worker, Lyell, do not think that I have in the least exaggerated
+the imperfection of the record.  (Professor Sedgwick treated this part of
+the 'Origin of Species' very differently, as might have been expected from
+his vehement objection to Evolution in general.  In the article in the
+"Spectator" of March 24, 1860, already noticed, Sedgwick wrote:  "We know
+the complicated organic phenomena of the Mesozoic (or Oolitic) period.  It
+defies the transmutationist at every step.  Oh! but the document, says
+Darwin, is a fragment; I will interpolate long periods to account for all
+the changes.  I say, in reply, if you deny my conclusion, grounded on
+positive evidence, I toss back your conclusion, derived from negative
+evidence,--the inflated cushion on which you try to bolster up the defects
+of your hypothesis."  [The punctuation of the imaginary dialogue is
+slightly altered from the original, which is obscure in one place.])  If my
+views ever are proved true, our current geological views will have to be
+considerably modified.  My greatest trouble is, not being able to weigh the
+direct effects of the long-continued action of changed conditions of life
+without any selection, with the action of selection on mere accidental (so
+to speak) variability.  I oscillate much on this head, but generally return
+to my belief that the direct action of the conditions of life has not been
+great.  At least this direct action can have played an extremely small part
+in producing all the numberless and beautiful adaptations in every living
+creature.  With respect to a person's belief, what does rather surprise me
+is that any one (like Carpenter) should be willing TO GO SO VERY FAR as to
+believe that all birds may have descended from one parent, and not go a
+little farther and include all the members of the same great division; for
+on such a scale of belief, all the facts in Morphology and in Embryology
+(the most important in my opinion of all subjects) become mere Divine
+mockeries...I cannot express how profoundly glad I am that some day you
+will publish your theoretical view on the modification and endurance of
+Brachiopodous species; I am sure it will be a most valuable contribution to
+knowledge.
+
+Pray forgive this very egotistical letter, but you yourself are partly to
+blame for having pleased me so much.  I have told Murray to send a copy of
+my new edition to you, and have written your name.
+
+With cordial thanks, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In Mr. Davidson's Monograph on British Brachiopoda, published shortly
+afterwards by the Palaeontographical Society, results such as my father
+anticipated were to some extent obtained.  "No less than fifteen commonly
+received species are demonstrated by Mr. Davidson by the aid of a long
+series of transitional forms to appertain to...one type."  "Lyell,
+'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 428.)
+
+In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, my father had a good
+deal of correspondence with Professor Asa Gray on a subject to which
+reference has already been made--the publication in the form of a pamphlet,
+of Professor Gray's three articles in the July, August, and October numbers
+of the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 1860.  The pamphlet was published by Messrs.
+Trubner, with reference to whom my father wrote, "Messrs. Trubner have been
+most liberal and kind, and say they shall make no charge for all their
+trouble.  I have settled about a few advertisements, and they will
+gratuitously insert one in their own periodicals."
+
+The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's 'Darwiniana,'
+page 87, under the title "Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural
+Theology."  The pamphlet found many admirers among those most capable of
+judging of its merits, and my father believed that it was of much value in
+lessening opposition, and making converts to Evolution.  His high opinion
+of it is shown not only in his letters, but by the fact that he inserted a
+special notice of it in a most prominent place in the third edition of the
+'Origin.'  Lyell, among others, recognised its value as an antidote to the
+kind of criticism from which the cause of Evolution suffered.  Thus my
+father wrote to Dr. Gray:--"Just to exemplify the use of your pamphlet, the
+Bishop of London was asking Lyell what he thought of the review in the
+'Quarterly,' and Lyell answered, 'Read Asa Gray in the 'Atlantic.'".  It
+comes out very clearly that in the case of such publications as Dr. Gray's,
+my father did not rejoice over the success of his special view of
+Evolution, viz. that modification is mainly due to Natural Selection; on
+the contrary, he felt strongly that the really important point was that the
+doctrine of Descent should be accepted.  Thus he wrote to Professor Gray
+(May 11, 1863), with reference to Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man':--
+
+"You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he declines
+to be a judge...I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had pronounced
+against me.  When I say 'me,' I only mean CHANGE OF SPECIES BY DESCENT. 
+That seems to me the turning-point.  Personally, of course, I care much
+about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly unimportant, compared
+to the question of Creation OR Modification."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, April 11 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I was very glad to get your photograph:  I am expecting mine, which I will
+send off as soon as it comes.  It is an ugly affair, and I fear the fault
+does not lie with the photographer...Since writing last, I have had several
+letters full of the highest commendation of your Essay; all agree that it
+is by far the best thing written, and I do not doubt it has done the
+'Origin' much good.  I have not yet heard how it has sold.  You will have
+seen a review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".  Poor dear Henslow, to whom I
+owe much, is dying, and Hooker is with him.  Many thanks for two sets of
+sheets of your Proceedings.  I cannot understand what Agassiz is driving
+at.  You once spoke, I think, of Professor Bowen as a very clever man.  I
+should have thought him a singularly unobservant man from his writings.  He
+never can have seen much of animals, or he would have seen the difference
+of old and wise dogs and young ones.  His paper about hereditariness beats
+everything.  Tell a breeder that he might pick out his worst INDIVIDUAL
+animals and breed from them, and hope to win a prize, and he would think
+you...insane.
+
+
+[Professor Henslow died on May 16, 1861, from a complication of bronchitis,
+congestion of the lungs, and enlargement of the heart.  His strong
+constitution was slow in giving way, and he lingered for weeks in a painful
+condition of weakness, knowing that his end was near, and looking at death
+with fearless eyes.  In Mr. Blomefield's (Jenyns) 'Memoir of Henslow'
+(1862) is a dignified and touching description of Prof. Sedgwick's farewell
+visit to his old friend.  Sedgwick said afterwards that he had never seen
+"a human being whose soul was nearer heaven."
+
+My father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker on hearing of Henslow's death, "I fully
+believe a better man never walked this earth."
+
+He gave his impressions of Henslow's character in Mr. Blomefield's
+'Memoir.'  In reference to these recollections he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(May 30, 1861):--
+
+"This morning I wrote my recollections and impressions of character of poor
+dear Henslow about the year 1830.  I liked the job, and so have written
+four or five pages, now being copied.  I do not suppose you will use all,
+of course you can chop and change as much as you like.  If more than a
+sentence is used, I should like to see a proof-page, as I never can write
+decently till I see it in print.  Very likely some of my remarks may appear
+too trifling, but I thought it best to give my thoughts as they arose, for
+you or Jenyns to use as you think fit.
+
+"You will see that I have exceeded your request, but, as I said when I
+began, I took pleasure in writing my impression of his admirable
+character."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, June 5 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have been rather extra busy, so have been slack in answering your note of
+May 6th.  I hope you have received long ago the third edition of the
+'Origin.'...I have heard nothing from Trubner of the sale of your Essay,
+hence fear it has not been great; I wrote to say you could supply more.  I
+send a copy to Sir J. Herschel, and in his new edition of his 'Physical
+Geography' he has a note on the 'Origin of Species,' and agrees, to a
+certain limited extent, but puts in a caution on design--much like
+yours...I have been led to think more on this subject of late, and grieve
+to say that I come to differ more from you.  It is not that designed
+variation makes, as it seems to me, my deity "Natural Selection"
+superfluous, but rather from studying, lately, domestic variation, and
+seeing what an enormous field of undesigned variability there is ready for
+natural selection to appropriate for any purpose useful to each creature.
+
+I thank you much for sending me your review of Phillips.  ('Life on the
+Earth,' 1860.)  I remember once telling you a lot of trades which you ought
+to have followed, but now I am convinced that you are a born reviewer.  By
+Jove, how well and often you hit the nail on the head!  You rank Phillips's
+book higher than I do, or than Lyell does, who thinks it fearfully
+retrograde.  I amused myself by parodying Phillips's argument as applied to
+domestic variation; and you might thus prove that the duck or pigeon has
+not varied because the goose has not, though more anciently domesticated,
+and no good reason can be assigned why it has not produced many varieties
+...
+
+I never knew the newspapers so profoundly interesting.  North America does
+not do England justice; I have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with
+the North.  Some few, and I am one of them, even wish to God, though at the
+loss of millions of lives, that the North would proclaim a crusade against
+slavery.  In the long-run, a million horrid deaths would be amply repaid in
+the cause of humanity.  What wonderful times we live in!  Massachusetts
+seems to show noble enthusiasm.  Great God!  How I should like to see the
+greatest curse on earth--slavery--abolished!
+
+Farewell.  Hooker has been absorbed with poor dear revered Henslow's
+affairs.  Farewell.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+HUGH FALCONER TO CHARLES DARWIN.
+31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me a live Proteus
+anguinus, designed for you from the moment I got it; i.e. if you have got
+an aquarium and would care to have it.  I only returned last night from the
+continent, and hearing from your brother that you are about to go to
+Torquay, I lose no time in making you the offer.  The poor dear animal is
+still alive--although it has had no appreciable means of sustenance for a
+month--and I am most anxious to get rid of the responsibility of starving
+it longer.  In your hands it will thrive and have a fair chance of being
+developed without delay into some type of the Columbidae--say a Pouter or a
+Tumbler.
+
+My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+Germany lately.  Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+essay canvassed--the views of course often dissented from, according to the
+special bias of the speaker--but the work, its honesty of purpose, grandeur
+of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous exposition, always
+referred to in terms of the highest admiration.  And among your warmest
+friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just appreciation of Charles
+Darwin than did
+
+Yours very truly,
+H. FALCONER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER.
+Down [June 24, 1861].
+
+My dear Falconer,
+
+I have just received your note, and by good luck a day earlier than
+properly, and I lose not a moment in answering you, and thanking you
+heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I have no aquarium
+and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a thousand pities
+that I should have it.  Yet I should certainly much like to see it, but I
+fear it is impossible.  Would not the Zoological Society be the best place?
+and then the interest which many would take in this extraordinary animal
+would repay you for your trouble.
+
+Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this specimen,
+to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen.  I shall keep
+your note amongst a very few precious letters.  Your kindness has quite
+touched me.
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+2 Hesketh Crescent, Torquay,
+July 13 [1861].
+
+...I hope Harvey is better; I got his review (The 'Dublin Hospital
+Gazette,' May 15, 1861.  The passage referred to is at page 150.) of me a
+day or two ago, from which I infer he must be convalescent; it's very good
+and fair; but it is funny to see a man argue on the succession of animals
+from Noah's Deluge; as God did not then wholly destroy man, probably he did
+not wholly destroy the races of other animals at each geological period!  I
+never expected to have a helping hand from the Old Testament...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+2, Hesketh Crescent, Torquay,
+July 20 [1861].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I sent you two or three days ago a duplicate of a good review of the
+'Origin' by a Mr. Maw (Mr. George Maw, of Benthall Hall.  The review was
+published in the 'Zoologist,' July, 1861.  On the back of my father's copy
+is written, "Must be consulted before new edit. of 'Origin'"--words which
+are wanting on many more pretentious notices, on which frequently occur my
+father's brief o/-, or "nothing new."), evidently a thoughtful man, as I
+thought you might like to have it, as you have so many...
+
+This is quite a charming place, and I have actually walked, I believe, good
+two miles out and back, which is a grand feat.
+
+I saw Mr. Pengelly (William Pengelly, the geologist, and well-known
+explorer of the Devonshire caves.) the other day, and was pleased at his
+enthusiasm.  I do not in the least know whether you are in London.  Your
+illness must have lost you much time, but I hope you have nearly got your
+great job of the new edition finished.  You must be very busy, if in
+London, so I will be generous, and on honour bright do not expect any
+answer to this dull little note...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, September 17 [1861?].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your very long and interesting letter, political
+and scientific, of August 27th and 29th, and September 2nd received this
+morning.  I agree with much of what you say, and I hope to God we English
+are utterly wrong in doubting (1) whether the N. can conquer the S.; (2)
+whether the N. has many friends in the South, and (3) whether you noble men
+of Massachusetts are right in transferring your own good feelings to the
+men of Washington.  Again I say I hope to God we are wrong in doubting on
+these points.  It is number (3) which alone causes England not to be
+enthusiastic with you.  What it may be in Lancashire I know not, but in S.
+England cotton has nothing whatever to do with our doubts.  If abolition
+does follow with your victory, the whole world will look brighter in my
+eyes, and in many eyes.  It would be a great gain even to stop the spread
+of slavery into the Territories; if that be possible without abolition,
+which I should have doubted.  You ought not to wonder so much at England's
+coldness, when you recollect at the commencement of the war how many
+propositions were made to get things back to the old state with the old
+line of latitude, but enough of this, all I can say is that Massachusetts
+and the adjoining States have the full sympathy of every good man whom I
+see; and this sympathy would be extended to the whole Federal States, if we
+could be persuaded that your feelings were at all common to them.  But
+enough of this.  It is out of my line, though I read every word of news,
+and formerly well studied Olmsted...
+
+Your question what would convince me of Design is a poser.  If I saw an
+angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others seeing
+him that I was not mad, I should believe in design.  If I could be
+convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function of
+other imponderable force, I should be convinced.  If man was made of brass
+or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had ever lived,
+I should perhaps be convinced.  But this is childish writing.
+
+I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your idea
+of the stream of variation having been led or designed.  I have asked him
+(and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether he believes
+that the shape of my nose was designed.  If he does I have nothing more to
+say.  If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting individual
+differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that it is
+illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection preserves
+for the good of any being have been designed.  But I know that I am in the
+same sort of muddle (as I have said before) as all the world seems to be in
+with respect to free will, yet with everything supposed to have been
+foreseen or pre-ordained.
+
+Farewell, my dear Gray, with many thanks for your interesting letter.
+
+Your unmerciful correspondent.
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES.
+Down, December 3 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your extremely interesting letter, and valuable references,
+though God knows when I shall come again to this part of my subject.  One
+cannot of course judge of style when one merely hears a paper (On Mimetic
+Butterflies, read before the Linnean Soc., November 21, 1861.  For my
+father's opinion of it when published, see below.), but yours seemed to me
+very clear and good.  Believe me that I estimate its value most highly. 
+Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced (Hooker and Huxley took
+the same view some months ago) that a philosophic view of nature can solely
+be driven into naturalists by treating special subjects as you have done. 
+Under a special point of view, I think you have solved one of the most
+perplexing problems which could be given to solve.  I am glad to hear from
+Hooker that the Linnean Society will give plates if you can get drawings...
+
+Do not complain of want of advice during your travels; I dare say part of
+your great originality of views may be due to the necessity of self-
+exertion of thought.  I can understand that your reception at the British
+Museum would damp you; they are a very good set of men, but not the sort to
+appreciate your work.  In fact I have long thought that TOO MUCH systematic
+work [and] description somehow blunts the faculties.  The general public
+appreciates a good dose of reasoning, or generalisation, with new and
+curious remarks on habits, final causes, etc. etc., far more than do the
+regular naturalists.
+
+I am extremely glad to hear that you have begun your travels...I am very
+busy, but I shall be TRULY glad to render any aid which I can by reading
+your first chapter or two.  I do not think I shall be able to correct
+style, for this reason, that after repeated trials I find I cannot correct
+my own style till I see the MS. in type.  Some are born with a power of
+good writing, like Wallace; others like myself and Lyell have to labour
+very hard and slowly at every sentence.  I find it a very good plan, when I
+cannot get a difficult discussion to please me, to fancy that some one
+comes into the room and asks me what I am doing; and then try at once and
+explain to the imaginary person what it is all about.  I have done this for
+one paragraph to myself several times, and sometimes to Mrs. Darwin, till I
+see how the subject ought to go.  It is, I think, good to read one's MS.
+aloud.  But style to me is a great difficulty; yet some good judges think I
+have succeeded, and I say this to encourage you.
+
+What I THINK I can do will be to tell you whether parts had better be
+shortened.  It is good, I think, to dash "in media res," and work in later
+any descriptions of country or any historical details which may be
+necessary.  Murray likes lots of wood-cuts--give some by all means of ants. 
+The public appreciate monkeys--our poor cousins.  What sexual differences
+are there in monkeys?  Have you kept them tame? if so, about their
+expression.  I fear that you will hardly read my vile hand-writing, but I
+cannot without killing trouble write better.
+
+You shall have my candid opinion on your MS., but remember it is hard to
+judge from MS., one reads slowly, and heavy parts seem much heavier.  A
+first-rate judge thought my Journal very poor; now that it is in print, I
+happen to know, he likes it.  I am sure you will understand why I am so
+egotistical.
+
+I was a LITTLE disappointed in Wallace's book ('Travels on the Amazon and
+Rio Negro,' 1853.) on the Amazon; hardly facts enough.  On the other hand,
+in Gosse's book (Probably the 'Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica,' 1851.)
+there is not reasoning enough to my taste.  Heaven knows whether you will
+care to read all this scribbling...
+
+I am glad you had a pleasant day with Hooker (In a letter to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (December 1861), my father wrote:  "I am very glad to hear that you
+like Bates.  I have seldom in my life been more struck with a man's power
+of mind."), he is an admirably good man in every sense.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter to Mr. Bates on the same subject is
+interesting as giving an idea of the plan followed by my father in writing
+his 'Naturalist's Voyage:'
+
+"As an old hackneyed author, let me give you a bit of advice, viz. to
+strike out every word which is not quite necessary to the current subject,
+and which could not interest a stranger.  I constantly asked myself, would
+a stranger care for this? and struck out or left in accordingly.  I think
+too much pains cannot be taken in making the style transparently clear and
+throwing eloquence to the dogs."
+
+Mr. Bates's book, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' was published in 1865,
+but the following letter may be given here rather than in its due
+chronological position:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES.
+Down, April 18, 1863.
+
+Dear Bates,
+
+I have finished volume i.  My criticisms may be condensed into a single
+sentence, namely, that it is the best work of Natural History Travels ever
+published in England.  Your style seems to me admirable.  Nothing can be
+better than the discussion on the struggle for existence, and nothing
+better than the description of the Forest scenery.  (In a letter to Lyell
+my father wrote:  "He [i.e. Mr. Bates] is second only to Humboldt in
+describing a tropical forest.")  It is a grand book, and whether or not it
+sells quickly, it will last.  You have spoken out boldly on Species; and
+boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer.  How beautifully
+illustrated it is.  The cut on the back is most tasteful.  I heartily
+congratulate you on its publication.
+
+The "Athenaeum" ("I have read the first volume of Bates's Book; it is
+capital, and I think the best Natural History Travels ever published in
+England.  He is bold about Species, etc., and the "Athenaeum" coolly says
+'he bends his facts' for this purpose."--(From a letter to Sir J.D.
+Hooker.)) was rather cold, as it always is, and insolent in the highest
+degree about your leading facts.  Have you seen the "Reader"?  I can send
+it to you if you have not seen it...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, December 11 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Many and cordial thanks for your two last most valuable notes.  What a
+thing it is that when you receive this we may be at war, and we two be
+bound, as good patriots, to hate each other, though I shall find this
+hating you very hard work.  How curious it is to see two countries, just
+like two angry and silly men, taking so opposite a view of the same
+transaction!  I fear there is no shadow of doubt we shall fight if the two
+Southern rogues are not given up.  (The Confederate Commissioners Slidell
+and Mason were forcibly removed from the "Trent", a West India mail steamer
+on November 8, 1861.  The news that the U.S. agreed to release them reached
+England on January 8, 1862.)  And what a wretched thing it will be if we
+fight on the side of slavery.  No doubt it will be said that we fight to
+get cotton; but I fully believe that this has not entered into the motive
+in the least.  Well, thank Heaven, we private individuals have nothing to
+do with so awful a responsibility.  Again, how curious it is that you seem
+to think that you can conquer the South; and I never meet a soul, even
+those who would most wish it, who thinks it possible--that is, to conquer
+and retain it.  I do not suppose the mass of people in your country will
+believe it, but I feel sure if we do go to war it will be with the utmost
+reluctance by all classes, Ministers of Government and all.  Time will
+show, and it is no use writing or thinking about it.  I called the other
+day on Dr. Boott, and was pleased to find him pretty well and cheerful.  I
+see, by the way, he takes quite an English opinion of American affairs,
+though an American in heart.  (Dr. Boott was born in the U.S.)  Buckle
+might write a chapter on opinion being entirely dependent on longitude!
+
+...With respect to Design, I feel more inclined to show a white flag than
+to fire my usual long-range shot.  I like to try and ask you a puzzling
+question, but when you return the compliment I have great doubts whether it
+is a fair way of arguing.  If anything is designed, certainly man must be: 
+one's "inner consciousness" (though a false guide) tells one so; yet I
+cannot admit that man's rudimentary mammae...were designed.  If I was to
+say I believed this, I should believe it in the same incredible manner as
+the orthodox believe the Trinity in Unity.  You say that you are in a haze;
+I am in thick mud; the orthodox would say in fetid, abominable mud; yet I
+cannot keep out of the question.  My dear Gray, I have written a deal of
+nonsense.
+
+Yours most cordially,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+1862.
+
+[Owing to the illness from scarlet fever of one of his boys, he took a
+house at Bournemouth in the autumn.  He wrote to Dr. Gray from Southampton
+(August 21, 1862):--
+
+"We are a wretched family, and ought to be exterminated.  We slept here to
+rest our poor boy on his journey to Bournemouth, and my poor dear wife
+sickened with scarlet fever, and has had it pretty sharply, but is
+recovering well.  There is no end of trouble in this weary world.  I shall
+not feel safe till we are all at home together, and when that will be I
+know not.  But it is foolish complaining."
+
+
+Dr. Gray used to send postage stamps to the scarlet fever patient; with
+regard to this good-natured deed my father wrote--
+
+"I must just recur to stamps; my little man has calculated that he will now
+have 6 stamps which no other boy in the school has.  Here is a triumph. 
+Your last letter was plaistered with many coloured stamps, and he long
+surveyed the envelope in bed with much quiet satisfaction."
+
+
+The greater number of the letters of 1862 deal with the Orchid work, but
+the wave of conversion to Evolution was still spreading, and reviews and
+letters bearing on the subject still came in numbers.  As an example of the
+odd letters he received may be mentioned one which arrived in January of
+this year "from a German homoeopathic doctor, an ardent admirer of the
+'Origin.'  Had himself published nearly the same sort of book, but goes
+much deeper.  Explains the origin of plants and animals on the principles
+of homoeopathy or by the law of spirality.  Book fell dead in Germany. 
+Therefore would I translate it and publish it in England."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, [January?] 14 [1862].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I am heartily glad of your success in the North (This refers to two of Mr.
+Huxley's lectures, given before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburgh
+in 1862.  The substance of them is given in 'Man's Place in Nature.'), and
+thank you for your note and slip.  By Jove you have attacked Bigotry in its
+stronghold.  I thought you would have been mobbed.  I am so glad that you
+will publish your Lectures.  You seem to have kept a due medium between
+extreme boldness and caution.  I am heartily glad that all went off so
+well.  I hope Mrs. Huxley is pretty well...I must say one word on the
+Hybrid question.  No doubt you are right that here is a great hiatus in the
+argument; yet I think you overrate it--you never allude to the excellent
+evidence of VARIETIES of Verbascum and Nicotiana being partially sterile
+together.  It is curious to me to read (as I have to-day) the greatest
+crossing GARDENER utterly pooh-poohing the distinction which BOTANISTS make
+on this head, and insisting how frequently crossed VARIETIES produce
+sterile offspring.  Do oblige me by reading the latter half of my Primula
+paper in the 'Linn. Journal,' for it leads me to suspect that sterility
+will hereafter have to be largely viewed as an acquired or SELECTED
+character--a view which I wish I had had facts to maintain in the 'Origin.' 
+(The view here given will be discussed in the chapter on hetero-styled
+plants.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, January 25 [1862].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Many thanks for your last Sunday's letter, which was one of the pleasantest
+I ever received in my life.  We are all pretty well redivivus, and I am at
+work again.  I thought it best to make a clean breast to Asa Gray; and told
+him that the Boston dinner, etc. etc., had quite turned my stomach, and
+that I almost thought it would be good for the peace of the world if the
+United States were split up; on the other hand, I said that I groaned to
+think of the slave-holders being triumphant, and that the difficulties of
+making a line of separation were fearful.  I wonder what he will say...Your
+notion of the Aristocrat being kenspeckle, and the best men of a good lot
+being thus easily selected is new to me, and striking.  The 'Origin' having
+made you in fact a jolly old Tory, made us all laugh heartily.  I have
+sometimes speculated on this subject; primogeniture (My father had a strong
+feeling as to the injustice of primogeniture, and in a similar spirit was
+often indignant over the unfair wills that appear from time to time.  He
+would declare energetically that if he were law-giver no will should be
+valid that was not published in the testator's lifetime; and this he
+maintained would prevent much of the monstrous injustice and meanness
+apparent in so many wills.) is dreadfully opposed to selection; suppose the
+first-born bull was necessarily made by each farmer the begetter of his
+stock!  On the other hand, as you say, ablest men are continually raised to
+the peerage, and get crossed with the older Lord-breeds, and the Lords
+continually select the most beautiful and charming women out of the lower
+ranks; so that a good deal of indirect selection improves the Lords. 
+Certainly I agree with you the present American row has a very Torifying
+influence on us all.  I am very glad to hear you are beginning to print the
+'Genera;' it is a wonderful satisfaction to be thus brought to bed, indeed
+it is one's chief satisfaction, I think, though one knows that another
+bantling will soon be developing...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MAXWELL MASTERS.  (Dr. Masters is a well-known vegetable
+teratologist, and has been for many years the editor of the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle".)
+Down, February 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am much obliged to you for sending me your article (Refers to a paper on
+"Vegetable Morphology," by Dr. Masters, in the 'British and Foreign Medico-
+Chirurgical Review' for 1862), which I have just read with much interest. 
+The history, and a good deal besides, was quite new to me.  It seems to me
+capitally done, and so clearly written.  You really ought to write your
+larger work.  You speak too generously of my book; but I must confess that
+you have pleased me not a little; for no one, as far as I know, has ever
+remarked on what I say on classification--a part, which when I wrote it,
+pleased me.  With many thanks to you for sending me your article, pray
+believe me,
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of this year (1862) my father read the second volume of
+Buckle's 'History of Civilisation."  The following strongly expressed
+opinion about it may be worth quoting:--
+
+"Have you read Buckle's second volume?  It has interested me greatly; I do
+not care whether his views are right or wrong, but I should think they
+contained much truth.  There is a noble love of advancement and truth
+throughout; and to my taste he is the very best writer of the English
+language that ever lived, let the other be who he may."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, March 15 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Thanks for the newspapers (though they did contain digs at England), and
+for your note of February 18th.  It is really almost a pleasure to receive
+stabs from so smooth, polished, and sharp a dagger as your pen.  I heartily
+wish I could sympathise more fully with you, instead of merely hating the
+South.  We cannot enter into your feelings; if Scotland were to rebel, I
+presume we should be very wrath, but I do not think we should care a penny
+what other nations thought.  The millennium must come before nations love
+each other; but try and do not hate me.  Think of me, if you will as a poor
+blinded fool.  I fear the dreadful state of affairs must dull your interest
+in Science...
+
+I believe that your pamphlet has done my book GREAT good; and I thank you
+from my heart for myself; and believing that the views are in large part
+true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn.  Natural
+Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and on the
+Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French (In June, 1862,
+my father wrote to Dr. Gray:  "I received, 2 or 3 days ago, a French
+translation of the 'Origin,' by a Madlle. Royer, who must be one of the
+cleverest and oddest women in Europe:  is an ardent Deist, and hates
+Christianity, and declares that natural selection and the struggle for life
+will explain all morality, nature of man, politics, etc. etc.!  She makes
+some very curious and good hits, and says she shall publish a book on these
+subjects."  Madlle. Royer added foot-notes to her translation, and in many
+places where the author expresses great doubt, she explains the difficulty,
+or points out that no real difficulty exists.) one has just appeared.  One
+of the best men, though at present unknown, who has taken up these views,
+is Mr. Bates; pray read his 'Travels in Amazonia,' when they appear; they
+will be very good, judging from MS. of the first two chapters.
+
+...Again I say, do not hate me.
+
+Ever yours most truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+1 Carlton Terrace, Southampton (The house of his son William.),
+August 22, [1862].
+
+...I heartily hope that you (I.e. 'The Antiquity of Man.') will be out in
+October...you say that the Bishop and Owen will be down on you; the latter
+hardly can, for I was assured that Owen in his Lectures this spring
+advanced as a new idea that wingless birds had lost their wings by disuse,
+also that magpies stole spoons, etc., from a REMNANT of some instinct like
+that of the Bower-Bird, which ornaments its playing-passage with pretty
+feathers.  Indeed, I am told that he hinted plainly that all birds are
+descended from one...
+
+Your P.S. touches on, as it seems to me, very difficult points.  I am glad
+to see [that] in the 'Origin,' I only say that the naturalists generally
+consider that low organisms vary more than high; and this I think certainly
+is the general opinion.  I put the statement this way to show that I
+considered it only an opinion probably true.  I must own that I do not at
+all trust even Hooker's contrary opinion, as I feel pretty sure that he has
+not tabulated any result.  I have some materials at home, I think I
+attempted to make this point out, but cannot remember the result.
+
+Mere variability, though the necessary foundation of all modifications, I
+believe to be almost always present, enough to allow of any amount of
+selected change; so that it does not seem to me at all incompatible that a
+group which at any one period (or during all successive periods) varies
+less, should in the long course of time have undergone more modification
+than a group which is generally more variable.
+
+Placental animals, e.g. might be at each period less variable than
+Marsupials, and nevertheless have undergone more DIFFERENTIATION and
+development than marsupials, owing to some advantage, probably brain
+development.
+
+I am surprised, but do not pretend to form an opinion at Hooker's statement
+that higher species, genera, etc., are best limited.  It seems to me a bold
+statement.
+
+Looking to the 'Origin,' I see that I state that the productions of the
+land seem to change quicker than those of the sea (Chapter X., page 339, 3d
+edition), and I add there is some reason to believe that organisms
+considered high in the scale change quicker than those that are low.  I
+remember writing these sentences after much deliberation...I remember well
+feeling much hesitation about putting in even the guarded sentences which I
+did.  My doubts, I remember, related to the rate of change of the Radiata
+in the Secondary formation, and of the Foraminifera in the oldest Tertiary
+beds...
+
+Good night,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, October 1 [1862].
+
+...I found here (On his return from Bournemouth.) a short and very kind
+note of Falconer, with some pages of his 'Elephant Memoir,' which will be
+published, in which he treats admirably on long persistence of type.  I
+thought he was going to make a good and crushing attack on me, but to my
+great satisfaction, he ends by pointing out a loophole, and adds (Falconer,
+"On the American Fossil Elephant," in the 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1863, page
+81.  The words preceding those cited by my father make the meaning of his
+quotation clearer.  The passage begins as follows:  "The inferences which I
+draw from these facts are not opposed to one of the leading propositions of
+Darwin's theory.  With him," etc. etc.) "with him I have no faith that the
+mammoth and other extinct elephants made their appearance suddenly...The
+most rational view seems to be that they are the modified descendants of
+earlier progenitors, etc."  This is capital.  There will not be soon one
+good palaeontologist who believes in immutability.  Falconer does not allow
+for the Proboscidean group being a failing one, and therefore not likely to
+be giving off new races.
+
+He adds that he does not think Natural Selection suffices.  I do not quite
+see the force of his argument, and he apparently overlooks that I say over
+and over again that Natural Selection can do nothing without variability,
+and that variability is subject to the most complex fixed laws...
+
+
+[In his letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, about the end of this year, are
+occasional notes on the progress of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.' 
+Thus on November 24th he wrote:  "I hardly know why I am a little sorry,
+but my present work is leading me to believe rather more in the direct
+action of physical conditions.  I presume I regret it, because it lessens
+the glory of natural selection, and is so confoundedly doubtful.  Perhaps I
+shall change again when I get all my facts under one point of view, and a
+pretty hard job this will be."
+
+Again, on December 22nd, "To-day I have begun to think of arranging my
+concluding chapters on Inheritance, Reversion, Selection, and such things,
+and am fairly paralyzed how to begin and how to end, and what to do, with
+my huge piles of materials."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, November 6 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+When your note of October 4th and 13th (chiefly about Max Muller) arrived,
+I was nearly at the end of the same book ('Lectures on the Science of
+Language,' 1st edition 1861.), and had intended recommending you to read
+it.  I quite agree that it is extremely interesting, but the latter part
+about the FIRST origin of language much the least satisfactory.  It is a
+marvellous problem...[There are] covert sneers at me, which he seems to get
+the better of towards the close of the book.  I cannot quite see how it
+will forward "my cause," as you call it; but I can see how any one with
+literary talent (I do not feel up to it) could make great use of the
+subject in illustration.  (Language was treated in the manner here
+indicated by Sir C. Lyell in the 'Antiquity of Man.'  Also by Prof.
+Schleicher, whose pamphlet was fully noticed in the "Reader", February 27,
+1864 (as I learn from one of Prof. Huxley's 'Lay Sermons').)  What pretty
+metaphors you would make from it!  I wish some one would keep a lot of the
+most noisy monkeys, half free, and study their means of communication!
+
+A book has just appeared here which will, I suppose, make a noise, by
+Bishop Colenso ('The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined,'
+six parts, 1862-71.), who, judging from extracts, smashes most of the Old
+testament.  Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases me,
+though it is very innocent food, viz., Miss Coopers 'Journal of a
+Naturalist.'  Who is she?  She seems a very clever woman, and gives a
+capital account of the battle between OUR and YOUR weeds.  Does it not hurt
+your Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly?  I am sure Mrs. Gray
+will stick up for your own weeds.  Ask her whether they are not more
+honest, downright good sort of weeds.  The book gives an extremely pretty
+picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though so much more
+gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one comfort...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES.
+Down, November 20 [1862].
+
+Dear Bates,
+
+I have just finished, after several reads, your paper.  (This refers to Mr.
+Bates's paper, "Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazons Valley"
+('Linn. Soc. Trans.' xxiii., 1862), in which the now familiar subject of
+mimicry was founded.  My father wrote a short review of it in the 'Natural
+History Review,' 1863, page 219, parts of which occur in this review almost
+verbatim in the later editions of the 'Origin of Species.'  A striking
+passage occurs showing the difficulties of the case from a creationist's
+point of view:--
+
+"By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the Amazonian
+region acquired their deceptive dress?  Most naturalists will answer that
+they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation--an answer which
+will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only by long-drawn
+arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an effectual bar to all
+further enquiry.  In this particular case, moreover, the creationist will
+meet with special difficulties; for many of the mimicking forms of Leptalis
+can be shown by a graduated series to be merely varieties of one species;
+other mimickers are undoubtedly distinct species, or even distinct genera. 
+So again, some of the mimicked forms can be shown to be merely varieties;
+but the greater number must be ranked as distinct species.  Hence the
+creationist will have to admit that some of these forms have become
+imitators, by means of the laws of variation, whilst others he must look at
+as separately created under their present guise; he will further have to
+admit that some have been created in imitation of forms not themselves
+created as we now see them, but due to the laws of variation?  Prof.
+Agassiz, indeed, would think nothing of this difficulty; for he believes
+that not only each species and each variety, but that groups of
+individuals, though identically the same, when inhabiting distinct
+countries, have been all separately created in due proportional numbers to
+the wants of each land.  Not many naturalists will be content thus to
+believe that varieties and individuals have been turned out all ready made,
+almost as a manufacturer turns out toys according to the temporary demand
+of the market.")  In my opinion it is one of the most remarkable and
+admirable papers I ever read in my life.  The mimetic cases are truly
+marvellous, and you connect excellently a host of analogous facts.  The
+illustrations are beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it would have
+saved the reader not a little trouble, if the name of each had been
+engraved below each separate figure.  No doubt this would have put the
+engraver into fits, as it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate.  I
+am not at all surprised at such a paper having consumed much time.  I am
+rejoiced that I passed over the whole subject in the 'Origin,' for I should
+have made a precious mess of it.  You have most clearly stated and solved a
+wonderful problem.  No doubt with most people this will be the cream of the
+paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on variation,
+and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete species, is not really
+more, or at least as valuable, a part.  I never conceived the process
+nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the creation of new forms. 
+I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the pairing of similar
+varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts seems here wanted.  Then,
+again, what a host of curious miscellaneous observations there are--as on
+related sexual and individual variability:  these will some day, if I live,
+be a treasure to me.
+
+With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot defend
+themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds, therefore
+they escape by trickery and deception?
+
+I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of the
+paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent attention
+in it to the mimetic resemblances.  Your paper is too good to be largely
+appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls; but, rely on it, that
+it will have LASTING value, and I cordially congratulate you on your first
+great work.  You will find, I should think, that Wallace will fully
+appreciate it.  How gets on your book?  Keep your spirits up.  A book is no
+light labour.  I have been better lately, and working hard, but my health
+is very indifferent.  How is your health?  Believe me, dear Bates,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IV.
+
+THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS'
+
+1863-1866.
+
+[His book on animals and plants under domestication was my father's chief
+employment in the year 1863.  His diary records the length of time spent
+over the composition of its chapters, and shows the rate at which he
+arranged and wrote out for printing the observations and deductions of
+several years.
+
+The three chapters in volume ii. on inheritance, which occupy 84 pages of
+print, were begun in January and finished on April 1st; the five on
+crossing, making 106 pages, were written in eight weeks, while the two
+chapters on selection, covering 57 pages, were begun on June 16th and
+finished on July 20th.
+
+The work was more than once interrupted by ill health, and in September,
+what proved to be the beginning of a six month's illness, forced him to
+leave home for the water-cure at Malvern.  He returned in October and
+remained ill and depressed, in spite of the hopeful opinion of one of the
+most cheery and skilful physicians of the day.  Thus he wrote to Sir J.D.
+Hooker in November:--
+
+"Dr. Brinton has been here (recommended by Busk); he does not believe my
+brain or heart are primarily affected, but I have been so steadily going
+down hill, I cannot help doubting whether I can ever crawl a little uphill
+again.  Unless I can, enough to work a little, I hope my life may be very
+short, for to lie on a sofa all day and do nothing but give trouble to the
+best and kindest of wives and good dear children is dreadful."
+
+The minor works in this year were a short paper in the 'Natural History
+Review' (N.S. vol. iii. page 115), entitled "On the so-called 'Auditory-
+Sac' of Cirripedes," and one in the 'Geological Society's Journal' (vol.
+xix), on the "Thickness of the Pampaean Formation near Buenos Ayres."  The
+paper on Cirripedes was called forth by the criticisms of a German
+naturalist Krohn (Krohn stated that the structures described by my father
+as ovaries were in reality salivary glands, also that the oviduct runs down
+to the orifice described in the 'Monograph of the Cirripedia' as the
+auditory meatus.), and is of some interest in illustration of my father's
+readiness to admit an error.
+
+With regard to the spread of a belief in Evolution, it could not yet be
+said that the battle was won, but the growth of belief was undoubtedly
+rapid.  So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley could write to F.D. Maurice
+(Kingsley's 'Life,' ii, page 171.):
+
+"The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and
+fact."
+
+Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating the growing
+tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the 'Origin of
+Species.'  He gave a series of lectures to working men at the School of
+Mines in November, 1862.  These were printed in 1863 from the shorthand
+notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4 pence each, under the
+title, 'Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature.'  When published
+they were read with interest by my father, who thus refers to them in a
+letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I am very glad you like Huxley's lectures.  I have been very much struck
+with them, especially with the 'Philosophy of Induction.'  I have
+quarrelled with him for overdoing sterility and ignoring cases from Gartner
+and Kolreuter about sterile varieties.  His Geology is obscure; and I
+rather doubt about man's mind and language.  But it seems to me ADMIRABLY
+done, and, as you say, "Oh my," about the praise of the 'Origin.'  I can't
+help liking it, which makes me rather ashamed of myself."
+
+My father admired the clearness of exposition shown in the lectures, and in
+the following letter urges their author to make use of his powers for the
+advantage of students:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+November 5 [1864].
+
+I want to make a suggestion to you, but which may probably have occurred to
+you.  -- was reading your Lectures and ended by saying, "I wish he would
+write a book."  I answered, "he has just written a great book on the
+skull."  "I don't call that a book," she replied, and added, "I want
+something that people can read; he does write so well."  Now, with your
+ease in writing, and with knowledge at your fingers' ends, do you not think
+you could write a popular Treatise on Zoology?  Of course it would be some
+waste of time, but I have been asked more than a dozen times to recommend
+something for a beginner and could only think of Carpenter's Zoology.  I am
+sure that a striking Treatise would do real service to science by educating
+naturalists.  If you were to keep a portfolio open for a couple of years,
+and throw in slips of paper as subjects crossed your mind, you would soon
+have a skeleton (and that seems to me the difficulty) on which to put the
+flesh and colours in your inimitable manner.  I believe such a book might
+have a brilliant success, but I did not intend to scribble so much about
+it.
+
+Give my kindest remembrance to Mrs. Huxley, and tell her I was looking at
+'Enoch Arden,' and as I know how she admires Tennyson, I must call her
+attention to two sweetly pretty lines (page 105)...
+
+...and he meant, he said he meant,
+Perhaps he meant, or partly meant, you well.
+
+Such a gem as this is enough to make me young again, and like poetry with
+pristine fervour.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+Yours affectionately,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In another letter (January 1865) he returns to the above suggestion,
+though he was in general strongly opposed to men of science giving up to
+the writing of text-books, or to teaching, the time that might otherwise
+have been given to original research.
+
+"I knew there was very little chance of your having time to write a popular
+Treatise on Zoology, but you are about the one man who could do it.  At the
+time I felt it would be almost a sin for you to do it, as it would of
+course destroy some original work.  On the other hand I sometimes think
+that general and popular treatises are almost as important for the progress
+of science as original work."
+
+
+The series of letters will continue the history of the year 1863.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, January 3 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am burning with indignation and must exhale...I could not get to sleep
+till past 3 last night for indignation (It would serve no useful purpose if
+I were to go into the matter which so strongly roused my father's anger. 
+It was a question of literary dishonesty, in which a friend was the
+sufferer, but which in no way affected himself.)...
+
+Now for pleasanter subjects; we were all amused at your defence of stamp
+collecting and collecting generally...But, by Jove, I can hardly stomach a
+grown man collecting stamps.  Who would ever have thought of your
+collecting Wedgwoodware! but that is wholly different, like engravings or
+pictures.  We are degenerate descendants of old Josiah W., for we have not
+a bit of pretty ware in the house.
+
+...Notwithstanding the very pleasant reason you give for our not enjoying a
+holiday, namely, that we have no vices, it is a horrid bore.  I have been
+trying for health's sake to be idle, with no success.  What I shall now
+have to do, will be to erect a tablet in Down Church, "Sacred to the
+Memory, etc.," and officially die, and then publish books, "by the late
+Charles Darwin," for I cannot think what has come over me of late; I always
+suffered from the excitement of talking, but now it has become ludicrous. 
+I talked lately 1 1/2 hours (broken by tea by myself) with my nephew, and I
+was [ill] half the night.  It is a fearful evil for self and family.
+
+Good-night.  Ever yours.
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter to Sir Julius von Haast (Sir Julius von Haast was a
+German by birth, but had long been resident in New Zealand.  He was, in
+1862, Government Geologist to the Province of Canterbury.), is an example
+of the sympathy which he felt with the spread and growth of science in the
+colonies.  It was a feeling not expressed once only, but was frequently
+present in his mind, and often found utterance.  When we, at Cambridge, had
+the satisfaction of receiving Sir J. von Haast into our body as a Doctor of
+Science (July 1886), I had the opportunity of hearing from him of the vivid
+pleasure which this, and other letters from my father, gave him.  It was
+pleasant to see how strong had been the impression made by my father's
+warm-hearted sympathy--an impression which seemed, after more than twenty
+years, to be as fresh as when it was first received:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS VON HAAST.
+Down, January 22 [1863].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for sending me your Address and the Geological
+Report.  (Address to the 'Philosophical Institute of Canterbury (N.Z.).' 
+The "Report" is given in "The New Zealand Government Gazette, Province of
+Canterbury", October 1862.)  I have seldom in my life read anything more
+spirited and interesting than your address.  The progress of your colony
+makes one proud, and it is really admirable to see a scientific institution
+founded in so young a nation.  I thank you for the very honourable notice
+of my 'Origin of Species.'  You will easily believe how much I have been
+interested by your striking facts on the old glacial period, and I suppose
+the world might be searched in vain for so grand a display of terraces. 
+You have, indeed, a noble field for scientific research and discovery.  I
+have been extremely much interested by what you say about the tracks of
+supposed [living] mammalia.  Might I ask, if you succeed in discovering
+what the creatures are, you would have the great kindness to inform me? 
+Perhaps they may turn out something like the Solenhofen bird creature, with
+its long tail and fingers, with claws to its wings!  I may mention that in
+South America, in completely uninhabited regions, I found spring rat-traps,
+baited with CHEESE, were very successful in catching the smaller mammals. 
+I would venture to suggest to you to urge on some of the capable members of
+your institution to observe annually the rate and manner of spreading of
+European weeds and insects, and especially to observe WHAT NATIVE PLANTS
+MOST FAIL; this latter point has never been attended to.  Do the introduced
+hive-bees replace any other insect? etc.  All such points are, in my
+opinion, great desiderata in science.  What an interesting discovery that
+of the remains of prehistoric man!
+
+Believe me, dear Sir,
+With the most cordial respect and thanks,
+Yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CAMILLE DARESTE.  (Professor Dareste is a well-known
+worker in Animal Teratology.  He was in 1863 living at Lille, but has since
+then been called to Paris.  My father took a special interest in Dareste's
+work on the production of monsters, as bearing on the causes of variation.)
+Down, February 16 [1863].
+
+Dear and respected Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your letter and your pamphlet.  I had heard (I
+think in one of M. Quatrefages' books) of your work, and was most anxious
+to read it, but did not know where to find it.  You could not have made me
+a more valuable present.  I have only just returned home, and have not yet
+read your work; when I do if I wish to ask any questions I will venture to
+trouble you.  Your approbation of my book on Species has gratified me
+extremely.  Several naturalists in England, North America, and Germany,
+have declared that their opinions on the subject have in some degree been
+modified, but as far as I know, my book has produced no effect whatever in
+France, and this makes me the more gratified by your very kind expression
+of approbation.  Pray believe me, dear Sir, with much respect,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 24 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am astonished at your note, I have not seen the "Athenaeum" (In the
+'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 480, Lyell criticised somewhat
+severely Owen's account of the difference between the Human and Simian
+brains.  The number of the "Athenaeum" here referred to (1863, page 262)
+contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's strictures.  The surprise
+expressed by my father was at the revival of a controversy which every one
+believed to be closed.  Prof. Huxley ("Medical Times", October 25, 1862,
+quoted in 'Man's Place in Nature,' page 117) spoke of the "two years during
+which this preposterous controversy has dragged its weary length."  And
+this no doubt expressed a very general feeling.) but I have sent for it,
+and may get it to-morrow; and will then say what I think.
+
+I have read Lyell's book.  ['The Antiquity of Man.']  the whole certainty
+struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible the
+facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original work. 
+The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent.  I could
+hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss of novelty was completely worn
+off.  But certainly the aggregation of the evidence produced a very
+striking effect on my mind.  The chapter comparing language and changes of
+species, seems most ingenious and interesting.  He has shown great skill in
+picking out salient points in the argument for change of species; but I am
+deeply disappointed (I do not mean personally) to find that his timidity
+prevents him giving any judgment...From all my communications with him I
+must ever think that he has really entirely lost faith in the immutability
+of species; and yet one of his strongest sentences is nearly as follows: 
+"If it should EVER (The italics are not Lyell's.) be rendered highly
+probable that species change by variation and natural selection," etc.,
+etc.  I had hoped he would have guided the public as far as his own belief
+went...One thing does please me on this subject, that he seems to
+appreciate your work.  No doubt the public or a part may be induced to
+think that as he gives to us a larger space than to Lamarck, he must think
+there is something in our views.  When reading the brain chapter, it struck
+me forcibly that if he had said openly that he believed in change of
+species, and as a consequence that man was derived from some Quadrumanous
+animal, it would have been very proper to have discussed by compilation the
+differences in the most important organ, viz. the brain.  As it is, the
+chapter seems to me to come in rather by the head and shoulders.  I do not
+think (but then I am as prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so) that
+it is too severe; it struck me as given with judicial force.  It might
+perhaps be said with truth that he had no business to judge on a subject on
+which he knows nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent. 
+(You know I value and rank high compilers, being one myself!)  I have taken
+you at your word, and scribbled at great length.  If I get the "Athenaeum"
+to-morrow, I will add my impression of Owen's letter.
+
+...The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday.  I
+dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not spoken
+out on species, still less on man.  And the best of the joke is that he
+thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old.  I hope I may have
+taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall PARTICULARLY be glad
+of your opinion on this head.  (On this subject my father wrote to Sir
+Joseph Hooker:  "Cordial thanks for your deeply interesting letters about
+Lyell, Owen, and Co.  I cannot say how glad I am to hear that I have not
+been unjust about the species-question towards Lyell.  I feared I had been
+unreasonable.")  When I got his book I turned over the pages, and saw he
+had discussed the subject of species, and said that I thought he would do
+more to convert the public than all of us, and now (which makes the case
+worse for me) I must, in common honesty, retract.  I wish to Heaven he had
+said not a word on the subject.
+
+WEDNESDAY MORNING:
+
+I have read the "Athenaeum".  I do not think Lyell will be nearly so much
+annoyed as you expect.  The concluding sentence is no doubt very stinging. 
+No one but a good anatomist could unravel Owen's letter; at least it is
+quite beyond me.
+
+...Lyell's memory plays him false when he says all anatomists were
+astonished at Owen's paper ("On the Characters, etc., of the Class
+Mammalia."  'Linn. Soc. Journal,' ii, 1858.); it was often quoted with
+approbation.  I WELL remember Lyell's admiration at this new
+classification!  (Do not repeat this.)  I remember it, because, though I
+knew nothing whatever about the brain, I felt a conviction that a
+classification thus founded on a single character would break down, and it
+seemed to me a great error not to separate more completely the
+Marsupialia...
+
+What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+within, what ought to be, the peaceful realms of science.  I will go to my
+own present subject of inheritance and forget it all for a time.  Farewell,
+my dear old friend,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, February 23 [1863].
+
+...If you have time to read you will be interested by parts of Lyell's book
+on man; but I fear that the best part, about the Glacial period, may be too
+geological for any one except a regular geologist.  He quotes you at the
+end with gusto.  By the way, he told me the other day how pleased some had
+been by hearing that they could purchase your pamphlet.  The "Parthenon"
+also speaks of it as the ablest contribution to the literature of the
+subject.  It delights me when I see your work appreciated.
+
+The Lyells come here this day week, and I shall grumble at his excessive
+caution...The public may well say, if such a man dare not or will not speak
+out his mind, how can we who are ignorant form even a guess on the subject? 
+Lyell was pleased when I told him lately that you thought that language
+might be used as an excellent illustration of derivation of species; you
+will see that he has an ADMIRABLE chapter on this...
+
+I read Cairns's excellent Lecture (Prof. J.E. Cairns, 'The Slave Power,
+etc.:  an attempt to explain the real issues involved in the American
+contest.' 1862.), which shows so well how your quarrel arose from Slavery. 
+It made me for a time wish honestly for the North; but I could never help,
+though I tried, all the time thinking how we should be bullied and forced
+into a war by you, when you were triumphant.  But I do most truly think it
+dreadful that the South, with its accursed slavery, should triumph, and
+spread the evil.  I think if I had power, which thank God, I have not, I
+would let you conquer the border States, and all west of the Mississippi,
+and then force you to acknowledge the cotton States.  For do you not now
+begin to doubt whether you can conquer and hold them?  I have inflicted a
+long tirade on you.
+
+"The Times" is getting more detestable (but that is too weak a word) than
+ever.  My good wife wishes to give it up, but I tell her that is a pitch of
+heroism to which only a woman is equal.  To give up the "Bloody Old
+'Times'," as Cobbett used to call it, would be to give up meat, drink and
+air.  Farewell, my dear Gray,
+
+Yours most truly,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, March 6, [1863].
+
+...I have been of course deeply interested by your book.  ('Antiquity of
+Man.')  I have hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a little
+on what most interested me.  But I will first get out what I hate saying,
+viz., that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not given
+judgment and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation of
+species.  I should have been contented if you had boldly said that species
+have not been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt as you like
+on how far variation and natural selection suffices.  I hope to Heaven I am
+wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems so), but I cannot see
+how your chapters can do more good than an extraordinary able review.  I
+think the "Parthenon" is right, that you will leave the public in a fog. 
+No doubt they may infer that as you give more space to myself, Wallace, and
+Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think more of us.  But I had always thought
+that your judgment would have been an epoch in the subject.  All that is
+over with me, and I will only think on the admirable skill with which you
+have selected the striking points, and explained them.  No praise can be
+too strong, in my opinion, for the inimitable chapter on language in
+comparison with species.
+
+(After speculating on the sudden appearance of individuals far above the
+average of the human race, Lyell asks if such leaps upwards in the scale of
+intellect may not "have cleared at one bound the space which separated the
+higher stage of the unprogressive intelligence of the inferior animals from
+the first and lowest form of improvable reason manifested by man.") page
+505--A sentence at the top of the page makes me groan...
+
+I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you must
+know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master.  I
+heartily hope and expect that your book will have gigantic circulation and
+may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do.  I am tired, so no
+more.  I have written so briefly that you will have to guess my meaning.  I
+fear my remarks are hardly worth sending.  Farewell, with kindest
+remembrance to Lady Lyell.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Mr. Huxley has quoted (vol. i. page 546) some passages from Lyell's
+letters which show his state of mind at this time.  The following passage,
+from a letter of March 11th to my father, is also of much interest:--
+
+"My feelings, however, more than any thought about policy or expediency,
+prevent me from dogmatising as to the descent of man from the brutes,
+which, though I am prepared to accept it, takes away much of the charm from
+my speculations on the past relating to such matters...But you ought to be
+satisfied, as I shall bring hundreds towards you who, if I treated the
+matter more dogmatically, would have rebelled."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, 12 [March, 1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may say, charming letter. 
+I feared you might be huffed for a little time with me.  I know some men
+would have been so.  I have hardly any more criticisms, anyhow, worth
+writing.  But I may mention that I felt a little surprise that old B. de
+Perthes (1788-1868.  See footnote below.) was not rather more honourably
+mentioned.  I would suggest whether you could not leave out some references
+to the 'Principles;' one for the real student is as good as a hundred, and
+it is rather irritating, and gives a feeling of incompleteness to the
+general reader to be often referred to other books.  As you say that you
+have gone as far as you believe on the species question, I have not a word
+to say; but I must feel convinced that at times, judging from conversation,
+expressions, letters, etc., you have as completely given up belief in
+immutability of specific forms as I have done.  I must still think a clear
+expression from you, IF YOU COULD HAVE GIVEN IT, would have been potent
+with the public, and all the more so, as you formerly held opposite
+opinions.  The more I work the more satisfied I become with variation and
+natural selection, but that part of the case I look at as less important,
+though more interesting to me personally.  As you ask for criticisms on
+this head (and believe me that I should not have made them unasked), I may
+specify (pages 412, 413) that such words as "Mr. D. labours to show," "is
+believed by the author to throw light," would lead a common reader to think
+that you yourself do NOT at all agree, but merely think it fair to give my
+opinion.  Lastly, you refer repeatedly to my view as a modification of
+Lamarck's doctrine of development and progression.  If this is your
+deliberate opinion there is nothing to be said, but it does not seem so to
+me.  Plato, Buffon, my grandfather before Lamarck, and others, propounded
+the OBVIOUS views that if species were not created separately they must
+have descended from other species, and I can see nothing else in common
+between the 'Origin' and Lamarck.  I believe this way of putting the case
+is very injurious to its acceptance, as it implies necessary progression,
+and closely connects Wallace's and my views with what I consider, after two
+deliberate readings, as a wretched book, and one from which (I well
+remember my surprise) I gained nothing.  But I know you rank it higher,
+which is curious, as it did not in the least shake your belief.  But
+enough, and more than enough.  Please remember you have brought it all down
+on yourself!!!
+
+I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation."  ("Falconer, whom I
+referred to oftener than to any other author, says I have not done justice
+to the part he took in resuscitating the cave question, and says he shall
+come out with a separate paper to prove it.  I offered to alter anything in
+the new edition, but this he declined.--C. Lyell to C. Darwin, March 11,
+1863; Lyell's 'Life,' vol. ii. page 364.)  I hate the very word, and have a
+sincere affection for him.
+
+Did you ever read anything so wretched as the "Athenaeum" reviews of you,
+and of Huxley ('Man's Place in Nature,' 1863.) especially.  Your OBJECT to
+make man old, and Huxley's OBJECT to degrade him.  The wretched writer has
+not a glimpse what the discovery of scientific truth means.  How splendid
+some pages are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be popular...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down [March 13, 1863].
+
+I should have thanked you sooner for the "Athenaeum" and very pleasant
+previous note, but I have been busy, and not a little uncomfortable from
+frequent uneasy feeling of fullness, slight pain and tickling about the
+heart.  But as I have no other symptoms of heart complaint I do not suppose
+it is affected...I have had a most kind and delightfully candid letter from
+Lyell, who says he spoke out as far as he believes.  I have no doubt his
+belief failed him as he wrote, for I feel sure that at times he no more
+believed in Creation than you or I.  I have grumbled a bit in my answer to
+him at his ALWAYS classing my work as a modification of Lamarck's, which it
+is no more than any author who did not believe in immutability of species,
+and did believe in descent.  I am very sorry to hear from Lyell that
+Falconer is going to publish a formal reclamation of his own claims...
+
+It is cruel to think of it, but we must go to Malvern in the middle of
+April; it is ruin to me.  (He went to Hartfield in Sussex, on April 27, and
+to Malvern in the autumn.)...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, March 17 [1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been much interested by your letters and enclosure, and thank you
+sincerely for giving me so much time when you must be so busy.  What a
+curious letter from B. de P. [Boucher de Perthes].  He seems perfectly
+satisfied, and must be a very amiable man.  I know something about his
+errors, and looked at his book many years ago, and am ashamed to think that
+I concluded the whole was rubbish!  Yet he has done for man something like
+what Agassiz did for glaciers.  (In his 'Antiquites Celtiques' (1847),
+Boucher de Perthes described the flint tools found at Abbeville with bones
+of rhinoceros, hyaena, etc.  "But the scientific world had no faith in the
+statement that works of art, however rude, had been met with in undisturbed
+beds of such antiquity."  ('Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 95).)
+
+I cannot say that I agree with Hooker about the public not liking to be
+told what to conclude, IF COMING FROM ONE IN YOUR POSITION.  But I am
+heartily sorry that I was led to make complaints, or something very like
+complaints, on the manner in which you have treated the subject, and still
+more so anything about myself.  I steadily ENDEAVOUR never to forget my
+firm belief that no one can at all judge about his own work.  As for
+Lamarck, as you have such a man as Grove with you, you are triumphant; not
+that I can alter my opinion that to me it was an absolutely useless book. 
+Perhaps this was owing to my always searching books for facts, perhaps from
+knowing my grandfather's earlier and identically the same speculation.  I
+will only further say that if I can analyse my own feelings (a very
+doubtful process), it is nearly as much for your sake as for my own, that I
+so much wish that your state of belief could have permitted you to say
+boldly and distinctly out that species were not separately created.  I have
+generally told you the progress of opinion, as I have heard it, on the
+species question.  A first-rate German naturalist (No doubt Haeckel, whose
+monograph on the Radiolaria was published in 1862.  In the same year
+Professor W. Preyer of Jena published a dissertation on Alca impennis,
+which was one of the earliest pieces of special work on the basis of the
+'Origin of Species.') (I now forget the name!), who has lately published a
+grand folio, has spoken out to the utmost extent on the 'Origin.'  De
+Candolle, in a very good paper on "Oaks," goes, in Asa Gray's opinion, as
+far as he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing to me, says WE, "we
+think this and that;" so that I infer he really goes to the full extent
+with me, and tells me of a French good botanical palaeontologist (name
+forgotten) (The Marquis de Saporta.), who writes to De Candolle that he is
+sure that my views will ultimately prevail.  But I did not intend to have
+written all this.  It satisfies me with the final results, but this result,
+I begin to see, will take two or three lifetimes.  The entomologists are
+enough to keep the subject back for half a century.  I really pity your
+having to balance the claims of so many eager aspirants for notice; it is
+clearly impossible to satisfy all...Certainly I was struck with the full
+and due honour you conferred on Falconer.  I have just had a note from
+Hooker...I am heartily glad that you have made him so conspicuous; he is so
+honest, so candid, and so modest...
+
+I have read --.  I could find nothing to lay hold of, which in one sense I
+am very glad of, as I should hate a controversy; but in another sense I am
+very sorry for, as I long to be in the same boat with all my friends...I am
+heartily glad the book is going off so well.
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down [March 29, 1863].
+
+...Many thanks for "Athenaeum", received this morning, and to be returned
+to-morrow morning.  Who would have ever thought of the old stupid
+"Athenaeum" taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy written in
+Owenian style!  (This refers to a review of Dr. Carpenter's 'Introduction
+to the study of Foraminifera,' that appeared in the "Athenaeum" of March
+28, 1863 (page 417).  The reviewer attacks Dr. Carpenter's views in as much
+as they support the doctrine of Descent; and he upholds spontaneous
+generation (Heterogeny) in place of what Dr. Carpenter, naturally enough,
+believed in, viz. the genetic connection of living and extinct
+Foraminifera.  In the next number is a letter by Dr. Carpenter, which
+chiefly consists of a protest against the reviewer's somewhat contemptuous
+classification of Dr. Carpenter and my father as disciple and master.  In
+the course of the letter Dr. Carpenter says--page 461:--
+
+"Under the influence of his foregone conclusion that I have accepted Mr.
+Darwin as my master, and his hypothesis as my guide, your reviewer
+represents me as blind to the significance of the general fact stated by
+me, that 'there has been no advance in the foraminiferous type from the
+palaeozoic period to the present time.'  But for such a foregone conclusion
+he would have recognised in this statement the expression of my conviction
+that the present state of scientific evidence, instead of sanctioning the
+idea that the descendants of the primitive type or types of Foraminifera
+can ever rise to any higher grade, justifies the ANTI-DARWINIAN influence,
+that however widely they diverge from each other and from their originals,
+THEY STILL REMAIN FORAMINIFERA.")...It will be some time before we see
+"slime, protoplasm, etc.," generating a new animal.  (On the same subject
+my father wrote in 1871:  "It is often said that all the conditions for the
+first production of a living organism are now present, which could ever
+have been present.  But if (and oh! what a big if!) we could conceive in
+some warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts,
+light, heat, electricity, etc., present, that a proteine compound was
+chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the
+present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which
+would not have been the case before living creatures were formed.")  But I
+have long regretted that I truckled to public opinion, and used the
+Pentateuchal term of creation (This refers to a passage in which the
+reviewer of Dr. Carpenter's books speaks of "an operation of force," or "a
+concurrence of forces which have now no place in nature," as being, "a
+creative force, in fact, which Darwin could only express in Pentateuchal
+terms as the primordial form 'into which life was first breathed.'"  The
+conception of expressing a creative force as a primordial form is the
+Reviewer's.), by which I really meant "appeared" by some wholly unknown
+process.  It is mere rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life;
+one might as well think of the origin of matter.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, Friday night [April 17, 1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have heard from Oliver that you will be now at Kew, and so I am going to
+amuse myself by scribbling a bit.  I hope you have thoroughly enjoyed your
+tour.  I never in my life saw anything like the spring flowers this year. 
+What a lot of interesting things have been lately published.  I liked
+extremely your review of De Candolle.  What an awfully severe article that
+by Falconer on Lyell ("Athenaeum", April 4, 1863, page 459.  The writer
+asserts that justice has not been done either to himself or Mr. Prestwich--
+that Lyell has not made it clear that it was their original work which
+supplied certain material for the 'Antiquity of Man.'  Falconer attempts to
+draw an unjust distinction between a "philosopher" (here used as a polite
+word for compiler) like Sir Charles Lyell, and original observers,
+presumably such as himself, and Mr. Prestwich.  Lyell's reply was published
+in the "Athenaeum", April 18, 1863.  It ought to be mentioned that a letter
+from Mr. Prestwich ("Athenaeum", page 555), which formed part of the
+controversy, though of the nature of a reclamation, was written in a very
+different spirit and tone from Dr. Falconer's.); I am very sorry for it; I
+think Falconer on his side does not do justice to old Perthes and
+Schmerling...I shall be very curious to see how he [Lyell] answers it to-
+morrow.  (I have been compelled to take in the "Athenaeum" for a while.)  I
+am very sorry that Falconer should have written so spitefully, even if
+there is some truth in his accusations; I was rather disappointed in
+Carpenter's letter, no one could have given a better answer, but the chief
+object of his letter seems to me to be to show that though he has touched
+pitch he is not defiled.  No one would suppose he went so far as to believe
+all birds came from one progenitor.  I have written a letter to the
+"Athenaeum" ("Athenaeum", 1863, page 554:  "The view given by me on the
+origin or derivation of species, whatever its weaknesses may be, connects
+(as has been candidly admitted by some of its opponents, such as Pictet,
+Bronn, etc.), by an intelligible thread of reasoning, a multitude of facts: 
+such as the formation of domestic races by man's selection,--the
+classification and affinities of all organic beings,--the innumerable
+gradations in structure and instincts,--the similarity of pattern in the
+hand, wing, or paddle of animals of the same great class,--the existence of
+organs become rudimentary by disuse,--the similarity of an embryonic
+reptile, bird, and mammal, with the retention of traces of an apparatus
+fitted for aquatic respiration; the retention in the young calf of incisor
+teeth in the upper jaw, etc.--the distribution of animals and plants, and
+their mutual affinities within the same region,--their general geological
+succession, and the close relationship of the fossils in closely
+consecutive formations and within the same country; extinct marsupials
+having preceded living marsupials in Australia, and armadillo-like animals
+having preceded and generated armadilloes in South America,--and many other
+phenomena, such as the gradual extinction of old forms and their gradual
+replacement by new forms better fitted for their new conditions in the
+struggle for life.  When the advocate of Heterogeny can thus connect large
+classes of facts, and not until then, he will have respectful and patient
+listeners.") (the first and last time I shall take such a step) to say,
+under the cloak of attacking Heterogeny, a word in my own defence.  My
+letter is to appear next week, so the Editor says; and I mean to quote
+Lyell's sentence (See the next letter.) in his second edition, on the
+principle if one puffs oneself, one had better puff handsomely...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, April 18 [1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I was really quite sorry that you had sent me a second copy (The second
+edition of the 'Antiquity of Man' was published a few months after the
+first had appeared.) of your valuable book.  But after a few hours my
+sorrow vanished for this reason:  I have written a letter to the
+"Athenaeum", in order, under the cloak of attacking the monstrous article
+on Heterogeny, to say a word for myself in answer to Carpenter, and now I
+have inserted a few sentences in allusion to your analogous objection
+(Lyell objected that the mammalia (e.g. bats and seals) which alone have
+been able to reach oceanic islands ought to have become modified into
+various terrestrial forms fitted to fill various places in their new home. 
+My father pointed out in the "Athenaeum" that Sir Charles has in some
+measure answered his own objection, and went on to quote the "amended
+sentence" ('Antiquity of Man,' 2nd Edition page 469) as showing how far
+Lyell agreed with the general doctrines of the "Origin of Species':  "Yet
+we ought by no means to undervalue the importance of the step which will
+have been made, should it hereafter become the generally received opinion
+of men of science (as I fully expect it will) that the past changes of the
+organic world have been brought about by the subordinate agency of such
+causes as Variation and Natural Selection."  In the first edition the words
+(as I fully expect it will," do not occur.) about bats on islands, and then
+with infinite slyness have quoted your amended sentence, with your
+parenthesis ("as I fully believe") (My father here quotes Lyell
+incorrectly; see the previous foot-note.); I do not think you can be
+annoyed at my doing this, and you see, that I am determined as far as I
+can, that the public shall see how far you go.  This is the first time I
+have ever said a word for myself in any journal, and it shall, I think, be
+the last.  My letter is short, and no great things.  I was extremely
+concerned to see Falconer's disrespectful and virulent letter.  I like
+extremely your answer just read; you take a lofty and dignified position,
+to which you are so well entitled.  (In a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he
+wrote:  "I much like Lyell's letter.  But all this squabbling will greatly
+sink scientific men.  I have seen sneers already in the 'Times'.")
+
+I suspect that if you had inserted a few more superlatives in speaking of
+the several authors there would have been none of this horrid noise.  No
+one, I am sure, who knows you could doubt about your hearty sympathy with
+every one who makes any little advance in science.  I still well remember
+my surprise at the manner in which you listened to me in Hart Street on my
+return from the "Beagle's" voyage.  You did me a world of good.  It is
+horridly vexatious that so frank and apparently amiable a man as Falconer
+should have behaved so.  (It is to this affair that the extract from a
+letter to Falconer, given in volume i., refers.)  Well it will all soon be
+forgotten...
+
+
+[In reply to the above-mentioned letter of my father's to the "Athenaeum",
+an article appeared in that Journal (May 2nd, 1863, page 586), accusing my
+father of claiming for his views the exclusive merit of "connecting by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning" a number of facts in morphology, etc. 
+The writer remarks that, "The different generalizations cited by Mr. Darwin
+as being connected by an intelligible thread of reasoning exclusively
+through his attempt to explain specific transmutation are in fact related
+to it in this wise, that they have prepared the minds of naturalists for a
+better reception of such attempts to explain the way of the origin of
+species from species."
+
+To this my father replied in the "Athenaeum" of May 9th, 1863:]
+
+Down, May 5 [1863].
+
+I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+specified.  I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially the
+formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species, the
+principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, etc.) as the theory,
+or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of Natural
+Selection.  Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever offered of
+the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each other, and to
+their physical conditions of life.  Whether the naturalist believes in the
+views given by Lamarck, by Geoffrey St. Hilaire, by the author of the
+'Vestiges,' by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other such view, signifies
+extremely little in comparison with the admission that species have
+descended from other species, and have not been created immutable; for he
+who admits this as a great truth has a wide field opened to him for further
+inquiry.  I believe, however, from what I see of the progress of opinion on
+the Continent, and in this country, that the theory of Natural Selection
+will ultimately be adopted, with, no doubt, many subordinate modifications
+and improvements.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the following, he refers to the above letter to the "Athenaeum:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Leith Hill Place,
+Saturday [May 11, 1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I have been gnashing
+my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by --'s sneers, which were so
+good that I almost enjoyed them.  I have written once again to own to a
+certain extent of truth in what he says, and then if I am ever such a fool
+again, have no mercy on me.  I have read the squib in "Public Opinion"
+("Public Opinion", April 23, 1863.  A lively account of a police case, in
+which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised.  Mr. John Bull gives
+evidence that--
+
+"The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley quarrelled
+with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and Prestwich with
+Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody.  He had pleasure,
+however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.  They were
+always picking bones with each other and fighting over their gains.  If
+either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything, he was
+obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone collectors would
+be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft afterwards, and the
+consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as they were wearisome.
+
+"Lord Mayor.--Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+influence over them?
+
+"The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to say
+that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the clergy
+as that to which these unhappy men belonged."); it is capital; if there is
+more, and you have a copy, do lend it.  It shows well that a scientific man
+had better be trampled in dirt than squabble.  I have been drawing
+diagrams, dissecting shoots, and muddling my brains to a hopeless degree
+about the divergence of leaves, and have of course utterly failed.  But I
+can see that the subject is most curious, and indeed astonishing...
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Mr. Bentham's presidential address to the
+Linnean Society (May 25, 1863).  Mr. Bentham does not yield to the new
+theory of Evolution, "cannot surrender at discretion as long as many
+important outworks remain contestable."  But he shows that the great body
+of scientific opinion is flowing in the direction of belief.
+
+The mention of Pasteur by Mr. Bentham is in reference to the promulgation
+"as it were ex cathedra," of a theory of spontaneous generation by the
+reviewer of Dr. Carpenter in the "Athenaeum" (March 28, 1863).  Mr. Bentham
+points out that in ignoring Pasteur's refutation of the supposed facts of
+spontaneous generation, the writer fails to act with "that impartiality
+which every reviewer is supposed to possess."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM.
+Down, May 22 [1863].
+
+My dear Bentham,
+
+I am much obliged for your kind and interesting letter.  I have no fear of
+anything that a man like you will say annoying me in the very least degree. 
+On the other hand, any approval from one whose judgment and knowledge I
+have for many years so sincerely respected, will gratify me much.  The
+objection which you well put, of certain forms remaining unaltered through
+long time and space, is no doubt formidable in appearance, and to a certain
+extent in reality according to my judgment.  But does not the difficulty
+rest much on our silently assuming that we know more than we do?  I have
+literally found nothing so difficult as to try and always remember our
+ignorance.  I am never weary, when walking in any new adjoining district or
+country, of reflecting how absolutely ignorant we are why certain old
+plants are not there present, and other new ones are, and others in
+different proportions.  If we once fully feel this, then in judging the
+theory of Natural Selection, which implies that a form will remain
+unaltered unless some alteration be to its benefit, is it so very wonderful
+that some forms should change much slower and much less, and some few
+should have changed not at all under conditions which to us (who really
+know nothing what are the important conditions) seem very different. 
+Certainly a priori we might have anticipated that all the plants anciently
+introduced into Australia would have undergone some modification; but the
+fact that they have not been modified does not seem to me a difficulty of
+weight enough to shake a belief grounded on other arguments.  I have
+expressed myself miserably, but I am far from well to-day.
+
+I am very glad that you are going to allude to Pasteur; I was struck with
+infinite admiration at his work.  With cordial thanks, believe me, dear
+Bentham,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--In fact, the belief in Natural Selection must at present be grounded
+entirely on general considerations.  (1)  On its being a vera causa, from
+the struggle for existence; and the certain geological fact that species do
+somehow change.  (2)  From the analogy of change under domestication by
+man's selection.  (3)  And chiefly from this view connecting under an
+intelligible point of view a host of facts.  When we descend to details, we
+can prove that no one species has changed [i.e. we cannot prove that a
+single species has changed]; nor can we prove that the supposed changes are
+beneficial, which is the groundwork of the theory.  Nor can we explain why
+some species have changed and others have not.  The latter case seems to me
+hardly more difficult to understand precisely and in detail than the former
+case of supposed change.  Bronn may ask in vain, the old creationist school
+and the new school, why one mouse has longer ears than another mouse, and
+one plant more pointed leaves than another plant.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM.
+Down, June 19 [1863].
+
+My dear Bentham,
+
+I have been extremely much pleased and interested by your address, which
+you kindly sent me.  It seems to be excellently done, with as much judicial
+calmness and impartiality as the Lord Chancellor could have shown.  But
+whether the "immutable" gentlemen would agree with the impartiality may be
+doubted, there is too much kindness shown towards me, Hooker, and others,
+they might say.  Moreover I verily believe that your address, written as it
+is, will do more to shake the unshaken and bring on those leaning to our
+side, than anything written directly in favour of transmutation.  I can
+hardly tell why it is, but your address has pleased me as much as Lyell's
+book disappointed me, that is, the part on species, though so cleverly
+written.  I agree with all your remarks on the reviewers.  By the way,
+Lecoq (Author of 'Geographie Botanique.' 9 vols. 1854-58.) is a believer in
+the change of species.  I, for one, can conscientiously declare that I
+never feel surprised at any one sticking to the belief of immutability;
+though I am often not a little surprised at the arguments advanced on this
+side.  I remember too well my endless oscillations of doubt and difficulty. 
+It is to me really laughable when I think of the years which elapsed before
+I saw what I believe to be the explanation of some parts of the case; I
+believe it was fifteen years after I began before I saw the meaning and
+cause of the divergence of the descendants of any one pair.  You pay me
+some most elegant and pleasing compliments.  There is much in your address
+which has pleased me much, especially your remarks on various naturalists. 
+I am so glad that you have alluded so honourably to Pasteur.  I have just
+read over this note; it does not express strongly enough the interest which
+I have felt in reading your address.  You have done, I believe, a real good
+turn to the RIGHT SIDE.  Believe me, dear Bentham,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1864.
+
+[In my father's diary for 1864 is the entry, "Ill all January, February,
+March."  About the middle of April (seven months after the beginning of the
+illness in the previous autumn) his health took a turn for the better.  As
+soon as he was able to do any work, he began to write his papers on
+Lythrum, and on Climbing Plants, so that the work which now concerns us did
+not begin until September, when he again set to work on 'Animals and
+Plants.'  A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker gives some account of the re-
+commencement of the work:  "I have begun looking over my old MS., and it is
+as fresh as if I had never written it; parts are astonishingly dull, but
+yet worth printing, I think; and other parts strike me as very good.  I am
+a complete millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I have been
+really astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters on
+Inheritance and Selection.  God knows when the book will ever be completed,
+for I find that I am very weak and on my best days cannot do more than one
+or one and a half hours' work.  It is a good deal harder than writing about
+my dear climbing plants."
+
+In this year he received the greatest honour which a scientific man can
+receive in this country--the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.  It is
+presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St. Andrew's Day (November 30), the
+medalist being usually present to receive it, but this the state of my
+father's health prevented.  He wrote to Mr. Fox on this subject:--
+
+"I was glad to see your hand-writing.  The Copley, being open to all
+sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting from
+several kind letters, such things make little difference to me.  It shows,
+however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this country,
+and that pleases me.  The subject, however, is safe in foreign lands."
+
+To Sir J.D. Hooker, also, he wrote:--
+
+"How kind you have been about this medal; indeed, I am blessed with many
+good friends, and I have received four or five notes which have warmed my
+heart.  I often wonder that so old a worn-out dog as I am is not quite
+forgotten.  Talking of medals, has Falconer had the Royal? he surely ought
+to have it, as ought John Lubbock.  By the way, the latter tells me that
+some old members of the Royal are quite shocked at my having the Copley. 
+Do you know who?"
+
+He wrote to Mr. Huxley:--
+
+"I must and will answer you, for it is a real pleasure for me to thank you
+cordially for your note.  Such notes as this of yours, and a few others,
+are the real medal to me, and not the round bit of gold.  These have given
+me a pleasure which will long endure; so believe in my cordial thanks for
+your note."
+
+Sir Charles Lyell, writing to my father in November 1864 ('Life,' vol. ii.
+page 384), speaks of the supposed malcontents as being afraid to crown
+anything so unorthodox as the 'Origin.'  But he adds that if such were
+their feelings "they had the good sense to draw in their horns."  It
+appears, however, from the same letter, that the proposal to give the
+Copley Medal to my father in the previous year failed owing to a similar
+want of courage--to Lyell's great indignation.
+
+In the "Reader", December 3, 1864, General Sabine's presidential address at
+the Anniversary Meeting is reported at some length.  Special weight was
+laid on my father's work in Geology, Zoology, and Botany, but the 'Origin
+of Species' is praised chiefly as containing "a mass of observations," etc. 
+It is curious that as in the case of his election to the French
+Institution, so in this case, he was honoured not for the great work of his
+life, but for his less important work in special lines.  The paragraph in
+General Sabine's address which refers to the 'Origin of Species,' is as
+follows:--
+
+"In his most recent work 'On the Origin of Species,' although opinions may
+be divided or undecided with respect to its merits in some respects, all
+will allow that it contains a mass of observations bearing upon the habits,
+structure, affinities, and distribution of animals, perhaps unrivalled for
+interest, minuteness, and patience of observation.  Some amongst us may
+perhaps incline to accept the theory indicated by the title of this work,
+while others may perhaps incline to refuse, or at least to remit it to a
+future time, when increased knowledge shall afford stronger grounds for its
+ultimate acceptance or rejection.  Speaking generally and collectively, we
+have expressly omitted it from the grounds of our award."
+
+I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+President's manner of allusion to the 'Origin' was felt by some Fellows of
+the Society.
+
+The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in another way,
+inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his after-dinner speech, a
+"confession of faith as to the 'Origin.'"  He wrote to my father ('Life,'
+vol. ii. page 384), "I said I had been forced to give up my old faith
+without thoroughly seeing my way to a new one.  But I think you would have
+been satisfied with the length I went."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, October 3 [1864].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+If I do not pour out my admiration of your article ("Criticisms on the
+Origin of Species," 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1864.  Republished in 'Lay
+Sermons,' 1870, page 328.  The work of Professor Kolliker referred to is
+'Ueber die Darwin'sche Schopfungstheorie' (Leipzig, 1864).  Toward
+Professor Kolliker my father felt not only the respect due to so
+distinguished a naturalist (a sentiment well expressed in Professor
+Huxley's review), but he had also a personal regard for him, and often
+alluded with satisfaction to the visit which Professor Kolliker paid at
+Down.) on Kolliker, I shall explode.  I never read anything better done.  I
+had much wished his article answered, and indeed thought of doing so
+myself, so that I considered several points.  You have hit on all, and on
+some in addition, and oh! by Jove, how well you have done it.  As I read on
+and came to point after point on which I had thought, I could not help
+jeering and scoffing at myself, to see how infinitely better you had done
+it than I could have done.  Well, if any one, who does not understand
+Natural Selection, will read this, he will be a blockhead if it is not as
+clear as daylight.  Old Flourens ('Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur
+l'origine des especes.'  Par P. Flourens.  8vo.  Paris, 1864.) was hardly
+worth the powder and shot; but how capitally you bring in about the
+Academician, and your metaphor of the sea-sand is INIMITABLE.
+
+It is a marvel to me how you can resist becoming a regular reviewer.  Well,
+I have exploded now, and it has done me a deal of good...
+
+
+[In the same article in the 'Natural History Review,' Mr. Huxley speaks of
+the book above alluded to by Flourens, the Secretaire Perpetuel of the
+Academie des Sciences, as one of the two "most elaborate criticisms" of the
+'Origin of Species' of the year.  He quotes the following passage:--
+
+"M. Darwin continue:  'Aucune distinction absolue n'a ete et ne peut etre
+entre les especes et les varietes!'  Je vous ai deja dit que vous vous
+trompiez; une distinction absolue separe les varietes d'avec les especes." 
+Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of an Academy in
+England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated in this way even
+by a Perpetual Secretary."  After demonstrating M. Flourens'
+misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How one knows it
+all by heart, and with what relief one reads at page 65 'Je laisse M.
+Darwin.'"
+
+On the same subject my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book against me which
+pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading in France. 
+He speaks of the "engouement" about this book [the 'Origin'] "so full of
+empty and presumptuous thoughts."  The passage here alluded to is as
+follows:--
+
+"Enfin l'ouvrage de M. Darwin a paru.  On ne peut qu'etre frappe du talent
+de l'auteur.  Mais que d'idees obscures, que d'idees fausses!  Quel jargon
+metaphysique jete mal a propos dans l'histoire naturelle, qui tombe dans le
+galimatias des qu'elle sort des idees claires, des idees justes.  Quel
+langage pretentieux et vide!  Quelles personifications pueriles et
+surannees!  O lucidite!  O solidite de l'esprit francais, que devenez-
+vous?"]
+
+
+1865.
+
+[This was again a time of much ill-health, but towards the close of the
+year he began to recover under the care of the late Dr. Bence-Jones, who
+dieted him severely, and as he expressed it, "half-starved him to death." 
+He was able to work at 'Animals and Plants' until nearly the end of April,
+and from that time until December he did practically no work, with the
+exception of looking over the 'Origin of Species' for a second French
+edition.  He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--"I am, as it were, reading the
+'Origin' for the first time, for I am correcting for a second French
+edition:  and upon my life, my dear fellow, it is a very good book, but oh!
+my gracious, it is tough reading, and I wish it were done."  (Towards the
+end of the year my father received the news of a new convert to his views,
+in the person of the distinguished American naturalist Lesquereux.  He
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:  "I have had an enormous letter from Leo
+Lesquereux (after doubts, I did not think it worth sending you) on Coal
+Flora.  He wrote some excellent articles in 'Silliman' against 'Origin'
+views; but he says now, after repeated reading of the book, he is a
+convert!")
+
+
+The following letter refers to the Duke of Argyll's address to the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh, December 5th, 1864, in which he criticises the
+'Origin of Species.'  My father seems to have read the Duke's address as
+reported in the "Scotsman" of December 6th, 1865.  In a letter to my father
+(January 16, 1865, 'Life,' vol. ii. page 385), Lyell wrote, "The address is
+a great step towards your views--far greater, I believe, than it seems when
+read merely with reference to criticisms and objections."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, January 22, [1865].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you for your very interesting letter.  I have the true English
+instinctive reverence for rank, and therefore liked to hear about the
+Princess Royal.  ("I had...an animated conversation on Darwinism with the
+Princess Royal, who is a worthy daughter of her father, in the reading of
+good books, and thinking of what she reads.  She was very much au fait at
+the 'Origin,' and Huxley's book, the 'Antiquity,' etc."--(Lyell's 'Life,'
+vol. ii. page 385.)  You ask what I think of the Duke's address, and I
+shall be glad to tell you.  It seems to me EXTREMELY clever, like
+everything I have read of his; but I am not shaken--perhaps you will say
+that neither gods nor men could shake me.  I demur to the Duke reiterating
+his objection that the brilliant plumage of the male humming-bird could not
+have been acquired through selection, at the same time entirely ignoring my
+discussion (page 93, 3rd edition) on beautiful plumage being acquired
+through SEXUAL selection.  The duke may think this insufficient, but that
+is another question.  All analogy makes me quite disagree with the Duke
+that the difference in the beak, wing and tail, are not of importance to
+the several species.  In the only two species which I have watched, the
+difference in flight and in the use of the tail was conspicuously great.
+
+The Duke, who knows my Orchid book so well, might have learnt a lesson of
+caution from it, with respect to his doctrine of differences for mere
+variety or beauty.  It may be confidently said that no tribe of plants
+presents such grotesque and beautiful differences, which no one until
+lately, conjectured were of any use; but now in almost every case I have
+been able to show their important service.  It should be remembered that
+with humming birds or orchids, a modification in one part will cause
+correlated changes in other parts.  I agree with what you say about beauty. 
+I formerly thought a good deal on the subject, and was led quite to
+repudiate the doctrine of beauty being created for beauty's sake.  I demur
+also to the Duke's expression of "new births."  That may be a very good
+theory, but it is not mine, unless indeed he calls a bird born with a beak
+1/100th of an inch longer than usual "a new birth;" but this is not the
+sense in which the term would usually be understood.  The more I work the
+more I feel convinced that it is by the accumulation of such extremely
+slight variations that new species arise.  I do not plead guilty to the
+Duke's charge that I forget that natural selection means only the
+preservation of variations which independently arise.  ("Strictly speaking,
+therefore, Mr. Darwin's theory is not a theory on the Origin of Species at
+all, but only a theory on the causes which lead to the relative success and
+failure of such new forms as may be born into the world."--"Scotsman",
+December 6, 1864.)  I have expressed this in as strong language as I could
+use, but it would have been infinitely tedious had I on every occasion thus
+guarded myself.  I will cry "peccavi" when I hear of the Duke or you
+attacking breeders for saying that man has made his improved shorthorns, or
+pouter pigeons, or bantams.  And I could quote still stronger expressions
+used by agriculturists.  Man does make his artificial breeds, for his
+selective power is of such importance relatively to that of the slight
+spontaneous variations.  But no one will attack breeders for using such
+expressions, and the rising generation will not blame me.
+
+Many thanks for your offer of sending me the 'Elements.'  (Sixth edition in
+one volume.)  I hope to read it all, but unfortunately reading makes my
+head whiz more than anything else.  I am able most days to work for two or
+three hours, and this makes all the difference in my happiness.  I have
+resolved not to be tempted astray, and to publish nothing till my volume on
+Variation is completed.  You gave me excellent advice about the footnotes
+in my Dog chapter, but their alteration gave me infinite trouble, and I
+often wished all the dogs, and I fear sometimes you yourself, in the nether
+regions.
+
+We (dictator and writer) send our best love to Lady Lyell.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If ever you should speak with the Duke on the subject, please say how
+much interested I was with his address.
+
+
+[In his autobiographical sketch my father has remarked that owing to
+certain early memories he felt the honour of being elected to the Royal and
+Royal Medical Societies of Edinburgh "more than any similar honour."  The
+following extract from a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker refers to his election
+to the former of these societies.  The latter part of the extract refers to
+the Berlin Academy, to which he was elected in 1878:--
+
+"Here is a really curious thing, considering that Brewster is President and
+Balfour Secretary.  I have been elected Honorary Member of the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh.  And this leads me to a third question.  Does the
+Berlin Academy of Sciences send their Proceedings to Honorary Members?  I
+want to know, to ascertain whether I am a member; I suppose not, for I
+think it would have made some impression on me; yet I distinctly remember
+receiving some diploma signed by Ehrenberg.  I have been so careless; I
+have lost several diplomas, and now I want to know what Societies I belong
+to, as I observe every [one] tacks their titles to their names in the
+catalogue of the Royal Soc."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, February 21 [1865].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have taken a long time to thank you very much for your present of the
+'Elements.'
+
+I am going through it all, reading what is new, and what I have forgotten,
+and this is a good deal.
+
+I am simply astonished at the amount of labour, knowledge, and clear
+thought condensed in this work.  The whole strikes me as something quite
+grand.  I have been particularly interested by your account of Heer's work
+and your discussion on the Atlantic Continent.  I am particularly delighted
+at the view which you take on this subject; for I have long thought Forbes
+did an ill service in so freely making continents.
+
+I have also been very glad to read your argument on the denudation of the
+Weald, and your excellent resume on the Purbeck Beds; and this is the point
+at which I have at present arrived in your book.  I cannot say that I am
+quite convinced that there is no connection beyond that pointed out by you,
+between glacial action and the formation of lake basins; but you will not
+much value my opinion on this head, as I have already changed my mind some
+half-dozen times.
+
+I want to make a suggestion to you.  I found the weight of your volume
+intolerable, especially when lying down, so with great boldness cut it into
+two pieces, and took it out of its cover; now could not Murray without any
+other change add to his advertisement a line saying, "if bound in two
+volumes, one shilling or one shilling and sixpence extra."  You thus might
+originate a change which would be a blessing to all weak-handed readers.
+
+Believe me, my dear Lyell,
+Yours most sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Originate a second REAL BLESSING and have the edges of the sheets cut like
+a bound book.  (This was a favourite reform of my father's.  He wrote to
+the "Athenaeum" on the subject, February 5, 1867, pointing out how that a
+book cut, even carefully, with a paper knife collects dust on its edges far
+more than a machine-cut book.  He goes on to quote the case of a lady of
+his acquaintance who was in the habit of cutting books with her thumb, and
+finally appeals to the "Athenaeum" to earn the gratitude of children "who
+have to cut through dry and pictureless books for the benefit of their
+elders."  He tried to introduce the reform in the case of his own books,
+but found the conservatism of booksellers too strong for him.  The
+presentation copies, however, of all his later books were sent out with the
+edges cut.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK.
+Down, June 11 [1865].
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+The latter half of your book ('Prehistoric Times,' 1865.) has been read
+aloud to me, and the style is so clear and easy (we both think it
+perfection) that I am now beginning at the beginning.  I cannot resist
+telling you how excellently well, in my opinion, you have done the very
+interesting chapter on savage life.  Though you have necessarily only
+compiled the materials the general result is most original.  But I ought to
+keep the term original for your last chapter, which has struck me as an
+admirable and profound discussion.  It has quite delighted me, for now the
+public will see what kind of man you are, which I am proud to think I
+discovered a dozen years ago.
+
+I do sincerely wish you all success in your election and in politics; but
+after reading this last chapter, you must let me say:  oh, dear! oh, dear!
+oh dear!
+
+Yours affectionately, 
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You pay me a superb compliment ('Prehistoric Times,' page 487, where
+the words, "the discoveries of a Newton or a Darwin," occur.), but I fear
+you will be quizzed for it by some of your friends as too exaggerated.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' which
+was afterwards translated, at my father's suggestion, by Mr. Dallas.  It is
+of interest as being the first of the long series of letters which my
+father wrote to this distinguished naturalist.  They never met, but the
+correspondence with Muller, which continued to the close of my father's
+life, was a source of very great pleasure to him.  My impression is that of
+all his unseen friends Fritz Muller was the one for whom he had the
+strongest regard.  Fritz Muller is the brother of another distinguished
+man, the late Hermann Muller, the author of 'Die Befruchtung der Blumen,'
+and of much other valuable work:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Down, August 10 [1865].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have been for a long time so ill that I have only just finished hearing
+read aloud your work on species.  And now you must permit me to thank you
+cordially for the great interest with which I have read it.  You have done
+admirable service in the cause in which we both believe.  Many of your
+arguments seem to me excellent, and many of your facts wonderful.  Of the
+latter, nothing has surprised me so much as the two forms of males.  I have
+lately investigated the cases of dimorphic plants, and I should much like
+to send you one or two of my papers if I knew how.  I did send lately by
+post a paper on climbing plants, as an experiment to see whether it would
+reach you.  One of the points which has struck me most in your paper is
+that on the differences in the air-breathing apparatus of the several
+forms.  This subject appeared to me very important when I formerly
+considered the electric apparatus of fishes.  Your observations on
+Classification and Embryology seem to me very good and original.  They show
+what a wonderful field there is for enquiry on the development of
+crustacea, and nothing has convinced me so plainly what admirable results
+we shall arrive at in Natural History in the course of a few years.  What a
+marvellous range of structure the crustacea present, and how well adapted
+they are for your enquiry!  Until reading your book I knew nothing of the
+Rhizocephala; pray look at my account and figures of Anelasma, for it seems
+to me that this latter cirripede is a beautiful connecting link with the
+Rhizocephala.
+
+If ever you have any opportunity, as you are so skilful a dissector, I much
+wish that you would look to the orifice at the base of the first pair of
+cirrhi in cirripedes, and at the curious organ in it, and discover what its
+nature is; I suppose I was quite in error, yet I cannot feel fully
+satisfied at Krohn's (See vol. ii., pages 138, 187.) observations.  Also if
+you ever find any species of Scalpellum, pray look for complemental males;
+a German author has recently doubted my observations for no reason except
+that the facts appeared to him so strange.
+
+Permit me again to thank you cordially for the pleasure which I have
+derived from your work and to express my sincere admiration for your
+valuable researches.
+
+Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect,
+Yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I do not know whether you care at all about plants, but if so, I
+should much like to send you my little work on the 'Fertilization of
+Orchids,' and I think I have a German copy.
+
+Could you spare me a photograph of yourself?  I should much like to possess
+one.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, Thursday, 27th [September, 1865].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I had intended writing this morning to thank Mrs. Hooker most sincerely for
+her last and several notes about you, and now your own note in your hand
+has rejoiced me.  To walk between five and six miles is splendid, with a
+little patience you must soon be well.  I knew you had been very ill, but I
+hardly knew how ill, until yesterday, when Bentham (from the Cranworths
+(Robert Rolfe, Lord Cranworth, and Lord Chancellor of England, lived at
+Holwood, near Down.)) called here, and I was able to see him for ten
+minutes.  He told me also a little about the last days of your father (Sir
+William Hooker; 1785-1865.  He took charge of the Royal Gardens at Kew, in
+1840, when they ceased to be the private gardens of the Royal Family.  In
+doing so, he gave up his professorship at Glasgow--and with it half of his
+income.  He founded the herbarium and library, and within ten years he
+succeeded in making the gardens the first in the world.  It is, thus, not
+too much to say that the creation of the establishment at Kew is due to the
+abilities and self-devotion of Sir William Hooker.  While, for the
+subsequent development of the gardens up to their present magnificent
+condition, the nation must thank Sir Joseph Hooker, in whom the same
+qualities are so conspicuous.); I wish I had known your father better, my
+impression is confined to his remarkably cordial, courteous, and frank
+bearing.  I fully concur and understand what you say about the difference
+of feeling in the loss of a father and child.  I do not think any one could
+love a father much more than I did mine, and I do not believe three or four
+days ever pass without my still thinking of him, but his death at eighty-
+four caused me nothing of that insufferable grief (I may quote here a
+passage from a letter of November, 1863.  It was written to a friend who
+had lost his child:  "How well I remember your feeling, when we lost Annie. 
+It was my greatest comfort that I had never spoken a harsh word to her. 
+Your grief has made me shed a few tears over our poor darling; but believe
+me that these tears have lost that unutterable bitterness of former days.")
+which the loss of our poor dear Annie caused.  And this seems to me
+perfectly natural, for one knows for years previously that one's father's
+death is drawing slowly nearer and nearer, while the death of one's child
+is a sudden and dreadful wrench.  What a wonderful deal you read; it is a
+horrid evil for me that I can read hardly anything, for it makes my head
+almost immediately begin to sing violently.  My good womenkind read to me a
+great deal, but I dare not ask for much science, and am not sure that I
+could stand it.  I enjoyed Tylor ('Researches into the Early History of
+Mankind,' by E.B. Tylor.  1865.) EXTREMELY, and the first part of Lecky
+'The Rise of Rationalism in Europe,' by W.E.H. Lecky.  1865.); but I think
+the latter is often vague, and gives a false appearance of throwing light
+on his subject by such phrases as "spirit of the age," "spread of
+civilization," etc.  I confine my reading to a quarter or half hour per day
+in skimming through the back volumes of the Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History, and find much that interests me.  I miss my climbing plants very
+much, as I could observe them when very poorly.
+
+I did not enjoy the 'Mill on the Floss' so much as you, but from what you
+say we will read it again.  Do you know 'Silas Marner'? it is a charming
+little story; if you run short, and like to have it, we could send it by
+post...We have almost finished the first volume of Palgrave (William
+Gifford Palgrave's 'Travels in Arabia,' published in 1865.), and I like it
+much; but did you ever see a book so badly arranged?  The frequency of the
+allusions to what will be told in the future are quite laughable...By the
+way, I was very much pleased with the foot-note (The passage which seems to
+be referred to occurs in the text (page 479) of 'Prehistoric Times.'  It
+expresses admiration of Mr. Wallace's paper in the 'Anthropological Review'
+(May, 1864), and speaks of the author's "characteristic unselfishness" in
+ascribing the theory of Natural Selection "unreservedly to Mr. Darwin."
+about Wallace in Lubbock's last chapter.  I had not heard that Huxley had
+backed up Lubbock about Parliament...Did you see a sneer some time ago in
+the "Times" about how incomparably more interesting politics were compared
+with science even to scientific men?  Remember what Trollope says, in 'Can
+you Forgive her,' about getting into Parliament, as the highest earthly
+ambition.  Jeffrey, in one of his letters, I remember, says that making an
+effective speech in Parliament is a far grander thing than writing the
+grandest history.  All this seems to me a poor short-sighted view.  I
+cannot tell you how it has rejoiced me once again seeing your handwriting--
+my best of old friends.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In October he wrote Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Talking of the 'Origin,' a Yankee has called my attention to a paper
+attached to Dr. Wells's famous 'Essay on Dew,' which was read in 1813 to
+the Royal Society, but not [then] printed, in which he applies most
+distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the Races of Man.  So poor
+old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not, any
+longer to put on his title-pages, 'Discoverer of the principle of Natural
+Selection'!"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F.W. FARRAR.  (Canon of Westminster.)
+Down, November 2 [1865?].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+As I have never studied the science of language, it may perhaps seem
+presumptuous, but I cannot resist the pleasure of telling you what interest
+and pleasure I have derived from hearing read aloud your volume ('Chapters
+on Language,' 1865.)
+
+I formerly read Max Muller, and thought his theory (if it deserves to be
+called so) both obscure and weak; and now, after hearing what you say, I
+feel sure that this is the case, and that your cause will ultimately
+triumph.  My indirect interest in your book has been increased from Mr.
+Hensleigh Wedgwood, whom you often quote, being my brother-in-law.
+
+No one could dissent from my views on the modification of species with more
+courtesy than you do.  But from the tenor of your mind I feel an entire and
+comfortable conviction (and which cannot possibly be disturbed) that if
+your studies led you to attend much to general questions in natural history
+you would come to the same conclusion that I have done.
+
+Have you ever read Huxley's little book of Lectures?  I would gladly send a
+copy if you think you would read it.
+
+Considering what Geology teaches us, the argument from the supposed
+immutability of specific types seems to me much the same as if, in a nation
+which had no old writings, some wise old savage was to say that his
+language had never changed; but my metaphor is too long to fill up.
+
+Pray believe me, dear Sir, yours very sincerely obliged,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+1866.
+
+[The year 1866 is given in my father's Diary in the following words:--
+
+"Continued correcting chapters of 'Domestic Animals.'
+
+March 1st.--Began on 4th edition of 'Origin' of 1250 copies (received for
+it 238 pounds), making 7500 copies altogether.
+
+May 10th.--Finished 'Origin,' except revises, and began going over Chapter
+XIII. of 'Domestic Animals.'
+
+November 21st.--Finished 'Pangenesis.'
+
+December 21st.--Finished re-going over all chapters, and sent them to
+printers.
+
+December 22nd.--Began concluding chapter of book."
+
+He was in London on two occasions for a week at a time, staying with his
+brother, and for a few days (May 29th-June 2nd) in Surrey; for the rest of
+the year he was at Down.
+
+There seems to have been a gradual mending in his health; thus he wrote to
+Mr. Wallace (January 1866):--"My health is so far improved that I am able
+to work one or two hours a day."
+
+With respect to the 4th edition he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"The new edition of the 'Origin' has caused me two great vexations.  I
+forgot Bates's paper on variation (This appears to refer to "Notes on South
+American Butterflies," Trans. Entomolog. Soc., vol. v. (N.S.).), but I
+remembered in time his mimetic work, and now, strange to say, I find I have
+forgotten your Arctic paper!  I know how it arose; I indexed for my bigger
+work, and never expected that a new edition of the 'Origin' would be
+wanted.
+
+"I cannot say how all this has vexed me.  Everything which I have read
+during the last four years I find is quite washy in my mind."  As far as I
+know, Mr. Bates's paper was not mentioned in the later editions of the
+'Origin,' for what reason I cannot say.
+
+In connection with his work on 'The Variation of Animals and Plants,' I
+give here extracts from three letters addressed to Mr. Huxley, which are of
+interest as giving some idea of the development of the theory of
+'Pangenesis,' ultimately published in 1868 in the book in question:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, May 27, [1865?].
+
+...I write now to ask a favour of you, a very great favour from one so hard
+worked as you are.  It is to read thirty pages of MS., excellently copied
+out and give me, not lengthened criticism, but your opinion whether I may
+venture to publish it.  You may keep the MS. for a month or two.  I would
+not ask this favour, but I REALLY know no one else whose judgment on the
+subject would be final with me.
+
+The case stands thus:  in my next book I shall publish long chapters on
+bud- and seminal-variation, on inheritance, reversion, effects of use and
+disuse, etc.  I have also for many years speculated on the different forms
+of reproduction.  Hence it has come to be a passion with me to try to
+connect all such facts by some sort of hypothesis.  The MS. which I wish to
+send you gives such a hypothesis; it is a very rash and crude hypothesis,
+yet it has been a considerable relief to my mind, and I can hang on it a
+good many groups of facts.  I well know that a mere hypothesis, and this is
+nothing more, is of little value; but it is very useful to me as serving as
+a kind of summary for certain chapters.  Now I earnestly wish for your
+verdict given briefly as, "Burn it"--or, which is the most favourable
+verdict I can hope for, "It does rudely connect together certain facts, and
+I do not think it will immediately pass out of my mind."  If you can say
+this much, and you do not think it absolutely ridiculous, I shall publish
+it in my concluding chapter.  Now will you grant me this favour?  You must
+refuse if you are too much overworked.
+
+I must say for myself that I am a hero to expose my hypothesis to the fiery
+ordeal of your criticism.
+
+
+July 12, [1865?].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for having so carefully considered my MS.  It
+has been a real act of kindness.  It would have annoyed me extremely to
+have re-published Buffon's views, which I did not know of, but I will get
+the book; and if I have strength I will also read Bonnet.  I do not doubt
+your judgment is perfectly just, and I will try to persuade myself not to
+publish.  The whole affair is much too speculative; yet I think some such
+view will have to be adopted, when I call to mind such facts as the
+inherited effects of use and disuse, etc.  But I will try to be cautious...
+
+
+[1865?].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Forgive my writing in pencil, as I can do so lying down.  I have read
+Buffon:  whole pages are laughably like mine.  It is surprising how candid
+it makes one to see one's views in another man's words.  I am rather
+ashamed of the whole affair, but not converted to a no-belief.  What a
+kindness you have done me with your "vulpine sharpness."  Nevertheless,
+there is a fundamental distinction between Buffon's views and mine.  He
+does not suppose that each cell or atom of tissue throws off a little bud;
+but he supposes that the sap or blood includes his "organic molecules,"
+WHICH ARE READY FORMED, fit to nourish each organ, and when this is fully
+formed, they collect to form buds and the sexual elements.  It is all
+rubbish to speculate as I have done; yet, if I ever have strength to
+publish my next book, I fear I shall not resist "Pangenesis," but I assure
+you I will put it humbly enough.  The ordinary course of development of
+beings, such as the Echinodermata, in which new organs are formed at quite
+remote spots from the analogous previous parts, seem to me extremely
+difficult to reconcile on any view except the free diffusion in the parent
+of the germs or gemmules of each separate new organ; and so in cases of
+alternate generation.  But I will not scribble any more.  Hearty thanks to
+you, you best of critics and most learned man...
+
+
+[The letters now take up the history of the year 1866.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, July 5 [1866].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have been much interested by your letter, which is as clear as daylight. 
+I fully agree with all that you say on the advantages of H. Spencer's
+excellent expression of "the survival of the fittest."  (Extract from a
+letter of Mr. Wallace's, July 2, 1866:  "The term 'survival of the fittest'
+is the plain expression of the fact; 'natural selection' is a metaphorical
+expression of it, and to a certain degree indirect and incorrect,
+since...Nature...does not so much select special varieties as exterminate
+the most unfavourable ones.")  This, however, had not occurred to me till
+reading your letter.  It is, however, a great objection to this term that
+it cannot be used as a substantive governing a verb; and that this is a
+real objection I infer from H. Spencer continually using the words, natural
+selection.  I formerly thought, probably in an exaggerated degree, that it
+was a great advantage to bring into connection natural and artificial
+selection; this indeed led me to use a term in common, and I still think it
+some advantage.  I wish I had received your letter two months ago, for I
+would have worked in "the survival, etc.," often in the new edition of the
+'Origin,' which is now almost printed off, and of which I will of course
+send you a copy.  I will use the term in my next book on Domestic Animals,
+etc., from which, by the way, I plainly see that you expect MUCH, too much. 
+The term Natural Selection has now been so largely used abroad and at home,
+that I doubt whether it could be given up, and with all its faults I should
+be sorry to see the attempt made.  Whether it will be rejected must now
+depend "on the survival of the fittest."  As in time the term must grow
+intelligible the objections to its use will grow weaker and weaker.  I
+doubt whether the use of any term would have made the subject intelligible
+to some minds, clear as it is to others; for do we not see even to the
+present day Malthus on Population absurdly misunderstood?  This reflection
+about Malthus has often comforted me when I have been vexed at the
+misstatement of my views.  As for M. Janet (This no doubt refers to Janet's
+'Materialisme Contemporain.'), he is a metaphysician, and such gentlemen
+are so acute that I think they often misunderstand common folk.  Your
+criticism on the double sense ("I find you use 'Natural Selection' in two
+senses.  1st, for the simple preservation of favourable and rejection of
+unfavourable variations, in which case it is equivalent to the 'survival of
+the fittest,'--and 2ndly, for the effect or CHANGE produced by this
+preservation."  Extract from Mr. Wallace's letter above quoted.) in which I
+have used Natural Selection is new to me and unanswerable; but my blunder
+has done no harm, for I do not believe that any one, excepting you, has
+ever observed it.  Again, I agree that I have said too much about
+"favourable variations;" but I am inclined to think that you put the
+opposite side too strongly; if every part of every being varied, I do not
+think we should see the same end, or object, gained by such wonderfully
+diversified means.
+
+I hope you are enjoying the country, and are in good health, and are
+working hard at your Malay Archipelago book, for I will always put this
+wish in every note I write to you, like some good people always put in a
+text.  My health keeps much the same, or rather improves, and I am able to
+work some hours daily.  With many thanks for your interesting letter.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, August 30 [1866].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I was very glad to get your note and the Notts. Newspaper.  I have seldom
+been more pleased in my life than at hearing how successfully your lecture
+(At the Nottingham meeting of the British Association, August 27, 1866. 
+The subject of the lecture was 'Insular Floras.'  See "Gardeners'
+Chronicle", 1866.) went off.  Mrs. H. Wedgwood sent us an account, saying
+that you read capitally, and were listened to with profound attention and
+great applause.  She says, when your final allegory (Sir Joseph Hooker
+allegorized the Oxford meeting of the British Association as the gathering
+of a tribe of savages who believed that the new moon was created afresh
+each month.  The anger of the priests and medicine man at a certain heresy,
+according to which the new moon is but the offspring of the old one, is
+excellently given.) began, "for a minute or two we were all mystified, and
+then came such bursts of applause from the audience.  It was thoroughly
+enjoyed amid roars of laughter and noise, making a most brilliant
+conclusion."
+
+I am rejoiced that you will publish your lecture, and felt sure that sooner
+or later it would come to this, indeed it would have been a sin if you had
+not done so.  I am especially rejoiced as you give the arguments for
+occasional transport, with such perfect fairness; these will now receive a
+fair share of attention, as coming from you a professed botanist.  Thanks
+also for Grove's address; as a whole it strikes me as very good and
+original, but I was disappointed in the part about Species; it dealt in
+such generalities that it would apply to any view or no view in
+particular...
+
+And now farewell.  I do most heartily rejoice at your success, and for
+Grove's sake at the brilliant success of the whole meeting.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter is of interest, as giving the beginning of the connection
+which arose between my father and Professor Victor Carus.  The translation
+referred to is the third German edition made from the fourth English one. 
+From this time forward Professor Carus continued to translate my father's
+books into German.  The conscientious care with which this work was done
+was of material service, and I well remember the admiration (mingled with a
+tinge of vexation at his own short-comings) with which my father used to
+receive the lists of oversights, etc., which Professor Carus discovered in
+the course of translation.  The connection was not a mere business one, but
+was cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS.
+Down, November 10, 1866.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your extremely kind letter.  I cannot express too strongly
+my satisfaction that you have undertaken the revision of the new edition,
+and I feel the honour which you have conferred on me.  I fear that you will
+find the labour considerable, not only on account of the additions, but I
+suspect that Bronn's translation is very defective, at least I have heard
+complaints on this head from quite a large number of persons.  It would be
+a great gratification to me to know that the translation was a really good
+one, such as I have no doubt you will produce.  According to our English
+practice, you will be fully justified in entirely omitting Bronn's
+Appendix, and I shall be very glad of its omission.  A new edition may be
+looked at as a new work...You could add anything of your own that you
+liked, and I should be much pleased.  Should you make any additions or
+append notes, it appears to me that Nageli "Entstehung und Begriff," etc.
+('Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art.'  An address given at a
+public meeting of the 'R. Academy of Sciences' at Munich, March 28, 1865.),
+would be worth noticing, as one of the most able pamphlets on the subject. 
+I am, however, far from agreeing with him that the acquisition of certain
+characters which appear to be of no service to plants, offers any great
+difficulty, or affords a proof of some innate tendency in plants towards
+perfection.  If you intend to notice this pamphlet, I should like to write
+hereafter a little more in detail on the subject.
+
+...I wish I had known when writing my Historical Sketch that you had in
+1853 published your views on the genealogical connection of past and
+present forms.
+
+I suppose you have the sheets of the last English edition on which I marked
+with pencil all the chief additions, but many little corrections of style
+were not marked.
+
+Pray believe that I feel sincerely grateful for the great service and
+honour which you do me by the present translation.
+
+I remain, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I should be VERY MUCH pleased to possess your photograph, and I send
+mine in case you should like to have a copy.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. NAGELI.  (Professor of Botany at Munich.)
+Down, June 12 [1866].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I hope you will excuse the liberty which I take in writing to you.  I have
+just read, though imperfectly, your 'Entstehung und Begriff,' and have been
+so greatly interested by it, that I have sent it to be translated, as I am
+a poor German scholar.  I have just finished a new [4th] edition of my
+'Origin,' which will be translated into German, and my object in writing to
+you is to say that if you should see this edition you would think that I
+had borrowed from you, without acknowledgment, two discussions on the
+beauty of flowers and fruit; but I assure you every word was printed off
+before I had opened your pamphlet.  Should you like to possess a copy of
+either the German or English new edition, I should be proud to send one.  I
+may add, with respect to the beauty of flowers, that I have already hinted
+the same views as you hold in my paper on Lythrum.
+
+Many of your criticisms on my views are the best which I have met with, but
+I could answer some, at least to my own satisfaction; and I regret
+extremely that I had not read your pamphlet before printing my new edition. 
+On one or two points, I think, you have a little misunderstood me, though I
+dare say I have not been cautious in expressing myself.  The remark which
+has struck me most, is that on the position of the leaves not having been
+acquired through natural selection, from not being of any special
+importance to the plant.  I well remember being formerly troubled by an
+analogous difficulty, namely, the position of the ovules, their anatropous
+condition, etc.  It was owing to forgetfulness that I did not notice this
+difficulty in the 'Origin.'  (Nageli's Essay is noticed in the 5th
+edition.)  Although I can offer no explanation of such facts, and only hope
+to see that they may be explained, yet I hardly see how they support the
+doctrine of some law of necessary development, for it is not clear to me
+that a plant, with its leaves placed at some particular angle, or with its
+ovules in some particular position, thus stands higher than another plant.
+But I must apologise for troubling you with these remarks.
+
+As I much wish to possess your photograph, I take the liberty of enclosing
+my own, and with sincere respect I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[I give a few extracts from letters of various dates showing my father's
+interest, alluded to in the last letter, in the problem of the arrangement
+of the leaves on the stems of plants.  It may be added that Professor
+Schwendener of Berlin has successfully attacked the question in his
+'Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen,' 1878.
+
+
+TO DR. FALCONER.
+August 26 [1863].
+
+"Do you remember telling me that I ought to study Phyllotaxy?  Well I have
+often wished you at the bottom of the sea; for I could not resist, and I
+muddled my brains with diagrams, etc., and specimens, and made out, as
+might have been expected, nothing.  Those angles are a most wonderful
+problem and I wish I could see some one give a rational explanation of
+them."
+
+
+TO DR. ASA GRAY.
+May 11 [1861].
+
+"If you wish to save me from a miserable death, do tell me why the angles
+1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, etc, series occur, and no other angles.  It is enough
+to drive the quietest man mad.  Did you and some mathematician (Probably my
+father was thinking of Chauncey Wright's work on Phyllotaxy, in Gould's
+'Astronomical Journal,' No.99, 1856, and in the 'Mathematical Monthly,'
+1859.  These papers are mentioned in the "Letters of Chauncey Wright.'  Mr.
+Wright corresponded with my father on the subject.) publish some paper on
+the subject?  Hooker says you did; where is it?
+
+
+TO DR. ASA GRAY.
+[May 31, 1863?].
+
+"I have been looking at Nageli's work on this subject, and am astonished to
+see that the angle is not always the same in young shoots when the leaf-
+buds are first distinguishable, as in full-grown branches.  This shows, I
+think, that there must be some potent cause for those angles which do
+occur:  I dare say there is some explanation as simple as that for the
+angles of the Bees-cells."
+
+My father also corresponded with Dr. Hubert Airy and was interested in his
+views on the subject, published in the Royal Soc. Proceedings, 1873, page
+176.
+
+
+We now return to the year 1866.
+
+In November, when the prosecution of Governor Eyre was dividing England
+into two bitterly opposed parties, he wrote to Sir J. Hooker:--
+
+"You will shriek at me when you hear that I have just subscribed to the
+Jamaica Committee."  (He subscribed 10 pounds.)
+
+On this subject I quote from a letter of my brother's:--
+
+"With respect to Governor Eyre's conduct in Jamaica, he felt strongly that
+J.S. Mill was right in prosecuting him.  I remember one evening, at my
+Uncle's, we were talking on the subject, and as I happened to think it was
+too strong a measure to prosecute Governor Eyre for murder, I made some
+foolish remark about the prosecutors spending the surplus of the fund in a
+dinner.  My father turned on me almost with fury, and told me, if those
+were my feelings, I had better go back to Southampton; the inhabitants
+having given a dinner to Governor Eyre on his landing, but with which I had
+had nothing to do."  The end of the incident, as told by my brother, is so
+characteristic of my father that I cannot resist giving it, though it has
+no bearing on the point at issue.  "Next morning at 7 o'clock, or so, he
+came into my bedroom and sat on my bed, and said that he had not been able
+to sleep from the thought that he had been so angry with me, and after a
+few more kind words he left me."
+
+The same restless desire to correct a disagreeable or incorrect impression
+is well illustrated in an extract which I quote from some notes by Rev. J.
+Brodie Innes:--
+
+"Allied to the extreme carefulness of observation was his most remarkable
+truthfulness in all matters.  On one occasion, when a parish meeting had
+been held on some disputed point of no great importance, I was surprised by
+a visit from Mr. Darwin at night.  He came to say that, thinking over the
+debate, though what he had said was quite accurate, he thought I might have
+drawn an erroneous conclusion, and he would not sleep till he had explained
+it.  I believe that if on any day some certain fact had come to his
+knowledge which contradicted his most cherished theories, he would have
+placed the fact on record for publication before he slept."
+
+This tallies with my father's habits, as described by himself.  When a
+difficulty or an objection occurred to him, he thought it of paramount
+importance to make a note of it instantly because he found hostile facts to
+be especially evanescent.
+
+The same point is illustrated by the following incident, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"I have always remembered the following little incident as a good example
+of Mr. Darwin's extreme solicitude on the score of accuracy.  One evening
+at Down there was a general conversation upon the difficulty of explaining
+the evolution of some of the distinctively human emotions, especially those
+appertaining to the recognition of beauty in natural scenery.  I suggested
+a view of my own upon the subject, which, depending upon the principle of
+association, required the supposition that a long line of ancestors should
+have inhabited regions, the scenery of which is now regarded as beautiful. 
+Just as I was about to observe that the chief difficulty attaching to my
+hypothesis arose from feelings of the sublime (seeing that these are
+associated with awe, and might therefore be expected not to be agreeable),
+Mr. Darwin anticipated the remark, by asking how the hypothesis was to meet
+the case of these feelings.  In the conversation which followed, he said
+the occasion in his own life, when he was most affected by the emotions of
+the sublime was when he stood upon one of the summits of the Cordillera,
+and surveyed the magnificent prospect all around.  It seemed, as he
+quaintly observed, as if his nerves had become fiddle strings, and had all
+taken to rapidly vibrating.  This remark was only made incidentally, and
+the conversation passed into some other branch.  About an hour afterwards
+Mr. Darwin retired to rest, while I sat up in the smoking-room with one of
+his sons.  We continued smoking and talking for several hours, when at
+about one o'clock in the morning the door gently opened and Mr. Darwin
+appeared, in his slippers and dressing-gown.  As nearly as I can remember,
+the following are the words he used:--
+
+"'Since I went to bed I have been thinking over our conversation in the
+drawing-room, and it has just occurred to me that I was wrong in telling
+you I felt most of the sublime when on the top of the Cordillera; I am
+quite sure that I felt it even more when in the forests of Brazil.  I
+thought it best to come and tell you this at once in case I should be
+putting you wrong.  I am sure now that I felt most sublime in the forests.'
+
+"This was all he had come to say, and it was evident that he had come to do
+so, because he thought that the fact of his feeling 'most sublime in
+forests' was more in accordance with the hypothesis which we had been
+discussing, than the fact which he had previously stated.  Now, as no one
+knew better than Mr. Darwin the difference between a speculation and a
+fact, I thought this little exhibition of scientific conscientiousness very
+noteworthy, where the only question concerned was of so highly speculative
+a character.  I should not have been so much impressed if he had thought
+that by his temporary failure of memory he had put me on a wrong scent in
+any matter of fact, although even in such a case he is the only man I ever
+knew who would care to get out of bed at such a time at night in order to
+make the correction immediately, instead of waiting till next morning.  But
+as the correction only had reference to a flimsy hypothesis, I certainly
+was very much impressed by this display of character."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, December 10 [1866].
+
+...I have now read the last No. of H. Spencer.  ('Principles of Biology.') 
+I do not know whether to think it better than the previous number, but it
+is wonderfully clever, and I dare say mostly true.  I feel rather mean when
+I read him:  I could bear, and rather enjoy feeling that he was twice as
+ingenious and clever as myself, but when I feel that he is about a dozen
+times my superior, even in the master art of wriggling, I feel aggrieved. 
+If he had trained himself to observe more, even if at the expense, by the
+law of balancement, of some loss of thinking power, he would have been a
+wonderful man.
+
+...I am HEARTILY glad you are taking up the Distribution of Plants in New
+Zealand, and suppose it will make part of your new book.  Your view, as I
+understand it, that New Zealand subsided and formed two or more small
+islands, and then rose again, seems to me extremely probable...When I
+puzzled my brains about New Zealand, I remember I came to the conclusion,
+as indeed I state in the 'Origin,' that its flora, as well as that of other
+southern lands, had been tinctured by an Antarctic flora, which must have
+existed before the Glacial period.  I concluded that New Zealand never
+could have been closely connected with Australia, though I supposed it had
+received some few Australian forms by occasional means of transport.  Is
+there any reason to suppose that New Zealand could have been more closely
+connected with South Australia during the glacial period, when the
+Eucalypti, etc., might have been driven further North?  Apparently there
+remains only the line, which I think you suggested, of sunken islands from
+New Caledonia.  Please remember that the Edwardsia was certainly drifted
+there by the sea.
+
+I remember in old days speculating on the amount of life, i.e. of organic
+chemical change, at different periods.  There seems to me one very
+difficult element in the problem, namely, the state of development of the
+organic beings at each period, for I presume that a Flora and Fauna of
+cellular cryptogamic plants, of Protozoa and Radiata would lead to much
+less chemical change than is now going on.  But I have scribbled enough.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter is in acknowledgment of Mr. Rivers' reply to an
+earlier letter in which my father had asked for information on bud-
+variation:
+
+It may find a place here in illustration of the manner of my father's
+intercourse with those "whose avocations in life had to do with the rearing
+or use of living things" ("Mr. Dyer in 'Charles Darwin,'" "Nature Series",
+1882, page 39.)--an intercourse which bore such good fruit in the
+'Variation of Animals and Plants.'  Mr. Dyer has some excellent remarks on
+the unexpected value thus placed on apparently trivial facts disinterred
+from weekly journals, or amassed by correspondence.  He adds: 
+"Horticulturists who had...moulded plants almost at their will at the
+impulse of taste or profit were at once amazed and charmed to find that
+they had been doing scientific work and helping to establish a great
+theory."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T. RIVERS.  (The late Mr. Rivers was an eminent
+horticulturist and writer on horticulture.)
+Down, December 28 [1866?].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Permit me to thank you cordially for your most kind letter.  For years I
+have read with interest every scrap which you have written in periodicals,
+and abstracted in MS. your book on Roses, and several times I thought I
+would write to you, but did not know whether you would think me too
+intrusive.  I shall, indeed, be truly obliged for any information you can
+supply me on bud-variation or sports.  When any extra difficult points
+occur to me in my present subject (which is a mass of difficulties), I will
+apply to you, but I will not be unreasonable.  It is most true what you say
+that any one to study well the physiology of the life of plants, ought to
+have under his eye a multitude of plants.  I have endeavoured to do what I
+can by comparing statements by many writers and observing what I could
+myself.  Unfortunately few have observed like you have done.  As you are so
+kind, I will mention one other point on which I am collecting facts;
+namely, the effect produced on the stock by the graft; thus, it is SAID,
+that the purple-leaved filbert affects the leaves of the common hazel on
+which it is grafted (I have just procured a plant to try), so variegated
+jessamine is SAID to affect its stock.  I want these facts partly to throw
+light on the marvellous laburnum Adami, trifacial oranges, etc.  That
+laburnum case seems one of the strangest in physiology.  I have now growing
+splendid, FERTILE, yellow laburnums (with a long raceme like the so-called
+Waterer's laburnum) from seed of yellow flowers on the C. Adami.  To a man
+like myself, who is compelled to live a solitary life, and sees few
+persons, it is no slight satisfaction to hear that I have been able at all
+[to] interest by my books observers like yourself.
+
+As I shall publish on my present subject, I presume, within a year, it will
+be of no use your sending me the shoots of peaches and nectarines which you
+so kindly offer; I have recorded your facts.
+
+Permit me again to thank you cordially; I have not often in my life
+received a kinder letter.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.V.
+
+THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER
+DOMESTICATION.'
+
+JANUARY 1867, TO JUNE 1868.
+
+[At the beginning of the year 1867 he was at work on the final chapter--
+"Concluding Remarks" of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants under
+Domestication,' which was begun after the rest of the MS. had been sent to
+the printers in the preceding December.  With regard to the publication of
+the book he wrote to Mr. Murray, on January 3:--
+
+"I cannot tell you how sorry I am to hear of the enormous size of my book. 
+(On January 9 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:  "I have been these last few
+days vexed and annoyed to a foolish degree by hearing that my MS. on Dom.
+An. and Cult. Plants will make 2 volumes, both bigger than the 'Origin.' 
+The volumes will have to be full-sized octavo, so I have written to Murray
+to suggest details to be printed in small type.  But I feel that the size
+is quite ludicrous in relation to the subject.  I am ready to swear at
+myself and at every fool who writes a book.")  I fear it can never pay. 
+But I cannot shorten it now; nor, indeed, if I had foreseen its length, do
+I see which parts ought to have been omitted.
+
+"If you are afraid to publish it, say so at once, I beg you, and I will
+consider your note as cancelled.  If you think fit, get any one whose
+judgment you rely on, to look over some of the more legible chapters,
+namely, the Introduction, and on dogs and plants, the latter chapters being
+in my opinion, the dullest in the book...The list of chapters, and the
+inspection of a few here and there, would give a good judge a fair idea of
+the whole book.  Pray do not publish blindly, as it would vex me all my
+life if I led you to heavy loss."
+
+Mr. Murray referred the MS. to a literary friend, and, in spite of a
+somewhat adverse opinion, willingly agreed to publish the book.  My father
+wrote:--
+
+"Your note has been a great relief to me.  I am rather alarmed about the
+verdict of your friend, as he is not a man of science.  I think if you had
+sent the 'Origin' to an unscientific man, he would have utterly condemned
+it.  I am, however, VERY GLAD that you have consulted any one on whom you
+can rely.
+
+"I must add, that my 'Journal of Researches' was seen in MS. by an eminent
+semi-scientific man, and was pronounced unfit for publication."
+
+The proofs were begun in March, and the last revise was finished on
+November 15th, and during this period the only intervals of rest were two
+visits of a week each at his brother Erasmus's house in Queen Anne Street. 
+He notes in his Diary:--
+
+"I began this book [in the] beginning of 1860 (and then had some MS.), but
+owing to interruptions from my illness, and illness of children; from
+various editions of the 'Origin,' and Papers, especially Orchis book and
+Tendrils, I have spent four years and two months over it."
+
+The edition of 'Animals and Plants' was of 1500 copies, and of these 1260
+were sold at Mr. Murray's autumnal sale, but it was not published until
+January 30, 1868.  A new edition of 1250 copies was printed in February of
+the same year.
+
+In 1867 he received the distinction of being made a knight of the Prussian
+Order "Pour le Merite."  (The Order "Pour le Merite" was founded in 1740 by
+Frederick II. by the re-christening of an "Order of Generosity," founded in
+1665.  It was at one time strictly military, having been previously both
+civil and military, and in 1840 the Order was again opened to civilians. 
+The order consists of thirty members of German extraction, but
+distinguished foreigners are admitted to a kind of extraordinary
+membership.  Faraday, Herschel, and Thomas Moore, have belonged to it in
+this way.  From the thirty members a chancellor is elected by the king (the
+first officer of this kind was Alexander v. Humboldt); and it is the duty
+of the chancellor to notify a vacancy in the Order to the remainder of the
+thirty, who then elect by vote the new member--but the king has technically
+the appointment in his own hands.)  He seems not to have known how great
+the distinction was, for in June 1868 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"What a man you are for sympathy.  I was made "Eques" some months ago, but
+did not think much about it.  Now, by Jove, we all do; but you, in fact,
+have knighted me."
+
+The letters may now take up the story.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 8 [1867].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am heartily glad that you have been offered the Presidentship of the
+British Association, for it is a great honour, and as you have so much work
+to do, I am equally glad that you have declined it.  I feel, however,
+convinced that you would have succeeded very well; but if I fancy myself in
+such a position, it actually makes my blood run cold.  I look back with
+amazement at the skill and taste with which the Duke of Argyll made a
+multitude of little speeches at Glasgow.  By the way, I have not seen the
+Duke's book ('The Reign of Law,' 1867.), but I formerly thought that some
+of the articles which appeared in periodicals were very clever, but not
+very profound.  One of these was reviewed in the "Saturday Review"
+("Saturday Review", November 15, 1862, 'The "Edinburgh Review" on the
+Supernatural.'  Written by my cousin, Mr. Henry Parker.) some years ago,
+and the fallacy of some main argument was admirably exposed, and I sent the
+article to you, and you agreed strongly with it...There was the other day a
+rather good review of the Duke's book in the "Spectator", and with a new
+explanation, either by the Duke or the reviewer (I could not make out
+which), of rudimentary organs, namely, that economy of labour and material
+was a great guiding principle with God (ignoring waste of seed and of young
+monsters, etc.), and that making a new plan for the structure of animals
+was thought, and thought was labour, and therefore God kept to a uniform
+plan, and left rudiments.  This is no exaggeration.  In short, God is a
+man, rather cleverer than us...I am very much obliged for the "Nation"
+(returned by this post); it is ADMIRABLY good.  You say I always guess
+wrong, but I do not believe any one, except Asa Gray, could have done the
+thing so well.  I would bet even, or three to two, that it is Asa Gray,
+though one or two passages staggered me.
+
+I finish my book on 'Domestic Animals,' etc., by a single paragraph,
+answering, or rather throwing doubt, in so far as so little space permits,
+on Asa Gray's doctrine that each variation has been specially ordered or
+led along a beneficial line.  It is foolish to touch such subjects, but
+there have been so many allusions to what I think about the part which God
+has played in the formation of organic beings (Prof. Judd allows me to
+quote from some notes which he has kindly given me:--"Lyell once told me
+that he had frequently been asked if Darwin was not one of the most unhappy
+of men, it being suggested that his outrage upon public opinion should have
+filled him with remorse."  Sir Charles Lyell must have been able, I think,
+to give a satisfactory answer on this point.  Professor Judd continues:--
+
+"I made a note of this and other conversations of Lyell's at the time.  At
+the present time such statements must appear strange to any one who does
+not recollect the revolution in opinion which has taken place during the
+last 23 years [1882]."), that I thought it shabby to evade the question...I
+have even received several letters on the subject...I overlooked your
+sentence about Providence, and suppose I treated it as Buckland did his own
+theology, when his Bridgewater Treatise was read aloud to him for
+correction...
+
+
+[The following letter, from Mrs. Boole, is one of those referred to in the
+last letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:]
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+Will you excuse my venturing to ask you a question, to which no one's
+answer but your own would be quite satisfactory?
+
+Do you consider the holding of your theory of Natural Selection, in its
+fullest and most unreserved sense, to be inconsistent--I do not say with
+any particular scheme of theological doctrine--but with the following
+belief, namely:--
+
+That knowledge is given to man by the direct inspiration of the Spirit of
+God.
+
+That God is a personal and Infinitely good Being.
+
+That the effect of the action of the Spirit of God on the brain of man is
+especially a moral effect.
+
+And that each individual man has within certain limits a power of choice as
+to how far he will yield to his hereditary animal impulses, and how far he
+will rather follow the guidance of the Spirit, who is educating him into a
+power of resisting those impulses in obedience to moral motives?
+
+The reason why I ask you is this:  my own impression has always been, not
+only that your theory was perfectly COMPATIBLE with the faith to which I
+have just tried to give expression, but that your books afforded me a clue
+which would guide me in applying that faith to the solution of certain
+complicated psychological problems which it was of practical importance to
+me as a mother to solve.  I felt that you had supplied one of the missing
+links--not to say THE missing link--between the facts of science and the
+promises of religion.  Every year's experience tends to deepen in me that
+impression.
+
+But I have lately read remarks on the probable bearing of your theory on
+religious and moral questions which have perplexed and pained me sorely.  I
+know that the persons who make such remarks must be cleverer and wiser than
+myself.  I cannot feel sure that they are mistaken, unless you will tell me
+so.  And I think--I cannot know for certain--but I THINK--that if I were an
+author, I would rather that the humblest student of my works should apply
+to me directly in a difficulty, than that she should puzzle too long over
+adverse and probably mistaken or thoughtless criticisms.
+
+At the same time I feel that you have a perfect right to refuse to answer
+such questions as I have asked you.  Science must take her path, and
+Theology hers, and they will meet when and where and how God pleases, and
+you are in no sense responsible for it if the meeting-point should still be
+very far off.  If I receive no answer to this letter I shall infer nothing
+from your silence, except that you felt I had no right to make such
+enquiries of a stranger.
+
+[My father replied as follows:]
+
+Down, December 14, [1866].
+
+Dear Madam,
+
+It would have gratified me much if I could have sent satisfactory answers
+to your questions, or, indeed, answers of any kind.  But I cannot see how
+the belief that all organic beings, including man, have been genetically
+derived from some simple being, instead of having been separately created,
+bears on your difficulties.  These, as it seems to me, can be answered only
+by widely different evidence from science, or by the so-called "inner
+consciousness."  My opinion is not worth more than that of any other man
+who has thought on such subjects, and it would be folly in me to give it. 
+I may, however, remark that it has always appeared to me more satisfactory
+to look at the immense amount of pain and suffering in this world as the
+inevitable result of the natural sequence of events, i.e. general laws,
+rather than from the direct intervention of God, though I am aware this is
+not logical with reference to an omniscient Deity.  Your last question
+seems to resolve itself into the problem of free will and necessity, which
+has been found by most persons insoluble.  I sincerely wish that this note
+had not been as utterly valueless as it is.  I would have sent full
+answers, though I have little time or strength to spare, had it been in my
+power.  I have the honour to remain, dear Madam,
+
+Yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I am grieved that my views should incidentally have caused trouble to
+your mind, but I thank you for your judgment, and honour you for it, that
+theology and science should each run its own course, and that in the
+present case I am not responsible if their meeting-point should still be
+far off.
+
+
+[The next letter discusses the 'Reign of Law,' referred to a few pages
+back:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, June 1 [1867].
+
+...I am at present reading the Duke, and am VERY MUCH interested by him;
+yet I cannot but think, clever as the whole is, that parts are weak, as
+when he doubts whether each curvature of the beak of humming-birds is of
+service to each species.  He admits, perhaps too fully, that I have shown
+the use of each little ridge and shape of each petal in orchids, and how
+strange he does not extend the view to humming-birds.  Still odder, it
+seems to me, all that he says on beauty, which I should have thought a
+nonentity, except in the mind of some sentient being.  He might have as
+well said that love existed during the secondary or Palaeozoic periods.  I
+hope you are getting on with your book better than I am with mine, which
+kills me with the labour of correcting, and is intolerably dull, though I
+did not think so when I was writing it.  A naturalist's life would be a
+happy one if he had only to observe, and never to write.
+
+We shall be in London for a week in about a fortnight's time, and I shall
+enjoy having a breakfast talk with you.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to the new and improved translation of the
+'Origin,' undertaken by Professor Carus:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. VICTOR CARUS.
+Down, February 17 [1867].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have read your preface with care.  It seems to me that you have treated
+Bronn with complete respect and great delicacy, and that you have alluded
+to your own labour with much modesty.  I do not think that any of Bronn's
+friends can complain of what you say and what you have done.  For my own
+sake, I grieve that you have not added notes, as I am sure that I should
+have profited much by them; but as you have omitted Bronn's objections, I
+believe that you have acted with excellent judgment and fairness in leaving
+the text without comment to the independent verdict of the reader.  I
+heartily congratulate you that the main part of your labour is over; it
+would have been to most men a very troublesome task, but you seem to have
+indomitable powers of work, judging from those two wonderful and most
+useful volumes on zoological literature ('Bibliotheca Zoologica,' 1861.)
+edited by you, and which I never open without surprise at their accuracy,
+and gratitude for their usefulness.  I cannot sufficiently tell you how
+much I rejoice that you were persuaded to superintend the translation of
+the present edition of my book, for I have now the great satisfaction of
+knowing that the German public can judge fairly of its merits and
+demerits...
+
+With my cordial and sincere thanks, believe me,
+
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor Haeckel,
+was written in 1865, and from that time forward they corresponded (though
+not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of my father's life.  His
+friendship with Haeckel was not nearly growth of correspondence, as was the
+case with some others, for instance, Fritz Muller.  Haeckel paid more than
+one visit to Down, and these were thoroughly enjoyed by my father.  The
+following letter will serve to show the strong feeling of regard which he
+entertained for his correspondent--a feeling which I have often heard him
+emphatically express, and which was warmly returned.  The book referred to
+is Haeckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' published in 1866, a copy of which my
+father received from the author in January 1867.
+
+Dr. E. Krause ('Charles Darwin und sein Verhaltniss zu Deutschland,' 1885.)
+has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's services to the cause of
+Evolution.  After speaking of the lukewarm reception which the 'Origin' met
+with in Germany on its first publication, he goes on to describe the first
+adherents of the new faith as more or less popular writers, not especially
+likely to advance its acceptance with the professorial or purely scientific
+world.  And he claims for Haeckel that it was his advocacy of Evolution in
+his 'Radiolaria' (1862), and at the "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin
+in 1863, that placed the Darwinian question for the first time publicly
+before the forum of German science, and his enthusiastic propagandism that
+chiefly contributed to its success.
+
+Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+the Coryphaeus of the Darwinian movement in Germany.  Of his 'Generelle
+Morphologie,' "an attempt to work out the practical application" of the
+doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+"force and suggestiveness, and...systematising power of Oken without his
+extravagance."  Professor Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+'Schopfungs-Geschichte' as an exposition of the 'Generelle Morphologie'
+"for an educated public."
+
+Again, in his 'Evolution in Biology' (An article in the 'Encyclopaedia
+Britannica,' 9th edition, reprinted in 'Science and Culture,' 1881, page
+298.), Mr. Huxley wrote:  "Whatever hesitation may, not unfrequently, be
+felt by less daring minds, in following Haeckel in many of his
+speculations, his attempt to systematise the doctrine of Evolution, and to
+exhibit its influence as the central thought of modern biology, cannot fail
+to have a far-reaching influence on the progress of science."
+
+In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner in
+which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and on this
+subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (page 162).  He asks whether much
+that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well have been
+otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to deny this. 
+Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked well for the
+cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated on himself by his
+'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,' his 'Generelle Morphologie,' and
+'Schopfungs-Geschichte,' all the hatred and bitterness which Evolution
+excited in certain quarters," so that, "in a surprisingly short time it
+became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel alone should be abused, while
+Darwin was held up as the ideal of forethought and moderation."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL.
+Down, May 21, 1867.
+
+Dear Haeckel,
+
+Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for you have received
+what I said in the most kind and cordial manner.  You have in part taken
+what I said much stronger than I had intended.  It never occurred to me for
+a moment to doubt that your work, with the whole subject so admirably and
+clearly arranged, as well as fortified by so many new facts and arguments,
+would not advance our common object in the highest degree.  All that I
+think is that you will excite anger, and that anger so completely blinds
+every one, that your arguments would have no chance of influencing those
+who are already opposed to our views.  Moreover, I do not at all like that
+you, towards whom I feel so much friendship, should unnecessarily make
+enemies, and there is pain and vexation enough in the world without more
+being caused.  But I repeat that I can feel no doubt that your work will
+greatly advance our subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated
+into English, for my own sake and that of others.  With respect to what you
+say about my advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some
+of my English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+policy.  The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in England
+(In October 1867 he wrote to Mr. Wallace:--"Mr. Warrington has lately read
+an excellent and spirited abstract of the 'Origin' before the Victoria
+Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has gained the name of
+the Devil's Advocate.  The discussion which followed during three
+consecutive meetings is very rich from the nonsense talked.  If you would
+care to see the number I could send it you."), even amongst those who can
+give no reason for their belief.  No body of men were at first so much
+opposed to my views as the members of the London Entomological Society, but
+now I am assured that, with the exception of two or three old men, all the
+members concur with me to a certain extent.  It has been a great
+disappointment to me that I have never received your long letter written to
+me from the Canary Islands.  I am rejoiced to hear that your tour, which
+seems to have been a most interesting one, has done your health much good. 
+I am working away at my new book, but make very slow progress, and the work
+tries my health, which is much the same as when you were here.
+
+Victor Carus is going to translate it, but whether it is worth translation,
+I am rather doubtful.  I am very glad to hear that there is some chance of
+your visiting England this autumn, and all in this house will be delighted
+to see you here.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel,
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Down, July 31 [1867].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I received a week ago your letter of June 2, full as usual of valuable
+matter and specimens.  It arrived at exactly the right time, for I was
+enabled to give a pretty full abstract of your observations on the plant's
+own pollen being poisonous.  I have inserted this abstract in the proof-
+sheets in my chapter on sterility, and it forms the most striking part of
+my whole chapter.  (In 'The Variation of Animals and Plants.')  I thank you
+very sincerely for the most interesting observations, which, however, I
+regret that you did not publish independently.  I have been forced to
+abbreviate one or two parts more than I wished...Your letters always
+surprise me, from the number of points to which you attend.  I wish I could
+make my letters of any interest to you, for I hardly ever see a naturalist,
+and live as retired a life as you in Brazil.  With respect to mimetic
+plants, I remember Hooker many years ago saying he believed that there were
+many, but I agree with you that it would be most difficult to distinguish
+between mimetic resemblance and the effects of peculiar conditions.  Who
+can say to which of these causes to attribute the several plants with
+heath-like foliage at the Cape of Good Hope?  Is it not also a difficulty
+that quadrupeds appear to recognise plants more by their [scent] than their
+appearance?  What I have just said reminds me to ask you a question.  Sir
+J. Lubbock brought me the other day what appears to be a terrestrial
+Planaria (the first ever found in the northern hemisphere) and which was
+coloured exactly like our dark-coloured slugs.  Now slugs are not devoured
+by birds, like the shell-bearing species, and this made me remember that I
+found the Brazilian Planariae actually together with striped Vaginuli which
+I believe were similarly coloured.  Can you throw any light on this?  I
+wish to know, because I was puzzled some months ago how it would be
+possible to account for the bright colours of the Planariae in reference to
+sexual selection.  By the way, I suppose they are hermaphrodites.
+
+Do not forget to aid me, if in your power, with answers to ANY of my
+questions on expression, for the subject interests me greatly.  With
+cordial thanks for your never-failing kindness, believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, July 18 [1867].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Many thanks for your long letter.  I am sorry to hear that you are in
+despair about your book (The 2nd volume of the 10th Edition of the
+'Principles.'); I well know that feeling, but am now getting out of the
+lower depths.  I shall be very much pleased, if you can make the least use
+of my present book, and do not care at all whether it is published before
+yours.  Mine will appear towards the end of November of this year; you
+speak of yours as not coming out till November, 1868, which I hope may be
+an error.  There is nothing about Man in my book which can interfere with
+you, so I will order all the completed clean sheets to be sent (and others
+as soon as ready) to you, but please observe you will not care for the
+first volume, which is a mere record of the amount of variation; but I hope
+the second will be somewhat more interesting.  Though I fear the whole must
+be dull.
+
+I rejoice from my heart that you are going to speak out plainly about
+species.  My book about Man, if published, will be short, and a large
+portion will be devoted to sexual selection, to which subject I alluded in
+the 'Origin' as bearing on Man...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, August 22 [1867].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you cordially for your last two letters.  The former one did me
+REAL good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could hardly
+bear to correct the proofs (The proofs of 'Animals and Plants,' which Lyell
+was then reading.), and you gave me fresh heart.  I remember thinking that
+when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would pass it over as quite
+unreadable.  Your last letter has interested me in very many ways, and I
+have been glad to hear about those horrid unbelieving Frenchmen.  I have
+been particularly pleased that you have noticed Pangenesis.  I do not know
+whether you ever had the feeling of having thought so much over a subject
+that you had lost all power of judging it.  This is my case with Pangenesis
+(which is 26 or 27 years old), but I am inclined to think that if it be
+admitted as a probable hypothesis it will be a somewhat important step in
+Biology.
+
+I cannot help still regretting that you have ever looked at the slips, for
+I hope to improve the whole a good deal.  It is surprising to me, and
+delightful, that you should care in the least about the plants.  Altogether
+you have given me one of the best cordials I ever had in my life, and I
+heartily thank you.  I despatched this morning the French edition.  (Of the
+'Origin.'  It appears that my father was sending a copy of the French
+edition to Sir Charles.  The introduction was by Mdlle. Royer, who
+translated the book.)  The introduction was a complete surprise to me, and
+I dare say has injured the book in France; nevertheless...it shows, I
+think, that the woman is uncommonly clever.  Once again many thanks for the
+renewed courage with which I shall attack the horrid proof-sheets.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--A Russian who is translating my new book into Russian has been here,
+and says you are immensely read in Russia, and many editions--how many I
+forget.  Six editions of Buckle and four editions of the 'Origin.'
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, October 16 [1867].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I send by this post clean sheets of Volume I. up to page 336, and there are
+only 411 pages in this volume.  I am VERY glad to hear that you are going
+to review my book; but if the "Nation" (The book was reviewed by Dr. Gray
+in the "Nation", March 19, 1868.) is a newspaper I wish it were at the
+bottom of the sea, for I fear that you will thus be stopped reviewing me in
+a scientific journal.  The first volume is all details, and you will not be
+able to read it; and you must remember that the chapters on plants are
+written for naturalists who are not botanists.  The last chapter in Volume
+I. is, however, I think, a curious compilation of facts; it is on bud-
+variation.  In Volume II. some of the chapters are more interesting; and I
+shall be very curious to hear your verdict on the chapter on close inter-
+breeding.  The chapter on what I call Pangenesis will be called a mad
+dream, and I shall be pretty well satisfied if you think it a dream worth
+publishing; but at the bottom of my own mind I think it contains a great
+truth.  I finish my book with a semi-theological paragraph, in which I
+quote and differ from you; what you will think of it, I know not...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, November 17 [1867].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Congratulate me, for I have finished the last revise of the last sheet of
+my book.  It has been an awful job:  seven and a half months correcting the
+press:  the book, from much small type, does not look big, but is really
+very big.  I have had hard work to keep up to the mark, but during the last
+week only few revises came, so that I have rested and feel more myself. 
+Hence, after our long mutual silence, I enjoy myself by writing a note to
+you, for the sake of exhaling, and hearing from you.  On account of the
+index (The index was made by Mr. W.S. Dallas; I have often heard my father
+express his admiration of this excellent piece of work.), I do not suppose
+that you will receive your copy till the middle of next month.  I shall be
+intensely anxious to hear what you think about Pangenesis; though I can see
+how fearfully imperfect, even in mere conjectural conclusions, it is; yet
+it has been an infinite satisfaction to me somehow to connect the various
+large groups of facts, which I have long considered, by an intelligible
+thread.  I shall not be at all surprised if you attack it and me with
+unparalleled ferocity.  It will be my endeavour to do as little as possible
+for some time, but [I] shall soon prepare a paper or two for the Linnean
+Society.  In a short time we shall go to London for ten days, but the time
+is not yet fixed.  Now I have told you a deal about myself, and do let me
+hear a good deal about your own past and future doings.  Can you pay us a
+visit, early in December?...I have seen no one for an age, and heard no
+news.
+
+...About my book I will give you a bit of advice.  Skip the WHOLE of Volume
+I., except the last chapter (and that need only be skimmed) and skip
+largely in the 2nd volume; and then you will say it is a very good book.
+
+
+1868.
+
+['The Variation of Animals and Plants' was, as already mentioned, published
+on January 30, 1868, and on that day he sent a copy to Fritz Muller, and
+wrote to him:--
+
+"I send by this post, by French packet, my new book, the publication of
+which has been much delayed.  The greater part, as you will see, is not
+meant to be read; but I should very much like to hear what you think of
+'Pangenesis,' though I fear it will appear to EVERY ONE far too
+speculative."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+February 3 [1868].
+
+...I am very much pleased at what you say about my Introduction; after it
+was in type I was as near as possible cancelling the whole.  I have been
+for some time in despair about my book, and if I try to read a few pages I
+feel fairly nauseated, but do not let this make you praise it; for I have
+made up my mind that it is not worth a fifth part of the enormous labour it
+has cost me.  I assure you that all that is worth your doing (if you have
+time for so much) is glancing at Chapter VI., and reading parts of the
+later chapters.  The facts on self-impotent plants seem to me curious, and
+I have worked out to my own satisfaction the good from crossing and evil
+from interbreeding.  I did read Pangenesis the other evening, but even
+this, my beloved child, as I had fancied, quite disgusted me.  The devil
+take the whole book; and yet now I am at work again as hard as I am able. 
+It is really a great evil that from habit I have pleasure in hardly
+anything except Natural History, for nothing else makes me forget my ever-
+recurrent uncomfortable sensations.  But I must not howl any more, and the
+critics may say what they like; I did my best, and man can do no more. 
+What a splendid pursuit Natural History would be if it was all observing
+and no writing!...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 10 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+What is the good of having a friend, if one may not boast to him?  I heard
+yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole edition of 1500 copies
+of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has agreed with Clowes to get
+another edition in fourteen days!  This has done me a world of good, for I
+had got into a sort of dogged hatred of my book.  And now there has
+appeared a review in the "Pall Mall" which has pleased me excessively, more
+perhaps than is reasonable.  I am quite content, and do not care how much I
+may be pitched into.  If by any chance you should hear who wrote the
+article in the "Pall Mall", do please tell me; it is some one who writes
+capitally, and who knows the subject.  I went to luncheon on Sunday, to
+Lubbock's, partly in hopes of seeing you, and, be hanged to you, you were
+not there.
+
+Your cock-a-hoop friend,
+C.D.
+
+
+[Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in the
+"Pall Mall Gazette" (February 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well have
+been gratified by the following passages:--
+
+"We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on his
+antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt.  Considering the
+amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other side,
+this forbearance is supremely dignified."
+
+And again in the third notice, February 17:--
+
+"Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive self-
+love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators...but while abstaining from
+impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest debts he
+may owe; and his book will make many men happy."
+
+I am indebted to Messrs. Smith & Elder for the information that these
+articles were written by Mr. G.H. Lewes.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 23 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have had almost as many letters to write of late as you can have, viz.
+from 8 to 10 per diem, chiefly getting up facts on sexual selection,
+therefore I have felt no inclination to write to you, and now I mean to
+write solely about my book for my own satisfaction, and not at all for
+yours.  The first edition was 1500 copies, and now the second is printed
+off; sharp work.  Did you look at the review in the "Athenaeum"
+("Athenaeum", February 15, 1868.  My father quoted Pouchet's assertion that
+"variation under domestication throws no light on the natural modification
+of species."  The reviewer quotes the end of a passage in which my father
+declares that he can see no force in Pouchet's arguments, or rather
+assertions, and then goes on:  "We are sadly mistaken if there are not
+clear proofs in the pages of the book before us that, on the contrary, Mr.
+Darwin has perceived, felt, and yielded to the force of the arguments or
+assertions of his French antagonist."  The following may serve as samples
+of the rest of the review:--
+
+"Henceforth the rhetoricians will have a better illustration of anti-climax
+than the mountain which brought forth a mouse,...in the discoverer of the
+origin of species, who tried to explain the variation of pigeons!
+
+"A few summary words.  On the 'Origin of Species' Mr. Darwin has nothing,
+and is never likely to have anything, to say; but on the vastly important
+subject of inheritance, the transmission of peculiarities once acquired
+through successive generations, this work is a valuable store-house of
+facts for curious students and practical breeders."), showing profound
+contempt of me?...It is a shame that he should have said that I have taken
+much from Pouchet, without acknowledgment; for I took literally nothing,
+there being nothing to take.  There is a capital review in the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle" which will sell the book if anything will.  I don't quite see
+whether I or the writer is in a muddle about man CAUSING variability.  If a
+man drops a bit of iron into sulphuric acid he does not cause the
+affinities to come into play, yet he may be said to make sulphate of iron. 
+I do not know how to avoid ambiguity.
+
+After what the "Pall Mall Gazette" and the "Chronicle" have said I do not
+care a d--.
+
+I fear Pangenesis is stillborn; Bates says he has read it twice, and is not
+sure that he understands it.  H. Spencer says the view is quite different
+from his (and this is a great relief to me, as I feared to be accused of
+plagiarism, but utterly failed to be sure what he meant, so thought it
+safest to give my view as almost the same as his), and he says he is not
+sure he understands it...Am I not a poor devil? yet I took such pains, I
+must think that I expressed myself clearly.  Old Sir H. Holland says he has
+read it twice, and thinks it very tough; but believes that sooner or later
+"some view akin to it" will be accepted.
+
+You will think me very self-sufficient, when I declare that I feel SURE if
+Pangenesis is now stillborn it will, thank God, at some future time
+reappear, begotten by some other father, and christened by some other name.
+
+Have you ever met with any tangible and clear view of what takes place in
+generation, whether by seeds or buds, or how a long-lost character can
+possibly reappear; or how the male element can possibly affect the mother
+plant, or the mother animal, so that her future progeny are affected?  Now
+all these points and many others are connected together, whether truly or
+falsely is another question, by Pangenesis.  You see I die hard, and stick
+up for my poor child.
+
+This letter is written for my own satisfaction, and not for yours.  So bear
+it.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. NEWTON.  (Prof. of Zoology at Cambridge.)
+Down, February 9 [1870].
+
+Dear Newton,
+
+I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant to
+write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his favour;
+and yet I am going thus to act.  I have just read what you have said in the
+'Record' ('Zoological Record.'  The volume for 1868, published December
+1869.) about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified me beyond measure.  I
+have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the labour of so many years
+seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the first man capable of
+forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages), who seems to have
+thought anything of this part of my work.  The amount of labour,
+correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more than you could
+well suppose.  I thought the article in the "Athenaeum" was very unjust;
+but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you for your sympathy
+and too warm praise.  What labour you have bestowed on your part of the
+'Record'!  I ought to be ashamed to speak of my amount of work.  I
+thoroughly enjoyed the Sunday, which you and the others spent here, and
+
+I remain, dear Newton, yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, February 27 [1868].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+You cannot well imagine how much I have been pleased by what you say about
+'Pangenesis.'  None of my friends will speak out...Hooker, as far as I
+understand him, which I hardly do at present, seems to think that the
+hypothesis is little more than saying that organisms have such and such
+potentialities.  What you say exactly and fully expresses my feeling, viz.
+that it is a relief to have some feasible explanation of the various facts,
+which can be given up as soon as any better hypothesis is found.  It has
+certainly been an immense relief to my mind; for I have been stumbling over
+the subject for years, dimly seeing that some relation existed between the
+various classes of facts.  I now hear from H. Spencer that his views quoted
+in my foot-note refer to something quite distinct, as you seem to have
+perceived.
+
+I shall be very glad to hear at some future day your criticisms on the
+"causes of variability."  Indeed I feel sure that I am right about
+sterility and natural selection...I do not quite understand your case, and
+we think that a word or two is misplaced.  I wish sometime you would
+consider the case under the following point of view:--If sterility is
+caused or accumulated through natural selection, than as every degree
+exists up to absolute barrenness, natural selection must have the power of
+increasing it.  Now take two species, A and B, and assume that they are (by
+any means) half-sterile, i.e. produce half the full number of offspring. 
+Now try and make (by natural selection) A and B absolutely sterile when
+crossed, and you will find how difficult it is.  I grant indeed, it is
+certain, that the degree of sterility of the individuals A and B will vary,
+but any such extra-sterile individuals of, we will say A, if they should
+hereafter breed with other individuals of A, will bequeath no advantage to
+their progeny, by which these families will tend to increase in number over
+other families of A, which are not more sterile when crossed with B.  But I
+do not know that I have made this any clearer than in the chapter in my
+book.  It is a most difficult bit of reasoning, which I have gone over and
+over again on paper with diagrams.
+
+...Hearty thanks for your letter.  You have indeed pleased me, for I had
+given up the great god Pan as a stillborn deity.  I wish you could be
+induced to make it clear with your admirable powers of elucidation in one
+of the scientific journals...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 28 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have been deeply interested by your letter, and we had a good laugh over
+Huxley's remark, which was so deuced clever that you could not recollect
+it.  I cannot quite follow your train of thought, for in the last page you
+admit all that I wish, having apparently denied all, or thought all mere
+words in the previous pages of your note; but it may be my muddle.  I see
+clearly that any satisfaction which Pan may give will depend on the
+constitution of each man's mind.  If you have arrived already at any
+similar conclusion, the whole will of course appear stale to you.  I heard
+yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity), "I can hardly tell
+you how much I admire the chapter on 'Pangenesis.'  It is a POSITIVE
+COMFORT to me to have any feasible explanation of a difficulty that has
+always been haunting me, and I shall never be able to give it up till a
+better one supplies its place, and that I think hardly possible, etc."  Now
+his foregoing [italicised] words express my sentiments exactly and fully: 
+though perhaps I feel the relief extra strongly from having during many
+years vainly attempted to form some hypothesis.  When you or Huxley say
+that a single cell of a plant, or the stump of an amputated limb, have the
+"potentiality" of reproducing the whole--or "diffuse an influence," these
+words give me no positive idea;--but when it is said that the cells of a
+plant, or stump, include atoms derived from every other cell of the whole
+organism and capable of development, I gain a distinct idea.  But this idea
+would not be worth a rush, if it applied to one case alone; but it seems to
+me to apply to all the forms of reproduction--inheritance--metamorphosis--
+to the abnormal transposition of organs--to the direct action of the male
+element on the mother plant, etc.  Therefore I fully believe that each cell
+does ACTUALLY throw off an atom or gemmule of its contents;--but whether or
+not, this hypothesis serves as a useful connecting link for various grand
+classes of physiological facts, which at present stand absolutely isolated.
+
+I have touched on the doubtful point (alluded to by Huxley) how far atoms
+derived from the same cell may become developed into different structure
+accordingly as they are differently nourished; I advanced as illustrations
+galls and polypoid excrescences...
+
+It is a real pleasure to me to write to you on this subject, and I should
+be delighted if we can understand each other; but you must not let your
+good nature lead you on.  Remember, we always fight tooth and nail.  We go
+to London on Tuesday, first for a week to Queen Anne Street, and afterwards
+to Miss Wedgwood's, in Regent's Park, and stay the whole month, which, as
+my gardener truly says, is a "terrible thing" for my experiments.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE.  (Dr. William Ogle, now the Superintendent of
+Statistics to the Registrar-General.)
+Down, March 6 [1868].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for your letter, which is very interesting to
+me.  I wish I had known of these views of Hippocrates before I had
+published, for they seem almost identical with mine--merely a change of
+terms--and an application of them to classes of facts necessarily unknown
+to the old philosopher.  The whole case is a good illustration of how
+rarely anything is new.
+
+Hippocrates has taken the wind out of my sails, but I care very little
+about being forestalled.  I advance the views merely as a provisional
+hypothesis, but with the secret expectation that sooner or later some such
+view will have to be admitted.
+
+...I do not expect the reviewers will be so learned as you:  otherwise, no
+doubt, I shall be accused of wilfully stealing Pangenesis from
+Hippocrates,--for this is the spirit some reviewers delight to show.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS.
+Down, March 21 [1868].
+
+...I am very much obliged to you for sending me so frankly your opinion on
+Pangenesis, and I am sorry it is unfavourable, but I cannot quite
+understand your remark on pangenesis, selection, and the struggle for life
+not being more methodical.  I am not at all surprised at your unfavourable
+verdict; I know many, probably most, will come to the same conclusion.  One
+English Review says it is much too complicated...Some of my friends are
+enthusiastic on the hypothesis...Sir C. Lyell says to every one, "you may
+not believe in 'Pangenesis,' but if you once understand it, you will never
+get it out of your mind."  And with this criticism I am perfectly content. 
+All cases of inheritance and reversion and development now appear to me
+under a new light...
+
+[An extract from a letter to Fritz Muller, though of later date (June), may
+be given here:--
+
+"Your letter of April 22 has much interested me.  I am delighted that you
+approve of my book, for I value your opinion more than that of almost any
+one.  I have yet hopes that you will think well of Pangenesis.  I feel sure
+that our minds are somewhat alike, and I find it a great relief to have
+some definite, though hypothetical view, when I reflect on the wonderful
+transformations of animals,--the re-growth of parts,--and especially the
+direct action of pollen on the mother-form, etc.  It often appears to me
+almost certain that the characters of the parents are "photographed" on the
+child, only by means of material atoms derived from each cell in both
+parents, and developed in the child."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, May 8 [1868].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have been a most ungrateful and ungracious man not to have written to you
+an immense time ago to thank you heartily for the "Nation", and for all
+your most kind aid in regard to the American edition [of 'Animals and
+Plants'].  But I have been of late overwhelmed with letters, which I was
+forced to answer, and so put off writing to you.  This morning I received
+the American edition (which looks capital), with your nice preface, for
+which hearty thanks.  I hope to heaven that the book will succeed well
+enough to prevent you repenting of your aid.  This arrival has put the
+finishing stroke to my conscience, which will endure its wrongs no longer.
+
+...Your article in the "Nation" [March 19] seems to me very good, and you
+give an excellent idea of Pangenesis--an infant cherished by few as yet,
+except his tender parent, but which will live a long life.  There is
+parental presumption for you!  You give a good slap at my concluding
+metaphor (A short abstract of the precipice metaphor is given in Volume I. 
+Dr. Gray's criticism on this point is as follows:  "But in Mr. Darwin's
+parallel, to meet the case of nature according to his own view of it, not
+only the fragments of rock (answering to variation) should fall, but the
+edifice (answering to natural selection) should rise, irrespective of will
+or choice!"  But my father's parallel demands that natural selection shall
+be the architect, not the edifice--the question of design only comes in
+with regard to the form of the building materials.):  undoubtedly I ought
+to have brought in and contrasted natural and artificial selection; but it
+seems so obvious to me that natural selection depended on contingencies
+even more complex than those which must have determined the shape of each
+fragment at the base of my precipice.  What I wanted to show was that in
+reference to pre-ordainment whatever holds good in the formation of a
+pouter pigeon holds good in the formation of a natural species of pigeon. 
+I cannot see that this is false.  If the right variations occurred, and no
+others, natural selection would be superfluous.  A reviewer in an Edinburgh
+paper, who treats me with profound contempt, says on this subject that
+Professor Asa Gray could with the greatest ease smash me into little
+pieces.  (The "Daily Review", April 27, 1868.  My father has given rather a
+highly coloured version of the reviewer's remarks:  "We doubt not that
+Professor Asa Gray...could show that natural selection...is simply an
+instrument in the hands of an omnipotent and omniscient creator."  The
+reviewer goes on to say that the passage in question is a "very melancholy
+one," and that the theory is the "apotheosis of materialism.")
+
+Believe me, my dear Gray,
+Your ungrateful but sincere friend,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM.
+Down, June 23, 1868.
+
+My dear Mr. Bentham,
+
+As your address (Presidential Address to the Linnean Society.) is somewhat
+of the nature of a verdict from a judge, I do not know whether it is proper
+for me to do so, but I must and will thank you for the pleasure which you
+have given me.  I am delighted at what you say about my book.  I got so
+tired of it, that for months together I thought myself a perfect fool for
+having given up so much time in collecting and observing little facts, but
+now I do not care if a score of common critics speak as contemptuously of
+the book as did the "Athenaeum".  I feel justified in this, for I have so
+complete a reliance on your judgment that I feel certain that I should have
+bowed to your judgment had it been as unfavourable as it is the contrary. 
+What you say about Pangenesis quite satisfies me, and is as much perhaps as
+any one is justified in saying.  I have read your whole Address with the
+greatest interest.  It must have cost you a vast amount of trouble.  With
+cordial thanks, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I fear that it is not likely that you have a superfluous copy of your
+Address; if you have, I should much like to send one to Fritz Muller in the
+interior of Brazil.  By the way let me add that I discussed bud-variation
+chiefly from a belief which is common to several persons, that all
+variability is related to sexual generation; I wished to show clearly that
+this was an error.
+
+[The above series of letters may serve to show to some extent the reception
+which the new book received.  Before passing on (in the next chapter) to
+the 'Descent of Man,' I give a letter referring to the translation of Fritz
+Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,'  it was originally published in 1864, but the
+English translation, by Mr. Dallas, which bore the title suggested by Sir
+C. Lyell, of 'Facts and Arguments for Darwin,' did not appear until 1869:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Down, March 16 [1868].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your brother, as you will have heard from him, felt so convinced that you
+would not object to a translation of 'Fur Darwin' (In a letter to Fritz
+Muller, my father wrote:--"I am vexed to see that on the title my name is
+more conspicuous than yours, which I especially objected to, and I
+cautioned the printers after seeing one proof."), that I have ventured to
+arrange for a translation.  Engelmann has very liberally offered me cliches
+of the woodcuts for 22 thalers; Mr. Murray has agreed to bring out a
+translation (and he is our best publisher) on commission, for he would not
+undertake the work on his own risk; and I have agreed with Mr. W.S. Dallas
+(who has translated Von Siebold on Parthenogenesis, and many German works,
+and who writes very good English) to translate the book.  He thinks (and he
+is a good judge) that it is important to have some few corrections or
+additions, in order to account for a translation appearing so lately [i.e.
+at such a long interval of time] after the original; so that I hope you
+will be able to send some...
+
+
+[Two letters may be placed here as bearing on the spread of Evolutionary
+ideas in France and Germany:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GAUDRY.
+Down, January 21 [1868].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your interesting essay on the influence of the Geological
+features of the country on the mind and habits of the Ancient Athenians
+(This appears to refer to M. Gaudry's paper translated in the 'Geol. Mag.,'
+1868, page 372.), and for your very obliging letter.  I am delighted to
+hear that you intend to consider the relations of fossil animals in
+connection with their genealogy; it will afford you a fine field for the
+exercise of your extensive knowledge and powers of reasoning.  Your belief
+will I suppose, at present, lower you in the estimation of your countrymen;
+but judging from the rapid spread in all parts of Europe, excepting France,
+of the belief in the common descent of allied species, I must think that
+this belief will before long become universal.  How strange it is that the
+country which gave birth to Buffon, the elder Geoffroy, and especially to
+Lamarck, should now cling so pertinaciously to the belief that species are
+immutable creations.
+
+My work on Variation, etc., under domestication, will appear in a French
+translation in a few months' time, and I will do myself the pleasure and
+honour of directing the publisher to send a copy to you to the same address
+as this letter.
+
+With sincere respect, I remain, dear sir,
+Yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter is of especial interest, as showing how high a value my
+father placed on the support of the younger German naturalists:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO   W. PREYER.  (Now Professor of Physiology at Jena.)
+March 31, 1868.
+
+...I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the Modification
+of Species, and defend my views.  The support which I receive from Germany
+is my chief ground for hoping that our views will ultimately prevail.  To
+the present day I am continually abused or treated with contempt by writers
+of my own country; but the younger naturalists are almost all on my side,
+and sooner or later the public must follow those who make the subject their
+special study.  The abuse and contempt of ignorant writers hurts me very
+little...
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VI.
+
+WORK ON 'MAN.'
+
+1864-1870.
+
+[In the autobiographical chapter in Volume I., my father gives the
+circumstances which led to his writing the 'Descent of Man.'  He states
+that his collection of facts, begun in 1837 or 1838, was continued for many
+years without any definite idea of publishing on the subject.  The
+following letter to Mr. Wallace shows that in the period of ill-health and
+depression about 1864 he despaired of ever being able to do so:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, [May?] 28 [1864].
+
+Dear Wallace,
+
+I am so much better that I have just finished a paper for Linnean Society
+(On the three forms, etc., of Lythrum.); but I am not yet at all strong, I
+felt much disinclination to write, and therefore you must forgive me for
+not having sooner thanked you for your paper on 'Man' ('Anthropological
+Review,' March 1864.), received on the 11th.  But first let me say that I
+have hardly ever in my life been more struck by any paper than that on
+'Variation,' etc. etc., in the "Reader".  ('"Reader", April 16, 1864.  "On
+the Phenomena of Variation," etc.  Abstract of a paper read before the
+Linnean Society, March 17, 1864.)  I feel sure that such papers will do
+more for the spreading of our views on the modification of species than any
+separate Treatises on the simple subject itself.  It is really admirable;
+but you ought not in the Man paper to speak of the theory as mine; it is
+just as much yours as mine.  One correspondent has already noticed to me
+your "high-minded" conduct on this head.  But now for your Man paper, about
+which I should like to write more than I can.  The great leading idea is
+quite new to me, viz. that during late ages, the mind will have been
+modified more than the body; yet I had got as far as to see with you that
+the struggle between the races of man depended entirely on intellectual and
+MORAL qualities.  The latter part of the paper I can designate only as
+grand and most eloquently done.  I have shown your paper to two or three
+persons who have been here, and they have been equally struck with it.  I
+am not sure that I go with you on all minor points:  when reading Sir G.
+Grey's account of the constant battles of Australian savages, I remember
+thinking that natural selection would come in, and likewise with the
+Esquimaux, with whom the art of fishing and managing canoes is said to be
+hereditary.  I rather differ on the rank, under a classificatory point of
+view, which you assign to man; I do not think any character simply in
+excess ought ever to be used for the higher divisions.  Ants would not be
+separated from other hymenopterous insects, however high the instinct of
+the one, and however low the instincts of the other.  With respect to the
+differences of race, a conjecture has occurred to me that much may be due
+to the correlation of complexion (and consequently hair) with constitution. 
+Assume that a dusky individual best escaped miasma, and you will readily
+see what I mean.  I persuaded the Director-General of the Medical
+Department of the Army to send printed forms to the surgeons of all
+regiments in tropical countries to ascertain this point, but I dare say I
+shall never get any returns.  Secondly, I suspect that a sort of sexual
+selection has been the most powerful means of changing the races of man.  I
+can show that the different races have a widely different standard of
+beauty.  Among savages the most powerful men will have the pick of the
+women, and they will generally leave the most descendants.  I have
+collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose that I shall ever use
+them.  Do you intend to follow out your views, and if so, would you like at
+some future time to have my few references and notes?  I am sure I hardly
+know whether they are of any value, and they are at present in a state of
+chaos.
+
+There is much more that I should like to write, but I have not strength.
+
+Believe me, dear Wallace, yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Our aristocracy is handsomer (more hideous according to a Chinese or
+Negro) than the middle classes, from (having the) pick of the women; but
+oh, what a scheme is primogeniture for destroying natural selection!  I
+fear my letter will be barely intelligible to you.
+
+
+[In February 1867, when the manuscript of 'Animals and Plants' had been
+sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to come
+in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "chapter on Man," but he
+soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish it
+separately as a "very small volume."
+
+The work was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of
+'Animals and Plants,' and by some botanical work, but was resumed in the
+following year, 1868, the moment he could give himself up to it.
+
+He recognized with regret the gradual change in his mind that rendered
+continuous work more and more necessary to him as he grew older.  This is
+expressed in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker, June 17, 1868, which repeats to
+some extent what is expressed in the Autobiography:--
+
+"I am glad you were at the 'Messiah,' it is the one thing that I should
+like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it is a
+horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf for every
+subject except Science.  It sometimes makes me hate Science, though God
+knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest, which makes me
+forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."
+
+The work on Man was interrupted by illness in the early summer of 1868, and
+he left home on July 16th for Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, where he
+remained with his family until August 21st.  Here he made the acquaintance
+of Mrs. Cameron.  She received the whole family with open-hearted kindness
+and hospitality, and my father always retained a warm feeling of friendship
+for her.  She made an excellent photograph of him, which was published with
+the inscription written by him:  "I like this photograph very much better
+than any other which has been taken of me."  Further interruption occurred
+in the autumn so that continuous work on the 'Descent of Man' did not begin
+until 1869.  The following letters give some idea of the earlier work in
+1867:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, February 22, [1867?].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I am hard at work on sexual selection, and am driven half mad by the number
+of collateral points which require investigation, such as the relative
+number of the two sexes, and especially on polygamy.  Can you aid me with
+respect to birds which have strongly marked secondary sexual characters,
+such as birds of paradise, humming-birds, the Rupicola, or any other such
+cases?  Many gallinaceous birds certainly are polygamous.  I suppose that
+birds may be known not to be polygamous if they are seen during the whole
+breeding season to associate in pairs, or if the male incubates or aids in
+feeding the young.  Will you have the kindness to turn this in your mind? 
+But it is a shame to trouble you now that, as I am HEARTILY glad to hear,
+you are at work on your Malayan travels.  I am fearfully puzzled how far to
+extend your protective views with respect to the females in various
+classes.  The more I work the more important sexual selection apparently
+comes out.
+
+Can butterflies be polygamous! i.e. will one male impregnate more than one
+female?  Forgive me troubling you, and I dare say I shall have to ask
+forgiveness again...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, February 23 [1867].
+
+Dear Wallace,
+
+I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but after Monday I was
+unable even to leave the house.  On Monday evening I called on Bates, and
+put a difficulty before him, which he could not answer, and, as on some
+former similar occasion, his first suggestion was, "You had better ask
+Wallace."  My difficulty is, why are caterpillars sometimes so beautifully
+and artistically coloured?  Seeing that many are coloured to escape danger,
+I can hardly attribute their bright colour in other cases to mere physical
+conditions.  Bates says the most gaudy caterpillar he ever saw in Amazonia
+(of a sphinx) was conspicuous at the distance of yards, from its black and
+red colours, whilst feeding on large green leaves.  If any one objected to
+male butterflies having been made beautiful by sexual selection, and asked
+why should they not have been made beautiful as well as their caterpillars,
+what would you answer?  I could not answer, but should maintain my ground.
+Will you think over this, and some time, either by letter or when we meet,
+tell me what you think?  Also I want to know whether your FEMALE mimetic
+butterfly is more beautiful and brighter than the male.  When next in
+London I must get you to show me your kingfishers.  My health is a dreadful
+evil; I failed in half my engagements during this last visit to London.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, February 26 [1867].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty.  I
+never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion (The suggestion
+that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect insects (e.g. white butterflies),
+which are distasteful to birds, are protected by being easily recognised
+and avoided.  See Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection,' 2nd edition, page
+117.), and I hope you may be able to prove it true.  That is a splendid
+fact about the white moths; it warms one's very blood to see a theory thus
+almost proved to be true.  (Mr. Jenner Weir's observations published in the
+Transactions of the Entomolog. Soc. (1869 and 1870) give strong support to
+the theory in question.)  With respect to the beauty of male butterflies, I
+must as yet think it is due to sexual selection.  There is some evidence
+that dragon-flies are attracted by bright colours; but what leads me to the
+above belief is, so many male Orthoptera and Cicadas having musical
+instruments.  This being the case, the analogy of birds makes me believe in
+sexual selection with respect to colour in insects.  I wish I had strength
+and time to make some of the experiments suggested by you, but I thought
+butterflies would not pair in confinement.  I am sure I have heard of some
+such difficulty.  Many years ago I had a dragon-fly painted with gorgeous
+colours, but I never had an opportunity of fairly trying it.
+
+The reason of my being so much interested just at present about sexual
+selection is, that I have almost resolved to publish a little essay on the
+origin of Mankind, and I still strongly think (though I failed to convince
+you, and this, to me, is the heaviest blow possible) that sexual selection
+has been the main agent in forming the races of man.
+
+By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my essay,
+namely, expression of countenance.  Now, do you happen to know by any odd
+chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay Archipelago, who
+you think would make a few easy observations for me on the expression of
+the Malays when excited by various emotions?  For in this case I would send
+to such person a list of queries.  I thank you for your most interesting
+letter, and remain,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, March [1867].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I thank you much for your two notes.  The case of Julia Pastrana (A bearded
+woman having an irregular double set of teeth.  'Animals and Plants,'
+volume ii. page 328.) is a splendid addition to my other cases of
+correlated teeth and hair, and I will add it in correcting the press of my
+present volume.  Pray let me hear in the course of the summer if you get
+any evidence about the gaudy caterpillars.  I should much like to give (or
+quote if published) this idea of yours, if in any way supported, as
+suggested by you.  It will, however, be a long time hence, for I can see
+that sexual selection is growing into quite a large subject, which I shall
+introduce into my essay on Man, supposing that I ever publish it.  I had
+intended giving a chapter on man, inasmuch as many call him (not QUITE
+truly) an eminently domesticated animal, but I found the subject too large
+for a chapter.  Nor shall I be capable of treating the subject well, and my
+sole reason for taking it up is, that I am pretty well convinced that
+sexual selection has played an important part in the formation of races,
+and sexual selection has always been a subject which has interested me
+much.  I have been very glad to see your impression from memory on the
+expression of Malays.  I fully agree with you that the subject is in no way
+an important one; it is simply a "hobby-horse" with me, about twenty-seven
+years old; and AFTER thinking that I would write an essay on man, it
+flashed on me that I could work in some "supplemental remarks on
+expression."  After the horrid, tedious, dull work of my present huge, and
+I fear unreadable, book ['The Variation of Animals and Plants'], I thought
+I would amuse myself with my hobby-horse.  The subject is, I think, more
+curious and more amenable to scientific treatment than you seem willing to
+allow.  I want, anyhow, to upset Sir C. Bell's view, given in his most
+interesting work, 'The Anatomy of Expression,' that certain muscles have
+been given to man solely that he may reveal to other men his feelings.  I
+want to try and show how expressions have arisen.  That is a good
+suggestion about newspapers, but my experience tells me that private
+applications are generally most fruitful.  I will, however, see if I can
+get the queries inserted in some Indian paper.  I do not know the names or
+addresses of any other papers.
+
+...My two female amanuenses are busy with friends, and I fear this scrawl
+will give you much trouble to read.  With many thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter may be worth giving, as an example of his sources of
+information, and as showing what were the thoughts at this time occupying
+him:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Down, February 22 [1867].
+
+...Many thanks for all the curious facts about the unequal number of the
+sexes in Crustacea, but the more I investigate this subject the deeper I
+sink in doubt and difficulty.  Thanks also for the confirmation of the
+rivalry of Cicadae.  I have often reflected with surprise on the diversity
+of the means for producing music with insects, and still more with birds. 
+We thus get a high idea of the importance of song in the animal kingdom. 
+Please to tell me where I can find any account of the auditory organs in
+the Orthoptera.  Your facts are quite new to me.  Scudder has described an
+insect in the Devonian strata, furnished with a stridulating apparatus.  I
+believe he is to be trusted, and, if so, the apparatus is of astonishing
+antiquity.  After reading Landois's paper I have been working at the
+stridulating organ in the Lamellicorn beetles, in expectation of finding it
+sexual; but I have only found it as yet in two cases, and in these it was
+equally developed in both sexes.  I wish you would look at any of your
+common lamellicorns, and take hold of both males and females, and observe
+whether they make the squeaking or grating noise equally.  If they do not,
+you could, perhaps, send me a male and female in a light little box.  How
+curious it is that there should be a special organ for an object apparently
+so unimportant as squeaking.  Here is another point; have you any toucans?
+if so, ask any trustworthy hunter whether the beaks of the males, or of
+both sexes, are more brightly coloured during the breeding season than at
+other times of the year...Heaven knows whether I shall ever live to make
+use of half the valuable facts which you have communicated to me!  Your
+paper on Balanus armatus, translated by Mr. Dallas, has just appeared in
+our 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' and I have read it with the
+greatest interest.  I never thought that I should live to hear of a hybrid
+Balanus!  I am very glad that you have seen the cement tubes; they appear
+to me extremely curious, and, as far as I know, you are the first man who
+has verified my observations on this point.
+
+With most cordial thanks for all your kindness, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE.
+Down, July 6, 1868.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I return you my SINCERE thanks for your long letter, which I consider a
+great compliment, and which is quite full of most interesting facts and
+views.  Your references and remarks will be of great use should a new
+edition of my book ('Variation of Animals and Plants.') be demanded, but
+this is hardly probable, for the whole edition was sold within the first
+week, and another large edition immediately reprinted, which I should think
+would supply the demand for ever.  You ask me when I shall publish on the
+'Variation of Species in a State of Nature.'  I have had the MS. for
+another volume almost ready during several years, but I was so much
+fatigued by my last book that I determined to amuse myself by publishing a
+short essay on the 'Descent of Man.'  I was partly led to do this by having
+been taunted that I concealed my views, but chiefly from the interest which
+I had long taken in the subject.  Now this essay has branched out into some
+collateral subjects, and I suppose will take me more than a year to
+complete.  I shall then begin on 'Species,' but my health makes me a very
+slow workman.  I hope that you will excuse these details, which I have
+given to show that you will have plenty of time to publish your views
+first, which will be a great advantage to me.  Of all the curious facts
+which you mention in your letter, I think that of the strong inheritance of
+the scalp-muscles has interested me most.  I presume that you would not
+object to my giving this very curious case on your authority.  As I believe
+all anatomists look at the scalp-muscles as a remnant of the Panniculus
+carnosus which is common to all the lower quadrupeds, I should look at the
+unusual development and inheritance of these muscles as probably a case of
+reversion.  Your observation on so many remarkable men in noble families
+having been illegitimate is extremely curious; and should I ever meet any
+one capable of writing an essay on this subject, I will mention your
+remarks as a good suggestion.  Dr. Hooker has several times remarked to me
+that morals and politics would be very interesting if discussed like any
+branch of natural history, and this is nearly to the same effect with your
+remarks...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ.
+Down, August 19, 1868.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you cordially for your very kind letter.  I certainly thought that
+you had formed so low an opinion of my scientific work that it might have
+appeared indelicate in me to have asked for information from you, but it
+never occurred to me that my letter would have been shown to you.  I have
+never for a moment doubted your kindness and generosity, and I hope you
+will not think it presumption in me to say, that when we met, many years
+ago, at the British Association at Southampton, I felt for you the warmest
+admiration.
+
+Your information on the Amazonian fishes has interested me EXTREMELY, and
+tells me exactly what I wanted to know.  I was aware, through notes given
+me by Dr. Gunther, that many fishes differed sexually in colour and other
+characters, but I was particularly anxious to learn how far this was the
+case with those fishes in which the male, differently from what occurs with
+most birds, takes the largest share in the care of the ova and young.  Your
+letter has not only interested me much, but has greatly gratified me in
+other respects, and I return you my sincere thanks for your kindness.  Pray
+believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, Sunday, August 23 [1868].
+
+My dear old Friend,
+
+I have received your note.  I can hardly say how pleased I have been at the
+success of your address (Sir Joseph Hooker was President of the British
+Association at the Norwich Meeting in 1868.), and of the whole meeting.  I
+have seen the "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", and "Athenaeum", and have
+heard of other favourable newspapers, and have ordered a bundle.  There is
+a "chorus of praise."  The "Times" reported miserably, i.e. as far as
+errata was concerned; but I was very glad at the leader, for I thought the
+way you brought in the megalithic monuments most happy.  (The British
+Association was desirous of interesting the Government in certain modern
+cromlech builders, the Khasia race of East Bengal, in order that their
+megalithic monuments might be efficiently described.)  I particularly
+admired Tyndall's little speech (Professor Tyndall was President of Section
+A.)...The "Spectator" pitches a little into you about Theology, in
+accordance with its usual spirit...
+
+Your great success has rejoiced my heart.  I have just carefully read the
+whole address in the "Athenaeum"; and though, as you know, I liked it very
+much when you read it to me, yet, as I was trying all the time to find
+fault, I missed to a certain extent the effect as a whole; and this now
+appears to me most striking and excellent.  How you must rejoice at all
+your bothering labour and anxiety having had so grand an end.  I must say a
+word about myself; never has such a eulogium been passed on me, and it
+makes me very proud.  I cannot get over my AMAZEMENT at what you say about
+my botanical work.  By Jove, as far as my memory goes, you have
+strengthened instead of weakened some of the expressions.  What is far more
+important than anything personal, is the conviction which I feel that you
+will have immensely advanced the belief in the evolution of species.  This
+will follow from the publicity of the occasion, your position, so
+responsible, as President, and your own high reputation.  It will make a
+great step in public opinion, I feel sure, and I had not thought of this
+before.  The "Athenaeum" takes your snubbing (Sir Joseph Hooker made some
+reference to the review of 'Animals and Plants' in the "Athenaeum" of
+February 15, 1868.) with the utmost mildness.  I certainly do rejoice over
+the snubbing, and hope [the reviewer] will feel it a little.  Whenever you
+have SPARE time to write again, tell me whether any astronomers (In
+discussing the astronomer's objection to Evolution, namely that our globe
+has not existed for a long enough period to give time for the assumed
+transmutation of living beings, Hooker challenged Whewell's dictum that,
+astronomy is the queen of sciences--the only perfect science.) took your
+remarks in ill part; as they now stand they do not seem at all too harsh
+and presumptuous.  Many of your sentences strike me as extremely felicitous
+and eloquent.  That of Lyell's "under-pinning" (After a eulogium on Sir
+Charles Lyell's heroic renunciation of his old views in accepting
+Evolution, Sir J.D. Hooker continued, "Well may he be proud of a
+superstructure, raised on the foundations of an insecure doctrine, when he
+finds that he can underpin it and substitute a new foundation; and after
+all is finished, survey his edifice, not only more secure but more
+harmonious in its proportion than it was before."), is capital.  Tell me,
+was Lyell pleased?  I am so glad that you remembered my old dedication. 
+(The 'Naturalist's Voyage' was dedicated to Lyell.)  Was Wallace pleased?
+
+How about photographs?  Can you spare time for a line to our dear Mrs.
+Cameron?  She came to see us off, and loaded us with presents of
+photographs, and Erasmus called after her, "Mrs. Cameron, there are six
+people in this house all in love with you."  When I paid her, she cried
+out, "Oh what a lot of money!" and ran to boast to her husband.
+
+I must not write any more, though I am in tremendous spirits at your
+brilliant success.
+
+Yours ever affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the "Athenaeum" of November 29, 1868, appeared an article which was in
+fact a reply to Sir Joseph Hooker's remarks at Norwich.  He seems to have
+consulted my father as to the wisdom of answering the article.  My father
+wrote on September 1:
+
+"In my opinion Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker need take no notice of the attack
+in the "Athenaeum" in reference to Mr. Charles Darwin.  What an ass the man
+is to think he cuts one to the quick by giving one's Christian name in
+full.  How transparently false is the statement that my sole groundwork is
+from pigeons, because I state I have worked them out more fully than other
+beings!  He muddles together two books of Flourens."
+
+
+The following letter refers to a paper ('Transactions of the Ottawa Academy
+of Natural Sciences,' 1868, by John D. Caton, late Chief Justice of
+Illinois.) by Judge Caton, of which my father often spoke with admiration:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN D. CATON.
+Down, September 18, 1868.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I beg leave to thank you very sincerely for your kindness in sending me,
+through Mr. Walsh, your admirable paper on American Deer.
+
+It is quite full of most interesting observations, stated with the greatest
+clearness.  I have seldom read a paper with more interest, for it abounds
+with facts of direct use for my work.  Many of them consist of little
+points which hardly any one besides yourself has observed, or perceived the
+importance of recording.  I would instance the age at which the horns are
+developed (a point on which I have lately been in vain searching for
+information), the rudiment of horns in the female elk, and especially the
+different nature of the plants devoured by the deer and elk, and several
+other points.  With cordial thanks for the pleasure and instruction which
+you have afforded me, and with high respect for your power of observation,
+I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter (September 24, 1868) to the Marquis de
+Saporta, the eminent palaeo-botanist, refers to the growth of evolutionary
+views in France (In 1868 he was pleased at being asked to authorise a
+French translation of his 'Naturalist's Voyage.':--
+
+"As I have formerly read with great interest many of your papers on fossil
+plants, you may believe with what high satisfaction I hear that you are a
+believer in the gradual evolution of species.  I had supposed that my book
+on the 'Origin of Species' had made very little impression in France, and
+therefore it delights me to hear a different statement from you.  All the
+great authorities of the Institute seem firmly resolved to believe in the
+immutability of species, and this has always astonished me...almost the one
+exception, as far as I know, is M. Gaudry, and I think he will be soon one
+of the chief leaders in Zoological Palaeontology in Europe; and now I am
+delighted to hear that in the sister department of Botany you take nearly
+the same view."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL.
+Down, November 19 [1868].
+
+My dear Haeckel,
+
+I must write to you again, for two reasons.  Firstly, to thank you for your
+letter about your baby, which has quite charmed both me and my wife; I
+heartily congratulate you on its birth.  I remember being surprised in my
+own case how soon the paternal instincts became developed, and in you they
+seem to be unusually strong,...I hope the large blue eyes and the
+principles of inheritance will make your child as good a naturalist as you
+are; but, judging from my own experience, you will be astonished to find
+how the whole mental disposition of your children changes with advancing
+years.  A young child, and the same when nearly grown, sometimes differ
+almost as much as do a caterpillar and butterfly.
+
+The second point is to congratulate you on the projected translation of
+your great work ('Generelle Morphologie,' 1866.  No English translation of
+this book has appeared.), about which I heard from Huxley last Sunday.  I
+am heartily glad of it, but how it has been brought about, I know not, for
+a friend who supported the supposed translation at Norwich, told me he
+thought there would be no chance of it.  Huxley tells me that you consent
+to omit and shorten some parts, and I am confident that this is very wise. 
+As I know your object is to instruct the public, you will assuredly thus
+get many more readers in England.  Indeed, I believe that almost every book
+would be improved by condensation.  I have been reading a good deal of your
+last book ('Die Naturliche Schopfungs-Geschichte,' 1868.  It was translated
+and published in 1876, under the title, 'The History of Creation.'), and
+the style is beautifully clear and easy to me; but why it should differ so
+much in this respect from your great work I cannot imagine.  I have not yet
+read the first part, but began with the chapter on Lyell and myself, which
+you will easily believe pleased me VERY MUCH.  I think Lyell, who was
+apparently much pleased by your sending him a copy, is also much gratified
+by this chapter.  (See Lyell's interesting letter to Haeckel.  'Life of Sir
+C. Lyell,' ii. page 435.)  Your chapters on the affinities and genealogy of
+the animal kingdom strike me as admirable and full of original thought. 
+Your boldness, however, sometimes makes me tremble, but as Huxley remarked,
+some one must be bold enough to make a beginning in drawing up tables of
+descent.  Although you fully admit the imperfection of the geological
+record, yet Huxley agreed with me in thinking that you are sometimes rather
+rash in venturing to say at what periods the several groups first appeared. 
+I have this advantage over you, that I remember how wonderfully different
+any statement on this subject made 20 years ago, would have been to what
+would now be the case, and I expect the next 20 years will make quite as
+great a difference.  Reflect on the monocotyledonous plant just discovered
+in the PRIMORDIAL formation in Sweden.
+
+I repeat how glad I am at the prospect of the translation, for I fully
+believe that this work and all your works will have a great influence in
+the advancement of Science.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, your sincere friend,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[It was in November of this year that he sat for the bust by Mr. Woolner: 
+he wrote:--
+
+"I should have written long ago, but I have been pestered with stupid
+letters, and am undergoing the purgatory of sitting for hours to Woolner,
+who, however, is wonderfully pleasant, and lightens as much as man can, the
+penance; as far as I can judge, it will make a fine bust."
+
+If I may criticise the work of so eminent a sculptor as Mr. Woolner, I
+should say that the point in which the bust fails somewhat as a portrait,
+is that it has a certain air, almost of pomposity, which seems to me
+foreign to my father's expression.]
+
+
+1869.
+
+[At the beginning of the year he was at work in preparing the fifth edition
+of the 'Origin.'  This work was begun on the day after Christmas, 1868, and
+was continued for "forty-six days," as he notes in his diary, i.e. until
+February 10th, 1869.  He then, February 11th, returned to Sexual Selection,
+and continued at this subject (excepting for ten days given up to Orchids,
+and a week in London), until June 10th, when he went with his family to
+North Wales, where he remained about seven weeks, returning to Down on July
+31st.
+
+Caerdeon, the house where he stayed, is built on the north shore of the
+beautiful Barmouth estuary, and is pleasantly placed, in being close to
+wild hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded "hummocks,"
+between the steeper hills and the river.  My father was ill and somewhat
+depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt saddened at being
+imprisoned by his want of strength, and unable even to reach the hills over
+which he had once wandered for days together.
+
+He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J.D. Hooker (June 22nd):--
+
+"We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to pay
+us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden, and a
+really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite.  Old Cader is a grand
+fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light.  We
+remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the house.  I
+have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the stimulus of
+mental work stops, my whole strength gives way.  As yet I have hardly
+crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been fearfully fatigued. 
+It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a comfortable tomb."
+
+With regard to the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' he wrote to Mr. Wallace
+(January 22, 1869):--
+
+"I have been interrupted in my regular work in preparing a new edition of
+the 'Origin,' which has cost me much labour, and which I hope I have
+considerably improved in two or three important points.  I always thought
+individual differences more important than single variations, but now I
+have come to the conclusion that they are of paramount importance, and in
+this I believe I agree with you.  Fleeming Jenkin's arguments have
+convinced me."
+
+This somewhat obscure sentence was explained, February 2, in another letter
+to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I must have expressed myself atrociously; I meant to say exactly the
+reverse of what you have understood.  F. Jenkin argued in the 'North
+British Review' against single variations ever being perpetuated, and has
+convinced me, though not in quite so broad a manner as here put.  I always
+thought individual differences more important; but I was blind and thought
+that single variations might be preserved much oftener than I now see is
+possible or probable.  I mentioned this in my former note merely because I
+believed that you had come to a similar conclusion, and I like much to be
+in accord with you.  I believe I was mainly deceived by single variations
+offering such simple illustrations, as when man selects."
+
+The late Mr. Fleeming Jenkin's review, on the 'Origin of Species,' was
+published in the 'North British Review' for June 1867.  It is not a little
+remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I believe, felt to be
+the most valuable ever made on his views should have come, not from a
+professed naturalist but from a Professor of Engineering.
+
+It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming Jenkin's
+argument.  My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the volume as
+usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil in many
+places.  I may quote one passage opposite which my father has written "good
+sneers"--but it should be remembered that he used the word "sneer" in
+rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling of bitterness
+in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter."  Speaking of the 'true
+believer,' Fleeming Jenkin says, page 293:--
+
+"He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no evidence;
+he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call up continents,
+floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans, split islands, and
+parcel out eternity at will; surely with these advantages he must be a dull
+fellow if he cannot scheme some series of animals and circumstances
+explaining our assumed difficulty quite naturally.  Feeling the difficulty
+of dealing with adversaries who command so huge a domain of fancy, we will
+abandon these arguments, and trust to those which at least cannot be
+assailed by mere efforts of imagination."
+
+In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' my father altered a passage in the
+Historical Sketch (fourth edition page xviii.).  He thus practically gave
+up the difficult task of understanding whether or no Sir R. Owen claims to
+have discovered the principle of Natural Selection.  Adding, "As far as the
+mere enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is concerned, it is
+quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded me, for both of
+us...were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr. Matthew."
+
+A somewhat severe critique on the fifth edition, by Mr. John Robertson,
+appeared in the "Athenaeum", August 14, 1869.  The writer comments with
+some little bitterness on the success of the 'Origin:'  "Attention is not
+acceptance.  Many editions do not mean real success.  The book has sold;
+the guess has been talked over; and the circulation and discussion sum up
+the significance of the editions."  Mr. Robertson makes the true, but
+misleading statement:  "Mr. Darwin prefaces his fifth English edition with
+an Essay, which he calls 'An Historical Sketch,' etc."  As a matter of fact
+the Sketch appeared in the third edition in 1861.
+
+Mr. Robertson goes on to say that the Sketch ought to be called a
+collection of extracts anticipatory or corroborative of the hypothesis of
+Natural Selection.  "For no account is given of any hostile opinions.  The
+fact is very significant.  This historical sketch thus resembles the
+histories of the reign of Louis XVIII., published after the Restoration,
+from which the Republic and the Empire, Robespierre and Buonaparte were
+omitted."
+
+The following letter to Prof. Victor Carus gives an idea of the character
+of the new edition of the 'Origin:']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS.
+Down, May 4, 1869.
+
+...I have gone very carefully through the whole, trying to make some parts
+clearer, and adding a few discussions and facts of some importance.  The
+new edition is only two pages at the end longer than the old; though in one
+part nine pages in advance, for I have condensed several parts and omitted
+some passages.  The translation I fear will cause you a great deal of
+trouble; the alterations took me six weeks, besides correcting the press;
+you ought to make a special agreement with M. Koch [the publisher].  Many
+of the corrections are only a few words, but they have been made from the
+evidence on various points appearing to have become a little stronger or
+weaker.
+
+Thus I have been led to place somewhat more value on the definite and
+direct action of external conditions; to think the lapse of time, as
+measured by years, not quite so great as most geologists have thought; and
+to infer that single variations are of even less importance, in comparison
+with individual differences, than I formerly thought.  I mention these
+points because I have been thus led to alter in many places A FEW WORDS;
+and unless you go through the whole new edition, one part will not agree
+with another, which would be a great blemish...
+
+[The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with my
+father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869 the Editor
+of the first French edition had brought out a third edition without
+consulting the author.  He was accordingly glad to enter into an
+arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this was
+undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+relations as the publisher of many of his books into French.
+
+He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated the
+'Origin' into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite trouble. 
+She has now just brought out a third edition without informing me, so that
+all the corrections, etc., in the fourth and fifth English editions are
+lost.  Besides her enormously long preface to the first edition, she has
+added a second preface abusing me like a pick-pocket for Pangenesis, which
+of course has no relation to the 'Origin.'  So I wrote to Paris; and
+Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new translation from the fifth
+English edition, in competition with her third edition...This fact shows
+that "evolution of species" must at last be spreading in France."
+
+With reference to the spread of Evolution among the orthodox, the following
+letter is of some interest.  In March he received, from the author, a copy
+of a lecture by Rev. T.R.R. Stebbing, given before the Torquay Natural
+History Society, February 1, 1869, bearing the title "Darwinism."  My
+father wrote to Mr. Stebbing:]
+
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged to you for your kindness in sending me your spirited
+and interesting lecture; if a layman had delivered the same address, he
+would have done good service in spreading what, as I hope and believe, is
+to a large extent the truth; but a clergyman in delivering such an address
+does, as it appears to me, much more good by his power to shake ignorant
+prejudices, and by setting, if I may be permitted to say so, an admirable
+example of liberality.
+
+With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain,
+Dear Sir, yours faithfully and obliged,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The references to the subject of expression in the following letter are
+explained by the fact that my father's original intention was to give his
+essay on this subject as a chapter in the 'Descent of Man,' which in its
+turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in 'Animals and
+Plants:']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Down, February 22 [1869?].
+
+...Although you have aided me to so great an extent in many ways, I am
+going to beg for any information on two other subjects.  I am preparing a
+discussion on "Sexual Selection," and I want much to know how low down in
+the animal scale sexual selection of a particular kind extends.  Do you
+know of any lowly organised animals, in which the sexes are separated, and
+in which the male differs from the female in arms of offence, like the
+horns and tusks of male mammals, or in gaudy plumage and ornaments, as with
+birds and butterflies?  I do not refer to secondary sexual characters, by
+which the male is able to discover the female, like the plumed antennae of
+moths, or by which the male is enabled to seize the female, like the
+curious pincers described by you in some of the lower Crustaceans.  But
+what I want to know is, how low in the scale sexual differences occur which
+require some degree of self-consciousness in the males, as weapons by which
+they fight for the female, or ornaments which attract the opposite sex. 
+Any differences between males and females which follow different habits of
+life would have to be excluded.  I think you will easily see what I wish to
+learn.  A priori, it would never have been anticipated that insects would
+have been attracted by the beautiful colouring of the opposite sex, or by
+the sounds emitted by the various musical instruments of the male
+Orthoptera.  I know no one so likely to answer this question as yourself,
+and should be grateful for any information, however small.
+
+My second subject refers to expression of countenance, to which I have long
+attended, and on which I feel a keen interest; but to which, unfortunately,
+I did not attend when I had the opportunity of observing various races of
+man.  It has occurred to me that you might, without much trouble, make a
+FEW observations for me, in the course of some months, on Negroes, or
+possibly on native South Americans, though I care most about Negroes;
+accordingly I enclose some questions as a guide, and if you could answer me
+even one or two I should feel truly obliged.  I am thinking of writing a
+little essay on the Origin of Mankind, as I have been taunted with
+concealing my opinions, and I should do this immediately after the
+completion of my present book.  In this case I should add a chapter on the
+cause or meaning of expression...
+
+
+[The remaining letters of this year deal chiefly with the books, reviews,
+etc., which interested him.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. THIEL.
+Down, February 25, 1869.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+On my return home after a short absence, I found your very courteous note,
+and the pamphlet ('Ueber einige Formen der Landwirthschaftlichen
+Genossenschaften.' by Dr. H. Thiel, then of the Agricultural Station at
+Poppelsdorf.), and I hasten to thank you for both, and for the very
+honourable mention which you make of my name.  You will readily believe how
+much interested I am in observing that you apply to moral and social
+questions analogous views to those which I have used in regard to the
+modification of species.  It did not occur to me formerly that my views
+could be extended to such widely different, and most important, subjects. 
+With much respect, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, March 19 [1869].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Thanks for your 'Address.'  (In his 'Anniversary Address' to the Geological
+Society, 1869, Mr. Huxley criticised Sir William Thomson's paper ('Trans.
+Geol. Soc., Glasgow,' volume iii.) "On Geological Time.")  People complain
+of the unequal distribution of wealth, but it is a much greater shame and
+injustice that any one man should have the power to write so many brilliant
+essays as you have lately done.  There is no one who writes like you...If I
+were in your shoes, I should tremble for my life.  I agree with all you
+say, except that I must think that you draw too great a distinction between
+the evolutionists and the uniformitarians.
+
+I find that the few sentences which I have sent to press in the 'Origin'
+about the age of the world will do fairly well...
+
+Ever yours,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, March 22 [1869].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have finished your book ('The Malay Archipelago,' etc., 1869.); it seems
+to me excellent, and at the same time most pleasant to read.  That you ever
+returned alive is wonderful after all your risks from illness and sea
+voyages, especially that most interesting one to Waigiou and back.  Of all
+the impressions which I have received from your book, the strongest is that
+your perseverance in the cause of science was heroic.  Your descriptions of
+catching the splendid butterflies have made me quite envious, and at the
+same time have made me feel almost young again, so vividly have they
+brought before my mind old days when I collected, though I never made such
+captures as yours.  Certainly collecting is the best sport in the world.  I
+shall be astonished if your book has not a great success; and your splendid
+generalizations on Geographical Distribution, with which I am familiar from
+your papers, will be new to most of your readers.  I think I enjoyed most
+the Timor case, as it is best demonstrated; but perhaps Celebes is really
+the most valuable.  I should prefer looking at the whole Asiatic continent
+as having formerly been more African in its fauna, than admitting the
+former existence of a continent across the Indian Ocean...
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Mr. Wallace's article in the April number
+of the 'Quarterly Review' (My father wrote to Mr. Murray:  "The article by
+Wallace is inimitably good, and it is a great triumph that such an article
+should appear in the 'Quarterly,' and will make the Bishop of Oxford and --
+gnash their teeth."), 1869, which to a large extent deals with the tenth
+edition of Sir Charles Lyell's 'Principles,' published in 1867 and 1868. 
+The review contains a striking passage on Sir Charles Lyell's confession of
+evolutionary faith in the tenth edition of his 'Principles,' which is worth
+quoting:  "The history of science hardly presents so striking an instance
+of youthfulness of mind in advanced life as is shown by this abandonment of
+opinions so long held and so powerfully advocated; and if we bear in mind
+the extreme caution, combined with the ardent love of truth which
+characterise every work which our author has produced, we shall be
+convinced that so great a change was not decided on without long and
+anxious deliberation, and that the views now adopted must indeed be
+supported by arguments of overwhelming force.  If for no other reason than
+that Sir Charles Lyell in his tenth edition has adopted it, the theory of
+Mr. Darwin deserves an attentive and respectful consideration from every
+earnest seeker after truth."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, April 14, 1869.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have been wonderfully interested by your article, and I should think
+Lyell will be much gratified by it.  I declare if I had been editor, and
+had the power of directing you, I should have selected for discussion the
+very points which you have chosen.  I have often said to younger geologists
+(for I began in the year 1830) that they did not know what a revolution
+Lyell had effected; nevertheless, your extracts from Cuvier have quite
+astonished me.  Though not able really to judge, I am inclined to put more
+confidence in Croll than you seem to do; but I have been much struck by
+many of your remarks on degradation.  Thomson's views of the recent age of
+the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, and so I have
+been glad to read what you say.  Your exposition of Natural Selection seems
+to me inimitably good; there never lived a better expounder than you.  I
+was also much pleased at your discussing the difference between our views
+and Lamarck's.  One sometimes sees the odious expression, "Justice to
+myself compels me to say," etc., but you are the only man I ever heard of
+who persistently does himself an injustice, and never demands justice. 
+Indeed, you ought in the review to have alluded to your paper in the
+'Linnean Journal,' and I feel sure all our friends will agree in this.  But
+you cannot "Burke" yourself, however much you may try, as may be seen in
+half the articles which appear.  I was asked but the other day by a German
+professor for your paper, which I sent him.  Altogether I look at your
+article as appearing in the 'Quarterly' as an immense triumph for our
+cause.  I presume that your remarks on Man are those to which you alluded
+in your note.  If you had not told me I should have thought that they had
+been added by some one else.  As you expected, I differ grievously from
+you, and I am very sorry for it.  I can see no necessity for calling in an
+additional and proximate cause in regard to man.  (Mr. Wallace points out
+that any one acquainted merely with the "unaided productions of nature,"
+might reasonably doubt whether a dray-horse, for example, could have been
+developed by the power of man directing the "action of the laws of
+variation, multiplication, and survival, for his own purpose.  We know,
+however, that this has been done, and we must therefore admit the
+possibility that in the development of the human race, a higher
+intelligence has guided the same laws for nobler ends.")  But the subject
+is too long for a letter.  I have been particularly glad to read your
+discussion because I am now writing and thinking much about man.
+
+I hope that your Malay book sells well; I was extremely pleased with the
+article in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science,' inasmuch as it is thoroughly
+appreciative of your work:  alas! you will probably agree with what the
+writer says about the uses of the bamboo.
+
+I hear that there is also a good article in the "Saturday Review", but have
+heard nothing more about it.  Believe me my dear Wallace,
+
+Yours ever sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, May 4 [1869].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been applied to for some photographs (carte de visite) to be copied
+to ornament the diplomas of honorary members of a new Society in Servia! 
+Will you give me one for this purpose?  I possess only a full-length one of
+you in my own album, and the face is too small, I think, to be copied.
+
+I hope that you get on well with your work, and have satisfied yourself on
+the difficult point of glacier lakes.  Thank heaven, I have finished
+correcting the new edition of the 'Origin,' and am at my old work of Sexual
+Selection.
+
+Wallace's article struck me as ADMIRABLE; how well he brought out the
+revolution which you effected some 30 years ago.  I thought I had fully
+appreciated the revolution, but I was astounded at the extracts from
+Cuvier.  What a good sketch of natural selection! but I was dreadfully
+disappointed about Man, it seems to me incredibly strange...; and had I not
+known to the contrary, would have sworn it had been inserted by some other
+hand.  But I believe that you will not agree quite in all this.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES.
+Down, May 28 [1869 or 1870].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have received and read your volume (Essays reprinted from the 'Revue des
+Deux Mondes,' under the title 'Histoire Naturelle Generale,' etc., 1869.),
+and am much obliged for your present.  The whole strikes me as a
+wonderfully clear and able discussion, and I was much interested by it to
+the last page.  It is impossible that any account of my views could be
+fairer, or, as far as space permitted, fuller, than that which you have
+given.  The way in which you repeatedly mention my name is most gratifying
+to me.  When I had finished the second part, I thought that you had stated
+the case so favourably that you would make more converts on my side than on
+your own side.  On reading the subsequent parts I had to change my sanguine
+view.  In these latter parts many of your strictures are severe enough, but
+all are given with perfect courtesy and fairness.  I can truly say I would
+rather be criticised by you in this manner than praised by many others.  I
+agree with some of your criticisms, but differ entirely from the remainder;
+but I will not trouble you with any remarks.  I may, however, say, that you
+must have been deceived by the French translation, as you infer that I
+believe that the Parus and the Nuthatch (or Sitta) are related by direct
+filiation.  I wished only to show by an imaginary illustration, how either
+instincts or structures might first change.  If you had seen Canis
+Magellanicus alive you would have perceived how foxlike its appearance is,
+or if you had heard its voice, I think that you would never have hazarded
+the idea that it was a domestic dog run wild; but this does not much
+concern me.  It is curious how nationality influences opinion; a week
+hardly passes without my hearing of some naturalist in Germany who supports
+my views, and often puts an exaggerated value on my works; whilst in France
+I have not heard of a single zoologist, except M. Gaudry (and he only
+partially), who supports my views.  But I must have a good many readers as
+my books are translated, and I must hope, notwithstanding your strictures,
+that I may influence some embryo naturalists in France.
+
+You frequently speak of my good faith, and no compliment can be more
+delightful to me, but I may return you the compliment with interest, for
+every word which you write bears the stamp of your cordial love for the
+truth.  Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect,
+
+Yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, October 14 [1869].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I have been delighted to see your review of Haeckel (A review of Haeckel's
+'Schopfungs-Geschichte.'  The "Academy", 1869.  Reprinted in 'Critiques and
+Addresses,' page 303.), and as usual you pile honours high on my head.  But
+I write now (REQUIRING NO ANSWER) to groan a little over what you have said
+about rudimentary organs.  (In discussing Teleology and Haeckel's
+"Dysteleology," Prof. Huxley says:--"Such cases as the existence of lateral
+rudiments of toes, in the foot of a horse, place us in a dilemma.  For
+either these rudiments are of no use to the animals, in which case...they
+surely ought to have disappeared; or they are of some use to the animal, in
+which case they are of no use as arguments against Teleology."--('Critiques
+and Addresses,' page 308.)  Many heretics will take advantage of what you
+have said.  I cannot but think that the explanation given at page 541 of
+the last edition of the 'Origin' of the long retention of rudimentary
+organs and of their greater relative size during early life, is
+satisfactory.  Their final and complete abortion seems to me a much greater
+difficulty.  Do look in my 'Variations under Domestication,' volume ii.
+page 397, at what Pangenesis suggests on this head, though I did not dare
+to put in the 'Origin.'  The passage bears also a little on the struggle
+between the molecules or gemmules.  ("It is a probable hypothesis, that
+what the world is to organisms in general, each organism is to the
+molecules of which it is composed.  Multitudes of these having diverse
+tendencies, are competing with one another for opportunity to exist and
+multiply; and the organism, as a whole, is as much the product of the
+molecules which are victorious as the Fauna, or Flora, of a country is the
+product of the victorious organic beings in it."--('Critiques and
+Addresses,' page 309.)  There is likewise a word or two indirectly bearing
+on this subject at pages 394-395.  It won't take you five minutes, so do
+look at these passages.  I am very glad that you have been bold enough to
+give your idea about Natural Selection amongst the molecules, though I can
+not quite follow you.
+
+
+1870 AND BEGINNING OF 1871.
+
+[My father wrote in his Diary:--"The whole of this year [1870] at work on
+the 'Descent of Man.'...Went to Press August 30, 1870."
+
+The letters are again of miscellaneous interest, dealing, not only with his
+work, but also serving to indicate the course of his reading.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. RAY LANKESTER.
+Down, March 15 [1870].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I do not know whether you will consider me a very troublesome man, but I
+have just finished your book ('Comparative Longevity.'), and can not resist
+telling you how the whole has much interested me.  No doubt, as you say,
+there must be much speculation on such a subject, and certain results can
+not be reached; but all your views are highly suggestive, and to my mind
+that is high praise.  I have been all the more interested as I am now
+writing on closely allied though not quite identical points.  I was pleased
+to see you refer to my much despised child, 'Pangenesis,' who I think will
+some day, under some better nurse, turn out a fine stripling.  It has also
+pleased me to see how thoroughly you appreciate (and I do not think that
+this is general with the men of science) H. Spencer; I suspect that
+hereafter he will be looked at as by far the greatest living philosopher in
+England; perhaps equal to any that have lived.  But I have no business to
+trouble you with my notions.  With sincere thanks for the interest which
+your work has given me,
+
+I remain, yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection' (1870), a
+collection of essays reprinted with certain alterations of which a list is
+given in the volume:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, April 20 [1870].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have just received your book, and read the preface.  There never has been
+passed on me, or indeed on any one, a higher eulogium than yours.  I wish
+that I fully deserved it.  Your modesty and candour are very far from new
+to me.  I hope it is a satisfaction to you to reflect--and very few things
+in my life have been more satisfactory to me--that we have never felt any
+jealousy towards each other, though in one sense rivals.  I believe that I
+can say this of myself with truth, and I am absolutely sure that it is true
+of you.
+
+You have been a good Christian to give a list of your additions, for I want
+much to read them, and I should hardly have had time just at present to
+have gone through all your articles.  Of course I shall immediately read
+those that are new or greatly altered, and I will endeavour to be as honest
+as can reasonably be expected.  Your book looks remarkably well got up.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, to remain,
+Yours very cordially,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Here follow one or two letters indicating the progress of the 'Descent of
+Man;' the woodcuts referred to were being prepared for that work:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER.  (Dr. Gunther, Keeper of Zoology in the
+British Museum.)
+March 23, [1870?].
+
+Dear Gunther,
+
+As I do not know Mr. Ford's address, will you hand him this note, which is
+written solely to express my unbounded admiration of the woodcuts.  I
+fairly gloat over them.  The only evil is that they will make all the other
+woodcuts look very poor!  They are all excellent, and for the feathers I
+declare I think it the most wonderful woodcut I ever saw; I can not help
+touching it to make sure that it is smooth.  How I wish to see the two
+other, and even more important, ones of the feathers, and the four [of]
+reptiles, etc.  Once again accept my very sincere thanks for all your
+kindness.  I am greatly indebted to Mr. Ford.  Engravings have always
+hitherto been my greatest misery, and now they are a real pleasure to me.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I thought I should have been in press by this time, but my subject
+has branched off into sub-branches, which have cost me infinite time, and
+heaven knows when I shall have all my MS. ready, but I am never idle.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER.
+May 15 [1870].
+
+My dear Dr. Gunther,
+
+Sincere thanks.  Your answers are wonderfully clear and complete.  I have
+some analogous questions on reptiles, etc., which I will send in a few
+days, and then I think I shall cause no more trouble.  I will get the books
+you refer me to.  The case of the Solenostoma (In most of the Lophobranchii
+the male has a marsupial sack in which the eggs are hatched, and in these
+species the male is slightly brighter coloured than the female.  But in
+Solenostoma the female is the hatcher, and is also the more brightly
+coloured.--'Descent of Man,' ii. 21.) is magnificent, so exactly analogous
+to that of those birds in which the female is the more gay, but ten times
+better for me, as she is the incubator.  As I crawl on with the successive
+classes I am astonished to find how similar the rules are about the nuptial
+or "wedding dress" of all animals.  The subject has begun to interest me in
+an extraordinary degree; but I must try not to fall into my common error of
+being too speculative.  But a drunkard might as well say he would drink a
+little and not too much!  My essay, as far as fishes, batrachians and
+reptiles are concerned, will be in fact yours, only written by me.  With
+hearty thanks.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter is of interest, as showing the excessive care and
+pains which my father took in forming his opinion on a difficult point:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, September 23 [undated].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I am very much obliged for all your trouble in writing me your long letter,
+which I will keep by me and ponder over.  To answer it would require at
+least 200 folio pages!  If you could see how often I have re-written some
+pages you would know how anxious I am to arrive as near as I can to the
+truth.  I lay great stress on what I know takes place under domestication;
+I think we start with different fundamental notions on inheritance.  I find
+it is most difficult, but not I think impossible, to see how, for instance,
+a few red feathers appearing on the head of a male bird, and which ARE AT
+FIRST TRANSMITTED TO BOTH SEXES, could come to be transmitted to males
+alone.  It is not enough that females should be produced from the males
+with red feathers, which should be destitute of red feathers; but these
+females must have a LATENT TENDENCY to produce such feathers, otherwise
+they would cause deterioration in the red head-feathers of their male
+offspring.  Such latent tendency would be shown by their producing the red
+feathers when old, or diseased in their ovaria.  But I have no difficulty
+in making the whole head red if the few red feathers in the male from the
+first tended to be sexually transmitted.  I am quite willing to admit that
+the female may have been modified, either at the same time or subsequently,
+for protection by the accumulation of variations limited in their
+transmission to the female sex.  I owe to your writings the consideration
+of this latter point.  But I cannot yet persuade myself that females ALONE
+have often been modified for protection.  Should you grudge the trouble
+briefly to tell me whether you believe that the plainer head and less
+bright colours of a female chaffinch, the less red on the head and less
+clean colours of the female goldfinch, the much less red on the breast of
+the female bull-finch, the paler crest of golden-crested wren, etc., have
+been acquired by them for protection.  I cannot think so any more than I
+can that the considerable differences between female and male house
+sparrow, or much greater brightness of the male Parus coeruleus (both of
+which build under cover) than of the female Parus, are related to
+protection.  I even mis-doubt much whether the less blackness of the female
+blackbird is for protection.
+
+Again, can you give me reasons for believing that the moderate differences
+between the female pheasant, the female Gallus bankiva, the female black
+grouse, the pea-hen, the female partridge, [and their respective males,]
+have all special references to protection under slightly different
+conditions?  I, of course, admit that they are all protected by dull
+colours, derived, as I think, from some dull-ground progenitor; and I
+account partly for their difference by partial transference of colour from
+the male and by other means too long to specify; but I earnestly wish to
+see reason to believe that each is specially adapted for concealment to its
+environment.
+
+I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me and makes me
+constantly distrust myself.  I fear we shall never quite understand each
+other.  I value the cases of bright-coloured, incubating male fishes, and
+brilliant female butterflies, solely as showing that one sex may be made
+brilliant without any necessary transference of beauty to the other sex;
+for in these cases I cannot suppose that beauty in the other sex was
+checked by selection.
+
+I fear this letter will trouble you to read it.  A very short answer about
+your belief in regard to the female finches and gallinaceae would suffice.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace,
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, May 25 [1870].
+
+...Last Friday we all went to the Bull Hotel at Cambridge to see the boys,
+and for a little rest and enjoyment.  The backs of the Colleges are simply
+paradisaical.  On Monday I saw Sedgwick, who was most cordial and kind; in
+the morning I thought his brain was enfeebled; in the evening he was
+brilliant and quite himself.  His affection and kindness charmed us all. 
+My visit to him was in one way unfortunate; for after a long sit he
+proposed to take me to the museum, and I could not refuse, and in
+consequence he utterly prostrated me; so that we left Cambridge next
+morning, and I have not recovered the exhaustion yet.  Is it not
+humiliating to be thus killed by a man of eighty-six, who evidently never
+dreamed that he was killing me?  As he said to me, "Oh, I consider you as a
+mere baby to me!"  I saw Newton several times, and several nice friends of
+F.'s.  But Cambridge without dear Henslow was not itself; I tried to get to
+the two old houses, but it was too far for me...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO B.J. SULIVAN.  (Admiral Sir James Sulivan was a
+lieutenant on board the "Beagle".)
+Down, June 30 [1870].
+
+My dear Sulivan,
+
+It was very good of you to write to me so long a letter, telling me much
+about yourself and your children, which I was extremely glad to hear. 
+Think what a benighted wretch I am, seeing no one and reading but little in
+the newspapers, for I did not know (until seeing the paper of your Natural
+History Society) that you were a K.C.B.  Most heartily glad I am that the
+Government have at last appreciated your most just claim for this high
+distinction.  On the other hand, I am sorry to hear so poor an account of
+your health; but you were surely very rash to do all that you did and then
+pass through so exciting a scene as a ball at the Palace.  It was enough to
+have tired a man in robust health.  Complete rest will, however, I hope,
+quite set you up again.  As for myself, I have been rather better of late,
+and if nothing disturbs me I can do some hours' work every day.  I shall
+this autumn publish another book partly on man, which I dare say many will
+decry as very wicked.  I could have travelled to Oxford, but could no more
+have withstood the excitement of a commemoration (This refers to an
+invitation to receive the honorary degree of D.C.L.  He was one of those
+nominated for the degree by Lord Salisbury on assuming the office of
+Chancellor of the University of Oxford.  The fact that the honour was
+declined on the score of ill-health was published in the "Oxford University
+Gazette", June 17, 1870.) than I could a ball at Buckingham Palace.  Many
+thanks for your kind remarks about my boys.  Thank God, all give me
+complete satisfaction; my fourth stands second at Woolwich, and will be an
+Engineer Officer at Christmas.  My wife desires to be very kindly
+remembered to Lady Sulivan, in which I very sincerely join, and in
+congratulation about your daughter's marriage.  We are at present solitary,
+for all our younger children are gone a tour in Switzerland.  I had never
+heard a word about the success of the T. del Fuego mission.  It is most
+wonderful, and shames me, as I always prophesied utter failure.  It is a
+grand success.  I shall feel proud if your Committee think fit to elect me
+an honorary member of your society.  With all good wishes and affectionate
+remembrances of ancient days,
+
+Believe me, my dear Sulivan,
+Your sincere friend,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[My father's connection with the South American Mission, which is referred
+to in the above letter, has given rise to some public comment, and has been
+to some extent misunderstood.  The Archbishop of Canterbury, speaking at
+the annual meeting of the South American Missionary Society, April 21st,
+1885 (I quote a 'Leaflet,' published by the Society.), said that the
+Society "drew the attention of Charles Darwin, and made him, in his pursuit
+of the wonders of the kingdom of nature, realise that there was another
+kingdom just as wonderful and more lasting."  Some discussion on the
+subject appeared in the "Daily News" of April 23rd, 24th, 29th, 1885, and
+finally Admiral Sir James Sulivan, on April 24th, wrote to the same
+journal, giving a clear account of my father's connection with the
+Society:--
+
+"Your article in the "Daily News" of yesterday induces me to give you a
+correct statement of the connection between the South American Missionary
+Society and Mr. Charles Darwin, my old friend and shipmate for five years. 
+I have been closely connected with the Society from the time of Captain
+Allen Gardiner's death, and Mr. Darwin has often expressed to me his
+conviction that it was utterly useless to send Missionaries to such a set
+of savages as the Fuegians, probably the very lowest of the human race.  I
+had always replied that I did not believe any human beings existed too low
+to comprehend the simple message of the Gospel of Christ.  After many
+years, I think about 1869 (It seems to have been in 1867.), but I cannot
+find the letter, he wrote to me that the recent accounts of the Mission
+proved to him that he had been wrong and I right in our estimates of the
+native character, and the possibility of doing them good through
+Missionaries; and he requested me to forward to the Society an enclosed
+cheque for 5 pounds, as a testimony of the interest he took in their good
+work.  On June 6th, 1874, he wrote:  'I am very glad to hear so good an
+account of the Fuegians, and it is wonderful.'  On June 10th, 1879:  'The
+progress of the Fuegians is wonderful, and had it not occurred would have
+been to me quite incredible.'  On January 3rd, 1880:  'Your extracts' [from
+a journal] 'about the Fuegians are extremely curious, and have interested
+me much.  I have often said that the progress of Japan was the greatest
+wonder in the world, but I declare that the progress of Fuegia is almost
+equally wonderful.  On March 20th, 1881:  'The account of the Fuegians
+interested not only me, but all my family.  It is truly wonderful what you
+have heard from Mr. Bridges about their honesty and their language.  I
+certainly should have predicted that not all the Missionaries in the world
+could have done what has been done.'  On December 1st, 1881, sending me his
+annual subscription to the Orphanage at the Mission Station, he wrote: 
+'Judging from the "Missionary Journal", the Mission in Tierra del Fuego
+seems going on quite wonderfully well.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK.
+Down, July 17, 1870.
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+As I hear that the Census will be brought before the House to-morrow, I
+write to say how much I hope that you will express your opinion on the
+desirability of queries in relation to consanguineous marriages being
+inserted.  As you are aware, I have made experiments on the subject during
+several years; AND IT IS MY CLEAR CONVICTION THAT THERE IS NOW AMPLE
+EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GREAT PHYSIOLOGICAL LAW, RENDERING AN
+ENQUIRY WITH REFERENCE TO MANKIND OF MUCH IMPORTANCE.  IN ENGLAND AND MANY
+PARTS OF EUROPE THE MARRIAGES OF COUSINS ARE OBJECTED TO FROM THEIR
+SUPPOSED INJURIOUS CONSEQUENCES; BUT THIS BELIEF RESTS ON NO DIRECT
+EVIDENCE.  IT IS THEREFORE MANIFESTLY DESIRABLE THAT THE BELIEF SHOULD
+EITHER BE PROVED FALSE, OR SHOULD BE CONFIRMED, so that in this latter case
+the marriages of cousins might be discouraged.  If the proper queries are
+inserted, the returns would show whether married cousins have in their
+households on the night of the census as many children as have parents of
+who are not related; and should the number prove fewer, we might safely
+infer either lessened fertility in the parents, or which is more probable,
+lessened vitality in the offspring.
+
+It is, moreover, much to be wished that the truth of the often repeated
+assertion that consanguineous marriages lead to deafness, and dumbness,
+blindness, etc., should be ascertained; and all such assertions could be
+easily tested by the returns from a single census.
+
+Believe me,
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[When the Census Act was passing through the House of Commons, Sir John
+Lubbock and Dr. Playfair attempted to carry out this suggestion.  The
+question came to a division, which was lost, but not by many votes.
+
+The subject of cousin marriages was afterwards investigated by my brother. 
+("Marriages between First Cousins in England, and their Effects.'  By
+George Darwin.  'Journal of the Statistical Society,' June, 1875.)  The
+results of this laborious piece of work were negative; the author sums up
+in the sentence:--
+
+"My paper is far from giving any thing like a satisfactory solution of the
+question as to the effects of consanguineous marriages, but it does, I
+think, show that the assertion that this question has already been set at
+rest, cannot be substantiated."]
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII.
+
+PUBLICATION OF THE 'DESCENT OF MAN.'
+
+WORK ON 'EXPRESSION.'
+
+1871-1873.
+
+[The last revise of the 'Descent of Man' was corrected on January 15th,
+1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years.  He wrote to Sir
+J. Hooker:  "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago, the work
+half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the book is
+worth publishing."
+
+He also wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have finished my book on the 'Descent of Man,' etc., and its publication
+is delayed only by the Index:  when published, I will send you a copy, but
+I do not know that you will care about it.  Parts, as on the moral sense,
+will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from you, I shall probably
+receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of a pen."
+
+The book was published on February 24, 1871.  2500 copies were printed at
+first, and 5000 more before the end of the year.  My father notes that he
+received for this edition 1470 pounds.  The letters given in the present
+chapter deal with its reception, and also with the progress of the work on
+Expression.  The letters are given, approximately, in chronological order,
+an arrangement which necessarily separates letters of kindred subject-
+matter, but gives perhaps a truer picture of the mingled interests and
+labours of my father's life.
+
+Nothing can give a better idea (in small compass) of the growth of
+Evolutionism and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+Huxley ('Contemporary Review,' 1871.):--
+
+"The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade from
+the date of the publication of the 'Origin of Species;' and whatever may be
+thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the manner in which he has
+propounded them, this much is certain, that in a dozen years the 'Origin of
+Species' has worked as complete a revolution in Biological Science as the
+'Principia' did in Astronomy;" and it has done so, "because, in the words
+of Helmholtz, it contains 'an essentially new creative thought.'  And, as
+time has slipped by, a happy change has come over Mr. Darwin's critics. 
+The mixture of ignorance and insolence which at first characterised a large
+proportion of the attacks with which he was assailed, is no longer the sad
+distinction of anti-Darwinian criticism."
+
+A passage in the Introduction to the 'Descent of Man' shows that the author
+recognised clearly this improvement in the position of Evolution.  "When a
+naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his address, as President of
+the National Institution of Geneva (1869), 'personne en Europe au moins,
+n'ose plus soutenir la creation independante et de toutes pieces, des
+especes,' it is manifest that at least a large number of naturalists must
+admit that species are the modified descendants of other species; and this
+especially holds good with the younger and rising naturalists...Of the
+older and honoured chiefs in natural science, many, unfortunately, are
+still opposed to Evolution in every form."
+
+In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+Darwin" ('Harper's Magazine,' October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+father "early in 1871" (it must have been at the end of February, within a
+week after the publication of the book.), shortly after the publication of
+the 'Descent of Man.'  Mr. Hague represents my father as "much impressed by
+the general assent with which his views had been received," and as
+remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."
+
+Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+language in the 'Edinburgh Review' (July 1871.  An adverse criticism.  The
+reviewer sums up by saying that:  "Never perhaps in the history of
+philosophy have such wide generalisations been derived from such a small
+basis of fact."):  "On every side it is raising a storm of mingled wrath,
+wonder, and admiration."
+
+With regard to the subsequent reception of the 'Descent of Man,' my father
+wrote to Dr. Dohrn, February 3, 1872:--
+
+"I did not know until reading your article (In 'Das Ausland.'), that my
+'Descent of Man' had excited so much furore in Germany.  It has had an
+immense circulation in this country and in America, but has met the
+approval of hardly any naturalists as far as I know.  Therefore I suppose
+it was a mistake on my part to publish it; but, anyhow, it will pave the
+way for some better work."
+
+The book on the 'Expression of the Emotions' was begun on January 17th,
+1871, the last proof of the 'Descent of Man' having been finished on
+January 15th.  The rough copy was finished by April 27th, and shortly after
+this (in June) the work was interrupted by the preparation of a sixth
+edition of the 'Origin.'  In November and December the proofs of the
+'Expression' book were taken in hand, and occupied him until the following
+year, when the book was published.
+
+Some references to the work on Expression have occurred in letters already
+given, showing that the foundation of the book was, to some extent, laid
+down for some years before he began to write it.  Thus he wrote to Dr. Asa
+Gray, April 15, 1867:--
+
+"I have been lately getting up and looking over my old notes on Expression,
+and fear that I shall not make so much of my hobby-horse as I thought I
+could; nevertheless, it seems to me a curious subject which has been
+strangely neglected."
+
+It should, however, be remembered that the subject had been before his
+mind, more or less, from 1837 or 1838, as I judge from entries in his early
+note-books.  It was in December, 1839, that he began to make observations
+on children.
+
+The work required much correspondence, not only with missionaries and
+others living among savages, to whom he sent his printed queries, but among
+physiologists and physicians.  He obtained much information from Professor
+Donders, Sir W. Bowman, Sir James Paget, Dr. W. Ogle, Dr. Crichton Browne,
+as well as from other observers.
+
+The first letter refers to the 'Descent of Man.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, January 30 [1871].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+(In the note referred to, dated January 27, Mr. Wallace wrote:--
+
+"Many thanks for your first volume which I have just finished reading
+through with the greatest pleasure and interest; and I have also to thank
+you for the great tenderness with which you have treated me and my
+heresies."
+
+The heresy is the limitation of natural selection as applied to man.  My
+father wrote ('Descent of Man,' i. page 137):--"I cannot therefore
+understand how it is that Mr. Wallace maintains that 'natural selection
+could only have endowed the savage with a brain a little superior to that
+of an ape.'"  In the above quoted letter Mr. Wallace wrote:--"Your chapters
+on 'Man' are of intense interest, but as touching my special heresy not as
+yet altogether convincing, though of course I fully agree with every word
+and every argument which goes to prove the evolution or development of man
+out of a lower form.")
+
+Your note has given me very great pleasure, chiefly because I was so
+anxious not to treat you with the least disrespect, and it is so difficult
+to speak fairly when differing from any one.  If I had offended you, it
+would have grieved me more than you will readily believe.  Secondly, I am
+greatly pleased to hear that Volume I. interests you; I have got so sick of
+the whole subject that I felt in utter doubt about the value of any part. 
+I intended, when speaking of females not having been specially modified for
+protection, to include the prevention of characters acquired by the male
+being transmitted to the female; but I now see it would have been better to
+have said "specially acted on," or some such term.  Possibly my intention
+may be clearer in Volume II.  Let me say that my conclusions are chiefly
+founded on the consideration of all animals taken in a body, bearing in
+mind how common the rules of sexual differences appear to be in all
+classes.  The first copy of the chapter on Lepidoptera agreed pretty
+closely with you.  I then worked on, came back to Lepidoptera, and thought
+myself compelled to alter it--finished Sexual Selection and for the last
+time went over Lepidoptera, and again I felt forced to alter it.  I hope to
+God there will be nothing disagreeable to you in Volume II., and that I
+have spoken fairly of your views; I am fearful on this head, because I have
+just read (but not with sufficient care) Mivart's book ('The Genesis of
+Species,' by St. G. Mivart, 1871.), and I feel ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN that he
+meant to be fair (but he was stimulated by theological fervour); yet I do
+not think he has been quite fair...The part which, I think, will have most
+influence is where he gives the whole series of cases like that of the
+whalebone, in which we cannot explain the gradational steps; but such cases
+have no weight on my mind--if a few fish were extinct, who on earth would
+have ventured even to conjecture that lungs had originated in a swim-
+bladder?  In such a case as the Thylacine, I think he was bound to say that
+the resemblance of the jaw to that of the dog is superficial; the number
+and correspondence and development of teeth being widely different.  I
+think again when speaking of the necessity of altering a number of
+characters together, he ought to have thought of man having power by
+selection to modify simultaneously or almost simultaneously many points, as
+in making a greyhound or racehorse--as enlarged upon in my 'Domestic
+Animals.'  Mivart is savage or contemptuous about my "moral sense," and so
+probably will you be.  I am extremely pleased that he agrees with my
+position, AS FAR AS ANIMAL NATURE IS CONCERNED, of man in the series; or if
+anything, thinks I have erred in making him too distinct.
+
+Forgive me for scribbling at such length.  You have put me quite in good
+spirits; I did so dread having been unintentionally unfair towards your
+views.  I hope earnestly the second volume will escape as well.  I care now
+very little what others say.  As for our not quite agreeing, really in such
+complex subjects, it is almost impossible for two men who arrive
+independently at their conclusions to agree fully, it would be unnatural
+for them to do so.
+
+Yours ever, very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Professor Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my
+father about the 'Descent of Man.'  I quote from his reply:--
+
+"I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I may
+truly say, charming letter.  I am delighted that you approve of my book, as
+far as you have read it.  I felt very great difficulty and doubt how often
+I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly speaking every idea,
+although occurring independently to me, if published by you previously
+ought to have appeared as if taken from your works, but this would have
+made my book very dull reading; and I hoped that a full acknowledgment at
+the beginning would suffice.  (In the introduction to the 'Descent of Man'
+the author wrote:--
+
+"This last naturalist [Haeckel]...has recently...published his 'Naturliche
+Schopfungs-geschichte,' in which he fully discusses the genealogy of man. 
+If this work had appeared before my essay had been written, I should
+probably never have completed it.  Almost all the conclusions at which I
+have arrived, I find confirmed by this naturalist, whose knowledge on many
+points is much fuller than mine.")  I cannot tell you how glad I am to find
+that I have expressed my high admiration of your labours with sufficient
+clearness; I am sure that I have not expressed it too strongly."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, March 16, 1871.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have just read your grand review.  ("Academy", March 15, 1871.)  It is in
+every way as kindly expressed towards myself as it is excellent in matter. 
+The Lyells have been here, and Sir C. remarked that no one wrote such good
+scientific reviews as you, and as Miss Buckley added, you delight in
+picking out all that is good, though very far from blind to the bad.  In
+all this I most entirely agree.  I shall always consider your review as a
+great honour; and however much my book may hereafter be abused, as no doubt
+it will be, your review will console me, notwithstanding that we differ so
+greatly.  I will keep your objections to my views in my mind, but I fear
+that the latter are almost stereotyped in my mind.  I thought for long
+weeks about the inheritance and selection difficulty, and covered quires of
+paper with notes in trying to get out of it, but could not, though clearly
+seeing that it would be a great relief if I could.  I will confine myself
+to two or three remarks.  I have been much impressed with what you urge
+against colour (Mr. Wallace says that the pairing of butterflies is
+probably determined by the fact that one male is stronger-winged, or more
+pertinacious than the rest, rather than by the choice of the females.  He
+quotes the case of caterpillars which are brightly coloured and yet
+sexless.  Mr. Wallace also makes the good criticism that the 'Descent of
+Man' consists of two books mixed together.) in the case of insects, having
+been acquired through sexual selection.  I always saw that the evidence was
+very weak; but I still think, if it be admitted that the musical
+instruments of insects have been gained through sexual selection, that
+there is not the least improbability in colour having been thus gained. 
+Your argument with respect to the denudation of mankind and also to
+insects, that taste on the part of one sex would have to remain nearly the
+same during many generations, in order that sexual selection should produce
+any effect, I agree to; and I think this argument would be sound if used by
+one who denied that, for instance, the plumes of birds of Paradise had been
+so gained.  I believe you admit this, and if so I do not see how your
+argument applies in other cases.  I have recognized for some short time
+that I have made a great omission in not having discussed, as far as I
+could, the acquisition of taste, its inherited nature, and its permanence
+within pretty close limits for long periods.
+
+
+[With regard to the success of the 'Descent of Man,' I quote from a letter
+to Professor Ray Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the increasing liberality
+of England, that my book has sold wonderfully...and as yet no abuse (though
+some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only contempt even in the
+poor old 'Athenaeum'."
+
+As to reviews that struck him he wrote to Mr. Wallace (March 24, 1871):--
+
+"There is a very striking second article on my book in the 'Pall Mall'. 
+The articles in the "Spectator" ("Spectator", March 11 and 18, 1871.  With
+regard to the evolution of conscience the reviewer thinks that my father
+comes much nearer to the "kernel of the psychological problem" than many of
+his predecessors.  The second article contains a good discussion of the
+bearing of the book on the question of design, and concludes by finding in
+it a vindication of Theism more wonderful than that in Paley's 'Natural
+Theology.') have also interested me much."
+
+On March 20 he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"Many thanks for the "Nonconformist" [March 8, 1871].  I like to see all
+that is written, and it is of some real use.  If you hear of reviewers in
+out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as "Record", "Guardian",
+"Tablet", kindly inform me.  It is wonderful that there has been no abuse
+("I feel a full conviction that my chapter on man will excite attention and
+plenty of abuse, and I suppose abuse is as good as praise for selling a
+book."--(from a letter to Mr. Murray, January 31, 1867.) as yet, but I
+suppose I shall not escape.  On the whole, the reviews have been highly
+favourable."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871) refers
+to a review in the "Times".  ("Times", April 7 and 8, 1871.  The review is
+not only unfavourable as regards the book under discussion, but also as
+regards Evolution in general, as the following citation will show:  "Even
+had it been rendered highly probable, which we doubt, that the animal
+creation has been developed into its numerous and widely different
+varieties by mere evolution, it would still require an independent
+investigation of overwhelming force and completeness to justify the
+presumption that man is but a term in this self-evolving series.")
+
+"I have no idea who wrote the "Times" review.  He has no knowledge of
+science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+injure the sale."
+
+A review of the 'Descent of Man,' which my father spoke of as "capital,"
+appeared in the "Saturday Review" (March 4 and 11, 1871).  A passage from
+the first notice (March 4) may be quoted in illustration of the broad basis
+as regards general acceptance, on which the doctrine of Evolution now
+stood:  "He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and
+constitution, within that unity which he had previously sought to trace
+through all lower animal forms.  The growth of opinion in the interval, due
+in chief measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the discussion
+of this problem in a position very much in advance of that held by it
+fifteen years ago.  The problem of Evolution is hardly any longer to be
+treated as one of first principles; nor has Mr. Darwin to do battle for a
+first hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as it is by a phalanx of
+names full of distinction and promise, in either hemisphere."
+
+The infolded point of the human ear, discovered by Mr. Woolner, and
+described in the 'Descent of Man,' seems especially to have struck the
+popular imagination; my father wrote to Mr. Woolner:--
+
+"The tips to the ears have become quite celebrated.  One reviewer
+('Nature') says they ought to be called, as I suggested in joke, Angulus
+Woolnerianus.  ('Nature' April 6, 1871.  The term suggested is Angulus
+Woolnerii.)  A German is very proud to find that he has the tips well
+developed, and I believe will send me a photograph of his ears."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN BRODIE INNES.  (Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton
+Brodie, formerly Vicar of Down.)
+Down, May 29 [1871].
+
+My dear Innes,
+
+I have been very glad to receive your pleasant letter, for to tell you the
+truth, I have sometimes wondered whether you would not think me an outcast
+and a reprobate after the publication of my last book ['Descent'].  (In a
+former letter of my father's to Mr. Innes:--"We often differed, but you are
+one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ and yet feel no shade of
+animosity, and that is a thing which I should feel very proud of, if any
+one could say it of me.")  I do not wonder at all at your not agreeing with
+me, for a good many professed naturalists do not.  Yet when I see in how
+extraordinary a manner the judgment of naturalists has changed since I
+published the 'Origin,' I feel convinced that there will be in ten years
+quite as much unanimity about man, as far as his corporeal frame is
+concerned...
+
+
+[The following letters addressed to Dr. Ogle deal with the progress of the
+work on expression.]
+
+
+Down, March 12 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+I have received both your letters, and they tell me all that I wanted to
+know in the clearest possible way, as, indeed, all your letters have ever
+done.  I thank you cordially.  I will give the case of the murderer
+('Expression of the Emotions,' page 294.  The arrest of a murderer, as
+witnessed by Dr. Ogle in a hospital.) in my hobby-horse essay on
+expression.  I fear that the Eustachian tube question must have cost you a
+deal of labour; it is quite a complete little essay.  It is pretty clear
+that the mouth is not opened under surprise merely to improve the hearing. 
+Yet why do deaf men generally keep their mouths open?  The other day a man
+here was mimicking a deaf friend, leaning his head forward and sideways to
+the speaker, with his mouth well open; it was a lifelike representation of
+a deaf man.  Shakespeare somewhere says:  "Hold your breath, listen" or
+"hark," I forget which.  Surprise hurries the breath, and it seems to me
+one can breathe, at least hurriedly, much quieter through the open mouth
+than through the nose.  I saw the other day you doubted this.  As objection
+is your province at present, I think breathing through the nose ought to
+come within it likewise, so do pray consider this point, and let me hear
+your judgment.  Consider the nose to be a flower to be fertilised, and then
+you will make out all about it.  (Dr. Ogle had corresponded with my father
+on his own observations on the fertilisation of flowers.)  I have had to
+allude to your paper on 'Sense of Smell' (Medico-chirurg. Trans. liii.); is
+the paging right, namely, 1, 2, 3?  If not, I protest by all the gods
+against the plan followed by some, of having presentation copies falsely
+paged; and so does Rolleston, as he wrote to me the other day.  In haste.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE.
+Down, March 25 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+You will think me a horrid bore, but I beg you, IN RELATION TO A NEW POINT
+FOR OBSERVATION, to imagine as well as you can that you suddenly come
+across some dreadful object, and act with a sudden little start, a SHUDDER
+OF HORROR; please do this once or twice, and observe yourself as well as
+you can, and AFTERWARDS read the rest of this note, which I have
+consequently pinned down.  I find, to my surprise, whenever I act thus my
+platysma contracts.  Does yours?  (N.B.--See what a man will do for
+science; I began this note with a horrid fib, namely, that I want you to
+attend to a new point.  (The point was doubtless described as a new one, to
+avoid the possibility of Dr. Ogle's attention being directed to the
+platysma, a muscle which had been the subject of discussion in other
+letters.))  I will try and get some persons thus to act who are so lucky as
+not to know that they even possess this muscle, so troublesome for any one
+making out about expression.  Is a shudder akin to the rigor or shivering
+before fever?  If so, perhaps the platysma could be observed in such cases. 
+Paget told me that he had attended much to shivering, and had written in
+MS. on the subject, and been much perplexed about it.  He mentioned that
+passing a catheter often causes shivering.  Perhaps I will write to him
+about the platysma.  He is always most kind in aiding me in all ways, but
+he is so overworked that it hurts my conscience to trouble him, for I have
+a conscience, little as you have reason to think so.  Help me if you can,
+and forgive me.  Your murderer case has come in splendidly as the acme of
+prostration from fear.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO DR. OGLE.
+Down, April 29 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+I am truly obliged for all the great trouble which you have so kindly
+taken.  I am sure you have no cause to say that you are sorry you can give
+me no definite information, for you have given me far more than I ever
+expected to get.  The action of the platysma is not very important for me,
+but I believe that you will fully understand (for I have always fancied
+that our minds were very similar) the intolerable desire I had not to be
+utterly baffled.  Now I know that it sometimes contracts from fear and from
+shuddering, but not apparently from a prolonged state of fear such as the
+insane suffer...
+
+
+[Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,'--a contribution to the literature of
+Evolution, which excited much attention--was published in 1871, before the
+appearance of the 'Descent of Man.'  To this book the following letter
+(June 21, 1871) from the late Chauncey Wright to my father refers. 
+(Chauncey Wright was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, September 20,
+1830, and came of a family settled in that town since 1654.  He became in
+1852 a computer in the Nautical Almanac office at Cambridge, Mass., and
+lived a quiet uneventful life, supported by the small stipend of his
+office, and by what he earned from his occasional articles, as well as by a
+little teaching.  He thought and read much on metaphysical subjects, but on
+the whole with an outcome (as far as the world was concerned) not
+commensurate to the power of his mind.  He seems to have been a man of
+strong individuality, and to have made a lasting impression on his friends. 
+He died in September, 1875.)]:
+
+"I send...revised proofs of an article which will be published in the July
+number of the 'North American Review,' sending it in the hope that it will
+interest or even be of greater value to you.  Mr. Mivart's book ['Genesis
+of Species'] of which this article is substantially a review, seems to me a
+very good background from which to present the considerations which I have
+endeavoured to set forth in the article, in defence and illustration of the
+theory of Natural Selection.  My special purpose has been to contribute to
+the theory by placing it in its proper relations to philosophical enquiries
+in general."  ('Letters of Chauncey Wright,' by J.B. Thayer.  Privately
+printed, 1878, page 230.)
+
+With regard to the proofs received from Mr. Wright, my father wrote to Mr.
+Wallace:]
+
+
+Down, July 9 [1871].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I send by this post a review by Chauncey Wright, as I much want your
+opinion of it as soon as you can send it.  I consider you an incomparably
+better critic than I am.  The article, though not very clearly written, and
+poor in parts from want of knowledge, seems to me admirable.  Mivart's book
+is producing a great effect against Natural Selection, and more especially
+against me.  Therefore if you think the article even somewhat good I will
+write and get permission to publish it as a shilling pamphlet, together
+with the MS. additions (enclosed), for which there was not room at the end
+of the review...
+
+I am now at work at a new and cheap edition of the 'Origin,' and shall
+answer several points in Mivart's book, and introduce a new chapter for
+this purpose; but I treat the subject so much more concretely, and I dare
+say less philosophically, than Wright, that we shall not interfere with
+each other.  You will think me a bigot when I say, after studying Mivart, I
+was never before in my life so convinced of the GENERAL (i.e. not in
+detail) truth of the views in the 'Origin.'  I grieve to see the omission
+of the words by Mivart, detected by Wright.  ('North American Review,'
+volume 113, pages 83, 84.  Chauncey Wright points out that the words
+omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart] cites Mr.
+Darwin's authority."  It should be mentioned that the passage from which
+words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr. Mivart.)  I
+complained to Mivart that in two cases he quotes only the commencement of
+sentences by me, and thus modifies my meaning; but I never supposed he
+would have omitted words.  There are other cases of what I consider unfair
+treatment.  I conclude with sorrow that though he means to be honourable he
+is so bigoted that he cannot act fairly...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT.
+Down, July 14, 1871.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have hardly ever in my life read an article which has given me so much
+satisfaction as the review which you have been so kind as to send me.  I
+agree to almost everything which you say.  Your memory must be wonderfully
+accurate, for you know my works as well as I do myself, and your power of
+grasping other men's thoughts is something quite surprising; and this, as
+far as my experience goes, is a very rare quality.  As I read on I
+perceived how you have acquired this power, viz. by thoroughly analyzing
+each word.
+
+...Now I am going to beg a favour.  Will you provisionally give me
+permission to reprint your article as a shilling pamphlet?  I ask only
+provisionally, as I have not yet had time to reflect on the subject.  It
+would cost me, I fancy, with advertisements, some 20 or 30 pounds; but the
+worst is that, as I hear, pamphlets never will sell.  And this makes me
+doubtful.  Should you think it too much trouble to send me a title FOR THE
+CHANCE?  The title ought, I think, to have Mr. Mivart's name on it.
+
+...If you grant permission and send a title, you will kindly understand
+that I will first make further enquiries whether there is any chance of a
+pamphlet being read.
+
+Pray believe me yours very sincerely obliged,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The pamphlet was published in the autumn, and on October 23 my father
+wrote to Mr. Wright:--
+
+"It pleases me much that you are satisfied with the appearance of your
+pamphlet.  I am sure it will do our cause good service; and this same
+opinion Huxley has expressed to me.  ('Letters of Chauncey Wright,' page
+235."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, July 12 [1871].
+
+...I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it is
+so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+discussion readable.  I shall make only a selection.  The worst of it is,
+that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated points,
+it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work.  I wish I had your
+power of arguing clearly.  At present I feel sick of everything, and if I
+could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather miseries, I
+would never publish another word.  But I shall cheer up, I dare say, soon,
+having only just got over a bad attack.  Farewell; God knows why I bother
+you about myself.  I can say nothing more about missing-links than what I
+have said.  I should rely much on pre-silurian times; but then comes Sir W.
+Thomson like an odious spectre.  Farewell.
+
+...There is a most cutting review of me in the 'Quarterly' (July 1871.); I
+have only read a few pages.  The skill and style make me think of Mivart. 
+I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men.  This 'Quarterly
+Review' tempts me to republish Ch. Wright, even if not read by any one,
+just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and that his (i.e.
+Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some reflection...God
+knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to write a chapter
+versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and feel I shall do it
+so badly.
+
+[The above-mentioned 'Quarterly' review was the subject of an article by
+Mr. Huxley in the November number of the 'Contemporary Review.'  Here,
+also, are discussed Mr. Wallace's 'Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+Selection,' and the second edition of Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species.' 
+What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article.  The 'Quarterly' reviewer,
+though being to some extent an evolutionist, believes that Man "differs
+more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from the dust of the
+earth on which they tread."  The reviewer also declares that my father has
+"with needless opposition, set at naught the first principles of both
+philosophy and religion."  Mr. Huxley passes from the 'Quarterly'
+reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary opposition between
+evolution and religion, to the more definite position taken by Mr. Mivart,
+that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic Church agree in
+distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their teachings
+harmonise with all that modern science can possibly require."  Here Mr.
+Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy" (at any rate,
+in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it was a want he at
+once set to work to fill up.  He was then staying at St. Andrews, whence he
+wrote to my father:--
+
+"By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy of
+Suarez (The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.), in a dozen
+big folios.  Among these I dived, to the great astonishment of the
+librarian, and looking into them 'as the careful robin eyes the delver's
+toil' (vide 'Idylls'), I carried off the two venerable clasped volumes
+which were most promising."  Even those who know Mr. Huxley's unrivalled
+power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel at the skill with
+which he has made Suarez speak on his side.  "So I have come out," he
+wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic orthodoxy, and upset
+Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."
+
+The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+dissection of the 'Quarterly' reviewer's psychology, and his ethical views. 
+He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of Evolution
+by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.  Finally, he
+devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of the 'Quarterly'
+reviewer's "treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike unjust and unbecoming."
+
+It will be seen that the two following letters were written before the
+publication of Mr. Huxley's article.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, September 21 [1871].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your letter has pleased me in many ways, to a wonderful degree...What a
+wonderful man you are to grapple with those old metaphysico-divinity books. 
+It quite delights me that you are going to some extent to answer and attack
+Mivart.  His book, as you say, has produced a great effect; yesterday I
+perceived the reverberations from it, even from Italy.  It was this that
+made me ask Chauncey Wright to publish at my expense his article, which
+seems to me very clever, though ill-written.  He has not knowledge enough
+to grapple with Mivart in detail.  I think there can be no shadow of doubt
+that he is the author of the article in the 'Quarterly Review'...I am
+preparing a new edition of the 'Origin,' and shall introduce a new chapter
+in answer to miscellaneous objections, and shall give up the greater part
+to answer Mivart's cases of difficulty of incipient structures being of no
+use:  and I find it can be done easily.  He never states his case fairly,
+and makes wonderful blunders...The pendulum is now swinging against our
+side, but I feel positive it will soon swing the other way; and no mortal
+man will do half as much as you in giving it a start in the right
+direction, as you did at the first commencement.  God forgive me for
+writing so long and egotistical a letter; but it is your fault, for you
+have so delighted me; I never dreamed that you would have time to say a
+word in defence of the cause which you have so often defended.  It will be
+a long battle, after we are dead and gone...Great is the power of
+misrepresentation...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, September 30 [1871].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+It was very good of you to send the proof-sheets, for I was VERY anxious to
+read your article.  I have been delighted with it.  How you do smash
+Mivart's theology:  it is almost equal to your article versus Comte
+('Fortnightly Review,' 1869.  With regard to the relations of Positivism to
+Science my father wrote to Mr. Spencer in 1875:  "How curious and amusing
+it is to see to what an extent the Positivists hate all men of science; I
+fancy they are dimly conscious what laughable and gigantic blunders their
+prophet made in predicting the course of science."),--that never can be
+transcended...But I have been preeminently glad to read your discussion on
+[the 'Quarterly' reviewer's] metaphysics, especially about reason and his
+definition of it.  I felt sure he was wrong, but having only common
+observation and sense to trust to, I did not know what to say in my second
+edition of my 'Descent.'  Now a footnote and reference to you will do the
+work...For me, this is one of the most IMPORTANT parts of the review.  But
+for PLEASURE, I have been particularly glad that my few words ('Descent of
+Man,' volume i. page 87.  A discussion on the question whether an act done
+impulsively or instinctively can be called moral.) on the distinction, if
+it can be so called, between Mivart's two forms of morality, caught your
+attention.  I am so pleased that you take the same view, and give
+authorities for it; but I searched Mill in vain on this head.  How well you
+argue the whole case.  I am mounting climax on climax; for after all there
+is nothing, I think, better in your whole review than your arguments v.
+Wallace on the intellect of savages.  I must tell you what Hooker said to
+me a few years ago.  "When I read Huxley, I feel quite infantile in
+intellect."  By Jove I have felt the truth of this throughout your review. 
+What a man you are.  There are scores of splendid passages, and vivid
+flashes of wit.  I have been a good deal more than merely pleased by the
+concluding part of your review; and all the more, as I own I felt mortified
+by the accusation of bigotry, arrogance, etc., in the 'Quarterly Review.' 
+But I assure you, he may write his worst, and he will never mortify me
+again.
+
+My dear Huxley, yours gratefully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Haredene, Albury, August 2 [1871].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your last letter has interested me greatly; it is wonderfully rich in facts
+and original thoughts.  First, let me say that I have been much pleased by
+what you say about my book.  It has had a VERY LARGE sale; but I have been
+much abused for it, especially for the chapter on the moral sense; and most
+of my reviewers consider the book as a poor affair.  God knows what its
+merits may really be; all that I know is that I did my best.  With
+familiarity I think naturalists will accept sexual selection to a greater
+extent than they now seem inclined to do.  I should very much like to
+publish your letter, but I do not see how it could be made intelligible,
+without numerous coloured illustrations, but I will consult Mr. Wallace on
+this head.  I earnestly hope that you keep notes of all your letters, and
+that some day you will publish a book:  'Notes of a Naturalist in S.
+Brazil,' or some such title.  Wallace will hardly admit the possibility of
+sexual selection with Lepidoptera, and no doubt it is very improbable. 
+Therefore, I am very glad to hear of your cases (which I will quote in the
+next edition) of the two sets of Hesperiadae, which display their wings
+differently, according to which surface is coloured.  I cannot believe that
+such display is accidental and purposeless...
+
+No fact of your letter has interested me more than that about mimicry.  It
+is a capital fact about the males pursuing the wrong females.  You put the
+difficulty of the first steps in imitation in a most striking and
+CONVINCING manner.  Your idea of sexual selection having aided protective
+imitation interests me greatly, for the same idea had occurred to me in
+quite different cases, viz. the dulness of all animals in the Galapagos
+Islands, Patagonia, etc., and in some other cases; but I was afraid even to
+hint at such an idea.  Would you object to my giving some such sentence as
+follows:  "F. Muller suspects that sexual selection may have come into
+play, in aid of protective imitation, in a very peculiar manner, which will
+appear extremely improbable to those who do not fully believe in sexual
+selection.  It is that the appreciation of certain colour is developed in
+those species which frequently behold other species thus ornamented." 
+Again let me thank you cordially for your most interesting letter...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E.B. TYLOR.
+Down, [September 24, 1871].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of telling you how
+greatly I have been interested by your 'Primitive Culture,' now that I have
+finished it.  It seems to me a most profound work, which will be certain to
+have permanent value, and to be referred to for years to come.  It is
+wonderful how you trace animism from the lower races up to the religious
+belief of the highest races.  It will make me for the future look at
+religion--a belief in the soul, etc.--from a new point of view.  How
+curious, also, are the survivals or rudiments of old customs...You will
+perhaps be surprised at my writing at so late a period, but I have had the
+book read aloud to me, and from much ill-health of late could only stand
+occasional short reads.  The undertaking must have cost you gigantic
+labour.  Nevertheless, I earnestly hope that you may be induced to treat
+morals in the same enlarged yet careful manner, as you have animism.  I
+fancy from the last chapter that you have thought of this.  No man could do
+the work so well as you, and the subject assuredly is a most important and
+interesting one.  You must now possess references which would guide you to
+a sound estimation of the morals of savages; and how writers like Wallace,
+Lubbock, etc., etc., do differ on this head.  Forgive me for troubling you,
+and believe me, with much respect,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1872.
+
+[At the beginning of the year the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' which had
+been begun in June, 1871, was nearly completed.  The last sheet was revised
+on January 10, 1872, and the book was published in the course of the month. 
+This volume differs from the previous ones in appearance and size--it
+consists of 458 pages instead of 596 pages and is a few ounces lighter; it
+is printed on bad paper, in small type, and with the lines unpleasantly
+close together.  It had, however, one advantage over previous editions,
+namely that it was issued at a lower price.  It is to be regretted that
+this the final edition of the 'Origin' should have appeared in so
+unattractive a form; a form which has doubtless kept off many readers from
+the book.
+
+The discussion suggested by the 'Genesis of Species' was perhaps the most
+important addition to the book.  The objection that incipient structures
+cannot be of use was dealt with in some detail, because it seemed to the
+author that this was the point in Mr. Mivart's book which has struck most
+readers in England.
+
+It is a striking proof of how wide and general had become the acceptance of
+his views that my father found it necessary to insert (sixth edition, page
+424), the sentence:  "As a record of a former state of things, I have
+retained in the foregoing paragraphs and also elsewhere, several sentences
+which imply that naturalists believe in the separate creation of each
+species; and I have been much censured for having thus expressed myself. 
+But undoubtedly this was the general belief when the first edition of the
+present work appeared...Now things are wholly changed, and almost every
+naturalist admits the great principle of evolution."
+
+A small correction introduced into this sixth edition is connected with one
+of his minor papers:  "Note on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker." 
+(Zoolog. Soc. Proc. 1870.)  In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' page 220,
+he wrote:--
+
+"Yet as I can assert not only from my own observation, but from that of the
+accurate Azara, it [the ground woodpecker] never climbs a tree."  The paper
+in question was a reply to Mr. Hudson's remarks on the woodpecker in a
+previous number of the same journal.  The last sentence of my father's
+paper is worth quoting for its temperate tone:  "Finally, I trust that Mr.
+Hudson is mistaken when he says that any one acquainted with the habits of
+this bird might be induced to believe that I 'had purposely wrested the
+truth' in order to prove my theory.  He exonerates me from this charge; but
+I should be loath to think that there are many naturalists who, without any
+evidence, would accuse a fellow-worker of telling a deliberate falsehood to
+prove his theory."  In the sixth edition, page 142, the passage runs "in
+certain large districts it does not climb trees."  And he goes on to give
+Mr. Hudson's statement that in other regions it does frequent trees.
+
+One of the additions in the sixth edition (page 149), was a reference to
+Mr. A. Hyatt's and Professor Cope's theory of "acceleration."  With regard
+to this he wrote (October 10, 1872) in characteristic words to Mr. Hyatt:--
+
+"Permit me to take this opportunity to express my sincere regret at having
+committed two grave errors in the last edition of my 'Origin of Species,'
+in my allusion to yours and Professor Cope's views on acceleration and
+retardation of development.  I had thought that Professor Cope had preceded
+you; but I now well remember having formerly read with lively interest, and
+marked, a paper by you somewhere in my library, on fossil Cephalapods with
+remarks on the subject.  It seems also that I have quite misrepresented
+your joint view.  This has vexed me much.  I confess that I have never been
+able to grasp fully what you wish to show, and I presume that this must be
+owing to some dulness on my part."
+
+Lastly, it may be mentioned that this cheap edition being to some extent
+intended as a popular one, was made to include a glossary of technical
+terms, "given because several readers have complained...that some of the
+terms used were unintelligible to them."  The glossary was compiled by Mr.
+Dallas, and being an excellent collection of clear and sufficient
+definitions, must have proved useful to many readers.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES.
+Down, January 15, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am much obliged for your very kind letter and exertions in my favour.  I
+had thought that the publication of my last book ['Descent of Man'] would
+have destroyed all your sympathy with me, but though I estimated very
+highly your great liberality of mind, it seems that I underrated it.
+
+I am gratified to hear that M. Lacaze-Duthiers will vote (He was not
+elected as a corresponding member of the French Academy until 1878.) for
+me, for I have long honoured his name.  I cannot help regretting that you
+should expend your valuable time in trying to obtain for me the honour of
+election, for I fear, judging from the last time, that all your labour will
+be in vain.  Whatever the result may be, I shall always retain the most
+lively recollection of your sympathy and kindness, and this will quite
+console me for my rejection.
+
+With much respect and esteem, I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours truly obliged,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--With respect to the great stress which you lay on man walking on two
+legs, whilst the quadrumana go on all fours, permit me to remind you that
+no one much values the great difference in the mode of locomotion, and
+consequently in structure, between seals and the terrestrial carnivora, or
+between the almost biped kangaroos and other marsupials.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN.  (Professor of Zoology in Freiburg.)
+Down, April 5, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now read your essay ('Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirung auf die
+Artbildung.'  Leipzig, 1872.) with very great interest.  Your view of the
+'Origin' of local races through "Amixie," is altogether new to me, and
+seems to throw an important light on an obscure problem.  There is,
+however, something strange about the periods or endurance of variability. 
+I formerly endeavoured to investigate the subject, not by looking to past
+time, but to species of the same genus widely distributed; and I found in
+many cases that all the species, with perhaps one or two exceptions, were
+variable.  It would be a very interesting subject for a conchologist to
+investigate, viz., whether the species of the same genus were variable
+during many successive geological formations.  I began to make enquiries on
+this head, but failed in this, as in so many other things, from the want of
+time and strength.  In your remarks on crossing, you do not, as it seems to
+me, lay nearly stress enough on the increased vigour of the offspring
+derived from parents which have been exposed to different conditions.  I
+have during the last five years been making experiments on this subject
+with plants, and have been astonished at the results, which have not yet
+been published.
+
+In the first part of your essay, I thought that you wasted (to use an
+English expression) too much powder and shot on M. Wagner (Prof. Wagner has
+written two essays on the same subject.  'Die Darwin'sche Theorie und das
+Migrationsgesetz, in 1868, and 'Ueber den Einfluss der Geographischen
+Isolirung, etc.,' an address to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences at Munich,
+1870.); but I changed my opinion when I saw how admirably you treated the
+whole case, and how well you used the facts about the Planorbis.  I wish I
+had studied this latter case more carefully.  The manner in which, as you
+show, the different varieties blend together and make a constant whole,
+agrees perfectly with my hypothetical illustrations.
+
+Many years ago the late E. Forbes described three closely consecutive beds
+in a secondary formation, each with representative forms of the same fresh-
+water shells:  the case is evidently analogous with that of Hilgendorf
+("Ueber Planorbis multiformis im Steinheimer Susswasser-kalk." 
+Monatsbericht of the Berlin Academy, 1866.), but the interesting connecting
+varieties or links were here absent.  I rejoice to think that I formerly
+said as emphatically as I could, that neither isolation nor time by
+themselves do anything for the modification of species.  Hardly anything in
+your essay has pleased me so much personally, as to find that you believe
+to a certain extent in sexual selection.  As far as I can judge, very few
+naturalists believe in this.  I may have erred on many points, and extended
+the doctrine too far, but I feel a strong conviction that sexual selection
+will hereafter be admitted to be a powerful agency.  I cannot agree with
+what you say about the taste for beauty in animals not easily varying.  It
+may be suspected that even the habit of viewing differently coloured
+surrounding objects would influence their taste, and Fritz Muller even goes
+so far as to believe that the sight of gaudy butterflies might influence
+the taste of distinct species.  There are many remarks and statements in
+your essay which have interested me greatly, and I thank you for the
+pleasure which I have received from reading it.
+
+With sincere respect, I remain,
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you should ever be induced to consider the whole doctrine of
+sexual selection, I think that you will be led to the conclusion, that
+characters thus gained by one sex are very commonly transferred in a
+greater or less degree to the other sex.
+
+
+[With regard to Moritz Wagner's first Essay, my father wrote to that
+naturalist, apparently in 1868:]
+
+Dear and respected Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for sending me your 'Migrationsgesetz, etc.,' and for
+the very kind and most honourable notice which you have taken of my works. 
+That a naturalist who has travelled into so many and such distant regions,
+and who has studied animals of so many classes, should, to a considerable
+extent, agree with me, is, I can assure you, the highest gratification of
+which I am capable...Although I saw the effects of isolation in the case of
+islands and mountain-ranges, and knew of a few instances of rivers, yet the
+greater number of your facts were quite unknown to me.  I now see that from
+the want of knowledge I did not make nearly sufficient use of the views
+which you advocate; and I almost wish I could believe in its importance to
+the same extent with you; for you well show, in a manner which never
+occurred to me, that it removes many difficulties and objections.  But I
+must still believe that in many large areas all the individuals of the same
+species have been slowly modified, in the same manner, for instance, as the
+English race-horse has been improved, that is by the continued selection of
+the fleetest individuals, without any separation.  But I admit that by this
+process two or more new species could hardly be found within the same
+limited area; some degree of separation, if not indispensable, would be
+highly advantageous; and here your facts and views will be of great
+value...
+
+
+[The following letter bears on the same subject.  It refers to Professor M.
+Wagner's Essay, published in "Das Ausland", May 31, 1875:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MORITZ WAGNER.
+Down, October 13, 1876.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have now finished reading your essays, which have interested me in a very
+high degree, notwithstanding that I differ much from you on various points. 
+For instance, several considerations make me doubt whether species are much
+more variable at one period than at another, except through the agency of
+changed conditions.  I wish, however, that I could believe in this
+doctrine, as it removes many difficulties.  But my strongest objection to
+your theory is that it does not explain the manifold adaptations in
+structure in every organic being--for instance in a Picus for climbing
+trees and catching insects--or in a Strix for catching animals at night,
+and so on ad infinitum.  No theory is in the least satisfactory to me
+unless it clearly explains such adaptations.  I think that you
+misunderstand my views on isolation.  I believe that all the individuals of
+a species can be slowly modified within the same district, in nearly the
+same manner as man effects by what I have called the process of unconscious
+selection...I do not believe that one species will give birth to two or
+more new species as long as they are mingled together within the same
+district.  Nevertheless I cannot doubt that many new species have been
+simultaneously developed within the same large continental area; and in my
+'Origin of Species' I endeavoured to explain how two new species might be
+developed, although they met and intermingled on the BORDERS of their
+range.  It would have been a strange fact if I had overlooked the
+importance of isolation, seeing that it was such cases as that of the
+Galapagos Archipelago, which chiefly led me to study the origin of species. 
+In my opinion the greatest error which I have committed, has been not
+allowing sufficient weight to the direct action of the environment, i.e.
+food, climate, etc., independently of natural selection.  Modifications
+thus caused, which are neither of advantage nor disadvantage to the
+modified organism, would be especially favoured, as I can now see chiefly
+through your observations, by isolation in a small area, where only a few
+individuals lived under nearly uniform conditions.
+
+When I wrote the 'Origin,' and for some years afterwards, I could find
+little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there is
+a large body of evidence, and your case of the Saturnia is one of the most
+remarkable of which I have heard.  Although we differ so greatly, I hope
+that you will permit me to express my respect for your long-continued and
+successful labours in the good cause of natural science.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The two following letters are also of interest as bearing on my father's
+views on the action of isolation as regards the origin of new species:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER.
+Down, November 26, 1878.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+When I published the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' I thought a good deal
+on the subject to which you refer, and the opinion therein expressed was my
+deliberate conviction.  I went as far as I could, perhaps too far in
+agreement with Wagner; since that time I have seen no reason to change my
+mind, but then I must add that my attention has been absorbed on other
+subjects.  There are two different classes of cases, as it appears to me,
+viz. those in which a species becomes slowly modified in the same country
+(of which I cannot doubt there are innumerable instances) and those cases
+in which a species splits into two or three or more new species, and in the
+latter case, I should think nearly perfect separation would greatly aid in
+their "specification," to coin a new word.
+
+I am very glad that you are taking up this subject, for you will be sure to
+throw much light on it.  I remember well, long ago, oscillating much; when
+I thought of the Fauna and Flora of the Galapagos Islands I was all for
+isolation, when I thought of S. America I doubted much.  Pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I hope that this letter will not be quite illegible, but I have no
+amanuensis at present.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER.
+Down, November 30, 1878.
+
+Dear Professor Semper,
+
+Since writing I have recalled some of the thoughts and conclusions which
+have passed through my mind of late years.  In North America, in going from
+north to south or from east to west, it is clear that the changed
+conditions of life have modified the organisms in the different regions, so
+that they now form distinct races or even species.  It is further clear
+that in isolated districts, however small, the inhabitants almost always
+get slightly modified, and how far this is due to the nature of the
+slightly different conditions to which they are exposed, and how far to
+mere interbreeding, in the manner explained by Weismann, I can form no
+opinion.  The same difficulty occurred to me (as shown in my 'Variation of
+Animals and Plants under Domestication') with respect to the aboriginal
+breeds of cattle, sheep, etc., in the separated districts of Great Britain,
+and indeed throughout Europe.  As our knowledge advances, very slight
+differences, considered by systematists as of no importance in structure,
+are continually found to be functionally important; and I have been
+especially struck with this fact in the case of plants to which my
+observations have of late years been confined.  Therefore it seems to me
+rather rash to consider the slight differences between representative
+species, for instance those inhabiting the different islands of the same
+archipelago, as of no functional importance, and as not in any way due to
+natural selection.  With respect to all adapted structures, and these are
+innumerable, I cannot see how M. Wagner's view throws any light, nor indeed
+do I see at all more clearly than I did before, from the numerous cases
+which he has brought forward, how and why it is that a long isolated form
+should almost always become slightly modified.  I do not know whether you
+will care about hearing my further opinion on the point in question, for as
+before remarked I have not attended much of late years to such questions,
+thinking it prudent, now that I am growing old, to work at easier subjects.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+I hope and trust that you will throw light on these points.
+
+P.S.--I will add another remark which I remember occurred to me when I
+first read M. Wagner.  When a species first arrives on a small island, it
+will probably increase rapidly, and unless all the individuals change
+instantaneously (which is improbable in the highest degree), the slowly,
+more or less, modifying offspring must intercross one with another, and
+with their unmodified parents, and any offspring not as yet modified.  The
+case will then be like that of domesticated animals which have slowly
+become modified, either by the action of the external conditions or by the
+process which I have called the UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION by man--i.e., in
+contrast with methodical selection.
+
+
+[The letters continue the history of the year 1872, which has been
+interrupted by a digression on Isolation.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA.
+Down, April 8, 1872.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you very sincerely and feel much honoured by the trouble which you
+have taken in giving me your reflections on the origin of Man.  It
+gratifies me extremely that some parts of my work have interested you, and
+that we agree on the main conclusion of the derivation of man from some
+lower form.
+
+I will reflect on what you have said, but I cannot at present give up my
+belief in the close relationship of Man to the higher Simiae.  I do not put
+much trust in any single character, even that of dentition; but I put the
+greatest faith in resemblances in many parts of the whole organisation, for
+I cannot believe that such resemblances can be due to any cause except
+close blood relationship.  That man is closely allied to the higher Simiae
+is shown by the classification of Linnaeus, who was so good a judge of
+affinity.  The man who in England knows most about the structure of the
+Simiae, namely, Mr. Mivart, and who is bitterly opposed to my doctrines
+about the derivation of the mental powers, yet has publicly admitted that I
+have not put man too close to the higher Simiae, as far as bodily structure
+is concerned.  I do not think the absence of reversions of structure in man
+is of much weight; C. Vogt, indeed, argues that [the existence of] Micro-
+cephalous idiots is a case of reversion.  No one who believes in Evolution
+will doubt that the Phocae are descended from some terrestrial Carnivore. 
+Yet no one would expect to meet with any such reversion in them.  The
+lesser divergence of character in the races of man in comparison with the
+species of Simiadae may perhaps be accounted for by man having spread over
+the world at a much later period than did the Simiadae.  I am fully
+prepared to admit the high antiquity of man; but then we have evidence, in
+the Dryopithecus, of the high antiquity of the Anthropomorphous Simiae.
+
+I am glad to hear that you are at work on your fossil plants, which of late
+years have afforded so rich a field for discovery.  With my best thanks for
+your great kindness, and with much respect, I remain,
+
+Dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In April, 1872, he was elected to the Royal Society of Holland, and wrote
+to Professor Donders:--
+
+"Very many thanks for your letter.  The honour of being elected a foreign
+member of your Royal Society has pleased me much.  The sympathy of his
+fellow workers has always appeared to me by far the highest reward to which
+any scientific man can look.  My gratification has been not a little
+increased by first hearing of the honour from you."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT.
+Down, June 3, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Many thanks for your article (The proof-sheets of an article which appeared
+in the July number of the 'North American Review.'  It was a rejoinder to
+Mr. Mivart's reply ('North American Review,' April 1872) to Mr. Chauncey
+Wright's pamphlet.  Chauncey Wright says of it ('Letters,' page 238):--"It
+is not properly a rejoinder but a new article, repeating and expounding
+some of the points of my pamphlet, and answering some of Mr. Mivart's
+replies incidentally.") in the 'North American Review,' which I have read
+with great interest.  Nothing can be clearer than the way in which you
+discuss the permanence or fixity of species.  It never occurred to me to
+suppose that any one looked at the case as it seems Mr. Mivart does.  Had I
+read his answer to you, perhaps I should have perceived this; but I have
+resolved to waste no more time in reading reviews of my works or on
+Evolution, excepting when I hear that they are good and contain new
+matter...It is pretty clear that Mr. Mivart has come to the end of his
+tether on this subject.
+
+As your mind is so clear, and as you consider so carefully the meaning of
+words, I wish you would take some incidental occasion to consider when a
+thing may properly be said to be effected by the will of man.  I have been
+led to the wish by reading an article by your Professor Whitney versus
+Schleicher.  He argues, because each step of change in language is made by
+the will of man, the whole language so changes; but I do not think that
+this is so, as man has no intention or wish to change the language.  It is
+a parallel case with what I have called "unconscious selection," which
+depends on men consciously preserving the best individuals, and thus
+unconsciously altering the breed.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[Not long afterwards (September) Mr. Chauncey Wright paid a visit to Down
+(Mr. and Mrs. C.L. Brace, who had given much of their lives to
+philanthropic work in New York, also paid a visit at Down in this summer. 
+Some of their work is recorded in Mr. Brace's 'The Dangerous Classes of New
+York,' and of this book my father wrote to the author:--
+
+"Since you were here my wife has read aloud to me more than half of your
+work, and it has interested us both in the highest degree, and we shall
+read every word of the remainder.  The facts seem to me very well told, and
+the inferences very striking.  But after all this is but a weak part of the
+impression left on our minds by what we have read; for we are both filled
+with earnest admiration at the heroic labours of yourself and others."),
+which he described in a letter ('Letters, page 246-248.) to Miss S.
+Sedgwick (now Mrs. William Darwin):  "If you can imagine me enthusiastic--
+absolutely and unqualifiedly so, without a BUT or criticism, then think of
+my last evening's and this morning's talks with Mr. Darwin...I was never so
+worked up in my life, and did not sleep many hours under the hospitable
+roof...It would be quite impossible to give by way of report any idea of
+these talks before and at and after dinner, at breakfast, and at leave-
+taking; and yet I dislike the egotism of 'testifying' like other religious
+enthusiasts, without any verification, or hint of similar experience."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HERBERT SPENCER.
+Bassett, Southampton, June 10, [1872].
+
+Dear Spencer,
+
+I dare say you will think me a foolish fellow, but I cannot resist the wish
+to express my unbounded admiration of your article ('Mr. Martineau on
+Evolution,' by Herbert Spencer, 'Contemporary Review,' July 1872.) in
+answer to Mr. Martineau.  It is, indeed, admirable, and hardly less so your
+second article on Sociology (which, however, I have not yet finished):  I
+never believed in the reigning influence of great men on the world's
+progress; but if asked why I did not believe, I should have been sorely
+perplexed to have given a good answer.  Every one with eyes to see and ears
+to hear (the number, I fear, are not many) ought to bow their knee to you,
+and I for one do.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, July 12 [1872].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I must exhale and express my joy at the way in which the newspapers have
+taken up your case.  I have seen the "Times", the "Daily News", and the
+"Pall Mall", and hear that others have taken up the case.
+
+The Memorial has done great good this way, whatever may be the result in
+the action of our wretched Government.  On my soul, it is enough to make
+one turn into an old honest Tory...
+
+If you answer this, I shall be sorry that I have relieved my feelings by
+writing.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The memorial here referred to was addressed to Mr. Gladstone, and was
+signed by a number of distinguished men, including Sir Charles Lyell, Mr.
+Bentham, Mr. Huxley, and Sir James Paget.  It gives a complete account of
+the arbitrary and unjust treatment received by Sir J.D. Hooker at the hands
+of his official chief, the First Commissioner of Works.  The document is
+published in full in 'Nature' (July 11, 1872), and is well worth studying
+as an example of the treatment which it is possible for science to receive
+from officialism.  As 'Nature' observes, it is a paper which must be read
+with the greatest indignation by scientific men in every part of the world,
+and with shame by all Englishmen.  The signatories of the memorial conclude
+by protesting against the expected consequences of Sir Joseph Hooker's
+persecution--namely his resignation, and the loss of "a man honoured for
+his integrity, beloved for his courtesy and kindliness of heart; and who
+has spent in the public service not only a stainless but an illustrious
+life."
+
+Happily this misfortune was averted, and Sir Joseph was freed from further
+molestation.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, August 3 [1872].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I hate controversy, chiefly perhaps because I do it badly; but as Dr. Bree
+accuses you (Mr. Wallace had reviewed Dr. Bree's book, 'An Exposition of
+Fallacies in the Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin,' in 'Nature,' July 25, 1872.) of
+"blundering," I have thought myself bound to send the enclosed letter (The
+letter is as follows:--"Bree on Darwinism."  'Nature,' August 8, 1872. 
+Permit me to state--though the statement is almost superfluous--that Mr.
+Wallace, in his review of Dr. Bree's work, gives with perfect correctness
+what I intended to express, and what I believe was expressed clearly, with
+respect to the probable position of man in the early part of his pedigree. 
+As I have not seen Dr. Bree's recent work, and as his letter is
+unintelligible to me, I cannot even conjecture how he has so completely
+mistaken my meaning:  but, perhaps, no one who has read Mr. Wallace's
+article, or who has read a work formerly published by Dr. Bree on the same
+subject as his recent one, will be surprised at any amount of
+misunderstanding on his part.--Charles Darwin.  August 3.) to 'Nature,'
+that is if you in the least desire it.  In this case please post it.  If
+you do not AT ALL wish it, I should rather prefer not sending it, and in
+this case please to tear it up.  And I beg you to do the same, if you
+intend answering Dr. Bree yourself, as you will do it incomparably better
+than I should.  Also please tear it up if you don't like the letter.
+
+My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+Down, August 28, 1872.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have at last finished the gigantic job of reading Dr. Bastian's book
+('The Beginnings of Life.'  H.C. Bastian, 1872.) and have been deeply
+interested by it.  You wished to hear my impression, but it is not worth
+sending.
+
+He seems to me an extremely able man, as, indeed, I thought when I read his
+first essay.  His general argument in favour of Archebiosis (That is to
+say, Spontaneous Generation.  For the distinction between Archebiosis and
+Heterogenesis, see Bastian, chapter vi.) is wonderfully strong, though I
+cannot think much of some few of his arguments.  The result is that I am
+bewildered and astonished by his statements, but am not convinced, though,
+on the whole, it seems to me probable that Archebiosis is true.  I am not
+convinced, partly I think owing to the deductive cast of much of his
+reasoning; and I know not why, but I never feel convinced by deduction,
+even in the case of H. Spencer's writings.  If Dr. Bastian's book had been
+turned upside down, and he had begun with the various cases of
+Heterogenesis, and then gone on to organic, and afterwards to saline
+solutions, and had then given his general arguments, I should have been, I
+believe, much more influenced.  I suspect, however, that my chief
+difficulty is the effect of old convictions being stereotyped on my brain. 
+I must have more evidence that germs, or the minutest fragments of the
+lowest forms, are always killed by 212 degrees of Fahr.  Perhaps the mere
+reiteration of the statements given by Dr. Bastian [by] other men, whose
+judgment I respect, and who have worked long on the lower organisms, would
+suffice to convince me.  Here is a fine confession of intellectual
+weakness; but what an inexplicable frame of mind is that of belief!
+
+As for Rotifers and Tardigrades being spontaneously generated, my mind can
+no more digest such statements, whether true or false, than my stomach can
+digest a lump of lead.  Dr. Bastian is always comparing Archebiosis, as
+well as growth, to crystallisation; but, on this view, a Rotifer or
+Tardigrade is adapted to its humble conditions of life by a happy accident,
+and this I cannot believe...He must have worked with very impure materials
+in some cases, as plenty of organisms appeared in a saline solution not
+containing an atom of nitrogen.
+
+I wholly disagree with Dr. Bastian about many points in his latter
+chapters.  Thus the frequency of generalised forms in the older strata
+seems to me clearly to indicate the common descent with divergence of more
+recent forms.  Notwithstanding all his sneers, I do not strike my colours
+as yet about Pangenesis.  I should like to live to see Archebiosis proved
+true, for it would be a discovery of transcendent importance; or, if false,
+I should like to see it disproved, and the facts otherwise explained; but I
+shall not live to see all this.  If ever proved, Dr. Bastian will have
+taken a prominent part in the work.  How grand is the onward rush of
+science; it is enough to console us for the many errors which we have
+committed, and for our efforts being overlaid and forgotten in the mass of
+new facts and new views which are daily turning up.
+
+This is all I have to say about Dr. Bastian's book, and it certainly has
+not been worth saying...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE.
+Down, December 11, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I began reading your new book ('Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+1873.) sooner than I intended, and when I once began, I could not stop; and
+now you must allow me to thank you for the very great pleasure which it has
+given me.  I have hardly ever read anything more original and interesting
+than your treatment of the causes which favour the development of
+scientific men.  The whole was quite new to me, and most curious.  When I
+began your essay I was afraid that you were going to attack the principle
+of inheritance in relation to mind, but I soon found myself fully content
+to follow you and accept your limitations.  I have felt, of course, special
+interest in the latter part of your work, but there was here less novelty
+to me.  In many parts you do me much honour, and everywhere more than
+justice.  Authors generally like to hear what points most strike different
+readers, so I will mention that of your shorter essays, that on the future
+prevalence of languages, and on vaccination interested me the most, as,
+indeed, did that on statistics, and free will.  Great liability to certain
+diseases, being probably liable to atavism, is quite a new idea to me.  At
+page 322 you suggest that a young swallow ought to be separated, and then
+let loose in order to test the power of instinct; but nature annually
+performs this experiment, as old cuckoos migrate in England some weeks
+before the young birds of the same year.  By the way, I have just used the
+forbidden word "nature," which, after reading your essay, I almost
+determined never to use again.  There are very few remarks in your book to
+which I demur, but when you back up Asa Gray in saying that all instincts
+are congenital habits, I must protest.
+
+Finally, will you permit me to ask you a question:  have you yourself, or
+some one who can be quite trusted, observed (page 322) that the butterflies
+on the Alps are tamer than those on the lowlands?  Do they belong to the
+same species?  Has this fact been observed with more than one species?  Are
+they brightly coloured kinds?  I am especially curious about their
+alighting on the brightly coloured parts of ladies' dresses, more
+especially because I have been more than once assured that butterflies like
+bright colours, for instance, in India the scarlet leaves of Poinsettia.
+
+Once again allow me to thank you for having sent me your work, and for the
+very unusual amount of pleasure which I have received in reading it.
+
+With much respect, I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The last revise of the 'Expression of the Emotions' was finished on August
+22nd, 1872, and he wrote in his Diary:--"Has taken me about twelve months." 
+As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book being generally
+successful.  The following passage in a letter to Haeckel gives the
+impression that he had felt the writing of this book as a somewhat severe
+strain:--
+
+"I have finished my little book on 'Expression,' and when it is published
+in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you would like to
+read it for amusement.  I have resumed some old botanical work, and perhaps
+I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical views.
+
+"I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+powers begin to fail.  Long life and happiness to you for your own sake and
+for that of science."
+
+It was published in the autumn.  The edition consisted of 7000, and of
+these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November.  Two thousand
+were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a misfortune, as they
+did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass of notes collected by
+the author was never employed for a second edition during his lifetime.
+
+Among the reviews of the 'Expression of the Emotions' may be mentioned the
+unfavourable notices in the "Athenaeum", November 9, 1872, and the "Times",
+December 13, 1872.  A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the 'Quarterly
+Journal of Science,' January 1873.  Mr. Wallace truly remarks that the book
+exhibits certain "characteristics of the author's mind in an eminent
+degree," namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the causes of the
+varied and complex phenomena presented by living things."  He adds that in
+the case of the author "the restless curiosity of the child to know the
+'what for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything" seems "never to have
+abated its force."
+
+A writer in one of the theological reviews describes the book as the most
+"powerful and insidious" of all the author's works.
+
+Professor Alexander Bain criticised the book in a postscript to the 'Senses
+and the Intellect;' to this essay the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ALEXANDER BAIN.
+Down, October 9, 1873.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for having send me your essay.  Your
+criticisms are all written in a quite fair spirit, and indeed no one who
+knows you or your works would expect anything else.  What you say about the
+vagueness of what I have called the direct action of the nervous system, is
+perfectly just.  I felt it so at the time, and even more of late.  I
+confess that I have never been able fully to grasp your principle of
+spontaneity, as well as some other of your points, so as to apply them to
+special cases.  But as we look at everything from different points of view,
+it is not likely that we should agree closely.  (Professor Bain expounded
+his theory of Spontaneity in the essay here alluded to.  It would be
+impossible to do justice to it within the limits of a foot-note.  The
+following quotations may give some notion of it:-- 
+
+"By Spontaneity I understand the readiness to pass into movement in the
+absence of all stimulation whatever; the essential requisite being that the
+nerve-centres and muscles shall be fresh and vigorous...The gesticulations
+and the carols of young and active animals are mere overflow of nervous
+energy; and although they are very apt to concur with pleasing emotion,
+they have an independent source...They are not properly movements of
+expression; they express nothing at all except an abundant stock of
+physical power.")
+
+I have been greatly pleased by what you say about the crying expression and
+about blushing.  Did you read a review in a late 'Edinburgh?'  (The review
+on the 'Expression of the Emotions' appeared in the April number of the
+'Edinburgh Review,' 1873.  The opening sentence is a fair sample of the
+general tone of the article:  "Mr. Darwin has added another volume of
+amusing stories and grotesque illustrations to the remarkable series of
+works already devoted to the exposition and defence of the evolutionary
+hypothesis."  A few other quotations may be worth giving.  "His one-sided
+devotion to an a priori scheme of interpretation seems thus steadily
+tending to impair the author's hitherto unrivalled powers as an observer. 
+However this may be, most impartial critics will, we think, admit that
+there is a marked falling off both in philosophical tone and scientific
+interest in the works produced since Mr. Darwin committed himself to the
+crude metaphysical conception so largely associated with his name."  The
+article is directed against Evolution as a whole, almost as much as against
+the doctrines of the book under discussion.  We find throughout plenty of
+that effective style of criticism which consists in the use of such
+expressions as "dogmatism," "intolerance," "presumptuous," "arrogant." 
+Together with accusations of such various faults a "virtual abandonment of
+the inductive method," and the use of slang and vulgarisms.
+
+The part of the article which seems to have interested my father is the
+discussion on the use which he ought to have made of painting and
+sculpture.)  It was magnificently contemptuous towards myself and many
+others.
+
+I retain a very pleasant recollection of our sojourn together at that
+delightful place, Moor Park.
+
+With my renewed thanks, I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON.  (Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my
+father's old friend, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse.  Her husband, Judge Haliburton,
+was the well-known author of 'Sam Slick.')
+Down, November 1 [1872].
+
+My dear Mrs. Haliburton,
+
+I dare say you will be surprised to hear from me.  My object in writing now
+is to say that I have just published a book on the 'Expression of the
+Emotions in Man and Animals;' and it has occurred to me that you might
+possibly like to read some parts of it; and I can hardly think that this
+would have been the case with any of the books which I have already
+published.  So I send by this post my present book.  Although I have had no
+communication with you or the other members of your family for so long a
+time, no scenes in my whole life pass so frequently or so vividly before my
+mind as those which relate to happy old days spent at Woodhouse.  I should
+very much like to hear a little news about yourself and the other members
+of your family, if you will take the trouble to write to me.  Formerly I
+used to glean some news about you from my sisters.
+
+I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+anywhere; and now I feel very old.  As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still my
+passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for collecting
+beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse.  Excepting from my continued ill-
+health, which has excluded me from society, my life has been a very happy
+one; the greatest drawback being that several of my children have inherited
+from me feeble health.  I hope with all my heart that you retain, at least
+to a large extent, the famous "Owen constitution."  With sincere feelings
+of gratitude and affection for all bearing the name of Owen, I venture to
+sign myself,
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON.
+Down, November 6 [1872].
+
+My dear Sarah,
+
+I have been very much pleased by your letter, which I must call charming. 
+I hardly ventured to think that you would have retained a friendly
+recollection of me for so many years.  Yet I ought to have felt assured
+that you would remain as warm-hearted and as true-hearted as you have ever
+been from my earliest recollection.  I know well how many grievous sorrows
+you have gone through; but I am very sorry to hear that your health is not
+good.  In the spring or summer, when the weather is better, if you can
+summon up courage to pay us a visit here, both my wife, as she desires me
+to say, and myself, would be truly glad to see you, and I know that you
+would not care about being rather dull here.  It would be a real pleasure
+to me to see you.--Thank you much for telling about your family,--much of
+which was new to me.  How kind you all were to me as a boy, and you
+especially, and how much happiness I owe to you.  Believe me your
+affectionate and obliged friend,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Perhaps you would like to see a photograph of me now that I am old.
+
+
+1873.
+
+[The only work (other than botanical) of this year was the preparation of a
+second edition of the 'Descent of Man,' the publication of which is
+referred to in the following chapter.  This work was undertaken much
+against the grain, as he was at the time deeply immersed in the manuscript
+of 'Insectivorous Plants.'  Thus he wrote to Mr. Wallace (November 19), "I
+never in my lifetime regretted an interruption so much as this new edition
+of the 'Descent.'"  And later (in December) he wrote to Mr. Huxley:  "The
+new edition of the 'Descent' has turned out an awful job.  It took me ten
+days merely to glance over letters and reviews with criticisms and new
+facts.  It is a devil of a job."
+
+The work was continued until April 1, 1874, when he was able to return to
+his much loved Drosera.  He wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"I have at last finished, after above three months as hard work as I have
+ever had in my life, a corrected edition of the 'Descent,' and I much wish
+to have it printed off as soon as possible.  As it is to be stereotyped I
+shall never touch it again."
+
+The first of the miscellaneous letters of 1873 refers to a pleasant visit
+received from Colonel Higginson of Newport, U.S.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOS. WENTWORTH HIGGINSON.
+Down, February 27th [1873].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+My wife has just finished reading aloud your 'Life with a Black Regiment,'
+and you must allow me to thank you heartily for the very great pleasure
+which it has in many ways given us.  I always thought well of the negroes,
+from the little which I have seen of them; and I have been delighted to
+have my vague impressions confirmed, and their character and mental powers
+so ably discussed.  When you were here I did not know of the noble position
+which you had filled.  I had formerly read about the black regiments, but
+failed to connect your name with your admirable undertaking.  Although we
+enjoyed greatly your visit to Down, my wife and myself have over and over
+again regretted that we did not know about the black regiment, as we should
+have greatly liked to have heard a little about the South from your own
+lips.
+
+Your descriptions have vividly recalled walks taken forty years ago in
+Brazil.  We have your collected Essays, which were kindly sent us by Mr.
+[Moncure] Conway, but have not yet had time to read them.  I occasionally
+glean a little news of you in the 'Index'; and within the last hour have
+read an interesting article of yours on the progress of Free Thought.
+
+Believe me, my dear sir, with sincere admiration,
+Yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[On May 28th he sent the following answers to the questions that Mr. Galton
+was at that time addressing to various scientific men, in the course of the
+inquiry which is given in his 'English Men of Science, their Nature and
+Nurture,' 1874.  With regard to the questions my father wrote, "I have
+filled up the answers as well as I could, but it is simply impossible for
+me to estimate the degrees."  For the sake of convenience, the questions
+and answers relating to "Nurture" are made to precede those on "Nature":
+
+
+NURTURE.
+
+EDUCATION?
+
+How taught?  I consider that all I have learnt of any value has been self-
+taught.
+
+Conducive to or restrictive of habits of observation?  Restrictive of
+observation, being almost entirely classical.
+
+Conducive to health or otherwise?  Yes.
+
+Peculiar merits?  None whatever.
+
+Chief omissions?  No mathematics or modern languages, nor any habits of
+observation or reasoning.
+
+RELIGION.
+
+Has the religious creed taught in your youth had any deterrent effect on
+the freedom of your researches?  No.
+
+SCIENTIFIC TASTES.
+
+Do your scientific tastes appear to have been innate?  Certainly innate.
+
+Were they determined by any and what events?  My innate taste for natural
+history strongly confirmed and directed by the voyage in the "Beagle".
+
+
+NATURE.
+
+Specify any interests that have been very actively pursued.  Science, and
+field sports to a passionate degree during youth.
+
+(C.D. = CHARLES DARWIN, R.D. = ROBERT DARWIN, his father.)
+
+RELIGION?  
+
+C.D.--Nominally to Church of England.
+R.D.--Nominally to Church of England.
+
+POLITICS?
+
+C.D.--Liberal or Radical.
+R.D.--Liberal.
+
+HEALTH?
+
+C.D.--Good when young--bad for last 33 years.
+R.D.--Good throughout life, except from gout.
+
+HEIGHT, ETC?  
+
+C.D.--6ft.  Figure, etc.?--Spare, whilst young rather stout.  Measurement
+round inside of hat?--22 1/4 in.  Colour of Hair?--Brown.  Complexion?--
+Rather sallow.
+R.D.--6ft. 2 in.  Figure, etc?--Very broad and corpulent.  Colour of hair?
+--Brown.  Complexion?--Ruddy.
+
+TEMPERAMENT?  
+
+C.D.--Somewhat nervous.
+R.D.--Sanguine.
+
+ENERGY OF BODY, ETC.?
+
+C.D.--Energy shown by much activity, and whilst I had health, power of
+resisting fatigue.  I and one other man were alone able to fetch water for
+a large party of officers and sailors utterly prostrated.  Some of my
+expeditions in S. America were adventurous.  An early riser in the morning.
+R.D.--Great power of endurance although feeling much fatigue, as after
+consultations after long journeys ; very active--not restless--very early
+riser, no travels.  My father said his father suffered much from sense of
+fatigue, that he worked very hard.
+
+ENERGY OF MIND, ETC.?
+
+C.D.--Shown by rigorous and long-continued work on same subject, as 20
+years on the 'Origin of Species,' and 9 years on 'Cirripedia.'
+R.D.--Habitually very active mind--shown in conversation with a succession
+of people during the whole day.
+
+MEMORY?
+
+C.D.--Memory very bad for dates, and for learning by rote; but good in
+retaining a general or vague recollection of many facts.
+R.D.--Wonderful memory for dates.  In old age he told a person, reading
+aloud to him a book only read in youth, the passages which were coming--
+knew the birthdays and death, etc., of all friends and acquaintances.
+
+STUDIOUSNESS?
+
+C.D.--Very studious, but not large acquirements.
+R.D.--Not very studious or mentally receptive, except for facts in
+conversation--great collector of anecdotes.
+
+INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGMENT?
+
+C.D.--I think fairly independent; but I can give no instances.  I gave up
+common religious belief almost independently from my own reflections.
+R.D.--Free thinker in religious matters.  Liberal, with rather a tendency
+to Toryism.
+
+ORIGINALITY OR ECCENTRICITY?
+
+C.D.-- -- Thinks this applies to me; I do not think so--i.e., as far as
+eccentricity.  I suppose that I have shown originality in science, as I
+have made discoveries with regard to common objects.
+R.D.--Original character, had great personal influence and power of
+producing fear of himself in others.  He kept his accounts with great care
+in a peculiar way, in a number of separate little books, without any
+general ledger.
+
+SPECIAL TALENTS?
+
+C.D.--None, except for business as evinced by keeping accounts, replies to
+correspondence, and investing money very well.  Very methodical in all my
+habits.
+R.D.--Practical business--made a large fortune and incurred no losses.
+
+STRONGLY MARKED MENTAL PECULIARITIES, BEARING ON SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS, AND
+NOT SPECIFIED ABOVE?
+
+C.D.--Steadiness--great curiosity about facts and their meaning.  Some love
+of the new and marvellous.
+R.D.--Strong social affection and great sympathy in the pleasures of
+others.  Sceptical as to new things.  Curious as to facts.  Great
+foresight.  Not much public spirit--great generosity in giving money and
+assistance.
+
+N.B.--I find it quite impossible to estimate my character by your degrees.
+
+
+The following letter refers inter alia to a letter which appeared in
+'Nature' (September 25, 1873), "On the Males and Complemental Males of
+certain Cirripedes, and on Rudimentary Organs:"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL.
+Down, September 25, 1873.
+
+My dear Haeckel,
+
+I thank you for the present of your book ('Schopfungs-geschichte,' 4th
+edition.  The translation ('The History of Creation') was not published
+until 1876.), and I am heartily glad to see its great success.  You will do
+a wonderful amount of good in spreading the doctrine of Evolution,
+supporting it as you do by so many original observations.  I have read the
+new preface with very great interest.  The delay in the appearance of the
+English translation vexes and surprises me, for I have never been able to
+read it thoroughly in German, and I shall assuredly do so when it appears
+in English.  Has the problem of the later stages of reduction of useless
+structures ever perplexed you?  This problem has of late caused me much
+perplexity.  I have just written a letter to 'Nature' with a hypothetical
+explanation of this difficulty, and I will send you the paper with the
+passage marked.  I will at the same time send a paper which has interested
+me; it need not be returned.  It contains a singular statement bearing on
+so-called Spontaneous Generation.  I much wish that this latter question
+could be settled, but I see no prospect of it.  If it could be proved true
+this would be most important to us...
+
+Wishing you every success in your admirable labours,
+
+I remain, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII.
+
+MISCELLANEA, INCLUDING SECOND EDITIONS OF 'CORAL REEFS,' THE 'DESCENT OF
+MAN,' AND THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.'
+
+1874 AND 1875.
+
+[The year 1874 was given up to 'Insectivorous Plants,' with the exception
+of the months devoted to the second edition of the 'Descent of Man,' and
+with the further exception of the time given to a second edition of his
+'Coral Reefs' (1874).  The Preface to the latter states that new facts have
+been added, the whole book revised, and "the latter chapters almost
+rewritten."  In the Appendix some account is given of Professor Semper's
+objections, and this was the occasion of correspondence between that
+naturalist and my father.  In Professor Semper's volume, 'Animal Life' (one
+of the International Series), the author calls attention to the subject in
+the following passage which I give in German, the published English
+translation being, as it seems to me, incorrect:  "Es scheint mir als ob er
+in der zweiten Ausgabe seines allgemein bekannten Werks uber Korallenriffe
+einem Irrthume uber meine Beobachtungen zum Opfer gefallen ist, indem er
+die Angaben, die ich allerdings bisher immer nur sehr kurz gehalten hatte,
+vollstandig falsch wiedergegeben hat."
+
+The proof-sheets containing this passage were sent by Professor Semper to
+my father before 'Animal Life' was published, and this was the occasion for
+the following letter, which was afterwards published in Professor Semper's
+book.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER.
+Down, October 2, 1879.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+I thank you for your extremely kind letter of the 19th, and for the proof-
+sheets.  I believe that I understand all, excepting one or two sentences,
+where my imperfect knowledge of German has interfered.  This is my sole and
+poor excuse for the mistake which I made in the second edition of my
+'Coral' book.  Your account of the Pellew Islands is a fine addition to our
+knowledge on coral reefs.  I have very little to say on the subject, even
+if I had formerly read your account and seen your maps, but had known
+nothing of the proofs of recent elevation, and of your belief that the
+islands have not since subsided.  I have no doubt that I should have
+considered them as formed during subsidence.  But I should have been much
+troubled in my mind by the sea not being so deep as it usually is round
+atolls, and by the reef on one side sloping so gradually beneath the sea;
+for this latter fact, as far as my memory serves me, is a very unusual and
+almost unparalleled case.  I always foresaw that a bank at the proper depth
+beneath the surface would give rise to a reef which could not be
+distinguished from an atoll, formed during subsidence.  I must still adhere
+to my opinion that the atolls and barrier reefs in the middle of the
+Pacific and Indian Oceans indicate subsidence; but I fully agree with you
+that such cases as that of the Pellew Islands, if of at all frequent
+occurrence, would make my general conclusions of very little value.  Future
+observers must decide between us.  It will be a strange fact if there has
+not been subsidence of the beds of the great oceans, and if this has not
+affected the forms of the coral reefs.
+
+In the last three pages of the last sheet sent I am extremely glad to see
+that you are going to treat of the dispersion of animals.  Your preliminary
+remarks seem to me quite excellent.  There is nothing about M. Wagner, as I
+expected to find.  I suppose that you have seen Moseley's last book, which
+contains some good observations on dispersion.
+
+I am glad that your book will appear in English, for then I can read it
+with ease.  Pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The most recent criticism on the Coral-reef theory is by Mr. Murray, one
+of the staff of the "Challenger", who read a paper before the Royal Society
+of Edinburgh, April 5, 1880.  (An abstract is published in volume x. of the
+'Proceedings,' page 505, and in 'Nature,' August 12, 1880.)  The chief
+point brought forward is the possibility of the building up of submarine
+mountains, which may serve as foundations for coral reefs.  Mr. Murray also
+seeks to prove that "the chief features of coral reefs and islands can be
+accounted for without calling in the aid of great and general subsidence." 
+The following letter refers to this subject:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. AGASSIZ.
+Down, May 5, 1881.
+
+...You will have seen Mr. Murray's views on the formation of atolls and
+barrier reefs.  Before publishing my book, I thought long over the same
+view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are concerned, for at
+that time little was known of the multitude of minute oceanic organisms.  I
+rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made in the "Beagle", in the
+south temperate regions, I concluded that shells, the smaller corals, etc.,
+decayed, and were dissolved, when not protected by the deposition of
+sediment, and sediment could not accumulate in the open ocean.  Certainly,
+shells, etc., were in several cases completely rotten, and crumbled into
+mud between my fingers; but you will know well whether this is in any
+degree common.  I have expressly said that a bank at the proper depth would
+give rise to an atoll, which could not be distinguished from one formed
+during subsidence.  I can, however, hardly believe in the former presence
+of as many banks (there having been no subsidence) as there are atolls in
+the great oceans, within a reasonable depth, on which minute oceanic
+organisms could have accumulated to the thickness of many hundred
+feet...Pray forgive me for troubling you at such length, but it has
+occurred [to me] that you might be disposed to give, after your wide
+experience, your judgment.  If I am wrong, the sooner I am knocked on the
+head and annihilated so much the better.  It still seems to me a marvellous
+thing that there should not have been much, and long continued, subsidence
+in the beds of the great oceans.  I wish that some doubly rich millionaire
+would take it into his head to have borings made in some of the Pacific and
+Indian atolls, and bring home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or 600
+feet...
+
+
+[The second edition of the 'Descent of Man' was published in the autumn of
+1874.  Some severe remarks on the "monistic hypothesis" appeared in the
+July (The review necessarily deals with the first edition of the 'Descent
+of Man.') number of the 'Quarterly Review' (page 45).  The Reviewer
+expresses his astonishment at the ignorance of certain elementary
+distinctions and principles (e.g. with regard to the verbum mentale)
+exhibited, among others, by Mr. Darwin, who does not exhibit the faintest
+indication of having grasped them, yet a clear perception of them, and a
+direct and detailed examination of his facts with regard to them, "was a
+sine qua non for attempting, with a chance of success, the solution of the
+mystery as to the descent of man."
+
+Some further criticisms of a later date may be here alluded to.  In the
+'Academy,' 1876 (pages 562, 587), appeared a review of Mr. Mivart's
+'Lessons from Nature,' by Mr. Wallace.  When considering the part of Mr.
+Mivart's book relating to Natural and Sexual Selection, Mr. Wallace says: 
+"In his violent attack on Mr. Darwin's theories our author uses unusually
+strong language.  Not content with mere argument, he expresses 'reprobation
+of Mr. Darwin's views'; and asserts that though he (Mr. Darwin) has been
+obliged, virtually, to give up his theory, it is still maintained by
+Darwinians with 'unscrupulous audacity,' and the actual repudiation of it
+concealed by the 'conspiracy of silence.'"  Mr. Wallace goes on to show
+that these charges are without foundation, and points out that, "if there
+is one thing more than another for which Mr. Darwin is pre-eminent among
+modern literary and scientific men, it is for his perfect literary honesty,
+his self-abnegation in confessing himself wrong, and the eager haste with
+which he proclaims and even magnifies small errors in his works, for the
+most part discovered by himself."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June 17th) refers to
+Mr. Mivart's statement ('Lessons from Nature,' page 144) that Mr. Darwin at
+first studiously disguised his views as to the "bestiality of man":--
+
+"I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the Academy. 
+I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me against Mr.
+Mivart.  In the 'Origin' I did not discuss the derivation of any one
+species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my opinion, I went
+out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to me (and still so
+seems) to disclose plainly my belief.  This was quoted in my 'Descent of
+Man.'  Therefore it is very unjust,...of Mr. Mivart to accuse me of base
+fraudulent concealment."
+
+The letter which here follows is of interest in connection with the
+discussion, in the 'Descent of Man,' on the origin of the musical sense in
+man:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. GURNEY.  (Author of 'The Power of Sound.')
+Down, July 8, 1876.
+
+My dear Mr. Gurney,
+
+I have read your article ("Some disputed Points in Music."--'Fortnightly
+Review,' July, 1876.) with much interest, except the latter part, which
+soared above my ken.  I am greatly pleased that you uphold my views to a
+certain extent.  Your criticism of the rasping noise made by insects being
+necessarily rhythmical is very good; but though not made intentionally, it
+may be pleasing to the females from the nerve cells being nearly similar in
+function throughout the animal kingdom.  With respect to your letter, I
+believe that I understand your meaning, and agree with you.  I never
+supposed that the different degrees and kinds of pleasure derived from
+different music could be explained by the musical powers of our semi-human
+progenitors.  Does not the fact that different people belonging to the same
+civilised nation are very differently affected by the same music, almost
+show that these diversities of taste and pleasure have been acquired during
+their individual lives?  Your simile of architecture seems to me
+particularly good; for in this case the appreciation almost must be
+individual, though possibly the sense of sublimity excited by a grand
+cathedral, may have some connection with the vague feelings of terror and
+superstition in our savage ancestors, when they entered a great cavern or
+gloomy forest.  I wish some one could analyse the feeling of sublimity.  It
+amuses me to think how horrified some high flying aesthetic men will be at
+your encouraging such low degraded views as mine.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous interest.  The first
+extract (from a letter, January 18, 1874) refers to a spiritualistic
+seance, held at Erasmus Darwin's house, 6 Queen Anne Street, under the
+auspices of a well-known medium:]
+
+
+"...We had grand fun, one afternoon, for George hired a medium, who made
+the chairs, a flute, a bell, and candlestick, and fiery points jump about
+in my brother's diningroom, in a manner that astounded every one, and took
+away all their breaths.  It was in the dark, but George and Hensleigh
+Wedgwood held the medium's hands and feet on both sides all the time.  I
+found it so hot and tiring that I went away before all these astounding
+miracles, or jugglery, took place.  How the man could possibly do what was
+done passes my understanding.  I came downstairs, and saw all the chairs,
+etc., on the table, which had been lifted over the heads of those sitting
+round it.
+
+The Lord have mercy on us all, if we have to believe in such rubbish.  F.
+Galton was there, and says it was a good seance..."
+
+The Seance in question led to a smaller and more carefully organised one
+being undertaken, at which Mr. Huxley was present, and on which he reported
+to my father:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO PROFESSOR T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, January 29 [1874].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+It was very good of you to write so long an account.  Though the seance did
+tire you so much it was, I think, really worth the exertion, as the same
+sort of things are done at all the seances, even at --'s; and now to my
+mind an enormous weight of evidence would be requisite to make one believe
+in anything beyond mere trickery...I am pleased to think that I declared to
+all my family, the day before yesterday, that the more I thought of all
+that I had heard happened at Queen Anne St., the more convinced I was it
+was all imposture...my theory was that [the medium] managed to get the two
+men on each side of him to hold each other's hands, instead of his, and
+that he was thus free to perform his antics.  I am very glad that I issued
+my ukase to you to attend.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of this year (1874) he read a book which gave him great
+pleasure and of which he often spoke with admiration:--'The Naturalist in
+Nicaragua,' by the late Thomas Belt.  Mr. Belt, whose untimely death may
+well be deplored by naturalists, was by profession an Engineer, so that all
+his admirable observations in Natural History in Nicaragua and elsewhere
+were the fruit of his leisure.  The book is direct and vivid in style and
+is full of description and suggestive discussions.  With reference to it my
+father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Belt I have read, and I am delighted that you like it so much, it appears
+to me the best of all natural history journals which have ever been
+published."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA.
+Down, May 30, 1874.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have been very neglectful in not having sooner thanked you for your
+kindness in having sent me your 'Etudes sur la Vegetation,' etc., and other
+memoirs.  I have read several of them with very great interest, and nothing
+can be more important, in my opinion, than your evidence of the extremely
+slow and gradual manner in which specific forms change.  I observe that M.
+A. De Candolle has lately quoted you on this head versus Heer.  I hope that
+you may be able to throw light on the question whether such protean, or
+polymorphic forms, as those of Rubus, Hieracium, etc., at the present day,
+are those which generate new species; as for myself, I have always felt
+some doubt on this head.  I trust that you may soon bring many of your
+countrymen to believe in Evolution, and my name will then perhaps cease to
+be scorned.  With the most sincere respect, I remain, Dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, June 5 [1874].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have now read your article (The article, "Charles Darwin," in the series
+of "Scientific Worthies" ('Nature,' June 4, 1874).  This admirable estimate
+of my father's work in science is given in the form of a comparison and
+contrast between Robert Brown and Charles Darwin.) in 'Nature,' and the
+last two paragraphs were not included in the slip sent before.  I wrote
+yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and now cannot be easy
+without again telling you how profoundly I have been gratified.  Every one,
+I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked in vain, and when one of
+these fits overtakes me, I will think of your article, and if that does not
+dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that I am at the time a little bit
+insane, as we all are occasionally.
+
+What you say about Teleology ("Let us recognise Darwin's great service to
+Natural Science in bringing back to it Teleology:  so that instead of
+Morphology versus Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to
+Teleology.") pleases me especially, and I do not think any one else has
+ever noticed the point.  (See, however, Mr. Huxley's chapter on the
+'Reception of the Origin of Species' in volume i.)  I have always said you
+were the man to hit the nail on the head.
+
+Yours gratefully and affectionately,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[As a contribution to the history of the reception of the 'Origin of
+Species,' the meeting of the British Association in 1874, at Belfast,
+should be mentioned.  It is memorable for Professor Tyndall's brilliant
+presidential address, in which a sketch of the history of Evolution is
+given culminating in an eloquent analysis of the 'Origin of Species,' and
+of the nature of its great success.  With regard to Prof. Tyndall's
+address, Lyell wrote ('Life,' ii. page 455) congratulating my father on the
+meeting, "on which occasion you and your theory of Evolution may be fairly
+said to have had an ovation."  In the same letter Sir Charles speaks of a
+paper (On the Ancient Volcanoes of the Highlands, 'Journal of Geological
+Soc.,' 1874.) of Professor Judd's, and it is to this that the following
+letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL.
+Down, September 23, 1874.
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I suppose that you have returned, or will soon return, to London (Sir
+Charles Lyell returned from Scotland towards the end of September.); and, I
+hope, reinvigorated by your outing.  In your last letter you spoke of Mr.
+Judd's paper on the Volcanoes of the Hebrides.  I have just finished it,
+and to ease my mind must express my extreme admiration.
+
+It is years since I have read a purely geological paper which has
+interested me so greatly.  I was all the more interested, as in the
+Cordillera I often speculated on the sources of the deluges of submarine
+porphyritic lavas, of which they are built; and, as I have stated, I saw to
+a certain extent the causes of the obliteration of the points of eruption. 
+I was also not a little pleased to see my volcanic book quoted, for I
+thought it was completely dead and forgotten.  What fine work will Mr. Judd
+assuredly do!...Now I have eased my mind; and so farewell, with both E.D.'s
+and C.D.'s very kind remembrances to Miss Lyell.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[Sir Charles Lyell's reply to the above letter must have been one of the
+latest that my father received from his old friend, and it is with this
+letter that the volumes of his published correspondence closes.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUG. FOREL.
+Down, October 15, 1874.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now read the whole of your admirable work ('Les Fourmis de la
+Suisse,' 4to, 1874.) and seldom in my life have I been more interested by
+any book.  There are so many interesting facts and discussions, that I
+hardly know which to specify; but I think, firstly, the newest points to me
+have been about the size of the brain in the three sexes, together with
+your suggestion that increase of mind power may have led to the sterility
+of the workers.  Secondly about the battles of the ants, and your curious
+account of the enraged ants being held by their comrades until they calmed
+down.  Thirdly, the evidence of ants of the same community being the
+offspring of brothers and sisters.  You admit, I think, that new
+communities will often be the product of a cross between not-related ants. 
+Fritz Muller has made some interesting observations on this head with
+respect to Termites.  The case of Anergates is most perplexing in many
+ways, but I have such faith in the law of occasional crossing that I
+believe an explanation will hereafter be found, such as the dimorphism of
+either sex and the occasional production of winged males.  I see that you
+are puzzled how ants of the same community recognize each other; I once
+placed two (F. rufa) in a pill-box smelling strongly of asafoetida and
+after a day returned them to their homes; they were threatened, but at last
+recognized.  I made the trial thinking that they might know each other by
+their odour; but this cannot have been the case, and I have often fancied
+that they must have some common signal.  Your last chapter is one great
+mass of wonderful facts and suggestions, and the whole profoundly
+interesting.  I have seldom been more gratified than by [your] honourable
+mention of my work.
+
+I should like to tell you one little observation which I made with care
+many years ago; I saw ants (Formica rufa) carrying cocoons from a nest
+which was the largest I ever saw and which was well-known to all the
+country people near, and an old man, apparently about eighty years of age,
+told me that he had known it ever since he was a boy.  The ants carrying
+the cocoons did not appear to be emigrating; following the line, I saw many
+ascending a tall fir tree still carrying their cocoons.  But when I looked
+closely I found that all the cocoons were empty cases.  This astonished me,
+and next day I got a man to observe with me, and we again saw ants bringing
+empty cocoons out of the nest; each of us fixed on one ant and slowly
+followed it, and repeated the observation on many others.  We thus found
+that some ants soon dropped their empty cocoons; others carried them for
+many yards, as much as thirty paces, and others carried them high up the
+fir tree out of sight.  Now here I think we have one instinct in contest
+with another and mistaken one.  The first instinct being to carry the empty
+cocoons out of the nest, and it would have been sufficient to have laid
+them on the heap of rubbish, as the first breath of wind would have blown
+them away.  And then came in the contest with the other very powerful
+instinct of preserving and carrying their cocoons as long as possible; and
+this they could not help doing although the cocoons were empty.  According
+as the one or other instinct was the stronger in each individual ant, so
+did it carry the empty cocoon to a greater or less distance.  If this
+little observation should ever prove of any use to you, you are quite at
+liberty to use it.  Again thanking you cordially for the great pleasure
+which your work has given me, I remain with much respect,
+
+Yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you read English easily I should like to send you Mr. Belt's book,
+as I think you would like it as much as did Fritz Muller.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. FISKE.
+Down, December 8, 1874.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+You must allow me to thank you for the very great interest with which I
+have at last slowly read the whole of your work.  ('Outlines of Cosmic
+Philosophy,' 2 volumes, 8vo. 1874.)  I have long wished to know something
+about the views of the many great men whose doctrines you give.  With the
+exception of special points I did not even understand H. Spencer's general
+doctrine; for his style is too hard work for me.  I never in my life read
+so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you are; and I think that
+I understand nearly the whole--perhaps less clearly about Cosmic Theism and
+Causation than other parts.  It is hopeless to attempt out of so much to
+specify what has interested me most, and probably you would not care to
+hear.  I wish some chemist would attempt to ascertain the result of the
+cooling of heated gases of the proper kinds, in relation to your hypothesis
+of the origin of living matter.  It pleased me to find that here and there
+I had arrived from my own crude thoughts at some of the same conclusions
+with you; though I could seldom or never have given my reasons for such
+conclusions.  I find that my mind is so fixed by the inducive method, that
+I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning:  I must begin with a good body of
+facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and
+then as much deduction as you please.  This may be very narrow-minded; but
+the result is that such parts of H. Spencer, as I have read with care
+impress my mind with the idea of his inexhaustible wealth of suggestion,
+but never convince me; and so I find it with some others.  I believe the
+cause to lie in the frequency with which I have found first-formed theories
+[to be] erroneous.  I thank you for the honourable mention which you make
+of my works.  Parts of the 'Descent of Man' must have appeared laughably
+weak to you:  nevertheless, I have sent you a new edition just published. 
+Thanking you for the profound interest and profit with which I have read
+your work.  I remain,
+
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1875.
+
+[The only work, not purely botanical, which occupied my father in the
+present year was the correction of the second edition of 'The Variation of
+Animals and Plants,' and on this he was engaged from the beginning of July
+till October 3rd.  The rest of the year was taken up with his work on
+insectivorous plants, and on cross-fertilisation, as will be shown in a
+later chapter.  The chief alterations in the second edition of 'Animals and
+Plants' are in the eleventh chapter on "Bud-variation and on certain
+anomalous modes of reproduction;" the chapter on Pangenesis "was also
+largely altered and remodelled."  He mentions briefly some of the authors
+who have noticed the doctrine.  Professor Delpino's 'Sulla Darwiniana
+Teoria della Pangenesi' (1869), an adverse but fair criticism, seems to
+have impressed him as valuable.  Of another critique my father
+characteristically says ('Animals and Plants,' 2nd edition volume ii. page
+350.), "Dr. Lionel Beale ('Nature,' May 11, 1871, page 26) sneers at the
+whole doctrine with much acerbity and some justice."  He also points out
+that, in Mantegazza's 'Elementi di Igiene,' the theory of Pangenesis was
+clearly foreseen.
+
+In connection with this subject, a letter of my father's to 'Nature' (April
+27, 1871) should be mentioned.  A paper by Mr. Galton had been read before
+the Royal Society (March 30, 1871) in which were described experiments, on
+intertransfusion of blood, designed to test the truth of the hypothesis of
+pangenesis.  My father, while giving all due credit to Mr. Galton for his
+ingenious experiments, does not allow that pangenesis has "as yet received
+its death-blow, though from presenting so many vulnerable points its life
+is always in jeopardy."
+
+He seems to have found the work of correcting very wearisome, for he
+wrote:--
+
+"I have no news about myself, as I am merely slaving over the sickening
+work of preparing new editions.  I wish I could get a touch of poor Lyell's
+feelings, that it was delightful to improve a sentence, like a painter
+improving a picture."
+
+The feeling of effort or strain over this piece of work, is shown in a
+letter to Professor Haeckel:--
+
+"What I shall do in future if I live, Heaven only knows; I ought perhaps to
+avoid general and large subjects, as too difficult for me with my advancing
+years, and I suppose enfeebled brain."
+
+At the end of March, in this year, the portrait for which he was sitting to
+Mr. Ouless was finished.  He felt the sittings a great fatigue, in spite of
+Mr. Ouless's considerate desire to spare him as far as was possible.  In a
+letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he wrote, "I look a very venerable, acute,
+melancholy old dog; whether I really look so I do not know."  The picture
+is in the possession of the family, and is known to many through M. Rajon's
+etching.  Mr. Ouless's portrait is, in my opinion, the finest
+representation of my father that has been produced.
+
+The following letter refers to the death of Sir Charles Lyell, which took
+place on February 22nd, 1875, in his seventy-eighth year.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (NOW MRS. FISHER).  (Mrs. Fisher acted as
+Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.)
+Down, February 23, 1875.
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,
+
+I am grieved to hear of the death of my old and kind friend, though I knew
+that it could not be long delayed, and that it was a happy thing that his
+life should not have been prolonged, as I suppose that his mind would
+inevitably have suffered.  I am glad that Lady Lyell (Lady Lyell died in
+1873.) has been saved this terrible blow.  His death makes me think of the
+time when I first saw him, and how full of sympathy and interest he was
+about what I could tell him of coral reefs and South America.  I think that
+this sympathy with the work of every other naturalist was one of the finest
+features of his character.  How completely he revolutionised Geology:  for
+I can remember something of pre-Lyellian days.
+
+I never forget that almost everything which I have done in science I owe to
+the study of his great works.  Well, he has had a grand and happy career,
+and no one ever worked with a truer zeal in a noble cause.  It seems
+strange to me that I shall never again sit with him and Lady Lyell at their
+breakfast.  I am very much obliged to you for having so kindly written to
+me.
+
+Pray give our kindest remembrances to Miss Lyell, and I hope that she has
+not suffered much in health, from fatigue and anxiety.
+
+Believe me, my dear Miss Buckley,
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, February 25 [1875].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your letter so full of feeling has interested me greatly.  I cannot say
+that I felt his [Lyell's] death much, for I fully expected it, and have
+looked for some little time at his career as finished.
+
+I dreaded nothing so much as his surviving with impaired mental powers.  He
+was, indeed, a noble man in very many ways; perhaps in none more than in
+his warm sympathy with the work of others.  How vividly I can recall my
+first conversation with him, and how he astonished me by his interest in
+what I told him.  How grand also was his candour and pure love of truth. 
+Well, he is gone, and I feel as if we were all soon to go...I am deeply
+rejoiced about Westminster Abbey (Sir C. Lyell was buried in Westminster
+Abbey.), the possibility of which had not occurred to me when I wrote
+before.  I did think that his works were the most enduring of all
+testimonials (as you say) to him; but then I did not like the idea of his
+passing away with no outward sign of what scientific men thought of his
+merits.  Now all this is changed, and nothing can be better than
+Westminster Abbey.  Mrs. Lyell has asked me to be one of the pall-bearers,
+but I have written to say that I dared not, as I should so likely fail in
+the midst of the ceremony, and have my head whirling off my shoulders.  All
+this affair must have cost you much fatigue and worry, and how I do wish
+you were out of England...
+
+
+[In 1881 he wrote to Mrs. Fisher in reference to her article on Sir Charles
+Lyell in the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica':--
+
+"For such a publication I suppose you do not want to say much about his
+private character, otherwise his strong sense of humour and love of society
+might have been added.  Also his extreme interest in the progress of the
+world, and in the happiness of mankind.  Also his freedom from all
+religious bigotry, though these perhaps would be a superfluity."
+
+
+The following refers to the Zoological station at Naples, a subject on
+which my father felt an enthusiastic interest:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ANTON DOHRN.
+Down, [1875?].
+
+My dear Dr. Dohrn,
+
+Many thanks for your most kind letter, I most heartily rejoice at your
+improved health and at the success of your grand undertaking, which will
+have so much influence on the progress of Zoology throughout Europe.
+
+If we look to England alone, what capital work has already been done at the
+Station by Balfour and Ray Lankester...When you come to England, I suppose
+that you will bring Mrs. Dohrn, and we shall be delighted to see you both
+here.  I have often boasted that I have had a live Uhlan in my house!  It
+will be very interesting to me to read your new views on the ancestry of
+the Vertebrates.  I shall be sorry to give up the Ascidians, to whom I feel
+profound gratitude; but the great thing, as it appears to me, is that any
+link whatever should be found between the main divisions of the Animal
+Kingdom...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN.
+Down, December 6, 1875.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your essay on Amblystoma ('Umwandlung
+des Axolotl.'), and think that you have removed a great stumbling block in
+the way of Evolution.  I once thought of reversion in this case; but in a
+crude and imperfect manner.  I write now to call your attention to the
+sterility of moths when hatched out of their proper season; I give
+references in chapter 18 of my 'Variation under Domestication' (volume ii.
+page 157, of English edition), and these cases illustrate, I think, the
+sterility of Amblystoma.  Would it not be worth while to examine the
+reproductive organs of those individuals of WINGLESS Hemiptera which
+occasionally have wings, as in the case of the bed-bug.  I think I have
+heard that the females of Mutilla sometimes have wings.  These cases must
+be due to reversion.  I dare say many anomalous cases will be hereafter
+explained on the same principle.
+
+I hinted at this explanation in the extraordinary case of the black-
+shouldered peacock, the so-called Pavo nigripennis given in my 'Variation
+under Domestication;' and I might have been bolder, as the variety is in
+many respects intermediate between the two known species.
+
+With much respect,
+Yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.
+
+[It was in November 1875 that my father gave his evidence before the Royal
+Commission on Vivisection.  (See volume i.)  I have, therefore, placed
+together here the matter relating to this subject, irrespective of date. 
+Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling with regard
+to suffering both in man and beast.  It was indeed one of the strongest
+feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small and great, in
+his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing dogs, or in his
+horror at the sufferings of slaves.  (He once made an attempt to free a
+patient in a mad-house, who (as he wrongly supposed) was sane.  He had some
+correspondence with the gardener at the asylum, and on one occasion he
+found a letter from a patient enclosed with one from the gardener.  The
+letter was rational in tone and declared that the writer was sane and
+wrongfully confined.
+
+My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the source
+of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been visited by
+the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane.  Sometime afterwards
+the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father for his
+interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane, when he wrote his
+former letter.)
+
+The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he was
+powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a slave,
+haunted him for years, especially at night.  In smaller matters, where he
+could interfere, he did so vigorously.  He returned one day from his walk
+pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the agitation of
+violently remonstrating with the man.  On another occasion he saw a horse-
+breaker teaching his son to ride, the little boy was frightened and the man
+was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of the carriage reproved the
+man in no measured terms.
+
+One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+animals was well-known in his own neighbourhood.  A visitor, driving from
+Orpington to Down, told the man to go faster, "Why," said the driver, "If I
+had whipped the horse THIS much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would have got out
+of the carriage and abused me well."
+
+With respect to the special point under consideration,--the sufferings of
+animals subjected to experiment,--nothing could show a stronger feeling
+than the following extract from a letter to Professor Ray Lankester (March
+22, 1871):--
+
+"You ask about my opinion on vivisection.  I quite agree that it is
+justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+damnable and detestable curiosity.  It is a subject which makes me sick
+with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+sleep to-night."
+
+An extract from Sir Thomas Farrer's notes shows how strongly he expressed
+himself in a similar manner in conversation:--
+
+"The last time I had any conversation with him was at my house in Bryanston
+Square, just before one of his last seizures.  He was then deeply
+interested in the vivisection question; and what he said made a deep
+impression on me.  He was a man eminently fond of animals and tender to
+them; he would not knowingly have inflicted pain on a living creature; but
+he entertained the strongest opinion that to prohibit experiments on living
+animals, would be to put a stop to the knowledge of and the remedies for
+pain and disease."
+
+The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer, seems
+to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, e.g. by the index
+to 'Nature' for that year, in which the word "Vivisection," suddenly comes
+into prominence.  But before that date the subject had received the earnest
+attention of biologists.  Thus at the Liverpool Meeting of the British
+Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed, which reported, defining
+the circumstances and conditions under which, in the opinion of the
+signatories, experiments on living animals were justifiable.  In the spring
+of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill into the Upper House to regulate
+the course of physiological research.  Shortly afterwards a Bill more just
+towards science in its provisions was introduced to the House of Commons by
+Messrs. Lyon Playfair, Walpole, and Ashley.  It was, however, withdrawn on
+the appointment of a Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. 
+The Commissioners were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr. W.E. Forster,
+Sir J.B. Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr. R.H. Hutton: 
+they commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report was published
+early in the following year.
+
+In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced.  It cannot
+be denied that the framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable
+clamour of the public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal
+Commission.  As a correspondent in 'Nature' put it (1876, page 248), "the
+evidence on the strength of which legislation was recommended went beyond
+the facts, the Report went beyond the evidence, the Recommendations beyond
+the Report; and the Bill can hardly be said to have gone beyond the
+Recommendations; but rather to have contradicted them."
+
+The legislation which my father worked for, as described in the following
+letters, was practically what was introduced as Dr. Lyon Playfair's Bill.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. LITCHFIELD.  (His daughter.)
+January 4, 1875.
+
+My dear H.
+
+Your letter has led me to think over vivisection (I wish some new word like
+anaes-section could be invented (He communicated to 'Nature' (September 30,
+1880) an article by Dr. Wilder, of Cornell University, an abstract of which
+was published (page 517).  Dr. Wilder advocated the use of the word
+'Callisection' for painless operations on animals.) for some hours, and I
+will jot down my conclusions, which will appear very unsatisfactory to you. 
+I have long thought physiology one of the greatest of sciences, sure
+sooner, or more probably later, greatly to benefit mankind; but, judging
+from all other sciences, the benefits will accrue only indirectly in the
+search for abstract truth.  It is certain that physiology can progress only
+by experiments on living animals.  Therefore the proposal to limit research
+to points of which we can now see the bearings in regard to health, etc., I
+look at as puerile.  I thought at first it would be good to limit
+vivisection to public laboratories; but I have heard only of those in
+London and Cambridge, and I think Oxford; but probably there may be a few
+others.  Therefore only men living in a few great towns would carry on
+investigation, and this I should consider a great evil.  If private men
+were permitted to work in their own houses, and required a licence, I do
+not see who is to determine whether any particular man should receive one. 
+It is young unknown men who are the most likely to do good work.  I would
+gladly punish severely any one who operated on an animal not rendered
+insensible, if the experiment made this possible; but here again I do not
+see that a magistrate or jury could possibly determine such a point. 
+Therefore I conclude, if (as is likely) some experiments have been tried
+too often, or anaesthetics have not been used when they could have been,
+the cure must be in the improvement of humanitarian feelings.  Under this
+point of view I have rejoiced at the present agitation.  If stringent laws
+are passed, and this is likely, seeing how unscientific the House of
+Commons is, and that the gentlemen of England are humane, as long as their
+sports are not considered, which entailed a hundred or thousand-fold more
+suffering than the experiments of physiologists--if such laws are passed,
+the result will assuredly be that physiology, which has been until within
+the last few years at a standstill in England, will languish or quite
+cease.  It will then be carried on solely on the Continent; and there will
+be so many the fewer workers on this grand subject, and this I should
+greatly regret.  By the way, F. Balfour, who has worked for two or three
+years in the laboratory at Cambridge, declares to George that he has never
+seen an experiment, except with animals rendered insensible.  No doubt the
+names of Doctors will have great weight with the House of Commons; but very
+many practitioners neither know nor care anything about the progress of
+knowledge.  I cannot at present see my way to sign any petition, without
+hearing what physiologists thought would be its effect, and then judging
+for myself.  I certainly could not sign the paper sent me by Miss Cobbe,
+with its monstrous (as it seems to me) attack on Virchow for experimenting
+on the Trichinae.  I am tired and so no more.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, April 14 [1875].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I worked all the time in London on the vivisection question; and we now
+think it advisable to go further than a mere petition.  Litchfield (Mr.
+R.B. Litchfield, his son-in-law.) drew up a sketch of a Bill, the essential
+features of which have been approved by Sanderson, Simon and Huxley, and
+from conversation, will, I believe, be approved by Paget, and almost
+certainly, I think, by Michael Foster.  Sanderson, Simon and Paget wish me
+to see Lord Derby, and endeavour to gain his advocacy with the Home
+Secretary.  Now, if this is carried into effect, it will be of great
+importance to me to be able to say that the Bill in its essential features
+has the approval of some half-dozen eminent scientific men.  I have
+therefore asked Litchfield to enclose a copy to you in its first rough
+form; and if it is not essentially modified may I say that it meets with
+your approval as President of the Royal Society?  The object is to protect
+animals, and at the same time not to injure Physiology, and Huxley and
+Sanderson's approval almost suffices on this head.  Pray let me have a line
+from you soon.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The Physiological Society, which was founded in 1876, was in some measure
+the outcome of the anti-vivisection movement, since it was this agitation
+which impressed on Physiologists the need of a centre for those engaged in
+this particular branch of science.  With respect to the Society, my father
+wrote to Mr. Romanes (May 29, 1876):--
+
+"I was very much gratified by the wholly unexpected honour of being elected
+one of the Honorary Members.  This mark of sympathy has pleased me to a
+very high degree."
+
+The following letter appeared in the "Times", April 18th, 1881:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO FRITHIOF HOLMGREN.  (Professor of Physiology at Upsala.)
+Down, April 14, 1881.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no objection to
+express my opinion with respect to the right of experimenting on living
+animals.  I use this latter expression as more correct and comprehensive
+than that of vivisection.  You are at liberty to make any use of this
+letter which you may think fit, but if published I should wish the whole to
+appear.  I have all my life been a strong advocate for humanity to animals,
+and have done what I could in my writings to enforce this duty.  Several
+years ago, when the agitation against physiologists commenced in England,
+it was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless suffering
+caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might be advisable to
+have an Act of Parliament on the subject.  I then took an active part in
+trying to get a Bill passed, such as would have removed all just cause of
+complaint, and at the same time have left physiologists free to pursue
+their researches,--a Bill very different from the Act which has since been
+passed.  It is right to add that the investigation of the matter by a Royal
+Commission proved that the accusations made against our English
+physiologists were false.  From all that I have heard, however, I fear that
+in some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of animals,
+and if this be the case, I should be glad to hear of legislation against
+inhumanity in any such country.  On the other hand, I know that physiology
+cannot possibly progress except by means of experiments on living animals,
+and I feel the deepest conviction that he who retards the progress of
+physiology commits a crime against mankind.  Any one who remembers, as I
+can, the state of this science half a century ago, must admit that it has
+made immense progress, and it is now progressing at an ever-increasing
+rate.  What improvements in medical practice may be directly attributed to
+physiological research is a question which can be properly discussed only
+by those physiologists and medical practitioners who have studied the
+history of their subjects; but, as far as I can learn, the benefits are
+already great.  However this may be, no one, unless he is grossly ignorant
+of what science has done for mankind, can entertain any doubt of the
+incalculable benefits which will hereafter be derived from physiology, not
+only by man, but by the lower animals.  Look for instance at Pasteur's
+results in modifying the germs of the most malignant diseases, from which,
+as it so happens, animals will in the first place receive more relief than
+man.  Let it be remembered how many lives and what a fearful amount of
+suffering have been saved by the knowledge gained of parasitic worms
+through the experiments of Virchow and others on living animals.  In the
+future every one will be astonished at the ingratitude shown, at least in
+England, to these benefactors of mankind.  As for myself, permit me to
+assure you that I honour, and shall always honour, every one who advances
+the noble science of physiology.
+
+Dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the "Times" of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr. Darwin
+and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe.  To this my father
+replied in the "Times" of April 22, 1881.  On the same day he wrote to Mr.
+Romanes:--
+
+"As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the "Times" on
+Vivisection, which is printed to-day.  I thought it fair to bear my share
+of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
+
+Sir,
+
+I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the letter
+which appeared in the "Times" of the 19th inst.; but as she asserts that I
+have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying that "the
+investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the
+accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I will
+merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the Report of the
+Commission.
+
+1.  The sentence--"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be found in
+persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe quotes
+from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can necessarily
+concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners," is immediately
+followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in Magendie."  Magendie
+was a French physiologist who became notorious some half century ago for
+his cruel experiments on living animals.
+
+2.  The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+humanity" prevailing in this country, say (page 10):--
+
+"This principle is accepted generally by the very highly educated men whose
+lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and education or to
+the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of their fellow-creatures;
+though differences of degree in regard to its practical application will be
+easily discernible by those who study the evidence as it has been laid
+before us."
+
+Again, according to the Commissioners (page 10):--
+
+"The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world in
+this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be very
+different, indeed, from that of foreign physiologists; and while giving it
+as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed which are in
+their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and that the pain
+which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to inflict even for
+the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges that he does not
+know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in general the English
+physiologists have used anaesthetics where they think they can do so with
+safety to the experiment."
+
+I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+April 21.
+
+
+[In the "Times" of Saturday, April 23, 1881, appeared a letter from Miss
+Cobbe in reply:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES.
+Down, April 25, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+I was very glad to read your last note with much news interesting to me. 
+But I write now to say how I, and indeed all of us in the house have
+admired your letter in the "Times".  (April 25, 1881.--Mr. Romanes defended
+Dr. Sanderson against the accusations made by Miss Cobbe.)  It was so
+simple and direct.  I was particularly glad about Burton Sanderson, of whom
+I have been for several years a great admirer.  I was also especially glad
+to read the last sentences.  I have been bothered with several letters, but
+none abusive.  Under a SELFISH point of view I am very glad of the
+publication of your letter, as I was at first inclined to think that I had
+done mischief by stirring up the mud.  Now I feel sure that I have done
+good.  Mr. Jesse has written to me very politely, he says his Society has
+had nothing to do with placards and diagrams against physiology, and I
+suppose, therefore, that these all originate with Miss Cobbe...Mr. Jesse
+complains bitterly that the "Times" will "burke" all his letters to this
+newspaper, nor am I surprised, judging from the laughable tirades
+advertised in "Nature".
+
+Ever yours, very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to a projected conjoint article on vivisection, to
+which Mr. Romanes wished my father to contribute:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES.
+Down, September 2, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+Your letter has perplexed me beyond all measure.  I fully recognise the
+duty of every one whose opinion is worth anything, expressing his opinion
+publicly on vivisection; and this made me send my letter to the "Times".  I
+have been thinking at intervals all morning what I could say, and it is the
+simple truth that I have nothing worth saying.  You and men like you, whose
+ideas flow freely, and who can express them easily, cannot understand the
+state of mental paralysis in which I find myself.  What is most wanted is a
+careful and accurate attempt to show what physiology has already done for
+man, and even still more strongly what there is every reason to believe it
+will hereafter do.  Now I am absolutely incapable of doing this, or of
+discussing the other points suggested by you.
+
+If you wish for my name (and I should be glad that it should appear with
+that of others in the same cause), could you not quote some sentence from
+my letter in the "Times" which I enclose, but please return it.  If you
+thought fit you might say you quoted it with my approval, and that after
+still further reflection I still abide most strongly in my expressed
+conviction.
+
+For Heaven's sake, do think of this.  I do not grudge the labour and
+thought; but I could write nothing worth any one reading.
+
+Allow me to demur to your calling your conjoint article a "symposium"
+strictly a "drinking party."  This seems to me very bad taste, and I do
+hope every one of you will avoid any semblance of a joke on the subject.  I
+KNOW that words, like a joke, on this subject have quite disgusted some
+persons not at all inimical to physiology.  One person lamented to me that
+Mr. Simon, in his truly admirable Address at the Medical Congress (by far
+the best thing which I have read), spoke of the fantastic SENSUALITY
+('Transactions of the International Medical Congress,' 1881, volume iv.
+page 413.  The expression "lackadaisical" (not fantastic), and "feeble
+sensuality," are used with regard to the feelings of the anti-
+vivisectionists.) (or some such term) of the many mistaken, but honest men
+and women who are half mad on the subject...
+
+[To Dr. Lauder Brunton my father wrote in February 1882:--
+
+"Have you read Mr. [Edmund] Gurney's articles in the 'Fortnightly' ("A
+chapter in the Ethics of Pain," 'Fortnightly Review,' 1881, volume xxx.
+page 778.) and 'Cornhill?' ("An Epilogue on Vivisection," 'Cornhill
+Magazine,' 1882, volume xlv. page 191.)  They seem to me very clever,
+though obscurely written, and I agree with almost everything he says,
+except with some passages which appear to imply that no experiments should
+be tried unless some immediate good can be predicted, and this is a
+gigantic mistake contradicted by the whole history of science."]
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX.
+
+MISCELLANEA (continued)--A REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK--THE BOOK ON
+EARTHWORMS--LIFE OF ERASMUS DARWIN--MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS.
+
+1876-1882.
+
+[We have now to consider the work (other than botanical) which occupied the
+concluding six years of my father's life.  A letter to his old friend Rev.
+L. Blomefield (Jenyns), written in March, 1877, shows what was my father's
+estimate of his own powers of work at this time:--
+
+"My dear Jenyns (I see I have forgotten your proper names).--Your extremely
+kind letter has given me warm pleasure.  As one gets old, one's thoughts
+turn back to the past rather than to the future, and I often think of the
+pleasant, and to me valuable, hours which I spent with you on the borders
+of the Fens.
+
+"You ask about my future work; I doubt whether I shall be able to do much
+more that is new, and I always keep before my mind the example of poor old
+--, who in his old age had a cacoethes for writing.  But I cannot endure
+doing nothing, so I suppose that I shall go on as long as I can without
+obviously making a fool of myself.  I have a great mass of matter with
+respect to variation under nature; but so much has been published since the
+appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' that I very much doubt whether I
+retain power of mind and strength to reduce the mass into a digested whole. 
+I have sometimes thought that I would try, but dread the attempt..."
+
+His prophecy proved to be a true one with regard to any continuation of any
+general work in the direction of Evolution, but his estimate of powers
+which could afterwards prove capable of grappling with the 'Power of
+Movement in Plants,' and with the work on 'Earthworms,' was certainly a low
+one.
+
+The year 1876, with which the present chapter begins, brought with it a
+revival of geological work.  He had been astonished, as I hear from
+Professor Judd, and as appears in his letters, to learn that his books on
+'Volcanic Islands,' 1844, and on 'South America,' 1846, were still
+consulted by geologists, and it was a surprise to him that new editions
+should be required.  Both these works were originally published by Messrs.
+Smith and Elder, and the new edition of 1876 was also brought out by them. 
+This appeared in one volume with the title 'Geological Observations on the
+Volcanic Islands, and Parts of South America visited during the Voyage of
+H.M.S. "Beagle".'  He has explained in the preface his reasons for leaving
+untouched the text of the original editions:  "They relate to parts of the
+world which have been so rarely visited by men of science, that I am not
+aware that much could be corrected or added from observations subsequently
+made.  Owing to the great progress which Geology has made within recent
+times, my views on some few points may be somewhat antiquated; but I have
+thought it best to leave them as they originally appeared."
+
+It may have been the revival of geological speculation, due to the revision
+of his early books, that led to his recording the observations of which
+some account is given in the following letter.  Part of it has been
+published in Professor James Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe,' chapters vii.
+and ix. (My father's suggestion is also noticed in Prof. Geikie's address
+on the 'Ice Age in Europe and North America,' given at Edinburgh, November
+20, 1884.), a few verbal alterations having been made at my father's
+request in the passages quoted.  Mr. Geikie lately wrote to me:  "The views
+suggested in his letter as to the origin of the angular gravels, etc., in
+the South of England will, I believe, come to be accepted as the truth. 
+This question has a much wider bearing than might at first appear.  In
+point of fact it solves one of the most difficult problems in Quaternary
+Geology--and has already attracted the attention of German geologists."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JAMES GEIKIE.
+Down, November 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will forgive me for troubling you with a very long letter. 
+But first allow me to tell you with what extreme pleasure and admiration I
+have just finished reading your 'Great Ice Age.'  It seems to me admirably
+done, and most clear.  Interesting as many chapters are in the history of
+the world, I do not think that any one comes [up] nearly to the glacial
+period or periods.  Though I have steadily read much on the subject, your
+book makes the whole appear almost new to me.
+
+I am now going to mention a small observation, made by me two or three
+years ago, near Southampton, but not followed out, as I have no strength
+for excursions.  I need say nothing about the character of the drift there
+(which includes palaeolithic celts), for you have described its essential
+features in a few words at page 506.  It covers the whole country [in an]
+even plain-like surface, almost irrespective of the present outline of the
+land.
+
+The coarse stratification has sometimes been disturbed.  I find that you
+allude "to the larger stones often standing on end;" and this is the point
+which struck me so much.  Not only moderately sized angular stones, but
+small oval pebbles often stand vertically up, in a manner which I have
+never seen in ordinary gravel beds.  This fact reminded me of what occurs
+near my home, in the stiff red clay, full of unworn flints over the chalk,
+which is no doubt the residue left undissolved by rain water.  In this
+clay, flints as long and thin as my arm often stand perpendicularly up; and
+I have been told by the tank-diggers that it is their "natural position!" 
+I presume that this position may safely be attributed to the differential
+movement of parts of the red clay as it subsided very slowly from the
+dissolution of the underlying chalk; so that the flints arrange themselves
+in the lines of least resistance.  The similar but less strongly marked
+arrangement of the stones in the drift near Southampton makes me suspect
+that it also must have slowly subsided; and the notion has crossed my mind
+that during the commencement and height of the glacial period great beds of
+frozen snow accumulated over the south of England, and that, during the
+summer, gravel and stones were washed from the higher land over its
+surface, and in superficial channels.  The larger streams may have cut
+right through the frozen snow, and deposited gravel in lines at the bottom. 
+But on each succeeding autumn, when the running water failed, I imagine
+that the lines of drainage would have been filled up by blown snow
+afterwards congealed, and that, owing to great surface accumulations of
+snow, it would be a mere chance whether the drainage, together with gravel
+and sand, would follow the same lines during the next summer.  Thus, as I
+apprehend, alternate layers of frozen snow and drift, in sheets and lines,
+would ultimately have covered the country to a great thickness, with lines
+of drift probably deposited in various directions at the bottom by the
+larger streams.  As the climate became warmer, the lower beds of frozen
+snow would have melted with extreme slowness, and the many irregular beds
+of interstratified drift would have sunk down with equal slowness; and
+during this movement the elongated pebbles would have arranged themselves
+more or less vertically.  The drift would also have been deposited almost
+irrespective of the outline of the underlying land.  When I viewed the
+country I could not persuade myself that any flood, however great, could
+have deposited such coarse gravel over the almost level platforms between
+the valleys.  My view differs from that of Holst, page 415 ['Great Ice
+Age'], of which I had never heard, as his relates to channels cut through
+glaciers, and mine to beds of drift interstratified with frozen snow where
+no glaciers existed.  The upshot of this long letter is to ask you to keep
+my notion in your head, and look out for upright pebbles in any lowland
+country which you may examine, where glaciers have not existed.  Or if you
+think the notion deserves any further thought, but not otherwise, to tell
+any one of it, for instance Mr. Skertchly, who is examining such districts. 
+Pray forgive me for writing so long a letter, and again thanking you for
+the great pleasure derived from your book,
+
+I remain yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S....I am glad that you have read Blytt (Axel Blytt.--'Essay on the
+Immigration of the Norwegian Flora during alternate rainy and dry Seasons.'
+Christiania, 1876.); his paper seemed to me a most important contribution
+to Botanical Geography.  How curious that the same conclusions should have
+been arrived at by Mr. Skertchly, who seems to be a first-rate observer;
+and this implies, as I always think, a sound theoriser.
+
+I have told my publisher to send you in two or three days a copy (second
+edition) of my geological work during the voyage of the "Beagle".  The sole
+point which would perhaps interest you is about the steppe-like plains of
+Patagonia.
+
+For many years past I have had fearful misgivings that it must have been
+the level of the sea, and not that of the land which has changed.
+
+I read a few months ago your [brother's] very interesting life of
+Murchison.  (By Mr. Archibald Geikie.)  Though I have always thought that
+he ranked next to W. Smith in the classification of formations, and though
+I knew how kind-hearted [he was], yet the book has raised him greatly in my
+respect, notwithstanding his foibles and want of broad philosophical views.
+
+
+[The only other geological work of his later years was embodied in his book
+on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be conveniently considered in
+this place.  This subject was one which had interested him many years
+before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the formation of mould was
+published in the Proceedings of the Geological Society (see volume i.).
+
+Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, etc., which had been
+thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found after a few
+years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but still forming a
+layer."  For the explanation of this fact, which forms the central idea of
+the geological part of the book, he was indebted to his uncle Josiah
+Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth to the surface in
+their castings, must undermine any objects lying on the surface and cause
+an apparent sinking.
+
+In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to the
+amount of work done.  (He received much valuable help from Dr. King, of the
+Botanical Gardens, Calcutta.  The following passage is from a letter to Dr.
+King, dated January 18, 1873:--
+
+"I really do not know how to thank you enough for the immense trouble which
+you have taken.  You have attended EXACTLY and FULLY to the points about
+which I was most anxious.  If I had been each evening by your side, I could
+not have suggested anything else.")  He also added a mass of observations
+on the habits, natural history and intelligence of worms, a part of the
+work which added greatly to its popularity.
+
+In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains of
+a building of Roman-British times, and thus gave my father the opportunity
+of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms' work on the old
+concrete-floors, walls, etc.  On his return he wrote to Sir Thomas Farrer:
+
+"I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last.  I know very well
+that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the sole
+charm."
+
+In the autumn of 1880, when the 'Power of Movement in Plants' was nearly
+finished, he began once more on the subject.  He wrote to Professor Carus
+(September 21):--
+
+"In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little book,
+and have done nearly half of it.  Its title will be (as at present
+designed) 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.' 
+(The full title is 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms with Observations on their Habits,' 1881.)  As far as I can judge it
+will be a curious little book."
+
+The manuscript was sent to the printers in April, 1881, and when the proof-
+sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus:  "The subject has been
+to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish detail."
+
+It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once.  He
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the 'Worms.'  When
+in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at all
+interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+published."
+
+To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8):  "It has been a complete
+surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject."  And to Mr.
+Dyer (in November):  "My book has been received with almost laughable
+enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!"  Again, to his friend Mr.
+Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish and
+enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the 'Sixth Thousand.'"  The popularity of the book may
+be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following its
+publication, 8500 copies were sold--a sale relatively greater than that of
+the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+public.  Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood, drawn
+from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated vigour
+and freshness, may well have attracted many readers.  A reviewer remarks: 
+"In the eyes of most men...the earthworm is a mere blind, dumb, senseless,
+and unpleasantly slimy annelid.  Mr. Darwin undertakes to rehabilitate his
+character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as an intelligent and
+beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological changes, a planer down of
+mountain sides...a friend of man...and an ally of the Society for the
+preservation of ancient monuments."  The "St. James Gazette", October 17,
+1881, pointed out that the teaching of the cumulative importance of the
+infinitely little is the point of contact between this book and the
+author's previous work.
+
+One more book remains to be noticed, the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+
+In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work of
+Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, 'Kosmos.'  The number
+of 'Kosmos' in question was a "Gratulationsheft" (The same number contains
+a good biographical sketch of my father, of which the material was to a
+large extent supplied by him to the writer, Professor Preyer of Jena.  The
+article contains an excellent list of my father's publications.), or
+special congratulatory issue in honour of my father's birthday, so that Dr.
+Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist, was quite in its place. 
+He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially for the honour paid to
+Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish (The wish to do so was shared
+by his brother, Erasmus Darwin the younger, who continued to be associated
+with the project.) an English translation of the Essay.
+
+His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward."  This appears from a
+letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which he asks
+for any documents and letters which might throw light on the character of
+Erasmus.  This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my father's hands a
+quantity of valuable material, including a curious folio common-place book,
+of which he wrote:  "I have been deeply interested by the great
+book,...reading and looking at it is like having communion with the
+dead...[it] has taught me a good deal about the occupations and tastes of
+our grandfather."  A subsequent letter (April 8) to the same correspondent
+describes the source of a further supply of material:--
+
+Since my last letter I have made a strange discovery; for an old box from
+my father marked "Old Deeds," and which consequently I had never opened, I
+found full of letters--hundreds from Dr. Erasmus--and others from old
+members of the Family:  some few very curious.  Also a drawing of Elston
+before it was altered, about 1750, of which I think I will give a copy."
+
+Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the 'Life of Erasmus
+Darwin,' my father supplying a "preliminary notice."  This expression on
+the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+than half the book, and should have been described as a biography.  Work of
+this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton Dyer,
+June 18th:  "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is such a new
+kind of work to me."  The strong interest he felt about his forebears
+helped to give zest to the work, which became a decided enjoyment to him. 
+With the general public the book was not markedly successful, but many of
+his friends recognised its merits.  Sir J.D. Hooker was one of these, and
+to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the Life of Dr. D. has pleased me
+exceedingly, for I despised my work, and thought myself a perfect fool to
+have undertaken such a job."
+
+To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:--
+
+"I am EXTREMELY glad that you approve of the little 'Life' of our
+grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+work was quite beyond my tether."
+
+The publication of the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin' led to an attack by Mr.
+Samuel Butler, which amounted to a charge of falsehood against my father. 
+After consulting his friends, he came to the determination to leave the
+charge unanswered, as unworthy of his notice.  (He had, in a letter to Mr.
+Butler, expressed his regret at the oversight which caused so much
+offence.)  Those who wish to know more of the matter, may gather the facts
+of the case from Ernst Krause's 'Charles Darwin,' and they will find Mr.
+Butler's statement of his grievance in the "Athenaeum", January 31, 1880,
+and in the "St. James's Gazette", December 8, 1880.  The affair gave my
+father much pain, but the warm sympathy of those whose opinion he respected
+soon helped him to let it pass into a well-merited oblivion.
+
+The following letter refers to M. J.H. Fabre's 'Souvenirs Entomologiques.' 
+It may find a place here, as it contains a defence of Erasmus Darwin on a
+small point.  The postscript is interesting, as an example of one of my
+father's bold ideas both as to experiment and theory:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. FABRE.
+Down, January 31, 1880.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will permit me to have the satisfaction of thanking you
+cordially for the lively pleasure which I have derived from reading your
+book.  Never have the wonderful habits of insects been more vividly
+described, and it is almost as good to read about them as to see them.  I
+feel sure that you would not be unjust to even an insect, much less to a
+man.  Now, you have been misled by some translator, for my grandfather,
+Erasmus Darwin, states ('Zoonomia,' volume i. page 183, 1794) that it was a
+wasp (guepe) which he saw cutting off the wings of a large fly.  I have no
+doubt that you are right in saying that the wings are generally cut off
+instinctively; but in the case described by my grandfather, the wasp, after
+cutting off the two ends of the body, rose in the air, and was turned round
+by the wind; he then alighted and cut off the wings.  I must believe, with
+Pierre Huber, that insects have "une petite dose de raison."  In the next
+edition of your book, I hope that you will alter PART of what you say about
+my grandfather.
+
+I am sorry that you are so strongly opposed to the Descent theory; I have
+found the searching for the history of each structure or instinct an
+excellent aid to observation; and wonderful observer as you are, it would
+suggest new points to you.  If I were to write on the evolution of
+instincts, I could make good use of some of the facts which you give. 
+Permit me to add, that when I read the last sentence in your book, I
+sympathised deeply with you.  (The book is intended as a memorial of the
+early death of M. Fabre's son, who had been his father's assistant in his
+observations on insect life.)
+
+With the most sincere respect,
+I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Allow me to make a suggestion in relation to your wonderful account
+of insects finding their way home.  I formerly wished to try it with
+pigeons:  namely, to carry the insects in their paper "cornets," about a
+hundred paces in the opposite direction to that which you ultimately
+intended to carry them; but before turning round to return, to put the
+insect in a circular box, with an axle which could be made to revolve very
+rapidly, first in one direction, and then in another, so as to destroy for
+a time all sense of direction in the insects.  I have sometimes IMAGINED
+that animals may feel in which direction they were at the first start
+carried.  (This idea was a favourite one with him, and he has described in
+'Nature' (volume vii. 1873, page 360) the behaviour of his cob Tommy, in
+whom he fancied he detected a sense of direction.  The horse had been taken
+by rail from Kent to the Isle of Wight; when there he exhibited a marked
+desire to go eastward, even when his stable lay in the opposite direction. 
+In the same volume of 'Nature,' page 417, is a letter on the 'Origin of
+Certain Instincts,' which contains a short discussion on the sense of
+direction.)  If this plan failed, I had intended placing the pigeons within
+an induction coil, so as to disturb any magnetic or dia-magnetic
+sensibility, which it seems just possible that they may possess.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+[During the latter years of my father's life there was a growing tendency
+in the public to do him honour.  In 1877 he received the honorary degree of
+LL.D. from the University of Cambridge.  The degree was conferred on
+November 17, and with the customary Latin speech from the Public Orator,
+concluding with the words:  "Tu vero, qui leges naturae tam docte
+illustraveris, legum doctor nobis esto."
+
+The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the University
+to obtain some permanent memorial of my father.  A sum of about 400 pounds
+was subscribed, and after the rejection of the idea that a bust would be
+the best memorial, a picture was determined on.  In June 1879 he sat to Mr.
+W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession of the University, now
+placed in the Library of the philosophical Society at Cambridge.  He is
+represented seated in his Doctor's gown, the head turned towards the
+spectator:  the picture has many admirers, but, according to my own view,
+neither the attitude nor the expression are characteristic of my father.
+
+A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society-- with which my father
+was so closely associated--led to his sitting in August, 1881, to Mr. John
+Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the Society.  Of the
+artist, he wrote, "Collier was the most considerate, kind and pleasant
+painter a sitter could desire."  The portrait represents him standing
+facing the observer in the loose cloak so familiar to those who knew him,
+and with his slouch hat in his hand.  Many of those who knew his face most
+intimately, think that Mr. Collier's picture is the best of the portraits,
+and in this judgment the sitter himself was inclined to agree.  According
+to my feeling it is not so simple or strong a representation of him as that
+given by Mr. Ouless.  There is a certain expression in Mr. Collier's
+portrait which I am inclined to consider an exaggeration of the almost
+painful expression which Professor Cohn has described in my father's face,
+and which he had previously noticed in Humboldt.  Professor Cohn's remarks
+occur in a pleasantly written account of a visit to Down  in 1876,
+published in the "Breslauer Zeitung", April 23, 1882.  (In this connection
+may be mentioned a visit (1881) from another distinguished German, Hans
+Richter.  The occurrence is otherwise worthy of mention, inasmuch as it led
+to the publication, after my father's death, of Herr Richter's
+recollections of the visit.  The sketch is simply and sympathetically
+written, and the author has succeeded in giving a true picture of my father
+as he lived at Down.  It appeared in the "Neue Tagblatt" of Vienna, and was
+republished by Dr. O. Zacharias in his 'Charles R. Darwin,' Berlin, 1882.)
+
+Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of an
+academic kind from some foreign societies.
+
+On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+Institute ("Lyell always spoke of it as a great scandal that Darwin was so
+long kept out of the French Institute.  As he said, even if the development
+hypothesis were objected to, Darwin's original works on Coral Reefs, the
+Cirripedia, and other subjects, constituted a more than sufficient claim"--
+From Professor Judd's notes.), in the Botanical Section, and wrote to Dr.
+Asa Gray:--
+
+"I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute.  It
+is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical Section, as
+the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy is a
+Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."
+
+(The statement has been more than once published that he was elected to the
+Zoological Section, but this was not the case.
+
+He received twenty-six votes out of a possible 39, five blank papers were
+sent in, and eight votes were recorded for the other candidates.
+
+In 1872 an attempt had been made to elect him to the Section of Zoology,
+when, however, he only received 15 out of 48 votes, and Loven was chosen
+for the vacant place.  It appears ('Nature,' August 1, 1872) that an
+eminent member of the Academy wrote to "Les Mondes" to the following
+effect:--
+
+"What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the science
+of those of his books which have made his chief title to fame-the 'Origin
+of Species,' and still more the 'Descent of Man,' is not science, but a
+mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous hypotheses, often evidently
+fallacious.  This kind of publication and these theories are a bad example,
+which a body that respects itself cannot encourage.")
+
+In the early part of the same year he was elected a Corresponding Member of
+the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and he wrote (March 12) to Professor Du
+Bois Reymond, who had proposed him for election:--
+
+"I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter, in which you announce the
+great honour conferred on me.  The knowledge of the names of the
+illustrious men, who seconded the proposal is even a greater pleasure to me
+than the honour itself."
+
+The seconders were Helmholtz, Peters, Ewald, Pringsheim and Virchow.
+
+In 1879 he received the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians. 
+(The visit to London, necessitated by the presentation of the Baly Medal,
+was combined with a visit to Miss Forster's house at Abinger, in Surrey,
+and this was the occasion of the following characteristic letter:--"I must
+write a few words to thank you cordially for lending us your house.  It was
+a most kind thought, and has pleased me greatly; but I know well that I do
+not deserve such kindness from any one.  On the other hand, no one can be
+too kind to my dear wife, who is worth her weight in gold many times over,
+and she was anxious that I should get some complete rest, and here I cannot
+rest.  Your house will be a delightful haven and again I thank you truly.")
+
+Again in 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the "Bressa"
+prize for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs.  In the
+following year he received on his birthday, as on previous occasions, a
+kind letter of congratulation from Dr. Dohrn of Naples.  In writing
+(February 15th) to thank him and the other naturalists at the Zoological
+Station, my father added:--
+
+"Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+extraordinary degree by awarding me the "Bressa" Prize.  Now it occurred to
+me that if your station wanted some pieces of apparatus, of about the value
+of 100 pounds, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for it.  Will
+you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should occur to
+you, I would send you a cheque at any time."
+
+I find from my father's accounts that 100 pounds was presented to the
+Naples Station.
+
+He received also several tokens of respect and sympathy of a more private
+character from various sources.  With regard to such incidents and to the
+estimation of the public generally, his attitude may be illustrated by a
+passage from a letter to Mr. Romanes:--(The lecture referred to was given
+at the Dublin meeting of the British association.)
+
+"You have indeed passed a most magnificent eulogium upon me, and I wonder
+that you were not afraid of hearing 'oh! oh!' or some other sign of
+disapprobation.  Many persons think that what I have done in science has
+been much overrated, and I very often think so myself; but my comfort is
+that I have never consciously done anything to gain applause.  Enough and
+too much about my dear self."
+
+Among such expressions of regard he valued very highly the two photographic
+albums received from Germany and Holland on his birthday, 1877.  Herr Emil
+Rade of Munster, originated the idea of the German birthday gift, and
+undertook the necessary arrangements.  To him my father wrote (February 16,
+1877):--
+
+"I hope that you will inform the one hundred and fifty-four men of science,
+including some of the most highly honoured names in the world, how grateful
+I am for their kindness and generous sympathy in having sent me their
+photographs on my birthday."
+
+To Professor Haeckel he wrote (February 16, 1877):--
+
+The album has just arrived quite safe.  It is most superb.  (The album is
+magnificently bound and decorated with a beautifully illuminated title
+page, the work of an artist, Herr A. Fitger of Bremen, who also contributed
+the dedicatory poem.)  It is by far the greatest honour which I have ever
+received, and my satisfaction has been greatly enhanced by your most kind
+letter of February 9...I thank you all from my heart.  I have written by
+this post to Herr Rade, and I hope he will somehow manage to thank all my
+generous friends."
+
+To Professor A. van Bemmelen he wrote, on receiving a similar present from
+a number of distinguished men and lovers of Natural History in the
+Netherlands:--
+
+"Sir,
+
+I received yesterday the magnificent present of the album, together with
+your letter.  I hope that you will endeavour to find some means to express
+to the two hundred and seventeen distinguished observers and lovers of
+natural science, who have sent me their photographs, my gratitude for their
+extreme kindness.  I feel deeply gratified by this gift, and I do not think
+that any testimonial more honourable to me could have been imagined.  I am
+well aware that my books could never have been written, and would not have
+made any impression on the public mind, had not an immense amount of
+material been collected by a long series of admirable observers; and it is
+to them that honour is chiefly due.  I suppose that every worker at science
+occasionally feels depressed, and doubts whether what he has published has
+been worth the labour which it has cost him, but for the few remaining
+years of my life, whenever I want cheering, I will look at the portraits of
+my distinguished co-workers in the field of science, and remember their
+generous sympathy.  When I die, the album will be a most precious bequest
+to my children.  I must further express my obligation for the very
+interesting history contained in your letter of the progress of opinion in
+the Netherlands, with respect to Evolution, the whole of which is quite new
+to me.  I must again thank all my kind friends, from my heart, for their
+ever-memorable testimonial, and I remain, Sir,
+
+Your obliged and grateful servant,
+CHARLES R. DARWIN."
+
+
+[In the June of the following year (1878) he was gratified by learning that
+the Emperor of Brazil had expressed a wish to meet him.  Owing to absence
+from home my father was unable to comply with this wish; he wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"The Emperor has done so much for science, that every scientific man is
+bound to show him the utmost respect, and I hope that you will express in
+the strongest language, and which you can do with entire truth, how greatly
+I feel honoured by his wish to see me; and how much I regret my absence
+from home."
+
+Finally it should be mentioned that in 1880 he received an address
+personally presented by members of the Council of the Birmingham
+Philosophical Society, as well as a memorial from the Yorkshire Naturalist
+Union presented by some of the members, headed by Dr. Sorby.  He also
+received in the same year a visit from some of the members of the Lewisham
+and Blackheath Scientific Association,--a visit which was, I think, enjoyed
+by both guests and host.]
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS--1876-1882.
+
+[The chief incident of a personal kind (not already dealt with) in the
+years which we are now considering was the death of his brother Erasmus,
+who died at his house in Queen Anne Street, on August 26th, 1881.  My
+father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (August 30):--
+
+"The death of Erasmus is a very heavy loss to all of us, for he had a most
+affectionate disposition.  He always appeared to me the most pleasant and
+clearest headed man, whom I have ever known.  London will seem a strange
+place to me without his presence; I am deeply glad that he died without any
+great suffering, after a very short illness from mere weakness and not from
+any definite disease.  ("He was not, I think, a happy man, and for many
+years did not value life, though never complaining."--From a letter to Sir
+Thomas Farrer.)
+
+"I cannot quite agree with you about the death of the old and young.  Death
+in the latter case, when there is a bright future ahead, causes grief never
+to be wholly obliterated."
+
+An incident of a happy character may also be selected for especial notice,
+since it was one which strongly moved my father's sympathy.  A letter
+(December 17, 1879) to Sir Joseph Hooker shows that the possibility of a
+Government Pension being conferred on Mr. Wallace first occurred to my
+father at this time.  The idea was taken up by others, and my father's
+letters show that he felt the most lively interest in the success of the
+plan.  He wrote, for instance, to Mrs. Fisher, "I hardly ever wished for
+anything more than I do for the success of our plan."  He was deeply
+pleased when this thoroughly deserved honour was bestowed on his friend,
+and wrote to the same correspondent (January 7, 1881), on receiving a
+letter from Mr. Gladstone announcing the fact:  "How extraordinarily kind
+of Mr. Gladstone to find time to write under the present circumstances. 
+(Mr. Gladstone was then in office, and the letter must have been written
+when he was overwhelmed with business connected with the opening of
+Parliament (January 6).  Good heavens! how pleased I am!"
+
+The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous character and refer
+principally to the books he read, and to his minor writings.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (MRS. FISHER).
+Down, February 11 [1876].
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,
+
+You must let me have the pleasure of saying that I have just finished
+reading with very great interest your new book.  ('A Short History of
+Natural Science.')  The idea seems to me a capital one, and as far as I can
+judge very well carried out.  There is much fascination in taking a bird's
+eye view of all the grand leading steps in the progress of science.  At
+first I regretted that you had not kept each science more separate; but I
+dare say you found it impossible.  I have hardly any criticisms, except
+that I think you ought to have introduced Murchison as a great classifier
+of formations, second only to W. Smith.  You have done full justice, and
+not more than justice, to our dear old master, Lyell.  Perhaps a little
+more ought to have been said about botany, and if you should ever add this,
+you would find Sachs' 'History,' lately published, very good for your
+purpose.
+
+You have crowned Wallace and myself with much honour and glory.  I heartily
+congratulate you on having produced so novel and interesting a work, and
+remain,
+
+My dear Miss Buckley, yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE.
+[Hopedene] (Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's house in Surrey.), June 5, 1876.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I must have the pleasure of expressing to you my unbounded admiration of
+your book ('Geographical Distribution,' 1876.), though I have read only to
+page 184--my object having been to do as little as possible while resting. 
+I feel sure that you have laid a broad and safe foundation for all future
+work on Distribution.  How interesting it will be to see hereafter plants
+treated in strict relation to your views; and then all insects, pulmonate
+molluscs and fresh-water fishes, in greater detail than I suppose you have
+given to these lower animals.  The point which has interested me most, but
+I do not say the most valuable point, is your protest against sinking
+imaginary continents in a quite reckless manner, as was stated by Forbes,
+followed, alas, by Hooker, and caricatured by Wollaston and [Andrew]
+Murray!  By the way, the main impression that the latter author has left on
+my mind is his utter want of all scientific judgment.  I have lifted up my
+voice against the above view with no avail, but I have no doubt that you
+will succeed, owing to your new arguments and the coloured chart.  Of a
+special value, as it seems to me, is the conclusion that we must determine
+the areas, chiefly by the nature of the mammals.  When I worked many years
+ago on this subject, I doubted much whether the now called Palaearctic and
+Nearctic regions ought to be separated; and I determined if I made another
+region that it should be Madagascar.  I have, therefore, been able to
+appreciate your evidence on these points.  What progress Palaeontology has
+made during the last 20 years; but if it advances at the same rate in the
+future, our views on the migration and birth-place of the various groups
+will, I fear, be greatly altered.  I cannot feel quite easy about the
+Glacial period, and the extinction of large mammals, but I must hope that
+you are right.  I think you will have to modify your belief about the
+difficulty of dispersal of land molluscs; I was interrupted when beginning
+to experimentize on the just hatched young adhering to the feet of ground-
+roosting birds.  I differ on one other point, viz. in the belief that there
+must have existed a Tertiary Antarctic continent, from which various forms
+radiated to the southern extremities of our present continents.  But I
+could go on scribbling forever.  You have written, as I believe, a grand
+and memorable work which will last for years as the foundation for all
+future treatises on Geographical Distribution.
+
+My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You have paid me the highest conceivable compliment, by what you say
+of your work in relation to my chapters on distribution in the 'Origin,'
+and I heartily thank you for it.
+
+
+[The following letters illustrate my father's power of taking a vivid
+interest in work bearing on Evolution, but unconnected with his own special
+researches at the time.  The books referred to in the first letter are
+Professor Weismann's 'Studien zur Descendenzlehre' (My father contributed a
+prefatory note to Mr. Meldola's translation of Prof. Weismann's 'Studien,'
+1880-81.), being part of the series of essays by which the author has done
+such admirable service to the cause of evolution:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN.
+January 12, 1877.
+
+...I read German so slowly, and have had lately to read several other
+papers, so that I have as yet finished only half of your first essay and
+two-thirds of your second.  They have excited my interest and admiration in
+the highest degree, and whichever I think of last, seems to me the most
+valuable.  I never expected to see the coloured marks on caterpillars so
+well explained; and the case of the ocelli delights me especially...
+
+...There is one other subject which has always seemed to me more difficult
+to explain than even the colours of caterpillars, and that is the colour of
+birds' eggs, and I wish you would take this up.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MELCHIOR NEUMAYR (Professor of Palaeontology at Vienna.),
+VIENNA.
+Down, Beckenham, Kent, March 9, 1877.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+From having been obliged to read other books, I finished only yesterday
+your essay on 'Die Congerien,' etc.  ('Die Congerien und Paludinenschichten
+Slavoneins.' 4to, 1875.)
+
+I hope that you will allow me to express my gratitude for the pleasure and
+instruction which I have derived from reading it.  It seems to me to be an
+admirable work; and is by far the best case which I have ever met with,
+showing the direct influence of the conditions of life on the organization.
+
+Mr. Hyatt, who has been studying the Hilgendorf case, writes to me with
+respect to the conclusions at which he has arrived, and these are nearly
+the same as yours.  He insists that closely similar forms may be derived
+from distinct lines of descent; and this is what I formerly called
+analogical variation.  There can now be no doubt that species may become
+greatly modified through the direct action of the environment.  I have some
+excuse for not having formerly insisted more strongly on this head in my
+'Origin of Species,' as most of the best facts have been observed since its
+publication.
+
+With my renewed thanks for your most interesting essay, and with the
+highest respect, I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E.S. MORSE.
+Down, April 23, 1877.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+You must allow me just to tell you how very much I have been interested
+with the excellent Address ("What American Zoologists have done for
+Evolution," an Address to the American Association for the Advancement of
+Science, August, 1876.  Volume xxv. of the Proceedings of the Association.)
+which you have been so kind as to send me, and which I had much wished to
+read.  I believe that I had read all, or very nearly all, the papers by
+your countrymen to which you refer, but I have been fairly astonished at
+their number and importance when seeing them thus put together.  I quite
+agree about the high value of Mr. Allen's works (Mr. J.A. Allen shows the
+existence of geographical races of birds and mammals.  Proc. Boston Soc.
+Nat. Hist. volume xv.), as showing how much change may be expected
+apparently through the direct action of the conditions of life.  As for the
+fossil remains in the West, no words will express how wonderful they are. 
+There is one point which I regret that you did not make clear in your
+Address, namely what is the meaning and importance of Professors Cope and
+Hyatt's views on acceleration and retardation.  I have endeavoured, and
+given up in despair, the attempt to grasp their meaning.
+
+Permit me to thank you cordially for the kind feeling shown towards me
+through your Address, and I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to his 'Biographical Sketch of an Infant,' written
+from notes made 37 years previously, and published in 'Mind,' July, 1877. 
+The article attracted a good deal of attention, and was translated at the
+time in 'Kosmos,' and the 'Revue Scientifique,' and has been recently
+published in Dr. Krause's 'Gesammelte kleinere SchrifteN von Charles
+Darwin,' 1887:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. CROOM ROBERTSON.  (The editor of 'Mind.')
+Down, April 27, 1877.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will be so good as to take the trouble to read the enclosed
+MS., and if you think it fit for publication in your admirable journal of
+'Mind,' I shall be gratified.  If you do not think it fit, as is very
+likely, will you please to return it to me.  I hope that you will read it
+in an extra critical spirit, as I cannot judge whether it is worth
+publishing from having been so much interested in watching the dawn of the
+several faculties in my own infant.  I may add that I should never have
+thought of sending you the MS., had not M. Taine's article appeared in your
+Journal.  (1877, page 252.  The original appeared in the 'Revue
+Philosophique' 1876.)  If my MS. is printed, I think that I had better see
+a proof.
+
+I remain, dear Sir,
+Yours faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The two following extracts show the lively interest he preserved in
+diverse fields of enquiry.  Professor Cohn of Breslau had mentioned, in a
+letter, Koch's researches on Splenic Fever, my father replied, January 3:--
+
+"I well remember saying to myself, between twenty and thirty years ago,
+that if ever the origin of any infectious disease could be proved, it would
+be the greatest triumph to science; and now I rejoice to have seen the
+triumph."
+
+In the spring he received a copy of Dr. E. von Mojsisovics' 'Dolomit
+Riffe,' his letter to the author (June 1, 1878) is interesting as bearing
+on the influence of his own work on the methods of geology.
+
+"I have at last found time to read the first chapter of your 'Dolomit
+Riffe,' and have been EXCEEDINGLY interested by it.  What a wonderful
+change in the future of Geological chronology you indicate, by assuming the
+descent theory to be established, and then taking the graduated changes of
+the same group of organisms as the true standard!  I never hoped to live to
+see such a step even proposed by any one."
+
+Another geological research which roused my father's admiration was Mr. D.
+Mackintosh's work on erratic blocks.  Apart from its intrinsic merit the
+work keenly excited his sympathy from the conditions under which it was
+executed, Mr. Mackintosh being compelled to give nearly his whole time to
+tuition.  The following passage is from a letter to Mr. Mackintosh of
+October 9, 1879, and refers to his paper in the Journal of the Geological
+Society, 1878:--
+
+"I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of thanking you for the
+very great pleasure which I have derived from just reading your paper on
+erratic blocks.  The map is wonderful, and what labour each of those lines
+show!  I have thought for some years that the agency of floating ice, which
+nearly half a century ago was overrated, has of late been underrated.  You
+are the sole man who has ever noticed the distinction suggested by me (In
+his paper on the 'Ancient Glaciers of Carnarvonshire,' Phil. Mag. xxi.
+1842.) between flat or planed scored rocks, and mammillated scored rocks."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. RIDLEY.
+Down, November 28, 1878.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I just skimmed through Dr. Pusey's sermon, as published in the "Guardian",
+but it did [not] seem to me worthy of any attention.  As I have never
+answered criticisms excepting those made by scientific men, I am not
+willing that this letter should be published; but I have no objection to
+your saying that you sent me the three questions, and that I answered that
+Dr. Pusey was mistaken in imagining that I wrote the 'Origin' with any
+relation whatever to Theology.  I should have thought that this would have
+been evident to any one who had taken the trouble to read the book, more
+especially as in the opening lines of the introduction I specify how the
+subject arose in my mind.  This answer disposes of your two other
+questions; but I may add that many years ago, when I was collecting facts
+for the 'Origin,' my belief in what is called a personal God was as firm as
+that of Dr. Pusey himself, and as to the eternity of matter I have never
+troubled myself about such insoluble questions.  Dr. Pusey's attack will be
+as powerless to retard by a day the belief in Evolution, as were the
+virulent attacks made by divines fifty years ago against Geology, and the
+still older ones of the Catholic Church against Galileo, for the public is
+wise enough always to follow Scientific men when they agree on any subject;
+and now there is almost complete unanimity amongst Biologists about
+Evolution, though there is still considerable difference as to the means,
+such as how far natural selection has acted, and how far external
+conditions, or whether there exists some mysterious innate tendency to
+perfectability.  I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Theologians were not the only adversaries of freedom in science.  On
+September 22, 1877, Prof. Virchow delivered an address at the Munich
+meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians, which had the effect of
+connecting Socialism with the Descent theory.  This point of view was taken
+up by anti-evolutionists to such an extent that, according to Haeckel, the
+"Kreuz Zeitung" threw "all the blame of" the "treasonable attempts of the
+democrats Hodel and Nobiling...directly on the theory of Descent."  Prof.
+Haeckel replied with vigour and ability in his 'Freedom in Science and
+Teaching' (English Translation 1879), an essay which must have the sympathy
+of all lovers of freedom.
+
+The following passage from a letter (December 26, 1879) to Dr. Scherzer,
+the author of the 'Voyage of the "Novara",' gives a hint of my father's
+views on this once burning question:--
+
+"What a foolish idea seems to prevail in Germany on the connection between
+Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY.  (Professor of Zoology at Oxford.  The book
+alluded to is Prof. Moseley's 'Notes by a Naturalist on the "Challenger".')
+Down, January 20, 1879.
+
+Dear Moseley,
+
+I have just received your book, and I declare that never in my life have I
+seen a dedication which I admired so much.  ("To Charles Darwin, Esquire,
+LL.D., F.R.S., etc., from the study of whose 'Journal of Researches' I
+mainly derived my desire to travel round the world; to the development of
+whose theory I owe the principal pleasures and interests of my life, and
+who has personally given me much kindly encouragement in the prosecution of
+my studies, this book is, by permission, gratefully dedicated.")  Of course
+I am not a fair judge, but I hope that I speak dispassionately, though you
+have touched me in my very tenderest point, by saying that my old Journal
+mainly gave you the wish to travel as a Naturalist.  I shall begin to read
+your book this very evening, and am sure that I shall enjoy it much.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY.
+Down, February 4, 1879.
+
+Dear Moseley,
+
+I have at last read every word of your book, and it has excited in me
+greater interest than any other scientific book which I have read for a
+long time.  You will perhaps be surprised how slow I have been, but my head
+prevents me reading except at intervals.  If I were asked which parts have
+interested me most, I should be somewhat puzzled to answer.  I fancy that
+the general reader would prefer your account of Japan.  For myself I
+hesitate between your discussions and description of the Southern ice,
+which seems to me admirable, and the last chapter which contained many
+facts and views new to me, though I had read your papers on the stony
+Hydroid Corals, yet your resume made me realise better than I had done
+before, what a most curious case it is.
+
+You have also collected a surprising number of valuable facts bearing on
+the dispersal of plants, far more than in any other book known to me.  In
+fact your volume is a mass of interesting facts and discussions, with
+hardly a superfluous word; and I heartily congratulate you on its
+publication.
+
+Your dedication makes me prouder than ever.
+
+Believe me, yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In November, 1879, he answered for Mr. Galton a series of questions
+utilised in his 'Inquiries into Human Faculty,' 1883.  He wrote to Mr.
+Galton:--
+
+"I have answered the questions as well as I could, but they are miserably
+answered, for I have never tried looking into my own mind.  Unless others
+answer very much better than I can do, you will get no good from your
+queries.  Do you not think you ought to have the age of the answerer?  I
+think so, because I can call up faces of many schoolboys, not seen for
+sixty years, with MUCH DISTINCTNESS, but nowadays I may talk with a man for
+an hour, and see him several times consecutively, and, after a month, I am
+utterly unable to recollect what he is at all like.  The picture is quite
+washed out.  The greater number of the answers are given in the annexed
+table."]
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE FACULTY OF VISUALISING.
+
+1.  ILLUMINATION?  Moderate, but my solitary breakfast was early, and the
+morning dark.
+
+2.  DEFINITION?  Some objects quite defined, a slice of cold beef, some
+grapes and a pear, the state of my plate when I had finished, and a few
+other objects, are as distinct as if I had photo's before me.
+
+3.  COMPLETENESS?  Very moderately so.
+
+4.  COLOURING?  The objects above named perfectly coloured.
+
+5.  EXTENT OF FIELD OF VIEW?  Rather small.
+
+DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMAGERY.
+
+6.  PRINTED PAGES.  I cannot remember a single sentence, but I remember the
+place of the sentence and the kind of type.
+
+7.  FURNITURE?  I have never attended to it.
+
+8.  PERSONS?  I remember the faces of persons formerly well-known vividly,
+and can make them do anything I like.
+
+9.  SCENERY?  Remembrance vivid and distinct, and gives me pleasure.
+
+10.  GEOGRAPHY?  No.
+
+11.  MILITARY MOVEMENTS?  No.
+
+12.  MECHANISM?  Never tried.
+
+13.  GEOMETRY?  I do not think I have any power of the kind.
+
+14.  NUMERALS?  When I think of any number, printed figures arise before my
+mind.  I can't remember for an hour four consecutive figures.
+
+15.  CARD PLAYING?  Have not played for many years, but I am sure should
+not remember.
+
+16.  CHESS?  Never played.
+
+
+[In 1880 he published a short paper in 'Nature' (volume xxi. page 207) on
+the "Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese goose."  He received
+the hybrids from the Rev. Dr. Goodacre, and was glad of the opportunity of
+testing the accuracy of the statement that these species are fertile inter
+se.  This fact, which was given in the 'Origin' on the authority of Mr.
+Eyton, he considered the most remarkable as yet recorded with respect to
+the fertility of hybrids.  The fact (as confirmed by himself and Dr.
+Goodacre) is of interest as giving another proof that sterility is no
+criterion of specific difference, since the two species of goose now shown
+to be fertile inter se are so distinct that they have been placed by some
+authorities in distinct genera or sub-genera.
+
+The following letter refers to Mr. Huxley's lecture:  "The Coming of Age of
+the Origin of Species" (This same "Coming of Age" was the subject of an
+address from the Council of the Otago Institute.  It is given in 'Nature,'
+February 24, 1881.), given at the Royal Institution, April 9, 1880,
+published in 'Nature,' and in 'Science and Culture,' page 310:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday, April 11, 1880.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a bad cough, and we
+have come here to see whether a change would do me good, as it has done. 
+What a magnificent success your lecture seems to have been, as I judge from
+the reports in the "Standard" and "Daily News", and more especially from
+the accounts given me by three of my children.  I suppose that you have not
+written out your lecture, so I fear there is no chance of its being printed
+in extenso.  You appear to have piled, as on so many other occasions,
+honours high and thick on my old head.  But I well know how great a part
+you have played in establishing and spreading the belief in the descent-
+theory, ever since that grand review in the "Times" and the battle royal at
+Oxford up to the present day.
+
+Ever my dear Huxley,
+Yours sincerely and gratefully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement of your
+Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject, until my
+wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since the 'Origin'
+appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your words flashed on
+me!
+
+
+[In the above-mentioned lecture Mr. Huxley made a strong point of the
+accumulation of palaeontological evidence which the years between 1859 and
+1880 have given us in favour of Evolution.  On this subject my father wrote
+(August 31, 1880):]
+
+
+My dear Professor Marsh,
+
+I received some time ago your very kind note of July 28th, and yesterday
+the magnificent volume.  (Odontornithes.  A Monograph on the extinct
+Toothed Birds of North America.  1880.  By O.C. Marsh.)  I have looked with
+renewed admiration at the plates, and will soon read the text.  Your work
+on these old birds, and on the many fossil animals of North America has
+afforded the best support to the theory of Evolution, which has appeared
+within the last twenty years.  (Mr. Huxley has well pointed out ('Science
+and Culture,' page 317) that:  "In 1875, the discovery of the toothed birds
+of the cretaceous formation in North America, by Prof. Marsh, completed the
+series of transitional forms between birds and reptiles, and removed Mr.
+Darwin's proposition that, 'many animal forms of life have been utterly
+lost, through which the early progenitors of birds were formerly connected
+with the early progenitors of the other vertebrate classes,' from the
+region of hypothesis to that of demonstrable fact.")  The general
+appearance of the copy which you have sent me is worthy of its contents,
+and I can say nothing stronger than this.
+
+With cordial thanks, believe me,
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In November, 1880, he received an account of a flood in Brazil, from which
+his friend Fritz Muller had barely escaped with his life.  My father
+immediately wrote to Hermann Muller anxiously enquiring whether his brother
+had lost books, instruments, etc., by this accident, and begging in that
+case "for the sake of science, so that science should not suffer," to be
+allowed to help in making good the loss.  Fortunately, however, the injury
+to Fritz Muller's possessions was not so great as was expected, and the
+incident remains only as a memento, which I trust cannot be otherwise than
+pleasing to the survivor, of the friendship of the two naturalists.
+
+In 'Nature' (November 11, 1880) appeared a letter from my father, which is,
+I believe, the only instance in which he wrote publicly with anything like
+severity.  The late Sir Wyville Thomson wrote, in the Introduction to the
+'Voyage of the "Challenger"':  "The character of the abyssal fauna refuses
+to give the least support to the theory which refers the evolution of
+species to extreme variation guided only by natural selection."  My father,
+after characterising these remarks as a "standard of criticism, not
+uncommonly reached by theologians and metaphysicians," goes on to take
+exception to the term "extreme variation," and challenges Sir Wyville to
+name any one who has "said that the evolution of species depends only on
+natural selection."  The letter closes with an imaginary scene between Sir
+Wyville and a breeder, in which Sir Wyville criticises artificial selection
+in a somewhat similar manner.  The breeder is silent, but on the departure
+of his critic he is supposed to make use of "emphatic but irreverent
+language about naturalists."  The letter, as originally written, ended with
+a quotation from Sedgwick on the invulnerability of those who write on what
+they do not understand, but this was omitted on the advice of a friend, and
+curiously enough a friend whose combativeness in the good cause my father
+had occasionally curbed.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES.
+Down, April 16, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+My MS. on 'Worms' has been sent to the printers, so I am going to amuse
+myself by scribbling to you on a few points; but you must not waste your
+time in answering at any length this scribble.
+
+Firstly, your letter on intelligence was very useful to me and I tor up and
+re-wrote what I sent to you.  I have not attempted to define intelligence;
+but have quoted your remarks on experience, and have shown how far they
+apply to worms.  It seems to me that they must be said to work with some
+intelligence, anyhow they are not guided by a blind instinct.
+
+Secondly, I was greatly interested by the abstract in 'Nature' of your work
+on Echinoderms ("On the locomotor system of Echinoderms," by G.J. Romanes
+and J. Cossar Ewart.  'Philosophical Transactions,' 1881, page 829.), the
+complexity with simplicity, and with such curious co-ordination of the
+nervous system is marvellous; and you showed me before what splendid
+gymnastic feats they can perform.
+
+Thirdly, Dr. Roux has sent me a book just published by him:  'Der Kampf der
+Theile,' etc., 1881 (240 pages in length).
+
+He is manifestly a well-read physiologist and pathologist, and from his
+position a good anatomist.  It is full of reasoning, and this in German is
+very difficult to me, so that I have only skimmed through each page; here
+and there reading with a little more care.  As far as I can imperfectly
+judge, it is the most important book on Evolution, which has appeared for
+some time.  I believe that G.H. Lewes hinted at the same fundamental idea,
+viz. that there is a struggle going on within every organism between the
+organic molecules, the cells and the organs.  I think that his basis is,
+that every cell which best performs its function is, in consequence, at the
+same time best nourished and best propagates its kind.  The book does not
+touch on mental phenomena, but there is much discussion on rudimentary or
+atrophied parts, to which subject you formerly attended.  Now if you would
+like to read this book, I would sent it...If you read it, and are struck
+with it (but I may be WHOLLY mistaken about its value), you would do a
+public service by analysing and criticising it in 'Nature.'
+
+Dr. Roux makes, I think, a gigantic oversight in never considering plants;
+these would simplify the problem for him.
+
+Fourthly, I do not know whether you will discuss in your book on the mind
+of animals any of the more complex and wonderful instincts.  It is
+unsatisfactory work, as there can be no fossilised instincts, and the sole
+guide is their state in other members of the same order, and mere
+PROBABILITY.
+
+But if you do discuss any (and it will perhaps be expected of you), I
+should think that you could not select a better case than that of the sand
+wasps, which paralyse their prey, as formerly described by Fabre, in his
+wonderful paper in the 'Annales des Sciences,' and since amplified in his
+admirable 'Souvenirs.'
+
+Whilst reading this latter book, I speculated a little on the subject. 
+Astonishing nonsense is often spoken of the sand wasp's knowledge of
+anatomy.  Now will any one say that the Gauchos on the plains of La Plata
+have such knowledge, yet I have often seen them pith a struggling and
+lassoed cow on the ground with unerring skill, which no mere anatomist
+could imitate.  The pointed knife was infallibly driven in between the
+vertebrae by a single slight thrust.  I presume that the art was first
+discovered by chance, and that each young Gaucho sees exactly how the
+others do it, and then with a very little practice learns the art.  Now I
+suppose that the sand wasps originally merely killed their prey by stinging
+them in many places (see page 129 of Fabre's 'Souvenirs,' and page 241) on
+the lower and softest side of the body--and that to sting a certain segment
+was found by far the most successful method; and was inherited like the
+tendency of a bulldog to pin the nose of a bull, or of a ferret to bite the
+cerebellum.  It would not be a very great step in advance to prick the
+ganglion of its prey only slightly, and thus to give its larvae fresh meat
+instead of old dried meat.  Though Fabre insists so strongly on the
+unvarying character of instinct, yet it is shown that there is some
+variability, as at pages 176, 177.
+
+I fear that I shall have utterly wearied you with my scribbling and bad
+handwriting.
+
+My dear Romanes, yours, very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT OF A LETTER TO PROFESSOR A. AGASSIZ, MAY 5TH, 1881:--
+
+I read with much interest your address before the American Association. 
+However true your remarks on the genealogies of the several groups may be,
+I hope and believe that you have over-estimated the difficulties to be
+encountered in the future:--A few days after reading your address, I
+interpreted to myself your remarks on one point (I hope in some degree
+correctly) in the following fashion:--
+
+Any character of an ancient, generalised, or intermediate form may, and
+often does, re-appear in its descendants, after countless generations, and
+this explains the extraordinarily complicated affinities of existing
+groups.  This idea seems to me to throw a flood of light on the lines,
+sometimes used to represent affinities, which radiate in all directions,
+often to very distant sub-groups,--a difficulty which has haunted me for
+half a century.  A strong case could be made out in favour of believing in
+such reversion after immense intervals of time.  I wish the idea had been
+put into my head in old days, for I shall never again write on difficult
+subjects, as I have seen too many cases of old men becoming feeble in their
+minds, without being in the least conscious of it.  If I have interpreted
+your ideas at all correctly, I hope that you will re-urge, on any fitting
+occasion, your view.  I have mentioned it to a few persons capable of
+judging, and it seemed quite new to them.  I beg you to forgive the
+proverbial garrulity of old age.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Sir J.D. Hooker's Geographical address at
+the York Meeting (1881) of the British Association:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, August 6, 1881.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+For Heaven's sake never speak of boring me, as it would be the greatest
+pleasure to aid you in the slightest degree and your letter has interested
+me exceedingly.  I will go through your points seriatim, but I have never
+attended much to the history of any subject, and my memory has become
+atrociously bad.  It will therefore be a mere chance whether any of my
+remarks are of any use.
+
+Your idea, to show what travellers have done, seems to me a brilliant and
+just one, especially considering your audience.
+
+1.  I know nothing about Tournefort's works.
+
+2.  I believe that you are fully right in calling Humboldt the greatest
+scientific traveller who ever lived, I have lately read two or three
+volumes again.  His Geology is funny stuff; but that merely means that he
+was not in advance of his age.  I should say he was wonderful, more for his
+near approach to omniscience than for originality.  Whether or not his
+position as a scientific man is as eminent as we think, you might truly
+call him the parent of a grand progeny of scientific travellers, who, taken
+together, have done much for science.
+
+3.  It seems to me quite just to give Lyell (and secondarily E. Forbes) a
+very prominent place.
+
+4.  Dana was, I believe, the first man who maintained the permanence of
+continents and the great oceans...When I read the 'Challenger's' conclusion
+that sediment from the land is not deposited at greater distances than 200
+or 300 miles from the land, I was much strengthened in my old belief. 
+Wallace seems to me to have argued the case excellently.  Nevertheless, I
+would speak, if I were in your place, rather cautiously; for T. Mellard
+Reade has argued lately with some force against the view; but I cannot call
+to mind his arguments.  If forced to express a judgment, I should abide by
+the view of approximate permanence since Cambrian days.
+
+5.  The extreme importance of the Arctic fossil-plants, is self-evident. 
+Take the opportunity of groaning over [our] ignorance of the Lignite Plants
+of Kerguelen Land, or any Antarctic land.  It might do good.
+
+6.  I cannot avoid feeling sceptical about the travelling of plants from
+the North EXCEPT DURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD.  It may of course have been so
+and probably was so from one of the two poles at the earliest period,
+during Pre-Cambrian ages; but such speculations seem to me hardly
+scientific seeing how little we know of the old Floras.
+
+I will now jot down without any order a few miscellaneous remarks.
+
+I think you ought to allude to Alph. De Candolle's great book, for though
+it (like almost everything else) is washed out of my mind, yet I remember
+most distinctly thinking it a very valuable work.  Anyhow, you might allude
+to his excellent account of the history of all cultivated plants.
+
+How shall you manage to allude to your New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego
+work? if you do not allude to them you will be scandalously unjust.
+
+The many Angiosperm plants in the Cretacean beds of the United States (and
+as far as I can judge the age of these beds has been fairly well made out)
+seems to me a fact of very great importance, so is their relation to the
+existing flora of the United States under an Evolutionary point of view. 
+Have not some Australian extinct forms been lately found in Australia? or
+have I dreamed it?
+
+Again, the recent discovery of plants rather low down in our Silurian beds
+is very important.
+
+Nothing is more extraordinary in the history of the Vegetable Kingdom, as
+it seems to me, than the APPARENTLY very sudden or abrupt development of
+the higher plants.  I have sometimes speculated whether there did not exist
+somewhere during long ages an extremely isolated continent, perhaps near
+the South Pole.
+
+Hence I was greatly interested by a view which Saporta propounded to me, a
+few years ago, at great length in MS. and which I fancy he has since
+published, as I urged him to do--viz., that as soon as flower-frequenting
+insects were developed, during the latter part of the secondary period, an
+enormous impulse was given to the development of the higher plants by
+cross-fertilization being thus suddenly formed.
+
+A few years ago I was much struck with Axel Blytt's Essay showing from
+observation, on the peat beds in Scandinavia, that there had apparently
+been long periods with more rain and other with less rain (perhaps
+connected with Croll's recurrent astronomical periods), and that these
+periods had largely determined the present distribution of the plants of
+Norway and Sweden.  This seemed to me, a very important essay.
+
+I have just read over my remarks and I fear that they will not be of the
+slightest use to you.
+
+I cannot but think that you have got through the hardest, or at least the
+most difficult, part of your work in having made so good and striking a
+sketch of what you intend to say; but I can quite understand how you must
+groan over the great necessary labour.
+
+I most heartily sympathise with you on the successes of B. and R.:  as
+years advance what happens to oneself becomes of very little consequence,
+in comparison with the careers of our children.
+
+Keep your spirits up, for I am convinced that you will make an excellent
+address.
+
+Ever yours, affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In September he wrote:--
+
+"I have this minute finished reading your splendid but too short address. 
+I cannot doubt that it will have been fully appreciated by the Geographers
+of York; if not, they are asses and fools."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK.
+Sunday evening [1881].
+
+My dear L.,
+
+Your address (Presidential Address at the York meeting of the British
+Association.) has made me think over what have been the great steps in
+Geology during the last fifty years, and there can be no harm in telling
+you my impression.  But it is very odd that I cannot remember what you have
+said on Geology.  I suppose that the classification of the Silurian and
+Cambrian formations must be considered the greatest or most important step;
+for I well remember when all these older rocks were called grau-wacke, and
+nobody dreamed of classing them; and now we have three azoic formations
+pretty well made out beneath the Cambrian!  But the most striking step has
+been the discovery of the Glacial period:  you are too young to remember
+the prodigious effect this produced about the year 1840 (?) on all our
+minds.  Elie de Beaumont never believed in it to the day of his death! the
+study of the glacial deposits led to the study of the superficial drift,
+which was formerly NEVER STUDIED and called Diluvium, as I well remember. 
+The study under the microscope of rock-sections is another not
+inconsiderable step.  So again the making out of cleavage and the foliation
+of the metamorphic rocks.  But I will not run on, having now eased my mind. 
+Pray do not waste even one minute in acknowledging my horrid scrawls.
+
+Ever yours,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extracts referring to the late Francis Maitland Balfour
+(Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge.  He was born in 1851, and was
+killed, with his guide, on the Aiguille Blanche, near Courmayeur, in July,
+1882.), show my father's estimate of his work and intellectual qualities,
+but they give merely an indication of his strong appreciation of Balfour's
+most lovable personal character:--
+
+From a letter to Fritz Muller, January 5, 1882:--
+
+"Your appreciation of Balfour's book ['Comparative Embryology'] has pleased
+me excessively, for though I could not properly judge of it, yet it seemed
+to me one of the most remarkable books which have been published for some
+considerable time.  He is quite a young man, and if he keeps his health,
+will do splendid work...He has a fair fortune of his own, so that he can
+give up his whole time to Biology.  He is very modest, and very pleasant,
+and often visits here and we like him very much."
+
+From a letter to Dr. Dohrn, February 13, 1882:--
+
+"I have got one very bad piece of news to tell you, that F. Balfour is very
+ill at Cambridge with typhoid fever...I hope that he is not in a very
+dangerous state; but the fever is severe.  Good Heavens, what a loss he
+would be to Science, and to his many loving friends!"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY.
+Down, January 12, 1882.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Very many thanks for 'Science and Culture,' and I am sure that I shall read
+most of the essays with much interest.  With respect to Automatism ("On the
+hypothesis that animals are automata and its history," an Address given at
+the Belfast meeting of the British Association, 1874, and published in the
+'Fortnightly Review,' 1874, and in 'Science and Culture.'), I wish that you
+could review yourself in the old, and of course forgotten, trenchant style,
+and then you would here answer yourself with equal incisiveness; and thus,
+by Jove, you might go on ad infinitum, to the joy and instruction of the
+world.
+
+Ever yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Dr. Ogle's translation of Aristotle, 'On
+the Parts of Animals' (1882):]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE.
+Down, February 22, 1882.
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+You must let me thank you for the pleasure which the introduction to the
+Aristotle book has given me.  I have rarely read anything which has
+interested me more, though I have not read as yet more than a quarter of
+the book proper.
+
+From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's
+merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he was. 
+Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways,
+but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle.  How very curious, also,
+his ignorance on some points, as on muscles as the means of movement.  I am
+glad that you have explained in so probable a manner some of the grossest
+mistakes attributed to him.  I never realized, before reading your book, to
+what an enormous summation of labour we owe even our common knowledge.  I
+wish old Aristotle could know what a grand Defender of the Faith he had
+found in you.  Believe me, my dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In February, he received a letter and a specimen from a Mr. W.D. Crick,
+which illustrated a curious mode of dispersal of bivalve shells, namely, by
+closure of their valves so as to hold on to the leg of a water-beetle. 
+This class of fact had a special charm for him, and he wrote to 'Nature,'
+describing the case.  ('Nature,' April 6, 1882.)
+
+In April he received a letter from Dr. W. Van Dyck, Lecturer in Zoology at
+the Protestant College of Beyrout.  The letter showed that the street dogs
+of Beyrout had been rapidly mongrelised by introduced European dogs, and
+the facts have an interesting bearing on my father's theory of Sexual
+Selection.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.T. VAN DYCK.
+Down, April 3, 1882.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+After much deliberation, I have thought it best to send your very
+interesting paper to the Zoological Society, in hopes that it will be
+published in their Journal.  This journal goes to every scientific
+institution in the world, and the contents are abstracted in all year-books
+on Zoology.  Therefore I have preferred it to 'Nature,' though the latter
+has a wider circulation, but is ephemeral.
+
+I have prefaced your essay by a few general remarks, to which I hope that
+you will not object.
+
+Of course I do not know that the Zoological Society, which is much addicted
+to mere systematic work, will publish your essay.  If it does, I will send
+you copies of your essay, but these will not be ready for some months.  If
+not published by the Zoological Society, I will endeavour to get 'Nature'
+to publish it.  I am very anxious that it should be published and
+preserved.
+
+Dear Sir,
+Yours faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The paper was read at a meeting of the Zoological Society on April 18th--
+the day before my father's death.
+
+The preliminary remarks with which Dr. Van Dyck's paper is prefaced are
+thus the latest of my father's writings.]
+
+...
+
+We must now return to an early period of his life, and give a connected
+account of his botanical work, which has hitherto been omitted.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.X.
+
+FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+
+[In the letters already given we have had occasion to notice the general
+bearing of a number of botanical problems on the wider question of
+Evolution.  The detailed work in botany which my father accomplished by the
+guidance of the light cast on the study of natural history by his own work
+on Evolution remains to be noticed.  In a letter to Mr. Murray, September
+24th, 1861, speaking of his book on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' he
+says:  "It will perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural History may be
+worked under the belief of the modification of species."  This remark gives
+a suggestion as to the value and interest of his botanical work, and it
+might be expressed in far more emphatic language without danger of
+exaggeration.
+
+In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says:  "I think this little volume
+will do good to the 'Origin,' as it will show that I have worked hard at
+details."  It is true that his botanical work added a mass of corroborative
+detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support to his doctrines
+given by these researches was of another kind.  They supplied an argument
+against those critics who have so freely dogmatised as to the uselessness
+of particular structures, and as to the consequent impossibility of their
+having been developed by means of natural selection.  His observations on
+Orchids enabled him to say:  "I can show the meaning of some of the
+apparently meaningless ridges, horns, who will now venture to say that this
+or that structure is useless?"  A kindred point is expressed in a letter to
+Sir J.D. Hooker (May 14th, 1862:)--
+
+"When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to the
+effects of climate, etc., but when a single point alone, as a hooked seed,
+it is conceivable it may thus have arisen.  I have found the study of
+Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the flower
+are co-adapted for fertilization by insects, and therefore the results of
+natural selection--even the most trifling details of structure."
+
+One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the study of Natural
+History is the revival of Teleology.  The evolutionist studies the purpose
+or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleology, but with far
+wider and more coherent purpose.  He has the invigorating knowledge that he
+is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy of the present, but a
+coherent view of both past and present.  And even where he fails to
+discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge of its structure,
+unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the life of the species. 
+In this way a vigour and unity is given to the study of the forms of
+organised beings, which before it lacked.  This point has already been
+discussed in Mr. Huxley's chapter on the 'Reception of the "Origin of
+Species",' and need not be here considered.  It does, however, concern us
+to recognize that this "great service to natural science," as Dr. Gray
+describes it, was effected almost as much by his special botanical work as
+by the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical work, I
+may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,' one of the
+"Nature Series".  Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship with my father,
+and especially his power of sympathising with the work of others, combine
+to give this essay a permanent value.  The following passage (page 43)
+gives a true picture:--
+
+"Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr. Darwin
+always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed botanist.  He
+turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they were convenient
+objects for studying organic phenomena in their least complicated forms;
+and this point of view, which, if one may use the expression without
+disrespect, had something of the amateur about it, was in itself of the
+greatest importance.  For, from not being, till he took up any point,
+familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind was absolutely free
+from any prepossession.  He was never afraid of his facts, or of framing
+any hypothesis, however startling, which seemed to explain them...In any
+one else such an attitude would have produced much work that was crude and
+rash.  But Mr. Darwin--if one may venture on language which will strike no
+one who had conversed with him as over-strained--seemed by gentle
+persuasion to have penetrated that reserve of nature which baffles smaller
+men.  In other words, his long experience had given him a kind of
+instinctive insight into the method of attack of any biological problem,
+however unfamiliar to him, while he rigidly controlled the fertility of his
+mind in hypothetical explanations by the no less fertility of ingeniously
+devised experiment."
+
+To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it is
+necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+emerged.  It should be remembered that it was only during the early years
+of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants, became
+at all firmly established.  Sachs, in his 'History of Botany' (1875), has
+given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness with which its
+acceptance gained ground.  He remarks that when we consider the
+experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by Kolreuter (1761-66),
+it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards have been raised as to
+the sexuality of plants.  Yet he shows that such doubts did actually
+repeatedly crop up.  These adverse criticisms rested for the most part on
+careless experiments, but in many cases on a priori arguments.  Even as
+late as 1820, a book of this kind, which would now rank with circle
+squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was seriously noticed in a botanical
+journal.
+
+A distinct conception of sex as applied to plants, had not long emerged
+from the mists of profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the time
+when my father began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at Cambridge.
+
+When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+weighing down any rational view of the subject.  Camerarius (Sachs,
+'Geschichte,' page 419.) believed (naturally enough in his day) that
+hermaphrodite flowers are necessarily self-fertilised.  He had the wit to
+be astonished at this, a degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points out,
+the majority of his successors did not attain to.
+
+The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred to my
+father as early as 1837:--
+
+"Do not plants which have male and female organs together [i.e. in the same
+flower] yet receive influence from other plants?  Does not Lyell give some
+argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on account of
+pollen from other plants?  Because this may be applied to show all plants
+do receive intermixture."
+
+Sprengel (Christian Conrad Sprengel, 1750-1816.), indeed, understood that
+the hermaphrodite structure of flowers by no means necessarily leads to
+self-fertilisation.  But although he discovered that in many cases pollen
+is of necessity carried to the stigma of another FLOWER, he did not
+understand that in the advantage gained by the intercrossing of distinct
+PLANTS lies the key to the whole question.  Hermann Muller has well
+remarked that this "omission was for several generations fatal to
+Sprengel's work...For both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt
+above all the weakness of his theory, and they set aside, along with his
+defective ideas, his rich store of patient and acute observations and his
+comprehensive and accurate interpretations."  It remained for my father to
+convince the world that the meaning hidden in the structure of flowers was
+to be found by seeking light in the same direction in which Sprengel,
+seventy years before, had laboured.  Robert Brown was the connecting link
+between them, for it was at his recommendation that my father in 1841 read
+Sprengel's now celebrated 'Secret of Nature Displayed.'  ('Das entdeckte
+Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der Befruchtung der Blumen.'  Berlin,
+1793.)  The book impressed him as being "full of truth," although "with
+some little nonsense."  It not only encouraged him in kindred speculation,
+but guided him in his work, for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's
+observations.  It may be doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more
+beautiful seed than in putting such a book into such hands.
+
+A passage in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.) shows how it was that my
+father was attracted to the subject of fertilisation:  "During the summer
+of 1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend to
+the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come
+to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."
+
+The original connection between the study of flowers and the problem of
+evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted.  Moreover, it
+was not a permanent bond.  As soon as the idea arose that the offspring of
+cross-fertilisation is, in the struggle for life, likely to conquer the
+seedlings of self-fertilised parentage, a far more vigorous belief in the
+potency of natural selection in moulding the structure of flowers is
+attained.  A central idea is gained towards which experiment and
+observation may be directed.
+
+Dr. Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea ('Nature,' June
+4, 1874):--"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a characteristic
+specimen of the science of the middle ages.  The aphorism, Nature abhors
+close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the principle, belong to our
+age and to Mr. Darwin.  To have originated this, and also the principle of
+Natural Selection...and to have applied these principles to the system of
+nature, in such a manner as to make, within a dozen years, a deeper
+impression upon natural history than has been made since Linnaeus, is ample
+title for one man's fame."
+
+The flowers of the Papilionaceae attracted his attention early, and were
+the subject of his first paper on fertilisation.  ("Gardeners' Chronicle",
+1857, page 725.  It appears that this paper was a piece of "over-time"
+work.  He wrote to a friend, "that confounded leguminous paper was done in
+the afternoon, and the consequence was I had to go to Moor Park for a
+week.")  The following extract from an undated letter to Dr. Asa Gray seems
+to have been written before the publication of this paper, probably in 1856
+or 1857:--
+
+"...What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark is
+applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed many
+years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly in
+direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand.  It is really
+pretty to watch the action of a Humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean, and
+in this genus (and in Lathyrus grandiflorus) the honey is so placed that
+the bee invariably alights on that ONE side of the flower towards which the
+spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it pollen), and by the
+depression of the wing-petal is forced against the bee's side all dusted
+with pollen.  (If you will look at a bed of scarlet kidney beans you will
+find that the wing-petals on the LEFT side alone are all scratched by the
+tarsi of the bees.  [Note in the original letter by C. Darwin.])  In the
+broom the pistil is rubbed on the centre of the back of the bee.  I suspect
+there is something to be made out about the Leguminosae, which will bring
+the case within OUR theory; though I have failed to do so.  Our theory will
+explain why in the vegetable and animal kingdom the act of fertilisation
+even in hermaphrodites usually takes place sub-jove, though thus exposed to
+GREAT injury from damp and rain.  In animals which cannot be [fertilised]
+by insects or wind, there is NO CASE of LAND-animals being hermaphrodite
+without the concourse of two individuals."
+
+A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of the
+paper in the "Gardeners' Chronicle":--
+
+"Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed; but
+I was led to believe that the pollen could HARDLY get on the stigma by wind
+or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and moving the wing
+petals:  hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two bottles in every
+way treated the same:  the flowers in one I daily just momentarily moved,
+as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other NOT ONE.  Of course
+this little experiment must be tried again, and this year in England it is
+too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to set.  If bees are necessary to
+this flower's self-fertilisation, bees must almost cross them, as their
+dusted right-side of head and right legs constantly touch the stigma.
+
+"I have, also, lately been re-observing daily Lobelia fulgens--this in my
+garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without pollen be
+put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited by bees and
+does set seed); I mention this because there are such beautiful
+contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own pollen; which seems
+only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of crosses."
+
+The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858.  ("Gardeners' Chronicle",
+1858, page 828.  In 1861 another paper on Fertilisation appeared in the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", page 552, in which he explained the action of
+insects on Vinca major.  He was attracted to the periwinkle by the fact
+that it is not visited by insects and never set seeds.)  The chief object
+of these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+possibility of growing varieties of leguminous plants near each other, and
+yet keeping them true.  It is curious that the Papilionaceae should not
+only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by their
+obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+constituted one of his sorest puzzles.  The common pea and the sweet pea
+gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep true. 
+The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they are not
+perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects.  He could not, at
+this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination between a
+flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be as delicate as
+that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation was not likely to
+occur to him.  (He was of course alive to variety in the habits of insects. 
+He published a short note in the "Entomologists Weekly Intelligencer",
+1860, asking whether the Tineina and other small moths suck flowers.)
+
+Besides observing the Leguminosae, he had already begun, as shown in the
+foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in relation
+to insects.  At the beginning of 1860 he worked at Leschenaultia (He
+published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation of this flower, in
+the "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1871, page 1166.), which at first puzzled him,
+but was ultimately made out.  A passage in a letter chiefly relating to
+Leschenaultia seems to show that it was only in the spring of 1860 that he
+began widely to apply his knowledge to the relation of insects to other
+flowers.  This is somewhat surprising, when we remember that he had read
+Sprengel many years before.  He wrote (May 14):--
+
+"I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to visits
+of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."
+
+Even in July 1862 he wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"There is no end to the adaptations.  Ought not these cases to make one
+very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts?  I fully believe
+that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in relation to
+insects.  Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the witty
+"Athenaeum") world."
+
+He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that several
+kinds are common near Down.  The letters of 1860 show that these plants
+occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part of the
+summer and all the autumn to the subject.  He evidently considered himself
+idle for wasting time on Orchids, which ought to have been given to
+'Variation under Domestication.'  Thus he wrote:--
+
+"There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not sticking
+to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks.  I hear that Lyell is
+savage at me.  I shall never resist Linum next summer."
+
+It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking and
+familiar facts in the book, namely, the manner in which the pollen masses
+in Orchis are adapted for removal by insects.  He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+July 12:--
+
+"I have been examining Orchis pyramidalis, and it almost equals, perhaps
+even beats, your Listera case; the sticky glands are congenitally united
+into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of movement, and seizes
+hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable manner, and then another
+movement takes place in the pollen masses, by which they are beautifully
+adapted to leave pollen on the two LATERAL stigmatic surfaces.  I never saw
+anything so beautiful."
+
+In June of the same year he wrote:--
+
+"You speak of adaptation being rarely VISIBLE, though present in plants.  I
+have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I think
+its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and plain,
+or even more beautiful than in the Woodpecker.  I have written and sent a
+notice for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" (June 9, 1860.  This seems to have
+attracted some attention, especially among entomologists, as it was
+reprinted in the "Entomologists Weekly Intelligencer", 1860.), on a curious
+difficulty in the Bee Orchis, and should much like to hear what you think
+of the case.  In this article I have incidentally touched on adaptation to
+visits of insects; but the contrivance to keep the sticky glands fresh and
+sticky beats almost everything in nature.  I never remember having seen it
+described, but it must have been, and, as I ought not in my book to give
+the observation as my own, I should be very glad to know where this
+beautiful contrivance is described."
+
+He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:--
+
+"Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common orchids,
+and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the hills, but I have
+been so struck with admiration at the contrivances, that I have sent a
+notice to the "Gardeners' Chronicle".  The Ophrys apifera, offers, as you
+will see, a curious contradiction in structure."
+
+Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+good use in the Orchid book.  He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):--
+
+"It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you, after
+examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me feel
+positive I am right!  I do not quite understand some of your terms; but
+sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am intensely
+interested on the subject, just as at a game of chess."
+
+This work was valuable from a systematic point of view.  In 1880 he wrote
+to Mr. Bentham:--
+
+"It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchideae, for it has
+pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the LEAST use to
+you about the nature of the parts."
+
+The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown in
+such extracts as the following from a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (July 27,
+1861):--
+
+"You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me.  They came safe,
+but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa- or snuff-canister much
+safer.  I enclose postage.  As an account of the movement, I shall allude
+to what I suppose is Oncidium, to make CERTAIN,--is the enclosed flower
+with crumpled petals this genus?  Also I most specially want to know what
+the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is.  I have only seen pollen of a
+Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not unintentionally sent me what I
+wanted most (after Catasetum or Mormodes), viz. one of the Epidendreae?!  I
+PARTICULARLY want (and will presently tell you why) another spike of this
+little Orchid, with older flowers, some even almost withered."
+
+His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray (1863). 
+referring to Cruger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:--"Happy man, he has
+actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with the pollinia
+sticking to their backs!"
+
+The following extracts of letters to Sir J.D. Hooker illustrate further the
+interest which his work excited in him:--
+
+"Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning.  What wonderful structures!
+
+"I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I enjoy
+looking at them MUCH, and it has been very useful to me, seeing so many
+different forms, it is idleness.  For my object each species requires
+studying for days.  I wish you had time to take up the group.  I would give
+a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have traced so many
+curious modifications.  I suppose it cannot be one of the stigmas (It is a
+modification of the upper stigma.), there seems a great tendency for two
+lateral stigmas to appear.  My paper, though touching on only subordinate
+points will run, I fear, to 100 MS. folio pages!  The beauty of the
+adaptation of parts seems to me unparalleled.  I should think or guess waxy
+pollen was most differentiated.  In Cypripedium which seems least modified,
+and a much exterminated group, the grains are single.  In ALL OTHERS, as
+far as I have seen, they are in packets of four; and these packets cohere
+into many wedge-formed masses in Orchis; into eight, four, and finally two. 
+It seems curious that a flower should exist, which could AT MOST fertilise
+only two other flowers, seeing how abundant pollen generally is; this fact
+I look at as explaining the perfection of the contrivance by which the
+pollen, so important from its fewness, is carried from flower to flower"
+(1861).
+
+"I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the Orchids
+came.  What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you really must
+not take an atom more; for the Orchids are more play than real work.  I
+have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked all morning at
+them; for heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more" (August 30, 1861).
+
+He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+Linnean Society's Journal, but it soon became evident that a separate
+volume would be a more suitable form of publication.  In a letter to Sir
+J.D. Hooker, September 24, 1861, he writes:--
+
+"I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and perhaps
+in truth I have.  When I finished a few days ago my Orchis paper, which
+turns out 140 folio pages!! and thought of the expense of woodcuts, I said
+to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society to withdraw it, and publish it
+in a pamphlet.  It then flashed on me that perhaps Murray would publish it,
+so I gave him a cautious description, and offered to share risks and
+profits.  This morning he writes that he will publish and take all risks,
+and share profits and pay for all illustrations.  It is a risk, and heaven
+knows whether it will not be a dead failure, but I have not deceived
+Murray, and [have] told him that it would interest those alone who cared
+much for natural history.  I hope I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the
+many special contrivances."
+
+He wrote the two following letters to Mr. Murray about the publication of
+the book:]
+
+Down, September 21 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Will you have the kindness to give me your opinion, which I shall
+implicitly follow.  I have just finished a very long paper intended for
+Linnean Society (the title is enclosed), and yesterday for the first time
+it occurred to me that POSSIBLY it might be worth publishing separately
+which would save me trouble and delay.  The facts are new, and have been
+collected during twenty years and strike me as curious.  Like a Bridgewater
+treatise, the chief object is to show the perfection of the many
+contrivances in Orchids.  The subject of propagation is interesting to most
+people, and is treated in my paper so that any woman could read it.  Parts
+are dry and purely scientific; but I think my paper would interest a good
+many of such persons who care for Natural History, but no others.
+
+...It would be a very little book, and I believe you think very little
+books objectionable.  I have myself GREAT doubts on the subject.  I am very
+apt to think that my geese are swans; but the subject seems to me curious
+and interesting.
+
+I beg you not to be guided in the least in order to oblige me, but as far
+as you can judge, please give me your opinion.  If I were to publish
+separately, I would agree to any terms, such as half risk and half profit,
+or what you liked; but I would not publish on my sole risk, for to be
+frank, I have been told that no publisher whatever, under such
+circumstances, cares for the success of a book.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY.
+Down, September 24 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged for your note and very liberal offer.  I have had
+some qualms and fears.  All that I can feel sure of is that the MS.
+contains many new and curious facts, and I am sure the Essay would have
+interested me, and will interest those who feel lively interest in the
+wonders of nature; but how far the public will care for such minute
+details, I cannot at all tell.  It is a bold experiment; and at worst,
+cannot entail much loss; as a certain amount of sale will, I think, be
+pretty certain.  A large sale is out of the question.  As far as I can
+judge, generally the points which interest me I find interest others; but I
+make the experiment with fear and trembling,--not for my own sake, but for
+yours...
+
+
+[On September 28th he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back.  I
+have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing my
+paper, a most ridiculous thing.  It would annoy me much, but only for
+Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."
+
+There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still receiving
+Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"It is impossible to thank you enough.  I was almost mad at the wealth of
+Orchids."  And again--
+
+"Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be irritable;
+so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech you, observe
+what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must be touched. 
+Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum, the most
+wonderful Orchid I have seen."
+
+On October 13th he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature.  I have had the hardest
+day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand at
+last the mechanism of movements and the functions.  Catasetum is a
+beautiful case of slight modification of structure leading to new
+functions.  I never was more interested in any subject in my life than in
+this of Orchids.  I owe very much to you."
+
+Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:--
+
+"If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall be
+most grateful; had I not better send for it?  The case is truly marvellous;
+the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch is certainly
+transmitted through the antennae for more than one inch INSTANTANEOUSLY...A
+cursed insect or something let my last flower off last night."
+
+Professor de Candolle has remarked ('Darwin considere, etc.,' 'Archives des
+Sciences Physiques et Naturelles,' 3eme periode.  Tome vii. 481, 1882
+(May).) of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui qui aurait demande de construire
+des palais pour y loger des laboratoires."  This was singularly true of his
+orchid work, or rather it would be nearer the truth to say that he had no
+laboratory, for it was only after the publication of the 'Fertilisation of
+Orchids,' that he built himself a greenhouse.  He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(December 24th, 1862):--
+
+"And now I am going to tell you a MOST important piece of news!!  I have
+almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really first-
+rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and see that
+it is well done, and he is really a clever fellow, who wins lots of prizes,
+and is very observant.  He believes that we should succeed with a little
+patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to experiment with plants."
+
+Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):--
+
+"I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+just like a schoolboy.  Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+give me; and then I shall know what to order?  And do advise me how I had
+better get such plants as you can SPARE.  Would it do to send my tax-cart
+early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the cart with
+mats, and arriving here before night?  I have no idea whether this degree
+of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could injure stove-
+plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the journey home."
+
+A week later he wrote:--
+
+"you cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than your
+dead Wedgwood ware can give you); and I go and gloat over them, but we
+privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own, perhaps
+we should not see such transcendent beauty in each leaf."
+
+And in March, when he was extremely unwell he wrote:--
+
+"A few words about the Stove-plants; they do so amuse me.  I have crawled
+to see them two or three times.  Will you correct and answer, and return
+enclosed.  I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names (His
+difficulty with regard to the names of plants is illustrated, with regard
+to a Lupine on which he was at work, in an extract from a letter (July 21,
+1866) to Sir J.D. Hooker:  "I sent to the nursery garden, whence I bought
+the seed, and could only hear that it was 'the common blue Lupine,' the man
+saying 'he was no scholard, and did not know Latin, and that parties who
+make experiments ought to find out the names.'"), and I like much to know
+the family."
+
+The book was published May 15th, 1862.  Of its reception he writes to
+Murray, June 13th and 18th:--
+
+"The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies.  Some one sent me
+(perhaps you) the 'Parthenon,' with a good review.  The "Athenaeum" (May
+24, 1862.) treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer
+knew nothing of his subject."
+
+"There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the 'London Review,'
+(June 14, 1862.)  But I have not been a fool, as I thought I was, to
+publish (Doubts on this point still, however, occurred to him about this
+time.  He wrote to Prof. Oliver (June 8):  "I am glad that you have read my
+Orchis-book and seem to approve of it; for I never published anything which
+I so much doubted whether it was worth publishing, and indeed I still
+doubt.  The subject interested me beyond what, I suppose, it is worth.");
+for Asa Gray, about the most competent judge in the world, thinks almost as
+highly of the book as does the 'London Review.'  The "Athenaeum" will
+hinder the sale greatly."
+
+The Rev. M.J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the 'London Review,'
+as my father learned from Sir J.D. Hooker, who added, 'I thought it very
+well done indeed.  I have read a good deal of the Orchid-book, and echo all
+he says."
+
+To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):--
+
+"My dear Old Friend,
+
+You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart, but you will never know
+how often you have warmed mine.  It is not your approbation of my
+scientific work (though I care for that more than for any one's):  it is
+something deeper.  To this day I remember keenly a letter you wrote to me
+from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and how it cheered me when I was
+utterly weary of life.  Well, my Orchis-book is a success (but I do not
+know whether it sells.)"
+
+In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:--
+
+"You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and Oliver
+approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness, and doubted
+whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and concocted pleasant
+little stinging remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr. Darwin's head seems to
+have been turned by a certain degree of success, and he thinks that the
+most trifling observations are worth publication.'"
+
+Mr. Bentham's approval was given in his Presidential Address to the Linnean
+Society, May 24, 1862, and was all the more valuable because it came from
+one who was by no means supposed to be favourable to evolutionary
+doctrines.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, June 10 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Your generous sympathy makes you overestimate what you have read of my
+Orchid-book.  But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+foolish amount of satisfaction.  The subject interested me, I knew, beyond
+its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made myself a
+complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form.  Now I shall
+confidently defy the world.  I have heard that Bentham and Oliver approve
+of it; but I have heard the opinion of no one else whose opinion is worth a
+farthing...No doubt my volume contains much error:  how curiously difficult
+it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost.  Your notes have interested
+me beyond measure.  I can now afford to d-- my critics with ineffable
+complacency of mind.  Cordial thanks for this benefit.  It is surprising to
+me that you should have strength of mind to care for science, amidst the
+awful events daily occurring in your country.  I daily look at the "Times"
+with almost as much interest as an American could do.  When will peace
+come? it is dreadful to think of the desolation of large parts of your
+magnificent country; and all the speechless misery suffered by many.  I
+hope and think it not unlikely that we English are wrong in concluding that
+it will take a long time for prosperity to return to you.  It is an awful
+subject to reflect on...
+
+
+[Dr. Asa Gray reviewed the book in 'Silliman's Journal' ('Silliman's
+Journal,' volume xxiv. page 138.  Here is given an account of the
+fertilisation of Platanthera Hookeri.  P. hyperborea is discussed in Dr.
+Gray's 'Enumeration' in the same volume, page 259; also, with other
+species, in a second notice of the Orchid-book at page 420.), where he
+speaks, in strong terms, of the fascination which it must have for even
+slightly instructed readers.  He made, too, some original observations on
+an American orchid, and these first-fruits of the subject, sent in MS. or
+proof sheet to my father, were welcomed by him in a letter (July 23rd):--
+
+"Last night, after writing the above, I read the great bundle of notes. 
+Little did I think what I had to read.  What admirable observations!  You
+have distanced me on my own hobby-horse!  I have not had for weeks such a
+glow of pleasure as your observations gave me."
+
+The next letter refers to the publication of the review:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, July 28 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I hardly know what to thank for first.  Your stamps gave infinite
+satisfaction.  I took him (One of his boys who was ill.) first one lot, and
+then an hour afterwards another lot.  He actually raised himself on one
+elbow to look at them.  It was the first animation he showed.  He said
+only:  "You must thank Professor Gray awfully."  In the evening after a
+long silence, there came out the oracular sentence:  "He is awfully kind." 
+And indeed you are, overworked as you are, to take so much trouble for our
+poor dear little man.--And now I must begin the "awfullys" on my own
+account:  what a capital notice you have published on the orchids!  It
+could not have been better; but I fear that you overrate it.  I am very
+sure that I had not the least idea that you or any one would approve of it
+so much.  I return your last note for the chance of your publishing any
+notice on the subject; but after all perhaps you may not think it worth
+while; yet in my judgment SEVERAL of your facts, especially Platanthera
+hyperborea, are MUCH too good to be merged in a review.  But I have always
+noticed that you are prodigal in originality in your reviews...
+
+
+[Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", writing
+in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor.  My father
+wrote to Sir Joseph (November 12, 1862):--
+
+"So you did write the review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".  Once or twice
+I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap at R.
+Brown, I doubted no longer.  You arch-rogue!  I do not wonder you have
+deceived others also.  Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you have
+much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming from you I
+value it much more than from any other."
+
+With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I am
+fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists."  Among
+naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+appreciation of the book.  I have no means of knowing when he read it, but
+in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic in
+praise of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' which he considered "next to the
+'Origin,' as the most valuable of all Darwin's works."  Among the general
+public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus he wrote to
+his cousin Fox in September 1862:  "Hardly any one not a botanist, except
+yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."
+
+A favourable notice appeared in the "Saturday Review", October 18th, 1862;
+the reviewer points out that the book would escape the angry polemics
+aroused by the 'Origin.'  (Dr. Gray pointed out that if the Orchid-book
+(with a few trifling omissions) had appeared before the 'Origin,' the
+author would have been canonised rather than anathematised by the natural
+theologians.)  This is illustrated by a review in the "Literary Churchman",
+in which only one fault found, namely, that Mr. Darwin's expression of
+admiration at the contrivances in orchids is too indirect a way of saying,
+"O Lord, how manifold are Thy works!"
+
+A somewhat similar criticism occurs in the 'Edinburgh Review' (October
+1862).  The writer points out that Mr. Darwin constantly uses phrases, such
+as "beautiful contrivance," "the labellum is...IN ORDER TO attract," "the
+nectar is PURPOSELY lodged."  The Reviewer concludes his discussion thus: 
+"We know, too that these purposes and ideas are not our own, but the ideas
+and purposes of Another."
+
+The 'Edinburgh' reviewer's treatment of this subject was criticised in the
+"Saturday Review", November 15th, 1862:  With reference to this article my
+father wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (December 29th, 1862):--
+
+"Here is an odd chance; my nephew Henry Parker, an Oxford Classic, and
+Fellow of Oriel, came here this evening; and I asked him whether he knew
+who had written the little article in the "Saturday", smashing the
+[Edinburgh reviewer], which we liked; and after a little hesitation he
+owned he had.  I never knew that he wrote in the "Saturday"; and was it not
+an odd chance?"
+
+The 'Edinburgh' article was written by the Duke of Argyll, and has since
+been made use of in his 'Reign of Law,' 1867.  Mr. Wallace replied
+('Quarterly Journal of Science,' October 1867.  Republished in 'Natural
+Selection,' 1871.) to the Duke's criticisms, making some specially good
+remarks on those which refer to orchids.  He shows how, by a "beautiful
+self-acting adjustment," the nectary of the orchid Angraecum (from 10 to 14
+inches in length), and the proboscis of a moth sufficiently long to reach
+the nectar, might be developed by natural selection.  He goes on to point
+out that on any other theory we must suppose that the flower was created
+with an enormously long nectary, and that then by a special act, an insect
+was created fitted to visit the flower, which would otherwise remain
+sterile.  With regard to this point my father wrote (October 12 or 13,
+1867):--
+
+"I forgot to remark how capitally you turn the tables on the Duke, when you
+make him create the Angraecum and Moth by special creation."
+
+If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers, we
+do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book.  There are a few
+papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and by
+Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+Hildebrand, and the Mullers, did not begin to appear until about 1867.  The
+period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before they
+became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short.  The later
+activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact that the
+valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson in his translation
+of Muller's 'Befruchtung' (1883), contains references to 814 papers.
+
+Besides the book on Orchids, my father wrote two or three papers on the
+subject, which will be found mentioned in the Appendix.  The earliest of
+these, on the three sexual forms of Catasetum, was published in 1862; it is
+an anticipation of part of the Orchid-book, and was merely published in the
+Linnean Society's Journal, in acknowledgment of the use made of a specimen
+in the Society's possession.  The possibility of apparently distinct
+species being merely sexual forms of a single species, suggested a
+characteristic experiment, which is alluded to in the following letter to
+one of his earliest disciples in the study of the fertilisation of
+flowers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE.  (The late Mr. Moggridge, author
+of 'Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders,' 'Flora of Mentone,' etc.)
+Down, October 13 [1865].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am especially obliged to you for your beautiful plates and letter-press;
+for no single point in natural history interests and perplexes me so much
+as the self-fertilisation (He once remarked to Dr. Norman Moore that one of
+the things that made him wish to live a few thousand years, was his desire
+to see the extinction of the Bee-orchis,--an end to which he believed its
+self-fertilising habit was leading.) of the Bee-orchis.  You have already
+thrown some light on the subject, and your present observations promise to
+throw more.
+
+I formed two conjectures:  first, that some insect during certain seasons
+might cross the plants, but I have almost given up this; nevertheless, pray
+have a look at the flowers next season.  Secondly, I conjectured that the
+Spider and Bee-orchis might be a crossing and self-fertile form of the same
+species.  Accordingly I wrote some years ago to an acquaintance, asking him
+to mark some Spider-orchids, and observe whether they retained the same
+character; but he evidently thought the request as foolish as if I had
+asked him to mark one of his cows with a ribbon, to see if it would turn
+next spring into a horse.  Now will you be so kind as to tie a string round
+the stem of a half-a-dozen Spider-orchids, and when you leave Mentone dig
+them up, and I would try and cultivate them and see if they kept constant;
+but I should require to know in what sort of soil and situations they grow. 
+It would be indispensable to mark the plant so that there could be no
+mistake about the individual.  It is also just possible that the same plant
+would throw up, at different seasons different flower-scapes, and the
+marked plants would serve as evidence.
+
+With many thanks, my dear sir,
+Yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I send by this post my paper on climbing plants, parts of which you
+might like to read.
+
+[Sir Thomas Farrer and Dr. W. Ogle were also guided and encouraged by my
+father in their observations.  The following refers to a paper by Sir
+Thomas Farrer, in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 1868, on
+the fertilisation of the Scarlet Runner:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER.
+Down, September 15, 1868.
+
+My dear Mr. Farrer,
+
+I grieve to say that the MAIN features of your case are known.  I am the
+sinner and described them some ten years ago.  But I overlooked many
+details, as the appendage to the single stamen, and several other points. 
+I send my notes, but I must beg for their return, as I have NO OTHER COPY. 
+I quite agree, the facts are most striking, especially as you put them. 
+Are you sure that the Hive-bee is the cutter? it is against my experience. 
+If sure, make the point more prominent, or if not sure, erase it.  I do not
+think the subject is quite new enough for the Linnean Society; but I dare
+say the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' or "Gardeners' Chronicle"
+would gladly publish your observations, and it is a great pity they should
+be lost.  If you like I would send your paper to either quarter with a
+note.  In this case you must give a title, and your name, and perhaps it
+would be well to premise your remarks with a line of reference to my paper
+stating that you had observed independently and more fully.
+
+I have read my own paper over after an interval of several years, and am
+amused at the caution with which I put the case that the final end was for
+crossing distinct individuals, of which I was then as fully convinced as
+now, but I knew that the doctrine would shock all botanists.  Now the
+opinion is becoming familiar.
+
+To see penetration of pollen-tubes is not difficult, but in most cases
+requires some practice with dissecting under a one-tenth of an inch focal
+distance single lens; and just at first this will seem to you extremely
+difficult.
+
+What a capital observer you are--a first-rate Naturalist has been
+sacrificed, or partly sacrificed to Public life.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you come across any large Salvia, look at it--the contrivance is
+admirable.  It went to my heart to tell a man who came here a few weeks ago
+with splendid drawings and MS. on Salvia, that the work had been all done
+in Germany.  (Dr. W. Ogle, the observer of the fertilisation of Salvia here
+alluded to, published his results in the 'Pop. Science Review,' 1869.  He
+refers both gracefully and gratefully to his relationship with my father in
+the introduction to his translation of Kerner's 'Flowers and their Unbidden
+Guests.')
+
+
+[The following extract is from a letter, November 26th, 1868, to Sir Thomas
+Farrer, written as I learn from him, "in answer to a request for some
+advice as to the best modes of observation."
+
+"In my opinion the best plan is to go on working and making copious notes,
+without much thought of publication, and then if the results turn out
+striking publish them.  It is my impression, but I do not feel sure that I
+am right, that the best and most novel plan would be, instead of describing
+the means of fertilisation in particular plants, to investigate the part
+which certain structures play with all plants or throughout certain orders;
+for instance, the brush of hairs on the style, or the diadelphous condition
+of the stamens, in the Leguminosae, or the hairs within the corolla, etc.
+etc.  Looking to your note, I think that this is perhaps the plan which you
+suggest.
+
+"It is well to remember that Naturalists value observations far more than
+reasoning; therefore your conclusions should be as often as possible
+fortified by noticing how insects actually do the work."
+
+In 1869, Sir Thomas Farrer corresponded with my father on the fertilisation
+of Passiflora and of Tacsonia.  He has given me his impressions of the
+correspondence:--
+
+"I had suggested that the elaborate series of chevaux-de-frise, by which
+the nectary of the common Passiflora is guarded, were specially calculated
+to protect the flower from the stiff-beaked humming birds which would not
+fertilise it, and to facilitate the access of the little proboscis of the
+humble bee, which would do so; whilst, on the other hand, the long pendent
+tube and flexible valve-like corona which retains the nectar of Tacsonia
+would shut out the bee, which would not, and admit the humming bird which
+would, fertilise that flower.  The suggestion is very possibly worthless,
+and could only be verified or refuted by examination of flowers in the
+countries where they grow naturally...What interested me was to see that on
+this as on almost any other point of detailed observation, Mr. Darwin could
+always say, 'Yes; but at one time I made some observations myself on this
+particular point; and I think you will find, etc. etc.'  That he should
+after years of interval remember that he had noticed the peculiar structure
+to which I was referring in the Passiflora princeps struck me at the time
+as very remarkable."
+
+With regard to the spread of a belief in the adaptation of flowers for
+cross-fertilisation, my father wrote to Mr. Bentham April 22, 1868:
+
+"Most of the criticisms which I sometimes meet with in French works against
+the frequency of crossing, I am certain are the result of mere ignorance. 
+I have never hitherto found the rule to fail that when an author describes
+the structure of a flower as specially adapted for self-fertilisation, it
+is really adapted for crossing.  The Fumariaceae offer a good instance of
+this, and Treviranus threw this order in my teeth; but in Corydalis,
+Hildebrand shows how utterly false the idea of self-fertilisation is.  This
+author's paper on Salvia is really worth reading, and I have observed some
+species, and know that he is accurate."
+
+The next letter refers to Professor Hildebrand's paper on Corydalis,
+published in the 'Proc. Internat. Hort. Congress,' London, 1866, and in
+Pringsheim's 'Jahrbucher,' volume v.  The memoir on Salvia alluded to is
+contained in the previous volume of the same Journal:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND.  (Professor of Botany at Freiburg.)
+Down, May 16 [1866].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+The state of my health prevents my attending the Hort. Congress; but I
+forwarded yesterday your paper to the secretary, and if they are not
+overwhelmed with papers, yours will be gladly received.  I have made many
+observations on the Fumariaceae, and convinced myself that they were
+adapted for insect agency; but I never observed anything nearly so curious
+as your most interesting facts.  I hope you will repeat your experiments on
+the Corydalis on a larger scale, and especially on several distinct plants;
+for your plant might have been individually peculiar, like certain
+individual plants of Lobelia, etc., described by Gartner, and of Passiflora
+and Orchids described by Mr. Scott...
+
+Since writing to you before, I have read your admirable memoir on Salvia,
+and it has interested me almost as much as when I first investigated the
+structure of Orchids.  Your paper illustrates several points in my 'Origin
+of Species,' especially the transition of organs.  Knowing only two or
+three species in the genus, I had often marvelled how one cell of the
+anther could have been transformed into the movable plate or spoon; and how
+well you show the gradations; but I am surprised that you did not more
+strongly insist on this point.
+
+I shall be still more surprised if you do not ultimately come to the same
+belief with me, as shown by so many beautiful contrivances, that all plants
+require, from some unknown cause, to be occasionally fertilized by pollen
+from a distinct individual.  With sincere respect, believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to the late Hermann Muller's 'Befruchtung der
+Blumen,' by far the most valuable of the mass of literature originating in
+the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'  An English translation, by Prof. D'Arcy
+Thompson was published in 1883.  My father's "Prefatory Notice" to this
+work is dated February 6, 1882, and is therefore almost the last of his
+writings:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER.
+Down, May 5, 1873.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Owing to all sorts of interruptions and to my reading German so slowly, I
+have read only to page 88 of your book; but I must have the pleasure of
+telling you how very valuable a work it appears to me.  Independently of
+the many original observations, which of course form the most important
+part, the work will be of the highest use as a means of reference to all
+that has been done on the subject.  I am fairly astonished at the number of
+species of insects, the visits of which to different flowers you have
+recorded.  You must have worked in the most indefatigable manner.  About
+half a year ago the editor of 'Nature' suggested that it would be a grand
+undertaking if a number of naturalists were to do what you have already
+done on so large a scale with respect to the visits of insects.  I have
+been particularly glad to read your historical sketch, for I had never
+before seen all the references put together.  I have sometimes feared that
+I was in error when I said that C.K. Sprengel did not fully perceive that
+cross-fertilisation was the final end of the structure of flowers; but now
+this fear is relieved, and it is a great satisfaction to me to believe that
+I have aided in making his excellent book more generally known.  Nothing
+has surprised me more than to see in your historical sketch how much I
+myself have done on the subject, as it never before occurred to me to think
+of all my papers as a whole.  But I do not doubt that your generous
+appreciation of the labours of others has led you to over-estimate what I
+have done.  With very sincere thanks and respect, believe me,
+
+Yours faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I have mentioned your book to almost every one who, as far as I know,
+cares for the subject in England; and I have ordered a copy to be send to
+our Royal Society.
+
+
+[The next letter, to Dr. Behrens, refers to the same subject as the last:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. BEHRENS.
+Down, August 29 [1878].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged to you for having sent me your 'Geschichte der
+Bestaubungs-Theorie' (Progr. der K. Gewerbschule zu Elberfeld, 1877,
+1878.), and which has interested me much.  It has put some things in a new
+light, and has told me other things which I did not know.  I heartily agree
+with you in your high appreciation of poor old C. Sprengel's work; and one
+regrets bitterly that he did not live to see his labours thus valued.  It
+rejoices me also to notice how highly you appreciate H. Muller, who has
+always seemed to me an admirable observer and reasoner.  I am at present
+endeavouring to persuade an English publisher to bring out a translation of
+his 'Befruchtung.'
+
+Lastly, permit me to thank you for your very generous remarks on my works. 
+By placing what I have been able to do on this subject in systematic order,
+you have made me think more highly of my own work than I ever did before! 
+Nevertheless, I fear that you have done me more than justice.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully and obliged,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The letter which follows was called forth by Dr. Gray's article in
+'Nature,' to which reference has already been made, and which appeared June
+4, 1874:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I was rejoiced to see your hand-writing again in your note of the 4th, of
+which more anon.  I was astonished to see announced about a week ago that
+you were going to write in 'Nature' an article on me, and this morning I
+received an advance copy.  It is the grandest thing ever written about me,
+especially as coming from a man like yourself.  It has deeply pleased me,
+particularly some of your side remarks.  It is a wonderful thing to me to
+live to see my name coupled in any fashion with that of Robert Brown.  But
+you are a bold man, for I am sure that you will be sneered at by not a few
+botanists.  I have never been so honoured before, and I hope it will do me
+good and make me try to be as careful as possible; and good heavens, how
+difficult accuracy is!  I feel a very proud man, but I hope this won't
+last...
+
+
+[Fritz Muller has observed that the flowers of Hedychium are so arranged
+that the pollen is removed by the wings of hovering butterflies.  My
+father's prediction of this observation is given in the following letter:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER.
+Down, August 7, 1876.
+
+...I was much interested by your brother's article on Hedychium; about two
+years ago I was so convinced that the flowers were fertilized by the tips
+of the wings of large moths, that I wrote to India to ask a man to observe
+the flowers and catch the moths at work, and he sent me 20 to 30 Sphinx-
+moths, but so badly packed that they all arrived in fragments; and I could
+make out nothing...
+
+Yours sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter (February 25, 1864), to Dr. Gray
+refers to another prediction fulfilled:--
+
+"I have of course seen no one, and except good dear Hooker, I hear from no
+one.  He, like a good and true friend, though so overworked, often writes
+to me.
+
+"I have had one letter which has interested me greatly, with a paper, which
+will appear in the Linnean Journal, by Dr. Cruger of Trinidad, which shows
+that I am all right about Catasetum, even to the spot where the pollinia
+adhere to the bees, which visit the flower, as I said, to gnaw the
+labellum.  Cruger's account of Coryanthes and the use of the bucket-like
+labellum full of water beats everything:  I SUSPECT that the bees being
+well wetted flattens their hairs, and allows the viscid disc to adhere."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA.
+Down, December 24, 1877.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your long and most interesting letter, which I
+should have answered sooner had it not been delayed in London.  I had not
+heard before that I was to be proposed as a Corresponding Member of the
+Institute.  Living so retired a life as I do, such honours affect me very
+little, and I can say with entire truth that your kind expression of
+sympathy has given and will give me much more pleasure than the election
+itself, should I be elected.
+
+Your idea that dicotyledonous plants were not developed in force until
+sucking insects had been evolved seems to me a splendid one.  I am
+surprised that the idea never occurred to me, but this is always the case
+when one first hears a new and simple explanation of some mysterious
+phenomenon...I formerly showed that we might fairly assume that the beauty
+of flowers, their sweet odour and copious nectar, may be attributed to the
+existence of flower-haunting insects, but your idea, which I hope you will
+publish, goes much further and is much more important.  With respect to the
+great development of mammifers in the later Geological periods following
+from the development of dicotyledons, I think it ought to be proved that
+such animals as deer, cows, horses, etc. could not flourish if fed
+exclusively on the gramineae and other anemophilous monocotyledons; and I
+do not suppose that any evidence on this head exists.
+
+Your suggestion of studying the manner of fertilisation of the surviving
+members of the most ancient forms of the dicotyledons is a very good one,
+and I hope that you will keep it in mind yourself, for I have turned my
+attention to other subjects.  Delpino I think says that Magnolia is
+fertilised by insects which gnaw the petals, and I should not be surprised
+if the same fact holds good with Nymphaea.  Whenever I have looked at the
+flowers of these latter plants I have felt inclined to admit the view that
+petals are modified stamens, and not modified leaves; though Poinsettia
+seems to show that true leaves might be converted into coloured petals.  I
+grieve to say that I have never been properly grounded in Botany and have
+studied only special points--therefore I cannot pretend to express any
+opinion on your remarks on the origin of the flowers of the Coniferae,
+Gnetaceae, etc.; but I have been delighted with what you say on the
+conversion of a monoecious species into a hermaphrodite one by the
+condensations of the verticils on a branch bearing female flowers near the
+summit, and male flowers below.
+
+I expect Hooker to come here before long, and I will then show him your
+drawing, and if he makes any important remarks I will communicate with you. 
+He is very busy at present in clearing off arrears after his American
+Expedition, so that I do not like to trouble him, even with the briefest
+note.  I am at present working with my son at some Physiological subjects,
+and we are arriving at very curious results, but they are not as yet
+sufficiently certain to be worth communicating to you...
+
+
+[In 1877 a second edition of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' was published,
+the first edition having been for some time out of print.  The new edition
+was remodelled and almost re-written, and a large amount of new matter
+added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz Muller.
+
+With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book.  After much doubt I
+have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that is
+to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the small
+quantity of work left in me for new matter."
+
+He may have felt a diminution of his powers of reviewing large bodies of
+facts, such as would be needed in the preparation of new editions, but his
+powers of observation were certainly not diminished.  He wrote to Mr. Dyer
+on July 14, 1878:]
+
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+Thalia dealbata was sent me from Kew:  it has flowered and after looking
+casually at the flowers, they have driven me almost mad, and I have worked
+at them for a week:  it is as grand a case as that of Catasetum.
+
+Pistil vigorously motile (so that whole flower shakes when pistil suddenly
+coils up); when excited by a touch the two filaments [are] produced
+laterally and transversely across the flower (just over the nectar) from
+one of the petals or modified stamens.  It is splendid to watch the
+phenomenon under a weak power when a bristle is inserted into a YOUNG
+flower which no insect has visited.  As far as I know Stylidium is the sole
+case of sensitive pistil and here it is the pistil + stamens.  In Thalia
+(Hildebrand has described an explosive arrangement in some of the
+Maranteae--the tribe to which Thalia belongs.) cross-fertilisation is
+ensured by the wonderful movement, if bees visit several flowers.
+
+I have now relieved my mind and will tell the purport of this note--viz. if
+any other species of Thalia besides T. dealbata should flower with you, for
+the love of heaven and all the saints, send me a few in TIN BOX WITH DAMP
+MOSS.
+
+Your insane friend,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In 1878 Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's interesting book, 'Flowers and
+their Unbidden Guests,' was published.  My father, who felt much interest
+in the translation (as appears in the following letter), contributed some
+prefatory words of approval:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE.
+Down, December 16 [1878].
+
+...I have now read Kerner's book, which is better even than I anticipated.
+The translation seems to me as clear as daylight, and written in forcible
+and good familiar English.  I am rather afraid that it is too good for the
+English public, which seems to like very washy food, unless it be
+administered by some one whose name is well-known, and then I suspect a
+good deal of the unintelligible is very pleasing to them.  I hope to heaven
+that I may be wrong.  Anyhow, you and Mrs. Ogle have done a right good
+service for Botanical Science.  Yours very sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You have done me much honour in your prefatory remarks.
+
+
+[One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to Mr.
+Bentham, February 16, 1880.  It shows the amount of pleasure which this
+subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him) that his
+reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations which
+preceded its publication.  Not to the applause which followed it:--
+
+"They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think with a
+glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in their
+method of fertilisation."]
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI.
+
+THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND SELF-FERTILISATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.'
+
+1876.
+
+[This book, as pointed out in the 'Autobiography,' is a complement to the
+'Fertilisation of Orchids,' because it shows how important are the results
+of cross-fertilisation which are ensured by the mechanisms described in
+that book.
+
+By proving that the offspring of cross-fertilisation are more vigorous than
+the offspring of self-fertilisation, he showed that one circumstance which
+influences the fate of young plants in the struggle for life is the degree
+to which their parents are fitted for cross-fertilisation.  He thus
+convinced himself that the intensity of the struggle (which he had
+elsewhere shown to exist among young plants) is a measure of the strength
+of a selective agency perpetually sifting out every modification in the
+structure of flowers which can effect its capabilities for cross-
+fertilisation.
+
+The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality.  The increased vigour
+resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to the
+advantage gained by change of conditions.  So strongly is this the case,
+that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to the
+offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+conditions.  So that the really important thing is not that two individuals
+of different BLOOD shall unite, but two individuals which have been
+subjected to different conditions.  We are thus led to believe that
+sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not follow
+if reproductions were entirely asexual.
+
+It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of experimental
+work, owed its origin to a chance observation.  My father had raised two
+beds of Linaria vulgaris--one set being the offspring of cross- and the
+other of self-fertilisation.  These plants were grown for the sake of some
+observations on inheritance, and not with any view to cross-breeding, and
+he was astonished to observe that the offspring of self-fertilisation were
+clearly less vigorous than the others.  It seemed incredible to him that
+this result could be due to a single act of self-fertilisation, and it was
+only in the following year when precisely the same result occurred in the
+case of a similar experiment on inheritance in Carnations, that his
+attention was "thoroughly aroused" and that he determined to make a series
+of experiments specially directed to the question.  The following letters
+give some account of the work in question.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+September 10, [1866?].
+
+...I have just begun a large course of experiments on the germination of
+the seed, and on the growth of the young plants when raised from a pistil
+fertilised by pollen from the same flower, and from pollen from a distinct
+plant of the same, or of some other variety.  I have not made sufficient
+experiments to judge certainly, but in some cases the difference in the
+growth of the young plants is highly remarkable.  I have taken every kind
+of precaution in getting seed from the same plant, in germinating the seed
+on my own chimney-piece, in planting the seedlings in the same flower-pot,
+and under this similar treatment I have seen the young seedlings from the
+crossed seed exactly twice as tall as the seedlings from the self-
+fertilised seed; both seeds having germinated on the same day.  If I can
+establish this fact (but perhaps it will all go to the dogs), in some fifty
+cases, with plants of different orders, I think it will be very important,
+for then we shall positively know why the structure of every flower
+permits, or favours, or necessitates an occasional cross with a distinct
+individual.  But all this is rather cooking my hare before I have caught
+it.  But somehow it is a great pleasure to me to tell you what I am about. 
+Believe me, my dear Gray,
+
+Ever yours most truly, and with cordial thanks,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM.
+April 22, 1868.
+
+...I am experimenting on a very large scale on the difference in power of
+growth between plants raised from self-fertilised and crossed seeds; and it
+is no exaggeration to say that the difference in growth and vigour is
+sometimes truly wonderful.  Lyell, Huxley and Hooker have seen some of my
+plants, and been astonished; and I should much like to show them to you.  I
+always supposed until lately that no evil effects would be visible until
+after several generations of self-fertilisation; but now I see that one
+generation sometimes suffices; and the existence of dimorphic plants and
+all the wonderful contrivances of orchids are quite intelligible to me.
+
+With cordial thanks for your letter, which has pleased me greatly,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[An extract from a letter to Dr. Gray (March 11, 1873) mentions the
+progress of the work:--
+
+"I worked last summer hard at Drosera, but could not finish till I got
+fresh plants, and consequently took up the effects of crossing and self-
+fertilising plants, and am got so interested that Drosera must go to the
+dogs till I finish with this, and get it published; but then I will resume
+my beloved Drosera, and I heartily apologise for having sent the precious
+little things even for a moment to the dogs."
+
+The following letters give the author's impression of his own book.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY.
+Down, September 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have just received proofs in sheet of five sheets, so you will have to
+decide soon how many copies will have to be struck off.  I do not know what
+to advise.  The greater part of the book is extremely dry, and the whole on
+a special subject.  Nevertheless, I am convinced that the book is of value,
+and I am convinced that for MANY years copies will be occasionally sold. 
+Judging from the sale of my former books, and from supposing that some
+persons will purchase it to complete the set of my works, I would suggest
+1500.  But you must be guided by your larger experience.  I will only
+repeat that I am convinced the book is of some permanent value...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS.
+Down, September 27, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I sent by this morning's post the four first perfect sheets of my new book,
+the title of which you will see on the first page, and which will be
+published early in November.
+
+I am sorry to say that it is only shorter by a few pages than my
+'Insectivorous Plants.'  The whole is now in type, though I have corrected
+finally only half the volume.  You will, therefore, rapidly receive the
+remainder.  The book is very dull.  Chapters II. to VI., inclusive, are
+simply a record of experiments.  Nevertheless, I believe (though a man can
+never judge his own books) that the book is valuable.  You will have to
+decide whether it is worth translating.  I hope so.  It has cost me very
+great labour, and the results seem to me remarkable and well established.
+
+If you translate it, you could easily get aid for Chapters II. to VI., as
+there is here endless, but I have thought necessary repetition.  I shall be
+anxious to hear what you decide...
+
+I most sincerely hope that your health has been fairly good this summer.
+
+My dear Sir, yours very truly,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, October 28, 1876.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I send by this post all the clean sheets as yet printed, and I hope to send
+the remainder within a fortnight.  Please observe that the first six
+chapters are not readable, and the six last very dull.  Still I believe
+that the results are valuable.  If you review the book, I shall be very
+curious to see what you think of it, for I care more for your judgment than
+for that of almost any one else.  I know also that you will speak the
+truth, whether you approve or disapprove.  Very few will take the trouble
+to read the book, and I do not expect you to read the whole, but I hope you
+will read the latter chapters.
+
+...I am so sick of correcting the press and licking my horrid bad style
+into intelligible English.
+
+
+[The 'Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation' was published on November
+10, 1876, and 1500 copies were sold before the end of the year.  The
+following letter refers to a review in 'Nature' (February 15, 1877.):]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER.
+Down, February 16, 1877.
+
+Dear Dyer,
+
+I must tell you how greatly I am pleased and honoured by your article in
+'Nature,' which I have just read.  You are an adept in saying what will
+please an author, not that I suppose you wrote with this express intention. 
+I should be very well contented to deserve a fraction of your praise.  I
+have also been much interested, and this is better than mere pleasure, by
+your argument about the separation of the sexes.  I dare say that I am
+wrong, and will hereafter consider what you say more carefully:  but at
+present I cannot drive out of my head that the sexes must have originated
+from two individuals, slightly different, which conjugated.  But I am aware
+that some cases of conjugation are opposed to any such views.
+
+With hearty thanks,
+Yours sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII.
+
+'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.'
+
+1877.
+
+[The volume bearing the above title was published in 1877, and was
+dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+respect and affection."  It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+with the addition of a quantity of new matter.  The subjects treated in the
+book are:--
+
+1.  Heterostyled Plants.
+
+2.  Polygamous, Dioecious, and Gynodioecious Plants.
+
+3.  Cleistogamic Flowers.
+
+The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose, one
+of the best known examples of the class.  If a number of primroses be
+gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen to
+the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers with
+short styles.  Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes differing
+structurally from each other.  My father showed that they also differ
+sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes more nearly
+resembles that between separate sexes than any other known relationship. 
+Thus for example a long-styled primrose, though it can be fertilised by its
+own pollen, is not FULLY fertile unless it is impregnated by the pollen of
+a short-styled flower.  Heterostyled plants are comparable to hermaphrodite
+animals, such as snails, which require the concourse of two individuals,
+although each possesses both the sexual elements.  The difference is that
+in the case of the primrose it is PERFECT FERTILITY, and not simply
+FERTILITY, that depends on the mutual action of the two sets of
+individuals.
+
+The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the author
+attached much importance, on the problem of origin of species.  (See
+'Autobiography,' volume i.)
+
+He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between hybridisation
+and certain forms of fertilisation among heterostyled plants.  So that it
+is hardly an exaggeration to say that the "illegitimately" reared seedlings
+are hybrids, although both their parents belong to identically the same
+species.  In a letter to Professor Huxley, my father writes as if his
+researches on heterostyled plants tended to make him believe that sterility
+is a selected or acquired quality.  But in his later publications, e.g. in
+the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' he adheres to the belief that sterility
+is an incidental rather than a selected quality.  The result of his work on
+heterostyled plants is of importance as showing that sterility is no test
+of specific distinctness, and that it depends on differentiation of the
+sexual elements which is independent of any racial difference.  I imagine
+that it was his instinctive love of making out a difficulty which to a
+great extent kept him at work so patiently on the heterostyled plants.  But
+it was the fact that general conclusions of the above character could be
+drawn from his results which made him think his results worthy of
+publication.  (See 'Forms of Flowers,' page 243.)
+
+The papers which on this subject preceded and contributed to 'Forms of
+Flowers' were the following:--
+
+"On the two Forms or Dimorphic Condition in the Species of Primula, and on
+their remarkable Sexual Relations."  Linn. Soc. Journal, 1862.)
+
+"On the Existence of Two Forms, and on their Reciprocal Sexual Relations,
+in several Species of the Genus Linum."  Linn. Soc. Journal, 1863.
+
+"On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria," Ibid.
+1864.
+
+"On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants."  Ibid. 1869.
+
+"On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. 
+Officinalis, Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P.
+elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip.  With
+Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus
+Verbascum."  Ibid. 1869.
+
+
+The following letter shows that he began the work on heterostyled plants
+with an erroneous view as to the meaning of the facts.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, May 7 [1860].
+
+...I have this morning been looking at my experimental cowslips, and I find
+some plants have all flowers with long stamens and short pistils, which I
+will call "male plants," others with short stamens and long pistils, which
+I will call "female plants."  This I have somewhere seen noticed, I think
+by Henslow; but I find (after looking at my two sets of plants) that the
+stigmas of the male and female are of slightly different shape, and
+certainly different degree of roughness, and what has astonished me, the
+pollen of the so-called female plant, though very abundant, is more
+transparent, and each granule is exactly only 2/3 of the size of the pollen
+of the so-called male plant.  Has this been observed?  I cannot help
+suspecting [that] the cowslip is in fact dioecious, but it may turn out all
+a blunder, but anyhow I will mark with sticks the so-called male and female
+plants and watch their seeding.  It would be a fine case of gradation
+between an hermaphrodite and unisexual condition.  Likewise a sort of case
+of balancement of long and short pistils and stamens.  Likewise perhaps
+throws light on oxlips...
+
+I have now examined primroses and find exactly the same difference in the
+size of the pollen, correlated with the same difference in the length of
+the style and roughness of the stigmas.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+June 8 [1860].
+
+...I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+interested and perplexed me much.  I find with primroses and cowslips, that
+about an equal number of plants are thus characterised.
+
+SO-CALLED (by me) MALE plant.  Pistil much shorter than stamens; stigma
+rather smooth,--POLLEN GRAINS LARGE, throat of corolla short.
+
+SO-CALLED FEMALE plant.  Pistil much longer than stamens, stigma rougher,
+POLLEN-GRAINS SMALLER,--throat of corolla long.
+
+I have marked a lot of plants, and expected to find the so-called male
+plant barren; but judging from the feel of the capsules, this is not the
+case, and I am very much surprised at the difference in the size of the
+pollen...If it should prove that the so-called male plants produce less
+seed than the so-called females, what a beautiful case of gradation from
+hermaphrodite to unisexual condition it will be!  If they produce about
+equal number of seed, how perplexing it will be.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, December 17 [1860?].
+
+...I have just been ordering a photograph of myself for a friend; and have
+ordered one for you, and for heaven's sake oblige me, and burn that now
+hanging up in your room.--It makes me look atrociously wicked.
+
+...In the spring I must get you to look for long pistils and short pistils
+in the rarer species of Primula and in some allied Genera.  It holds with
+P. Sinensis.  You remember all the fuss I made on this subject last spring;
+well, the other day at last I had time to weigh the seeds, and by Jove the
+plants of primroses and cowslip with short pistils and large grained pollen
+(Thus the plants which he imagined to be tending towards a male condition
+were more productive than the supposed females.) are rather more fertile
+than those with long pistils, and small-grained pollen.  I find that they
+require the action of insects to set them, and I never will believe that
+these differences are without some meaning.
+
+Some of my experiments lead me to suspect that the large-grained pollen
+suits the long pistils and the small-grained pollen suits the short
+pistils; but I am determined to see if I cannot make out the mystery next
+spring.
+
+How does your book on plants brew in your mind?  Have you begun it?...
+
+Remember me most kindly to Oliver.  He must be astonished at not having a
+string of questions, I fear he will get out of practice!
+
+
+[The Primula-work was finished in the autumn of 1861, and on November 8th
+he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I have sent my paper on dimorphism in Primula to the Linn. Soc.  I shall
+go up and read it whenever it comes on; I hope you may be able to attend,
+for I do not suppose many will care a penny for the subject."
+
+With regard to the reading of the paper (on November 21st), he wrote to the
+same friend:--
+
+"I by no means thought that I produced a "tremendous effect" in the Linn.
+Soc., but by Jove the Linn. Soc. produced a tremendous effect on me, for I
+could not get out of bed till late next evening, so that I just crawled
+home.  I fear I must give up trying to read any paper or speak; it is a
+horrid bore, I can do nothing like other people."
+
+To Dr. Gray he wrote, (December 1861):--
+
+"You may rely on it, I will send you a copy of my Primula paper as soon as
+I can get one; but I believe it will not be printed till April 1st, and
+therefore after my Orchid Book.  I care more for your and Hooker's opinion
+than for that of all the rest of the world, and for Lyell's on geological
+points.  Bentham and Hooker thought well of my paper when read; but no one
+can judge of evidence by merely hearing a paper."
+
+The work on Primula was the means of bringing my father in contact with the
+late Mr. John Scott, then working as a gardener in the Botanic Gardens at
+Edinburgh,--an employment which he seems to have chosen in order to gratify
+his passion for natural history.  He wrote one or two excellent botanical
+papers, and ultimately obtained a post in India.  (While in India he made
+some admirable observations on expression for my father.)  He died in 1880.
+
+A few phrases may be quoted from letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, showing my
+father's estimate of Scott:--
+
+"If you know, do please tell me who is John Scott of the Botanical Gardens
+of Edinburgh; I have been corresponding largely with him; he is no common
+man."
+
+"If he had leisure he would make a wonderful observer; to my judgment I
+have come across no one like him."
+
+"He has interested me strangely, and I have formed a very high opinion of
+his intellect.  I hope he will accept pecuniary assistance from me; but he
+has hitherto refused."  (He ultimately succeeded in being allowed to pay
+for Mr. Scott's passage to India.)
+
+"I know nothing of him excepting from his letters; these show remarkable
+talent, astonishing perseverance, much modesty, and what I admire,
+determined difference from me on many points."
+
+So highly did he estimate Scott's abilities that he formed a plan (which
+however never went beyond an early stage of discussion) of employing him to
+work out certain problems connected with intercrossing.
+
+The following letter refers to my father's investigations on Lythrum (He
+was led to this, his first case of trimorphism by Lecoq's 'Geographie
+Botanique,' and this must have consoled him for the trick this work played
+him in turning out to be so much larger than he expected.  He wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker:  "Here is a good joke:  I saw an extract from Lecoq,
+'Geograph. Bot.,' and ordered it and hoped that it was a good sized
+pamphlet, and nine thick volumes have arrived!"), a plant which reveals
+even a more wonderful condition of sexual complexity than that of Primula. 
+For in Lythrum there are not merely two, but three castes, differing
+structurally and physiologically from each other:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, August 9 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+It is late at night, and I am going to write briefly, and of course to beg
+a favour.
+
+The Mitchella very good, but pollen apparently equal-sized.  I have just
+examined Hottonia, grand difference in pollen.  Echium vulgare, a humbug,
+merely a case like Thymus.  But I am almost stark staring mad over Lythrum
+(On another occasion he wrote (to Dr. Gray) with regard to Lythrum:  "I
+must hold hard, otherwise I shall spend my life over dimorphism."); if I
+can prove what I fully believe, it is a grand case of TRIMORPHISM, with
+three different pollens and three stigmas; I have castrated and fertilised
+above ninety flowers, trying all the eighteen distinct crosses which are
+possible within the limits of this one species!  I cannot explain, but I
+feel sure you would think it a grand case.  I have been writing to
+Botanists to see if I can possibly get L. hyssopifolia, and it has just
+flashed on me that you might have Lythrum in North America, and I have
+looked to your Manual.  For the love of heaven have a look at some of your
+species, and if you can get me seed, do; I want much to try species with
+few stamens, if they are dimorphic; Nesaea verticillata I should expect to
+be trimorphic.  Seed!  Seed!  Seed!  I should rather like seed of
+Mitchella.  But oh, Lythrum!
+
+Your utterly mad friend,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--There is reason in my madness, for I can see that to those who
+already believe in change of species, these facts will modify to a certain
+extent the whole view of Hybridity.  (A letter to Dr. Gray (July, 1862)
+bears on this point:  "A few days ago I made an observation which has
+surprised me more than it ought to do--it will have to be repeated several
+times, but I have scarcely a doubt of its accuracy.  I stated in my Primula
+paper that the long-styled form of Linum grandiflorum was utterly sterile
+with its own pollen; I have lately been putting the pollen of the two forms
+on the stigma of the SAME flower; and it strikes me as truly wonderful,
+that the stigma distinguishes the pollen; and is penetrated by the tubes of
+the one and not by those of the other; nor are the tubes exserted.  Or
+(which is the same thing) the stigma of the one form acts on and is acted
+on by pollen, which produces not the least effect on the stigma of the
+other form.  Taking sexual power as the criterion of difference, the two
+forms of this one species may be said to be generically distinct.")
+
+
+[On the same subject he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in August 1862:--
+
+"Is Oliver at Kew?  When I am established at Bournemouth I am completely
+mad to examine any fresh flowers of any Lythraceous plant, and I would
+write and ask him if any are in bloom."
+
+Again he wrote to the same friend in October:--
+
+"If you ask Oliver, I think he will tell you I have got a real odd case in
+Lythrum, it interests me extremely, and seems to me the strangest case of
+propagation recorded amongst plants or animals, viz. a necessary triple
+alliance between three hermaphrodites.  I feel sure I can now prove the
+truth of the case from a multitude of crosses made this summer."
+
+In an article, 'Dimorphism in the Genitalia of Plants' ('Silliman's
+Journal,' 1862, volume xxxiv. page 419), Dr. Gray pointed out that the
+structural difference between the two forms of Primula had already been
+defined in the 'Flora of North America,' as DIOECIO-DIMORPHISM.  The use of
+this term called forth the following remarks from my father.  The letter
+also alludes to a review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the same
+volume of 'Silliman's Journal.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, November 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+The very day after my last letter, yours of November 10th, and the review
+in 'Silliman,' which I feared might have been lost, reached me.  We were
+all very much interested by the political part of your letter; and in some
+odd way one never feels that information and opinions painted in a
+newspaper come from a living source; they seem dead, whereas all that you
+write is full of life.  The reviews interested me profoundly; you rashly
+ask for my opinion, and you must consequently endure a long letter.  First
+for Dimorphism; I do not AT PRESENT like the term "Dioecio-dimorphism;" for
+I think it gives quite a false notion, that the phenomena are connected
+with a separation of the sexes.  Certainly in Primula there is unequal
+fertility in the two forms, and I suspect this is the case with Linum; and,
+therefore I felt bound in the Primula paper to state that it might be a
+step towards a dioecious condition; though I believe there are no dioecious
+forms in Primulaceae or Linaceae.  But the three forms in Lythrum convince
+me that the phenomenon is in no way necessarily connected with any tendency
+to separation of sexes.  The case seems to me in result or function to be
+almost identical with what old C.K. Sprengel called "dichogamy," and which
+is so frequent in truly hermaphrodite groups; namely, the pollen and stigma
+of each flower being mature at different periods.  If I am right, it is
+very advisable not to use the term "dioecious," as this at once brings
+notions of separation of sexes.
+
+...I was much perplexed by Oliver's remarks in the 'Natural History Review'
+on the Primula case, on the lower plants having sexes more often separated
+than in the higher plants,--so exactly the reverse of what takes place in
+animals.  Hooker in his review of the 'Orchids' repeats this remark.  There
+seems to be much truth in what you say ("Forms which are low in the scale
+as respects morphological completeness may be high in the scale of rank
+founded on specialisation of structure and function."--Dr. Gray, in
+'Silliman's Journal.'), and it did not occur to me, about no improbability
+of specialisation in CERTAIN lines in lowly organised beings.  I could
+hardly doubt that the hermaphrodite state is the aboriginal one.  But how
+is it in the conjugation of Confervae--is not one of the two individuals
+here in fact male, and the other female?  I have been much puzzled by this
+contrast in sexual arrangements between plants and animals.  Can there be
+anything in the following consideration:  By ROUGHEST calculation about
+one-third of the British GENERA of aquatic plants belong to the Linnean
+classes of Mono and Dioecia; whilst of terrestrial plants (the aquatic
+genera being subtracted) only one-thirteenth of the genera belong to these
+two classes.  Is there any truth in this fact generally?  Can aquatic
+plants, being confined to a small area or small community of individuals,
+require more free crossing, and therefore have separate sexes?  But to
+return to our point, does not Alph. de Candolle say that aquatic plants
+taken as a whole are lowly organised, compared with terrestrial; and may
+not Oliver's remark on the separation of the sexes in lowly organised
+plants stand in some relation to their being frequently aquatic?  Or is
+this all rubbish?
+
+...What a magnificent compliment you end your review with!  You and Hooker
+seem determined to turn my head with conceit and vanity (if not already
+turned) and make me an unbearable wretch.
+
+With most cordial thanks, my good and kind friend,
+Farewell,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following passage from a letter (July 28, 1863), to Prof. Hildebrand,
+contains a reference to the reception of the dimorphic work in France:--
+
+"I am extremely much pleased to hear that you have been looking at the
+manner of fertilisation of your native Orchids, and still more pleased to
+hear that you have been experimenting on Linum.  I much hope that you may
+publish the result of these experiments; because I was told that the most
+eminent French botanists of Paris said that my paper on Primula was the
+work of imagination, and that the case was so improbable they did not
+believe in my results."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+April 19 [1864].
+
+...I received a little time ago a paper with a good account of your
+Herbarium and Library, and a long time previously your excellent review of
+Scott's 'Primulaceae,' and I forwarded it to him in India, as it would much
+please him.  I was very glad to see in it a new case of Dimorphism (I
+forget just now the name of the plant); I shall be grateful to hear of any
+other cases, as I still feel an interest in the subject.  I should be very
+glad to get some seed of your dimorphic Plantagos; for I cannot banish the
+suspicion that they must belong to a very different class like that of the
+common Thyme.  (In this prediction he was right.  See 'Forms of Flowers,'
+page 307.)  How could the wind, which is the agent of fertilisation, with
+Plantago, fertilise "reciprocally dimorphic" flowers like Primula?  Theory
+says this cannot be, and in such cases of one's own theories I follow
+Agassiz and declare, "that nature never lies."  I should even be very glad
+to examine the two dried forms of Plantago.  Indeed, any dried dimorphic
+plants would be gratefully received...
+
+Did my Lythrum paper interest you?  I crawl on at the rate of two hours per
+diem, with 'Variation under Domestication.'
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, November 26 [1864].
+
+...You do not know how pleased I am that you have read my Lythrum paper; I
+thought you would not have time, and I have for long years looked at you as
+my Public, and care more for your opinion than that of all the rest of the
+world.  I have done nothing which has interested me so much as Lythrum,
+since making out the complemental males of Cirripedes.  I fear that I have
+dragged in too much miscellaneous matter into the paper.
+
+...I get letters occasionally, which show me that Natural Selection is
+making GREAT progress in Germany, and some amongst the young in France.  I
+have just received a pamphlet from Germany, with the complimentary title of
+"Darwinische Arten-Enstehung-Humbug"!
+
+Farewell, my best of old friends,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+September 10, [1867?].
+
+...The only point which I have made out this summer, which could possibly
+interest you, is that the common Oxlip found everywhere, more or less
+commonly in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and
+cowslip; whilst the P. elatior (Jacq.), found only in the Eastern Counties,
+is a perfectly distinct and good species; hardly distinguishable from the
+common oxlip, except by the length of the seed-capsule relatively to the
+calyx.  This seems to me rather a horrid fact for all systematic
+botanists...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND.
+Down, November 16, 1868.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I wrote my last note in such a hurry from London, that I quite forgot what
+I chiefly wished to say, namely to thank you for your excellent notices in
+the 'Bot. Zeitung' of my paper on the offspring of dimorphic plants.  The
+subject is so obscure that I did not expect that any one would have noticed
+my paper, and I am accordingly very much pleased that you should have
+brought the subject before the many excellent naturalists of Germany.
+
+Of all the German authors (but they are not many) whose works I have read,
+you write by far the clearest style, but whether this is a compliment to a
+German writer I do not know.
+
+
+[The two following letters refer to the small bud-like "Cleistogamic"
+flowers found in the violet and many other plants.  They do not open and
+are necessarily self-fertilised:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, May 30 [1862].
+
+...What will become of my book on Variation?  I am involved in a
+multiplicity of experiments.  I have been amusing myself by looking at the
+small flowers of Viola.  If Oliver (Shortly afterwards he wrote:  "Oliver,
+the omniscient, has sent me a paper in the 'Bot. Zeitung,' with most
+accurate description of all that I saw in Viola.") has had time to study
+them, he will have seen the curious case (as it seems to me) which I have
+just made clearly out, viz. that in these flowers, the FEW pollen grains
+are never shed, or never leave the anther-cells, but emit long pollen
+tubes, which penetrate the stigma.  To-day I got the anther with the
+included pollen grain (now empty) at one end, and a bundle of tubes
+penetrating the stigmatic tissue at the other end; I got the whole under a
+microscope without breaking the tubes; I wonder whether the stigma pours
+some fluid into the anther so as to excite the included grains.  It is a
+rather odd case of correlation, that in the double sweet violet the small
+flowers are double; i.e., have a multitude of minute scales representing
+the petals.  What queer little flowers they are.
+
+Have you had time to read poor dear Henslow's life? it has interested me
+for the man's sake, and, what I did not think possible, has even exalted
+his character in my estimation...
+
+
+[The following is an extract from the letter given in part above, and
+refers to Dr. Gray's article on the sexual differences of plants:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+NOVEMBER 26 [1862].
+
+...You will think that I am in the most unpleasant, contradictory,
+fractious humour, when I tell you that I do not like your term of
+"precocious fertilisation" for your second class of dimorphism [i.e. for
+cleistogamic fertilisation].  If I can trust my memory, the state of the
+corolla, of the stigma, and the pollen-grains is different from the state
+of the parts in the bud; that they are in a condition of special
+modification.  But upon my life I am ashamed of myself to differ so much
+from my betters on this head.  The TEMPORARY theory (This view is now
+generally accepted.) which I have formed on this class of dimorphism, just
+to guide experiment, is that the PERFECT flowers can only be perfectly
+fertilised by insects, and are in this case abundantly crossed; but that
+the flowers are not always, especially in early spring, visited enough by
+insects, and therefore the little imperfect self-fertilising flowers are
+developed to ensure a sufficiency of seed for present generations.  Viola
+canina is sterile, when not visited by insects, but when so visited forms
+plenty of seed.  I infer from the structure of three or four forms of
+Balsamineae, that these require insects; at least there is almost as plain
+adaptation to insects as in the Orchids.  I have Oxalis acetosella ready in
+pots for experiment next spring; and I fear this will upset my little
+theory...Campanula carpathica, as I found this summer, is absolutely
+sterile if insects are excluded.  Specularia speculum is fairly fertile
+when enclosed; and this seemed to me to be partially effected by the
+frequent closing of the flower; the inward angular folds of the corolla
+corresponding with the clefts of the open stigma, and in this action
+pushing pollen from the outside of the stigma on to its surface.  Now can
+you tell me, does S. perfoliata close its flower like S. speculum, with
+angular inward folds? if so, I am smashed without some fearful "wriggling." 
+Are the IMPERFECT flowers of your Specularia the early or the later ones?
+very early or very late?  It is rather pretty to see the importance of the
+closing of flowers of S. speculum.
+
+
+['Forms of Flowers' was published in July; in June, 1877, he wrote to
+Professor Carus with regard to the translation:--
+
+"My new book is not a long one, viz. 350 pages, chiefly of the larger type,
+with fifteen simple woodcuts.  All the proofs are corrected except the
+Index, so that it will soon be published.
+
+"...I do not suppose that I shall publish any more books, though perhaps a
+few more papers.  I cannot endure being idle, but heaven knows whether I am
+capable of any more good work."
+
+The review alluded to in the next letter is at page 445 of the volume of
+'Nature' for 1878:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER.
+Down, April 5, 1878.
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I have just read in 'Nature' the review of 'Forms of Flowers,' and I am
+sure that it is by you.  I wish with all my heart that it deserved one
+quarter of the praises which you give it.  Some of your remarks have
+interested me greatly...Hearty thanks for your generous and most kind
+sympathy, which does a man real good, when he is as dog-tired as I am at
+this minute with working all day, so good-bye.
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIII.
+
+CLIMBING AND INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+
+[My father mentions in his 'Autobiography' (volume i.) that he was led to
+take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper, "Note
+on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants."  ('Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and
+Sciences,' 1858.)  This essay seems to have been read in 1862, but I am
+only able to guess at the date of the letter in which he asks for a
+reference to it, so that the precise date of his beginning this work cannot
+be determined.
+
+In June 1863 he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker for
+information as to previous publications on the subject, being then in
+ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both of
+which were published in 1827.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down [June] 25 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have been observing pretty carefully a little fact which has surprised
+me; and I want to know from you and Oliver whether it seems new or odd to
+you, so just tell me whenever you write; it is a very trifling fact, so do
+not answer on purpose.
+
+I have got a plant of Echinocystis lobata to observe the irritability of
+the tendrils described by Asa Gray, and which of course, is plain enough. 
+Having the plant in my study, I have been surprised to find that the
+uppermost part of each branch (i.e. the stem between the two uppermost
+leaves excluding the growing tip) is CONSTANTLY and slowly twisting round
+making a circle in from one-half to two hours; it will sometimes go round
+two or three times, and then at the same rate untwists and twists in
+opposite directions.  It generally rests half an hour before it
+retrogrades.  The stem does not become permanently twisted.  The stem
+beneath the twisting portion does not move in the least, though not tied. 
+The movement goes on all day and all early night.  It has no relation to
+light for the plant stands in my window and twists from the light just as
+quickly as towards it.  This may be a common phenomenon for what I know,
+but it confounded me quite, when I began to observe the irritability of the
+tendrils.  I do not say it is the final cause, but the result is pretty,
+for the plant every one and a half or two hours sweeps a circle (according
+to the length of the bending shoot and the length of the tendril) of from
+one foot to twenty inches in diameter, and immediately that the tendril
+touches any object its sensitiveness causes it immediately to seize it; a
+clever gardener, my neighbour, who saw the plant on my table last night,
+said:  "I believe, Sir, the tendrils can see, for wherever I put a plant it
+finds out any stick near enough."  I believe the above is the explanation,
+viz. that it sweeps slowly round and round.  The tendrils have some sense,
+for they do not grasp each other when young.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, July 14 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am getting very much amused by my tendrils, it is just the sort of
+niggling work which suits me, and takes up no time and rather rests me
+whilst writing.  So will you just think whether you know any plant, which
+you could give or lend me, or I could buy, with tendrils, remarkable in any
+way for development, for odd or peculiar structure, or even for an odd
+place in natural arrangement.  I have seen or can see Cucurbitaceae,
+Passion-flower, Virginian-creeper, Cissus discolor, Common-pea and
+Everlasting-pea.  It is really curious the diversification of irritability
+(I do not mean the spontaneous movement, about which I wrote before and
+correctly, as further observation shows):  for instance, I find a slight
+pinch between the thumb and finger at the end of the tendril of the
+Cucurbitaceae causes prompt movement, but a pinch excites no movement in
+Cissus.  The cause is that one side alone (the concave) is irritable in the
+former; whereas both sides are irritable in Cissus, so if you excite at the
+same time both OPPOSITE sides there is no movement, but by touching with a
+pencil the two branches of the tendril, in any part whatever, you cause
+movement towards that point; so that I can mould, by a mere touch, the two
+branches into any shape I like...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, August 4 [1863].
+
+My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils:  their irritability
+is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as anything in Orchids. 
+About the SPONTANEOUS movement (independent of touch) of the tendrils and
+upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by your saying, "is it not well-
+known?"  I can find nothing in any book which I have...The spontaneous
+movement of the tendrils is independent of the movement of the upper
+internodes, but both work harmoniously together in sweeping a circle for
+the tendrils to grasp a stick.  So with all climbing plants (without
+tendrils) as yet examined, the upper internodes go on night and day
+sweeping a circle in one fixed direction.  It is surprising to watch the
+Apocyneae with shoots 18 inches long (beyond the supporting stick),
+steadily searching for something to climb up.  When the shoot meets a
+stick, the motion at that point is arrested, but in the upper part is
+continued; so that the climbing of all plants yet examined is the simple
+result of the spontaneous circulatory movement of the upper internodes. 
+Pray tell me whether anything has been published on this subject?  I hate
+publishing what is old; but I shall hardly regret my work if it is old, as
+it has much amused me...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+May 28, 1864.
+
+...An Irish nobleman on his death-bed declared that he could
+conscientiously say that he had never throughout life denied himself any
+pleasure; and I can conscientiously say that I have never scrupled to
+trouble you; so here goes.--Have you travelled South, and can you tell me
+whether the trees, which Bignonia capreolata climbs, are covered with moss
+or filamentous lichen or Tillandsia?  (He subsequently learned from Dr.
+Gray that Polypodium incanum abounds on the trees in the districts where
+this species of Bignonia grows.  See 'Climbing Plants,' page 103.)  I ask
+because its tendrils abhor a simple stick, do not much relish rough bark,
+but delight in wool or moss.  They adhere in a curious manner by making
+little disks, like the Ampelopsis...By the way, I will enclose some
+specimens, and if you think it worth while, you can put them under the
+simple microscope.  It is remarkable how specially adapted some tendrils
+are; those of Eccremocarpus scaber do not like a stick, will have nothing
+to say to wool; but give them a bundle of culms of grass, or a bundle of
+bristles and they seize them well.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, June 10 [1864].
+
+...I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has been
+written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a good
+deal of new matter.  It is strange, but I really think no one has explained
+simple twining plants.  These books have stirred me up, and made me wish
+for plants specified in them.  I shall be very glad of those you mention. 
+I have written to Veitch for young Nepenthes and Vanilla (which I believe
+will turn out a grand case, though a root creeper), if I cannot buy young
+Vanilla I will ask you.  I have ordered a leaf-climbing fern, Lygodium. 
+All this work about climbers would hurt my conscience, did I think I could
+do harder work.  (He was much out of health at this time.)
+
+
+[He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the following
+spring.  He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, apparently in March 1864:--
+
+"For several days I have been decidedly better, and what I lay much stress
+on (whatever doctors say), my brain feels far stronger, and I have lost
+many dreadful sensations.  The hot-house is such an amusement to me, and my
+amusement I owe to you, as my delight is to look at the many odd leaves and
+plants from Kew...The only approach to work which I can do is to look at
+tendrils and climbers, this does not distress my weakened brain.  Ask
+Oliver to look over the enclosed queries (and do you look) and amuse a
+broken-down brother naturalist by answering any which he can.  If you ever
+lounge through your houses, remember me and climbing plants."
+
+On October 29, 1864, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have not been able to resist doing a little more at your godchild, my
+climbing paper, or rather in size little book, which by Jove I will have
+copied out, else I shall never stop.  This has been new sort of work for
+me, and I have been pleased to find what a capital guide for observations a
+full conviction of the change of species is."
+
+On January 19, 1865, he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"It is working hours, but I am trying to take a day's holiday, for I
+finished and despatched yesterday my climbing paper.  For the last ten days
+I have done nothing but correct refractory sentences, and I loathe the
+whole subject."
+
+A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject:--
+
+"I have begun correcting proofs of my paper on 'Climbing Plants.'  I
+suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks.  I think
+it contains a good deal new and some curious points, but it is so fearfully
+long, that no one will ever read it.  If, however, you do not SKIM through
+it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your child."
+
+Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+satisfaction, as the following extracts show:--
+
+"I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th.  Now that I can do
+nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my climbing
+paper gives me VERY great satisfaction.  I made my observations when I
+could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but always doubted whether they
+were worth publishing.  I demur to its not being necessary to explain in
+detail about the spires in CAUGHT tendrils running in opposite directions;
+for the fact for a long time confounded me, and I have found it difficult
+enough to explain the cause to two or three persons."  (August 15, 1865.)
+
+"I received yesterday your article (In the September number of 'Silliman's
+Journal,' concluded in the January number, 1866.) on climbers, and it has
+pleased me in an extraordinary and even silly manner.  You pay me a superb
+compliment, and as I have just said to my wife, I think my friends must
+perceive that I like praise, they give me such hearty doses.  I always
+admire your skill in reviews or abstracts, and you have done this article
+excellently and given the whole essence of my paper...I have had a letter
+from a good Zoologist in S. Brazil, F. Muller, who has been stirred up to
+observe climbers and gives me some curious cases of BRANCH-climbers, in
+which branches are converted into tendrils, and then continue to grow and
+throw out leaves and new branches, and then lose their tendril character." 
+(October 1865.)
+
+The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate book. 
+The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to the
+style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written during a
+period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require a great
+deal of alteration.  He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (March 3, 1875):  "It is
+lucky for authors in general that they do not require such dreadful work in
+merely licking what they write into shape."  And to Mr. Murray in September
+he wrote:  "The corrections are heavy in 'Climbing Plants,' and yet I
+deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three times."  The book was
+published in September 1875, an edition of 1500 copies was struck off; the
+edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional copies were printed in June of
+the following year.]
+
+
+INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+
+[In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest, whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to Sir
+Joseph Hooker;--
+
+"Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with a few
+observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera; and I must consult
+you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating to the Linnean
+Society."
+
+In August he wrote to the same friend:--
+
+"I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied by my copier:  the
+subject amused me when I had nothing to do."
+
+He has described in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.), the general nature of
+these early experiments.  He noticed insects sticking to the leaves, and
+finding that flies, etc., placed on the adhesive glands were held fast and
+embraced, he suspected that the leaves were adapted to supply nitrogenous
+food to the plant.  He therefore tried the effect on the leaves of various
+nitrogenous fluids--with results which, as far as they went, verified his
+surmise.  In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera:  the movements are
+really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+nitrogenous compounds is marvellous.  You will laugh; but it is, at
+present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect (and
+move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of nitrate of
+ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their chemical
+skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these salts!  I
+began this work on Drosera in relation to GRADATION as throwing light on
+Dionaea."
+
+Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+where he continued his work on Drosera.  The work was so new to him that he
+found himself in difficulties in the preparation of solutions, and became
+puzzled over fluid and solid ounces, etc. etc.  To a friend, the late Mr.
+E. Cresy, who came to his help in the matter of weights and measures, he
+wrote giving an account of the experiments.  The extract (November 2, 1860)
+which follows illustrates the almost superstitious precautions he often
+applied to his researches:--
+
+"Generally I have scrutinised every gland and hair on the leaf before
+experimenting; but it occurred to me that I might in some way affect the
+leaf; though this is almost impossible, as I scrutinised with equal care
+those that I put into distilled water (the same water being used for
+dissolving the carbonate of ammonia).  I then cut off four leaves (not
+touching them with my fingers), and put them in plain water, and four other
+leaves into the weak solution, and after leaving them for an hour and a
+half, I examined every hair on all eight leaves; no change on the four in
+water; every gland and hair affected in those in ammonia.
+
+"I had measured the quantity of weak solution, and I counted the glands
+which had absorbed the ammonia, and were plainly affected; the result
+convinced me that each gland could not have absorbed more than 1/64000 or
+1/65000 of a grain.  I have tried numbers of other experiments all pointing
+to the same result.  Some experiments lead me to believe that very
+sensitive leaves are acted on by much smaller doses.  Reflect how little
+ammonia a plant can get growing on poor soil--yet it is nourished.  The
+really surprising part seems to me that the effect should be visible, and
+not under very high power; for after trying a high power, I thought it
+would be safer not to consider any effect which was not plainly visible
+under a two-thirds object glass and middle eye-piece.  The effect which the
+carbonate of ammonia produces is the segregation of the homogeneous fluid
+in the cells into a cloud of granules and colourless fluid; and
+subsequently the granules coalesce into larger masses, and for hours have
+the oddest movements--coalescing, dividing, coalescing ad infinitum.  I do
+not know whether you will care for these ill-written details; but, as you
+asked, I am sure I am bound to comply, after all the very kind and great
+trouble which you have taken."
+
+On his return home he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 21, 1860):--
+
+"I have been working like a madman at Drosera.  Here is a fact for you
+which is certain as you stand where you are, though you won't believe it,
+that a bit of hair 1/78000 of one grain in weight placed on gland, will
+cause ONE of the gland-bearing hairs of Drosera to curve inwards, and will
+alter the condition of the contents of every cell in the foot-stalk of the
+gland."
+
+And a few days later to Lyell:--
+
+"I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for, at
+the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the
+species in the world.  But I will not publish on Drosera till next year,
+for I am frightened and astounded at my results.  I declare it is a certain
+fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight seventy-eight
+times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which will move the best
+chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous movement.  Is it not
+curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to the touch than any
+nerve in the human body?  Yet I am perfectly sure that this is true.  When
+I am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my friends how well my
+hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."
+
+The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he stayed
+during the autumn of 1862.  The discussion in the following letter on
+"nervous matter" in Drosera is of interest in relation to recent researches
+on the continuity of protoplasm from cell to cell:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth.
+September 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Do not read this till you have leisure.  If that blessed moment ever comes,
+I should be very glad to have your opinion on the subject of this letter. 
+I am led to the opinion that Drosera must have diffused matter in organic
+connection, closely analogous to the nervous matter of animals.  When the
+glands of one of the papillae or tentacles, in its natural position is
+supplied with nitrogenised fluid and certain other stimulants, or when
+loaded with an extremely slight weight, or when struck several times with a
+needle, the pedicel bends near its base in under one minute.  These varied
+stimulants are conveyed down the pedicel by some means; it cannot be
+vibration, for drops of fluid put on quite quietly cause the movement; it
+cannot be absorption of the fluid from cell to cell, for I can see the rate
+of absorption, which though quick, is far slower, and in Dionaea the
+transmission is instantaneous; analogy from animals would point to
+transmission through nervous matter.  Reflecting on the rapid power of
+absorption in the glands, the extreme sensibility of the whole organ, and
+the conspicuous movement caused by varied stimulants, I have tried a number
+of substances which are not caustic or corrosive,...but most of which are
+known to have a remarkable action on the nervous matter of animals.  You
+will see the results in the enclosed paper.  As the nervous matter of
+different animals are differently acted on by the same poisons, one would
+not expect the same action on plants and animals; only if plants have
+diffused nervous matter, some degree of analogous action.  And this is
+partially the case.  Considering these experiments, together with the
+previously made remarks on the functions of the parts, I cannot avoid the
+conclusion, that Drosera possesses matter at least in some degree analogous
+in constitution and function to nervous matter.  Now do tell me what you
+think, as far as you can judge from my abstract; of course many more
+experiments would have to be tried; but in former years I tried on the
+whole leaf, instead of on separate glands, a number of innocuous (This line
+of investigation made him wish for information on the action of poisons on
+plants; as in many other cases he applied to Professor Oliver, and in
+reference to the result wrote to Hooker:  "Pray thank Oliver heartily for
+his heap of references on poisons.") substances, such as sugar, gum,
+starch, etc., and they produced no effect.  Your opinion will aid me in
+deciding some future year in going on with this subject.  I should not have
+thought it worth attempting, but I had nothing on earth to do.
+
+My dear Hooker, Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--We return home on Monday 28th.  Thank Heaven!
+
+
+[A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again.  A passage in
+a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however, that the
+question was not altogether absent from his mind in the interim:--
+
+"Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is a
+wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal.  I will stick up for
+Drosera to the day of my death.  Heaven knows whether I shall ever publish
+my pile of experiments on it."
+
+He notes in his diary that the last proof of the 'Expression of the
+Emotions' was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+Drosera on the following day.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+[Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].
+
+...I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and then
+broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks (where I
+now am) to get complete rest.  I have very little power of working now, and
+must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next spring, as my plants
+are dying.  It is an endless subject, and I must cut it short, and for this
+reason shall not do much on Dionaea.  The point which has interested me
+most is tracing the NERVES! which follow the vascular bundles.  By a prick
+with a sharp lancet at a certain point, I can paralyse one-half the leaf,
+so that a stimulus to the other half causes no movement.  It is just like
+dividing the spinal marrow of a frog:--no stimulus can be sent from the
+brain or anterior part of the spine to the hind legs; but if these latter
+are stimulated, they move by reflex action.  I find my old results about
+the astonishing sensitiveness of the nervous system (!?)of Drosera to
+various stimulants fully confirmed and extended...
+
+
+[His work on digestion in Drosera and other points in the physiology of the
+plant soon led him into regions where his knowledge was defective, and here
+the advice and assistance which he received from Dr. Burdon Sanderson was
+of much value:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. BURDON SANDERSON.
+Down, July 25, 1873.
+
+My dear Dr. Sanderson,
+
+I should like to tell you a little about my recent work with Drosera, to
+show that I have profited by your suggestions, and to ask a question or
+two.
+
+1.  It is really beautiful how quickly and well Drosera and Dionaea
+dissolve little cubes of albumen and gelatine.  I kept the same sized cubes
+on wet moss for comparison.  When you were here I forgot that I had tried
+gelatine, but albumen is far better for watching its dissolution and
+absorption.  Frankland has told me how to test in a rough way for pepsin;
+and in the autumn he will discover what acid the digestive juice contains.
+
+2.  A decoction of cabbage-leaves and green peas causes as much inflection
+as an infusion of raw meat; a decoction of grass is less powerful.  Though
+I hear that the chemists try to precipitate all albumen from the extract of
+belladonna, I think they must fail, as the extract causes inflection,
+whereas a new lot of atropine, as well as the valerianate [of atropine],
+produce no effect.
+
+3.  I have been trying a good many experiments with heated water...Should
+you not call the following case one of heat rigor?  Two leaves were heated
+to 130 deg, and had every tentacle closely inflected; one was taken out and
+placed in cold water, and it re-expanded; the other was heated to 145 deg,
+and had not the least power of re-expansion.  Is not this latter case heat
+rigor?  If you can inform me, I should very much like to hear at what
+temperature cold-blooded and invertebrate animals are killed.
+
+4.  I must tell you my final result, of which I am sure, [as to] the
+sensitiveness of Drosera.  I made a solution of one part of phosphate of
+ammonia by weight to 218,750 of water; of this solution I gave so much that
+a leaf got 1/8000 of a grain of the phosphate.  I then counted the glands,
+and each could have got only 1/1552000 of a grain; this being absorbed by
+the glands, sufficed to cause the tentacles bearing these glands to bend
+through an angle of 180 deg.  Such sensitiveness requires hot weather, and
+carefully selected young yet mature leaves.  It strikes me as a wonderful
+fact.  I must add that I took every precaution, by trying numerous leaves
+at the same time in the solution and in the same water which was used for
+making the solution.
+
+5.  If you can persuade your friend to try the effects of carbonate of
+ammonia on the aggregation of the white blood corpuscles, I should very
+much like to hear the result.
+
+I hope this letter will not have wearied you.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER.
+Down, 24 [December 1873?].
+
+My dear Mr. Dyer,
+
+I fear that you will think me a great bore, but I cannot resist telling you
+that I have just found out that the leaves of Pinguicula possess a
+beautifully adapted power of movement.  Last night I put on a row of little
+flies near one edge of two YOUNGISH leaves; and after 14 hours these edges
+are beautifully folded over so as to clasp the flies, thus bringing the
+glands into contact with the upper surfaces of the flies, and they are now
+secreting copiously above and below the flies and no doubt absorbing.  The
+acid secretion has run down the channelled edge and has collected in the
+spoon-shaped extremity, where no doubt the glands are absorbing the
+delicious soup.  The leaf on one side looks just like the helix of a human
+ear, if you were to stuff flies within the fold.  Yours most sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+...I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera & Co. ready for the
+printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+points to observe.  I think you will be interested by my observations on
+the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+with, pepsin; for I have been making a long series of comparative trials. 
+No human being will believe what I shall publish about the smallness of the
+doses of phosphate of ammonia which act.
+
+...I began reading the Madagascar squib (A description of a carnivorous
+plant supposed to subsist on human beings.) quite gravely, and when I found
+it stated that Felis and Bos inhabited Madagascar, I thought it was a false
+story, and did not perceive it was a hoax till I came to the woman...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F.C. DONDERS.  (Professor Donders, the well-known
+physiologist of Utrecht.)
+Down, July 7, 1874.
+
+My dear Professor Donders,
+
+My son George writes to me that he has seen you, and that you have been
+very kind to him, for which I return to you my cordial thanks.  He tells me
+on your authority, of a fact which interests me in the highest degree, and
+which I much wish to be allowed to quote.  It relates to the action of one
+millionth of a grain of atropine on the eye.  Now will you be so kind,
+whenever you can find a little leisure, to tell me whether you yourself
+have observed this fact, or believe it on good authority.  I also wish to
+know what proportion by weight the atropine bore to the water solution, and
+how much of the solution was applied to the eye.  The reason why I am so
+anxious on this head is that it gives some support to certain facts
+repeatedly observed by me with respect to the action of phosphate of
+ammonia on Drosera.  The 1/4000000 of a grain absorbed by a gland clearly
+makes the tentacle which bears this gland become inflected; and I am fully
+convinced that 1/20000000 of a grain of the crystallised salt (i.e.
+containing about one-third of its weight of water of crystallisation) does
+the same.  Now I am quite unhappy at the thought of having to publish such
+a statement.  It will be of great value to me to be able to give any
+analogous facts in support.  The case of Drosera is all the more
+interesting as the absorption of the salt or any other stimulant applied to
+the gland causes it to transmit a motor influence to the base of the
+tentacle which bears the gland.
+
+Pray forgive me for troubling you, and do not trouble yourself to answer
+this until your health is fully re-established.
+
+Pray believe me,
+Yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[During the summer of 1874 he was at work on the genus Utricularia, and he
+wrote (July 16th) to Sir J.D. Hooker giving some account of the progress of
+his work:--
+
+"I am rather glad you have not been able to send Utricularia, for the
+common species has driven F. and me almost mad.  The structure is MOST
+complex.  The bladders catch a multitude of Entomostraca, and larvae of
+insects.  The mechanism for capture is excellent.  But there is much that
+we cannot understand.  From what I have seen to-day, I strongly suspect
+that it is necrophagous, i.e. that it cannot digest, but absorbs decaying
+matter."
+
+He was indebted to Lady Dorothy Nevill for specimens of the curious
+Utricularia montana, which is not aquatic like the European species, but
+grows among the moss and debris on the branches of trees.  To this species
+the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO LADY DOROTHY NEVILL.
+Down September 18 [1874].
+
+Dear Lady Dorothy Nevill,
+
+I am so much obliged to you.  I was so convinced that the bladders were
+with the leaves that I never thought of removing the moss, and this was
+very stupid of me.  The great solid bladder-like swellings almost on the
+surface are wonderful objects, but are not the true bladders.  These I
+found on the roots near the surface, and down to a depth of two inches in
+the sand.  They are as transparent as glass, from 1/20 to 1/100 of an inch
+in size, and hollow.  They have all the important points of structure of
+the bladders of the floating English species, and I felt confident I should
+find captured prey.  And so I have to my delight in two bladders, with
+clear proof that they had absorbed food from the decaying mass.  For
+Utricularia is a carrion-feeder, and not strictly carnivorous like Drosera.
+
+The great solid bladder-like bodies, I believe, are reservoirs of water
+like a camel's stomach.  As soon as I have made a few more observations, I
+mean to be so cruel as to give your plant no water, and observe whether the
+great bladders shrink and contain air instead of water; I shall then also
+wash all earth from all roots, and see whether there are true bladders for
+capturing subterranean insects down to the very bottom of the pot.  Now
+shall you think me very greedy, if I say that supposing the species is not
+very precious, and you have several, will you give me one more plant, and
+if so, please to send it to "Orpington Station, S.E.R., to be forwarded by
+foot messenger."
+
+I have hardly ever enjoyed a day more in my life than I have this day's
+work; and this I owe to your Ladyship's great kindness.
+
+The seeds are very curious monsters; I fancy of some plant allied to
+Medicago, but I will show them to Dr. Hooker.
+
+Your ladyship's very gratefully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER.
+Down, September 30, 1874.
+
+My dear H.,
+
+Your magnificent present of Aldrovanda has arrived quite safe.  I have
+enjoyed greatly a good look at the shut leaves, one of which I cut open. 
+It is an aquatic Dionaea, which has acquired some structures identical with
+those of Utricularia!
+
+If the leaves open and I can transfer them open under the microscope, I
+will try some experiments, for mortal man cannot resist the temptation.  If
+I cannot transfer, I will do nothing, for otherwise it would require
+hundreds of leaves.
+
+You are a good man to give me such pleasure.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The manuscript of 'Insectivorous Plants' was finished in March 1875.  He
+seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this book,
+thus he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker in February:--
+
+"You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to commit
+suicide; I thought it was decently written, but find so much wants
+rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two months, and
+will then make a confoundedly big book.  Murray will say that it is no use
+publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what will be the
+upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a book is a
+fool."
+
+The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out of
+the edition of 3000.]
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIV.
+
+THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS.'
+
+1880.
+
+[The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+clearness the connection between the 'Power of Movement,' and one of the
+author's earlier books, that on 'Climbing Plants.'  The central idea of the
+book is that the movements of plants in relation to light, gravitation,
+etc., are modifications of a spontaneous tendency to revolve or
+circumnutate, which is widely inherent in the growing parts of plants. 
+This conception has not been generally adopted, and has not taken a place
+among the canons of orthodox physiology.  The book has been treated by
+Professor Sachs with a few words of professorial contempt; and by Professor
+Wiesner it has been honoured by careful and generously expressed criticism.
+
+Mr. Thiselton Dyer ('Charles Darwin' ('Nature' Series), page 41.) has well
+said:  "Whether this masterly conception of the unity of what has hitherto
+seemed a chaos of unrelated phenomena will be sustained, time alone will
+show.  But no one can doubt the importance of what Mr. Darwin has done, in
+showing that for the future the phenomena of plant movement can and indeed
+must be studied from a single point of view."
+
+The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+'Different Forms of Flowers,' and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer:  "I am all on
+fire at the work."  At this time he was studying the movements of
+cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its simplest
+form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what useful purpose
+these sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (March
+25th, 1878):--
+
+"I think we have PROVED that the sleep of plants is to lessen the injury to
+the leaves from radiation.  This has interested me much, and has cost us
+great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of Linnaeus.  But we
+have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants:  N.B.--Oxalis carnosa
+was most valuable, but last night was killed."
+
+His letters of this period do not give any connected account of the
+progress of the work.  The two following are given as being characteristic
+of the author:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER.
+Down, June 2, 1878.
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I remember saying that I should die a disgraced man if I did not observe a
+seedling Cactus and Cycas, and you have saved me from this horrible fate,
+as they move splendidly and normally.  But I have two questions to ask: 
+the Cycas observed was a huge seed in a broad and very shallow pot with
+cocoa-nut fibre as I suppose.  It was named only Cycas.  Was it Cycas
+pectinata?  I suppose that I cannot be wrong in believing that what first
+appears above ground is a true leaf, for I can see no stem or axis. 
+Lastly, you may remember that I said that we could not raise Opuntia
+nigricans; now I must confess to a piece of stupidity; one did come up, but
+my gardener and self stared at it, and concluded that it could not be a
+seedling Opuntia, but now that I have seen one of O. basilaris, I am sure
+it was; I observed it only casually, and saw movements, which makes me wish
+to observe carefully another.  If you have any fruit, will Mr. Lynch (Mr.
+R.I. Lynch, now Curator of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge was at this time
+in the Royal Gardens, Kew.) be so kind as to send one more?
+
+I am working away like a slave at radicles [roots] and at movements of true
+leaves, for I have pretty well done with cotyledons...
+
+That was an EXCELLENT letter about the Gardens (This refers to an attempt
+to induce the Government to open the Royal Gardens at Kew in the morning.): 
+I had hoped that the agitation was over.  Politicians are a poor truckling
+lot, for [they] must see the wretched effects of keeping the gardens open
+all day long.
+
+Your ever troublesome friend,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER.
+4 Bryanston St., Portman Square,
+November 21 [1878].
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I must thank you for all the wonderful trouble which you have taken about
+the seeds of Impatiens, and on scores of other occasions.  It in truth
+makes me feel ashamed of myself, and I cannot help thinking:  "Oh Lord,
+when he sees our book he will cry out, is this all for which I have helped
+so much!"  In seriousness, I hope that we have made out some points, but I
+fear that we have done very little for the labour which we have expended on
+our work.  We are here for a week for a little rest, which I needed.
+
+If I remember right, November 30th, is the anniversary at the Royal, and I
+fear Sir Joseph must be almost at the last gasp.  I shall be glad when he
+is no longer President.
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of the following year, 1879.  When he was engaged in putting
+his results together, he wrote somewhat despondingly to Mr. Dyer:  "I am
+overwhelmed with my notes, and almost too old to undertake the job which I
+have in hand--i.e. movements of all kinds.  Yet it is worse to be idle."
+
+Later on in the year, when the work was approaching completion, he wrote to
+Prof. Carus (July 17, 1879), with respect to a translation:--
+
+"Together with my son Francis, I am preparing a rather large volume on the
+general movements of Plants, and I think that we have made out a good many
+new points and views.
+
+"I fear that our views will meet a good deal of opposition in Germany; but
+we have been working very hard for some years at the subject.
+
+"I shall be MUCH pleased if you think the book worth translating, and
+proof-sheets shall be sent you, whenever they are ready."
+
+In the autumn he was hard at work on the manuscript, and wrote to Dr. Gray
+(October 24, 1879):--
+
+"I have written a rather big book--more is the pity--on the movements of
+plants, and I am now just beginning to go over the MS. for the second time,
+which is a horrid bore."
+
+Only the concluding part of the next letter refers to the 'Power of
+Movements':]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE.
+May 28, 1880.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for having so kindly send me your
+'Phytographie' (A book on the methods of botanical research, more
+especially of systematic work.); for if I had merely seen it advertised, I
+should not have supposed that it could have concerned me.  As it is, I have
+read with very great interest about a quarter, but will not delay longer
+thanking you.  All that you say seems to me very clear and convincing, and
+as in all your writings I find a large number of philosophical remarks new
+to me, and no doubt shall find many more.  They have recalled many a puzzle
+through which I passed when monographing the Cirripedia; and your book in
+those days would have been quite invaluable to me.  It has pleased me to
+find that I have always followed your plan of making notes on separate
+pieces of paper; I keep several scores of large portfolios, arranged on
+very thin shelves about two inches apart, fastened to the walls of my
+study, and each shelf has its proper name or title; and I can thus put at
+once every memorandum into its proper place.  Your book will, I am sure, be
+very useful to many young students, and I shall beg my son Francis (who
+intends to devote himself to the physiology of plants) to read it
+carefully.
+
+As for myself I am taking a fortnight's rest, after sending a pile of MS.
+to the printers, and it was a piece of good fortune that your book arrived
+as I was getting into my carriage, for I wanted something to read whilst
+away from home.  My MS. relates to the movements of plants, and I think
+that I have succeeded in showing that all the more important great classes
+of movements are due to the modification of a kind of movement common to
+all parts of all plants from their earliest youth.
+
+Pray give my kind remembrances to your son, and with my highest respect and
+best thanks,
+
+Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It always pleases me to exalt plants in the organic scale, and if you
+will take the trouble to read my last chapter when my book (which will be
+sadly too big) is published and sent to you, I hope and think that you also
+will admire some of the beautiful adaptations by which seedling plants are
+enabled to perform their proper functions.
+
+
+[The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were disposed
+of at Mr. Murray's sale.  With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(November 23):--
+
+"Your note has pleased me much--for I did not expect that you would have
+had time to read ANY of it.  Read the last chapter, and you will know the
+whole result, but without the evidence.  The case, however, of radicles
+bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their tips (or
+brains) cut off is, I think, worth your reading (bottom of page 525); it
+astounded me.  The next most remarkable fact, as it appeared to me (page
+148), is the discrimination of the tip of the radicle between a slightly
+harder and softer object affixed on opposite sides of tip.  But I will
+bother you no more about my book.  The sensitiveness of seedlings to light
+is marvellous."
+
+To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):--
+
+"Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of our
+work, not but what this is very pleasant...Many of the Germans are very
+contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer the
+souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+interesting part of Natural History.  Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and most
+kind assistance to us."
+
+The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the general
+public.  The following letter refers to a leading article in the "Times",
+November 20, 1880:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON.  (Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my
+father's early friend, the late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.)
+Down, November 22, 1880.
+
+My dear Sarah,
+
+You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved and shall ever
+love this name.  Your letter has done more than please me, for its kindness
+has touched my heart.  I often think of old days and of the delight of my
+visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude I owe to your
+father.  It was very good of you to write.  I had quite forgotten my old
+ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper (Mrs. Haliburton had reminded him
+of his saying as a boy that if Eddowes' newspaper ever alluded to him as
+"our deserving fellow-townsman," his ambition would be amply gratified.);
+but I remember the pride which I felt when I saw in a book about beetles
+the impressive words "captured by C. Darwin."  Captured sounded so grand
+compared with caught.  This seemed to me glory enough for any man!  I do
+not know in the least what made the "Times" glorify me (The following is
+the opening sentence of the leading article:--"Of all our living men of
+science none have laboured longer and to more splendid purpose than Mr.
+Darwin."), for it has sometimes pitched into me ferociously.
+
+I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit here
+very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead a solitary
+life.  But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in London, and then
+if you have anything else to do in London, you would perhaps come and lunch
+with us.  (My father had the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Haliburton at his
+brother's house in Queen Anne Street.)
+
+Believe me, my dear Sarah,
+Yours gratefully and affectionately,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+devoted to the criticism of the 'Power of Movement in Plants' by an
+accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+University of Vienna:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS WIESNER.
+Down, October 25th, 1881.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now finished your book ('Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen.' 
+Vienna, 1881.), and have understood the whole except a very few passages. 
+In the first place, let me thank you cordially for the manner in which you
+have everywhere treated me.  You have shown how a man may differ from
+another in the most decided manner, and yet express his difference with the
+most perfect courtesy.  Not a few English and German naturalists might
+learn a useful lesson from your example; for the coarse language often used
+by scientific men towards each other does no good, and only degrades
+science.
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+vivisected.  It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+topics in your book.  I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of horizontally
+extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture; but I cannot
+persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral branches and roots
+is due simply to their lessened power of growth.  Nor when I think of my
+experiments with the cotyledons of Phalaris, can I give up the belief of
+the transmission of some stimulus due to light from the upper to the lower
+part.  At page 60 you have misunderstood my meaning, when you say that I
+believe that the effects from light are transmitted to a part which is not
+itself heliotropic.  I never considered whether or not the short part
+beneath the ground was heliotropic; but I believe that with young seedlings
+the part which bends NEAR, but ABOVE the ground is heliotropic, and I
+believe so from this part bending only moderately when the light is
+oblique, and bending rectangularly when the light is horizontal. 
+Nevertheless the bending of this lower part, as I conclude from my
+experiments with opaque caps, is influenced by the action of light on the
+upper part.  My opinion, however, on the above and many other points,
+signifies very little, for I have no doubt that your book will convince
+most botanists that I am wrong in all the points on which we differ.
+
+Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of facts
+leading me to believe that light, gravity, etc., act not in a direct manner
+on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to modify my judgment on
+this head.  I could not understand the passage at page 78, until I
+consulted my son George, who is a mathematician.  He supposes that your
+objection is founded on the diffused light from the lamp illuminating both
+sides of the object, and not being reduced, with increasing distance in the
+same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts whether this NECESSARY
+correction will account for the very little difference in the heliotropic
+curvature of the plants in the successive pots.
+
+With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I cannot
+admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits of card
+attached by liquid gum causing movement; whereas no movement was caused if
+the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the liquid gum.  The
+fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached on opposite sides of
+the same root by shellac, causing movement in one direction, has to be
+explained.  You often speak of the tip having been injured; but externally
+there was no sign of injury:  and when the tip was plainly injured, the
+extreme part became curved TOWARDS the injured side.  I can no more believe
+that the tip was injured by the bits of card, at least when attached by
+gum-water, than that the glands of Drosera are injured by a particle of
+thread or hair placed on it, or that the human tongue [is so] when it feels
+any such object.
+
+About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I can
+only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my son
+Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home.  The greater
+part of your book is beautifully clear.
+
+Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence a fresh
+set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full recantation of my
+errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for such an undertaking,
+nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much, or any more, original
+work.  I imagine that I see one possible source of error in your beautiful
+experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a lateral light.
+
+With high respect and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which you
+have treated me and my mistakes, I remain, my dear Sir, yours sincerely,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XV.
+
+MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+
+1873-1882.
+
+[The present chapter contains a series of miscellaneous letters on
+botanical subjects.  Some of them show my father's varied interests in
+botanical science, and others give account of researches which never
+reached completion.]
+
+
+BLOOM ON LEAVES AND FRUIT.
+
+[His researches into the meaning of the "bloom," or waxy coating found on
+many leaves, was one of those inquiries which remained unfinished at the
+time of his death.  He amassed a quantity of notes on the subject, part of
+which I hope to publish at no distant date.  (A small instalment on the
+relation between bloom and the distribution of the stomata on leaves has
+appeared in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society,' 1886.  Tschirsch
+("Linnaea", 1881) has published results identical with some which my father
+and myself obtained, viz. that bloom diminishes transpiration.  The same
+fact was previously published by Garreau in 1850.)
+
+One of his earliest letters on this subject was addressed in August, 1873,
+to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"I want a little information from you, and if you do not yourself know,
+please to enquire of some of the wise men of Kew.
+
+"Why are the leaves and fruit of so many plants protected by a thin layer
+of waxy matter (like the common cabbage), or with fine hair, so that when
+such leaves or fruit are immersed in water they appear as if encased in
+thin glass?  It is really a pretty sight to put a pod of the common pea, or
+a raspberry into water.  I find several leaves are thus protected on the
+under surface and not on the upper.
+
+"How can water injure the leaves if indeed this is at all the case?"
+
+On this latter point he wrote to Sir Thomas Farrer:--
+
+"I am now become mad about drops of water injuring leaves.  Please ask Mr.
+Paine (Sir Thomas Farrer's gardener.) whether he believes, FROM HIS OWN
+EXPERIENCE, that drops of water injure leaves or fruit in his
+conservatories.  It is said that the drops act as burning-glasses; if this
+is true, they would not be at all injurious on cloudy days.  As he is so
+acute a man, I should very much like to hear his opinion.  I remember when
+I grew hot-house orchids I was cautioned not to wet their leaves; but I
+never then thought on the subject.
+
+"I enjoyed my visit greatly with you, and I am very sure that all England
+could not afford a kinder and pleasanter host."
+
+Some years later he took up the subject again, and wrote to Sir Joseph
+Hooker (May 25, 1877):--
+
+"I have been looking over my old notes about the "bloom" on plants, and I
+think that the subject is well worth pursuing, though I am very doubtful of
+any success.  Are you inclined to aid me on the mere chance of success, for
+without your aid I could do hardly anything?"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY.
+Down, June 4 [1877].
+
+...I am now trying to make out the use or function of "bloom," or the waxy
+secretion on the leaves and fruit of plants, but am VERY doubtful whether I
+shall succeed.  Can you give me any light?  Are such plants commoner in
+warm than in colder climates?  I ask because I often walk out in heavy
+rain, and the leaves of very few wild dicotyledons can be here seen with
+drops of water rolling off them like quick-silver.  Whereas in my flower
+garden, greenhouse, and hot-houses there are several.  Again, are bloom-
+protected plants common on your DRY western plains?  Hooker THINKS that
+they are common at the Cape of Good Hope.  It is a puzzle to me if they are
+common under very dry climates, and I find bloom very common on the Acacias
+and Eucalypti of Australia.  Some of the Eucalypti which do not appear to
+be covered with bloom have the epidermis protected by a layer of some
+substance which is dissolved in boiling alcohol.  Are there any bloom-
+protected leaves or fruit in the Arctic regions?  If you can illuminate me,
+as you so often have done, pray do so; but otherwise do not bother yourself
+by answering.
+
+Yours affectionately,
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER.
+Down, September 5 [1877].
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+One word to thank you.  I declare had it not been for your kindness, we
+should have broken down.  As it is we have made out clearly that with some
+plants (chiefly succulent) the bloom checks evaporation--with some
+certainly prevents attacks of insects; with SOME sea-shore plants prevents
+injury from salt-water, and, I believe, with a few prevents injury from
+pure water resting on the leaves.  This latter is as yet the most doubtful
+and the most interesting point in relation to the movements of plants...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER.
+Down, July 4 [1881].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your kindness is unbounded, and I cannot tell you how much your last letter
+(May 31) has interested me.  I have piles of notes about the effect of
+water resting on leaves, and their movements (as I supposed) to shake off
+the drops.  But I have not looked over these notes for a long time, and had
+come to think that perhaps my notion was mere fancy, but I had intended to
+begin experimenting as soon as I returned home; and now with your
+INVALUABLE letter about the position of the leaves of various plants during
+rain (I have one analogous case with Acacia from South Africa), I shall be
+stimulated to work in earnest.
+
+
+VARIABILITY.
+
+[The following letter refers to a subject on which my father felt the
+strongest interest:--the experimental investigation of the causes of
+variability.  The experiments alluded to were to some extent planned out,
+and some preliminary work was begun in the direction indicated below, but
+the research was ultimately abandoned.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. GILBERT.  (Dr. Gilbert, F.R.S., joint author with
+Sir John Bennett Lawes of a long series of valuable researches in
+Scientific Agriculture.)
+Down, February 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+When I met you at the Linnean Society, you were so kind as to say that you
+would aid me with advice, and this will be of the utmost value to me and my
+son.  I will first state my object, and hope that you will excuse a long
+letter.  It is admitted by all naturalists that no problem is so perplexing
+as what causes almost every cultivated plant to vary, and no experiments as
+yet tried have thrown any light on the subject.  Now for the last ten years
+I have been experimenting in crossing and self-fertilising plants; and one
+indirect result has surprised me much; namely, that by taking pains to
+cultivate plants in pots under glass during several successive generations,
+under nearly similar conditions, and by self-fertilising them in each
+generation, the colour of the flowers often changes, and, what is very
+remarkable, they became in some of the most variable species, such as
+Mimulus, Carnation, etc., quite constant, like those of a wild species.
+
+This fact and several others have led me to the suspicion that the cause of
+variation must be in different substances absorbed from the soil by these
+plants when their powers of absorption are not interfered with by other
+plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature.  Therefore my son
+and I wish to grow plants in pots in soil entirely, or as nearly entirely
+as is possible, destitute of all matter which plants absorb, and then to
+give during several successive generations to several plants of the same
+species as different solutions as may be compatible with their life and
+health.  And now, can you advise me how to make soil approximately free of
+all the substances which plants naturally absorb?  I suppose white silver
+sand, sold for cleaning harness, etc., is nearly pure silica, but what am I
+to do for alumina?  Without some alumina I imagine that it would be
+impossible to keep the soil damp and fit for the growth of plants.  I
+presume that clay washed over and over again in water would still yield
+mineral matter to the carbonic acid secreted by the roots.  I should want a
+good deal of soil, for it would be useless to experimentise unless we could
+fill from twenty to thirty moderately sized flower-pots every year.  Can
+you suggest any plan? for unless you can it would, I fear, be useless for
+us to commence an attempt to discover whether variability depends at all on
+matter absorbed from the soil.  After obtaining the requisite kind of soil,
+my notion is to water one set of plants with nitrate of potassium, another
+set with nitrate of sodium, and another with nitrate of lime, giving all as
+much phosphate of ammonia as they seemed to support, for I wish the plants
+to grow as luxuriantly as possible.  The plants watered with nitrate of Na
+and of Ca would require, I suppose, some K; but perhaps they would get what
+is absolutely necessary from such soil as I should be forced to employ, and
+from the rain-water collected in tanks.  I could use hard water from a deep
+well in the chalk, but then all the plants would get lime.  If the plants
+to which I give Nitrate of Na and of Ca would not grow I might give them a
+little alum.
+
+I am well aware how very ignorant I am, and how crude my notions are; and
+if you could suggest any other solutions by which plants would be likely to
+be affected it would be a very great kindness.  I suppose that there are no
+organic fluids which plants would absorb, and which I could procure?
+
+I must trust to your kindness to excuse me for troubling you at such
+length, and,
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter to Professor Semper (Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.)
+bears on the same subject:]
+
+FROM CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER.
+Down, July 19, 1881.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+I have been much pleased to receive your letter, but I did not expect you
+to answer my former one...I cannot remember what I wrote to you, but I am
+sure that it must have expressed the interest which I felt in reading your
+book.  (Published in the 'International Scientific Series,' in 1881, under
+the title, 'The Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect Animal
+Life.')  I thought that you attributed too much weight to the DIRECT action
+of the environment; but whether I said so I know not, for without being
+asked I should have thought it presumptuous to have criticised your book,
+nor should I now say so had I not during the last few days been struck with
+Professor Hoffmann's review of his own work in the 'Botanische Zeitung,' on
+the variability of plants; and it is really surprising how little effect he
+produced by cultivating certain plants under unnatural conditions, as the
+presence of salt, lime, zinc, etc., etc., during SEVERAL generations. 
+Plants, moreover, were selected which were the most likely to vary under
+such conditions, judging from the existence of closely-allied forms adapted
+for these conditions.  No doubt I originally attributed too little weight
+to the direct action of conditions, but Hoffmann's paper has staggered me. 
+Perhaps hundreds of generations of exposure are necessary.  It is a most
+perplexing subject.  I wish I was not so old, and had more strength, for I
+see lines of research to follow.  Hoffmann even doubts whether plants vary
+more under cultivation than in their native home and under their natural
+conditions.  If so, the astonishing variations of almost all cultivated
+plants must be due to selection and breeding from the varying individuals. 
+This idea crossed my mind many years ago, but I was afraid to publish it,
+as I thought that people would say, "how he does exaggerate the importance
+of selection."
+
+I still MUST believe that changed conditions give the impulse to
+variability, but that they act IN MOST CASES in a very indirect manner. 
+But, as I said, it is a most perplexing problem.  Pray forgive me for
+writing at such length; I had no intention of doing so when I sat down to
+write.
+
+I am extremely sorry to hear, for your own sake and for that of Science,
+that you are so hard worked, and that so much of your time is consumed in
+official labour.
+
+Pray believe me, dear Professor Semper,
+Yours sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+GALLS.
+
+[Shortly before his death, my father began to experimentise on the
+possibility of producing galls artificially.  A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(November 3, 1880) shows the interest which he felt in the question:--
+
+"I was delighted with Paget's Essay ('Disease in Plants,' by Sir James
+Paget.--See "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1880.); I hear that he has occasionally
+attended to this subject from his youth...I am very glad he has called
+attention to galls:  this has always seemed to me a profoundly interesting
+subject; and if I had been younger would take it up."
+
+His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish to
+learn something of the causes of variation.  He imagined to himself
+wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these
+means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus
+new varieties arise.  He made a considerable number of experiments by
+injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves, and with some slight
+indications of success.]
+
+
+AGGREGATION.
+
+[The following letter gives an idea of the subject of the last of his
+published papers.  ('Journal of the Linnean Society.' volume xix, 1882,
+pages 239 and 262.)  The appearances which he observed in leaves and roots
+attracted him, on account of their relation to the phenomena of aggregation
+which had so deeply interested him when he was at work on Drosera:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO S.H. VINES.  (Reader in Botany in the University of
+Cambridge.)
+Down, November 1, 1881.
+
+My dear Mr. Vines,
+
+As I know how busy you are, it is a great shame to trouble you.  But you
+are so rich in chemical knowledge about plants, and I am so poor, that I
+appeal to your charity as a pauper.  My question is--Do you know of any
+solid substance in the cells of plants which glycerine and water dissolves? 
+But you will understand my perplexity better if I give you the facts:  I
+mentioned to you that if a plant of Euphorbia peplus is gently dug up and
+the roots placed for a short time in a weak solution (1 to 10,000 of water,
+suffices in 24 hours) of carbonate of ammonia the (generally) alternate
+longitudinal rows of cells in every rootlet, from the root-cap up to the
+very top of the root (but not as far as I have yet seen in the green stem)
+become filled with translucent, brownish grains of matter.  These rounded
+grains often cohere and even become confluent.  Pure phosphate and nitrate
+of ammonia produce (though more slowly) the same effect, as does pure
+carbonate of soda.
+
+Now, if slices of root under a cover-glass are irrigated with glycerine and
+water, every one of the innumerable grains in the cells disappear after
+some hours.  What am I to think of this.?...
+
+Forgive me for bothering you to such an extent; but I must mention that if
+the roots are dipped in boiling water there is no deposition of matter, and
+carbonate of ammonia afterwards produces no effect.  I should state that I
+now find that the granular matter is formed in the cells immediately
+beneath the thin epidermis, and a few other cells near the vascular tissue. 
+If the granules consisted of living protoplasm (but I can see no traces of
+movement in them), then I should infer that the glycerine killed them and
+aggregation ceased with the diffusion of invisibly minute particles, for I
+have seen an analogous phenomenon in Drosera.
+
+If you can aid me, pray do so, and anyhow forgive me.
+Yours very sincerely,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+MR. TORBITT'S EXPERIMENTS ON THE POTATO-DISEASE.
+
+[Mr. James Torbitt, of Belfast, has been engaged for the last twelve years
+in the difficult undertaking, in which he has been to a large extent
+successful, of raising fungus-proof varieties of the potato.  My father
+felt great interest in Mr. Torbitt's work, and corresponded with him from
+1876 onwards.  The following letter, giving a clear account of Mr.
+Torbitt's method and of my father's opinion of the probability of its
+success, was written with the idea that Government aid for the work might
+possibly be obtainable:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER.
+Down, March 2, 1878.
+
+My dear Farrer,
+
+Mr. Torbitt's plan of overcoming the potato-disease seems to me by far the
+best which has ever been suggested.  It consists, as you know from his
+printed letter, of rearing a vast number of seedlings from cross-fertilised
+parents, exposing them to infection, ruthlessly destroying all that suffer,
+saving those which resist best, and repeating the process in successive
+seminal generations.  My belief in the probability of good results from
+this process rests on the fact of all characters whatever occasionally
+varying.  It is known, for instance, that certain species and varieties of
+the vine resist phylloxera better than others.  Andrew Knight found in one
+variety or species of the apple which was not in the least attacked by
+coccus, and another variety has been observed in South Australia.  Certain
+varieties of the peach resist mildew, and several other such cases could be
+given.  Therefore there is no great improbability in a new variety of
+potato arising which would resist the fungus completely, or at least much
+better than any existing variety.  With respect to the cross-fertilisation
+of two distinct seedling plants, it has been ascertained that the offspring
+thus raised inherit much more vigorous constitutions and generally are more
+prolific than seedlings from self-fertilised parents.  It is also probable
+that cross-fertilisation would be especially valuable in the case of the
+potato, as there is reason to believe that the flowers are seldom crossed
+by our native insects; and some varieties are absolutely sterile unless
+fertilised with pollen from a distinct variety.  There is some evidence
+that the good effects from a cross are transmitted for several generations;
+it would not, therefore be necessary to cross-fertilise the seedlings in
+each generation, though this would be desirable, as it is almost certain
+that a greater number of seeds would thus be obtained.  It should be
+remembered that a cross between plants raised from the tubers of the same
+plant, though growing on distinct roots, does no more good than a cross
+between flowers on the same individual.  Considering the whole subject, it
+appears to me that it would be a national misfortune if the cross-
+fertilised seeds in Mr. Torbitt's possession produced by parents which have
+already shown some power of resisting the disease, are not utilised by the
+Government, or some public body, and the process of selection continued
+during several more generations.
+
+Should the Agricultural Society undertake the work, Mr. Torbitt's knowledge
+gained by experience would be especially valuable; and an outline of the
+plan is given in his printed letter.  It would be necessary that all the
+tubers produced by each plant should be collected separately, and carefully
+examined in each succeeding generation.
+
+It would be advisable that some kind of potato eminently liable to the
+disease should be planted in considerable numbers near the seedlings so as
+to infect them.
+
+Altogether the trial would be one requiring much care and extreme patience,
+as I know from experience with analogous work, and it may be feared that it
+would be difficult to find any one who would pursue the experiment with
+sufficient energy.  It seems, therefore, to me highly desirable that Mr.
+Torbitt should be aided with some small grant so as to continue the work
+himself.
+
+Judging from his reports, his efforts have already been crowned in so short
+a time with more success than could have been anticipated; and I think you
+will agree with me, that any one who raises a fungus-proof potato will be a
+public benefactor of no common kind.
+
+My dear Farrer, yours sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[After further consultation with Sir Thomas Farrer and with Mr. Caird, my
+father became convinced that it was hopeless to attempt to obtain
+Government aid.  He wrote to Mr. Torbitt to this effect, adding, "it would
+be less trouble to get up a subscription from a few rich leading
+agriculturists than from Government.  This plan I think you cannot object
+to, as you have asked nothing, and will have nothing whatever to do with
+the subscription.  In fact, the affair is, in my opinion, a compliment to
+you."  The idea here broached was carried out, and Mr. Torbitt was enabled
+to continue his work by the aid of a sum to which Sir T. Farrer, Mr. Caird,
+my father, and a few friends, subscribed.
+
+My father's sympathy and encouragement were highly valued by Mr. Torbitt,
+who tells me that without them he should long ago have given up his
+attempt.  A few extracts will illustrate my father's fellow feeling with
+Mr. Torbitt's energy and perseverance:--
+
+"I admire your indomitable spirit.  If any one ever deserved success, you
+do so, and I keep to my original opinion that you have a very good chance
+of raising a fungus-proof variety of the potato.
+
+"A pioneer in a new undertaking is sure to meet with many disappointments,
+so I hope that you will keep up your courage, though we have done so very
+little for you."
+
+Mr. Torbitt tells me that he still (1887) succeeds in raising varieties
+possessing well-marked powers of resisting disease; but this immunity is
+not permanent, and, after some years, the varieties become liable to the
+attacks of the fungus.]
+
+
+THE KEW INDEX OF PLANT-NAMES, OR 'NOMENCLATOR DARWINIANUS.'
+
+[Some account of my father's connection with the Index of Plant-names now
+(1887) in course of preparation at Kew will be found in Mr. B. Daydon
+Jackson's paper in the 'Journal of Botany,' 1887, page 151.  Mr. Jackson
+quotes the following statement by Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+event of these not being completed during his lifetime.
+
+"Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index to the
+names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to botanists,
+together with their native countries.  Steudel's 'Nomenclator' is the only
+existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a century old,
+Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches.  It has been
+indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a list of all
+known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors, or as a digest
+of botanical geography."
+
+
+Since 1840, when the 'Nomenclator' was published, the number of described
+plants may be said to have doubled, so that the 'Nomenclator' is now
+seriously below the requirements of botanical work.  To remedy this want,
+the 'Nomenclator' has been from time to time posted up in an interleaved
+copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied by private
+liberality."  (Kew Gardens Report, 1881, page 62.)
+
+My father, like other botanists, had as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+experienced the value of Steudel's work.  He obtained plants from all sorts
+of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the necessity
+of adhering to the accepted nomenclature, so that he might convey to other
+workers precise indications as to the plants which he had studied.  It was
+also frequently a matter of importance to him to know the native country of
+his experimental plants.  Thus it was natural that he should recognize the
+desirability of completing and publishing the interleaved volume at Kew. 
+The wish to help in this object was heightened by the admiration he felt
+for the results for which the world has to thank the Royal Gardens at Kew,
+and by his gratitude for the invaluable aid which for so many years he
+received from its Director and his staff.  He expressly stated that it was
+his wish "to aid in some way the scientific work carried on at the Royal
+Gardens" (Kew Gardens Report, 1881, page 62.)--which induced him to offer
+to supply funds for the completion of the Kew 'Nomenclator.'
+
+The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+much interest, as illustrating the motives that actuated my father in this
+matter.  Professor Judd writes:--
+
+"On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income having
+recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same, he was most
+anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement of Geology or
+Biology.  He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact that he owed so
+much happiness and fame to the natural-history sciences, which had been the
+solace of what might have been a painful existence;--and he begged me, if I
+knew of any research which could be aided by a grant of a few hundreds of
+pounds, to let him know, as it would be a delight to him to feel that he
+was helping in promoting the progress of science.  He informed me at the
+same time that he was making the same suggestion to Sir Joseph Hooker and
+Professor Huxley with respect to Botany and Zoology respectively.  I was
+much impressed by the earnestness, and, indeed, deep emotion, with which he
+spoke of his indebtedness to Science, and his desire to promote its
+interests."
+
+Sir Joseph Hooker was asked by my father "to take into consideration, with
+the aid of the botanical staff at Kew and the late Mr. Bentham, the extent
+and scope of the proposed work, and to suggest the best means of having it
+executed.  In doing this, Sir Joseph had further the advantage of the great
+knowledge and experience of Professor Asa Gray, of Cambridge, U.S.A., and
+of Mr. John Ball, F.R.S."  ('Journal of Botany,' loc. cit.)
+
+The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir Joseph
+Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr. B. Daydon
+Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive knowledge of
+botanical literature qualifies him for the task.  My father's original idea
+of producing a modern edition of Steudel's 'Nomenclator' has been
+practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view is rather to construct a
+list of genera and species (with references) founded on Bentham and
+Hooker's 'Genera Plantarum.'  The colossal nature of the work in progress
+at Kew may be estimated by the fact that the manuscript of the 'Index' is
+at the present time (1887) believed to weigh more than a ton.  Under Sir
+Joseph Hooker's supervision the work goes steadily forward, being carried
+out with admirable zeal by Mr. Jackson, who devotes himself unsparingly to
+the enterprise, in which, too, he has the advantage of the active interest
+in the work felt by Professor Oliver and Mr. Thiselton Dyer.
+
+The Kew 'Index,' which will, in all probability, be ready to go to press in
+four or five years, will be a fitting memorial of my father:  and his share
+in its completion illustrates a part of his character--his ready sympathy
+with work outside his own lines of investigation--and his respect for
+minute and patient labour in all branches of science.]
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XVI.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages.  The subject of
+health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+outward form of his life.
+
+During the last ten years of his life the condition of his health was a
+cause of satisfaction and hope to his family.  His condition showed signs
+of amendment in several particulars.  He suffered less distress and
+discomfort, and was able to work more steadily.  Something has been already
+said of Dr. Bence Jones's treatment, from which my father certainly derived
+benefit.  In later years he became a patient of Sir Andrew Clark, under
+whose care he improved greatly in general health.  It was not only for his
+generously rendered service that my father felt a debt of gratitude towards
+Sir Andrew Clark.  He owed to his cheering personal influence an often-
+repeated encouragement, which laterally added something real to his
+happiness, and he found sincere pleasure in Sir Andrew's friendship and
+kindness towards himself and his children.
+
+Scattered through the past pages are one or two references to pain or
+uneasiness felt in the region of the heart.  How far these indicate that
+the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any case
+it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of this nature
+until shortly before his death.  In spite of the general improvement in his
+health, which has been above alluded to, there was a certain loss of
+physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last few years of his
+life.  This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter to his old friend Sir
+James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879:  "My scientific work tires me
+more than it used to do, but I have nothing else to do, and whether one is
+worn out a year or two sooner or later signifies but little."
+
+A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker of June 15, 1881. 
+My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote:  "I am rather despondent
+about myself...I have not the heart or strength to begin any investigation
+lasting years, which is the only thing which I enjoy, and I have no little
+jobs which I can do."
+
+In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace, "We have just returned home after
+spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming, but I
+cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery...What I shall do
+with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell.  I have everything
+to make me happy and contented, but life has become very wearisome to me." 
+He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and that of a trying sort
+(On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots and leaves.), during the
+autumn of 1881, but towards the end of the year he was clearly in need of
+rest; and during the winter was in a lower condition than was usual with
+him.
+
+On December 13 he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+Street.  During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and was
+seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same kind as
+those which afterwards became so frequent.  The rest of the incident, which
+I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a different point of
+view, as giving one more illustration of my father's scrupulous
+consideration for others:--
+
+"I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+asked him to come in, he said he would prefer going home, and although the
+butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he said he
+would rather not give so much trouble.  For the same reason he refused to
+allow the butler to accompany him.  Accordingly he watched him walking with
+difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be met with, and saw
+that, when he had got about three hundred yards from the house, he
+staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if to prevent himself
+from falling.  The butler therefore hastened to his assistance, but after a
+few seconds saw him turn round with the evident purpose of retracing his
+steps to my house.  However, after he had returned part of the way he seems
+to have felt better, for he again changed his mind, and proceeded to find a
+cab."
+
+During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks of
+pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse, became
+frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon.  A seizure of this sort
+occurred about March 7, when he was walking alone at a short distance from
+the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the last time that he
+was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.'  Shortly after this, his
+illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and he was seen by Sir
+Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr. Norman Moore, of St.
+Bartholomew's Hospital, and Mr. Alfrey, of St. Mary Cray.  He suffered from
+distressing sensations of exhaustion and faintness, and seemed to recognise
+with deep depression the fact that his working days were over.  He
+gradually recovered from this condition, and became more cheerful and
+hopeful, as is shown in the following letter to Mr. Huxley, who was anxious
+that my father should have closer medical supervision than the existing
+arrangements allowed:
+
+
+Down, March 27, 1882.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me.  I have felt better
+to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no pain.  Your plan seems
+an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it, unless I get very much
+better.  Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me, but he is too busy to
+come here.  Once again, accept my cordial thanks, my dear old friend.  I
+wish to God there were more automata (The allusion is to Mr. Huxley's
+address 'On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its History,'
+given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association in 1874, and
+republished in 'Science and Culture.') in the world like you.
+
+Ever yours,
+CH. DARWIN."
+
+
+The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation.  Sir
+Andrew Clark himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who,
+however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+severely his great practice taxed his strength.
+
+No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on Saturday
+15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in the evening,
+and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa.  On the 17th he was again
+better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the progress of an
+experiment in which I was engaged.  During the night of April 18th, about a
+quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed into a faint, from
+which he was brought back to consciousness with great difficulty.  He
+seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I am not the least
+afraid to die."  All the next morning he suffered from terrible nausea and
+faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.
+
+He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+seventy-fourth year of his age.
+
+I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect added
+to the manuscript of his 'Autobiography' in 1879:--
+
+"As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily following,
+and devoting my life to Science.  I feel no remorse from having committed
+any great sin, but have often and often regretted that I have not done more
+direct good to my fellow creatures."
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed by
+twenty members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+Westminster:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 21, 1882.
+
+Very Rev. Sir,
+
+We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we venture to suggest
+that it would be acceptable to a very large number of our fellow-countrymen
+of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman, Mr. Darwin,
+should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+We remain, your obedient servants,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK,
+NEVIL STOREY MASKELYNE,
+A.J. MUNDELLA,
+G.O. TREVELYAN,
+LYON PLAYFAIR,
+CHARLES W. DILKE,
+DAVID WEDDERBURN,
+ARTHUR RUSSEL,
+HORACE DAVEY,
+BENJAMIN ARMITAGE,
+RICHARD B. MARTIN,
+FRANCIS W. BUXTON,
+E.L. STANLEY,
+HENRY BROADHURST,
+JOHN BARRAN,
+F.J. CHEETHAM,
+H.S. HOLLAND,
+H. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN,
+CHARLES BRUCE,
+RICHARD FORT.
+
+The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial acquiescence.
+
+The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down:  with
+regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:--
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 25, 1882.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I should greatly have
+preferred that your father should have rested in Down amongst us all.  It
+is, I am sure, quite understood that the initiative was not taken by you. 
+Still, from a national point of view, it is clearly right that he should be
+buried in the Abbey.  I esteem it a great privilege to be allowed to
+accompany my dear master to the grave.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK.
+
+W.E. DARWIN, ESQ.
+
+
+The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place in
+Westminster Abbey on April 26th.  The pall-bearers were:--
+
+SIR JOHN LUBBOCK,
+MR. HUXLEY,
+MR. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (American Minister),
+MR. A.R. WALLACE,
+THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,
+CANON FARRAR,
+SIR J.D. HOOKER,
+MR. WM. SPOTTISWOODE (President of the Royal Society),
+THE EARL OF DERBY,
+THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany, Italy,
+Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities, and learned Societies, as
+well as by large numbers of personal friends and distinguished men.
+
+The grave is in the North aisle of the Nave close to the angle of the
+choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton.  The stone
+bears the inscription--
+
+CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN.
+Born 12 February, 1809.
+Died 19 April, 1882.
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+I.--LIST OF WORKS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of Her Majesty's Ships 'Adventure' and
+'Beagle' between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of
+the Southern shores of South America, and the 'Beagle's' circumnavigation
+of the globe.  Volume iii.  Journal and Remarks, 1832-1836.  By Charles
+Darwin.  8vo.  London, 1839.
+
+Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the countries
+visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world, under the
+command of Captain Fitz-Roy, R.N.  2nd edition, corrected, with additions. 
+8vo.  London, 1845.  (Colonial and Home Library.)
+
+A Naturalist's Voyage.  Journal of Researches, etc., 8vo.  London, 1860.
+[Contains a postscript dated February 1, 1860.]
+
+Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.'  Edited and superintended by
+Charles Darwin.  Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen.  With a
+Geological Introduction, by Charles Darwin.  4to.  London, 1840.
+
+--Part II.  Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse.  With a notice of their
+habits and ranges, by Charles Darwin.  4to.  London, 1839.
+
+--Part III.  Birds, by John Gould.  An "Advertisement" (2 pages) states
+that in consequence of Mr. Gould's having left England for Australia, many
+descriptions were supplied by Mr. G.R. Gray of the British Museum.  4to. 
+London, 1841.
+
+--Part IV.  Fish, by Rev. Leonard Jenyns.  4to.  London, 1842.
+
+--Part V.  Reptiles, by Thomas Bell.  4to.  London, 1843.
+
+The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs.  Being the First Part of the
+Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.'  8vo.  London, 1842.
+
+The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs.  2nd edition.  8vo.  London,
+1874.
+
+Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the Voyage
+of H.M.S. 'Beagle.'  Being the Second Part of the Geology of the Voyage of
+the 'Beagle.'  8vo. London, 1844.
+
+Geological Observations on South America.  Being the Third Part of the
+Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo.  London, 1846.
+
+Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South America
+visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.'  2nd edition.  8vo.  London,
+1876.
+
+A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great
+Britain.  4to.  London, 1851.  (Palaeontographical Society.)
+
+A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. 
+The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.  8vo.  London, 1851.  (Ray
+Society.)
+
+--The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. 8vo.  London,
+1854.  (Ray Society.)
+
+A Monograph of the Fossil Balanidae and Verrucidae of Great Britain.  4to.
+London, 1854.  (Palaeontographical Society.)
+
+On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation
+of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.  8vo.  London, 1859.  (Dated
+October 1st, 1859, published November 24, 1859.)
+
+--Fifth thousand.  8vo.  London, 1860.
+
+--Third edition, with additions and corrections.  (Seventh thousand.)  8vo. 
+London, 1861. (Dated March, 1861.)
+
+--Fourth edition with additions and corrections.  (Eighth thousand.)  8vo. 
+London, 1866. (Dated June, 1866.)
+
+--Fifth edition, with additions and corrections.  (Tenth thousand.)  8vo. 
+London, 1869.  (Dated May, 1869.)
+
+--Sixth edition, with additions and corrections to 1872.  (Twenty-fourth
+thousand.)  8vo.  London, 1882.  (Dated January, 1872.)
+
+On the various contrivances by which Orchids are fertilised by Insects. 
+8vo.  London, 1862.
+
+--Second edition.  8vo.  London, 1877.  [In the second edition the word
+"On" is omitted from the title.]
+
+The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants.  Second edition.  8vo. 
+London, 1875.  [First appeared in the ninth volume of the 'Journal of the
+Linnean Society.']
+
+The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.  2 volumes.  8vo. 
+London, 1868.
+
+--Second edition, revised.  2 volumes.  8vo.  London, 1875.
+
+The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.  2 volumes.  8vo. 
+London, 1871.
+
+--Second edition.  8vo.  London, 1874.  (In 1 volume.)
+
+The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.  8vo.  London, 1872.
+
+Insectivorous Plants.  8vo.  London, 1875.
+
+The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.  8vo. 
+London, 1876.
+
+--Second edition.  8vo.  London, 1878.
+
+The different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species.  8vo. 
+London, 1877.
+
+--Second edition.  8vo.  London, 1880.
+
+The Power of Movement in Plants.  By Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis
+Darwin.  8vo.  London, 1880.
+
+The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with
+Observations on their Habits.  8vo.  London, 1881.
+
+
+II.--LIST OF BOOKS CONTAINING CONTRIBUTIONS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy:
+and adapted for travellers in general.  Edited by Sir John F.W. Herschel,
+Bart.  8vo.  London, 1849.  (Section VI.  Geology.  By Charles Darwin.)
+
+Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow.  By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns.  8vo. 
+London, 1862.  [In Chapter III., Recollections by Charles Darwin.]
+
+A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton published in Prof. J.
+Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe.'
+
+Flowers and their unbidden guests.  By A. Kerner.  With a Prefatory Letter
+by Charles Darwin.  The translation revised and edited by W. Ogle.  8vo. 
+London, 1878.
+
+Erasmus Darwin.  By Ernst Krause.  Translated from the German by W.S.
+Dallas.  With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.  8vo.  London, 1879.
+
+Studies in the Theory of Descent.  By August Weismann.  Translated and
+edited by Raphael Meldola.  With a Prefatory Notice by Charles Darwin. 
+8vo.  London, 1880--.
+
+The Fertilisation of Flowers.  By Hermann Muller.  Translated and edited by
+D'Arcy W. Thompson.  With a Preface by Charles Darwin.  8vo.  London, 1883.
+
+Mental Evolution in Animals.  By G.J. Romanes.  With a posthumous essay on
+instinct by Charles Darwin, 1883.  [Also published in the Journal of the
+Linnean Society.]
+
+Some Notes on a curious habit of male humble bees were sent to Prof.
+Hermann Muller, of Lippstadt, who had permission from Mr. Darwin to make
+what use he pleased of them.  After Muller's death the Notes were given by
+his son to Dr. E. Krause, who published them under the title, "Ueber die
+Wege der Hummel-Mannchen" in his book, 'Gesammelte kleinere Schriften von
+Charles Darwin.' (1886).
+
+
+III.--LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS, INCLUDING A SELECTION OF LETTERS AND SHORT
+COMMUNICATIONS TO SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.
+
+Letters to Professor Henslow, read by him at the meeting of the Cambridge
+Philosophical Society, held November 16, 1835.  31 pages.  8vo.  Privately
+printed for distribution among the members of the Society.
+
+Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of South
+America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account of a
+transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between Valparaiso and
+Mendoza.  [Read November 18, 1835.]  Geology Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages
+210-212.  [This Paper is incorrectly described in Geology Society Proc.
+ii., page 210 as follows:--"Geological notes, etc., by F. Darwin, Esq., of
+St. John's College, Cambridge:  communicated by Prof. Sedgwick."  It is
+Indexed under C. Darwin.]
+
+Notes upon the Rhea Americana.  Zoology Society Proc., Part v. 1837. pages
+35-36.
+
+Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili, made
+during the survey of H.M.S. "Beagle," commanded by Captain Fitz-Roy.
+[1837.]  Geological Society Proc. ii.1838, pages 446-449.
+
+A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the neighbourhood
+of the Plata.  [1837.]  Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 542-544.
+
+On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian
+oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations.  [1837.]  Geological
+Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 552-554.
+
+On the Formation of Mould.  [Read November 1, 1837.]  Geological Society
+Proc. ii. 1838, pages 574-576; Geological Society Transactions v. 1840,
+pages 505-510.
+
+On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena and on the formation of
+mountain-chains and the effects of continental elevations.  [Read March 7,
+1838.]  Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 654-660; Geological
+Society Transactions v. 1840, pages 601-632. [In the Society's Transactions
+the wording of the title is slightly different.]
+
+Origin of saliferous deposits.  Salt Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata. 
+Geological Society Journal ii. (Part ii.), 1838, pages 127-128.
+
+Note on a Rock seen on an Iceberg in 16 deg South Latitude.  Geographical
+Society Journal ix. 1839, pages 528-529.
+
+Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of
+Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine
+origin.  Phil. Trans. 1839, pages 39-82.
+
+On a remarkable Bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the Coast of Brazil. 
+Phil. Mag. xix. 1841, pages 257-260.
+
+On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous
+Unstratified Deposits of South America.  [1841.]  Geological Society Proc.
+iii. 1842, pages 425-430; Geological Society Transactions vi. 1842, pages
+415-432.
+
+Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient Glaciers of Caernarvonshire,
+and on the Boulders transported by Floating Ice.  London Philosophical
+Magazine volume xxi. page 180.  1842.
+
+Remarks on the preceding paper, in a Letter from Charles Darwin, Esq., to
+Mr. Maclaren.  Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal xxxiv. 1843, pages 47-
+50.  [The "preceding" paper is: "On Coral Islands and Reefs as described by
+Mr. Darwin.  By Charles Maclaren, Esq., F.R.S.E."]
+
+Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta.  Annals
+and Magazine of Natural History xiii. 1844, pages 1-6.
+
+Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some remarkable
+Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits.  Annals and Magazine of
+Natural History xiv. 1844, pages 241-251.
+
+An account of the Fine Dust which often falls on Vessels in the Atlantic
+Ocean.  Geological Society Journal ii. 1846, pages 26-30.
+
+On the Geology of the Falkland Islands.  Geological Society Journal ii.
+1846, pages 267-274.
+
+A review of Waterhouse's 'Natural History of the Mammalia.'  [Not signed.] 
+Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1847.  Volume xix. page 53.
+
+On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher level. 
+Geological Society Journal iv. 1848, pages 315-323.
+
+On British fossil Lepadidae.  Geological Society Journal vi. 1850, pages
+439-440.  [The G.S.J. says "This paper was withdrawn by the author with the
+permission of the Council."]
+
+Analogy of the Structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers. 
+Edinburgh Royal Society Proc. ii. 1851, pages 17-18.
+
+On the power of Icebergs to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed Grooves
+across a Submarine Undulatory Surface.  Philosophical Magazine x. 1855,
+pages 96-98.
+
+Vitality of Seeds.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", November 17, 1855, page 758.
+
+On the action of Sea-water on the Germination of Seeds.  [1856.]  Linnean
+Society Journal i. 1857 ("Botany"), pages 130-140.
+
+On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers. 
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", page 725, 1857.
+
+On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection.  By Charles Darwin,
+Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., and F.G.S., and Alfred Wallace, Esq.  [Read July 1st,
+1858.]  Journal of the Linnean Society 1859, volume iii.  ("Zoology"), page
+45.
+
+Special titles of Charles Darwin's contributions to the foregoing:--
+
+i.  Extract from an unpublished work on Species by Charles Darwin Esq.,
+consisting of a portion of a chapter entitled, "On the Variation of Organic
+Beings in a State of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection; on the
+Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species."
+
+ii.  Abstract of a Letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Professor Asa Gray, of
+Boston U.S., dated September 5, 1857.
+
+On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers, and
+on the Crossing of Kidney Beans.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1858, page 828
+and Annals of Natural History 3rd series ii. 1858, pages 459-465.
+
+Do the Tineina or other small Moths suck Flowers, and if so what Flowers? 
+"Entomological Weekly Intelligencer" volume viii. 1860, page 103.
+
+Note on the achenia of Pumilio Argyrolepis.  "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+January 5, 1861, page 4.
+
+Fertilisation of Vincas.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", pages 552, 831, 832. 
+1861.
+
+On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the species of Primula, and on
+their remarkable Sexual Relations.  Linnean Society Journal vi. 1862
+("Botany"), pages 77-96.
+
+On the Three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid in
+the possession of the Linnean Society.  Linnean Society Journal vi. 1862
+("Botany"), pages 151-157.
+
+Yellow Rain.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", July 18, 1863, page 675.
+
+On the thickness of the Pampean formation near Buenos Ayres.  Geological
+Society Journal xix. 1863, pages 68-71.
+
+On the so-called "Auditory-sac" of Cirripedes.  Natural History Review,
+1863, pages 115-116.
+
+A review of Mr. Bates' paper on 'Mimetic Butterflies.'  Natural History
+Review, 1863, page 221-.  [Not signed.]
+
+On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in
+several species of the genus Linum.  Linnean Society Journal vii. 1864
+("Botany"), pages 69-83.
+
+On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria.  [1864.] 
+Linnean Society Journal viii. 1865 ("Botany"), pages 169-196.
+
+On the Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants.  [1865.]  Linnean Society
+Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), pages 1-118.
+
+Note on the Common Broom (Cytisus scoparius).  [1866.]  Linnean Society
+Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), page 358.
+
+Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids.  Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History, 4th series, iv. 1869, pages 141-159.
+
+On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants.  [1868.]  Linnean
+Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages 393-437.
+
+On the Specific Difference between Primula veris, British Fl. (var.
+officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, British Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.), and
+P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip.  With
+Supplementary Remarks on naturally produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum.
+[1868.]  Linnean Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages 437-454.
+
+Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestris). 
+Zoological Society Proceedings November 1, 1870, pages 705-706.
+
+Fertilisation of Leschenaultia.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", page 1166, 1871.
+
+The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants.  'Nature,' November 18, 1869,
+volume i. page 85.
+
+Pangenesis.  'Nature,' April 27, 1871, volume iii. page 502.
+
+A new view of Darwinism.  'Nature,' July 6, 1871, volume iv. page 180.
+
+Bree on Darwinism.  'Nature,' August 8, 1872, volume vi. page 279.
+
+Inherited Instinct.  'Nature,' February 13, 1873, volume vii. page 281.
+
+Perception in the Lower Animals.  'Nature,' March 13, 1873, volume vii.
+page 360.
+
+Origin of certain instincts.  'Nature,' April 3, 1873, volume vii. page
+417.
+
+Habits of Ants.  'Nature,' July 24, 1873, volume viii. page 244.
+
+On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes, and on
+Rudimentary Structures.  'Nature,' September 25, 1873, volume viii. page
+431.
+
+Recent researches on Termites and Honey-bees.  'Nature,' February 19, 1874,
+volume ix. page 308.
+
+Fertilisation of the Fumariaceae.  'Nature,' April 16, 1874, volume ix.
+page 460.
+
+Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds.  'Nature,' April 23, 1874,
+volume ix. page 482; May 14, 1874, volume x. page 24.
+
+Cherry Blossoms.  'Nature,' May 11, 1876, volume xiv. page 28.
+
+Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys.  'Nature,' November 2, 1876,
+volume xv. page 18.  Reprinted as a supplement to the 'Descent of Man,'
+18..
+
+Fritz Muller on Flowers and Insects.  'Nature,' November 29, 1877, volume
+xvii. page 78.
+
+The Scarcity of Holly Berries and Bees.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", January
+20, 1877, page 83.
+
+Note on Fertilization of Plants.  "Gardeners' Chronicle", volume vii. page
+246, 1877.
+
+A biographical sketch of an infant.  'Mind,' No.7, July, 1877.
+
+Transplantation of Shells.  'Nature,' May 30, 1878, volume xviii. page 120.
+
+Fritz Muller on a Frog having Eggs on its back--on the abortion of the
+hairs on the legs of certain Caddis-Flies, etc.  'Nature,' March 20, 1879,
+volume xix. page 462.
+
+Rats and Water-Casks.  'Nature,' March 27, 1879, volume xix. page 481.
+
+Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese Goose.  'Nature,' January
+1, 1880, volume xxi. page 207.
+
+The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies.  'Nature,' January 8, 1880,
+volume xxi. page 237.
+
+The Omori Shell Mounds.  'Nature,' April 15, 1880, volume xxi. page 561.
+
+Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection.  'Nature,' November 11, 1880,
+volume xxiii. page 32.
+
+Black Sheep.  'Nature,' December 30, 1880, volume xxiii. page 193.
+
+Movements of Plants.  'Nature,' March 3, 1881, volume xxiii. page 409.
+
+The Movements of Leaves.  'Nature,' April 28, 1881, volume xxiii. page 603.
+
+Inheritance.  'Nature,' July 21, 1881, volume xxiv. page 257.
+
+Leaves injured at Night by Free Radiation.  'Nature,' September 15, 1881,
+volume xxiv. page 459.
+
+The Parasitic Habits of Molothrus.  'Nature,' November 17, 1881, volume
+xxv. page 51.
+
+On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves.  'Nature,' April 6, 1882, volume
+xxv. page 529.
+
+The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of certain Plants.  [Read
+March 16, 1882.]  Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882,
+pages 239-261.
+
+The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies.  [Read March 6,
+1882.]  Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882, pages 262-
+284.
+
+On the modification of a Race of Syrian Street-Dogs by means of Sexual
+Selection.  By W. Van Dyck.  With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.
+[Read April 18, 1882.]  Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1882, pages
+367-370.
+
+
+APPENDIX III.
+
+PORTRAITS.
+
+1838:  Water-colour by G. Richmond in the possession of The Family.
+
+1851:  Lithograph by Ipswich British Association Series.
+
+1853:  Chalk Drawing by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of The Family.
+
+1853?:  Chalk Drawing (Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings for
+the last mentioned.) by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of Prof. Hughes,
+Cambridge.
+
+1869:  Bust, marble, by T. Woolner, R.A. in the possession of The Family.
+
+1875:  Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of
+Christ's College, Cambridge.) by W. Ouless, R.A., etched by P. Rajon, in
+the possession of The Family.
+
+1879:  Oil Painting by W.B. Richmond in the possession of The University of
+Cambridge.
+
+1881:  Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of W.E.
+Darwin, Esq., Southampton.) by the Hon. John Collier, in the possession of
+The Linnaean Society, etched by Leopold Flameng.
+
+
+CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.
+
+Statue by Joseph Boehm, R.A., in the possession of Museum, South
+Kensington.
+
+Bust by Chr. Lehr, Junr.
+
+Plaque by T. Woolner, R.A., and Josiah Wedgwood and Sons in the possession
+of Christ's College, in Charles Darwin's Room.
+
+Deep Medallion by J. Boehm, R.A. to be placed in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.
+
+1854?:  By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for 'Harper's Magazine'
+(October 1884).
+
+1870?:  By O.J. Rejlander, engraved on steel by C.H. Jeens for 'Nature'
+(June 4, 1874).
+
+1874?:  By Captain Darwin, R.E., engraved on wood for the 'Century
+Magazine' (January 1883).  Frontispiece, volume i.
+
+(The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+uncertain.  Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+give only an approximate date.  Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and his
+business was broken up.  My brother, captain Darwin, has no record of the
+date at which his photograph was taken.)
+
+1881:  By Messrs. Elliott and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for the
+present work.
+
+
+APPENDIX IV.
+
+HONOURS, DEGREES, SOCIETIES, ETC.
+
+(The list has been compiled from the diplomas and letters in my father's
+possession, and is no doubt incomplete, as he seems to have lost or mislaid
+some of the papers received from foreign Societies.  Where the name of a
+foreign Society (excluding those in the United States) is given in English,
+it is a translation of the Latin (or in one case Russian) of the original
+Diploma.)
+
+ORDER.--Prussian Order, 'Pour le Merite.'  1867.
+
+OFFICE.--County Magistrate.  1857.
+
+DEGREES.
+
+Cambridge:
+B.A. 1831 [1832].  See volume i.
+M.A. 1837.
+Hon. LL.D. 1877.
+
+Breslau:  Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery.  1862.
+
+Bonn:  Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery.  1868.
+
+Leyden:  Hon. M.D. 1875.
+
+SOCIETIES.--London:
+
+Zoological.  Corresponding Member.  1831.  (He afterwards became a Fellow
+of the Society.)
+Entomological.  1833, Original Member.
+Geological.  1836.  Wollaston Medal, 1859.
+Royal Geographical.  1838.
+Royal.  1839.  Royal Medal, 1853.  Copley Medal, 1864.
+Linnean.  1854.
+Ethnological.  1861.
+Medico-Chirurgical.  Hon. Member.  1868.
+Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians, 1879.
+
+SOCIETIES.--PROVINCIAL, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN.
+
+Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1865.
+Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, 1826.  Hon. Member, 1861.
+Royal Irish Academy.  Hon. Member, 1866.
+Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.  Hon. Member, 1868.
+Watford Natural History Society.  Hon. Member, 1877.
+Asiatic Society of Bengal.  Hon. Member, 1871.
+Royal Society of New South Wales.  Hon. Member, 1879.
+Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand.  Hon. Member, 1863.
+New Zealand Institute.  Hon. Member, 1872.
+
+FOREIGN SOCIETIES.--AMERICA.
+
+Sociedad Cientifica Argentina.  Hon. Member, 1877.
+Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Argentine Republic.  Hon. Member, 1878.
+Sociedad Zoologica Arjentina.  Hon. Member, 1874.
+Boston Society of Natural History.  Hon. Member, 1873.
+American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston).  Foreign Hon. Member, 1874.
+California Academy of Sciences.  Hon. Member, 1872.
+California State Geological Society.  Corresponding Member, 1877.
+Franklin Literary Society, Indiana.  Hon. Member, 1878.
+Sociedad de Naturalistas Neo-Granadinos.  Hon. Member, 1860.
+New York Academy of Sciences.  Hon. Member, 1879.
+Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura em Pernambuco.  Corresponding Member, 1879.
+Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.  Correspondent, 1860.
+American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.  Member, 1869.
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna.  Foreign Corresponding Member,
+1871; Hon. Foreign Member, 1875.
+Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.  Hon. Member, 1872.
+K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien.  Member, 1867.
+Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, 1872.
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Societe Royale des Sciences Medicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles.  Hon.
+Member, 1878.
+Societie Royale de Botanique de Belgique.  'Membre Associe,' 1881.
+Academie Royale des Sciences, etc., de Belgique.  'Associe de la Classe des
+Sciences.'  1870.
+
+DENMARK.
+
+Royal Society of Copenhagen.  Fellow, 1879.
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris.  Foreign Member, 1871.
+Societe Entomologique de France.  Hon. Member, 1874.
+Societe Geologique de France (Life Member), 1837.
+Institut de France.  'Correspondant' Section of Botany, 1878.
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin).  Corresponding Member, 1863;
+Fellow, 1878.
+Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, etc.  Corresponding Member, 1877.
+Schlesische Gesellschaft fur Vaterlandische Cultur (Breslau).  Hon. Member
+1878.
+Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina Academia Naturae Curiosorum (Dresden).  1857.
+(The diploma contains the words "accipe...ex antiqua nostra consuetudine
+cognomen Forster."  It was formerly the custom in the "Caesarea Leopoldino-
+Carolina Academia", that each new member should receive as a 'cognomen,' a
+name celebrated in that branch of science to which he belonged.  Thus a
+physician might be christened Boerhave, or an astronomer, Kepler.  My
+father seems to have been named after the traveller John Reinhold Forster.)
+Senkenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main. 
+Corresponding Member, 1873.
+Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle.  Member 1879.
+Siebenburgische Verein fur Naturwissenschaften (Hermannstadt).  Hon.
+Member, 1877.
+Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Jena.  Hon. Member,
+1878.
+Royal Bavarian Academy of Literature and Science (Munich).  Foreign Member,
+1878.
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie (Batavia). 
+Corresponding Member, 1880.
+Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem.  Foreign Member, 1877.
+Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen te Middelburg.  Foreign Member,
+1877.
+
+ITALY.
+
+Societa Geografica Italiana (Florence).  1870.
+Societa Italiana di Antropologia e di Etnologia (Florence).  Hon. Member,
+1872.
+Societa dei Naturalisti in Modena.  Hon. Member, 1875.
+Academia de' Lincei di Roma.  Foreign Member, 1875.
+La Scuola Italica, Academia Pitagorica, Reale ed Imp. Societa (Rome). 
+"Presidente Onoraria degli Anziani Pitagorici," 1880.
+Royal Academy of Turin.  1873.  "Bressa" Prize, 1879.
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa (Lisbon).  Corresponding Member, 1877.
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Society of Naturalists of the Imperial Kazan University.  Hon. Member,
+1875.
+Societas Caesarea Naturae Curiosorum (Moscow).  Hon. Member, 1870.
+Imperial Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg).  Corresponding Member, 1867.
+
+SPAIN.
+
+Institucion Libre de Ensenanza (Madrid).  Hon. Professor, 1877.
+
+SWEDEN.
+
+Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Stockholm).  Foreign Member, 1865.
+Royal Society of Sciences (Upsala).  Fellow, 1860.
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+
+Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel.  Corresponding Member, 1863.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+ABBOT, F.E., letter to.
+
+ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Philadelphia) elects Darwin a member.
+
+AGASSIZ, Alexander, letter to.
+
+AGASSIZ, Louis, Darwin's estimate of.
+Letters to.
+His attitude toward the 'Origin of Species.'
+Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+AGGREGATION, studied by Darwin.
+
+'ALMANACK, THE NATURALISTS' POCKET,' mentioned.
+
+ANDES, Darwin crosses the.
+
+'ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,' mentioned.
+
+ANTICIPATION of Darwin's views.
+
+ANTS, observations on.
+
+APPLETON, D., & CO., publish 'Origin of Species' in America.
+
+ARGYLL, Duke of, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+Darwin's comments on his criticisms.
+Darwin on his 'Reign of Law.'
+Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+ARISTOTLE, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+ARRANGEMENT of leaves on the stems of plants.
+
+'ATHENAEUM,' Darwin on its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+Reports British Association discussion.
+Darwin's letters to, in his own defence.
+Criticises Darwin.
+
+AUSTRALIA, development of animals in.
+
+AUSTRALIAN flora.
+
+AUSTRIAN expedition.
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY, extracts from.
+
+AVELING, Dr., on Darwin's religious views.
+Note.
+
+BAIN, Alexander, letter to.
+
+BALFOUR, Francis M., Darwin's estimate of.
+
+BALY medal presented to Darwin.
+
+BAER, K.E. von, agrees with Darwin.
+
+BASTIAN, H.C., Darwin on his 'Beginnings of Life.'
+
+BATES, H.W., Darwin on his insect fauna of the Amazon valley.
+Letters to.
+Darwin on his mimetic variations of butterflies.
+
+BATS.
+
+"BEAGLE", voyage of.
+Darwin offered an appointment to the.
+Her equipments.
+Object of her voyage.
+Her crew.
+
+BEETLES, collecting.
+
+BEHRENS, W., letter to.
+
+BELL, T., describes Darwin's reptiles.
+
+BELL-STONE of Shrewsbury mentioned.
+
+BELT, Thomas, Darwin on his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua.'
+
+BEMMELEN, A. van, letter to.
+
+BENTHAM, George, his silence on natural selection.
+Letter to Francis Darwin on his adoption of Darwin's views.
+His view of natural selection.
+Letters to.
+
+BERKELEY, Rev. M.J., reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+BERLIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+BET made by Darwin.
+
+BLOMEFIELD (JENYNS), Rev. Leonard, Darwin becomes acquainted with.
+Letters to.
+Darwin on his 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+BLOOM on leaves and fruit, Darwin's work on.
+
+BLYTH, Edward, mentioned.
+
+BOOLE, Mrs., her letter on natural selection and religion.
+Letter to.
+
+BOOTT, Francis, mentioned.
+
+BOTANY, Darwin's work on, and its relation to natural selection.
+
+BOWEN, Francis, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+BRACE, C.L., and wife, Darwin on their philanthropic work.
+
+BRAZIL, Emperor of, wishes to meet Darwin.
+
+BREE, C.R., his work 'Species not Transmutable.'
+Accuses Wallace of blundering, and is answered by Darwin.
+
+BREEDING, sources of information on.
+
+BRESSA prize presented to Darwin.
+
+BRITISH ASSOCIATION discusses the 'Origin of Species.'
+Oxford meeting of, allegorized.
+Belfast meeting.
+
+BRONN, H.G., edits the 'Origin of Species' in German.
+Letters to.
+Criticisms on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+BROWN, Robert, mentioned.
+
+BRUNTON, T. Lauder, letter to.
+
+BUCKLE, his system of collecting facts.
+Darwin on his 'History of Civilisation.'
+
+BUCKLEY, Miss A.B., letters to.
+
+BUFFON, Darwin on.
+
+BUNBURY, Sir C., mentioned.
+
+BUTLER, Samuel, charges Darwin of falsehood.
+
+BUTLER, Dr., his school at Shrewsbury.
+
+BUTTON, Jemmy, a visit to.
+
+CAIRNS, J.E., his lecture on 'The Slave Power.'
+
+CAM BRIDGE, University of, makes Darwin LL.D.
+Obtains memorial portrait of him.
+
+CAMERON, Mrs., makes a photograph of Darwin.
+
+CANARY ISLANDS, projected trip to.
+
+CANDOLLE, Alphonse de, letters to.
+His view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+Darwin on his 'Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+
+CARLYLE, Thomas, on Erasmus A. Darwin.
+His interesting talk.
+
+CARPENTER, W.B., letters to.
+Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+His work on 'Foraminifera.'
+
+CARUS, J. Victor, letters to.
+
+CATON, John D., letter to.
+
+CHAMBERS, R., Darwin on his geological views.
+
+CHANCE, not implied in evolution.
+
+CHIMNEY-SWEEPS, Darwin's efforts for.
+
+CIRRIPEDIA, monograph of the.
+Nomenclature of.
+Work on.
+The so-called auditory sac of.
+
+CIVIL WAR in the United States.
+Darwin on.
+
+CLARK, William, mentioned.
+
+CLARK, Sir Andrew, is Darwin's physician.
+
+CLIMATE and migration.
+
+'CLIMBING PLANTS,' written and published.
+Work on.
+Republished in book-form.
+
+COAL, discussion on submarine.
+
+COHN, Prof., describes a visit to Darwin.
+
+COLENSO, Bishop, his 'Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua.'
+
+COLLECTING, Darwin on.
+Butterflies.
+
+COLLIER, John, paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+COLOURS OF INSECTS.
+
+CONTINENTAL EXTENSION, Darwin's reasons against.
+
+CONTINENTS, permanence of.
+
+COPE, E.D., Darwin on his theory of acceleration.
+
+COPLEY MEDAL presented to Darwin.
+
+'CORAL REEFS,' at work upon.
+Opinions on.
+Criticised by Semper.
+Darwin's answer to Semper.
+Darwin on Murray's criticisms of.
+Second edition.
+
+CRAWFORD, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+CREATIVE POWER.
+
+'CREED OF SCIENCE,' read by Darwin.
+
+CRESY, E., letter to.
+
+CRICK, W.D., communicates to Darwin a mode of dispersal of bivalve shells.
+
+CUTTING EDGES OF BOOKS, Darwin on.
+
+DANA, Prof., sends Darwin 'Geology of U.S. Expedition.'
+
+DARESTE, Camille, letter to.
+
+DARWIN FAMILY.
+
+DARWIN, Annie, Darwin's account of.
+Death of.
+
+DARWIN, Miss C., letter to.
+
+DARWIN, Catherine, letters to.
+
+DARWIN, Charles, studies medicine at Edinburgh.
+Young man of great promise.
+
+DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882).
+Table of relationship.
+Ancestors.
+Personal characteristics as traced from his forefathers.
+Love and respect for his father's memory.
+His affection for his brother Erasmus.
+Autobiography.
+Mother dies.
+Taste for natural history.
+School-boy experiences.
+Humane disposition toward animals.
+Goes to Dr. Butler's school at Shrewsbury.
+Taste for long, solitary walks.
+Inability to master a language.
+Leaves school with strong and diversified tastes.
+Fondness for poetry in early life.
+A wish to travel first roused by reading 'Wonders of the World.'
+Fondness for shooting.
+Collects minerals and becomes interested in insects and birds.
+Studies chemistry.
+Goes to Edinburgh University.
+And attends medical lectures.
+Collects and dissects marine animals.
+Attends meetings of the Plinian Royal Medical and Wernerian societies.
+Attends lectures on geology and zoology.
+Meets Sir J. Mackintosh.
+Spends three years at Cambridge studying for the ministry.
+Phrenological characteristics.
+Reads Paley with delight.
+Attends Henslow's lectures on botany.
+His taste for pictures and music.
+His interest in entomology.
+Friendship of Prof. Henslow and its influence upon his career.
+Meets Dr. Whewell.
+Reads Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative' and Herschel's 'Introduction to the
+Study of Natural History.'
+Begins the study of geology.
+Field-work in North Wales.
+Voyage of the "Beagle".
+Receives a proposal to sail in the "Beagle".
+Starts for Cambridge and thence to London.
+'Voyage of the "Beagle" the most important event in my life.'
+Sails in the "Beagle".
+His letters read before the Philosophical Society of Cambridge.
+Returns to England.
+Begins his 'Journal of Travels.'
+Takes lodgings in London.
+Begins preparing MS. for his 'Geological Observations.'
+Arranges for publication of 'Zoology of the Voyage of the "Beagle".
+Opens first note-book of 'Origin of Species.'
+Meets Lyell and Robert Brown.
+Marries.
+Works on his 'Coral Reefs.'
+Reads papers before Geological Society.
+Acts as secretary of the Geological Society.
+Residence at Down.
+His absorption in science.
+His publications.
+'Geological Observations' published.
+Success of the 'Journal of Researches.'
+Begins work on 'Cirripedia.'
+visits to water-cure establishments.
+Work on the 'Origin of Species.'
+Reads 'Malthus on Population.'
+Begins notes on 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.'
+Becomes interested in cross-fertilisation of flowers.
+Publishes papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants.
+Publishes 'Descent of Man.'
+First child born.
+Publishes translation and sketch of 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+Methods of work.
+Mental qualities.
+Fond of novel reading.
+A good observer.
+Habits and personal appearance.
+Ill health.
+Fondness for dogs.
+Correspondence.
+Business habits.
+Scientific reading.
+Wide interest in science.
+Journals of daily events.
+Holidays.
+Relation to his family and friends.
+His account of his little daughter Annie.
+How he brought up his children.
+Manner towards servants.
+As a host.
+Modesty.
+Not quick at argument.
+Intercourse with strangers.
+Use of simple methods and few instruments.
+Perseverance.
+Theorizing power.
+Books used only as tools.
+Use of note-books and portfolios.
+Courteous tone toward his reader.
+Illustration of his books.
+Consideration for other authors.
+His wife's tender care.
+Cambridge life.
+His character.
+Intention of going into the church.
+Appointment to the "Beagle".
+The voyage.
+Life at sea.
+Views on slavery.
+Excursion across the Andes.
+Meets Sir J. Herschel.
+Reaches home.
+Life at London and Cambridge.
+Residence at Cambridge.
+Works on his 'Journal of Researches.'
+Appointed secretary of Geological Society.
+Visits Glen Roy.
+Admiration for Lyell's 'Elements.'
+Increasing ill-health.
+At work on 'Coral Reefs.'
+His religious views.
+Life at Down, 1842-1854.
+Reasons for leaving London.
+Early impressions of Down.
+Theory of coral islands.
+Time spent on geological books.
+Purchases farm in Lincolnshire.
+Dines with Lord Mahon.
+Daughter Annie dies.
+His children.
+Growth of views on 'Origin of Species.'
+Plan for publishing 'Sketch of 1844,' in case of his sudden death.
+Pigeon fancying enterprise.
+Collecting plants.
+General acceptance of his work.
+Publishes 'Origin of Species.'
+Elected correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia).
+His views on the civil war in the United States.
+At Bournemouth.
+His view of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+Receives the Copley medal.
+Elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+His conscientiousness in argument.
+His intercourse with horticulturists and stock-raisers.
+Elected to the Royal Society of Holland.
+Made a knight of the Prussian order Pour le Merite.
+Sits for a bust.
+Declines a nomination for the degree of D.C.L. because of ill-health.
+His connection with the South American Missionary Society.
+His answers to Galton's questions on nature and nurture.
+Sits for portrait to W. Ouless.
+Elected to Physiological Society.
+Replies to Miss Cobbe on vivisection in the "Times".
+Publishes the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+Sits for memorial portraits.
+Receives various honours.
+Makes a present to the Naples Zoological Station.
+His answers to Galton's questions on the faculty of visualising.
+Offers aid to Fritz Muller.
+Replies to Sir W. Thomson on abyssal fauna.
+His botanical work.
+Builds a greenhouse.
+Publishes work on the fertilisation of orchids.
+Studies the bloom on leaves and fruit.
+Studies the causes of variability.
+Studies the production of galls.
+Studies aggregation.
+Encourages Torbitt's work on the potato disease.
+Aids the preparation of the Kew 'Index of Plant-names.'
+Death.
+Burial in Westminster Abbey.
+List of works.
+
+DARWIN & Wallace's joint paper on variation.
+
+DARWIN, Edward, author of 'Gamekeeper's Manual.'
+
+DARWIN, Mrs. Emma (Wedgwood), letter to.
+
+DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1731), poet and philosopher.
+Character of.
+Life published in English.
+
+DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1759).
+
+DARWIN, Erasmus Alvey (1804-1881), educated as a physician.
+Character of.
+Carlyle's sketch of his character.
+Miss Wedgwood's letter on his character.
+Letter from.
+His death.
+
+DARWIN, Robert, of Elston Hall.
+Charles Darwin's estimate of.
+
+DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1724), publishes 'Principia Botanica.'
+
+DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1767), studies medicine at Leyden.
+Settles in Shrewsbury.
+Marries Susannah Wedgwood.
+His son Charles's description of him.
+His six children.
+Letters to.
+
+DARWIN, Susan, letters to.
+
+DARWIN, William, of Marton, first known ancestor of Charles.
+
+DARWIN, William, son of Richard, appointed yeoman of the Royal Armoury.
+
+DARWIN, William (1655).
+
+DARWYN, Richard, of Marton, mentioned.
+
+DAVIDSON, Thomas, letter to, asking him to investigate brachiopods.
+Letter to.
+On British brachiopoda.
+
+DE CANDOLLE, A., see Candolle, A. De.
+
+DESCENT, doctrine of.
+
+DESCENT OF ANIMALS.
+
+'DESCENT OF MAN,' published.
+Work on.
+Reviews of.
+Reception in Germany.
+Wallace's views on.
+Second edition.
+Connected with socialism.
+
+DESIGN IN NATURE, doctrine of.
+
+DIAGRAMS OF DESCENT OF MAMMALS.
+
+'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS,' published.
+Reviewed in 'Nature.'
+
+DIGESTION OF PLANTS, Darwin's work on.
+
+DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
+
+DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER, principle of.
+
+DOGS, multiple origin of.
+
+DOHRN, Anton, letter to.
+
+DONDERS, F.C., letters to.
+
+DOWN, description of.
+
+DRIFT near Southampton, stones standing on end in.
+
+DU BOIS-REYMOND agrees with Darwin.
+
+DYCK, W.T. van, letter to.
+
+DYER, W. Thiselton, on Darwin's botanical work.
+Letters to.
+
+EAR, human, infolded point of.
+
+Earthquakes, paper read on.
+
+EATON, J., extract from his book on 'Pigeons.'
+
+'EDINBURGH REVIEW,' Darwin's criticisms on.
+
+EDUCATION, Darwin on.
+
+'EFFECTS OF CROSS And SELF-FERTILISATION,' published.
+Work on.
+
+ELECTRICAL ORGANS in fish.
+
+ERRATIC BOULDERS of South America, paper on, read.
+
+EVOLUTION, doctrine of, objections to, answered.
+Not a doctrine of chance.
+And teleology.
+Neither anti-theistic nor theistic.
+Mental.
+
+EXPRESSION, facial, origin of.
+
+'EXPRESSION OF The EMOTIONS,' published.
+Work on.
+Reviews of.
+
+EYRE, Gov., Darwin's views on the prosecution of.
+
+FABRE, J.H., letter to.
+
+FALCONER, Hugh, letters to.
+Mentioned.
+Letter to Darwin.
+Views on the origin of elephants.
+Reclamation from Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+
+FARRER, F.W., letter to.
+
+FARRER, Sir Thomas H., aids Darwin's researches on earthworms.
+Letters to.
+
+FAWCETT, Henry, defends Darwin's reasoning.
+
+'FERTILISATION OF ORCHIDS,' published.
+
+FISKE, John, letter to.
+
+FISHER, Mrs., letters to.
+
+FITTON, W.H., mentioned.
+
+FITZ-ROY, R.,captain of the "Beagle".
+His character.
+Meets Darwin.
+Letters to.
+His intention of resigning.
+
+FLINT instruments.
+
+FLOURENS, P.,on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+FLOWERS, fertilisation of.
+
+FORBES, David, praises Darwin's work on Chile.
+
+FORBES, Edward, his theory of change of level.
+
+FORDYCE, J.,letter to.
+
+FOREL, Aug., letter to.
+
+'FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD,' paper read on.
+Published.
+Work on.
+Its reception.
+
+FOX, William Darwin, Darwin's friendship with.
+Letters to.
+
+FRANCE, Institute of, elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+FRAUDS, scientific.
+
+FREE-WILL, doctrine of.
+
+FREKE, Dr., his 'Origin of Species by Means of Organic Affinity.'
+
+FEUGIANS, Darwin's impressions of.
+
+GALAPAGOS animals and plants.
+
+GALLS, production of, studied by Darwin.
+
+GALTON, Francis, mentioned.
+His questions on nature and nurture, and Darwin's answers.
+His questions on the faculty of visualising, and Darwin's answers.
+
+'GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,' Darwin answers Mr. Westwood in.
+
+GAUDRY, A., letter to.
+
+GEIKIE, Archibald, his opinion of Darwin's geological works.
+
+GEIKIE, James, letter to.
+
+GENERA, varying of large.
+
+GENERATION, spontaneous.
+
+GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
+
+'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,' MS. begun.
+
+'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOLCANIC ISLANDS' published.
+Opinions on.
+Second edition.
+
+'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA,' opinions on.
+
+GEOLOGICAL RECORD, imperfection of.
+Succession in.
+
+GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin wishes to become a member.
+Papers contributed to.
+
+GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS secured during voyage.
+Disposed of.
+
+GEOLOGICAL, importance of.
+Of St. Jago.
+Article on, in 'Admiralty Manual.'
+Darwin on the progress of.
+
+GERMANY, progress of natural selection in.
+
+GERMINATION, experiments in.
+
+GILBERT, J.H., letter to.
+
+GLACIAL period, its effect on species.
+Phenomena at Cwm Idwal.
+
+GLACIERS, paper on ancient, in Wales.
+
+GLEN ROY, Darwin visits.
+'Observations' on, published.
+Work criticised by D. Milne.
+
+GOURMET CLUB and its members.
+
+GOVERNMENT AID in publication of 'Zoology of Voyage of "Beagle".'
+
+GRAHAM, W., letter to.
+
+GRAY, Asa, his papers on natural selection and natural theology.
+Letters to.
+Letter to Hooker on the 'Origin of Species.'
+On the 'Origin of Species.'
+Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+GRAY, J.E., mentioned.
+
+GUNTHER, A., letters to.
+
+GURNEY, E., letter to.
+
+HAAST, Sir Julius von, letter to.
+
+HAECKEL, E., his views on the 'Origin of Species.'
+Darwin's friendship with.
+His work for natural selection in Germany.
+Letters to.
+
+HALIBURTON, Mrs., letters to.
+
+HARVEY, W.H., criticises the 'Origin of Species.' 
+
+HAUGHTON, Rev. S., criticises Darwin and Wallace's joint paper.
+
+HENSLOW, J.S., his friendship with Darwin.
+His character.
+Letter from.
+Letters to.
+Presides at the Oxford discussion on the 'Origin of Species.'
+His views on natural selection.
+His death.
+
+HERBERT, John Maurice, Darwin's friendship with.
+Letters to.
+
+HERSCHEL, Sir J., Darwin's opinion of.
+Meets Darwin.
+
+HETEROGENY, Darwin on.
+
+HIGGINSON, T.W., letter to.
+
+HILDEBRAND, F., letters to.
+
+HIPPOCRATES anticipates Darwin on pangenesis.
+
+HOLMGREN, Frithiof, letter to.
+
+HOLLAND, Royal Society of, elects Darwin a member.
+
+HOLLAND, Sir Henry, his view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+HOMOEOPATHY, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+HONOURS conferred on Darwin, list of.
+
+HOOKER, Sir Joseph D., Darwin's friendship for.
+Letters to.
+Letter from.
+His reminiscences of Darwin.
+On the 'Origin of Species.'
+Darwin on his 'Australian Flora.'
+Answers Harvey.
+Memorial on his treatment by the First Commissioner of Works.
+Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+HOOKER, Sir William, mentioned.
+
+HOPKINS, William, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+HUDSON, Darwin's reply to.
+
+HUMBOLDT, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+HUTTON, F.W., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, mentioned.
+His opinion of Darwin's work on 'Cirripedes.'
+On the 'Vestiges of Creation.'
+On the 'Philosophie Zoologique.'
+On the 'Principles of Geology.'
+On the reception of the 'Origin of Species.'
+Letters to.
+On the 'Origin of Species.'
+Reviews the 'Origin of Species' in 'Westminster Review.'
+Defends Darwin before the British Association.
+Contradicts R. Owen.
+Letter from.
+Lectures to workingmen on natural selection.
+Asked by Darwin to write a text-book on zoology.
+Replies to the 'Quarterly' reviewer on the 'Descent of Man.'
+
+HYATT, Alpheus, letter to, on his theory of acceleration.
+
+HYBRID GEESE, fertility of.
+
+HYBRIDISM.
+
+IMMORTALITY, Darwin's views upon.
+
+'INFANT, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AN.'
+
+INFERIORITY inherited by the forms which are beaten.
+
+INNES, Rev. J. Brodie, on Darwin's interest in village affairs.
+On the 'Origin of Species' and the Bible.
+On Darwin's conscientiousness.
+Letter to.
+
+'INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS,' published.
+Work on.
+
+INSECTS, instinct of.
+As carriers of pollen.
+
+INSTINCT, Darwin on.
+
+ISLANDS, animals of.
+
+ISOLATION, effect of, on the origin of species.
+
+JARDINE, Sir W., mentioned.
+
+JEFFREYS, Gwyn, mentioned.
+
+JENKINS, Fleeming, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+Darwin on his criticisms.
+
+JENYNS (BLOMEFIELD), Rev. Leonard, mentioned.
+Letters to.
+Letter from.
+His 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+JONES, Dr. Bence, is Darwin's physician.
+
+'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES,' work on.
+Lyell's opinion of.
+The German translation and its reception.
+Second edition published.
+Dedication of.
+Condemned in manuscript.
+
+JUDD, Prof., his paper on 'Volcanoes of the Hebrides.'
+On Darwin's desire to promote the progress of science.
+
+JUKES, Joseph B., mentioned.
+
+KEW, 'Index of Plant Names.'
+
+KINGSLEY, Rev C., letter from, on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+KOCH'S RESEARCHES on splenic fever.
+Darwin on.
+
+KOLLIKER, Prof., is reviewed by Huxley.
+
+KRAUSE, Ernst, criticises Bronn's German edition of the 'Origin of
+Species.'
+His essay on Erasmus Darwin published.
+
+KROHN, Aug., finds mistakes in the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+LAMARCK's discussion of the species question, its insufficiency.
+Darwin on.
+
+LANE, Dr., his recollections of Darwin.
+
+LANGEL reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+LANKESTER, E. Ray, letter to.
+
+LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, anecdote of.
+
+LEE, Samuel, mentioned.
+
+LESQUEREUX, Leo, accepts the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+LEWES, G.H., reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+LINDLEY, John, mentioned.
+
+LINNEAN SOCIETY obtains memorial portrait of Darwin.
+
+LITCHFIELD, Mrs., on Darwin's style.
+Letter to.
+
+LIZARDS.
+
+LONSDALE, William, mentioned.
+
+LOWELL, J.A., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+LUBBOCK, Sir John, letters to.
+On the burial of Darwin.
+
+LYELL, Sir Charles, estimate of his character as a geologist.
+Letters to.
+Letters from.
+Opinion of 'Coral Reefs.'
+His views of the 'Origin of Species.'
+On the origin of species by natural causes.
+Admission of the doctrine of natural selection.
+Darwin on his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+Falconer's reclamation from his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+Darwin on his 'Elements of Geology.'
+His death.
+Darwin's opinion of.
+
+MACAULAY and his memory.
+
+MCDONNELL, R., his study of electrical organs in fish.
+
+MACKINTOSH, D., his work on erratic blocks.
+
+MACLEAY, W.S., mentioned.
+
+MADEIRA AND BERMUDA birds not peculiar.
+
+MALAY ARCHIPELAGO,' Wallace's 'Zoological Geography of.
+
+MAMMALS, descent of, from a single type.
+
+MAN, all races of, descended from one type.
+Antiquity of.
+Origin of.
+Relationship to apes.
+
+MARRIAGES, consanguineous.
+
+MARSH, O.C., letter to.
+
+MASTERS, Maxwell, letter to.
+
+MATTHEW, Patrick, anticipates the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+MAW, George, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+MEDAL of Royal Society awarded to Darwin.
+
+MEGATHERIUM sent down from heaven.
+
+MESMERISM, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+MILNE, D., criticises Glen Roy paper.
+
+MIMETIC MODIFICATIONS in plants.
+
+MIVART, St. G., Darwin on his 'Genesis of Species.'
+His 'Genesis of Species' reviewed by Chauncey Wright.
+Criticised by Huxley.
+His 'Lessons from Nature' reviewed in the 'Academy.'
+
+MODIFICATION.
+
+MODIFICATIONS, absence of.
+
+MOGGRIDGE, J.T., letter to.
+
+MOJSISOVIC, E. von, Darwin on 'Dolomit Riffe.'
+
+MONADS, persistence of.
+
+MONSTERS.
+
+MONSTROSITIES are sterile.
+
+MORSE, E.S., letter to.
+
+MOSELEY, H.N., letters to.
+
+MULLER, Fritz, letters to.
+His 'Fur Darwin' translated.
+Receives offer of aid from Darwin.
+
+MULLER, Hermann, letters to.
+
+MULLER, Max, his 'Lectures on the Science of Language.'
+
+MURRAY, Andrew, quoted on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+MURRAY, John, letters to.
+
+MUSIC OF INSECTS.
+
+MUTABILITY OF SPECIES.
+
+NAGELI, C., his 'Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art.'
+Letter to.
+
+NAPLES Zoological Station receives a present from Darwin.
+
+NATURAL HISTORY, Darwin's passion for.
+
+NATURAL SELECTION, see Selection, natural.
+
+NAUDIN, Darwin on.
+
+NEUMAYR, Melchior, letter to.
+
+NEVILL, Lady Dorothy, letter to.
+
+NEWTON, A., letter to.
+Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+NEW ZEALAND, animals of.
+Plants of.
+
+NOBILITY, natural selection among.
+
+NOMENCLATURE of species, discussion on.
+
+NORMAN, E., Darwin's secretary.
+
+NOVARA expedition.
+
+'OBSERVATIONS ON PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN ROY,' published.
+Extract from.
+
+OGLE, William, letter to.
+
+'ORCHIDS, FERTILISATION OF,' work on.
+Published.
+Reviews of.
+Second edition published.
+
+'ORCHIS BANK' described.
+
+ORGANS, rudimentary.
+
+'ORIGIN OF SPECIES,' first note-book of, opened.
+Growth of the.
+Published.
+Its success.
+Second edition.
+Darwin's change of views upon.
+Description of sketch of 1844.
+Huxley's view of sketch of 1844.
+Prof. Newton's view of same.
+The writing of.
+Abstract book.
+Unorthodoxy of.
+Faults of style.
+Lyell on.
+Huxley on.
+Bishop Wilberforce on.
+Huxley's summary of reviews of.
+Answer to Lyell on.
+H.C. Watson on.
+Jos. D. Hooker on.
+French translation proposed.
+First German edition.
+Reviewed in the "Times".
+First American edition.
+Asa Gray on.
+Kingsley on.
+And the Bible.
+Rev. J. Brodie Innes on.
+Reviewed in the 'Edinburgh Review.'
+Reviewed in the 'North American Review.'
+Reviewed in the 'Revue des deux Mondes.'
+Reviewed in the "New York Times".
+Reviewed in the "Christian Examiner".
+Discussed by the British Association.
+Reviewed in 'Quarterly Review.'
+Reviewed in the 'London Review.'
+Reviewed in the 'American Journal of Science and Arts.
+Bronn's criticisms of.
+Reviewed in the 'Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.'
+Answers to criticisms on.
+Third edition.
+'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the.'
+Dutch edition.
+First French edition.
+Reviewed in the 'Geologist.'
+Reviewed in the 'Dublin Hospital Gazette.'
+Reviewed in the 'Zoologist.'
+De Candolle's view of.
+Haeckel's view of.
+Gen. Sabine on.
+Flourens on.
+Second French edition.
+Criticised by the Duke of Argyll.
+Fourth edition.
+Third German edition.
+Russian editions of.
+Fifth edition.
+Reviewed in the 'North British Review.'
+Reviewed in the 'Athenaeum.'
+Third and fourth French editions.
+Sixth edition.
+Criticised by Pusey.
+'Coming of age of.'
+
+OSTRICH, Darwin discovers a new species of.
+
+OULESS, W., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+OWEN, Sir R., criticises Darwin's theory.
+Contradicted by Huxley.
+His views on variation by descent.
+
+PALEY's argument of design in nature no longer good.
+His 'Natural Theology' mentioned.
+
+PAMPAEAN FORMATION, Darwin on.
+
+PANGENESIS, hypothesis of.
+Opinions on.
+Anticipated by Hippocrates.
+
+PARKER, Henry, defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+PARSONS, Theophilus, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+PEACOCK, George, letter on appointment of naturalist to "Beagle".
+Letter from, appointing Darwin to "Beagle".
+
+PENGELLY, William, mentioned.
+
+PERTHES, Boucher de, Darwin on.
+
+PETRELS as agents of distribution.
+
+PHILLIPS, John, mentioned.
+
+PHILOSOPHICAL CLUB, its nature.
+
+'PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE,' Huxley on.
+
+PHOTOGRAPHS, albums of, presented to Darwin by German and Dutch scientists.
+
+PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY elects Darwin an honorary member.
+
+PICTET, Francois Jules, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+PIGEONS, Darwin's interest in.
+
+PLANTS, fossil.
+sexuality of.
+A recent discovery.
+
+PLATYSMA, contraction of, from shuddering.
+
+PORTRAITS OF DARWIN, list of.
+
+POTATO DISEASE, Torbitt's experiments on.
+
+POUR LE MERITE, Darwin admitted to order.
+
+POUTER PIGEON, variation in.
+
+'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS,' published.
+Work on.
+
+PRESTWICH, J., letter to.
+
+PREYER, W., letter to.
+
+PRIMOGENITURE, law of, Darwin on.
+
+'PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY,' Huxley on.
+
+PRIORITY, nomenclature of species by.
+
+PROGRESSION, necessary.
+
+PROTECTION, modification for.
+
+PUSEY's criticisms of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+'QUARTERLY REVIEW,' recognises merits of 'Journal of Researches.'
+
+QUATREFAGES, J.L.A. de, letters to.
+
+RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF DARWIN, difficulties not created by science.
+
+REMINISCENCES OF DARWIN by Hooker.
+
+REVELATION, Darwin's disbelief in.
+
+REVERSION, Darwin on.
+
+REYMOND, Du Bois-, letter to.
+
+RICHMOND, W.B., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+RIDLEY, C., letter to.
+
+RIVERS, T., letter to.
+
+ROBERTSON, G. Croom, letter to.
+
+ROBERTSON, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+RODWELL, Rev. J.M., letter to.
+
+ROLLESTON, George, his 'Canons.'
+
+ROMAN CATHOLIC church on evolution.
+
+ROMANES, G.J., on Darwin's conscientiousness.
+Letters to.
+
+ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS presents the Baly medal to Darwin.
+
+ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH elects Darwin honorary member.
+
+ROYER, Mlle. Clemence, translates the 'Origin of Species.'
+Publishes third French edition.
+
+RUDIMENTARY organs.
+
+SABINE, Gen., on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+SALTER, J.W., his diagram of spirifers.
+'Sand-walk' described.
+
+SANDERSON, J. Burdon, letter to.
+
+SAPORTA, Marquis de, letter to.
+
+SCHAAFFHAUSEN, H., claims to anticipate Darwin.
+
+SCOTT, John, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+SEDGWICK, Rev. Adam, mentioned.
+On the 'Origin of Species.'
+His review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+Criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+On the imperfection of the geological record.
+
+SEEDS, vitality of.
+
+SELECTION, NATURAL, doctrine of, clearly conceived by Darwin about 1839.
+Opposed to doctrine of design.
+Effect of, on the scientific mind.
+And religion.
+Small effects of, in changing species.
+Among the nobility.
+Huxley's lectures to workingmen on.
+Progress of.
+Darwin anticipated on.
+Use of the term.
+Effect on sterility.
+Progress among the clergy.
+Progress of, in Germany.
+Progress of, in France.
+
+SELECTION, SEXUAL, instance of, in the dogs of Beyrout.
+
+SEMPER, K., letters to.
+
+SHELBURNE, Lord, anecdote of.
+
+SLAVERY, Darwin's opinion of.
+In the United States.
+
+SMITH, Sydney, inexplicably amusing.
+
+SOCIALISM and the descent of man.
+
+SOCIETIES, learned, Darwin's membership in.
+
+SOUTH AMERICAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Darwin's connection with.
+
+SPECIES, mutability of.
+Origin of, effect of isolation on.
+Specific centres.
+
+SPENCER, Herbert, letters to.
+Prof. Huxley's friendship with.
+Darwin on.
+Originates the term 'survival of the fittest.'
+His impression of 'Pangenesis.'
+
+SPIRITISM, Darwin on.
+
+SPONTANEITY, Bain's theory of.
+
+SPRENGEL, C.C., his work on the fertilisation of flowers.
+
+STANHOPE, Lord, his parties of historians.
+
+STEBBING, Rev. T.R.R., letter to.
+
+STENDEL'S 'Nomenclator.'
+
+STERILITY, effect of natural selection on.
+Of moths.
+
+STOKES, Admiral, Lord, extract from letter of.
+
+STONES standing on end in the Southampton drift.
+
+STRICKLAND, Hugh, letters to.
+Letter from.
+
+STRIPED HORSES.
+
+STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.
+
+STYLE of Darwin.
+
+SUBLIMITY, where felt most by Darwin.
+
+SULIVAN, B.J., letter to.
+
+SULIVAN, Admiral Sir James, extract from letter of.
+
+SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, use of the term.
+
+TEGETMEIER, W.B., extract from letter to.
+
+TELEOLOGY, evolution and.
+Darwin's revival of.
+
+TENERIFFE, projected trip to.
+
+THIEL, H., letter to.
+
+THOMSON, Thomas, mentioned.
+
+THOMSON, Sir Wyville, on abyssal fauna.
+
+THORLEY, Miss, botanical work with.
+
+THWAITES, G.J.K., mentioned.
+
+TIERRA DEL FUEGO MISSION, Darwin's connection with.
+
+"TIMES", its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+Darwin on.
+
+TORBITT, James, his work on the potato disease.
+
+TURIN, Royal Academy of, presents Darwin the Bressa prize.
+
+TYLOR, E.B., letter to.
+
+TYNDALL, John, praises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+USBORNE, A.B., extract from a letter of.
+
+VAN DYCK, W.T., letter to.
+
+VARIATIONS IN SPECIES, Wallace's essay on.
+Darwin and Wallace's joint paper on.
+Sudden.
+Governed by design.
+Cause of.
+Mimetic, of butterflies.
+Governed by design.
+Mimetic, of plants.
+In colours of insects.
+Transmission of.
+Analogical.
+Darwin studies the causes of.
+
+'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION,' work on.
+Publication of.
+Reviewed in the "Nation".
+Russian edition.
+Second edition.
+Reviewed in the "Pall Mall Gazette".
+Reviewed in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".
+Reviewed in the "Athenaeum".
+Reviewed in the 'Zoological Record.'
+American edition.
+
+VARIETIES, production of.
+And species, collecting facts about.
+
+'VESTIGES OF CREATION' read by Darwin.
+Huxley on.
+
+VINES, S.H., letter to.
+
+VIRCHOW connects the descent of man with socialism.
+
+VISUALISING, questions and answers on the faculty of.
+
+VIVISECTION.
+
+WAGNER, Moritz, criticised by A. Weismann.
+Letters to.
+
+WAGNER, R., mentioned.
+
+WALLACE, A.R., sends essay to Darwin.
+Letters to.
+Essay on variation.
+His 'Zoological Geography.'
+Reviews the 'Descent of Man.'
+Reviews Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature.'
+Pension granted to.
+Defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+WATKINS, Archdeacon, reminiscence of Darwin.
+Letter to.
+
+WATSON, H.C., mentioned.
+On the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+WEDGWOOD, Josiah, his character.
+Mentioned.
+Letter from.
+
+WEDGWOOD, Miss Julia, on Erasmus Darwin, in "Spectator".
+Letter to.
+
+WEISMANN, August, letters to.
+
+WELLS, Dr., anticipates Darwin on natural selection.
+
+WESTMINSTER ABBEY, Darwin buried in.
+
+WHEWELL, Dr., mentioned.
+On the succession of species. 
+
+WHITLEY, C., letter to.
+
+WIESNER, Julius, letter to.
+
+WILBERFORCE, Bishop, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+WILLIAM IV, coronation of.
+
+WOODPECKER, Pampas, Darwin on.
+
+WOOLNER, T., makes a bust of Darwin.
+Discovers infolded point of the human ear.
+
+WOLLASTON MEDAL.
+
+WOLLASTON's 'Insecta Maderensia.'
+His 'Variation of Species' referred to.
+
+WORKS BY DARWIN, list of.
+
+WRIGHT, Chauncey, letter from.
+Letters to.
+On his visit to Darwin at Down.
+
+YARRELL, William, mentioned.
+
+ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin visits.
+Reads a paper at.
+
+'ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. "BEAGLE",' arrangement for publication.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume 2
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin,
+Volume II (of II), by Charles Darwin
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Volume II (of II)
+       Edited by His Son
+
+Author: Charles Darwin
+
+Editor: Francis Darwin
+
+Release Date: February 2000 [EBook #2088]
+Last Updated: July 28, 2012
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE AND LETTERS OF DARWIN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Sue Asscher
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN
+
+INCLUDING AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER
+
+EDITED BY HIS SON
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN
+
+IN TWO VOLUMES
+
+VOLUME II
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.I.--The Publication of the 'Origin of Species'--October 3,
+1859, to December 31, 1859.
+
+CHAPTER 2.II.--The 'Origin of Species' (continued)--1860.
+
+CHAPTER 2.III.--The Spread of Evolution--1861-1862.
+
+CHAPTER 2.IV.--The Spread of Evolution. 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants' --1863-1866.
+
+CHAPTER 2.V.--The Publication of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants
+under Domestication'--January 1867-June 1868.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VI.--Work on 'Man'--1864-1870.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII.--The Publication of the 'Descent of Man.' Work on
+'Expression'--1871-1873.
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII.--Miscellanea, including Second Editions of 'Coral
+Reefs,' the 'Descent of Man,' and the 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants'--1874 and 1875.
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX.--Miscellanea (continued). A Revival of Geological
+Work--The Book on Earthworms--Life of Erasmus Darwin--Miscellaneous
+Letters--1876-1882.
+
+BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+
+CHAPTER 2.X.--Fertilisation of Flowers--1839-1880.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI.--The 'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the
+Vegetable Kingdom'--1866-1877.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII.--'Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same
+Species' --1860-1878.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIII.--Climbing and Insectivorous Plants--1863-1875.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIV.--The 'Power of Movement in Plants'--1878-1881.
+
+CHAPTER 2.XV.--Miscellaneous Botanical Letters--1873-1882....
+
+CHAPTER 2.XVI.--Conclusion.
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+I.--The Funeral in Westminster Abbey.
+
+II.--List of Works by C. Darwin.
+
+III.--Portraits.
+
+IV.--Honours, Degrees, Societies, etc.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIPT OF A FACSIMILE OF A PAGE FROM A NOTE-BOOK OF 1837.
+
+--led to comprehend true affinities. My theory would give zest to recent
+& Fossil Comparative Anatomy: it would lead to study of instincts,
+heredity, & mind heredity, whole metaphysics, it would lead to closest
+examination of hybridity & generation, causes of change in order to know
+what we have come from & to what we tend, to what circumstances favour
+crossing & what prevents it, this & direct examination of direct
+passages of structure in species, might lead to laws of change, which
+would then be main object of study, to guide our speculations.
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.I. -- THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+OCTOBER 3, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31, 1859.
+
+
+1859.
+
+[Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+entry: "Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract
+on 'Origin of Species'; 1250 copies printed. The first edition was
+published on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."
+
+On October 2d he started for a water-cure establishment at Ilkley, near
+Leeds, where he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th
+of that month he was again at Down. The only other entry in the Diary
+for this year is as follows: "During end of November and beginning of
+December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+multitude of letters."
+
+The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof sheets, and
+to early copies of the 'Origin' which were sent to friends before the
+book was published.]
+
+C. LYELL TO CHARLES DARWIN. (Part of this letter is given in the 'Life
+of Sir Charles Lyell,' volume ii. page 325.) October 3d, 1859.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have just finished your volume and right glad I am that I did my best
+with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without waiting for a time
+which probably could never have arrived, though you lived till the age
+of a hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on which you ground
+so many grand generalizations.
+
+It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps
+for the uninitiated, but an effective and important preliminary
+statement, which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear,
+of some occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and
+cirripedes, of which you make such excellent use.
+
+I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for,
+you may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast
+number of abstract propositions. So far as I am concerned, I am so well
+prepared to take your statements of facts for granted, that I do
+not think the "pieces justificatives" when published will make much
+difference, and I have long seen most clearly that if any concession
+is made, all that you claim in your concluding pages will follow. It is
+this which has made me so long hesitate, always feeling that the case of
+Man and his races, and of other animals, and that of plants is one and
+the same, and that if a "vera causa" be admitted for one, instead of a
+purely unknown and imaginary one, such as the word "Creation," all the
+consequences must follow.
+
+I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place, to
+indulge in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted
+with Oceanic Islands--Rudimentary Organs--Embryology--the genealogical
+key to the Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I
+should be copying the heads of all your chapters. But I will say a word
+of the Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or at least,
+omission of a word or two be still possible in that.
+
+In the first place, at page 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species?
+You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck. As to the latter,
+you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection
+for volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the
+changes of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt,
+have laid an undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions,
+and too little on those of contending organisms. He at least was for the
+universal mutability of species and for a genealogical link between
+the first and the present. The men of his school also appealed to
+domesticated varieties. (Do you mean LIVING naturalists?) (In the
+published copies of the first edition, page 480, the words are "eminent
+living naturalists.")
+
+The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+objection as the formation of "the eye," not by means analogous to man's
+reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human reason,
+but by superinduced variation like those of which a cattle-breeder
+avails himself. Pages would be required thus to state an objection and
+remove it. It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to say nothing.
+Leave out several sentences, and in a future edition bring it out more
+fully. Between the throwing down of such a stumbling-block in the way of
+the reader, and the passage to the working ants, in page 460, there
+are pages required; and these ants are a bathos to him before he has
+recovered from the shock of being called upon to believe the eye to have
+been brought to perfection, from a state of blindness or purblindness,
+by such variations as we witness. I think a little omission would
+greatly lessen the objectionableness of these sentences if you have not
+time to recast and amplify.
+
+... But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun. Your comparison
+of the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound,
+to rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical.
+
+The want of peculiar birds in Madeira is a greater difficulty than
+seemed to me allowed for. I could cite passages where you show that
+variations are superinduced from the new circumstances of new colonists,
+which would require some Madeira birds, like those of the Galapagos, to
+be peculiar. There has been ample time in the case of Madeira and Porto
+Santo...
+
+You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly
+charge them as letters, 2 pence extra. I wish all their fines on MS.
+were worth as much. I paid 4 shillings 6 pence for such wash the other
+day from Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of
+the Seine.
+
+With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,
+
+Ever very affectionately yours, CHAS. LYELL.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, Yorkshire, October 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you cordially for giving me so much of your valuable time in
+writing me the long letter of 3d, and still longer of 4th. I wrote a
+line with the missing proof-sheet to Scarborough. I have adopted most
+thankfully all your minor corrections in the last chapter, and the
+greater ones as far as I could with little trouble. I damped the opening
+passage about the eye (in my bigger work I show the gradations in
+structure of the eye) by putting merely "complex organs." But you are a
+pretty Lord Chancellor to tell the barrister on one side how best to
+win the cause! The omission of "living" before eminent naturalists was a
+dreadful blunder.
+
+MADEIRA AND BERMUDA BIRDS NOT PECULIAR.
+
+You are right, there is a screw out here; I thought no one would have
+detected it; I blundered in omitting a discussion, which I have written
+out in full. But once for all, let me say as an excuse, that it was most
+difficult to decide what to omit. Birds, which have struggled in their
+own homes, when settled in a body, nearly simultaneously in a new
+country, would not be subject to much modification, for their mutual
+relations would not be much disturbed. But I quite agree with you, that
+in time they ought to undergo some. In Bermuda and Madeira they have, as
+I believe, been kept constant by the frequent arrival, and the crossing
+with unaltered immigrants of the same species from the mainland. In
+Bermuda this can be proved, in Madeira highly probable, as shown me
+by letters from E.V. Harcourt. Moreover, there are ample grounds for
+believing that the crossed offspring of the new immigrants (fresh blood
+as breeders would say), and old colonists of the same species would
+be extra vigorous, and would be the most likely to survive; thus the
+effects of such crossing in keeping the old colonists unaltered would be
+much aided.
+
+ON GALAPAGOS PRODUCTIONS HAVING AMERICAN TYPE ON VIEW OF CREATION.
+
+I cannot agree with you, that species if created to struggle with
+American forms, would have to be created on the American type. Facts
+point diametrically the other way. Look at the unbroken and untilled
+ground in La Plata, COVERED with European products, which have no near
+affinity to the indigenous products. They are not American types which
+conquer the aborigines. So in every island throughout the world. Alph.
+De Candolle's results (though he does not see its full importance), that
+thoroughly well naturalised [plants] are in general very different from
+the aborigines (belonging in large proportion of cases to non-indigenous
+genera) is most important always to bear in mind. Once for all, I am
+sure, you will understand that I thus write dogmatically for brevity
+sake.
+
+ON THE CONTINUED CREATION Of MONADS.
+
+This doctrine is superfluous (and groundless) on the theory of Natural
+Selection, which implies no NECESSARY tendency to progression. A monad,
+if no deviation in its structure profitable to it under its EXCESSIVELY
+SIMPLE conditions of life occurred, might remain unaltered from long
+before the Silurian Age to the present day. I grant there will generally
+be a tendency to advance in complexity of organisation, though in beings
+fitted for very simple conditions it would be slight and slow. How could
+a complex organisation profit a monad? if it did not profit it there
+would be no advance. The Secondary Infusoria differ but little from the
+living. The parent monad form might perfectly well survive unaltered
+and fitted for its simple conditions, whilst the offspring of this
+very monad might become fitted for more complex conditions. The one
+primordial prototype of all living and extinct creatures may, it is
+possible, be now alive! Moreover, as you say, higher forms might be
+occasionally degraded, the snake Typhlops SEEMS (?!) to have the habits
+of earth-worms. So that fresh creatures of simple forms seem to me
+wholly superfluous.
+
+"MUST YOU NOT ASSUME A PRIMEVAL CREATIVE POWER WHICH DOES NOT ACT WITH
+UNIFORMITY, OR HOW COULD MAN SUPERVENE?"
+
+I am not sure that I understand your remarks which follow the above.
+We must under present knowledge assume the creation of one or of a few
+forms in the same manner as philosophers assume the existence of a power
+of attraction without any explanation. But I entirely reject, as in my
+judgment quite unnecessary, any subsequent addition "of new powers and
+attributes and forces;" or of any "principle of improvement," except in
+so far as every character which is naturally selected or preserved is in
+some way an advantage or improvement, otherwise it would not have been
+selected. If I were convinced that I required such additions to the
+theory of natural selection, I would reject it as rubbish, but I have
+firm faith in it, as I cannot believe, that if false, it would explain
+so many whole classes of facts, which, if I am in my senses, it seems
+to explain. As far as I understand your remarks and illustrations, you
+doubt the possibility of gradations of intellectual powers. Now, it
+seems to me, looking to existing animals alone, that we have a very fine
+gradation in the intellectual powers of the Vertebrata, with one rather
+wide gap (not half so wide as in many cases of corporeal structure),
+between say a Hottentot and a Ourang, even if civilised as much mentally
+as the dog has been from the wolf. I suppose that you do not doubt that
+the intellectual powers are as important for the welfare of each being
+as corporeal structure; if so, I can see no difficulty in the most
+intellectual individuals of a species being continually selected;
+and the intellect of the new species thus improved, aided probably by
+effects of inherited mental exercise. I look at this process as now
+going on with the races of man; the less intellectual races being
+exterminated. But there is not space to discuss this point. If I
+understand you, the turning-point in our difference must be, that you
+think it impossible that the intellectual powers of a species should
+be much improved by the continued natural selection of the most
+intellectual individuals. To show how minds graduate, just reflect how
+impossible every one has yet found it, to define the difference in mind
+of man and the lower animals; the latter seem to have the very same
+attributes in a much lower stage of perfection than the lowest savage. I
+would give absolutely nothing for the theory of Natural Selection, if
+it requires miraculous additions at any one stage of descent. I think
+Embryology, Homology, Classification, etc., etc., show us that all
+vertebrata have descended from one parent; how that parent appeared we
+know not. If you admit in ever so little a degree, the explanation which
+I have given of Embryology, Homology and Classification, you will
+find it difficult to say: thus far the explanation holds good, but no
+further; here we must call in "the addition of new creative forces."
+I think you will be driven to reject all or admit all: I fear by your
+letter it will be the former alternative; and in that case I shall feel
+sure it is my fault, and not the theory's fault, and this will certainly
+comfort me. With regard to the descent of the great Kingdoms (as
+Vertebrata, Articulata, etc.) from one parent, I have said in the
+conclusion, that mere analogy makes me think it probable; my arguments
+and facts are sound in my judgment only for each separate kingdom.
+
+THE FORMS WHICH ARE BEATEN INHERITING SOME INFERIORITY IN COMMON.
+
+I dare say I have not been guarded enough, but might not the term
+inferiority include less perfect adaptation to physical conditions?
+
+My remarks apply not to single species, but to groups or genera; the
+species of most genera are adapted at least to rather hotter, and rather
+less hot, to rather damper and dryer climates; and when the several
+species of a group are beaten and exterminated by the several species of
+another group, it will not, I think, generally be from EACH new species
+being adapted to the climate, but from all the new species having some
+common advantage in obtaining sustenance, or escaping enemies. As groups
+are concerned, a fairer illustration than negro and white in Liberia
+would be the almost certain future extinction of the genus ourang by
+the genus man, not owing to man being better fitted for the climate, but
+owing to the inherited intellectual inferiority of the Ourang-genus
+to Man-genus, by his intellect, inventing fire-arms and cutting
+down forests. I believe from reasons given in my discussion, that
+acclimatisation is readily effected under nature. It has taken me
+so many years to disabuse my mind of the TOO great importance of
+climate--its important influence being so conspicuous, whilst that of a
+struggle between creature and creature is so hidden--that I am inclined
+to swear at the North Pole, and, as Sydney Smith said, even to speak
+disrespectfully of the Equator. I beg you often to reflect (I have found
+NOTHING so instructive) on the case of thousands of plants in the middle
+point of their respective ranges, and which, as we positively know, can
+perfectly well withstand a little more heat and cold, a little more damp
+and dry, but which in the metropolis of their range do not exist in vast
+numbers, although if many of the other inhabitants were destroyed [they]
+would cover the ground. We thus clearly see that their numbers are kept
+down, in almost every case, not by climate, but by the struggle with
+other organisms. All this you will perhaps think very obvious; but,
+until I repeated it to myself thousands of times, I took, as I believe,
+a wholly wrong view of the whole economy of nature...
+
+HYBRIDISM.
+
+I am so much pleased that you approve of this chapter; you would be
+astonished at the labour this cost me; so often was I, on what I believe
+was, the wrong scent.
+
+RUDIMENTARY ORGANS.
+
+On the theory of Natural Selection there is a wide distinction between
+Rudimentary Organs and what you call germs of organs, and what I call
+in my bigger book "nascent" organs. An organ should not be called
+rudimentary unless it be useless--as teeth which never cut through the
+gums--the papillae, representing the pistil in male flowers, wing of
+Apteryx, or better, the little wings under soldered elytra. These organs
+are now plainly useless, and a fortiori, they would be useless in a
+less developed state. Natural Selection acts exclusively by preserving
+successive slight, USEFUL modifications. Hence Natural Selection cannot
+possibly make a useless or rudimentary organ. Such organs are solely due
+to inheritance (as explained in my discussion), and plainly bespeak an
+ancestor having the organ in a useful condition. They may be, and
+often have been, worked in for other purposes, and then they are only
+rudimentary for the original function, which is sometimes plainly
+apparent. A nascent organ, though little developed, as it has to be
+developed must be useful in every stage of development. As we cannot
+prophesy, we cannot tell what organs are now nascent; and nascent organs
+will rarely have been handed down by certain members of a class from a
+remote period to the present day, for beings with any important organ
+but little developed, will generally have been supplanted by their
+descendants with the organ well developed. The mammary glands in
+Ornithorhynchus may, perhaps, be considered as nascent compared with
+the udders of a cow--Ovigerous frena, in certain cirripedes, are nascent
+branchiae--in [illegible] the swim bladder is almost rudimentary for
+this purpose, and is nascent as a lung. The small wing of penguin, used
+only as a fin, might be nascent as a wing; not that I think so; for
+the whole structure of the bird is adapted for flight, and a penguin
+so closely resembles other birds, that we may infer that its wings have
+probably been modified, and reduced by natural selection, in accordance
+with its sub-aquatic habits. Analogy thus often serves as a guide in
+distinguishing whether an organ is rudimentary or nascent. I believe the
+Os coccyx gives attachment to certain muscles, but I can not doubt that
+it is a rudimentary tail. The bastard wing of birds is a rudimentary
+digit; and I believe that if fossil birds are found very low down in the
+series, they will be seen to have a double or bifurcated wing. Here is a
+bold prophecy!
+
+To admit prophetic germs, is tantamount to rejecting the theory of
+Natural Selection.
+
+I am very glad you think it worth while to run through my book again, as
+much, or more, for the subject's sake as for my own sake. But I look at
+your keeping the subject for some little time before your mind--raising
+your own difficulties and solving them--as far more important than
+reading my book. If you think enough, I expect you will be perverted,
+and if you ever are, I shall know that the theory of Natural Selection,
+is, in the main, safe; that it includes, as now put forth, many errors,
+is almost certain, though I cannot see them. Do not, of course, think of
+answering this; but if you have other OCCASION to write again, just
+say whether I have, in ever so slight a degree, shaken any of your
+objections. Farewell. With my cordial thanks for your long letters and
+valuable remarks,
+
+Believe me, yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You often allude to Lamarck's work; I do not know what you think
+about it, but it appeared to me extremely poor; I got not a fact or idea
+from it.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ. (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born at
+Mortier, on the lake of Morat in Switzerland, on May 28, 1807. He
+emigrated to America in 1846, where he spent the rest of his life, and
+died December 14, 1873. His 'Life,' written by his widow, was published
+in 1885. The following extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth
+giving, as showing how my father regarded him, and it may be added that
+his cordial feelings towards the great American naturalist remained
+strong to the end of his life:--
+
+"I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most
+kind present of 'Lake Superior.' I had heard of it, and had much wished
+to read it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in
+my possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy that has
+given me such lively and sincere pleasure. I cordially thank you for
+it. I have begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will
+increase as I go on.") Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract)
+on the 'Origin of Species.' As the conclusions at which I have arrived
+on several points differ so widely from yours, I have thought (should
+you at any time read my volume) that you might think that I had sent it
+to you out of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I assure you that
+I act under a wholly different frame of mind. I hope that you will at
+least give me credit, however erroneous you may think my conclusions,
+for having earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth. With sincere
+respect, I beg leave to remain,
+
+Yours, very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have thought that you would permit me to send you (by Messrs. Williams
+and Norgate, booksellers) a copy of my work (as yet only an abstract)
+on the 'Origin of Species.' I wish to do this, as the only, though quite
+inadequate manner, by which I can testify to you the extreme interest
+which I have felt, and the great advantage which I have derived, from
+studying your grand and noble work on Geographical Distribution. Should
+you be induced to read my volume, I venture to remark that it will be
+intelligible only by reading the whole straight through, as it is very
+much condensed. It would be a high gratification to me if any portion
+interested you. But I am perfectly well aware that you will entirely
+disagree with the conclusion at which I have arrived.
+
+You will probably have quite forgotten me; but many years ago you did
+me the honour of dining at my house in London to meet M. and Madame
+Sismondi (Jessie Allen, sister of Mrs. Josiah Wedgwood of Maer.), the
+uncle and aunt of my wife. With sincere respect, I beg to remain,
+
+Yours, very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER. Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Falconer,
+
+I have told Murray to send you a copy of my book on the 'Origin of
+Species,' which as yet is only an abstract.
+
+If you read it, you must read it straight through, otherwise from its
+extremely condensed state it will be unintelligible.
+
+Lord, how savage you will be, if you read it, and how you will long to
+crucify me alive! I fear it will produce no other effect on you; but
+if it should stagger you in ever so slight a degree, in this case, I
+am fully convinced that you will become, year after year, less fixed
+in your belief in the immutability of species. With this audacious and
+presumptuous conviction,
+
+I remain, my dear Falconer, Yours most truly, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have directed a copy of my book (as yet only an abstract) on the
+'Origin of Species' to be sent you. I know how you are pressed for time;
+but if you can read it, I shall be infinitely gratified...If ever you do
+read it, and can screw out time to send me (as I value your opinion so
+highly), however short a note, telling me what you think its weakest and
+best parts, I should be extremely grateful. As you are not a geologist,
+you will excuse my conceit in telling you that Lyell highly approves of
+the two Geological chapters, and thinks that on the Imperfection of the
+Geological Record not exaggerated. He is nearly a convert to my views...
+
+Let me add I fully admit that there are very many difficulties not
+satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification,
+but I cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many
+classes of facts as I think it certainly does explain. On these
+grounds I drop my anchor, and believe that the difficulties will slowly
+disappear...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.S. HENSLOW. Down, November 11th, 1859.
+
+My dear Henslow,
+
+I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my
+dear old master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not
+approve of your pupil in this case. The book in its present state does
+not show the amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.
+
+If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to
+point out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be
+a most material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope
+to commence in a few months. You know also how highly I value your
+judgment. But I am not so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to
+write detailed and lengthy criticisms, but merely a few general remarks,
+pointing out the weakest parts.
+
+If you are IN EVEN SO SLIGHT A DEGREE staggered (which I hardly expect)
+on the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further
+reflection you will become more and more staggered, for this has been
+the process through which my mind has gone. My dear Henslow,
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. (The present Sir John Lubbock.) Ilkley,
+Yorkshire, Saturday [November 12th, 1859].
+
+... Thank you much for asking me to Brighton. I hope much that you will
+enjoy your holiday. I have told Murray to send a copy for you to Mansion
+House Street, and I am surprised that you have not received it. There
+are so many valid and weighty arguments against my notions, that you,
+or any one, if you wish on the other side, will easily persuade yourself
+that I am wholly in error, and no doubt I am in part in error, perhaps
+wholly so, though I cannot see the blindness of my ways. I dare say when
+thunder and lightning were first proved to be due to secondary causes,
+some regretted to give up the idea that each flash was caused by the
+direct hand of God.
+
+Farewell, I am feeling very unwell to-day, so no more.
+
+Yours very truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Tuesday [November
+15th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+I beg pardon for troubling you again. I do not know how I blundered
+in expressing myself in making you believe that we accepted your kind
+invitation to Brighton. I meant merely to thank you sincerely for
+wishing to see such a worn-out old dog as myself. I hardly know when we
+leave this place,--not under a fortnight, and then we shall wish to rest
+under our own roof-tree.
+
+I do not think I hardly ever admired a book more than Paley's 'Natural
+Theology.' I could almost formerly have said it by heart.
+
+I am glad you have got my book, but I fear that you value it far too
+highly. I should be grateful for any criticisms. I care not for Reviews;
+but for the opinion of men like you and Hooker and Huxley and Lyell,
+etc.
+
+Farewell, with our joint thanks to Mrs. Lubbock and yourself. Adios.
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS. (Now Rev. L. Blomefield.) Ilkley,
+Yorkshire, November 13th, 1859.
+
+My dear Jenyns,
+
+I must thank you for your very kind note forwarded to me from Down. I
+have been much out of health this summer, and have been hydropathising
+here for the last six weeks with very little good as yet. I shall stay
+here for another fortnight at least. Please remember that my book
+is only an abstract, and very much condensed, and, to be at all
+intelligible, must be carefully read. I shall be very grateful for any
+criticisms. But I know perfectly well that you will not at all agree
+with the lengths which I go. It took long years to convert me. I may, of
+course, be egregiously wrong; but I cannot persuade myself that a theory
+which explains (as I think it certainly does) several large classes of
+facts, can be wholly wrong; notwithstanding the several difficulties
+which have to be surmounted somehow, and which stagger me even to this
+day.
+
+I wish that my health had allowed me to publish in extenso; if ever I
+get strong enough I will do so, as the greater part is written out, and
+of which MS. the present volume is an abstract.
+
+I fear this note will be almost illegible; but I am poorly, and can
+hardly sit up. Farewell; with thanks for your kind note and pleasant
+remembrance of good old days.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a copy of my book,
+and I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same time with this
+note. (N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write extra badly.)
+If you are so inclined, I should very much like to hear your general
+impression of the book, as you have thought so profoundly on the
+subject, and in so nearly the same channel with myself. I hope there
+will be some little new to you, but I fear not much. Remember it is only
+an abstract, and very much condensed. God knows what the public will
+think. No one has read it, except Lyell, with whom I have had much
+correspondence. Hooker thinks him a complete convert, but he does not
+seem so in his letters to me; but is evidently deeply interested in the
+subject. I do not think your share in the theory will be overlooked by
+the real judges, as Hooker, Lyell, Asa Gray, etc. I have heard from Mr.
+Slater that your paper on the Malay Archipelago has been read at the
+Linnean Society, and that he was EXTREMELY much interested by it.
+
+I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the
+state of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you. I
+am writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for
+the last six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer. As yet I
+have profited very little. God knows when I shall have strength for my
+bigger book.
+
+I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+thinking of returning (Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.) soon
+with your magnificent collections, and still grander mental materials.
+You will be puzzled how to publish. The Royal Society fund will be worth
+your consideration. With every good wish, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S. I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert.
+If I can convert Huxley I shall be content.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.D. FOX. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Wednesday [November 16th,
+1859].
+
+... I like the place very much, and the children have enjoyed it much,
+and it has done my wife good. It did H. good at first, but she has gone
+back again. I have had a series of calamities; first a sprained ankle,
+and then a badly swollen whole leg and face, much rash, and a frightful
+succession of boils--four or five at once. I have felt quite ill, and
+have little faith in this "unique crisis," as the doctor calls it,
+doing me much good...You will probably have received, or will very soon
+receive, my weariful book on species, I naturally believe it mainly
+includes the truth, but you will not at all agree with me. Dr. Hooker,
+whom I consider one of the best judges in Europe, is a complete convert,
+and he thinks Lyell is likewise; certainly, judging from Lyell's letters
+to me on the subject, he is deeply staggered. Farewell. If the spirit
+moves you, let me have a line...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, November 18th
+[1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I must thank you for your letter on my own account, and if I know
+myself, still more warmly for the subject's sake. As you seem to have
+understood my last chapter without reading the previous chapters, you
+must have maturely and most profoundly self-thought out the subject; for
+I have found the most extraordinary difficulty in making even able men
+understand at what I was driving. There will be strong opposition to
+my views. If I am in the main right (of course including partial errors
+unseen by me), the admission in my views will depend far more on
+men, like yourself, with well-established reputations, than on my own
+writings. Therefore, on the supposition that when you have read my
+volume you think the view in the main true, I thank and honour you for
+being willing to run the chance of unpopularity by advocating the view.
+I know not in the least whether any one will review me in any of the
+Reviews. I do not see how an author could enquire or interfere; but if
+you are willing to review me anywhere, I am sure from the admiration
+which I have long felt and expressed for your 'Comparative Physiology,'
+that your review will be excellently done, and will do good service in
+the cause for which I think I am not selfishly deeply interested. I
+am feeling very unwell to-day, and this note is badly, perhaps hardly
+intelligibly, expressed; but you must excuse me, for I could not let a
+post pass, without thanking you for your note. You will have a tough
+job even to shake in the slightest degree Sir H. Holland. I do not think
+(privately I say it) that the great man has knowledge enough to enter on
+the subject. Pray believe me with sincerity, Yours truly obliged,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--As you are not a practical geologist, let me add that Lyell
+thinks the chapter on the Imperfection of the Geological Record NOT
+exaggerated.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, November 19th
+[1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I beg pardon for troubling you again. If, after reading my book, you are
+able to come to a conclusion in any degree definite, will you think me
+very unreasonable in asking you to let me hear from you. I do not ask
+for a long discussion, but merely for a brief idea of your general
+impression. From your widely extended knowledge, habit of investigating
+the truth, and abilities, I should value your opinion in the very
+highest rank. Though I, of course, believe in the truth of my own
+doctrine, I suspect that no belief is vivid until shared by others.
+As yet I know only one believer, but I look at him as of the greatest
+authority, viz., Hooker. When I think of the many cases of men who have
+studied one subject for years, and have persuaded themselves of the
+truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel sometimes a little frightened,
+whether I may not be one of these mon-maniacs.
+
+Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request. A short note would
+suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many
+a one.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, Sunday [November
+1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have just read a review on my book in the "Athenaeum" (November 19,
+1859.), and it excites my curiosity much who is the author. If you
+should hear who writes in the "Athenaeum" I wish you would tell me. It
+seems to me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and,
+being hostile, passes over every single argument in favour of the
+doctrine,... I fear from the tone of the review, that I have written in
+a conceited and cocksure style (The Reviewer speaks of the author's
+"evident self-satisfaction," and of his disposing of all difficulties
+"more or less confidently."), which shames me a little. There is another
+review of which I should like to know the author, viz., of H.C. Watson
+in the "Gardener's Chronicle". Some of the remarks are like yours, and
+he does deserve punishment; but surely the review is too severe. Don't
+you think so?
+
+I hope you got the three copies for Foreign Botanists in time for your
+parcel, and your own copy. I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is
+likely to be a convert. Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go
+a long way with us. He says that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram
+closely like mine!
+
+I shall stay here one fortnight more, and then go to Down, staying on
+the road at Shrewsbury a week. I have been very unfortunate: out of
+seven weeks I have been confined for five to the house. This has been
+bad for me, as I have not been able to help thinking to a foolish extent
+about my book. If some four or five GOOD men came round nearly to our
+view, I shall not fear ultimate success. I long to learn what Huxley
+thinks. Is your introduction (Introduction to the 'Flora of Australia.')
+published? I suppose that you will sell it separately. Please answer
+this, for I want an extra copy to send away to Wallace. I am very
+bothersome, farewell.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+I was very glad to see the Royal Medal for Mr. Bentham.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 21st, 1859.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Pray give my thanks to Mrs. Hooker for her extremely kind note, which
+has pleased me much. We are very sorry she cannot come here, but shall
+be delighted to see you and W. (our boys will be at home) here in the
+2nd week of January, or any other time. I shall much enjoy discussing
+any points in my book with you...
+
+I hate to hear you abuse your own work. I, on the contrary, so sincerely
+value all that you have written. It is an old and firm conviction of
+mine, that the Naturalists who accumulate facts and make many partial
+generalisations are the REAL benefactors of science. Those who merely
+accumulate facts I cannot very much respect.
+
+I had hoped to have come up for the Club to-morrow, but very much doubt
+whether I shall be able. Ilkley seems to have done me no essential good.
+I attended the Bench on Monday, and was detained in adjudicating some
+troublesome cases 1 1/2 hours longer than usual, and came home utterly
+knocked up, and cannot rally. I am not worth an old button... Many thanks
+for your pleasant note.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I feel confident that for the future progress of the subject of
+the origin and manner of formation of species, the assent and arguments
+and facts of working naturalists, like yourself, are far more important
+than my own book; so for God's sake do not abuse your Introduction.
+
+
+H.C. WATSON TO CHARLES DARWIN. Thames Ditton, November 21st [1859].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Once commenced to read the 'Origin,' I could not rest till I had
+galloped through the whole. I shall now begin to re-read it more
+deliberately. Meantime I am tempted to write you the first
+impressions, not doubting that they will, in the main, be the permanent
+impressions:--
+
+1st. Your leading idea will assuredly become recognised as an
+established truth in science, i.e. "Natural Selection." It has the
+characteristics of all great natural truths, clarifying what was
+obscure, simplifying what was intricate, adding greatly to previous
+knowledge. You are the greatest revolutionist in natural history of this
+century, if not of all centuries.
+
+2nd. You will perhaps need, in some degree, to limit or modify,
+possibly in some degree also to extend, your present applications of the
+principle of natural selection. Without going to matters of more detail,
+it strikes me that there is one considerable primary inconsistency, by
+one failure in the analogy between varieties and species; another by a
+sort of barrier assumed for nature on insufficient grounds and arising
+from "divergence." These may, however, be faults in my own mind,
+attributable to yet incomplete perception of your views. And I had
+better not trouble you about them before again reading the volume.
+
+3rd. Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific
+public, it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed
+to see their right road sooner. How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance,
+for thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species AND
+THEIR SUCCESSION, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!
+
+A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like
+the same state of mind on the main question, but you were able to see
+and work out the quo modo of the succession, the all-important thing,
+while I failed to grasp it. I send by this post a little controversial
+pamphlet of old date--Combe and Scott. If you will take the trouble
+to glance at the passages scored on the margin, you will see that, a
+quarter of a century ago, I was also one of the few who then doubted the
+absolute distinctness of species, and special creations of them. Yet I,
+like the rest, failed to detect the quo modo which was reserved for your
+penetration to DISCOVER, and your discernment to APPLY.
+
+You answered my query about the hiatus between Satyrus and Homo as was
+expected. The obvious explanation really never occurred to me till some
+months after I had read the papers in the 'Linnean Proceedings.' The
+first species of Fere-homo ("Almost-man.") would soon make direct and
+exterminating war upon his Infra-homo cousins. The gap would thus be
+made, and then go on increasing, into the present enormous and still
+widening hiatus. But how greatly this, with your chronology of animal
+life, will shock the ideas of many men!
+
+Very sincerely, HEWETT C. WATSON.
+
+
+J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Athenaeum, Monday [November 21st, 1859].
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only to thank you for
+your glorious book--what a mass of close reasoning on curious facts and
+fresh phenomena--it is capitally written, and will be very successful. I
+say this on the strength of two or three plunges into as many chapters,
+for I have not yet attempted to read it. Lyell, with whom we are
+staying, is perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating over it.
+I must accept your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of supposed
+assistance from me, as the warm tribute of affection from an honest
+(though deluded) man, and furthermore accept it as very pleasing to
+my vanity; but, my dear fellow, neither my name nor my judgment nor my
+assistance deserved any such compliments, and if I am dishonest
+enough to be pleased with what I don't deserve, it must just pass. How
+different the BOOK reads from the MS. I see I shall have much to talk
+over with you. Those lazy printers have not finished my luckless Essay;
+which, beside your book, will look like a ragged handkerchief beside a
+Royal Standard...
+
+All well, ever yours affectionately, JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Ilkley, Yorkshire [November 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I cannot help it, I must thank you for your affectionate and most kind
+note. My head will be turned. By Jove, I must try and get a bit modest.
+I was a little chagrined by the review. (This refers to the review in
+the "Athenaeum", November 19, 1859, where the reviewer, after touching
+on the theological aspects of the book, leaves the author to "the
+mercies of the Divinity Hall, the College, the Lecture Room, and the
+Museum.") I hope it was NOT --. As advocate, he might think himself
+justified in giving the argument only on one side. But the manner in
+which he drags in immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me
+to their mercies, is base. He would, on no account, burn me, but he will
+get the wood ready, and tell the black beasts how to catch me... It would
+be unspeakably grand if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can
+see this is a mere chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.
+
+... I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents
+me sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is
+very modest about himself.
+
+You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a
+score of savage reviewers. I suppose you are still with the Lyells. Give
+my kindest remembrance to them. I triumph to hear that he continues to
+approve.
+
+Believe me, your would-be modest friend, C.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley Wells, Yorkshire, November 23 [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+You seemed to have worked admirably on the species question; there could
+not have been a better plan than reading up on the opposite side.
+I rejoice profoundly that you intend admitting the doctrine of
+modification in your new edition (It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's
+published letters that he intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in
+a new edition of the 'Manual,' but this was not published till 1865. He
+was, however, at work on the 'Antiquity of Man' in 1860, and had already
+determined to discuss the 'Origin' at the end of the book.); nothing, I
+am convinced, could be more important for its success. I honour you most
+sincerely. To have maintained in the position of a master, one side of
+a question for thirty years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact
+to which I much doubt whether the records of science offer a parallel.
+For myself, also, I rejoice profoundly; for, thinking of so many cases
+of men pursuing an illusion for years, often and often a cold shudder
+has run through me, and I have asked myself whether I may not have
+devoted my life to a phantasy. Now I look at it as morally impossible
+that investigators of truth, like you and Hooker, can be wholly wrong,
+and therefore I rest in peace. Thank you for criticisms, which, if there
+be a second edition, I will attend to. I have been thinking that if I
+am much execrated as an atheist, etc., whether the admission of the
+doctrine of natural selection could injure your works; but I hope and
+think not, for as far as I can remember, the virulence of bigotry is
+expended on the first offender, and those who adopt his views are only
+pitied as deluded, by the wise and cheerful bigots.
+
+I cannot help thinking that you overrate the importance of the multiple
+origin of dogs. The only difference is, that in the case of single
+origins, all difference of the races has originated since man
+domesticated the species. In the case of multiple origins part of the
+difference was produced under natural conditions. I should INFINITELY
+prefer the theory of single origin in all cases, if facts would permit
+its reception. But there seems to me some a priori improbability (seeing
+how fond savages are of taming animals), that throughout all times, and
+throughout all the world, that man should have domesticated one single
+species alone, of the widely distributed genus Canis. Besides this, the
+close resemblance of at least three kinds of American domestic dogs
+to wild species still inhabiting the countries where they are now
+domesticated, seem to almost compel admission that more than one wild
+Canis has been domesticated by man.
+
+I thank you cordially for all the generous zeal and interest you have
+shown about my book, and I remain, my dear Lyell,
+
+Your affectionate friend and disciple, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Sir J. Herschel, to whom I sent a copy, is going to read my book. He
+says he leans to the side opposed to me. If you should meet him after he
+has read me, pray find out what he thinks, for, of course, he will
+not write; and I should excessively like to hear whether I produce any
+effect on such a mind.
+
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Jermyn Street W., November 23rd, 1859.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination having furnished me
+with a few hours of continuous leisure.
+
+Since I read Von Baer's (Karl Ernst von Baer, born 1792, died at Dorpat
+1876--one of the most distinguished biologists of the century. He
+practically founded the modern science of embryology.) essays, nine
+years ago, no work on Natural History Science I have met with has made
+so great an impression upon me, and I do most heartily thank you for
+the great store of new views you have given me. Nothing, I think, can
+be better than the tone of the book, it impresses those who know nothing
+about the subject. As for your doctrine, I am prepared to go to the
+stake, if requisite, in support of Chapter IX., and most parts of
+Chapters X., XI., XII., and Chapter XIII. contains much that is most
+admirable, but on one or two points I enter a caveat until I can see
+further into all sides of the question.
+
+As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully with all the
+principles laid down in them. I think you have demonstrated a true cause
+for the production of species, and have thrown the onus probandi that
+species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your adversaries.
+
+But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings
+of those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I
+will write no more about them just now.
+
+The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have
+loaded yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting Natura non
+facit saltum so unreservedly... And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if
+continual physical conditions are of so little moment as you suppose,
+variation should occur at all.
+
+However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume
+to begin picking holes.
+
+I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or
+annoyed by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I
+greatly mistake, is in store for you. Depend upon it you have earned the
+lasting gratitude of all thoughtful men. And as to the curs which will
+bark and yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any
+rate, are endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have
+often and justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.
+
+I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.
+
+Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."
+
+Ever yours faithfully, T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Ilkley, November 25th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down. Like a good Catholic who
+has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc dimittis." I should
+have been more than contented with one quarter of what you have said.
+Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper for this volume, I
+had awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had deluded myself, like
+so many have done, and I then fixed in my mind three judges, on whose
+decision I determined mentally to abide. The judges were Lyell, Hooker,
+and yourself. It was this which made me so excessively anxious for your
+verdict. I am now contented, and can sing my nunc dimittis. What a joke
+it would be if I pat you on the back when you attack some immovable
+creationist! You have most cleverly hit on one point, which has greatly
+troubled me; if, as I must think, external conditions produce little
+DIRECT effect, what the devil determines each particular variation? What
+makes a tuft of feathers come on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose?
+I shall much like to talk over this with you...
+
+My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Hereafter I shall be particularly curious to hear what you think
+of my explanation of Embryological similarity. On classification I fear
+we shall split. Did you perceive the argumentum ad hominem Huxley about
+kangaroo and bear?
+
+
+ERASMUS DARWIN (His brother.) TO CHARLES DARWIN. November 23rd [1859].
+
+Dear Charles,
+
+I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if I can write, but
+at all events I will jot down a few things that the Dr. (Dr., afterwards
+Sir Henry Holland.) has said. He has not read much above half, so as he
+says he can give no definite conclusion, and it is my private belief he
+wishes to remain in that state... He is evidently in a dreadful state of
+indecision, and keeps stating that he is not tied down to either view,
+and that he has always left an escape by the way he has spoken of
+varieties. I happened to speak of the eye before he had read that part,
+and it took away his breath--utterly impossible--structure, function,
+etc., etc., etc., but when he had read it he hummed and hawed, and
+perhaps it was partly conceivable, and then he fell back on the bones
+of the ear, which were beyond all probability or conceivability. He
+mentioned a slight blot, which I also observed, that in speaking of the
+slave-ants carrying one another, you change the species without giving
+notice first, and it makes one turn back...
+
+... For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever
+read, and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry,
+getting into a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the
+geographical distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents,
+is the most convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest
+forms to the existing species. I dare say I don't feel enough the
+absence of varieties, but then I don't in the least know if everything
+now living were fossilized whether the paleontologists could distinguish
+them. In fact the a priori reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me
+that if the facts won't fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is
+my feeling. My ague has left me in such a state of torpidity that I wish
+I had gone through the process of natural selection.
+
+Yours affectionately, E.A.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, November [24th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Again I have to thank you for a most valuable lot of criticisms in a
+letter dated 22nd.
+
+This morning I heard also from Murray that he sold the whole edition
+(First edition, 1250 copies.) the first day to the trade. He wants a new
+edition instantly, and this utterly confounds me. Now, under water-cure,
+with all nervous power directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do
+head-work, and I must make only actually necessary corrections. But
+I will, as far as I can without my manuscript, take advantage of your
+suggestions: I must not attempt much. Will you send me one line to say
+whether I must strike out about the secondary whale (The passage
+was omitted in the second edition.), it goes to my heart. About the
+rattle-snake, look to my Journal, under Trigonocephalus, and you will
+see the probable origin of the rattle, and generally in transitions it
+is the premier pas qui coute.
+
+Madame Belloc wants to translate my book into French; I have offered
+to look over proofs for SCIENTIFIC errors. Did you ever hear of her? I
+believe Murray has agreed at my urgent advice, but I fear I have been
+rash and premature. Quatrefages has written to me, saying he agrees
+largely with my views. He is an excellent naturalist. I am pressed for
+time. Will you give us one line about the whales? Again I thank you
+for neve-tiring advice and assistance; I do in truth reverence your
+unselfish and pure love of truth.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[With regard to a French translation, he wrote to Mr. Murray in November
+1859: "I am EXTREMELY anxious, for the subject's sake (and God knows
+not for mere fame), to have my book translated; and indirectly its being
+known abroad will do good to the English sale. If it depended on me, I
+should agree without payment, and instantly send a copy, and only beg
+that she [Mme. Belloc] would get some scientific man to look over
+the translation... You might say that, though I am a very poor French
+scholar, I could detect any scientific mistake, and would read over the
+French proofs."
+
+The proposed translation was not made, and a second plan fell through
+in the following year. He wrote to M. de Quatrefages: "The gentleman
+who wished to translate my 'Origin of Species' has failed in getting a
+publisher. Balliere, Masson, and Hachette all rejected it with contempt.
+It was foolish and presumptuous in me, hoping to appear in a French
+dress; but the idea would not have entered my head had it not been
+suggested to me. It is a great loss. I must console myself with the
+German edition which Prof. Bronn is bringing out." (See letters to
+Bronn, page 70.)
+
+A sentence in another letter to M. de Quatrefages shows how anxious he
+was to convert one of the greatest of contemporary Zoologists: "How I
+should like to know whether Milne Edwards had read the copy which I sent
+him, and whether he thinks I have made a pretty good case on our side
+of the question. There is no naturalist in the world for whose opinion I
+have so profound a respect. Of course I am not so silly as to expect to
+change his opinion."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, [November 26th, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have received your letter of the 24th. It is no use trying to thank
+you; your kindness is beyond thanks. I will certainly leave out the
+whale and bear...
+
+The edition was 1250 copies. When I was in spirits, I sometimes fancied
+that my book would be successful, but I never even built a castle in the
+air of such success as it has met with; I do not mean the sale, but the
+impression it has made on you (whom I have always looked at as chief
+judge) and Hooker and Huxley. The whole has infinitely exceeded my
+wildest hopes.
+
+Farewell, I am tired, for I have been going over the sheets.
+
+My kind friend, farewell, yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Ilkley, Yorkshire, December 2nd [1859].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Every note which you have sent me has interested me much. Pray thank
+Lady Lyell for her remark. In the chapters she refers to, I was unable
+to modify the passage in accordance with your suggestion; but in the
+final chapter I have modified three or four. Kingsley, in a note (The
+letter is given below) to me, had a capital paragraph on such notions
+as mine being NOT opposed to a high conception of the Deity. I have
+inserted it as an extract from a letter to me from a celebrated author
+and divine. I have put in about nascent organs. I had the greatest
+difficulty in partially making out Sedgwick's letter, and I dare say I
+did greatly underrate its clearness. Do what I could, I fear I shall
+be greatly abused. In answer to Sedgwick's remark that my book would be
+"mischievous," I asked him whether truth can be known except by being
+victorious over all attacks. But it is no use. H.C. Watson tells me that
+one zoologist says he will read my book, "but I will never believe it."
+What a spirit to read any book in! Crawford writes to me that his notice
+(John Crawford, orientalist, ethnologist, etc., 1783-1868. The review
+appeared in the "Examiner", and, though hostile, is free from bigotry,
+as the following citation will show: "We cannot help saying that piety
+must be fastidious indeed that objects to a theory the tendency of which
+is to show that all organic beings, man included, are in a perpetual
+progress of amelioration, and that is expounded in the reverential
+language which we have quoted.") will be hostile, but that "he will
+not calumniate the author." He says he has read my book, "at least such
+parts as he could understand." He sent me some notes and suggestions
+(quite unimportant), and they show me that I have unavoidably done
+harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract. He is a real Pallasian;
+nearly all our domestic races descended from a multitude of wild species
+now commingled. I expected Murchison to be outrageous. How little he
+could ever have grappled with the subject of denudation! How singular
+so great a geologist should have so unphilosophical a mind! I have had
+several notes from --, very civil and less decided. Says he shall not
+pronounce against me without much reflection, PERHAPS WILL SAY NOTHING
+on the subject. X. says -- will go to that part of hell, which Dante
+tells us is appointed for those who are neither on God's side nor on
+that of the devil.
+
+I fully believe that I owe the comfort of the next few years of my life
+to your generous support, and that of a very few others. I do not think
+I am brave enough to have stood being odious without support; now I feel
+as bold as a lion. But there is one thing I can see I must learn, viz.,
+to think less of myself and my book. Farewell, with cordial thanks.
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+I return home on the 7th, and shall sleep at Erasmus's. I will call on
+you about ten o'clock, on Thursday, the 8th, and sit with you, as I have
+so often sat, during your breakfast.
+
+I wish there was any chance of Prestwich being shaken; but I fear he is
+too much of a catastrophist.
+
+
+[In December there appeared in 'Macmillan's Magazine' an article, "Time
+and Life," by Professor Huxley. It is mainly occupied by an analysis
+of the argument of the 'Origin,' but it also gives the substance of
+a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution before that book was
+published. Professor Huxley spoke strongly in favour of evolution in his
+Lecture, and explains that in so doing he was to a great extent resting
+on a knowledge of "the general tenor of the researches in which Mr.
+Darwin had been so long engaged," and was supported in so doing by his
+perfect confidence in his knowledge, perseverance, and "high-minded love
+of truth." My father was evidently deeply pleased by Mr. Huxley's words,
+and wrote:
+
+"I must thank you for your extremely kind notice of my book in
+'Macmillan.' No one could receive a more delightful and honourable
+compliment. I had not heard of your Lecture, owing to my retired life.
+You attribute much too much to me from our mutual friendship. You have
+explained my leading idea with admirable clearness. What a gift you have
+of writing (or more properly) thinking clearly."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Ilkley, Yorkshire, December 3rd
+[1859].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I am perfectly delighted at your letter. It is a great thing to have got
+a great physiologist on our side. I say "our" for we are now a good and
+compact body of really good men, and mostly not old men. In the long run
+we shall conquer. I do not like being abused, but I feel that I can now
+bear it; and, as I told Lyell, I am well convinced that it is the first
+offender who reaps the rich harvest of abuse. You have done an essential
+kindness in checking the odium theologicum in the E.R. (This must refer
+to Carpenter's critique which would now have been ready to appear in the
+January number of the "Edinburgh Review", 1860, and in which the odium
+theologicum is referred to.) It much pains all one's female relations
+and injures the cause.
+
+I look at it as immaterial whether we go quite the same lengths; and I
+suspect, judging from myself, that you will go further, by thinking of
+a population of forms like Ornithorhyncus, and by thinking of the
+common homological and embryological structure of the several vertebrate
+orders. But this is immaterial. I quite agree that the principle is
+everything. In my fuller MS. I have discussed a good many instincts;
+but there will surely be more unfilled gaps here than with corporeal
+structure, for we have no fossil instincts, and know scarcely any except
+of European animals. When I reflect how very slowly I came round myself,
+I am in truth astonished at the candour shown by Lyell, Hooker, Huxley,
+and yourself. In my opinion it is grand. I thank you cordially for
+taking the trouble of writing a review for the 'National.' God knows
+I shall have few enough in any degree favourable. (See a letter to Dr.
+Carpenter below.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Saturday [December 5th, 1859].
+
+... I have had a letter from Carpenter this morning. He reviews me in
+the 'National.' He is a convert, but does not go quite so far as I, but
+quite far enough, for he admits that all birds are from one progenitor,
+and probably all fishes and reptiles from another parent. But the
+last mouthful chokes him. He can hardly admit all vertebrates from one
+parent. He will surely come to this from Homology and Embryology. I look
+at it as grand having brought round a great physiologist, for great I
+think he certainly is in that line. How curious I shall be to know what
+line Owen will take; dead against us, I fear; but he wrote me a most
+liberal note on the reception of my book, and said he was quite prepared
+to consider fairly and without prejudice my line of argument.
+
+
+J.D. HOOKER TO CHARLES DARWIN. Kew, Monday.
+
+Dear Darwin,
+
+You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the publication of
+your book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite. I hope now that you
+are well through Edition II., and I have heard that you were flourishing
+in London. I have not yet got half-through the book, not from want of
+will, but of time--for it is the very hardest book to read, to full
+profits, that I ever tried--it is so cram-full of matter and reasoning.
+I am all the more glad that you have published in this form, for the
+three volumes, unprefaced by this, would have choked any Naturalist
+of the nineteenth century, and certainly have softened my brain in
+the operation of assimilating their contents. I am perfectly tired of
+marvelling at the wonderful amount of facts you have brought to bear,
+and your skill in marshalling them and throwing them on the enemy; it
+is also extremely clear as far as I have gone, but very hard to fully
+appreciate. Somehow it reads very different from the MS., and I often
+fancy I must have been very stupid not to have more fully followed it in
+MS. Lyell told me of his criticisms. I did not appreciate them all, and
+there are many little matters I hope one day to talk over with you. I
+saw a highly flattering notice in the 'English Churchman,' short and
+not at all entering into discussion, but praising you and your book, and
+talking patronizingly of the doctrine!... Bentham and Henslow will still
+shake their heads I fancy...
+
+Ever yours affectionately, JOS. D. HOOKER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, Saturday [December 12th, 1859].
+
+... I had very long interviews with --, which perhaps you would like to
+hear about... I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he goes
+an immense way with us...
+
+He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+the manner of formation of species. I said I was very glad to hear it.
+He took me up short: "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you
+in all respects." I said I thought it no more likely that I should be
+right in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get
+heads twenty times running. I asked him what he thought the weakest
+part. He said he had no particular objection to any part. He added:--
+
+"If I must criticise, I should say, 'we do not want to know what Darwin
+believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove.'" I agreed most
+fully and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and
+defended my general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing
+how many classes of facts the theory would explain. I added that I
+would endeavour to modify the "believes" and "convinceds." He took me up
+short: "You will then spoil your book, the charm of (!) it is that it is
+Darwin himself." He added another objection, that the book was too teres
+atque rotundus--that it explained everything, and that it was improbable
+in the highest degree that I should succeed in this. I quite agree with
+this rather queer objection, and it comes to this that my book must be
+very bad or very good...
+
+I have heard, by roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is the
+law of higgledy-piggledy." What this exactly means I do not know, but
+it is evidently very contemptuous. If true this is a great blow and
+discouragement.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. December 14th [1859].
+
+... The latter part of my stay at Ilkley did me much good, but I suppose
+I never shall be strong, for the work I have had since I came back has
+knocked me up a little more than once. I have been busy in getting a
+reprint (with a very few corrections) through the press.
+
+My book has been as yet VERY MUCH more successful than I ever dreamed
+of: Murray is now printing 3000 copies. Have you finished it? If so,
+pray tell me whether you are with me on the GENERAL issue, or against
+me. If you are against me, I know well how honourable, fair, and candid
+an opponent I shall have, and which is a good deal more than I can say
+of all my opponents...
+
+Pray tell me what you have been doing. Have you had time for any Natural
+History?...
+
+P.S.--I have got--I wish and hope I might say that WE have got--a fair
+number of excellent men on our side of the question on the mutability of
+species.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 14th [1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your approval of my book, for many reasons, gives me intense
+satisfaction; but I must make some allowance for your kindness and
+sympathy. Any one with ordinary faculties, if he had PATIENCE enough and
+plenty of time, could have written my book. You do not know how I admire
+your and Lyell's generous and unselfish sympathy, I do not believe
+either of you would have cared so much about your own work. My book, as
+yet, has been far more successful than I ever even formerly ventured in
+the wildest day-dreams to anticipate. We shall soon be a good body
+of working men, and shall have, I am convinced, all young and rising
+naturalists on our side. I shall be intensely interested to hear whether
+my book produces any effect on A. Gray; from what I heard at Lyell's, I
+fancy your correspondence has brought him some way already. I fear that
+there is no chance of Bentham being staggered. Will he read my book? Has
+he a copy? I would send him one of the reprints if he has not. Old J.E.
+Gray (John Edward Gray (1800-1875), was the son of S.F. Gray, author
+of the 'Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia.' In 1821 he published in his
+father's name 'The Natural Arrangement of British Plants,' one of the
+earliest works in English on the natural method. In 1824 he became
+connected with the Natural History Department of the British Museum, and
+was appointed Keeper of the Zoological collections in 1840. He was the
+author of 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology,' 'The Knowsley Menagerie,'
+etc., and of innumerable descriptive Zoological papers.), at the British
+Museum, attacked me in fine style: "You have just reproduced Lamarck's
+doctrine and nothing else, and here Lyell and others have been attacking
+him for twenty years, and because YOU (with a sneer and laugh) say the
+very same thing, they are all coming round; it is the most ridiculous
+inconsistency, etc., etc."
+
+You must be very glad to be settled in your house, and I hope all the
+improvements satisfy you. As far as my experience goes, improvements
+are never perfection. I am very sorry to hear that you are still so very
+busy, and have so much work. And now for the main purport of my note,
+which is to ask and beg you and Mrs. Hooker (whom it is really an age
+since I have seen), and all your children, if you like, to come
+and spend a week here. It would be a great pleasure to me and to my
+wife... As far as we can see, we shall be at home all the winter; and all
+times probably would be equally convenient; but if you can, do not put
+it off very late, as it may slip through. Think of this and persuade
+Mrs. Hooker, and be a good man and come.
+
+Farewell, my kind and dear friend, Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I shall be very curious to hear what you think of my discussion on
+Classification in Chapter XIII.; I believe Huxley demurs to the whole,
+and says he has nailed his colours to the mast, and I would sooner die
+than give up; so that we are in as fine a frame of mind to discuss the
+point as any two religionists.
+
+Embryology is my pet bit in my book, and, confound my friends, not one
+has noticed this to me.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 21st [1859].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have just received your most kind, long, and valuable letter. I will
+write again in a few days, for I am at present unwell and much pressed
+with business: to-day's note is merely personal. I should, for several
+reasons, be very glad of an American Edition. I have made up my mind to
+be well abused; but I think it of importance that my notions should be
+read by intelligent men, accustomed to scientific argument, though NOT
+naturalists. It may seem absurd, but I think such men will drag after
+them those naturalists who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a
+species is an entity. The first edition of 1250 copies was sold on the
+first day, and now my publisher is printing off, as RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE,
+3000 more copies. I mention this solely because it renders probable
+a remunerative sale in America. I should be infinitely obliged if you
+could aid an American reprint; and could make, for my sake and the
+publisher's, any arrangement for any profit. The new edition is only a
+reprint, yet I have made a FEW important corrections. I will have the
+clean sheets sent over in a few days of as many sheets as are printed
+off, and the remainder afterwards, and you can do anything you like,--if
+nothing, there is no harm done. I should be glad for the new edition to
+be reprinted and not the old.--In great haste, and with hearty thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+I will write soon again.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, 22nd [December, 1859].
+
+My dear Lyell, Thanks about "Bears" (See 'Origin,' edition i., page
+184.), a word of il-omen to me.
+
+I am too unwell to leave home, so shall not see you.
+
+I am very glad of your remarks on Hooker. (Sir C. Lyell wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker, December 19, 1859 ('Life,' ii. page 327): "I have just
+finished the reading of your splendid Essay [the 'Flora of Australia']
+on the origin of species, as illustrated by your wide botanical
+experience, and think it goes very far to raise the variety-making
+hypothesis to the rank of a theory, as accounting for the manner in
+which new species enter the world.") I have not yet got the essay.
+The parts which I read in sheets seemed to me grand, especially the
+generalization about the Australian flora itself. How superior to
+Robert Brown's celebrated essay! I have not seen Naudin's paper ('Revue
+Horticole,' 1852. See historical Sketch in the later editions of the
+'Origin of Species.'), and shall not be able till I hunt the libraries.
+I am very anxious to see it. Decaisne seems to think he gives my whole
+theory. I do not know when I shall have time and strength to grapple
+with Hooker...
+
+P.S.--I have heard from Sir W. Jardine (Jardine, Sir William, Bart.,
+1800-1874), was the son of Sir A. Jardine of Applegarth, Dumfriesshire.
+He was educated at Edinburgh, and succeeded to the title on his father's
+decease in 1821. He published, jointly with Mr. Prideaux, J. Selby,
+Sir Stamford Raffles, Dr. Horsfield, and other ornithologists,
+'Illustrations of Ornithology,' and edited the 'Naturalist's Library,'
+in 40 volumes, which included the four branches: Mammalia, Ornithology,
+Ichnology, and Entomology. Of these 40 volumes 14 were written by
+himself. In 1836 he became editor of the 'Magazine of Zoology and
+Botany,' which, two years later, was transformed into 'Annals of Natural
+History,' but remained under his direction. For Bohn's Standard Library
+he edited White's 'Natural History of Selborne.' Sir W. Jardine was also
+joint editor of the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and was author of
+'British Salmonidae,' 'Ichthyology of Annandale,' 'Memoirs of the
+late Hugh Strickland,' 'Contributions to Ornithology,' 'Ornithological
+Synonyms,' etc.--(Taken from Ward, 'Men of the Reign,' and Cates,
+'Dictionary of General Biography.'): his criticisms are quite
+unimportant; some of the Galapagos so-called species ought to be called
+varieties, which I fully expected; some of the sub-genera, thought to be
+wholly endemic, have been found on the Continent (not that he gives his
+authority), but I do not make out that the species are the same. His
+letter is brief and vague, but he says he will write again.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [23rd December, 1859].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I received last night your 'Introduction,' for which very many thanks;
+I am surprised to see how big it is: I shall not be able to read it very
+soon. It was very good of you to send Naudin, for I was very curious to
+see it. I am surprised that Decaisne should say it was the same as
+mine. Naudin gives artificial selection, as well as a score of English
+writers, and when he says species were formed in the same manner, I
+thought the paper would certainly prove exactly the same as mine. But
+I cannot find one word like the struggle for existence and natural
+selection. On the contrary, he brings in his principle (page 103) of
+finality (which I do not understand), which, he says, with some authors
+is fatality, with others providence, and which adapts the forms of every
+being, and harmonises them all throughout nature.
+
+He assumes like old geologists (who assumed that the forces of nature
+were formerly greater), that species were at first more plastic. His
+simile of tree and classification is like mine (and others), but he
+cannot, I think, have reflected much on the subject, otherwise he would
+see that genealogy by itself does not give classification; I declare I
+cannot see a MUCH closer approach to Wallace and me in Naudin than in
+Lamarck--we all agree in modification and descent. If I do not hear from
+you I will return the 'Revue' in a few days (with the cover). I dare say
+Lyell would be glad to see it. By the way, I will retain the volume till
+I hear whether I shall or not send it to Lyell. I should rather like
+Lyell to see this note, though it is foolish work sticking up for
+independence or priority.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+A. SEDGWICK (Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 1785-1873, Woodwardian Professor of
+Geology in the University of Cambridge.) TO CHARLES DARWIN. Cambridge,
+December 24th, [1859].
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I write to thank you for your work on the 'Origin of Species.' It came,
+I think, in the latter part of last week; but it MAY have come a few
+days sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels, which often
+remain unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before me. So
+soon as I opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after many
+interruptions, on Tuesday. Yesterday I was employed--1st, in preparing
+for my lecture; 2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother Fellows
+to discuss the final propositions of the Parliamentary Commissioners;
+3rdly, in lecturing; 4thly, in hearing the conclusion of the discussion
+and the College reply, whereby, in conformity with my own wishes, we
+accepted the scheme of the Commissioners; 5thly, in dining with an old
+friend at Clare College; 6thly, in adjourning to the weekly meeting of
+the Ray Club, from which I returned at 10 P.M., dog-tired, and hardly
+able to climb my staircase. Lastly, in looking through the "Times" to
+see what was going on in the busy world.
+
+I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does
+abhor a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to
+you by the earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted
+opportunity. If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving
+man, I should not tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of
+facts, capital views of the correlation of the various parts of organic
+nature, admirable hints about the diffusion, through wide regions of
+many related organic beings, etc., etc.) I have read your book with more
+pain than pleasure. Parts of it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at
+till my sides were almost sore; other parts I read with absolute sorrow,
+because I think them utterly false and grievously mischievous. You
+have DESERTED--after a start in that tra-road of all solid physical
+truth--the true method of induction, and started us in machinery as
+wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkins's locomotive that was to sail with us
+to the moon. Many of your wide conclusions are based upon assumptions
+which can neither be proved nor disproved, why then express them in the
+language and arrangement of philosophical induction? As to your grand
+principle--NATURAL SELECTION--what is it but a secondary consequence of
+supposed, or known, primary facts! Development is a better word, because
+more close to the cause of the fact? For you do not deny causation. I
+call (in the abstract) causation the will of God; and I can prove that
+He acts for the good of His creatures. He also acts by laws which we
+can study and comprehend. Acting by law, and under what is called
+final causes, comprehends, I think, your whole principle. You write of
+"natural selection" as if it were done curiously by the selecting
+agent. 'Tis but a consequence of the presupposed development, and
+the subsequent battle for life. This view of nature you have stated
+admirably, though admitted by all naturalists and denied by no one of
+common sense. We all admit development as a fact of history: but how
+came it about? Here, in language, and still more in logic, we are
+point-blank at issue. There is a moral or metaphysical part of nature
+as well a physical. A man who denies this is deep in the mire of folly.
+'Tis the crown and glory of organic science that it DOES through FINAL
+CAUSE, link material and moral; and yet DOES NOT allow us to mingle them
+in our first conception of laws, and our classification of such laws,
+whether we consider one side of nature or the other. You have ignored
+this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning, you have done your
+best in one or two pregnant cases to break it. Were it possible (which,
+thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind, would suffer
+a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race into a lower
+grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since its written
+records tell us of its history. Take the case of the bee-cells. If your
+development produced the successive modification of the bee and its
+cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand good as
+the directing cause under which the successive generations acted and
+gradually improved. Passages in your book, like that to which I have
+alluded (and there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral
+taste. I think, in speculating on organic descent, you OVER-state the
+evidence of geology; and that you UNDER-state it while you are talking
+of the broken links of your natural pedigree: but my paper is nearly
+done, and I must go to my lecture-room. Lastly, then, I greatly dislike
+the concluding chapter--not as a summary, for in that light it appears
+good--but I dislike it from the tone of triumphant confidence in which
+you appeal to the rising generation (in a tone I condemned in the author
+of the 'Vestiges') and prophesy of things not yet in the womb of time,
+nor (if we are to trust the accumulated experience of human sense and
+the inferences of its logic) ever likely to be found anywhere but in the
+fertile womb of man's imagination. And now to say a word about a son of
+a monkey and an old friend of yours: I am better, far better, than I was
+last year. I have been lecturing three days a week (formerly I gave six
+a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the loss of activity and
+memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily frame is sinking
+slowly towards the earth. But I have visions of the future. They are as
+much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and these visions are
+to have their antitype in solid fruition of what is best and greatest.
+But on one condition only--that I humbly accept God's revelation of
+Himself both in his works and in His word, and do my best to act in
+conformity with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He only
+can sustain me in doing. If you and I do all this we shall meet in
+heaven.
+
+I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of
+any disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your
+tru-hearted old friend,
+
+A. SEDGWICK.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 25th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+One part of your note has pleased me so much that I must thank you for
+it. Not only Sir H.H. [Holland], but several others, have attacked
+me about analogy leading to belief in one primordial CREATED form.
+('Origin,' edition i. page 484.--"Therefore I should infer from analogy
+that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth
+have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first
+breathed.") (By which I mean only that we know nothing as yet [of] how
+life originates.) I thought I was universally condemned on this head.
+But I answered that though perhaps it would have been more prudent
+not to have put it in, I would not strike it out, as it seemed to me
+probable, and I give it on no other grounds. You will see in your mind
+the kind of arguments which made me think it probable, and no one
+fact had so great an effect on me as your most curious remarks on the
+apparent homologies of the head of Vertebrata and Articulata.
+
+You have done a real good turn in the Agency business ("My General
+Agent" was a sobriquet applied at this time by my father to Mr. Huxley.)
+(I never before heard of a hard-working, unpaid agent besides yourself),
+in talking with Sir H.H., for he will have great influence over many.
+He floored me from my ignorance about the bones of the ear, and I made a
+mental note to ask you what the facts were.
+
+With hearty thanks and real admiration for your generous zeal for the
+subject.
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+You may smile about the care and precautions I have taken about my ugly
+MS. (Manuscript left with Mr. Huxley for his perusal.); it is not so
+much the value I set on them, but the remembrance of the intolerable
+labour--for instance, in tracing the history of the breeds of pigeons.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 25th [December, 1859].
+
+... I shall not write to Decaisne (With regard to Naudin's paper in the
+'Revue Horticole,' 1852.); I have always had a strong feeling that
+no one had better defend his own priority. I cannot say that I am as
+indifferent to the subject as I ought to be, but one can avoid doing
+anything in consequence.
+
+I do not believe one iota about your having assimilated any of my
+notions unconsciously. You have always done me more than justice. But I
+do think I did you a bad turn by getting you to read the old MS., as it
+must have checked your own original thoughts. There is one thing I
+am fully convinced of, that the future progress (which is the really
+important point) of the subject will have depended on really good and
+well-known workers, like yourself, Lyell, and Huxley, having taken up
+the subject, than on my own work. I see plainly it is this that strikes
+my no-scientific friends.
+
+Last night I said to myself, I would just cut your Introduction, but
+would not begin to read, but I broke down, and had a good hour's read.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. December 28th, 1859.
+
+... Have you seen the splendid essay and notice of my book in the
+"Times"? (December 26th.) I cannot avoid a strong suspicion that it is
+by Huxley; but I never heard that he wrote in the "Times". It will do
+grand service,...
+
+
+C. DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 28th [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Yesterday evening, when I read the "Times" of a previous day, I was
+amazed to find a splendid essay and review of me. Who can the author
+be? I am intensely curious. It included an eulogium of me which quite
+touched me, though I am not vain enough to think it all deserved. The
+author is a literary man, and German scholar. He has read my book
+very attentively; but, what is very remarkable, it seems that he is a
+profound naturalist. He knows my Barnacle-book, and appreciates it
+too highly. Lastly, he writes and thinks with quite uncommon force and
+clearness; and what is even still rarer, his writing is seasoned with
+most pleasant wit. We all laughed heartily over some of the sentences.
+I was charmed with those unreasonable mortals, who know anything, all
+thinking fit to range themselves on one side. (The reviewer proposes
+to pass by the orthodox view, according to which the phenomena of
+the organic world are "the immediate product of a creative fiat, and
+consequently are out of the domain of science altogether." And he does
+so "with less hesitation, as it so happens that those persons who
+are practically conversant with the facts of the case (plainly a
+considerable advantage) have always thought fit to range themselves"
+in the category of those holding "views which profess to rest on a
+scientific basis only, and therefore admit of being argued to their
+consequences.") Who can it be? Certainly I should have said that there
+was only one man in England who could have written this essay, and
+that YOU were the man. But I suppose I am wrong, and that there is some
+hidden genius of great calibre. For how could you influence Jupiter
+Olympius and make him give three and a half columns to pure science? The
+old fogies will think the world will come to an end. Well, whoever the
+man is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than by a
+dozen reviews in common periodicals. The grand way he soars above common
+religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the "Times",
+I look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of the mere
+question of species. If you should happen to be ACQUAINTED with the
+author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?
+
+My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[It is impossible to give in a short space an adequate idea of Mr.
+Huxley's article in the "Times" of December 26. It is admirably planned,
+so as to claim for the 'Origin' a respectful hearing, and it abstains
+from anything like dogmatism in asserting the truth of the doctrines
+therein upheld. A few passages may be quoted:--"That this most ingenious
+hypothesis enables us to give a reason for many apparent anomalies in
+the distribution of living beings in time and space, and that it is not
+contradicted by the main phenomena of life and organisation, appear to
+us to be unquestionable." Mr. Huxley goes on to recommend to the readers
+of the 'Origin' a condition of "thatige Skepsis"--a state of "doubt
+which so loves truth that it neither dares rest in doubting, nor
+extinguish itself by unjustified belief." The final paragraph is in a
+strong contrast to Professor Sedgwick and his "ropes of bubbles" (see
+below). Mr. Huxley writes: "Mr. Darwin abhors mere speculation as
+nature abhors a vacuum. He is as greedy of cases and precedents as any
+constitutional lawyer, and all the principles he lays down are capable
+of being brought to the test of observation and experiment. The path
+he bids us follow professes to be not a mere airy track, fabricated of
+ideal cobwebs, but a solid and broad bridge of facts. If it be so, it
+will carry us safely over many a chasm in our knowledge, and lead us to
+a region free from the snares of those fascinating but barren virgins,
+the Final Causes, against whom a high authority has so justly warned
+us."
+
+There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing as it did
+in the leading daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the
+reading public. Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account
+of the happy chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing
+it.
+
+"The 'Origin' was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the "Times"
+writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of
+business. Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later
+period, editor of 'Once a Week,' was as innocent of any knowledge of
+science as a babe, and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to
+deal with such a book. Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get
+him out of his difficulty, and he applied to me accordingly, explaining,
+however, that it would be necessary for him formally to adopt anything I
+might be disposed to write, by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs
+of his own.
+
+"I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving
+the book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the "Times" to
+make any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the
+subject, I wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything
+in my life, and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening
+sentences.
+
+"When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+authorship. The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not
+by my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement
+from the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they
+knew it was mine from the first paragraph!
+
+"As the "Times" some years since, referred to my connection with
+the review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the
+publication of this little history, if you think it worth the space it
+will occupy."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.II. -- THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES' (continued).
+
+1860.
+
+[I extract a few entries from my father's Diary:--
+
+"January 7th. The second edition, 3000 copies, of 'Origin' was
+published."
+
+"May 22nd. The first edition of 'Origin' in the United States was 2500
+copies."
+
+My father has here noted down the sums received for the 'Origin.'
+
+First Edition......180 pounds Second Edition.....636 pounds 13 shillings
+4 pence
+
+Total..............816 pounds 13 shillings 4 pence.
+
+After the publication of the second edition he began at once, on January
+9th, looking over his materials for the 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants;' the only other work of the year was on Drosera.
+
+He was at Down during the whole of this year, except for a visit to
+Dr. Lane's Water-cure Establishment at Sudbrooke, and in June, and
+for visits to Miss Elizabeth Wedgwood's house at Hartfield, in Sussex
+(July), and to Eastbourne, September 22 to November 16.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 3rd [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have finished your Essay. ('Australian Flora.') As probably you would
+like to hear my opinion, though a non-botanist, I will give it without
+any exaggeration. To my judgment it is by far the grandest and most
+interesting essay, on subjects of the nature discussed, I have ever
+read. You know how I admired your former essays, but this seems to me
+far grander. I like all the part after page xxvi better than the first
+part, probably because newer to me. I dare say you will demur to this,
+for I think every author likes the most speculative parts of his own
+productions. How superior your essay is to the famous one of Brown
+(here will be sneer 1st from you). You have made all your conclusions so
+admirably clear, that it would be no use at all to be a botanist (sneer
+No. 2). By Jove, it would do harm to affix any idea to the long names of
+outlandish orders. One can look at your conclusions with the philosophic
+abstraction with which a mathematician looks at his a times x + the
+square root of z squared, etc. etc. I hardly know which parts have
+interested me most; for over and over again I exclaimed, "this beats
+all." The general comparison of the Flora of Australia with the rest
+of the world, strikes me (as before) as extremely original, good, and
+suggestive of many reflections.
+
+... The invading Indian Flora is very interesting, but I think the fact
+you mention towards the close of the essay--that the Indian vegetation,
+in contradistinction to the Malayan vegetation, is found in low and
+level parts of the Malay Islands, GREATLY lessens the difficulty which
+at first (page 1) seemed so great. There is nothing like one's own
+hobby-horse. I suspect it is the same case as of glacial migration,
+and of naturalised production--of production of greater area conquering
+those of lesser; of course the Indian forms would have a greater
+difficulty in seizing on the cool parts of Australia. I demur to your
+remarks (page 1), as not "conceiving anything in soil, climate, or
+vegetation of India," which could stop the introduction of Australian
+plants. Towards the close of the essay (page civ), you have
+admirable remarks on our profound ignorance of the cause of possible
+naturalisation or introduction; I would answer page 1, by a later page,
+viz. page civ.
+
+Your contrast of the south-west and south-east corners is one of the
+most wonderful cases I ever heard of... You show the case with wonderful
+force. Your discussion on mixed invaders of the south-east corner (and
+of New Zealand) is as curious and intricate a problem as of the races
+of men in Britain. Your remark on mixed invading Flora keeping down or
+destroying an original Flora, which was richer in number of species,
+strikes me as EMINENTLY NEW AND IMPORTANT. I am not sure whether to me
+the discussion on the New Zealand Flora is not even more instructive. I
+cannot too much admire both. But it will require a long time to suck in
+all the facts. Your case of the largest Australian orders having none,
+or very few, species in New Zealand, is truly marvellous. Anyhow, you
+have now DEMONSTRATED (together with no mammals in New Zealand) (bitter
+sneer No. 3), that New Zealand has never been continuously, or even
+nearly continuously, united by land to Australia!! At page lxxxix, is
+the only sentence (on this subject) in the whole essay at which I am
+much inclined to quarrel, viz. that no theory of trans-oceanic migration
+can explain, etc. etc. Now I maintain against all the world, that no man
+knows anything about the power of trans-oceanic migration. You do not
+know whether or not the absent orders have seeds which are killed by
+sea-water, like almost all Leguminosae, and like another order which
+I forget. Birds do not migrate from Australia to New Zealand, and
+therefore floatation SEEMS the only possible means; but yet I maintain
+that we do not know enough to argue on the question, especially as we do
+not know the main fact whether the seeds of Australian orders are killed
+by sea-water.
+
+The discussion on European Genera is profoundly interesting; but here
+alone I earnestly beg for more information, viz. to know which of
+these genera are absent in the Tropics of the world, i.e. confined to
+temperate regions. I excessively wish to know, ON THE NOTION OF GLACIAL
+MIGRATION, how much modification has taken place in Australia. I had
+better explain when we meet, and get you to go over and mark the list.
+
+... The list of naturalised plants is extremely interesting, but why at
+the end, in the name of all that is good and bad, do you not sum up and
+comment on your facts? Come, I will have a sneer at you in return for
+the many which you will have launched at this letter. Should you have
+remarked on the number of plants naturalised in Australia and the United
+States UNDER EXTREMELY DIFFERENT CLIMATES, as showing that climate is
+so important, and [on] the considerable sprinkling of plants from
+India, North America, and South Africa, as showing that the frequent
+introduction of seeds is so important? With respect to "abundance of
+unoccupied ground in Australia," do you believe that European plants
+introduced by man now grow on spots in Australia which were absolutely
+bare? But I am an impudent dog, one must defend one's own fancy theories
+against such cruel men as you. I dare say this letter will appear
+very conceited, but one must form an opinion on what one reads with
+attention, and in simple truth, I cannot find words strong enough to
+express my admiration of your essay.
+
+My dear old friend, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I differ about the "Saturday Review". ("Saturday Review", December
+24, 1859. The hostile arguments of the reviewer are geological, and he
+deals especially with the denudation of the Weald. The reviewer remarks
+that, "if a million of centuries, more or less, is needed for any
+part of his argument, he feels no scruple in taking them to suit
+his purpose.") One cannot expect fairness in a reviewer, so I do not
+complain of all the other arguments besides the 'Geological Record'
+being omitted. Some of the remarks about the lapse of years are
+very good, and the reviewer gives me some good and well-deserved
+raps--confound it. I am sorry to confess the truth: but it does not at
+all concern the main argument. That was a nice notice in the "Gardeners'
+Chronicle". I hope and imagine that Lindley is almost a convert. Do not
+forget to tell me if Bentham gets all the more staggered.
+
+With respect to tropical plants during the Glacial period, I throw
+in your teeth your own facts, at the base of the Himalaya, on the
+possibility of the co-existence of at least forms of the tropical and
+temperate regions. I can give a parallel case for animals in Mexico. Oh!
+my dearly beloved puny child, how cruel men are to you! I am very glad
+you approve of the Geographical chapters...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [January 4th, 1860].
+
+My dear L.
+
+"Gardeners' Chronicle" returned safe. Thanks for note. I am beyond
+measure glad that you get more and more roused on the subject of
+species, for, as I have always said, I am well convinced that your
+opinions and writings will do far more to convince the world than mine.
+You will make a grand discussion on man. You are very bold in this,
+and I honour you. I have been, like you, quite surprised at the want
+of originality in opposed arguments and in favour too. Gwyn Jeffreys
+attacks me justly in his letter about strictly littoral shells not being
+often embedded at least in Tertiary deposits. I was in a muddle, for I
+was thinking of Secondary, yet Chthamalus applied to Tertiary...
+
+Possibly you might like to see the enclosed note (Dr. Whewell wrote
+(January 2, 1860): "... I cannot, yet at least, become a convert. But
+there is so much of thought and of fact in what you have written that
+it is not to be contradicted without careful selection of the ground and
+manner of the dissent." Dr. Whewell dissented in a practical manner for
+some years, by refusing to allow a copy of the 'Origin of Species' to
+be placed in the Library of Trinity College.) from Whewell, merely as
+showing that he is not horrified with us. You can return it whenever you
+have occasion to write, so as not to waste your time.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [January 4th? 1860].
+
+... I have had a brief note from Keyserling (Joint author with Murchison
+of the 'Geology of Russia,' 1845.), but not worth sending you. He
+believes in change of species, grants that natural selection explains
+well adaptation of form, but thinks species change too regularly, as
+if by some chemical law, for natural selection to be the sole cause of
+change. I can hardly understand his brief note, but this is I think the
+upshot.
+
+... I will send A. Murray's paper whenever published. (The late Andrew
+Murray wrote two papers on the 'Origin' in the Proc. R. Soc. Edin. 1860.
+The one referred to here is dated January 16, 1860. The following is
+quoted from page 6 of the separate copy: "But the second, and, as it
+appears to me, by much the most important phase of reversion to type
+(and which is practically, if not altogether ignored by Mr. Darwin),
+is the instinctive inclination which induces individuals of the same
+species by preference to intercross with those possessing the qualities
+which they themselves want, so as to preserve the purity or equilibrium
+of the breed... It is trite to a proverb, that tall men marry little
+women... a man of genius marries a fool... and we are told that this is
+the result of the charm of contrast, or of qualities admired in others
+because we do not possess them. I do not so explain it. I imagine it is
+the effort of nature to preserve the typical medium of the race.")
+It includes speculations (which he perhaps will modify) so rash, and
+without a single fact in support, that had I advanced them he or other
+reviewers would have hit me very hard. I am sorry to say that I have
+no "consolatory view" on the dignity of man. I am content that man will
+probably advance, and care not much whether we are looked at as mere
+savages in a remotely distant future. Many thanks for your last note.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+I have received, in a Manchester newspaper, rather a good squib, showing
+that I have proved "might is right," and therefore that Napoleon is
+right, and every cheating tradesman is also right.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B. CARPENTER. Down, January 6th [1860]?
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I have just read your excellent article in the 'National.' It will do
+great good; especially if it becomes known as your production. It seems
+to me to give an excellently clear account of Mr. Wallace's and my
+views. How capitally you turn the flanks of the theological opposers by
+opposing to them such men as Bentham and the more philosophical of the
+systematists! I thank you sincerely for the EXTREMELY honourable
+manner in which you mention me. I should have liked to have seen some
+criticisms or remarks on embryology, on which subject you are so well
+instructed. I do not think any candid person can read your article
+without being much impressed with it. The old doctrine of immutability
+of specific forms will surely but slowly die away. It is a shame to
+give you trouble, but I should be very much obliged if you could tell me
+where differently coloured eggs in individuals of the cuckoo have been
+described, and their laying in twent-seven kinds of nests. Also do you
+know from your own observation that the limbs of sheep imported into
+the West Indies change colour? I have had detailed information about the
+loss of wool; but my accounts made the change slower than you describe.
+
+With most cordial thanks and respect, believe me, my dear Carpenter,
+yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. JENYNS. (Rev. L. Blomefield.) Down, January 7th,
+1860.
+
+My dear Jenyns,
+
+I am very much obliged for your letter. It is of great use and interest
+to me to know what impression my book produces on philosophical and
+instructed minds. I thank you for the kind things which you say; and you
+go with me much further than I expected. You will think it presumptuous,
+but I am convinced, IF CIRCUMSTANCES LEAD YOU TO KEEP THE SUBJECT
+IN MIND, that you will go further. No one has yet cast doubts on my
+explanation of the subordination of group to group, on homologies,
+embryology, and rudimentary organs; and if my explanation of these
+classes of facts be at all right, whole classes of organic beings must
+be included in one line of descent.
+
+The imperfection of the Geological Record is one of the greatest
+difficulties... During the earliest period the record would be most
+imperfect, and this seems to me sufficient to account for our not
+finding intermediate forms between the classes in the same great
+kingdoms. It was certainly rash in me putting in my belief of the
+probability of all beings having descended from ONE primordial form;
+but as this seems yet to me probable, I am not willing to strike it out.
+Huxley alone supports me in this, and something could be said in its
+favour. With respect to man, I am very far from wishing to obtrude
+my belief; but I thought it dishonest to quite conceal my opinion.
+Of course it is open to every one to believe that man appeared by
+a separate miracle, though I do not myself see the necessity or
+probability.
+
+Pray accept my sincere thanks for your kind note. Your going some way
+with me gives me great confidence that I am not very wrong. For a very
+long time I halted half way; but I do not believe that any enquiring
+mind will rest half-way. People will have to reject all or admit all; by
+ALL I mean only the members of each great kingdom.
+
+My dear Jenyns, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 10th [1860].
+
+... It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections (The
+second edition of 3000 copies of the 'Origin' was published on January
+7th.) to you, and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily
+glad you approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me;
+those confounded millions (This refers to the passage in the 'Origin of
+Species' (2nd edition, page 285), in which the lapse of time implied by
+the denudation of the Weald is discussed. The discussion closes with the
+sentence: "So that it is not improbable that a longer period than
+300 million years has elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary
+period." This passage is omitted in the later editions of the 'Origin,'
+against the advice of some of his friends, as appears from the pencil
+notes in my father's copy of the second edition.) of years (not that
+I think it is probably wrong), and my not having (by inadvertance)
+mentioned Wallace towards the close of the book in the summary, not that
+any one has noticed this to me. I have now put in Wallace's name at page
+484 in a conspicuous place. I cannot refer you to tables of mortality
+of children, etc. etc. I have notes somewhere, but I have not the LEAST
+idea where to hunt, and my notes would now be old. I shall be truly
+glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give my opinion. You used to
+caution me to be cautious about man. I suspect I shall have to return
+the caution a hundred fold! Yours will, no doubt, be a grand discussion;
+but it will horrify the world at first more than my whole volume;
+although by the sentence (page 489, new edition (First edition, page
+488.)) I show that I believe man is in the same predicament with other
+animals. It is, in fact, impossible to doubt it. I have thought (only
+vaguely) on man. With respect to the races, one of my best chances of
+truth has broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. I have
+one good speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in
+Natural Selection before he will even listen to it. Psychologically, I
+have done scarcely anything. Unless, indeed, expression of countenance
+can be included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts,
+and speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+uncommonly curious subject. By the way, I sent off a lot of questions
+the day before yesterday to Tierra del Fuego on expression! I suspect
+(for I have never read it) that Spencer's 'Psychology' has a bearing on
+Psychology as we should look at it. By all means read the Preface, in
+about 20 pages, of Hensleigh Wedgwood's new Dictionary on the first
+origin of Language; Erasmus would lend it. I agree about Carpenter,
+a very good article, but with not much original... Andrew Murray has
+criticised, in an address to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, the
+notice in the 'Linnean Journal,' and "has disposed of" the whole theory
+by an ingenious difficulty, which I was very stupid not to have thought
+of; for I express surprise at more and analogous cases not being known.
+The difficulty is, that amongst the blind insects of the caves in
+distant parts of the world there are some of the same genus, and yet the
+genus is not found out of the caves or living in the free world. I have
+little doubt that, like the fish Amblyopsis, and like Proteus in Europe,
+these insects are "wrecks of ancient life," or "living fossils," saved
+from competition and extermination. But that formerly SEEING insects
+of the same genus roamed over the whole area in which the cases are
+included.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--OUR ancestor was an animal which breathed water, had a swim
+bladder, a great swimming tail, an imperfect skull, and undoubtedly was
+an hermaphrodite!
+
+Here is a pleasant genealogy for mankind.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 14th [1860].
+
+... I shall be much interested in reading your man discussion, and will
+give my opinion carefully, whatever that may be worth; but I have so
+long looked at you as the type of cautious scientific judgment (to my
+mind one of the highest and most useful qualities), that I suspect my
+opinion will be superfluous. It makes me laugh to think what a joke
+it will be if I have to caution you, after your cautions on the same
+subject to me!
+
+I will order Owen's book ('Classification of the Mammalia,' 1859.); I am
+very glad to hear Huxley's opinion on his classification of man; without
+having due knowledge, it seemed to me from the very first absurd; all
+classifications founded on single characters I believe have failed.
+
+... What a grand, immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray
+to publish my book. I never till to-day realised that it was getting
+widely distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says
+she heard a man enquiring for it at the RAILWAY STATION!!! at Waterloo
+Bridge; and the bookseller said that he had none till the new edition
+was out. The bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a
+very remarkable book!!!...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 14th [January, 1860].
+
+... I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news. You
+are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death with
+hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review of my book! I
+thought it ('Gardeners' Chronicle', 1860. Referred to above. Sir J.D.
+Hooker took the line of complete impartiality, so as not to commit
+Lindley.) a very good one, and was so much struck with it that I sent it
+to Lyell. But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was Lindley's.
+Now that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and, my kind and good
+friend, it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and noble things
+you say of me and it. I was a good deal surprised at Lindley hitting on
+some of the remarks, but I never dreamed of you. I admired it chiefly
+as so well adapted to tell on the readers of the 'Gardeners' Chronicle';
+but now I admired it in another spirit. Farewell, with hearty
+thanks... Lyell is going at man with an audacity that frightens me. It is
+a good joke; he used always to caution me to slip over man.
+
+
+[In the "Gardeners' Chronicle", January 21, 1860, appeared a short
+letter from my father which was called forth by Mr. Westwood's
+communication to the previous number of the journal, in which certain
+phenomena of cros-breeding are discussed in relation to the 'Origin of
+Species.' Mr. Westwood wrote in reply (February 11) and adduced further
+evidence against the doctrine of descent, such as the identity of the
+figures of ostriches on the ancient "Egyptian records," with the bird as
+we now know it. The correspondence is hardly worth mentioning, except as
+one of the very few cases in which my father was enticed into anything
+resembling a controversy.]
+
+
+ASA GRAY TO J.D. HOOKER. Cambridge, Mass., January 5th, 1860.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your last letter, which reached me just before Christmas, has got
+mislaid during the upturnings in my study which take place at that
+season, and has not yet been discovered. I should be very sorry to lose
+it, for there were in it some botanical mems. which I had not secured...
+
+The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.
+
+Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four
+days ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.
+
+It is done in a MASTERLY MANNER. It might well have taken twenty years
+to produce it. It is crammed full of most interesting matter--thoroughly
+digested--well expressed--close, cogent, and taken as a system it makes
+out a better case than I had supposed possible...
+
+Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it. He says it is
+POOR--VERY POOR!! (entre nous). The fact [is] he is very much annoyed by
+it,... and I do not wonder at it. To bring all IDEAL systems within the
+domain of science, and give good physical or natural explanations of
+all his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take the glacier
+materials... and give scientific explanation of all the phenomena.
+
+Tell Darwin all this. I will write to him when I get a chance. As I have
+promised, he and you shall have fair-play here... I must myself write
+a review of Darwin's book for 'Silliman's Journal' (the more so that I
+suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March) No., and
+I am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment working the
+Expl[oring] Expedition Compositae, which I know far more about). And
+really it is no easy job, as you may well imagine.
+
+I doubt if I shall please you altogether. I know I shall not please
+Agassiz at all. I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book
+will excite much attention here, and some controversy...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, January 28th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I cannot express how
+deeply it has gratified me. To receive the approval of a man whom one
+has long sincerely respected. And whose judgment and knowledge are most
+universally admitted, is the highest reward an author can possibly wish
+for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind expressions.
+
+I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+answer your letter to me of the 10th of January. You have been extremely
+kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition. It has been
+a mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets. I
+had entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets
+as printed off. But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered
+your most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken
+advantage of it; for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with
+general readers; I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending
+the sheets to America. (In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father
+wrote:--"I am amused by Asa Gray's account of the excitement my book has
+made amongst naturalists in the United States. Agassiz has denounced
+it in a newspaper, but yet in such terms that it is in fact a fine
+advertisement!" This seems to refer to a lecture given before the
+Mercantile Library Association.)
+
+After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others,
+I have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+errors, or here and there inserting short sentences) and to use all my
+strength, WHICH IS BUT LITTLE, to bring out the first part (forming a
+separate volume with index, etc.) of the three volumes which will make
+my bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in
+making corrections for an American edition. I enclose a list of a few
+corrections in the second reprint, which you will have received by this
+time complete, and I could send four or five corrections or additions of
+equally small importance, or rather of equal brevity. I also intend to
+write a SHORT preface with a brief history of the subject. These I will
+set about, as they must some day be done, and I will send them to you
+in a short time--the few corrections first, and the preface afterwards,
+unless I hear that you have given up all idea of a separate edition. You
+will then be able to judge whether it is worth having the new edition
+with YOUR REVIEW PREFIXED. Whatever be the nature of your review,
+I assure you I should feel it a GREAT honour to have my book thus
+preceded...
+
+
+ASA GRAY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Cambridge, January 23rd, 1860.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+You have my hurried letter telling you of the arrival of the remainder
+of the sheets of the reprint, and of the stir I had made for a reprint
+in Boston. Well, all looked pretty well, when, lo, we found that a
+second New York publishing house had announced a reprint also! I wrote
+then to both New York publishers, asking them to give way to the AUTHOR
+and his reprint of a revised edition. I got an answer from the Harpers
+that they withdraw --from the Appletons that they had got the book OUT
+(and the next day I saw a copy); but that, "if the work should have
+any considerable sale, we certainly shall be disposed to pay the author
+reasonably and liberally."
+
+The Appletons being thus out with their reprint, the Boston house
+declined to go on. So I wrote to the Appletons taking them at their
+word, offering to aid their reprint, to give them the use of the
+alterations in the London reprint, as soon as I find out what they are,
+etc. etc. And I sent them the first leaf, and asked them to insert in
+their future issue the additional matter from Butler (A quotation from
+Butler's 'Analogy,' on the use of the word natural, which in the second
+edition is placed with the passages from Whewell and Bacon on page ii,
+opposite the title-page.), which tells just right. So there the matter
+stands. If you furnish any matter in advance of the London third
+edition, I will make them pay for it.
+
+I may get something for you. All got is clear gain; but it will not be
+very much, I suppose.
+
+Such little notices in the papers here as have yet appeared are quite
+handsome and considerate.
+
+I hope next week to get printed sheets of my review from New Haven, and
+send [them] to you, and will ask you to pass them on to Dr. Hooker.
+
+To fulfil your request, I ought to tell you what I think the weakest,
+and what the best, part of your book. But this is not easy, nor to be
+done in a word or two. The BEST PART, I think, is the WHOLE, i.e.,
+its PLAN and TREATMENT, the vast amount of facts and acute inferences
+handled as if you had a perfect mastery of them. I do not think twenty
+years too much time to produce such a book in.
+
+Style clear and good, but now and then wants revision for little matters
+(page 97, self-fertilises ITSELF, etc.).
+
+Then your candour is worth everything to your cause. It is refreshing
+to find a person with a new theory who frankly confesses that he finds
+difficulties, insurmountable, at least for the present. I know some
+people who never have any difficulties to speak of.
+
+The moment I understood your premisses, I felt sure you had a real
+foundation to hold on. Well, if one admits your premisses, I do not see
+how he is to stop short of your conclusions, as a probable hypothesis at
+least.
+
+It naturally happens that my review of your book does not exhibit
+anything like the full force of the impression the book has made upon
+me. Under the circumstances I suppose I do your theory more good
+here, by bespeaking for it a fair and favourable consideration, and by
+standing non-committed as to its full conclusions, than I should if I
+announced myself a convert; nor could I say the latter, with truth.
+
+Well, what seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt
+to account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, etc., by
+natural selection. Some of this reads quite Lamarckian.
+
+The chapter on HYBRIDISM is not a WEAK, but a STRONG chapter. You have
+done wonders there. But still you have not accounted, as you may be held
+to account, for divergence up to a certain extent producing increased
+fertility of the crosses, but carried one short almost imperceptible
+step more, giving rise to sterility, or reversing the tendency. Very
+likely you are on the right track; but you have something to do yet in
+that department.
+
+Enough for the present.
+
+... I am not insensible to your compliments, the very high compliment
+which you pay me in valuing my opinion. You evidently think more of it
+than I do, though from the way I write [to] you, and especially [to]
+Hooker, this might not be inferred from the reading of my letters.
+
+I am free to say that I never learnt so much from one book as I have
+from yours, there remain a thousand things I long to say about it.
+
+Ever yours, ASA GRAY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [February? 1860].
+
+... Now I will just run through some points in your letter. What you say
+about my book gratifies me most deeply, and I wish I could feel all was
+deserved by me. I quite think a review from a man, who is not an entire
+convert, if fair and moderately favourable, is in all respects the best
+kind of review. About the weak points I agree. The eye to this day gives
+me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my
+reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder.
+
+Pray kindly remember and tell Prof. Wyman how very grateful I should be
+for any hints, information, or criticisms. I have the highest respect
+for his opinion. I am so sorry about Dana's health. I have already asked
+him to pay me a visit.
+
+Farewell, you have laid me under a load of obligation--not that I feel
+it a load. It is the highest possible gratification to me to think that
+you have found my book worth reading and reflection; for you and three
+others I put down in my own mind as the judges whose opinions I should
+value most of all.
+
+My dear Gray, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I feel pretty sure, from my own experience, that if you are led
+by your studies to keep the subject of the origin of species before your
+mind, you will go further and further in your belief. It took me long
+years, and I assure you I am astonished at the impression my book has
+made on many minds. I fear twenty years ago, I should not have been half
+as candid and open to conviction.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [January 31st, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have resolved to publish a little sketch of the progress of opinion on
+the change of species. Will you or Mrs. Hooker do me the favour to copy
+ONE sentence out of Naudin's paper in the 'Revue Horticole,' 1852, page
+103, namely, that on his principle of Finalite. Can you let me have it
+soon, with those confounded dashes over the vowels put in carefully? Asa
+Gray, I believe, is going to get a second edition of my book, and I want
+to send this little preface over to him soon. I did not think of the
+necessity of having Naudin's sentence on finality, otherwise I would
+have copied it.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I shall end by just alluding to your Australian Flora
+Introduction. What was the date of publication: December 1859, or
+January 1860? Please answer this.
+
+My preface will also do for the French edition, which I BELIEVE, is
+agreed on.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. February [1860].
+
+... As the 'Origin' now stands, Harvey's (William Henry Harvey was
+descended from a Quaker family of Youghal, and was born in February,
+1811, at Summerville, a country house on the banks of the Shannon. He
+died at Torquay in 1866. In 1835, Harvey went to Africa (Table Bay) to
+pursue his botanical studies, the results of which were given in his
+'Genera of South African Plants.' In 1838, ill-health compelled him to
+obtain leave of absence, and return to England for a time; in 1840 he
+returned to Cape Town, to be again compelled by illness to leave. In
+1843 he obtained the appointment of Botanical Professor at Trinity
+College, Dublin. In 1854, 1855, and 1856 he visited Australia, New
+Zealand, the Friendly and Fiji Islands. In 1857 Dr. Harvey reached home,
+and was appointed the successor of Professor Allman to the Chair of
+Botany in Dublin University. He was author of several botanical works,
+principally on Algae.--(From a Memoir published in 1869.)) is a good
+hit against my talking so much of the insensibly fine gradations; and
+certainly it has astonished me that I should be pelted with the fact,
+that I had not allowed abrupt and great enough variations under nature.
+It would take a good deal more evidence to make me admit that forms have
+often changed by saltum.
+
+Have you seen Wollaston's attack in the 'Annals'? ('Annals and Magazine
+of Natural History,' 1860.) The stones are beginning to fly. But
+Theology has more to do with these two attacks than Science...
+
+
+[In the above letter a paper by Harvey in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+February 18, 1860, is alluded to. He describes a case of monstrosity
+in Begonia frigida, in which the "sport" differed so much from a normal
+Begonia that it might have served as the type of a distinct natural
+order. Harvey goes on to argue that such a case is hostile to the theory
+of natural selection, according to which changes are not supposed to
+take place per saltum, and adds that "a few such cases would overthrow
+it [Mr. Darwin's hypothesis] altogether." In the following number of
+the "Gardeners' Chronicle" Sir J.D. Hooker showed that Dr. Harvey had
+misconceived the bearing of the Begonia case, which he further showed
+to be by no means calculated to shake the validity of the doctrine
+of modification by means of natural selection. My father mentions the
+Begonia case in a letter to Lyell (February 18, 1860):--
+
+"I send by this post an attack in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", by Harvey
+(a first-rate Botanist, as you probably know). It seems to me rather
+strange; he assumes the permanence of monsters, whereas, monsters are
+generally sterile, and not often inheritable. But grant his case, it
+comes that I have been too cautious in not admitting great and sudden
+variations. Here again comes in the mischief of my ABSTRACT. In the
+fuller MS. I have discussed a parallel case of a normal fish like the
+monstrous gold-fish."
+
+With reference to Sir J.D. Hooker's reply, my father wrote:]
+
+Down, [February 26th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your answer to Harvey seems to me ADMIRABLY good. You would have made a
+gigantic fortune as a barrister. What an omission of Harvey's about the
+graduated state of the flowers! But what strikes me most is that surely
+I ought to know my own book best, yet, by Jove, you have brought forward
+ever so many arguments which I did not think of! Your reference to
+classification (viz. I presume to such cases as Aspicarpa) is EXCELLENT,
+for the monstrous Begonia no doubt in all details would be Begonia. I
+did not think of this, nor of the RETROGRADE step from separated sexes
+to an hermaphrodite state; nor of the lessened fertility of the monster.
+Proh pudor to me.
+
+The world would say what a lawyer has been lost in a MERE botanist!
+
+Farewell, my dear master in my own subject,
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+I am so heartily pleased to see that you approve of the chapter on
+Classification.
+
+I wonder what Harvey will say. But no one hardly, I think, is able at
+first to see when he is beaten in an argument.
+
+
+[The following letters refer to the first translation (1860) of the
+'Origin of Species' into German, which was superintended by H.G. Bronn,
+a good zoologist and palaeontologist, who was at the time at Freiburg,
+but afterwards Professor at Heidelberg. I have been told that the
+translation was not a success, it remained an obvious translation, and
+was correspondingly unpleasant to read. Bronn added to the translation
+an appendix of the difficulties that occurred to him. For instance,
+how can natural selection account for differences between species, when
+these differences appear to be of no service to their possessors; e.g.,
+the length of the ears and tail, or the folds in the enamel of the teeth
+of various species of rodents? Krause, in his book, 'Charles Darwin,'
+page 91, criticises Bronn's conduct in this manner, but it will be seen
+that my father actually suggested the addition of Bronn's remarks. A
+more serious charge against Bronn made by Krause (op. cit. page 87) is
+that he left out passages of which he did not approve, as, for instance,
+the passage ('Origin,' first edition, page 488) "Light will be thrown on
+the origin of man and his history." I have no evidence as to whether my
+father did or did not know of these alterations.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, February 4 [1860].
+
+Dear and much honoured Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter; I feared that you would
+much disapprove of the 'Origin,' and I sent it to you merely as a mark
+of my sincere respect. I shall read with much interest your work on the
+productions of Islands whenever I receive it. I thank you cordially for
+the notice in the 'Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie,' and still more for
+speaking to Schweitzerbart about a translation; for I am most anxious
+that the great and intellectual German people should know something
+about my book.
+
+I have told my publisher to send immediately a copy of the NEW
+(Second edition.) edition to Schweitzerbart, and I have written to
+Schweitzerbart that I gave up all right to profit for myself, so that I
+hope a translation will appear. I fear that the book will be difficult
+to translate, and if you could advise Schweitzerbart about a GOOD
+translator, it would be of very great service. Still more, if you would
+run your eye over the more difficult parts of the translation; but this
+is too great a favour to expect. I feel sure that it will be difficult
+to translate, from being so much condensed.
+
+Again I thank you for your noble and generous sympathy, and I remain,
+with entire respect,
+
+Yours, truly obliged, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--The new edition has some few corrections, and I will send in
+MS. some additional corrections, and a short historical preface, to
+Schweitzerbart.
+
+How interesting you could make the work by EDITING (I do not
+mean translating) the work, and appending notes of REFUTATION or
+confirmation. The book has sold so very largely in England, that an
+editor would, I think, make profit by the translation.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, February 14 [1860].
+
+My dear and much honoured Sir,
+
+I thank you cordially for your extreme kindness in superintending the
+translation. I have mentioned this to some eminent scientific men, and
+they all agree that you have done a noble and generous service. If I am
+proved quite wrong, yet I comfort myself in thinking that my book may
+do some good, as truth can only be known by rising victorious from every
+attack. I thank you also much for the review, and for the kind manner
+in which you speak of me. I send with this letter some corrections and
+additions to M. Schweitzerbart, and a short historical preface. I am
+not much acquainted with German authors, as I read German very slowly;
+therefore I do not know whether any Germans have advocated similar
+views with mine; if they have, would you do me the favour to insert a
+foot-note to the preface? M. Schweitzerbart has now the reprint ready
+for a translator to begin. Several scientific men have thought the term
+"Natural Selection" good, because its meaning is NOT obvious, and each
+man could not put on it his own interpretation, and because it at
+once connects variation under domestication and nature. Is there any
+analogous term used by German breeders of animals? "Adelung," ennobling,
+would, perhaps, be too metaphysical. It is folly in me, but I cannot
+help doubting whether "Wahl der Lebensweise" expresses my notion. It
+leaves the impression on my mind of the Lamarckian doctrine (which I
+reject) of habits of life being al-important. Man has altered, and
+thus improved the English race-horse by SELECTING successive fleeter
+individuals; and I believe, owing to the struggle for existence, that
+similar SLIGHT variations in a wild horse, IF ADVANTAGEOUS TO IT, would
+be SELECTED or PRESERVED by nature; hence Natural Selection. But I
+apologise for troubling you with these remarks on the importance of
+choosing good German terms for "Natural Selection." With my heartfelt
+thanks, and with sincere respect,
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.G. BRONN. Down, July 14 [1860].
+
+Dear and honoured Sir,
+
+On my return home, after an absence of some time, I found the
+translation of the third part (The German translation was published in
+three pamphle-like numbers.) of the 'Origin,' and I have been delighted
+to see a final chapter of criticisms by yourself. I have read the first
+few paragraphs and final paragraph, and am perfectly contented, indeed
+more than contented, with the generous and candid spirit with which you
+have considered my views. You speak with too much praise of my work.
+I shall, of course, carefully read the whole chapter; but though I can
+read descriptive books like Gaertner's pretty easily, when any reasoning
+comes in, I find German excessively difficult to understand. At some
+FUTURE time I should very much like to hear how my book has been
+received in Germany, and I most sincerely hope M. Schweitzerbart
+will not lose money by the publication. Most of the reviews have been
+bitterly opposed to me in England, yet I have made some converts, and
+SEVERAL naturalists who would not believe in a word of it, are now
+coming slightly round, and admit that natural selection may have done
+something. This gives me hope that more will ultimately come round to a
+certain extent to my views.
+
+I shall ever consider myself deeply indebted to you for the immense
+service and honour which you have conferred on me in making the
+excellent translation of my book. Pray believe me, with most sincere
+respect,
+
+Dear Sir, yours gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [February 12th, 1860].
+
+... I think it was a great pity that Huxley wasted so much time in the
+lecture on the preliminary remarks;... but his lecture seemed to me very
+fine and very bold. I have remonstrated (and he agrees) against the
+impression that he would leave, that sterility was a universal and
+infallible criterion of species.
+
+You will, I am sure, make a grand discussion on man. I am so glad to
+hear that you and Lady Lyell will come here. Pray fix your own time; and
+if it did not suit us we would say so. We could then discuss man well...
+
+How much I owe to you and Hooker! I do not suppose I should hardly ever
+have published had it not been for you.
+
+
+[The lecture referred to in the last letter was given at the Royal
+Institution, February 10, 1860. The following letter was written
+in reply to Mr. Huxley's request for information about breeding,
+hybridisation, etc. It is of interest as giving a vivid retrospect of
+the writer's experience on the subject.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Ilkley, Yorks, November 27 [1859].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Gartner grand, Kolreuter grand, but papers scattered through many
+volumes and very lengthy. I had to make an abstract of the whole.
+Herbert's volume on Amaryllidaceae very good, and two excellent papers
+in the 'Horticultural Journal.' For animals, no resume to be trusted at
+all; facts are to be collected from all original sources. (This caution
+is exemplified in the following extract from an earlier letter to
+Professor Huxley:--"The inaccuracy of the blessed gang (of which I
+am one) of compilers passes all bounds. MONSTERS have frequently been
+described as hybrids without a tittle of evidence. I must give one other
+case to show how we jolly fellows work. A Belgian Baron (I forget his
+name at this moment) crossed two distinct geese and got SEVEN hybrids,
+which he proved subsequently to be quite sterile; well, compiler
+the first, Chevreul, says that the hybrids were propagated for SEVEN
+generations inter se. Compiler second (Morton) mistakes the French name,
+and gives Latin names for two more distinct geese, and says CHEVREUL
+himself propagated them inter se for seven generations; and the latter
+statement is copied from book to book.") I fear my MS. for the bigger
+book (twice or thrice as long as in present book), with all references,
+would be illegible, but it would save you infinite labour; of course I
+would gladly lend it, but I have no copy, so care would have to be taken
+of it. But my accursed handwriting would be fatal, I fear.
+
+About breeding, I know of no one book. I did not think well of Lowe,
+but I can name none better. Youatt I look at as a far better and MORE
+PRACTICAL authority; but then his views and facts are scattered through
+three or four thick volumes. I have picked up most by reading really
+numberless special treatises and ALL agricultural and horticultural
+journals; but it is a work of long years. THE DIFFICULTY IS TO KNOW WHAT
+TO TRUST. No one or two statements are worth a farthing; the facts are
+so complicated. I hope and think I have been really cautious in what I
+state on this subject, although all that I have given, as yet, is FAR
+too briefly. I have found it very important associating with fanciers
+and breeders. For instance, I sat one evening in a gin palace in the
+Borough amongst a set of pigeon fanciers, when it was hinted that Mr.
+Bull had crossed his Pouters with Runts to gain size; and if you had
+seen the solemn, the mysterious, and awful shakes of the head which
+all the fanciers gave at this scandalous proceeding, you would have
+recognised how little crossing has had to do with improving breeds,
+and how dangerous for endless generations the process was. All this was
+brought home far more vividly than by pages of mere statements, etc.
+But I am scribbling foolishly. I really do not know how to advise about
+getting up facts on breeding and improving breeds. Go to Shows is one
+way. Read ALL treatises on any ONE domestic animal, and believe nothing
+without largely confirmed. For your lectures I can give you a few
+amusing anecdotes and sentences, if you want to make the audience laugh.
+
+I thank you particularly for telling me what naturalists think. If we
+can once make a compact set of believers we shall in time conquer. I
+am EMINENTLY glad Ramsey is on our side, for he is, in my opinion, a
+firs-rate geologist. I sent him a copy. I hope he got it. I shall be
+very curious to hear whether any effect has been produced on Prestwich;
+I sent him a copy, not as a friend, but owing to a sentence or two in
+some paper, which made me suspect he was doubting.
+
+Rev. C. Kingsley has a mind to come round. Quatrefages writes that he
+goes some long way with me; says he exhibited diagrams like mine. With
+most hearty thanks,
+
+Yours very tired, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[I give the conclusion of Professor Huxley's lecture, as being one of
+the earliest, as well as one of the most eloquent of his utterances in
+support of the 'Origin of Species']:
+
+"I have said that the man of science is the sworn interpreter of nature
+in the high court of reason. But of what avail is his honest speech, if
+ignorance is the assessor of the judge, and prejudice the foreman of the
+jury? I hardly know of a great physical truth, whose universal reception
+has not been preceded by an epoch in which most estimable persons have
+maintained that the phenomena investigated were directly dependent on
+the Divine Will, and that the attempt to investigate them was not only
+futile, but blasphemous. And there is a wonderful tenacity of life about
+this sort of opposition to physical science. Crushed and maimed in every
+battle, it yet seems never to be slain; and after a hundred defeats it
+is at this day as rampant, though happily not so mischievous, as in the
+time of Galileo.
+
+"But to those whose life is spent, to use Newton's noble words, in
+picking up here a pebble and there a pebble on the shores of the great
+ocean of truth--who watch, day by day, the slow but sure advance of that
+mighty tide, bearing on its bosom the thousand treasures wherewith man
+ennobles and beautifies his life--it would be laughable, if it were not
+so sad, to see the little Canutes of the hour enthroned in solemn state,
+bidding that great wave to stay, and threatening to check its beneficent
+progress. The wave rises and they fly; but, unlike the brave old Dane,
+they learn no lesson of humility: the throne is pitched at what seems a
+safe distance, and the folly is repeated.
+
+"Surely it is the duty of the public to discourage anything of this
+kind, to discredit these foolish meddlers who think they do the Almighty
+a service by preventing a thorough study of His works.
+
+"The Origin of Species is not the first, and it will not be the last, of
+the great questions born of science, which will demand settlement from
+this generation. The general mind is seething strangely, and to those
+who watch the signs of the times, it seems plain that this nineteenth
+century will see revolutions of thought and practice as great as those
+which the sixteenth witnessed. Through what trials and sore contests the
+civilised world will have to pass in the course of this new reformation,
+who can tell?
+
+"But I verily believe that come what will, the part which England may
+play in the battle is a grand and a noble one. She may prove to the
+world that, for one people, at any rate, despotism and demagogy are not
+the necessary alternatives of government; that freedom and order are
+not incompatible; that reverence is the handmaid of knowledge; that free
+discussion is the life of truth, and of true unity in a nation.
+
+"Will England play this part? That depends upon how you, the public,
+deal with science. Cherish her, venerate her, follow her methods
+faithfully and implicitly in their application to all branches of human
+thought, and the future of this people will be greater than the past.
+
+"Listen to those who would silence and crush her, and I fear our
+children will see the glory of England vanishing like Arthur in the
+mist; they will cry too late the woful cry of Guinever:--
+
+     'It was my duty to have loved the highest;
+     It surely was my profit had I known;
+     It would have been my pleasure had I seen.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [February 15th, 1860].
+
+... I am perfectly convinced (having read this morning) that the review
+in the 'Annals' (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. third series, vol. 5,
+page 132. My father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from
+the following passage (page 138): "But who is this Nature, we have a
+right to ask, who has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency
+such marvellous performances are ascribed? What are her image and
+attributes, when dragged from her wordy lurking-place? Is she aught
+but a pestilent abstraction, like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the
+workings of an Intelligent First Cause of all?" The reviewer pays a
+tribute to my father's candour, "so manly and outspoken as almost to
+'cover a multitude of sins.'" The parentheses (to which allusion is made
+above) are so frequent as to give a characteristic appearance to Mr.
+Wollaston's pages.) is by Wollaston; no one else in the world would have
+used so many parentheses. I have written to him, and told him that the
+"pestilent" fellow thanks him for his kind manner of speaking about him.
+I have also told him that he would be pleased to hear that the Bishop of
+Oxford says it is the most unphilosophical (Another version of the words
+is given by Lyell, to whom they were spoken, viz. "the most illogical
+book ever written."--'Life,' volume ii. page 358.) work he ever read.
+The review seems to me clever, and only misinterprets me in a few
+places. Like all hostile men, he passes over the explanation given of
+Classification, Morphology, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs, etc. I
+read Wallace's paper in MS. ("On the Zoological Geography of the Malay
+Archipelago."--Linn. Soc. Journ. 1860.), and thought it admirably
+good; he does not know that he has been anticipated about the depth of
+intervening sea determining distribution... The most curious point in
+the paper seems to me that about the African character of the Celebes
+productions, but I should require further confirmation...
+
+Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much
+the same state as Bunbury (The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well-known as a
+Palaeo-botanist.), and will go a very little way with us, but brings up
+no real argument against going further. He also shudders at the eye!
+It is really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our favour) how
+differently different opposers view the subject. Henslow used to rest
+his opposition on the imperfection of the Geological Record, but he now
+thinks nothing of this, and says I have got well out of it; I wish I
+could quite agree with him. Baden Powell says he never read anything so
+conclusive as my statement about the eye!! A stranger writes to me about
+sexual selection, and regrets that I boggle about such a trifle as the
+brush of hair on the male turkey, and so on. As L. Jenyns has a really
+philosophical mind, and as you say you like to see everything, I send an
+old letter of his. In a later letter to Henslow, which I have seen, he
+is more candid than any opposer I have heard of, for he says, though he
+CANNOT go so far as I do, yet he can give no good reason why he should
+not. It is funny how each man draws his own imaginary line at which to
+halt. It reminds me so vividly what I was told (By Professor Henslow.)
+about you when I first commenced geology--to believe a LITTLE, but on no
+account to believe all.
+
+Ever yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 18th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I received about a week ago two sheets of your Review (The 'American
+Journal of Science and Arts,' March, 1860. Reprinted in 'Darwiniana,'
+1876.); read them, and sent them to Hooker; they are now returned and
+r-read with care, and to-morrow I send them to Lyell. Your Review seems
+to me ADMIRABLE; by far the best which I have read. I thank you from
+my heart both for myself, but far more for the subject's sake. Your
+contrast between the views of Agassiz and such as mine is very curious
+and instructive. (The contrast is briefly summed up thus: "The theory
+of Agassiz regards the origin of species and their present general
+distribution over the world as equally primordial, equally supernatural;
+that of Darwin as equally derivative, equally natural."--'Darwiniana,'
+page 14.) By the way, if Agassiz writes anything on the subject, I hope
+you will tell me. I am charmed with your metaphor of the streamlet never
+running against the force of gravitation. Your distinction between an
+hypothesis and theory seems to me very ingenious; but I do not think
+it is ever followed. Every one now speaks of the undulatory THEORY of
+light; yet the ether is itself hypothetical, and the undulations are
+inferred only from explaining the phenomena of light. Even in the THEORY
+of gravitation is the attractive power in any way known, except by
+explaining the fall of the apple, and the movements of the Planets?
+It seems to me that an hypothesis is DEVELOPED into a theory solely by
+explaining an ample lot of facts. Again and again I thank you for your
+generous aid in discussing a view, about which you very properly hold
+yourself unbiassed.
+
+My dear Gray, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Several clergymen go far with me. Rev. L. Jenyns, a very good
+naturalist. Henslow will go a very little way with me, and is not
+shocked with me. He has just been visiting me.
+
+
+[With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+Church, the following letter (already referred to) from Charles Kingsley
+is of interest:]
+
+
+C. KINGSLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. Eversley Rectory, Winchfield, November
+18th, 1859.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book. That the
+Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know and to
+learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book, encourages me
+at least to observe more carefully, and perhaps more slowly.
+
+I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now
+as I ought. All I have seen of it AWES me; both with the heap of facts
+and the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that
+if you be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.
+
+In that I care little. Let God be true, and every man a liar! Let us
+know what IS, and, as old Socrates has it, epesthai to logo--follow up
+the villainous shifty fox of an argument, into whatsoever unexpected
+bogs and brakes he may lead us, if we do but run into him at last.
+
+From two common superstitions, at least, I shall be free while judging
+of your books:--
+
+1. I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated animals
+and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species.
+
+2. I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a conception
+of Deity, to believe that he created primal forms capable of self
+development into all forms needful pro tempore and pro loco, as to
+believe that He required a fresh act of intervention to supply the
+lacunas which He Himself had made. I question whether the former be not
+the loftier thought.
+
+Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a
+proof that you are aware of the existence of such a person as
+
+Your faithful servant, C. KINGSLEY.
+
+
+[My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+was for many years Vicar of Down, writes in the same spirit:
+
+"We never attacked each other. Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted,
+and publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference
+to the Bible. That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same
+Divine source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would
+never cross...
+
+"His views on this subject were very much to the same effect from his
+side. Of course any conversations we may have had on purely religious
+subjects are as sacredly private now as in his life; but the quaint
+conclusion of one may be given. We had been speaking of the apparent
+contradiction of some supposed discoveries with the Book of Genesis; he
+said, 'you are (it would have been more correct to say you ought to be)
+a theologian, I am a naturalist, the lines are separate. I endeavour to
+discover facts without considering what is said in the Book of Genesis.
+I do not attack Moses, and I think Moses can take care of himself.' To
+the same effect he wrote more recently, 'I cannot remember that I ever
+published a word directly against religion or the clergy; but if you
+were to read a little pamphlet which I received a couple of days ago
+by a clergyman, you would laugh, and admit that I had some excuse
+for bitterness. After abusing me for two or three pages, in language
+sufficiently plain and emphatic to have satisfied any reasonable man,
+he sums up by saying that he has vainly searched the English language
+to find terms to express his contempt for me and all Darwinians.' In
+another letter, after I had left Down, he writes, 'We often differed,
+but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ and yet
+feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I should feel
+very proud, if any one could say [it] of me.'
+
+"On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Brodie
+Innes and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never
+thoroughly agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at
+each other, and thought one of us must be very ill.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 23rd [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+That is a splendid answer of the father of Judge Crompton. How curious
+that the Judge should have hit on exactly the same points as yourself.
+It shows me what a capital lawyer you would have made, how many unjust
+acts you would have made appear just! But how much grander a field has
+science been than the law, though the latter might have made you Lord
+Kinnordy. I will, if there be another edition, enlarge on gradation in
+the eye, and on all forms coming from one prototype, so as to try and
+make both less glaringly improbable...
+
+With respect to Bronn's objection that it cannot be shown how life
+arises, and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that
+natural selection is not a vera causa, I was much interested by finding
+accidentally in Brewster's 'Life of Newton,' that Leibnitz objected to
+the law of gravity because Newton could not show what gravity itself
+is. As it has chanced, I have used in letters this very same argument,
+little knowing that any one had really thus objected to the law of
+gravity. Newton answers by saying that it is philosophy to make out the
+movements of a clock, though you do not know why the weight descends
+to the ground. Leibnitz further objected that the law of gravity was
+opposed to Natural Religion! Is this not curious? I really think I shall
+use the facts for some introductory remarks for my bigger book.
+
+... You ask (I see) why we do not have monstrosities in higher animals;
+but when they live they are almost always sterile (even giants and
+dwarfs are GENERALLY sterile), and we do not know that Harvey's monster
+would have bred. There is I believe only one case on record of a peloric
+flower being fertile, and I cannot remember whether this reproduced
+itself.
+
+To recur to the eye. I really think it would have been dishonest, not to
+have faced the difficulty; and worse (as Talleyrand would have said), it
+would have been impolitic I think, for it would have been thrown in my
+teeth, as H. Holland threw the bones of the ear, till Huxley shut him up
+by showing what a fine gradation occurred amongst living creatures.
+
+I thank you much for your most pleasant letter.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I send a letter by Herbert Spencer, which you can read or not
+as you think fit. He puts, to my mind, the philosophy of the argument
+better than almost any one, at the close of the letter. I could make
+nothing of Dana's idealistic notions about species; but then, as
+Wollaston says, I have not a metaphysical head.
+
+By the way, I have thrown at Wollaston's head, a paper by Alexander
+Jordan, who demonstrates metaphysically that all our cultivated races
+are Go-created species.
+
+Wollaston misrepresents accidentally, to a wonderful extent, some
+passages in my book. He reviewed, without relooking at certain passages.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 25th [1860].
+
+... I cannot help wondering at your zeal about my book. I declare to
+heaven you seem to care as much about my book as I do myself. You have
+no right to be so eminently unselfish! I have taken off my spit [i.e.
+file] a letter of Ramsay's, as every geologist convert I think very
+important. By the way, I saw some time ago a letter from H.D. Rogers
+(Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Born in the United
+States 1809, died 1866.) to Huxley, in which he goes very far with us...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Saturday, March 3rd, [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+What a day's work you had on that Thursday! I was not able to go to
+London till Monday, and then I was a fool for going, for, on Tuesday
+night, I had an attack of fever (with a touch of pleurisy), which came
+on like a lion, but went off as a lamb, but has shattered me a good bit.
+
+I was much interested by your last note... I think you expect too much in
+regard to change of opinion on the subject of Species. One large class
+of men, more especially I suspect of naturalists, never will care about
+ANY general question, of which old Gray, of the British Museum, may
+be taken as a type; and secondly, nearly all men past a moderate age,
+either in actual years or in mind, are, I am fully convinced, incapable
+of looking at facts under a new point of view. Seriously, I am
+astonished and rejoiced at the progress which the subject has made; look
+at the enclosed memorandum. (See table of names below.) -- says my book
+will be forgotten in ten years, perhaps so; but, with such a list, I
+feel convinced the subject will not. The outsiders, as you say, are
+strong.
+
+You say that you think that Bentham is touched, "but, like a wise
+man, holds his tongue." Perhaps you only mean that he cannot decide,
+otherwise I should think such silence the reverse of magnanimity; for
+if others behaved the same way, how would opinion ever progress? It is
+a dereliction of actual duty. (In a subsequent letter to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(March 12th, 1860), my father wrote, "I now quite understand Bentham's
+silence.")
+
+I am so glad to hear about Thwaites. (Dr. G.J.K. Thwaites, who was
+born in 1811, established a reputation in this country as an expert
+microscopist, and an acute observer, working especially at cryptogamic
+botany. On his appointment as Director of the Botanic Gardens at
+Peradenyia, Ceylon, Dr. Thwaites devoted himself to the flora of Ceylon.
+As a result of this he has left numerous and valuable collections, a
+description of which he embodied in his 'Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae'
+(1864). Dr. Thwaites was a fellow of the Linnean Society, but beyond the
+above facts little seems to have been recorded of his life. His death
+occurred in Ceylon on September 11th, 1882, in his seventy-second year.
+"Athenaeum", October 14th, 1882, page 500.)... I have had an astounding
+letter from Dr. Boott (The letter is enthusiastically laudatory, and
+obviously full of genuine feeling.); it might be turned into ridicule
+against him and me, so I will not send it to any one. He writes in a
+noble spirit of love of truth.
+
+I wonder what Lindley thinks; probably too busy to read or think on the
+question.
+
+I am vexed about Bentham's reticence, for it would have been of real
+value to know what parts appeared weakest to a man of his powers of
+observation.
+
+Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Is not Harvey in the class of men who do not at all care for
+generalities? I remember your saying you could not get him to write on
+Distribution. I have found his works very unfruitful in every respect.
+
+
+  [Here follows the memorandum referred to:]
+
+  Geologists.    Zoologists and       Physiologists.    Botanists.
+                 Palaeontologists.
+
+  Lyell.         Huxley.              Carpenter.        Hooker.
+
+  Ramsay.*       J. Lubbock.           Sir H. Holland   H.C. Watson.
+                                      (to large extent).
+
+  Jukes.*        L. Jenyns                              Asa Gray
+                 (to large extent).                     (to some extent).
+
+  H.D. Rogers.   Searles Wood.*                         Dr. Boott
+                                                        (to large extent).
+
+                                                        Thwaites.
+
+  (*Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological Survey.
+
+Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., 1811-1869. He was educated at
+Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as naturalist to H.M.S.
+"Fly", on an exploring expedition in Australia and New Guinea. He was
+afterwards appointed Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland. He
+was the author of many papers, and of more than one good hand-book of
+geology.
+
+Searles Valentine Wood, February 14, 1798-1880. Chiefly known for his
+work on the Mollusca of the 'Crag.')
+
+
+[The following letter is of interest in connection with the mention of
+Mr. Bentham in the last letter:]
+
+G. BENTHAM TO FRANCIS DARWIN. 25 Wilton Place, S.W., May 30th, 1882.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+In compliance with your note which I received last night, I send
+herewith the letters I have from your father. I should have done so on
+seeing the general request published in the papers, but that I did not
+think there were any among them which could be of any use to you. Highly
+flattered as I was by the kind and friendly notice with which Mr. Darwin
+occasionally honoured me, I was never admitted into his intimacy, and he
+therefore never made any communications to me in relation to his views
+and labours. I have been throughout one of his most sincere admirers,
+and fully adopted his theories and conclusions, notwithstanding the
+severe pain and disappointment they at first occasioned me. On the day
+that his celebrated paper was read at the Linnean Society, July 1st,
+1858, a long paper of mine had been set down for reading, in which,
+in commenting on the British Flora, I had collected a number of
+observations and facts illustrating what I then believed to be a fixity
+in species, however difficult it might be to assign their limits,
+and showing a tendency of abnormal forms produced by cultivation
+or otherwise, to withdraw within those original limits when left to
+themselves. Most fortunately my paper had to give way to Mr.
+Darwin's and when once that was read, I felt bound to defer mine for
+reconsideration; I began to entertain doubts on the subject, and on
+the appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' I was forced, however
+reluctantly, to give up my long-cherished convictions, the results of
+much labour and study, and I cancelled all that part of my paper which
+urged original fixity, and published only portions of the remainder
+in another form, chiefly in the 'Natural History Review.' I have since
+acknowledged on various occasions my full adoption of Mr. Darwin's
+views, and chiefly in my Presidential Address of 1863, and in my
+thirteenth and last address, issued in the form of a report to the
+British Association at its meeting at Belfast in 1874.
+
+I prize so highly the letters that I have of Mr. Darwin's, that I should
+feel obliged by your returning them to me when you have done with them.
+Unfortunately I have not kept the envelopes, and Mr. Darwin usually only
+dated them by the month not by the year, so that they are not in any
+chronological order.
+
+Yours very sincerely, GEORGE BENTHAM.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [March] 12th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Thinking over what we talked about, the high state of intellectual
+development of the old Grecians with the little or no subsequent
+improvement, being an apparent difficulty, it has just occurred to me
+that in fact the case harmonises perfectly with our views. The case
+would be a decided difficulty on the Lamarckian or Vestigian doctrine
+of necessary progression, but on the view which I hold of progression
+depending on the conditions, it is no objection at all, and harmonises
+with the other facts of progression in the corporeal structure of other
+animals. For in a state of anarchy, or despotism, or bad government,
+or after irruption of barbarians, force, strength, or ferocity, and not
+intellect, would be apt to gain the day.
+
+We have so enjoyed your and Lady Lyell's visit.
+
+Good-night. C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--By an odd chance (for I had not alluded even to the subject)
+the ladies attacked me this evening, and threw the high state of old
+Grecians into my teeth, as an unanswerable difficulty, but by good
+chance I had my answer all pat, and silenced them. Hence I have thought
+it worth scribbling to you...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. PRESTWICH. (Now Professor of Geology in the
+University of Oxford.) Down, March 12th [1860].
+
+... At some future time, when you have a little leisure, and when you
+have read my 'Origin of Species,' I should esteem it a SINGULAR
+favour if you would send me any general criticisms. I do not mean of
+unreasonable length, but such as you could include in a letter. I have
+always admired your various memoirs so much that I should be eminently
+glad to receive your opinion, which might be of real service to me.
+
+Pray do not suppose that I expect to CONVERT or PERVERT you; if I could
+stagger you in ever so slight a degree I should be satisfied; nor fear
+to annoy me by severe criticisms, for I have had some hearty kicks from
+some of my best friends. If it would not be disagreeable to you to send
+me your opinion, I certainly should be truly obliged...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 3rd [1860].
+
+... I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold
+all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The
+sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me
+sick!...
+
+You may like to hear about reviews on my book. Sedgwick (as I and
+Lyell feel CERTAIN from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely
+and unfairly in the "Spectator". (See the quotations which follow the
+present letter.) The notice includes much abuse, and is hardly fair in
+several respects. He would actually lead any one, who was ignorant
+of geology, to suppose that I had invented the great gaps between
+successive geological formations, instead of its being an almost
+universally admitted dogma. But my dear old friend Sedgwick, with his
+noble heart, is old, and is rabid with indignation. It is hard to please
+every one; you may remember that in my last letter I asked you to leave
+out about the Weald denudation: I told Jukes this (who is head man of
+the Irish geological survey), and he blamed me much, for he believed
+every word of it, and thought it not at all exaggerated! In fact,
+geologists have no means of gauging the infinitude of past time. There
+has been one prodigy of a review, namely, an OPPOSED one (by Pictet
+(Francois Jules Pictet, in the 'Archives des Sciences de la Bibliotheque
+Universelle,' Mars 1860. The article is written in a courteous and
+considerate tone, and concludes by saying that the 'Origin' will be of
+real value to naturalists, especially if they are not led away by
+its seductive arguments to believe in the dangerous doctrine of
+modification. A passage which seems to have struck my father as being
+valuable, and opposite which he has made double pencil marks and written
+the word "good," is worth quoting: "La theorie de M. Darwin s'accorde
+mal avec l'histoire des types a formes bien tranchees et definies qui
+paraissent n'avoir vecu que pendant un temps limite. On en pourrait
+citer des centaines d'exemples, tel que les reptiles volants, les
+ichthyosaures, les belemnites, les ammonites, etc." Pictet was born in
+1809, died 1872; he was Professor of Anatomy and Zoology at Geneva.),
+the palaeontologist, in the Bib. Universelle of Geneva) which is
+PERFECTLY fair and just, and I agree to every word he says; our only
+difference being that he attaches less weight to arguments in favour,
+and more to arguments opposed, than I do. Of all the opposed reviews,
+I think this the only quite fair one, and I never expected to see one.
+Please observe that I do not class your review by any means as opposed,
+though you think so yourself! It has done me MUCH too good service ever
+to appear in that rank in my eyes. But I fear I shall weary you with so
+much about my book. I should rather think there was a good chance of
+my becoming the most egotistical man in all Europe! What a proud
+pre-eminence! Well, you have helped to make me so and therefore you must
+forgive me if you can.
+
+My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In a letter to Sir Charles Lyell reference is made to Sedgwick's review
+in the "Spectator", March 24:
+
+"I now feel certain that Sedgwick is the author of the article in
+the "Spectator". No one else could use such abusive terms. And what a
+misrepresentation of my notions! Any ignoramus would suppose that I
+had FIRST broached the doctrine, that the breaks between successive
+formations marked long intervals of time. It is very unfair. But
+poor dear old Sedgwick seems rabid on the question. "Demoralised
+understanding!" If ever I talk with him I will tell him that I never
+could believe that an inquisitor could be a good man: but now I know
+that a man may roast another, and yet have as kind and noble a heart as
+Sedgwick's."
+
+The following passages are taken from the review:
+
+"I need hardly go on any further with these objections. But I cannot
+conclude without expressing my detestation of the theory, because of its
+unflinching materialism;--because it has deserted the inductive track,
+the only track that leads to physical truth;--because it utterly
+repudiates final causes, and thereby indicates a demoralised
+understanding on the part of its advocates."
+
+"Not that I believe that Darwin is an atheist; though I cannot but
+regard his materialism as atheistical. I think it untrue, because
+opposed to the obvious course of nature, and the very opposite of
+inductive truth. And I think it intensely mischievous."
+
+"Each series of facts is laced together by a series of assumptions, and
+repetitions of the one false principle. You cannot make a good rope out
+of a string of air bubbles."
+
+"But any startling and (supposed) novel paradox, maintained very boldly
+and with something of imposing plausibility, produces in some minds a
+kind of pleasing excitement which predisposes them in its favour; and
+if they are unused to careful reflection, and averse to the labour of
+accurate investigation, they will be likely to conclude that what is
+(apparently) ORIGINAL, must be a production of original GENIUS, and
+that anything very much opposed to prevailing notions must be a grand
+DISCOVERY,--in short, that whatever comes from the 'bottom of a well'
+must be the 'truth' supposed to be hidden there."
+
+In a review in the December number of 'Macmillan's Magazine,' 1860,
+Fawcett vigorously defended my father from the charge of employing a
+false method of reasoning; a charge which occurs in Sedgwick's review,
+and was made at the time ad nauseam, in such phrases as: "This is not
+the true Baconian method." Fawcett repeated his defence at the meeting
+of the British Association in 1861. (See an interesting letter from my
+father in Mr. Stephen's 'Life of Henry Fawcett,' 1886, page 101.)]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.B CARPENTER. Down, April 6th [1860].
+
+My dear Carpenter,
+
+I have this minute finished your review in the 'Med. Chirurg. Review.'
+(April 1860.) You must let me express my admiration at this most able
+essay, and I hope to God it will be largely read, for it must produce a
+great effect. I ought not, however, to express such warm admiration, for
+you give my book, I fear, far too much praise. But you have gratified me
+extremely; and though I hope I do not care very much for the approbation
+of the non-scientific readers, I cannot say that this is at all so with
+respect to such few men as yourself. I have not a criticism to make, for
+I object to not a word; and I admire all, so that I cannot pick out
+one part as better than the rest. It is all so well balanced. But it is
+impossible not to be struck with your extent of knowledge in geology,
+botany, and zoology. The extracts which you give from Hooker seem to me
+EXCELLENTLY chosen, and most forcible. I am so much pleased in what
+you say also about Lyell. In fact I am in a fit of enthusiasm, and had
+better write no more. With cordial thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 10th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Thank you much for your note of the 4th; I am very glad to hear that you
+are at Torquay. I should have amused myself earlier by writing to you,
+but I have had Hooker and Huxley staying here, and they have fully
+occupied my time, as a little of anything is a full dose for me... There
+has been a plethora of reviews, and I am really quite sick of myself.
+There is a very long review by Carpenter in the 'Medical and Chirurg.
+Review,' very good and well balanced, but not brilliant. He discusses
+Hooker's books at as great length as mine, and makes excellent extracts;
+but I could not get Hooker to feel the least interest in being praised.
+
+Carpenter speaks of you in thoroughly proper terms. There is a BRILLIANT
+review by Huxley ('Westminster Review,' April 1860.), with capital hits,
+but I do not know that he much advances the subject. I THINK I have
+convinced him that he has hardly allowed weight enough to the case of
+varieties of plants being in some degrees sterile.
+
+To diverge from reviews: Asa Gray sends me from Wyman (who will write),
+a good case of all the pigs being black in the Everglades of Virginia.
+On asking about the cause, it seems (I have got capital analogous cases)
+that when the BLACK pigs eat a certain nut their bones become red, and
+they suffer to a certain extent, but that the WHITE pigs lose their
+hoofs and perish, "and we aid by SELECTION, for we kill most of the
+young white pigs." This was said by men who could hardly read. By the
+way, it is a great blow to me that you cannot admit the potency of
+natural selection. The more I think of it, the less I doubt its
+power for great and small changes. I have just read the 'Edinburgh'
+('Edinburgh Review,' April 1860.), which without doubt is by --. It is
+extremely malignant, clever, and I fear will be very damaging. He is
+atrociously severe on Huxley's lecture, and very bitter against Hooker.
+So we three ENJOYED it together. Not that I really enjoyed it, for
+it made me uncomfortable for one night; but I have got quite over it
+to-day. It requires much study to appreciate all the bitter spite of
+many of the remarks against me; indeed I did not discover all myself.
+It scandalously misrepresents many parts. He misquotes some passages,
+altering words within inverted commas...
+
+It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which -- hates me.
+
+Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done. In last
+Saturday's "Gardeners' Chronicle" (April 7th, 1860.), a Mr. Patrick
+Matthew publishes a long extract from his work on 'Naval Timber and
+Arboriculture,' published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely
+anticipates the theory of Natural Selection. I have ordered the book,
+as some few passages are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a
+complete but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely
+this would be shown to be the case some day. Anyhow, one may be excused
+in not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.
+
+I heartily hope that your Torquay work may be successful. Give my
+kindest remembrances to Falconer, and I hope he is pretty well. Hooker
+and Huxley (with Mrs. Huxley) were extremely pleasant. But poor dear
+Hooker is tired to death of my book, and it is a marvel and a prodigy if
+you are not worse tired--if that be possible. Farewell, my dear Lyell,
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April 13th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels, that I should
+esteem it a great favour if you would read the enclosed. ((My father
+wrote ("Gardeners' Chronicle", 1860, page 362, April 21st): "I have been
+much interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in the number of
+your paper dated April 7th. I freely acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has
+anticipated by many years the explanation which I have offered of the
+origin of species, under the name of natural selection. I think that
+no one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any other
+naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how briefly
+they are given, and that they appeared in the appendix to a work on
+Naval Timber and Arboriculture. I can do no more than offer my apologies
+to Mr. Matthew for my entire ignorance of this publication. If any
+other edition of my work is called for, I will insert to the foregoing
+effect." In spite of my father's recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew
+remained unsatisfied, and complained that an article in the 'Saturday
+Analyst and Leader' was "scarcely fair in alluding to Mr. Darwin as the
+parent of the origin of species, seeing that I published the whole
+that Mr. Darwin attempts to prove, more than twenty-nine years
+ago."--"Saturday Analyst and Leader", November 24, 1860.) If you think
+it proper that I should send it (and of this there can hardly be any
+question), and if you think it full and ample enough, please alter the
+date to the day on which you post it, and let that be soon. The case in
+the "Gardeners' Chronicle" seems a LITTLE stronger than in Mr. Matthew's
+book, for the passages are therein scattered in three places; but it
+would be mere hair-splitting to notice that. If you object to my letter,
+please return it; but I do not expect that you will, but I thought that
+you would not object to run your eye over it. My dear Hooker, it is a
+great thing for me to have so good, true, and old a friend as you. I owe
+much for science to my friends.
+
+Many thanks for Huxley's lecture. The latter part seemed to be grandly
+eloquent.
+
+... I have gone over [the 'Edinburgh'] review again, and compared
+passages, and I am astonished at the misrepresentations. But I am glad
+I resolved not to answer. Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think
+more on the subject is too unpleasant. I am so sorry that Huxley by my
+means has been thus atrociously attacked. I do not suppose you much care
+about the gratuitous attack on you.
+
+Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+overworked. Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+has done this--who thought it absurd till too late. I have often thought
+the same. You know that you were bad enough before your Indian journey.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I was very glad to get your nice long letter from Torquay. A press of
+letters prevented me writing to Wells. I was particularly glad to hear
+what you thought about not noticing [the 'Edinburgh'] review. Hooker and
+Huxley thought it a sort of duty to point out the alteration of quoted
+citations, and there is truth in this remark; but I so hated the thought
+that I resolved not to do so. I shall come up to London on Saturday the
+14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I have an accumulation of things to
+do in London, and will (if I do not hear to the contrary) call about a
+quarter before ten on Sunday morning, and sit with you at breakfast, but
+will not sit long, and so take up much of your time. I must say one more
+word about our quasi-theological controversy about natural selection,
+and let me have your opinion when we meet in London. Do you consider
+that the successive variations in the size of the crop of the Pouter
+Pigeon, which man has accumulated to please his caprice, have been due
+to "the creative and sustaining powers of Brahma?" In the sense that
+an omnipotent and omniscient Deity must order and know everything, this
+must be admitted; yet, in honest truth, I can hardly admit it. It seems
+preposterous that a maker of a universe should care about the crop of a
+pigeon solely to please man's silly fancies. But if you agree with me in
+thinking such an interposition of the Deity uncalled for, I can see
+no reason whatever for believing in such interpositions in the case of
+natural beings, in which strange and admirable peculiarities have been
+naturally selected for the creature's own benefit. Imagine a Pouter in
+a state of nature wading into the water and then, being buoyed up by
+its inflated crop, sailing about in search of food. What admiration this
+would have excited--adaptation to the laws of hydrostatic pressure, etc.
+etc. For the life of me I cannot see any difficulty in natural selection
+producing the most exquisite structure, IF SUCH STRUCTURE CAN BE ARRIVED
+AT BY GRADATION, and I know from experience how hard it is to name any
+structure towards which at least some gradations are not known.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray, is
+that such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the human
+intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of evil."
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April 18th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return --'s letter... Some of my relations say it cannot POSSIBLY be
+--'s article (The 'Edinburgh Review.'), because the reviewer speaks
+so very highly of --. Poor dear simple folk! My clever neighbour, Mr.
+Norman, says the article is so badly written, with no definite object,
+that no one will read it. Asa Gray has sent me an article ('North
+American Review,' April, 1860. "By Professor Bowen," is written on my
+father's copy. The passage referred to occurs at page 488, where
+the author says that we ought to find "an infinite number of other
+varieties--gross, rude, and purposeless--the unmeaning creations of an
+unconscious cause.") from the United States, clever, and dead against
+me. But one argument is funny. The reviewer says, that if the doctrine
+were true, geological strata would be full of monsters which have
+failed! A very clear view this writer had of the struggle for existence!
+
+... I am glad you like Adam Bede so much. I was charmed with it...
+
+We think you must by mistake have taken with your own numbers of the
+'National Review' my precious number. (This no doubt refers to the
+January number, containing Dr. Carpenter's review of the 'Origin.') I
+wish you would look.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 25th [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have no doubt I have to thank you for the copy of a review on the
+'Origin' in the 'North American Review.' It seems to me clever, and I do
+not doubt will damage my book. I had meant to have made some remarks
+on it; but Lyell wished much to keep it, and my head is quite confused
+between the many reviews which I have lately read. I am sure the
+reviewer is wrong about bees' cells, i.e. about the distance; any lesser
+distance would do, or even greater distance, but then some of the places
+would lie outside the generative spheres; but this would not add much
+difficulty to the work. The reviewer takes a strange view of instinct:
+he seems to regard intelligence as a developed instinct; which I believe
+to be wholly false. I suspect he has never much attended to instinct and
+the minds of animals, except perhaps by reading.
+
+My chief object is to ask you if you could procure for me a copy of the
+"New York Times" for Wednesday, March 28th. It contains A VERY STRIKING
+review of my book, which I should much like to keep. How curious that
+the two most striking reviews (i.e. yours and this) should have appeared
+in America. This review is not really useful, but somehow is impressive.
+There was a good review in the 'Revue des Deux Mondes,' April 1st, by M.
+Laugel, said to be a very clever man.
+
+Hooker, about a fortnight ago, stayed here a few days, and was very
+pleasant; but I think he overworks himself. What a gigantic undertaking,
+I imagine, his and Bentham's 'Genera Plantarum' will be! I hope he
+will not get too much immersed in it, so as not to spare some time for
+Geographical Distribution and other such questions.
+
+I have begun to work steadily, but very slowly as usual, at details on
+variation under domestication.
+
+My dear Gray, Yours always truly and gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, [May 8th, 1860].
+
+... I have sent for the 'Canadian Naturalist.' If I cannot procure a copy
+I will borrow yours. I had a letter from Henslow this morning, who says
+that Sedgwick was, on last Monday night, to open a battery on me at the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society. Anyhow, I am much honoured by being
+attacked there, and at the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+
+I do not think it worth while to contradict single cases nor is it
+worth while arguing against those who do not attend to what I state. A
+moment's reflection will show you that there must be (on our doctrine)
+large genera not varying (see page 56 on the subject, in the second
+edition of the 'Origin'). Though I do not there discuss the case in
+detail.
+
+It may be sheer bigotry for my own notions, but I prefer to the
+Atlantis, my notion of plants and animals having migrated from the Old
+to the New World, or conversely, when the climate was much hotter, by
+approximately the line of Behring's Straits. It is most important, as
+you say, to see living forms of plants going back so far in time. I
+wonder whether we shall ever discover the flora of the dry land of the
+coal period, and find it not so anomalous as the swamp or coal-making
+flora. I am working away over the blessed Pigeon Manuscript; but, from
+one cause or another, I get on very slowly...
+
+This morning I got a letter from the Academy of Natural Sciences of
+Philadelphia, announcing that I am elected a correspondent... It shows
+that some Naturalists there do not think me such a scientific profligate
+as many think me here.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours gratefully, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--What a grand fact about the extinct stag's horn worked by man!
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [May 13th, 1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return Henslow, which I was very glad to see. How good of him to
+defend me. (Against Sedgwick's attack before the Cambridge Philosophical
+Society.) I will write and thank him.
+
+As you said you were curious to hear Thomson's (Dr. Thomas Thomson the
+Indian Botanist. He was a collaborateur in Hooker and Thomson's Flora
+Indica. 1855.) opinion, I send his kind letter. He is evidently a strong
+opposer to us...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [May 15th, 1860].
+
+... How paltry it is in such men as X, Y and Co. not reading your essay.
+It is incredibly paltry. (These remarks do not apply to Dr. Harvey, who
+was, however, in a somewhat similar position. See below.) They may all
+attack me to their hearts' content. I am got case-hardened. As for the
+old fogies in Cambridge, it really signifies nothing. I look at their
+attacks as a proof that our work is worth the doing. It makes me resolve
+to buckle on my armour. I see plainly that it will be a long uphill
+fight. But think of Lyell's progress with Geology. One thing I see most
+plainly, that without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my
+book would have been a mere flash in the pan. But if we all stick to
+it, we shall surely gain the day. And I now see that the battle is worth
+fighting. I deeply hope that you think so. Does Bentham progress at all?
+I do not know what to say about Oxford. (His health prevented him from
+going to Oxford for the meeting of the British Association.) I should
+like it much with you, but it must depend on health...
+
+Yours must affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, May 18th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I send a letter from Asa Gray to show how hotly the battle rages there.
+Also one from Wallace, very just in his remarks, though too laudatory
+and too modest, and how admirably free from envy or jealousy. He must be
+a good fellow. Perhaps I will enclose a letter from Thomson of Calcutta;
+not that it is much, but Hooker thinks so highly of him...
+
+Henslow informs me that Sedgwick (Sedgwick's address is given somewhat
+abbreviated in "The Cambridge Chronicle", May 19th, 1860.) and then
+Professor Clarke [sic] (The late William Clark, Professor of Anatomy,
+my father seems to have misunderstood his informant. I am assured by Mr.
+J.W. Clark that his father (Prof. Clark) did not support Sedgwick in the
+attack.) made a regular and savage onslaught on my book lately at the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society, but Henslow seems to have defended
+me well, and maintained that the subject was a legitimate one for
+investigation. Since then Phillips (John Phillips, M.A., F.R.S., born
+1800, died 1874, from the effects of a fall. Professor of Geology at
+King's College, London, and afterwards at Oxford. He gave the 'Rede'
+lecture at Cambridge on May 15th, 1860, on 'The Succession of Life
+on the earth.' The Rede Lecturer is appointed annually by the
+Vice-Chancellor, and is paid by an endowment left in 1524 by Sir
+Robert Rede, Lord Chief Justice, in the reign of Henry VIII.) has given
+lectures at Cambridge on the same subject, but treated it very fairly.
+How splendidly Asa Gray is fighting the battle. The effect on me of
+these multiplied attacks is simply to show me that the subject is worth
+fighting for, and assuredly I will do my best... I hope all the attacks
+make you keep up your courage, and courage you assuredly will require...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, May 18th, 1860.
+
+My dear Mr. Wallace,
+
+I received this morning your letter from Amboyna, dated February 16th,
+containing some remarks and your too high approval of my book. Your
+letter has pleased me very much, and I most completely agree with you on
+the parts which are strongest and which are weakest. The imperfection of
+the Geological Record is, as you say, the weakest of all; but yet I am
+pleased to find that there are almost more geological converts than of
+pursuers of other branches of natural science... I think geologists are
+more easily converted than simple naturalists, because more accustomed
+to reasoning. Before telling you about the progress of opinion on the
+subject, you must let me say how I admire the generous manner in which
+you speak of my book. Most persons would in your position have felt some
+envy or jealousy. How nobly free you seem to be of this common failing
+of mankind. But you speak far too modestly of yourself. You would, if
+you had my leisure, have done the work just as well, perhaps better,
+than I have done it...
+
+... Agassiz sends me a personal civil message, but incessantly attacks
+me; but Asa Gray fights like a hero in defence. Lyell keeps as firm as a
+tower, and this Autumn will publish on the 'Geological History of Man,'
+and will then declare his conversion, which now is universally known. I
+hope that you have received Hooker's splendid essay... Yesterday I heard
+from Lyell that a German, Dr. Schaaffhausen (Hermann Schaaffhausen
+'Ueber Bestandigkeit und Umwandlung der Arten.' Verhandl. d. Naturhist.
+Vereins, Bonn, 1853. See 'Origin,' Historical Sketch.), has sent him
+a pamphlet published some years ago, in which the same view is nearly
+anticipated; but I have not yet seen this pamphlet. My brother, who is a
+very sagacious man, always said, "you will find that some one will have
+been before you." I am at work at my larger work, which I shall publish
+in a separate volume. But from ill-health and swarms of letters, I get
+on very very slowly. I hope that I shall not have wearied you with these
+details. With sincere thanks for your letter, and with most deeply felt
+wishes for your success in science, and in every way, believe me,
+
+Your sincere well-wisher, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, May 22nd 1860.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant letters of May
+7th, enclosing a very pleasant remittance of 22 pounds. I am in simple
+truth astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me. I
+return Appleton's account. For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+acknowledgment I send one. If you have any further communication to the
+Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for
+it is generosity in my opinion. I am not at all surprised at the sale
+diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale. No
+doubt the public has been SHAMEFULLY imposed on! for they bought the
+book thinking that it would be nice easy reading. I expect the sale to
+stop soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling
+at Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous
+forty-eight hours. I am extremely glad that you will notice in
+'Silliman' the additions in the 'Origin.' Judging from letters (and I
+have just seen one from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the most
+serious omission in my book was not explaining how it is, as I believe,
+that all forms do not necessarily advance, how there can now be SIMPLE
+organisms still existing... I hear there is a VERY severe review on me
+in the 'North British,' by a Rev. Mr. Dunns (This statement as to
+authorship was made on the authority of Robert Chambers.), a Free Kirk
+minister, and dabbler in Natural History. I should be very glad to see
+any good American reviews, as they are all more or less useful. You say
+that you shall touch on other reviews. Huxley told me some time ago that
+after a time he would write a review on all the reviews, whether he will
+I know not. If you allude to the 'Edinburgh,' pray notice SOME of the
+points which I will point out on a separate slip. In the "Saturday
+Review" (one of our cleverest periodicals) of May 5th, page 573, there
+is a nice article on [the 'Edinburgh'] review, defending Huxley, but not
+Hooker; and the latter, I think, [the 'Edinburgh' reviewer] treats most
+ungenerously. (In a letter to Mr. Huxley my father wrote: "Have you seen
+the last "Saturday Review"? I am very glad of the defence of you and of
+myself. I wish the reviewer had noticed Hooker. The reviewer, whoever he
+is, is a jolly good fellow, as this review and the last on me showed.
+He writes capitally, and understands well his subject. I wish he had
+slapped [the 'Edinburgh' reviewer] a little bit harder.") But surely you
+will get sick unto death of me and my reviewers.
+
+With respect to the theological view of the question. This is
+always painful to me. I am bewildered. I had no intention to write
+atheistically. But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and
+as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides
+of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade
+myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly
+created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding
+within the living bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with
+mice. Not believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye
+was expressly designed. On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented
+to view this wonderful universe, and especially the nature of man, and
+to conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined
+to look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details,
+whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance.
+Not that this notion AT ALL satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the
+whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as
+well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe
+what he can. Certainly I agree with you that my views are not at all
+necessarily atheistical. The lightning kills a man, whether a good one
+or bad one, owing to the excessively complex action of natural laws.
+A child (who may turn out an idiot) is born by the action of even more
+complex laws, and I can see no reason why a man, or other animal, may
+not have been aboriginally produced by other laws, and that all these
+laws may have been expressly designed by an omniscient Creator, who
+foresaw every future event and consequence. But the more I think the
+more bewildered I become; as indeed I probably have shown by this
+letter.
+
+Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.
+
+Yours sincerely and cordially, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+{Here follow my father's criticisms on the 'Edinburgh Review'}:
+
+"What a quibble to pretend he did not understand what I meant by
+INHABITANTS of South America; and any one would suppose that I had not
+throughout my volume touched on Geographical Distribution. He ignores
+also everything which I have said on Classification, Geological
+Succession, Homologies, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs--page 496.
+
+He falsely applies what I said (too rudely) about "blindness of
+preconceived opinions" to those who believe in creation, whereas I
+exclusively apply the remark to those who give up multitudes of species
+as true species, but believe in the remainder--page 500.
+
+He slightly alters what I say,--I ASK whether creationists really
+believe that elemental atoms have flashed into life. He says that I
+describe them as so believing, and this, surely, is a difference--page
+501.
+
+He speaks of my "clamouring against" all who believe in creation, and
+this seems to me an unjust accusation--page 501.
+
+He makes me say that the dorsal vertebrae vary; this is simply false: I
+nowhere say a word about dorsal vertebrae--page 522.
+
+What an illiberal sentence that is about my pretension to candour, and
+about my rushing through barriers which stopped Cuvier: such an argument
+would stop any progress in science--page 525.
+
+How disingenuous to quote from my remark to you about my BRIEF letter
+[published in the 'Linn. Soc. Journal'], as if it applied to the whole
+subject--page 530.
+
+How disingenuous to say that we are called on to accept the theory, from
+the imperfection of the geological record, when I over and over again
+[say] how grave a difficulty the imperfection offers--page 530."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 30th [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I return Harvey's letter, I have been very glad to see the reason why he
+has not read your Essay. I feared it was bigotry, and I am glad to see
+that he goes a little way (VERY MUCH further than I supposed) with us...
+
+I was not sorry for a natural opportunity of writing to Harvey, just to
+show that I was not piqued at his turning me and my book into ridicule
+(A "serio-comic squib," read before the 'Dublin University Zoological
+and Botanical Association,' February 17, 1860, and privately printed. My
+father's presentation copy is inscribed "With the writer's REPENTANCE,
+October 1860."), not that I think it was a proceeding which I deserved,
+or worthy of him. It delights me that you are interested in watching
+the progress of opinion on the change of Species; I feared that you were
+weary of the subject; and therefore did not send A. Gray's letters. The
+battle rages furiously in the United States. Gray says he was preparing
+a speech, which would take 1 1/2 hours to deliver, and which he "fondly
+hoped would be a stunner." He is fighting splendidly, and there seems
+to have been many discussions with Agassiz and others at the meetings.
+Agassiz pities me much at being so deluded. As for the progress of
+opinion, I clearly see that it will be excessively slow, almost as slow
+as the change of species... I am getting wearied at the storm of hostile
+reviews and hardly any useful...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, Friday night [June 1st, 1860].
+
+... Have you seen Hopkins (William Hopkins died in 1866, "in his
+sevent-third year." He began life with a farm in Suffolk, but ultimately
+entered, comparatively late in life, at Peterhouse, Cambridge; he
+took his degree in 1827, and afterward became an Esquire Bedell of the
+University. He was chiefly known as a mathematical "coach," and
+was eminently successful in the manufacture of Senior Wranglers.
+Nevertheless Mr. Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page 26) that he
+"was conspicuous for inculcating" a "liberal view of the studies of
+the place. He endeavoured to stimulate a philosophical interest in
+the mathematical sciences, instead of simply rousing an ardour for
+competition." He contributed many papers on geological and mathematical
+subjects to the scientific journals. He had a strong influence for good
+over the younger men with whom he came in contact. The letter which
+he wrote to Henry Fawcett on the occasion of his blindness illustrates
+this. Mr. Stephen says ('Life of Fawcett,' page 48) that by "this
+timely word of good cheer," Fawcett was roused from "his temporary
+prostration," and enabled to take a "more cheerful and resolute tone.")
+in the new 'Fraser'? the public will, I should think, find it heavy. He
+will be dead against me, as you prophesied; but he is generally civil
+to me personally. ('Fraser's Magazine,' June 1860. My father, no doubt,
+refers to the following passage, page 752, where the Reviewer Expresses
+his "full participation in the high respect in which the author is
+universally held, both as a man and a naturalist; and the more so,
+because in the remarks which will follow in the second part of this
+Essay we shall be found to differ widely from him as regards many of his
+conclusions and the reasonings on which he has founded them, and shall
+claim the full right to express such differences of opinion with all
+that freedom which the interests of scientific truth demands, and which
+we are sure Mr. Darwin would be one of the last to refuse to any one
+prepared to exercise it with candour and courtesy." Speaking of this
+review, my father wrote to Dr. Asa Gray: "I have remonstrated with him
+[Hopkins] for so coolly saying that I base my views on what I reckon
+as great difficulties. Any one, by taking these difficulties alone, can
+make a most strong case against me. I could myself write a more damning
+review than has as yet appeared!" A second notice by Hopkins appeared
+in the July number of 'Fraser's Magazine.') On his standard of proof,
+NATURAL science would never progress, for without the making of theories
+I am convinced there would be no observation.
+
+... I have begun reading the 'North British' (May 1860.), which so far
+strikes me as clever.
+
+Phillips's Lecture at Cambridge is to be published.
+
+All these reiterated attacks will tell heavily; there will be no
+more converts, and probably some will go back. I hope you do not grow
+disheartened, I am determined to fight to the last. I hear, however,
+that the great Buckle highly approves of my book.
+
+I have had a note from poor Blyth (Edward Blyth, 1810-1873. His
+indomitable love of natural history made him neglect the druggist's
+business with which he started in life, and he soon got into serious
+difficulties. After supporting himself for a few years as a writer on
+Field Natural History, he ultimately went out to India as Curator of the
+Museum of the R. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, where the greater part of his
+working life was spent. His chief publications were the monthly reports
+made as part of his duty to the Society. He had stored in his remarkable
+memory a wonderful wealth of knowledge, especially with regard to the
+mammalia and birds of India--knowledge of which he freely gave to
+those who asked. His letters to my father give evidence of having been
+carefully studied, and the long list of entries after his name in the
+index to 'Animals and Plants,' show how much help was received from him.
+His life was an unprosperous and unhappy one, full of money difficulties
+and darkened by the death of his wife after a few years of marriage.),
+of Calcutta, who is much disappointed at hearing that Lord Canning will
+not grant any money; so I much fear that all your great pains will be
+thrown away. Blyth says (and he is in many respects a very good judge)
+that his ideas on species are quite revolutionised...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 5th [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+It is a pleasure to me to write to you, as I have no one to talk about
+such matters as we write on. But I seriously beg you not to write to
+me unless so inclined; for busy as you are, and seeing many people, the
+case is very different between us...
+
+Have you seen --'s abusive article on me?... It out does even the 'North
+British' and 'Edinburgh' in misapprehension and misrepresentation.
+I never knew anything so unfair as in discussing cells of bees, his
+ignoring the case of Melipona, which builds combs almost exactly
+intermediate between hive and humble bees. What has -- done that he
+feels so immeasurably superior to all us wretched naturalists, and to
+all political economists, including that great philosopher Malthus? This
+review, however, and Harvey's letter have convinced me that I must be
+a very bad explainer. Neither really understand what I mean by Natural
+Selection. I am inclined to give up the attempt as hopeless. Those who
+do not understand, it seems, cannot be made to understand.
+
+By the way, I think, we entirely agree, except perhaps that I use too
+forcible language about selection. I entirely agree, indeed would almost
+go further than you when you say that climate (i.e. variability from all
+unknown causes) is "an active handmaid, influencing its mistress most
+materially." Indeed, I have never hinted that Natural Selection is "the
+efficient cause to the exclusion of the other," i.e. variability from
+Climate, etc. The very term SELECTION implies something, i.e. variation
+or difference, to be selected...
+
+How does your book progress (I mean your general sort of book on
+plants), I hope to God you will be more successful than I have been in
+making people understand your meaning. I should begin to think myself
+wholly in the wrong, and that I was an utter fool, but then I cannot yet
+persuade myself, that Lyell, and you and Huxley, Carpenter, Asa Gray,
+and Watson, etc., are all fools together. Well, time will show, and
+nothing but time. Farewell...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, June 6th [1860].
+
+... It consoles me that -- sneers at Malthus, for that clearly shows,
+mathematician though he may be, he cannot understand common reasoning.
+By the way what a discouraging example Malthus is, to show during what
+long years the plainest case may be misrepresented and misunderstood. I
+have read the 'Future'; how curious it is that several of my reviewers
+should advance such wild arguments, as that varieties of dogs and cats
+do not mingle; and should bring up the old exploded doctrine of definite
+analogies... I am beginning to despair of ever making the majority
+understand my notions. Even Hopkins does not thoroughly. By the way, I
+have been so much pleased by the way he personally alludes to me. I must
+be a very bad explainer. I hope to Heaven that you will succeed better.
+Several reviews and several letters have shown me too clearly how little
+I am understood. I suppose "natural selection" was a bad term; but to
+change it now, I think, would make confusion worse confounded, nor can I
+think of a better; "Natural Preservation" would not imply a preservation
+of particular varieties, and would seem a truism, and would not bring
+man's and nature's selection under one point of view. I can only hope
+by reiterated explanations finally to make the matter clearer. If my MS.
+spreads out, I think I shall publish one volume exclusively on variation
+of animals and plants under domestication. I want to show that I have
+not been quite so rash as many suppose.
+
+Though weary of reviews, I should like to see Lowell's (The late J.A.
+Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner' (Boston, U.S., May, 1860.) some
+time... I suppose Lowell's difficulty about instinct is the same as
+Bowen's; but it seems to me wholly to rest on the assumption that
+instincts cannot graduate as finely as structures. I have stated in my
+volume that it is hardly possible to know which, i.e. whether instinct
+or structure, change first by insensible steps. Probably sometimes
+instinct, sometimes structure. When a British insect feeds on an exotic
+plant, instinct has changed by very small steps, and their structures
+might change so as to fully profit by the new food. Or structure
+might change first, as the direction of tusks in one variety of Indian
+elephants, which leads it to attack the tiger in a different manner from
+other kinds of elephants. Thanks for your letter of the 2nd, chiefly
+about Murray. (N.B. Harvey of Dublin gives me, in a letter, the argument
+of tall men marrying short women, as one of great weight!)
+
+I do not quite understand what you mean by saying, "that the more they
+prove that you underrate physical conditions, the better for you, as
+Geology comes in to your aid."
+
+... I see in Murray and many others one incessant fallacy, when alluding
+to slight differences of physical conditions as being very important;
+namely, oblivion of the fact that all species, except very local ones,
+range over a considerable area, and though exposed to what the world
+calls considerable DIVERSITIES, yet keep constant. I have just alluded
+to this in the 'Origin' in comparing the productions of the Old and the
+New Worlds. Farewell, shall you be at Oxford? If H. gets quite well,
+perhaps I shall go there.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down [June 14th, 1860].
+
+... Lowell's review (J.A. Lowell in the 'Christian Examiner,' May 1860.)
+is pleasantly written, but it is clear that he is not a naturalist. He
+quite overlooks the importance of the accumulation of mere individual
+differences, and which, I think I can show, is the great agency of
+change under domestication. I have not finished Schaaffhausen, as I read
+German so badly. I have ordered a copy for myself, and should like to
+keep yours till my own arrives, but will return it to you instantly if
+wanted. He admits statements rather rashly, as I dare say I do. I see
+only one sentence as yet at all approaching natural selection.
+
+There is a notice of me in the penultimate number of 'All the Year
+Round,' but not worth consulting; chiefly a well-done hash of my own
+words. Your last note was very interesting and consolatory to me.
+
+I have expressly stated that I believe physical conditions have a more
+direct effect on plants than on animals. But the more I study, the
+more I am led to think that natural selection regulates, in a state
+of nature, most trifling differences. As squared stone, or bricks, or
+timber, are the indispensable materials for a building, and influence
+its character, so is variability not only indispensable, but
+influential. Yet in the same manner as the architect is the ALL
+important person in a building, so is selection with organic bodies...
+
+
+[The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous
+for two pitched battles over the 'Origin of Species.' Both of them
+originated in unimportant papers. On Thursday, June 28, Dr. Daubeny of
+Oxford made a communication to Section D: "On the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the 'Origin of Species.'" Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but
+tried (according to the "Athenaeum" report) to avoid a discussion, on
+the ground "that a general audience, in which sentiment would unduly
+interfere with intellect, was not the public before which such a
+discussion should be carried on." However, the subject was not allowed
+to drop. Sir R. Owen (I quote from the "Athenaeum", July 7, 1860), who
+"wished to approach this subject in the spirit of the philosopher,"
+expressed his "conviction that there were facts by which the public
+could come to some conclusion with regard to the probabilities of the
+truth of Mr. Darwin's theory." He went on to say that the brain of the
+gorilla "presented more differences, as compared with the brain of man,
+than it did when compared with the brains of the very lowest and most
+problematical of the Quadrumana." Mr. Huxley replied, and gave these
+assertions a "direct and unqualified contradiction," pledging himself to
+"justify that unusual procedure elsewhere" ('Man's Place in Nature,' by
+T.H. Huxley, 1863, page 114.), a pledge which he amply fulfilled.
+(See the 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861.) On Friday there was peace, but on
+Saturday 30th, the battle arose with redoubled fury over a paper by
+Dr. Draper of New York, on the 'Intellectual development of Europe
+considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin.'
+
+The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The excitement was tremendous. The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for
+the audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum,
+which was crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered
+the lists. The numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000. Had it been
+term-time, or had the general public been admitted, it would have been
+impossible to have accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the
+bold Bishop. Professor Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied
+the chair and wisely announced in limine that none who had not valid
+arguments to bring forward on one side or the other, would be allowed to
+address the meeting: a caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than
+four combatants had their utterances burked by him, because of their
+indulgence in vague declamation.
+
+"The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour with
+inimitable spirit, emptiness and unfairness. It was evident from his
+handling of the subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and
+that he knew nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not
+to be found in his 'Quarterly' article. He ridiculed Darwin badly, and
+Huxley savagely, but all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner,
+and in such well-turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame
+the President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific
+purpose now forgave him from the bottom of my heart. Unfortunately the
+Bishop, hurried along on the current of his own eloquence, so far forgot
+himself as to push his attempted advantage to the verge of personality
+in a telling passage in which he turned round and addressed Huxley:
+I forgot the precise words, and quote from Lyell. 'The Bishop asked
+whether Huxley was related by his grandfather's or grandmother's side to
+an ape.' (Lyell's 'Letters,' vol. ii. page 335.) Huxley replied to the
+scientific argument of his opponent with force and eloquence, and to
+the personal allusion with a sel-restraint, that gave dignity to his
+crushing rejoinder."
+
+Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current: the following report
+of his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard
+Green, then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd
+Dawkins. "I asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be
+ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather. If there were an ancestor
+whom I should feel shame in recalling, it would be a MAN, a man of
+restless and versatile intellect, who, not content with an equivocal
+(Prof. V. Carus, who has a distinct recollection of the scene, does not
+remember the word equivocal. He believes too that Lyell's version of
+the "ape" sentence is slightly incorrect.) success in his own sphere of
+activity, plunges into scientific questions with which he has no real
+acquaintance, only to obscure them by an aimless rhetoric, and distract
+the attention of his hearers from the real point at issue by eloquent
+digressions, and skilled appeals to religious prejudice."
+
+The letter above quoted continues:
+
+"The excitement was now at its height; a lady fainted and had to be
+carried out, and it was some time before the discussion was resumed.
+Some voices called for Hooker, and his name having been handed up, the
+President invited him to give his view of the theory from the Botanical
+side. This he did, demonstrating that the Bishop, by his own showing,
+had never grasped the principles of the 'Origin' (With regard to the
+Bishop's 'Quarterly Review,' my father wrote: "These very clever men
+think they can write a review with a very slight knowledge of the book
+reviewed or subject in question."), and that he was absolutely ignorant
+of the elements of botanical science. The Bishop made no reply, and the
+meeting broke up.
+
+"There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+sole topic was the battle of the 'Origin,' and I was much struck with
+the fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats
+of Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they
+offered their congratulations to the winners in the combat.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Sudbrook Park, Monday night [July 2nd,
+1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have just received your letter. I have been very poorly, with almost
+continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I was low enough,
+and thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and all others, when
+your letter came, and it has so cheered me; your kindness and affection
+brought tears into my eyes. Talk of fame, honour, pleasure, wealth, all
+are dirt compared with affection; and this is a doctrine with which, I
+know, from your letter, that you will agree with from the bottom of your
+heart... How I should have liked to have wandered about Oxford with you,
+if I had been well enough; and how still more I should have liked to
+have heard you triumphing over the Bishop. I am astonished at your
+success and audacity. It is something unintelligible to me how any one
+can argue in public like orators do. I had no idea you had this power.
+I have read lately so many hostile views, that I was beginning to think
+that perhaps I was wholly in the wrong, and that -- was right when he
+said the whole subject would be forgotten in ten years; but now that I
+hear that you and Huxley will fight publicly (which I am sure I never
+could do), I fully believe that our cause will, in the long-run,
+prevail. I am glad I was not in Oxford, for I should have been
+overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present state.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Sudbrook Park, Richmond, July 3rd [1860].
+
+... I had a letter from Oxford, written by Hooker late on Sunday night,
+giving me some account of the awful battles which have raged about
+species at Oxford. He tells me you fought nobly with Owen (but I have
+heard no particulars), and that you answered the B. of O. capitally. I
+often think that my friends (and you far beyond others) have good cause
+to hate me, for having stirred up so much mud, and led them into so much
+odious trouble. If I had been a friend of myself, I should have hated
+me. (How to make that sentence good English, I know not.) But remember,
+if I had not stirred up the mud, some one else certainly soon would.
+I honour your pluck; I would as soon have died as tried to answer the
+Bishop in such an assembly...
+
+
+[On July 20th, my father wrote to Mr. Huxley:
+
+"From all that I hear from several quarters, it seems that Oxford did
+the subject great good. It is of enormous importance, the showing the
+world that a few first-rate men are not afraid of expressing their
+opinion."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. [July 1860].
+
+... I have just read the 'Quarterly.' ('Quarterly Review,' July 1860.
+The article in question was by Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and
+was afterwards published in his "Essays Contributed to the 'Quarterly
+Review,' 1874." The passage from the 'Anti-Jacobin' gives the history of
+the evolution of space from the "primaeval point or punctum saliens of
+the universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line
+ad infinitum, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which
+it had generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral
+direction, describing an area of infinite extent. This area, as soon
+as it became conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or
+descend according as its specific gravity would determine it, forming
+an immense solid space filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the
+present universe."
+
+The following (page 263) may serve as an example of the passages in
+which the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:--"That Mr. Darwin should
+have wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle
+of fanciful assumption is no small evil. We trust that he is mistaken
+in believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts. We
+know, indeed, that the strength of the temptations which he can bring to
+bear upon his geological brother... Yet no man has been more distinct and
+more logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C.
+Lyell, and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its
+full vigour and maturity." The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in
+order that with his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely
+put down as was what in spite of all denials we must venture to call its
+twin though less instructed brother, the 'Vestiges of Creation.'"
+
+With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+and neighbour, writes:--"Most men would have been annoyed by an article
+written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument
+and ridicule. Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+postscript--'If you have not seen the last 'Quarterly,' do get it; the
+Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.' By
+a curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the
+same house with the Bishop, and showed it to him. He said, 'I am very
+glad he takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'") It is
+uncommonly clever; it picks out with skill all the most conjectural
+parts, and brings forward well all the difficulties. It quizzes me quite
+splendidly by quoting the 'Anti-Jacobin' versus my Grandfather. You are
+not alluded to, nor, strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here
+and there, --'s hand. The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his
+shoes. By Jove, if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero. Good-night.
+Your wel-quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend.
+
+C.D.
+
+I can see there has been some queer tampering with the Review, for a
+page has been cut out and reprinted.
+
+
+[Writing on July 22 to Dr. Asa Gray my father thus refers to Lyell's
+position:--
+
+"Considering his age, his former views and position in society, I think
+his conduct has been heroic on this subject."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having to move my sick
+girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read the discussion
+in Proc. American Acad. (April 10, 1860. Dr. Gray criticised in detail
+"several of the positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr.
+[J.A.] Lowell, Prof. Bowen and Prof. Agassiz." It was reprinted in the
+"Athenaeum", August 4, 1860.), and now I cannot resist expressing my
+sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning. As Hooker
+lately said in a note to me, you are more than ANY ONE else the thorough
+master of the subject. I declare that you know my book as well as I do
+myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration and argument
+in a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my envy! I admire
+these discussions, I think, almost more than your article in Silliman's
+Journal. Every single word seems weighed carefully, and tells like a
+32-pound shot. It makes me much wish (but I know that you have not time)
+that you could write more in detail, and give, for instance, the facts
+on the variability of the American wild fruits. The "Athenaeum" has
+the largest circulation, and I have sent my copy to the editor with a
+request that he would republish the first discussion; I much fear he
+will not, as he reviewed the subject in so hostile a spirit... I shall
+be curious [to see] and will order the August number, as soon as I know
+that it contains your review of Reviews. My conclusion is that you have
+made a mistake in being a botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.
+
+... Henslow (Professor Henslow was mentioned in the December number of
+'Macmillan's Magazine' as being an adherent of Evolution. In consequence
+of this he published, in the February number of the following year, a
+letter defining his position. This he did by means of an extract from a
+letter addressed to him by the Rev. L. Jenyns (Blomefield) which "very
+nearly," as he says, expressed his views. Mr. Blomefield wrote, "I was
+not aware that you had become a convert to his (Darwin's) theory, and
+can hardly suppose you have accepted it as a whole, though, like myself,
+you may go to the length of imagining that many of the smaller groups,
+both of animals and plants, may at some remote period have had a common
+parentage. I do not with some say that the whole of his theory cannot
+be true--but that it is very far from proved; and I doubt its ever being
+possible to prove it.") and Daubeny are shaken. I hear from Hooker that
+he hears from Hochstetter that my views are making very considerable
+progress in Germany, and the good workers are discussing the question.
+Bronn at the end of his translation has a chapter of criticism, but it
+is such difficult German that I have not yet read it. Hopkins's review
+in 'Fraser' is thought the best which has appeared against us. I believe
+that Hopkins is so much opposed because his course of study has never
+led him to reflect much on such subjects as geographical distribution,
+classification, homologies, etc., so that he does not feel it a relief
+to have some kind of explanation.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Hartfield [Sussex], July 30th [1860].
+
+... I had lots of pleasant letters about the British Association, and our
+side seems to have got on very well. There has been as much discussion
+on the other side of the Atlantic as on this. No one I think understands
+the whole case better than Asa Gray, and he has been fighting nobly. He
+is a capital reasoner. I have sent one of his printed discussions to our
+"Athenaeum", and the editor says he will print it. The 'Quarterly' has
+been out some time. It contains no malice, which is wonderful... It makes
+me say many things which I do not say. At the end it quotes all your
+conclusions against Lamarck, and makes a solemn appeal to you to keep
+firm in the true faith. I fancy it will make you quake a little. -- has
+ingeniously primed the Bishop (with Murchison) against you as head of
+the uniformitarians. The only other review worth mentioning, which I can
+think of, is in the third No. of the 'London Review,' by some geologist,
+and favorable for a wonder. It is very ably done, and I should like
+much to know who is the author. I shall be very curious to hear on your
+return whether Bronn's German translation of the 'Origin' has drawn
+any attention to the subject. Huxley is eager about a 'Natural History
+Review,' which he and others are going to edit, and he has got so
+many first-rate assistants, that I really believe he will make it
+a first-rate production. I have been doing nothing, except a little
+botanical work as amusement. I shall hereafter be very anxious to hear
+how your tour has answered. I expect your book on the geological history
+of Man will, with a vengeance, be a bomb-shell. I hope it will not be
+very long delayed. Our kindest remembrances to Lady Lyell. This is not
+worth sending, but I have nothing better to say.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. WATKINS. (See Volume I.) Down, July 30th, [1860?].
+
+My dear Watkins,
+
+Your note gave me real pleasure. Leading the retired life which I do,
+with bad health, I oftener think of old times than most men probably do;
+and your face now rises before me, with the pleasant old expression, as
+vividly as if I saw you.
+
+My book has been well abused, praised, and splendidly quizzed by the
+Bishop of Oxford; but from what I see of its influence on really good
+workers in science, I feel confident that, IN THE MAIN, I am on the
+right road. With respect to your question, I think the arguments
+are valid, showing that all animals have descended from four or five
+primordial forms; and that analogy and weak reasons go to show that all
+have descended from some single prototype.
+
+Farewell, my old friend. I look back to old Cambridge days with
+unalloyed pleasure.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+T.H. HUXLEY TO CHARLES DARWIN. August 6th, 1860.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have to announce a new and great ally for you...
+
+Von Baer writes to me thus:--Et outre cela, je trouve que vous ecrivez
+encore des redactions. Vous avez ecrit sur l'ouvrage de M. Darwin une
+critique dont je n'ai trouve que des debris dans un journal allemand.
+J'ai oublie le nom terrible du journal anglais dans lequel se trouve
+votre recension. En tout cas aussi je ne peux pas trouver le journal
+ici. Comme je m'interesse beaucoup pour les idees de M. Darwin, sur
+lesquelles j'ai parle publiquement et sur lesquelles je ferai peut-etre
+imprimer quelque chose--vous m'obligeriez infiniment si vous pourriez me
+faire parvenir ce que vous avez ecrit sur ces idees.
+
+"J'ai enonce les memes idees sur la transformation des types ou origine
+d'especes que M. Darwin. (See Vol. I.) Mais c'est seulement sur la
+geographie zoologique que je m'appuie. Vous trouverez, dans le dernier
+chapitre du traite 'Ueber Papuas und Alfuren,' que j'en parle tres
+decidement sans savoir que M. Darwin s'occupait de cet objet."
+
+The treatise to which Von Baer refers he gave me when over here, but I
+have not been able to lay hands on it since this letter reached me two
+days ago. When I find it I will let you know what there is in it.
+
+Ever yours faithfully, T.H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, August 8 [1860].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your note contained magnificent news, and thank you heartily for sending
+it me. Von Baer weighs down with a vengeance all the virulence of [the
+'Edinburgh' reviewer] and weak arguments of Agassiz. If you write to
+Von Baer, for heaven's sake tell him that we should think one nod of
+approbation on our side, of the greatest value; and if he does write
+anything, beg him to send us a copy, for I would try and get it
+translated and published in the "Athenaeum" and in 'Silliman' to touch
+up Agassiz... Have you seen Agassiz's weak metaphysical and theological
+attack on the 'Origin' in the last 'Silliman'? (The 'American Journal
+of Science and Arts' (commonly called 'Silliman's Journal'), July 1860.
+Printed from advanced sheets of vol. iii. of 'Contributions to the Nat.
+Hist. of the U.S.' My father's copy has a pencilled "Truly" opposite the
+following passage:--"Unless Darwin and his followers succeed in showing
+that the struggle for life tends to something beyond favouring the
+existence of certain individuals over that of other individuals, they
+will soon find that they are following a shadow.") I would send it you,
+but apprehend it would be less trouble for you to look at it in London
+than return it to me. R. Wagner has sent me a German pamphlet ('Louis
+Agassiz's Prinzipien der Classification, etc., mit Rucksicht auf Darwins
+Ansichten. Separat-Abdruck aus den Gottingischen gelehrten Anzeigen,'
+1860.), giving an abstract of Agassiz's 'Essay on Classification,' "mit
+Rucksicht auf Darwins Ansichten," etc. etc. He won't go very "dangerous
+lengths," but thinks the truth lies half-way between Agassiz and
+the 'Origin.' As he goes thus far he will, nolens volens, have to go
+further. He says he is going to review me in [his] yearly Report. My
+good and kind agent for the propagation of the Gospel--i.e. the devil's
+gospel.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, August 11th [1860].
+
+... I have laughed at Woodward thinking that you were a man who could be
+influenced in your judgment by the voice of the public; and yet after
+mortally sneering at him, I was obliged to confess to myself, that I had
+had fears, what the effect might be of so many heavy guns fired by great
+men. As I have (sent by Murray) a spare 'Quarterly Review,' I send it by
+this post, as it may amuse you. The Anti-Jacobin part amused me. It is
+full of errors, and Hooker is thinking of answering it. There has been
+a cancelled page; I should like to know what gigantic blunder it
+contained. Hooker says that -- has played on the Bishop, and made him
+strike whatever note he liked; he has wished to make the article as
+disagreeable to you as possible. I will send the "Athenaeum" in a day or
+two.
+
+As you wish to hear what reviews have appeared, I may mention that
+Agassiz has fired off a shot in the last 'Silliman,' not good at all,
+denies variations and rests on the perfection of Geological evidence.
+Asa Gray tells me that a very clever friend has been almost converted
+to our side by this review of Agassiz's... Professor Parsons (Theophilus
+Parsons, Professor of Law in Harvard University.) has published in
+the same 'Silliman' a speculative paper correcting my notions, worth
+nothing. In the 'Highland Agricultural Journal' there is a review by
+some Entomologist, not worth much. This is all that I can remember... As
+Huxley says, the platoon firing must soon cease. Hooker and Huxley, and
+Asa Gray, I see, are determined to stick to the battle and not give in;
+I am fully convinced that whenever you publish, it will produce a great
+effect on all TRIMMERS, and on many others. By the way I forgot
+to mention Daubeny's pamphlet ('Remarks on the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the "Origin of Species."'--British Association Report, 1860.), very
+liberal and candid, but scientifically weak. I believe Hooker is going
+nowhere this summer; he is excessively busy... He has written me many,
+most nice letters. I shall be very curious to hear on your return some
+account of your Geological doings. Talking of Geology, you used to
+be interested about the "pipes" in the chalk. About three years ago
+a perfectly circular hole suddenly appeared in a flat grass field to
+everyone's astonishment, and was filled up with many waggon loads of
+earth; and now two or three days ago, again it has circularly subsided
+about two feet more. How clearly this shows what is still slowly going
+on. This morning I recommenced work, and am at dogs; when I have written
+my short discussion on them, I will have it copied, and if you like, you
+can then see how the argument stands, about their multiple origin. As
+you seemed to think this important, it might be worth your reading;
+though I do not feel sure that you will come to the same probable
+conclusion that I have done. By the way, the Bishop makes a very telling
+case against me, by accumulating several instances where I speak very
+doubtfully; but this is very unfair, as in such cases as this of the
+dog, the evidence is and must be very doubtful...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 11 [1860].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+On my return home from Sussex about a week ago, I found several articles
+sent by you. The first article, from the 'Atlantic Monthly,' I am very
+glad to possess. By the way, the editor of the "Athenaeum" (August 4,
+1860.) has inserted your answer to Agassiz, Bowen, and Co., and when I
+therein read them, I admired them even more than at first. They really
+seemed to be admirable in their condensation, force, clearness and
+novelty.
+
+I am surprised that Agassiz did not succeed in writing something better.
+How absurd that logical quibble--"if species do not exist, how can they
+vary?" As if any one doubted their temporary existence. How coolly
+he assumes that there is some clearly defined distinction between
+individual differences and varieties. It is no wonder that a man who
+calls identical forms, when found in two countries, distinct species,
+cannot find variation in nature. Again, how unreasonable to suppose that
+domestic varieties selected by man for his own fancy should resemble
+natural varieties or species. The whole article seems to me poor; it
+seems to me hardly worth a detailed answer (even if I could do it, and
+I much doubt whether I possess your skill in picking out salient points
+and driving a nail into them), and indeed you have already answered
+several points. Agassiz's name, no doubt, is a heavy weight against
+us...
+
+If you see Professor Parsons, will you thank him for the extremely
+liberal and fair spirit in which his Essay ('Silliman's Journal,' July,
+1860.) is written. Please tell him that I reflected much on the chance
+of favourable monstrosities (i.e. great and sudden variation) arising.
+I have, of course, no objection to this, indeed it would be a great aid,
+but I do not allude to the subject, for, after much labour, I could find
+nothing which satisfied me of the probability of such occurrences.
+There seems to me in almost every case too much, too complex, and too
+beautiful adaptation, in every structure, to believe in its sudden
+production. I have alluded under the head of beautifully hooked seeds
+to such possibility. Monsters are apt to be sterile, or NOT to transmit
+monstrous peculiarities. Look at the fineness of gradation in the shells
+of successive SUB-STAGES of the same great formation; I could give
+many other considerations which made me doubt such view. It holds, to a
+certain extent, with domestic productions no doubt, where man preserves
+some abrupt change in structure. It amused me to see Sir R. Murchison
+quoted as a judge of affinities of animals, and it gave me a cold
+shudder to hear of any one speculating about a true crustacean
+giving birth to a true fish! (Parson's, loc. cit. page 5, speaking of
+Pterichthys and Cephalaspis, says:--"Now is it too much to infer from
+these facts that either of these animals, if a crustacean, was so nearly
+a fish that some of its ova may have become fish; or, if itself a fish,
+was so nearly a crustacean that it may have been born from the ovum of a
+crustacean?")
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, September 1st [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+morning. It has DELIGHTED me, because it demonstrates that you have
+thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection. Few things have
+surprised me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties
+new to me in the published reviews. Your remarks are of a different
+stamp and new to me. I will run through them, and make a few pleadings
+such as occur to me.
+
+I put in the possibility of the Galapagos having been CONTINUOUSLY
+joined to America, out of mere subservience to the many who believe in
+Forbes's doctrine, and did not see the danger of admission, about small
+mammals surviving there in such case. The case of the Galapagos, from
+certain facts on littoral sea-shells (viz. Pacific Ocean and South
+American littoral species), in fact convinced me more than in any other
+case of other islands, that the Galapagos had never been continuously
+united with the mainland; it was mere base subservience, and terror of
+Hooker and Co.
+
+With respect to atolls, I think mammals would hardly survive VERY LONG,
+even if the main islands (for as I have said in the Coral Book, the
+outline of groups of atolls do not look like a former CONTINENT) had
+been tenanted by mammals, from the extremely small area, the very
+peculiar conditions, and the probability that during subsidence all or
+nearly all atolls have been breached and flooded by the sea many times
+during their existence as atolls.
+
+I cannot conceive any existing reptile being converted into a mammal.
+From homologies I should look at it as certain that all mammals had
+descended from some single progenitor. What its nature was, it is
+impossible to speculate. More like, probably, the Ornithorhynchus
+or Echidna than any known form; as these animals combine reptilian
+characters (and in a less degree bird character) with mammalian. We
+must imagine some form as intermediate, as is Lepidosiren now, between
+reptiles and fish, between mammals and birds on the one hand (for they
+retain longer the same embryological character) and reptiles on the
+other hand. With respect to a mammal not being developed on any island,
+besides want of time for so prodigious a development, there must have
+arrived on the island the necessary and peculiar progenitor, having
+a character like the embryo of a mammal; and not an ALREADY DEVELOPED
+reptile, bird or fish.
+
+We might give to a bird the habits of a mammal, but inheritance would
+retain almost for eternity some of the bird-like structure, and prevent
+a new creature ranking as a true mammal.
+
+I have often speculated on antiquity of islands, but not with your
+precision, or at all under the point of view of Natural Selection NOT
+having done what might have been anticipated. The argument of littoral
+Miocene shells at the Canary Islands is new to me. I was deeply
+impressed (from the amount of the denudation) [with the] antiquity of
+St. Helena, and its age agrees with the peculiarity of the flora. With
+respect to bats at New Zealand (N.B. There are two or three European
+bats in Madeira, and I think in the Canary Islands) not having given
+rise to a group of non-volant bats, it is, now you put the case,
+surprising; more especially as the genus of bats in New Zealand is very
+peculiar, and therefore has probably been long introduced, and they now
+speak of Cretacean fossils there. But the first necessary step has to
+be shown, namely, of a bat taking to feed on the ground, or anyhow, and
+anywhere, except in the air. I am bound to confess I do know one single
+such fact, viz. of an Indian species killing frogs. Observe, that in my
+wretched Polar Bear case, I do show the first step by which conversion
+into a whale "would be easy," "would offer no difficulty"!! So with
+seals, I know of no fact showing any the least incipient variation of
+seals feeding on the shore. Moreover, seals wander much; I searched in
+vain, and could not find ONE case of any species of seal confined to
+any islands. And hence wanderers would be apt to cross with individuals
+undergoing any change on an island, as in the case of land birds of
+Madeira and Bermuda. The same remark applies even to bats, as they
+frequently come to Bermuda from the mainland, though about 600 miles
+distant. With respect to the Amblyrhynchus of the Galapagos, one may
+infer as probable, from marine habits being so rare with Saurians, and
+from the terrestrial species being confined to a few central islets,
+that its progenitor first arrived at the Galapagos; from what country it
+is impossible to say, as its affinity I believe is not very clear to
+any known species. The offspring of the terrestrial species was probably
+rendered marine. Now in this case I do not pretend I can show variation
+in habits; but we have in the terrestrial species a vegetable feeder (in
+itself a rather unusual circumstance), largely on LICHENS, and it would
+not be a great change for its offspring to feed first on littoral algae
+and then on submarine algae. I have said what I can in defence, but
+yours is a good line of attack. We should, however, always remember
+that no change will ever be effected till a variation in the habits or
+structure or of both CHANCE to occur in the right direction, so as
+to give the organism in question an advantage over other already
+established occupants of land or water, and this may be in any
+particular case indefinitely long. I am very glad you will read my dogs
+MS., for it will be important to me to see what you think of the balance
+of evidence. After long pondering on a subject it is often hard to
+judge. With hearty thanks for your most interesting letter. Farewell.
+
+My dear old master, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 2nd [1860].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am astounded at your news received this morning. I am become such an
+old fogy that I am amazed at your spirit. For God's sake do not go and
+get your throat cut. Bless my soul, I think you must be a little insane.
+I must confess it will be a most interesting tour; and, if you get
+to the top of Lebanon, I suppose extremely interesting--you ought to
+collect any beetles under stones there; but the Entomologists are such
+slow coaches. I dare say no result could be made out of them. [They]
+have never worked the Alpines of Britain.
+
+If you come across any Brine lakes, do attend to their minute flora and
+fauna; I have often been surprised how little this has been attended to.
+
+I have had a long letter from Lyell, who starts ingenious difficulties
+opposed to Natural Selection, because it has not done more than it
+has. This is very good, as it shows that he has thoroughly mastered the
+subject; and shows he is in earnest. Very striking letter altogether and
+it rejoices the cockles of my heart.
+
+... How I shall miss you, my best and kindest of friends. God bless you.
+
+Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 10 [1860].
+
+... You will be weary of my praise, but it (Dr. Gray in the 'Atlantic
+Monthly' for July, 1860.) does strike me as quite admirably argued, and
+so well and pleasantly written. Your many metaphors are inimitably good.
+I said in a former letter that you were a lawyer, but I made a gross
+mistake, I am sure that you are a poet. No, by Jove, I will tell you
+what you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist and
+theologian! Was there ever such a monster seen before?
+
+I have just looked through the passages which I have marked as appearing
+to me extra good, but I see that they are too numerous to specify, and
+this is no exaggeration. My eye just alights on the happy comparison
+of the colours of the prism and our artificial groups. I see one little
+error of fossil CATTLE in South America.
+
+It is curious how each one, I suppose, weighs arguments in a different
+balance: embryology is to me by far the strongest single class of facts
+in favour of change of forms, and not one, I think, of my reviewers has
+alluded to this. Variation not coming on at a very early age, and being
+inherited at not a very early corresponding period, explains, as it
+seems to me, the grandest of all facts in natural history, or rather in
+zoology, viz. the resemblance of embryos.
+
+
+[Dr. Gray wrote three articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly' for July,
+August, and October, which were reprinted as a pamphlet in 1861, and
+now form chapter iii. in 'Darwiniana' (1876), with the heading 'Natural
+Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL Down, September 12th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I never thought of showing your letter to any one. I mentioned in a
+letter to Hooker that I had been much interested by a letter of yours
+with original objections, founded chiefly on Natural Selection not
+having done so much as might have been expected... In your letter just
+received, you have improved your case versus Natural Selection; and it
+would tell with the public (do not be tempted by its novelty to make
+it too strong); yet is seems to me, not REALLY very killing, though I
+cannot answer your case, especially, why Rodents have not become
+highly developed in Australia. You must assume that they have inhabited
+Australia for a very long period, and this may or may not be the case.
+But I feel that our ignorance is so profound, why one form is preserved
+with nearly the same structure, or advances in organisation or even
+retrogrades, or becomes extinct, that I cannot put very great weight on
+the difficulty. Then, as you say often in your letter, we know not how
+many geological ages it may have taken to make any great advance in
+organisation. Remember monkeys in the Eocene formations: but I admit
+that you have made out an excellent objection and difficulty, and I
+can give only unsatisfactory and quite vague answers, such as you have
+yourself put; however, you hardly put weight enough on the absolute
+necessity of variations first arising in the right direction, videlicet,
+of seals beginning to feed on the shore.
+
+I entirely agree with what you say about only one species of many
+becoming modified. I remember this struck me much when tabulating the
+varieties of plants, and I have a discussion somewhere on this point. It
+is absolutely implied in my ideas of classification and divergence
+that only one or two species, of even large genera, give birth to new
+species; and many whole genera become WHOLLY extinct... Please see page
+341 of the 'Origin.' But I cannot remember that I have stated in the
+'Origin' the fact of only very few species in each genus varying. You
+have put the view much better in your letter. Instead of saying, as I
+often have, that very few species vary at the same time, I ought to
+have said, that very few species of a genus EVER vary so as to become
+modified; for this is the fundamental explanation of classification, and
+is shown in my engraved diagram...
+
+I quite agree with you on the strange and inexplicable fact of
+Ornithorhynchus having been preserved, and Australian Trigonia, or the
+Silurian Lingula. I always repeat to myself that we hardly know why any
+one single species is rare or common in the best-known countries. I have
+got a set of notes somewhere on the inhabitants of fresh water; and it
+is singular how many of these are ancient, or intermediate forms; which
+I think is explained by the competition having been less severe, and
+the rate of change of organic forms having been slower in small confined
+areas, such as all the fresh waters make compared with sea or land.
+
+I see that you do allude in the last page, as a difficulty, to
+Marsupials not having become Placentals in Australia; but this I think
+you have no right at all to expect; for we ought to look at Marsupials
+and Placentals as having descended from some intermediate and lower
+form. The argument of Rodents not having become highly developed
+in Australia (supposing that they have long existed there) is much
+stronger. I grieve to see you hint at the creation "of distinct
+successive types, as well as of a certain number of distinct aboriginal
+types." Remember, if you admit this, you give up the embryological
+argument (THE WEIGHTIEST OF ALL TO ME), and the morphological or
+homological argument. You cut my throat, and your own throat; and I
+believe will live to be sorry for it. So much for species.
+
+The striking extract which E. copied was your own writing!! in a note to
+me, many long years ago--which she copied and sent to Mme. Sismondi; and
+lately my aunt, in sorting her letters, found E.'s and returned them
+to her... I have been of late shamefully idle, i.e. observing (Drosera)
+instead of writing, and how much better fun observing is than writing.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Sunday
+[September 23rd, 1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I got your letter of the 18th just before starting here. You speak of
+saving me trouble in answering. Never think of this, for I look at every
+letter of yours as an honour and pleasure, which is a pretty deal more
+than I can say of some of the letters which I receive. I have now one of
+13 CLOSELY WRITTEN FOLIO PAGES to answer on species!...
+
+I have a very decided opinion that all mammals must have descended from
+a SINGLE parent. Reflect on the multitude of details, very many of them
+of extremely little importance to their habits (as the number of
+bones of the head, etc., covering of hair, identical embryological
+development, etc. etc.). Now this large amount of similarity I must look
+at as certainly due to inheritance from a common stock. I am aware that
+some cases occur in which a similar or nearly similar organ has been
+acquired by independent acts of natural selection. But in most of such
+cases of these apparently so closely similar organs, some important
+homological difference may be detected. Please read page 193, beginning,
+"The electric organs," and trust me that the sentence, "In all these
+cases of two very distinct species," etc. etc., was not put in rashly,
+for I went carefully into every case. Apply this argument to the whole
+frame, internal and external, of mammifers, and you will see why I think
+so strongly that all have descended from one progenitor. I have just
+re-read your letter, and I am not perfectly sure that I understand your
+point.
+
+I enclose two diagrams showing the sort of manner I CONJECTURE that
+mammals have been developed. I thought a little on this when writing
+page 429, beginning, "Mr. Waterhouse." (Please read the paragraph.) I
+have not knowledge enough to choose between these two diagrams. If the
+brain of Marsupials in embryo closely resembles that of Placentals,
+I should strongly prefer No.2, and this agrees with the antiquity of
+Microlestes. As a general rule I should prefer No.1 diagram; whether or
+not Marsupials have gone on being developed, or rising in rank, from a
+very early period would depend on circumstances too complex for even
+a conjecture. Lingula has not risen since the Silurian epoch, whereas
+other molluscs may have risen.
+
+Here appear two diagrams.
+
+Diagram I.
+
+A - Mammals, not true Marsupials nor true Placentals. - 2 branches -
+Branch I, True Placental, from which branch off Rodents, Insectivora, a
+branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms, Canidae and terminates
+in Quadrumana. - Branch II, True Marsupial, from which branches off
+Kangaroo family an unnamed branch terminating in 2 unnamed branches and
+terminates in Didelphys Family.
+
+Diagram II.
+
+A - True Marsupials, lowly developed. - True Marsupials, highly
+developed. - 2 branches - Branch I, Placentals, from which branch off
+Rodents, Insectivora, a branch terminating in Ruminants and Pachyderms,
+Canidae and terminates in Quadrumana. - Branch II, Present Marsupials,
+splitting into two branches terminating in Kangaroo family (with 2
+unnamed branches) and Didelphys family.
+
+A, in the two diagrams, represents an unknown form, probably
+intermediate between Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds, as intermediate as
+Lepidosiren now is between Fish and Batrachians. This unknown form is
+probably more closely related to Ornithorhynchus than to any other known
+form.
+
+I do not think that the multiple origin of dogs goes against the single
+origin of man... All the races of man are so infinitely closer together
+than to any ape, that (as in the case of descent of all mammals from
+one progenitor), I should look at all races of men as having certainly
+descended from one parent. I should look at it as probable that the
+races of men were less numerous and less divergent formerly than
+now, unless, indeed, some lower and more aberrant race even than the
+Hottentot has become extinct. Supposing, as I do for one believe, that
+our dogs have descended from two or three wolves, jackals, etc.,
+yet these have, on OUR VIEW, descended from a single remote unknown
+progenitor. With domestic dogs the question is simply whether the whole
+amount of difference has been produced since man domesticated a single
+species; or whether part of the difference arises in the state of
+nature. Agassiz and Co. think the negro and Caucasian are now distinct
+species, and it is a mere vain discussion whether, when they were rather
+less distinct, they would, on this standard of specific value, deserve
+to be called species.
+
+I agree with your answer which you give to yourself on this point; and
+the simile of man now keeping down any new man which might be developed,
+strikes me as good and new. The white man is "improving off the face
+of the earth" even races nearly his equals. With respect to islands, I
+think I would trust to want of time alone, and not to bats and Rodents.
+
+N.B.--I know of no rodents on oceanic islands (except my Galapagos
+mouse, which MAY have been introduced by man) keeping down the
+development of other classes. Still MUCH more weight I should attribute
+to there being now, neither in islands nor elsewhere, [any] known
+animals of a grade of organisation intermediate between mammals,
+fish, reptiles, etc., whence a new mammal could be developed. If
+every vertebrate were destroyed throughout the world, except our NOW
+WELL-ESTABLISHED reptiles, millions of ages might elapse before reptiles
+could become highly developed on a scale equal to mammals; and, on the
+principle of inheritance, they would make some quite NEW CLASS, and not
+mammals; though POSSIBLY more intellectual! I have not an idea that you
+will care for this letter, so speculative.
+
+Most truly yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 26 [1860].
+
+... I have had a letter of fourteen folio pages from Harvey against my
+book, with some ingenious and new remarks; but it is an extraordinary
+fact that he does not understand at all what I mean by Natural
+Selection. I have begged him to read the Dialogue in next 'Silliman,' as
+you never touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at it
+as even more extraordinary that you never say a word or use an epithet
+which does not express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and others,
+who perfectly understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions to which
+I demur. Well, your extraordinary labour is over; if there is any fair
+amount of truth in my view, I am well assured that your great labour has
+not been thrown away...
+
+I yet hope and almost believe, that the time will come when you will go
+further, in believing a very large amount of modification of species,
+than you did at first or do now. Can you tell me whether you believe
+further or more firmly than you did at first? I should really like to
+know this. I can perceive in my immense correspondence with Lyell, who
+objected to much at first, that he has, perhaps unconsciousnessly to
+himself, converted himself very much during the last six months, and
+I think this is the case even with Hooker. This fact gives me far more
+confidence than any other fact.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, Friday evening
+[September 28th, 1860].
+
+... I am very glad to hear about the Germans reading my book. No one will
+be converted who has not independently begun to doubt about species. Is
+not Krohn (There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands,
+and the other on the development of Cirripedes, 'Wiegmann's Archiv,'
+xxv. and xxvi. My father has remarked that he "blundered dreadfully
+about the cement glands," 'Autobiography.') a good fellow? I have
+long meant to write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and has
+detected two or three gigantic blunders,... about which, I thank Heaven,
+I spoke rather doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even Huxley
+failed. It is chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is
+so wrong, and not the parts which I describe. But they were gigantic
+blunders, and why I say all this is because Krohn, instead of crowing at
+all, pointed out my errors with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness.
+I have always meant to write to him and thank him. I suppose Dr. Krohn,
+Bonn, would reach him.
+
+I cannot see yet how the multiple origin of dog can be properly brought
+as argument for the multiple origin of man. Is not your feeling a
+remnant of the deeply impressed one on all our minds, that a species is
+an entity, something quite distinct from a variety? Is it not that the
+dog case injures the argument from fertility, so that one main argument
+that the races of man are varieties and not species--i.e., because they
+are fertile inter se, is much weakened?
+
+I quite agree with what Hooker says, that whatever variation is possible
+under culture, is POSSIBLE under nature; not that the same form would
+ever be accumulated and arrived at by selection for man's pleasure, and
+by natural selection for the organism's own good.
+
+Talking of "natural selection;" if I had to commence de novo, I would
+have used "natural preservation." For I find men like Harvey of Dublin
+cannot understand me, though he has read the book twice. Dr. Gray of the
+British Museum remarked to me that, "SELECTION was obviously impossible
+with plants! No one could tell him how it could be possible!" And he may
+now add that the author did not attempt it to him!
+
+Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne, October 8th
+[1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I send the [English] translation of Bronn (A MS. translation of Bronn's
+chapter of objections at the end of his German translation of the
+'Origin of Species.'), the first part of the chapter with generalities
+and praise is not translated. There are some good hits. He makes an
+apparently, and in part truly, telling case against me, says that I
+cannot explain why one rat has a longer tail and another longer ears,
+etc. But he seems to muddle in assuming that these parts did not all
+vary together, or one part so insensibly before the other, as to be
+in fact contemporaneous. I might ask the creationist whether he thinks
+these differences in the two rats of any use, or as standing in some
+relation from laws of growth; and if he admits this, selection might
+come into play. He who thinks that God created animals unlike for mere
+sport or variety, as man fashions his clothes, will not admit any force
+in my argumentum ad hominem.
+
+Bronn blunders about my supposing several Glacial periods, whether or no
+such ever did occur.
+
+He blunders about my supposing that development goes on at the same rate
+in all parts of the world. I presume that he has misunderstood this from
+the supposed migration into all regions of the more dominant forms.
+
+I have ordered Dr. Bree ('Species not Transmutable,' by C.R. Bree,
+1860.), and will lend it to you, if you like, and if it turns out good.
+
+... I am very glad that I misunderstood you about species not having the
+capacity to vary, though in fact few do give birth to new species. It
+seems that I am very apt to misunderstand you; I suppose I am always
+fancying objections. Your case of the Red Indian shows me that we agree
+entirely...
+
+I had a letter yesterday from Thwaites of Ceylon, who was much opposed
+to me. He now says, "I find that the more familiar I become with your
+views in connection with the various phenomena of nature, the more they
+commend themselves to my mind."
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.M. RODWELL. (Rev. J.M. Rodwell, who was at Cambridge
+with my father, remembers him saying:--"It strikes me that all our
+knowledge about the structure of our earth is very much like what an
+old hen would know of a hundred acre field, in a corner of which she is
+scratching.") 15 Marine Parade, Eastbourne. November 5th [1860].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am extremely much obliged for your letter, which I can compare only to
+a plum-pudding, so full it is of good things. I have been rash about the
+cats ("Cats with blue eyes are invariably deaf," 'Origin of Species,'
+edition i. page 12.): yet I spoke on what seemed to me, good authority.
+The Rev. W.D. Fox gave me a list of cases of various foreign breeds
+in which he had observed the correlation, and for years he had vainly
+sought an exception. A French paper also gives numerous cases, and one
+very curious case of a kitten which GRADUALLY lost the blue colour in
+its eyes and as gradually acquired its power of hearing. I had not
+heard of your uncle, Mr. Kirby's case (William Kirby, joint author with
+Spence, of the well-known 'Introduction to Entomology,' 1818.) (whom I,
+for as long as I can remember, have venerated) of care in breeding cats.
+I do not know whether Mr. Kirby was your uncle by marriage, but your
+letters show me that you ought to have Kirby blood in your veins, and
+that if you had not taken to languages you would have been a first-rate
+naturalist.
+
+I sincerely hope that you will be able to carry out your intention of
+writing on the "Birth, Life, and Death of Words." Anyhow, you have a
+capital title, and some think this the most difficult part of a book. I
+remember years ago at the Cape of Good Hope, Sir J. Herschel saying to
+me, I wish some one would treat language as Lyell has treated geology.
+What a linguist you must be to translate the Koran! Having a vilely bad
+head for languages, I feel an awful respect for linguists.
+
+I do not know whether my brother-in-law, Hensleigh Wedgwood's
+'Etymological Dictionary' would be at all in your line; but he
+treats briefly on the genesis of words; and, as it seems to me, very
+ingeniously. You kindly say that you would communicate any facts which
+might occur to you, and I am sure that I should be most grateful. Of
+the multitude of letters which I receive, not one in a thousand is like
+yours in value.
+
+With my cordial thanks, and apologies for this untidy letter written in
+haste, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours sincerely obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. November 20th [1860].
+
+... I have not had heart to read Phillips ('Life on the Earth.') yet, or
+a tremendous long hostile review by Professor Bowen in the 4to Mem. of
+the American Academy of Sciences. ("Remarks on the latest form of the
+Development Theory." By Francis Bowen, Professor of Natural Religion and
+Moral Philosophy, at Harvard University. 'American Academy of Arts and
+Sciences,' vol. viii.) (By the way, I hear Agassiz is going to thunder
+against me in the next part of the 'Contributions.') Thank you for
+telling me of the sale of the 'Origin,' of which I had not heard. There
+will be some time, I presume, a new edition, and I especially want your
+advice on one point, and you know I think you the wisest of men, and I
+shall be ABSOLUTELY GUIDED BY YOUR ADVICE. It has occurred to me, that
+it would PERHAPS be a good plan to put a set of notes (some twenty to
+forty or fifty) to the 'Origin,' which now has none, exclusively devoted
+to errors of my reviewers. It has occurred to me that where a reviewer
+has erred, a common reader might err. Secondly, it will show the reader
+that he must not trust implicitly to reviewers. Thirdly, when any
+special fact has been attacked, I should like to defend it. I would show
+no sort of anger. I enclose a mere rough specimen, done without any care
+or accuracy--done from memory alone--to be torn up, just to show the
+sort of thing that has occurred to me. WILL YOU DO ME THE GREAT KINDNESS
+TO CONSIDER THIS WELL?
+
+It seems to me it would have a good effect, and give some confidence to
+the reader. It would [be] a horrid bore going through all the reviews.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Here follow samples of foot-notes, the references to volume and page
+being left blank. It will be seen that in some cases he seems to have
+forgotten that he was writing foot-notes, and to have continued as if
+writing to Lyell:--
+
+*Dr. Bree asserts that I explain the structure of the cells of the Hive
+Bee by "the exploded doctrine of pressure." But I do not say one word
+which directly or indirectly can be interpreted into any reference to
+pressure.
+
+*The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer quotes my work as saying that the "dorsal
+vertebrae of pigeons vary in number, and disputes the fact." I nowhere
+even allude to the dorsal vertebrae, only to the sacral and caudal
+vertebrae.
+
+*The 'Edinburgh' Reviewer throws a doubt on these organs being the
+Branchiae of Cirripedes. But Professor Owen in 1854 admits, without
+hesitation, that they are Branchiae, as did John Hunter long ago.
+
+*The confounded Wealden Calculation to be struck out, and a note to
+be inserted to the effect that I am convinced of its inaccuracy from
+a review in the "Saturday Review", and from Phillips, as I see in his
+Table of Contents that he alludes to it.
+
+*Mr. Hopkins ('Fraser') states--I am quoting only from vague
+memory--that, "I argue in favour of my views from the extreme
+imperfection of the Geological Record," and says this is the first time
+in the history of Science he has ever heard of ignorance being adduced
+as an argument. But I repeatedly admit, in the most emphatic language
+which I can use, that the imperfect evidence which Geology offers in
+regard to transitorial forms is most strongly opposed to my views.
+Surely there is a wide difference in fully admitting an objection, and
+then in endeavouring to show that it is not so strong as it at first
+appears, and in Mr. Hopkins's assertion that I found my argument on the
+Objection.
+
+*I would also put a note to "Natural Selection," and show how variously
+it has been misunderstood.
+
+*A writer in the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal' denies my statement
+that the Woodpecker of La Plata never frequents trees. I observed its
+habits during two years, but, what is more to the purpose, Azara, whose
+accuracy all admit, is more emphatic than I am in regard to its never
+frequenting trees. Mr. A. Murray denies that it ought to be called
+a woodpecker; it has two toes in front and two behind, pointed tail
+feathers, a long pointed tongue, and the same general form of body,
+the same manner of flight, colouring and voice. It was classed, until
+recently, in the same genus--Picus--with all other woodpeckers, but now
+has been ranked as a distinct genus amongst the Picidae. It differs from
+the typical Picus only in the beak, not being quite so strong, and in
+the upper mandible being slightly arched. I think these facts fully
+justify my statement that it is "in all essential parts of its
+organisation" a Woodpecker.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, November 22 [1860].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+For heaven's sake don't write an anti-Darwinian article; you would do it
+so confoundedly well. I have sometimes amused myself with thinking how
+I could best pitch into myself, and I believe I could give two or three
+good digs; but I will see you -- first before I will try. I shall be
+very impatient to see the Review. (The first number of the new series of
+the 'Nat. Hist. Review' appeared in 1861.) If it succeeds it may really
+do much, very much good...
+
+I heard to-day from Murray that I must set to work at once on a new
+edition (The 3rd edition.) of the 'Origin.' [Murray] says the Reviews
+have not improved the sale. I shall always think those early reviews,
+almost entirely yours, did the subject an ENORMOUS service. If you
+have any important suggestions or criticisms to make on any part of the
+'Origin,' I should, of course, be very grateful for [them]. For I mean
+to correct as far as I can, but not enlarge. How you must be wearied
+with and hate the subject, and it is God's blessing if you do not get to
+hate me. Adios.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, November 24th [1860].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you much for your letter. I had got to take pleasure in thinking
+how I could best snub my reviewers; but I was determined, in any case,
+to follow your advice, and, before I had got to the end of your letter,
+I was convinced of the wisdom of your advice. ("I get on slowly with
+my new edition. I find that your advice was EXCELLENT. I can answer all
+reviews, without any direct notice of them, by a little enlargement
+here and there, with here and there a new paragraph. Bronn alone I shall
+treat with the respect of giving his objections with his name. I think
+I shall improve my book a good deal, and add only some twenty
+pages."--From a letter to Lyell, December 4th, 1860.) What an advantage
+it is to me to have such friends as you. I shall follow every hint in
+your letter exactly.
+
+I have just heard from Murray; he says he sold 700 copies at his sale,
+and that he has not half the number to supply; so that I must begin
+at once (On the third edition of the 'Origin of Species,' published in
+April 1861.)...
+
+P.S.--I must tell you one little fact which has pleased me. You may
+remember that I adduce electrical organs of fish as one of the greatest
+difficulties which have occurred to me, and -- notices the passage in a
+singularly disingenuous spirit. Well, McDonnell, of Dublin (a first-rate
+man), writes to me that he felt the difficulty of the whole case as
+overwhelming against me. Not only are the fishes which have electric
+organs very remote in scale, but the organ is near the head in some,
+and near the tail in others, and supplied by wholly different nerves. It
+seems impossible that there could be any transition. Some friend, who
+is much opposed to me, seems to have crowed over McDonnell, who
+reports that he said to himself, that if Darwin is right, there must
+be homologous organs both near the head and tail in other non-electric
+fish. He set to work, and, by Jove, he has found them! ('On an organ in
+the Skate, which appears to be the homologue of the electrical organ of
+the Torpedo,' by R. McDonnell, 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861, page 57.) so
+that some of the difficulty is removed; and is it not satisfactory that
+my hypothetical notions should have led to pretty discoveries? McDonnell
+seems very cautious; he says, years must pass before he will venture to
+call himself a believer in my doctrine, but that on the subjects which
+he knows well, viz., Morphology and Embryology, my views accord well,
+and throw light on the whole subject.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 26th, 1860.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have to thank you for two letters. The latter with corrections,
+written before you received my letter asking for an American reprint,
+and saying that it was hopeless to print your reviews as a pamphlet,
+owing to the impossibility of getting pamphlets known. I am very glad to
+say that the August or second 'Atlantic' article has been reprinted in
+the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History'; but I have not seen it
+there. Yesterday I read over with care the third article; and it seems
+to me, as before, ADMIRABLE. But I grieve to say that I cannot honestly
+go as far as you do about Design. I am conscious that I am in an utterly
+hopeless muddle. I cannot think that the world, as we see it, is the
+result of chance; and yet I cannot look at each separate thing as the
+result of Design. To take a crucial example, you lead me to infer
+(page 414) that you believe "that variation has been led along certain
+beneficial lines." I cannot believe this; and I think you would have to
+believe, that the tail of the Fantail was led to vary in the number and
+direction of its feathers in order to gratify the caprice of a few men.
+Yet if the Fantail had been a wild bird, and had used its abnormal tail
+for some special end, as to sail before the wind, unlike other birds,
+every one would have said, "What a beautiful and designed adaptation."
+Again, I say I am, and shall ever remain, in a hopeless muddle.
+
+Thank you much for Bowen's 4to. review. ('Memoirs of the American
+Academy of Arts and Sciences,' vol. viii.) The coolness with which he
+makes all animals to be destitute of reason is simply absurd. It is
+monstrous at page 103, that he should argue against the possibility of
+accumulative variation, and actually leave out, entirely, selection! The
+chance that an improved Short-horn, or improved Pouter-pigeon, should be
+produced by accumulative variation without man's selection is as almost
+infinity to nothing; so with natural species without natural selection.
+How capitally in the 'Atlantic' you show that Geology and Astronomy
+are, according to Bowen, Metaphysics; but he leaves out this in the 4to.
+Memoir.
+
+I have not much to tell you about my Book. I have just heard that Du
+Boi-Reymond agrees with me. The sale of my book goes on well, and the
+multitude of reviews has not stopped the sale...; so I must begin at
+once on a new corrected edition. I will send you a copy for the chance
+of your ever re-reading; but, good Heavens, how sick you must be of it!
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, December 2nd [1860].
+
+... I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have
+been of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce
+a few new discussions. OF COURSE I will send you a copy of the new
+edition.
+
+I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me,
+I have far more confidence in the GENERAL truth of the doctrine than I
+formerly had. Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went
+half an inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly
+opposed are now less bitterly opposed. And this makes me feel a little
+disappointed that you are not inclined to think the general view in
+some slight degree more probable than you did at first. This I consider
+rather ominous. Otherwise I should be more contented with your degree
+of belief. I can pretty plainly see that, if my view is ever to be
+generally adopted, it will be by young men growing up and replacing the
+old workers, and then young ones finding that they can group facts and
+search out new lines of investigation better on the notion of
+descent, than on that of creation. But forgive me for running on so
+egotistically. Living so solitary as I do, one gets to think in a silly
+manner of one's own work.
+
+Ever yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 11th [1860].
+
+... I heard from A. Gray this morning; at my suggestion he is going to
+reprint the three 'Atlantic' articles as a pamphlet, and send 250
+copies to England, for which I intend to pay half the cost of the
+whole edition, and shall give away, and try to sell by getting a few
+advertisements put in, and if possible notices in Periodicals.
+
+... David Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and as
+I value praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other
+quality, forgive (if you can) the INSUFFERABLE vanity of my copying the
+last sentence in his note: "I regard your Monograph on Chile as, without
+exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological enquiry." I feel
+inclined to strut like a Turkey-cock!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.III. -- SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+1861-1862.
+
+[The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father with the third chapter of
+'The Variation of Animals and Plants' still on his hands. It had been
+begun in the previous August, and was not finished until March 1861. He
+was, however, for part of this time (I believe during December 1860 and
+January 1861) engaged in a new edition (2000 copies) of the 'Origin,'
+which was largely corrected and added to, and was published in April
+1861.
+
+With regard to this, the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in
+December 1860:--
+
+"I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+print off--the more the better for me in all ways, as far as compatible
+with safety; for I hope never again to make so many corrections, or
+rather additions, which I have made in hopes of making my many rather
+stupid reviewers at least understand what is meant. I hope and think I
+shall improve the book considerably."
+
+An interesting feature in the new edition was the "Historical Sketch of
+the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species" (The Historical
+Sketch had already appeared in the first German edition (1860) and the
+American edition. Bronn states in the German edition (footnote, page
+1) that it was his critique in the 'N. Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie' that
+suggested the idea of such a sketch to my father.) which now appeared
+for the first time, and was continued in the later editions of the work.
+It bears a strong impress of the author's personal character in the
+obvious wish to do full justice to all his predecessors,--though even in
+this respect it has not escaped some adverse criticism.
+
+Towards the end of the present year (1861), the final arrangements
+for the first French edition of the 'Origin' were completed, and in
+September a copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle.
+Clemence Royer, who undertook the work of translation. The book was now
+spreading on the Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we
+have seen, a German translation had been published in 1860. In a letter
+to Mr. Murray (September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting
+much attention in Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent
+me." The silence had been broken, and in a few years the voice of
+German science was to become one of the strongest of the advocates of
+evolution.
+
+During all the early part of the year (1861) he was working at the
+mass of details which are marshalled in order in the early chapter of
+'Animals and Plants.' Thus in his Diary occur the laconic entries, "May
+16, Finished Fowls (eight weeks); May 31, Ducks."
+
+On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+until August 27--a holiday which he characteristically enters in his
+diary as "eight weeks and a day." The house he occupied was in Hesketh
+Crescent, a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea,
+somewhat removed from what was then the main body of the town, and
+not far from the beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of
+Anstey's Cove.
+
+During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked
+at the fertilisation of orchids. This part of the year 1861 is not dealt
+with in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the
+record of his life, as told in his letters, seems to become clearer
+when the whole of his botanical work is placed together and treated
+separately. The present series of chapters will, therefore, include only
+the progress of his works in the direction of a general amplification of
+the 'Origin of Species'--e.g., the publication of 'Animals and Plants,'
+'Descent of Man,' etc.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 15 [1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+The sight of your handwriting always rejoices the very cockles of my
+heart...
+
+I most fully agree to what you say about Huxley's Article ('Natural
+History Review,' 1861, page 67, "On the Zoological Relations of Man with
+the Lower Animals." This memoir had its origin in a discussion at the
+previous meeting of the British Association, when Professor Huxley
+felt himself "compelled to give a diametrical contradiction to certain
+assertions respecting the differences which obtain between the brains
+of the higher apes and of man, which fell from Professor Owen." But in
+order that his criticisms might refer to deliberately recorded words, he
+bases them on Professor Owen's paper, "On the Characters, etc., of the
+Class Mammalia," read before the Linnean Society in February and April,
+1857, in which he proposed to place man not only in a distinct order,
+but in "a distinct su-class of the Mammalia"--the Archencephala.),
+and the power of writing... The whole review seems to me excellent. How
+capitally Oliver has done the resume of botanical books. Good Heavens,
+how he must have read!...
+
+I quite agree that Phillips ('Life on the Earth' (1860), by Prof.
+Phillips, containing the substance of the Rede Lecture (May 1860).)
+is unreadably dull. You need not attempt Bree. (The following sentence
+(page 16) from 'Species not Transmutable,' by Dr. Bree, illustrates the
+degree in which he understood the 'Origin of Species': "The only real
+difference between Mr. Darwin and his two predecessors" [Lamarck and the
+'Vestiges'] "is this:--that while the latter have each given a mode by
+which they conceive the great changes they believe in have been brought
+about, Mr. Darwin does no such thing." After this we need not be
+surprised at a passage in the preface: "No one has derived greater
+pleasure than I have in past days from the study of Mr. Darwin's other
+works, and no one has felt a greater degree of regret that he should
+have imperilled his fame by the publication of his treatise upon the
+'Origin of Species.'")...
+
+If you come across Dr. Freke on 'Origin of Species by means of Organic
+Affinity,' read a page here and there... He tells the reader to observe
+[that his result] has been arrived at by "induction," whereas all my
+results are arrived at only by "analogy." I see a Mr. Neale has read
+a paper before the Zoological Society on 'Typical Selection;' what it
+means I know not. I have not read H. Spencer, for I find that I must
+more and more husband the very little strength which I have. I sometimes
+suspect I shall soon entirely fail... As soon as this dreadful weather
+gets a little milder, I must try a little water cure. Have you read the
+'Woman in White'? the plot is wonderfully interesting. I can recommend
+a book which has interested me greatly, viz. Olmsted's 'Journey in the
+Back Country.' It is an admirably lively picture of man and slavery in
+the Southern States...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. February 2, 1861.
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have thought you would like to read the enclosed passage in a letter
+from A. Gray (who is printing his reviews as a pamphlet ("Natural
+Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology," from the 'Atlantic
+Monthly' for July, August, and October, 1860; published by Trubner.),
+and will send copies to England), as I think his account is really
+favourable in high degree to us:--
+
+"I wish I had time to write you an account of the lengths to which Bowen
+and Agassiz, each in their own way, are going. The first denying all
+heredity (all transmission except specific) whatever. The second
+coming near to deny that we are genetically descended from our
+great-grea-grandfathers; and insisting that evidently affiliated
+languages, e.g. Latin, Greek, Sanscrit, owe none of their similarities
+to a community of origin, are all autochthonal; Agassiz admits that the
+derivation of languages, and that of species or forms, stand on the same
+foundation, and that he must allow the latter if he allows the former,
+which I tell him is perfectly logical."
+
+Is not this marvellous?
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 4 [1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I was delighted to get your long chatty letter, and to hear that you are
+thawing towards science. I almost wish you had remained frozen rather
+longer; but do not thaw too quickly and strongly. No one can work long
+as you used to do. Be idle; but I am a pretty man to preach, for I
+cannot be idle, much as I wish it, and am never comfortable except when
+at work. The word holiday is written in a dead language for me, and much
+I grieve at it. We thank you sincerely for your kind sympathy about
+poor H. [his daughter]... She has now come up to her old point, and can
+sometimes get up for an hour or two twice a day... Never to look to the
+future or as little as possible is becoming our rule of life. What
+a different thing life was in youth with no dread in the future; all
+golden, if baseless, hopes.
+
+... With respect to the 'Natural History Review' I can hardly think
+that ladies would be so very sensitive about "lizards' guts;" but the
+publication is at present certainly a sort of hybrid, and original
+illustrated papers ought hardly to appear in a review. I doubt its ever
+paying; but I shall much regret if it dies. All that you say seems very
+sensible, but could a review in the strict sense of the word be filled
+with readable matter?
+
+I have been doing little, except finishing the new edition of the
+'Origin,' and crawling on most slowly with my volume of 'Variation under
+Domestication'...
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Mr. Bates's paper, "Contributions to
+an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley," in the 'Transactions of the
+Entomological Society,' vol.5, N.S. (The paper was read November 24,
+1860.) Mr. Bates points out that with the return, after the glacial
+period, of a warmer climate in the equatorial regions, the "species then
+living near the equator would retreat north and south to their
+former homes, leaving some of their congeners, slowly modified
+subsequently... to re-people the zone they had forsaken." In this case
+the species now living at the equator ought to show clear relationship
+to the species inhabiting the regions about the 25th parallel, whose
+distant relatives they would of course be. But this is not the case,
+and this is the difficulty my father refers to. Mr. Belt has offered
+an explanation in his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua' (1874), page 266. "I
+believe the answer is that there was much extermination during the
+glacial period, that many species (and some genera, etc., as, for
+instance, the American horse), did not survive it... but that a refuge
+was found for many species on lands now below the ocean, that were
+uncovered by the lowering of the sea, caused by the immense quantity of
+water that was locked up in frozen masses on the land."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, 27th [March 1861].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I had intended to have sent you Bates's article this very day. I am so
+glad you like it. I have been extremely much struck with it. How well
+he argues, and with what crushing force against the glacial doctrine. I
+cannot wriggle out of it: I am dumbfounded; yet I do believe that
+some explanation some day will appear, and I cannot give up equatorial
+cooling. It explains so much and harmonises with so much. When you
+write (and much interested I shall be in your letter) please say how far
+floras are generally uniform in generic character from 0 to 25 degrees
+N. and S.
+
+Before reading Bates, I had become thoroughly dissatisfied with what I
+wrote to you. I hope you may get Bates to write in the 'Linnean.'
+
+Here is a good joke: H.C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+review the new edition (third edition of 2000 copies, published in
+April, 1861.) of the 'Origin') says that in the first four paragraphs of
+the introduction, the words "I," "me," "my," occur forty-three times!
+I was dimly conscious of the accursed fact. He says it can be explained
+phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that I am the most
+egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so. I wonder whether
+he will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the parentheses in
+Wollaston's writing.
+
+_I_ am, MY dear Hooker, ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, [April] 23? [1861].
+
+... I quite agree with what you say on Lieutenant Hutton's Review (In the
+'Geologist,' 1861, page 132, by Lieutenant Frederick Wollaston Hutton,
+now Professor of Biology and Geology at Canterbury College, New
+Zealand.) (who he is I know not); it struck me as very original. He
+is one of the very few who see that the change of species cannot be
+directly proved, and that the doctrine must sink or swim according as it
+groups and explains phenomena. It is really curious how few judge it in
+this way, which is clearly the right way. I have been much interested by
+Bentham's paper ("On the Species and Genera of Plants, etc.," 'Natural
+History Review,' 1861, page 133.) in the N.H.R., but it would not, of
+course, from familiarity strike you as it did me. I liked the whole; all
+the facts on the nature of close and varying species. Good Heavens! to
+think of the British botanists turning up their noses, and saying that
+he knows nothing of British plants! I was also pleased at his remarks on
+classification, because it showed me that I wrote truly on this subject
+in the 'Origin.' I saw Bentham at the Linnean Society, and had some
+talk with him and Lubbock, and Edgeworth, Wallich, and several others. I
+asked Bentham to give us his ideas of species; whether partially with us
+or dead against us, he would write EXCELLENT matter. He made no answer,
+but his manner made me think he might do so if urged; so do you attack
+him. Every one was speaking with affection and anxiety of Henslow.
+(Prof. Henslow was in his last illness.) I dined with Bell at the
+Linnean Club, and liked my dinner... Dining out is such a novelty to
+me that I enjoyed it. Bell has a real good heart. I liked Rolleston's
+paper, but I never read anything so obscure and not sel-evident as his
+'Canons.' (George Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., 1829-1881. Linacre Professor
+of Anatomy and Physiology at Oxford. A man of much learning, who left
+but few published works, among which may be mentioned his handbook
+'Forms of Animal Life.' For the 'Canons,' see 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1861,
+page 206.)... I called on R. Chambers, at his very nice house in St.
+John's Wood, and had a very pleasant half-hour's talk; he is really a
+capital fellow. He made one good remark and chuckled over it, that
+the laymen universally had treated the controversy on the 'Essays and
+Reviews' as a merely professional subject, and had not joined in it, but
+had left it to the clergy. I shall be anxious for your next letter about
+Henslow. (Sir Joseph Hooker was Prof. Henslow's son-in-law.) Farewell,
+with sincere sympathy, my old friend,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--We are very much obliged for the 'London Review.' We like
+reading much of it, and the science is incomparably better than in the
+"Athenaeum". You shall not go on very long sending it, as you will be
+ruined by pennies and trouble, but I am under a horrid spell to the
+"Athenaeum" and the "Gardener's Chronicle", but I have taken them in for
+so many years, that I CANNOT give them up.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Lyell's visit to the Biddenham gravel-pits
+near Bedford in April 1861. The visit was made at the invitation of Mr.
+James Wyatt, who had recently discovered two stone implements "at
+the depth of thirteen feet from the surface of the soil," resting
+"immediately on solid beds of oolitic-limestone." ('Antiquity of Man,'
+fourth edition, page 214.) Here, says Sir C. Lyell, "I... for the first
+time, saw evidence which satisfied me of the chronological relations of
+those three phenomena--the antique tools, the extinct mammalia, and the
+glacial formation."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 12 [1861].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been most deeply interested by your letter. You seem to have done
+the grandest work, and made the greatest step, of any one with respect
+to man.
+
+It is an especial relief to hear that you think the French superficial
+deposits are deltoid and semi-marine; but two days ago I was saying to
+a friend, that the unknown manner of the accumulation of these deposits,
+seemed the great blot in all the work done. I could not stomach debacles
+or lacustrine beds. It is grand. I remember Falconer told me that he
+thought some of the remains in the Devonshire caverns were pre-glacial,
+and this, I presume, is now your conclusion for the older celts with
+hyena and hippopotamus. It is grand. What a fine long pedigree you have
+given the human race!
+
+I am sure I never thought of parallel roads having been accumulated
+during subsidence. I think I see some difficulties on this view, though,
+at first reading your note, I jumped at the idea. But I will think over
+all I saw there. I am (stomacho volente) coming up to London on Tuesday
+to work on cocks and hens, and on Wednesday morning, about a quarter
+before ten, I will call on you (unless I hear to the contrary), for I
+long to see you. I congratulate you on your grand work.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Tell Lady Lyell that I was unable to digest the funereal
+ceremonies of the ants, notwithstanding that Erasmus has often told me
+that I should find some day that they have their bishops. After a battle
+I have always seen the ants carry away the dead for food. Ants display
+the utmost economy, and always carry away a dead fellow-creature as
+food. But I have just forwarded two most extraordinary letters to Busk,
+from a backwoodsman in Texas, who has evidently watched ants carefully,
+and declares most positively that they plant and cultivate a kind of
+grass for store food, and plant other bushes for shelter! I do not
+know what to think, except that the old gentleman is not fibbing
+intentionally. I have left the responsibility with Busk whether or no to
+read the letters. (I.e. to read them before the Linnean Society.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON. (Thomas Davidson, F.R.S., born
+in Edinburgh, May 17, 1817; died 1885. His researches were chiefly
+connected with the sciences of geology and palaeontology, and
+were directed especially to the elucidation of the characters,
+classification, history, geological and geographical distribution
+of recent and fossil Brachiopoda. On this subject he brought out an
+important work, 'British Fossil Brachiopoda,' 5 vols. 4to. (Cooper, 'Men
+of the Time,' 1884.)) Down, April 26, 1861.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will excuse me for venturing to make a suggestion to
+you which I am perfectly well aware it is a very remote chance that you
+would adopt. I do not know whether you have read my 'Origin of
+Species'; in that book I have made the remark, which I apprehend will
+be universally admitted, that AS A WHOLE, the fauna of any formation
+is intermediate in character between that of the formations above and
+below. But several really good judges have remarked to me how desirable
+it would be that this should be exemplified and worked out in some
+detail and with some single group of beings. Now every one will admit
+that no one in the world could do this better than you with Brachiopods.
+The result might turn out very unfavourable to the views which I
+hold; if so, so much the better for those who are opposed to me. ("Mr.
+Davidson is not at all a full believer in great changes of species,
+which will make his work all the more valuable.--C. Darwin to R.
+Chambers (April 30, 1861).) But I am inclined to suspect that on the
+whole it would be favourable to the notion of descent with modification;
+for about a year ago, Mr. Salter (John William Salter; 1820- 1869. He
+entered the service of the Geological Survey in 1846, and ultimately
+became its Palaeontologist, on the retirement of Edward Forbes, and
+gave up the office in 1863. He was associated with several well-known
+naturalists in their work--with Sedgwick, Murchison, Lyell, Ramsay,
+and Huxley. There are sixty entries under his name in the Royal Society
+Catalogue. The above facts are taken from an obituary notice of Mr.
+Salter in the 'Geological Magazine,' 1869.) in the Museum in Jermyn
+Street, glued on a board some Spirifers, etc., from three palaeozoic
+stages, and arranged them in single and branching lines, with horizontal
+lines marking the formations (like the diagram in my book, if you
+know it), and the result seemed to me very striking, though I was too
+ignorant fully to appreciate the lines of affinities. I longed to have
+had these shells engraved, as arranged by Mr. Salter, and connected by
+dotted lines, and would have gladly paid the expense: but I could not
+persuade Mr. Salter to publish a little paper on the subject. I can
+hardly doubt that many curious points would occur to any one thoroughly
+instructed in the subject, who would consider a group of beings under
+this point of view of descent with modification. All those forms which
+have come down from an ancient period very slightly modified ought,
+I think, to be omitted, and those forms alone considered which have
+undergone considerable change at each successive epoch. My fear
+is whether brachiopods have changed enough. The absolute amount of
+difference of the forms in such groups at the opposite extremes of time
+ought to be considered, and how far the early forms are intermediate in
+character between those which appeared much later in time. The antiquity
+of a group is not really diminished, as some seem vaguely to think,
+because it has transmitted to the present day closely allied forms.
+Another point is how far the succession of each genus is unbroken, from
+the first time it appeared to its extinction, with due allowance made
+for formations poor in fossils. I cannot but think that an important
+essay (far more important than a hundred literary reviews) might be
+written by one like yourself, and without very great labour. I know it
+is highly probable that you may not have leisure, or not care for, or
+dislike the subject, but I trust to your kindness to forgive me for
+making this suggestion. If by any extraordinary good fortune you were
+inclined to take up this notion, I would ask you to read my Chapter X.
+on Geological Succession. And I should like in this case to be permitted
+to send you a copy of the new edition, just published, in which I have
+added and corrected somewhat in Chapters IX. and X.
+
+Pray excuse this long letter, and believe me, My dear Sir, yours very
+faithfully, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I write so bad a hand that I have had this note copied.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOMAS DAVIDSON. Down, April 30, 1861.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you warmly for your letter; I did not in the least know that you
+had attended to my work. I assure you that the attention which you have
+paid to it, considering your knowledge and the philosophical tone of
+your mind (for I well remember one remarkable letter you wrote to me,
+and have looked through your various publications), I consider one
+of the highest, perhaps the very highest, compliments which I have
+received. I live so solitary a life that I do not often hear what goes
+on, and I should much like to know in what work you have published some
+remarks on my book. I take a deep interest in the subject, and I hope
+not simply an egotistical interest; therefore you may believe how much
+your letter has gratified me; I am perfectly contented if any one
+will fairly consider the subject, whether or not he fully or only
+very slightly agrees with me. Pray do not think that I feel the least
+surprise at your demurring to a ready acceptance; in fact, I should
+not much respect anyone's judgment who did so: that is, if I may judge
+others from the long time which it has taken me to go round. Each stage
+of belief cost me years. The difficulties are, as you say, many and very
+great; but the more I reflect, the more they seem to me to be due to our
+underestimating our ignorance. I belong so much to old times that I find
+that I weigh the difficulties from the imperfection of the geological
+record, heavier than some of the younger men. I find, to my astonishment
+and joy, that such good men as Ramsay, Jukes, Geikie, and one old
+worker, Lyell, do not think that I have in the least exaggerated the
+imperfection of the record. (Professor Sedgwick treated this part of the
+'Origin of Species' very differently, as might have been expected from
+his vehement objection to Evolution in general. In the article in the
+"Spectator" of March 24, 1860, already noticed, Sedgwick wrote: "We know
+the complicated organic phenomena of the Mesozoic (or Oolitic) period.
+It defies the transmutationist at every step. Oh! but the document, says
+Darwin, is a fragment; I will interpolate long periods to account for
+all the changes. I say, in reply, if you deny my conclusion, grounded
+on positive evidence, I toss back your conclusion, derived from negative
+evidence,--the inflated cushion on which you try to bolster up the
+defects of your hypothesis." [The punctuation of the imaginary dialogue
+is slightly altered from the original, which is obscure in one place.])
+If my views ever are proved true, our current geological views will have
+to be considerably modified. My greatest trouble is, not being able
+to weigh the direct effects of the long-continued action of changed
+conditions of life without any selection, with the action of selection
+on mere accidental (so to speak) variability. I oscillate much on this
+head, but generally return to my belief that the direct action of the
+conditions of life has not been great. At least this direct action can
+have played an extremely small part in producing all the numberless
+and beautiful adaptations in every living creature. With respect to
+a person's belief, what does rather surprise me is that any one (like
+Carpenter) should be willing TO GO SO VERY FAR as to believe that all
+birds may have descended from one parent, and not go a little farther
+and include all the members of the same great division; for on such a
+scale of belief, all the facts in Morphology and in Embryology (the
+most important in my opinion of all subjects) become mere Divine
+mockeries... I cannot express how profoundly glad I am that some day you
+will publish your theoretical view on the modification and endurance of
+Brachiopodous species; I am sure it will be a most valuable contribution
+to knowledge.
+
+Pray forgive this very egotistical letter, but you yourself are partly
+to blame for having pleased me so much. I have told Murray to send a
+copy of my new edition to you, and have written your name.
+
+With cordial thanks, pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In Mr. Davidson's Monograph on British Brachiopoda, published shortly
+afterwards by the Palaeontographical Society, results such as my father
+anticipated were to some extent obtained. "No less than fifteen commonly
+received species are demonstrated by Mr. Davidson by the aid of a
+long series of transitional forms to appertain to... one type." "Lyell,
+'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 428.)
+
+In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, my father had a good
+deal of correspondence with Professor Asa Gray on a subject to which
+reference has already been made--the publication in the form of a
+pamphlet, of Professor Gray's three articles in the July, August,
+and October numbers of the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 1860. The pamphlet was
+published by Messrs. Trubner, with reference to whom my father wrote,
+"Messrs. Trubner have been most liberal and kind, and say they shall
+make no charge for all their trouble. I have settled about a few
+advertisements, and they will gratuitously insert one in their own
+periodicals."
+
+The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's
+'Darwiniana,' page 87, under the title "Natural Selection not
+inconsistent with Natural Theology." The pamphlet found many admirers
+among those most capable of judging of its merits, and my father
+believed that it was of much value in lessening opposition, and making
+converts to Evolution. His high opinion of it is shown not only in his
+letters, but by the fact that he inserted a special notice of it in a
+most prominent place in the third edition of the 'Origin.' Lyell, among
+others, recognised its value as an antidote to the kind of criticism
+from which the cause of Evolution suffered. Thus my father wrote to Dr.
+Gray:--"Just to exemplify the use of your pamphlet, the Bishop of London
+was asking Lyell what he thought of the review in the 'Quarterly,' and
+Lyell answered, 'Read Asa Gray in the 'Atlantic.'". It comes out very
+clearly that in the case of such publications as Dr. Gray's, my father
+did not rejoice over the success of his special view of Evolution, viz.
+that modification is mainly due to Natural Selection; on the contrary,
+he felt strongly that the really important point was that the doctrine
+of Descent should be accepted. Thus he wrote to Professor Gray (May 11,
+1863), with reference to Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man':--
+
+"You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he
+declines to be a judge... I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had
+pronounced against me. When I say 'me,' I only mean CHANGE OF SPECIES
+BY DESCENT. That seems to me the turning-point. Personally, of course,
+I care much about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly
+unimportant, compared to the question of Creation OR Modification."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, April 11 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I was very glad to get your photograph: I am expecting mine, which I
+will send off as soon as it comes. It is an ugly affair, and I fear the
+fault does not lie with the photographer... Since writing last, I have
+had several letters full of the highest commendation of your Essay; all
+agree that it is by far the best thing written, and I do not doubt it
+has done the 'Origin' much good. I have not yet heard how it has sold.
+You will have seen a review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". Poor dear
+Henslow, to whom I owe much, is dying, and Hooker is with him. Many
+thanks for two sets of sheets of your Proceedings. I cannot understand
+what Agassiz is driving at. You once spoke, I think, of Professor Bowen
+as a very clever man. I should have thought him a singularly unobservant
+man from his writings. He never can have seen much of animals, or he
+would have seen the difference of old and wise dogs and young ones.
+His paper about hereditariness beats everything. Tell a breeder that
+he might pick out his worst INDIVIDUAL animals and breed from them, and
+hope to win a prize, and he would think you... insane.
+
+
+[Professor Henslow died on May 16, 1861, from a complication of
+bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, and enlargement of the heart. His
+strong constitution was slow in giving way, and he lingered for weeks
+in a painful condition of weakness, knowing that his end was near,
+and looking at death with fearless eyes. In Mr. Blomefield's (Jenyns)
+'Memoir of Henslow' (1862) is a dignified and touching description
+of Prof. Sedgwick's farewell visit to his old friend. Sedgwick said
+afterwards that he had never seen "a human being whose soul was nearer
+heaven."
+
+My father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker on hearing of Henslow's death, "I
+fully believe a better man never walked this earth."
+
+He gave his impressions of Henslow's character in Mr. Blomefield's
+'Memoir.' In reference to these recollections he wrote to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (May 30, 1861):--
+
+"This morning I wrote my recollections and impressions of character
+of poor dear Henslow about the year 1830. I liked the job, and so have
+written four or five pages, now being copied. I do not suppose you will
+use all, of course you can chop and change as much as you like. If more
+than a sentence is used, I should like to see a proof-page, as I never
+can write decently till I see it in print. Very likely some of my
+remarks may appear too trifling, but I thought it best to give my
+thoughts as they arose, for you or Jenyns to use as you think fit.
+
+"You will see that I have exceeded your request, but, as I said when
+I began, I took pleasure in writing my impression of his admirable
+character."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 5 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have been rather extra busy, so have been slack in answering your note
+of May 6th. I hope you have received long ago the third edition of the
+'Origin.'... I have heard nothing from Trubner of the sale of your Essay,
+hence fear it has not been great; I wrote to say you could supply
+more. I send a copy to Sir J. Herschel, and in his new edition of his
+'Physical Geography' he has a note on the 'Origin of Species,'
+and agrees, to a certain limited extent, but puts in a caution on
+design--much like yours... I have been led to think more on this subject
+of late, and grieve to say that I come to differ more from you. It is
+not that designed variation makes, as it seems to me, my deity "Natural
+Selection" superfluous, but rather from studying, lately, domestic
+variation, and seeing what an enormous field of undesigned variability
+there is ready for natural selection to appropriate for any purpose
+useful to each creature.
+
+I thank you much for sending me your review of Phillips. ('Life on the
+Earth,' 1860.) I remember once telling you a lot of trades which you
+ought to have followed, but now I am convinced that you are a born
+reviewer. By Jove, how well and often you hit the nail on the head! You
+rank Phillips's book higher than I do, or than Lyell does, who thinks it
+fearfully retrograde. I amused myself by parodying Phillips's argument
+as applied to domestic variation; and you might thus prove that the
+duck or pigeon has not varied because the goose has not, though more
+anciently domesticated, and no good reason can be assigned why it has
+not produced many varieties ...
+
+I never knew the newspapers so profoundly interesting. North America
+does not do England justice; I have not seen or heard of a soul who is
+not with the North. Some few, and I am one of them, even wish to God,
+though at the loss of millions of lives, that the North would proclaim a
+crusade against slavery. In the long-run, a million horrid deaths would
+be amply repaid in the cause of humanity. What wonderful times we live
+in! Massachusetts seems to show noble enthusiasm. Great God! How I
+should like to see the greatest curse on earth--slavery--abolished!
+
+Farewell. Hooker has been absorbed with poor dear revered Henslow's
+affairs. Farewell.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+HUGH FALCONER TO CHARLES DARWIN. 31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me a live Proteus
+anguinus, designed for you from the moment I got it; i.e. if you have
+got an aquarium and would care to have it. I only returned last night
+from the continent, and hearing from your brother that you are about
+to go to Torquay, I lose no time in making you the offer. The poor
+dear animal is still alive--although it has had no appreciable means
+of sustenance for a month--and I am most anxious to get rid of the
+responsibility of starving it longer. In your hands it will thrive and
+have a fair chance of being developed without delay into some type of
+the Columbidae--say a Pouter or a Tumbler.
+
+My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+Germany lately. Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+essay canvassed--the views of course often dissented from, according to
+the special bias of the speaker--but the work, its honesty of purpose,
+grandeur of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous
+exposition, always referred to in terms of the highest admiration. And
+among your warmest friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just
+appreciation of Charles Darwin than did
+
+Yours very truly, H. FALCONER.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HUGH FALCONER. Down [June 24, 1861].
+
+My dear Falconer,
+
+I have just received your note, and by good luck a day earlier than
+properly, and I lose not a moment in answering you, and thanking you
+heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I have no aquarium
+and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a thousand pities
+that I should have it. Yet I should certainly much like to see it, but
+I fear it is impossible. Would not the Zoological Society be the best
+place? and then the interest which many would take in this extraordinary
+animal would repay you for your trouble.
+
+Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this
+specimen, to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen. I
+shall keep your note amongst a very few precious letters. Your kindness
+has quite touched me.
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. 2 Hesketh Crescent, Torquay, July 13
+[1861].
+
+... I hope Harvey is better; I got his review (The 'Dublin Hospital
+Gazette,' May 15, 1861. The passage referred to is at page 150.) of me
+a day or two ago, from which I infer he must be convalescent; it's very
+good and fair; but it is funny to see a man argue on the succession
+of animals from Noah's Deluge; as God did not then wholly destroy man,
+probably he did not wholly destroy the races of other animals at each
+geological period! I never expected to have a helping hand from the Old
+Testament...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 2, Hesketh Crescent, Torquay, July 20
+[1861].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I sent you two or three days ago a duplicate of a good review of the
+'Origin' by a Mr. Maw (Mr. George Maw, of Benthall Hall. The review was
+published in the 'Zoologist,' July, 1861. On the back of my father's
+copy is written, "Must be consulted before new edit. of 'Origin'"--words
+which are wanting on many more pretentious notices, on which frequently
+occur my father's brief o/-, or "nothing new."), evidently a thoughtful
+man, as I thought you might like to have it, as you have so many...
+
+This is quite a charming place, and I have actually walked, I believe,
+good two miles out and back, which is a grand feat.
+
+I saw Mr. Pengelly (William Pengelly, the geologist, and well-known
+explorer of the Devonshire caves.) the other day, and was pleased at his
+enthusiasm. I do not in the least know whether you are in London. Your
+illness must have lost you much time, but I hope you have nearly got
+your great job of the new edition finished. You must be very busy, if
+in London, so I will be generous, and on honour bright do not expect any
+answer to this dull little note...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, September 17 [1861?].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your very long and interesting letter,
+political and scientific, of August 27th and 29th, and September 2nd
+received this morning. I agree with much of what you say, and I hope
+to God we English are utterly wrong in doubting (1) whether the N. can
+conquer the S.; (2) whether the N. has many friends in the South, and
+(3) whether you noble men of Massachusetts are right in transferring
+your own good feelings to the men of Washington. Again I say I hope to
+God we are wrong in doubting on these points. It is number (3) which
+alone causes England not to be enthusiastic with you. What it may be in
+Lancashire I know not, but in S. England cotton has nothing whatever
+to do with our doubts. If abolition does follow with your victory, the
+whole world will look brighter in my eyes, and in many eyes. It would be
+a great gain even to stop the spread of slavery into the Territories;
+if that be possible without abolition, which I should have doubted. You
+ought not to wonder so much at England's coldness, when you recollect
+at the commencement of the war how many propositions were made to get
+things back to the old state with the old line of latitude, but enough
+of this, all I can say is that Massachusetts and the adjoining States
+have the full sympathy of every good man whom I see; and this sympathy
+would be extended to the whole Federal States, if we could be persuaded
+that your feelings were at all common to them. But enough of this. It
+is out of my line, though I read every word of news, and formerly well
+studied Olmsted...
+
+Your question what would convince me of Design is a poser. If I saw an
+angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others
+seeing him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. If I could be
+convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function
+of other imponderable force, I should be convinced. If man was made of
+brass or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had
+ever lived, I should perhaps be convinced. But this is childish writing.
+
+I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your
+idea of the stream of variation having been led or designed. I have
+asked him (and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether
+he believes that the shape of my nose was designed. If he does I have
+nothing more to say. If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting
+individual differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that
+it is illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection
+preserves for the good of any being have been designed. But I know that
+I am in the same sort of muddle (as I have said before) as all the world
+seems to be in with respect to free will, yet with everything supposed
+to have been foreseen or pre-ordained.
+
+Farewell, my dear Gray, with many thanks for your interesting letter.
+
+Your unmerciful correspondent. C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, December 3 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your extremely interesting letter, and valuable
+references, though God knows when I shall come again to this part of
+my subject. One cannot of course judge of style when one merely hears
+a paper (On Mimetic Butterflies, read before the Linnean Soc., November
+21, 1861. For my father's opinion of it when published, see below.), but
+yours seemed to me very clear and good. Believe me that I estimate its
+value most highly. Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced
+(Hooker and Huxley took the same view some months ago) that a
+philosophic view of nature can solely be driven into naturalists by
+treating special subjects as you have done. Under a special point of
+view, I think you have solved one of the most perplexing problems which
+could be given to solve. I am glad to hear from Hooker that the Linnean
+Society will give plates if you can get drawings...
+
+Do not complain of want of advice during your travels; I dare say
+part of your great originality of views may be due to the necessity of
+sel-exertion of thought. I can understand that your reception at the
+British Museum would damp you; they are a very good set of men, but not
+the sort to appreciate your work. In fact I have long thought that TOO
+MUCH systematic work [and] description somehow blunts the faculties. The
+general public appreciates a good dose of reasoning, or generalisation,
+with new and curious remarks on habits, final causes, etc. etc., far
+more than do the regular naturalists.
+
+I am extremely glad to hear that you have begun your travels... I am very
+busy, but I shall be TRULY glad to render any aid which I can by reading
+your first chapter or two. I do not think I shall be able to correct
+style, for this reason, that after repeated trials I find I cannot
+correct my own style till I see the MS. in type. Some are born with a
+power of good writing, like Wallace; others like myself and Lyell have
+to labour very hard and slowly at every sentence. I find it a very good
+plan, when I cannot get a difficult discussion to please me, to fancy
+that some one comes into the room and asks me what I am doing; and then
+try at once and explain to the imaginary person what it is all about. I
+have done this for one paragraph to myself several times, and sometimes
+to Mrs. Darwin, till I see how the subject ought to go. It is, I think,
+good to read one's MS. aloud. But style to me is a great difficulty;
+yet some good judges think I have succeeded, and I say this to encourage
+you.
+
+What I THINK I can do will be to tell you whether parts had better be
+shortened. It is good, I think, to dash "in media res," and work in
+later any descriptions of country or any historical details which may
+be necessary. Murray likes lots of wood-cuts--give some by all means
+of ants. The public appreciate monkeys--our poor cousins. What sexual
+differences are there in monkeys? Have you kept them tame? if so, about
+their expression. I fear that you will hardly read my vile hand-writing,
+but I cannot without killing trouble write better.
+
+You shall have my candid opinion on your MS., but remember it is hard to
+judge from MS., one reads slowly, and heavy parts seem much heavier. A
+first-rate judge thought my Journal very poor; now that it is in print,
+I happen to know, he likes it. I am sure you will understand why I am so
+egotistical.
+
+I was a LITTLE disappointed in Wallace's book ('Travels on the Amazon
+and Rio Negro,' 1853.) on the Amazon; hardly facts enough. On the other
+hand, in Gosse's book (Probably the 'Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica,'
+1851.) there is not reasoning enough to my taste. Heaven knows whether
+you will care to read all this scribbling...
+
+I am glad you had a pleasant day with Hooker (In a letter to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (December 1861), my father wrote: "I am very glad to hear that
+you like Bates. I have seldom in my life been more struck with a man's
+power of mind."), he is an admirably good man in every sense.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter to Mr. Bates on the same subject
+is interesting as giving an idea of the plan followed by my father in
+writing his 'Naturalist's Voyage:'
+
+"As an old hackneyed author, let me give you a bit of advice, viz.
+to strike out every word which is not quite necessary to the current
+subject, and which could not interest a stranger. I constantly asked
+myself, would a stranger care for this? and struck out or left in
+accordingly. I think too much pains cannot be taken in making the style
+transparently clear and throwing eloquence to the dogs."
+
+Mr. Bates's book, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' was published in
+1865, but the following letter may be given here rather than in its due
+chronological position:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, April 18, 1863.
+
+Dear Bates,
+
+I have finished volume i. My criticisms may be condensed into a single
+sentence, namely, that it is the best work of Natural History Travels
+ever published in England. Your style seems to me admirable. Nothing can
+be better than the discussion on the struggle for existence, and nothing
+better than the description of the Forest scenery. (In a letter to Lyell
+my father wrote: "He [i.e. Mr. Bates] is second only to Humboldt in
+describing a tropical forest.") It is a grand book, and whether or not
+it sells quickly, it will last. You have spoken out boldly on
+Species; and boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer. How
+beautifully illustrated it is. The cut on the back is most tasteful. I
+heartily congratulate you on its publication.
+
+The "Athenaeum" ("I have read the first volume of Bates's Book; it is
+capital, and I think the best Natural History Travels ever published in
+England. He is bold about Species, etc., and the "Athenaeum" coolly
+says 'he bends his facts' for this purpose."--(From a letter to Sir J.D.
+Hooker.)) was rather cold, as it always is, and insolent in the highest
+degree about your leading facts. Have you seen the "Reader"? I can send
+it to you if you have not seen it...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, December 11 [1861].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Many and cordial thanks for your two last most valuable notes. What a
+thing it is that when you receive this we may be at war, and we two be
+bound, as good patriots, to hate each other, though I shall find this
+hating you very hard work. How curious it is to see two countries, just
+like two angry and silly men, taking so opposite a view of the same
+transaction! I fear there is no shadow of doubt we shall fight if the
+two Southern rogues are not given up. (The Confederate Commissioners
+Slidell and Mason were forcibly removed from the "Trent", a West India
+mail steamer on November 8, 1861. The news that the U.S. agreed to
+release them reached England on January 8, 1862.) And what a wretched
+thing it will be if we fight on the side of slavery. No doubt it will be
+said that we fight to get cotton; but I fully believe that this has not
+entered into the motive in the least. Well, thank Heaven, we private
+individuals have nothing to do with so awful a responsibility. Again,
+how curious it is that you seem to think that you can conquer the South;
+and I never meet a soul, even those who would most wish it, who thinks
+it possible--that is, to conquer and retain it. I do not suppose the
+mass of people in your country will believe it, but I feel sure if we
+do go to war it will be with the utmost reluctance by all classes,
+Ministers of Government and all. Time will show, and it is no use
+writing or thinking about it. I called the other day on Dr. Boott, and
+was pleased to find him pretty well and cheerful. I see, by the way, he
+takes quite an English opinion of American affairs, though an American
+in heart. (Dr. Boott was born in the U.S.) Buckle might write a chapter
+on opinion being entirely dependent on longitude!
+
+... With respect to Design, I feel more inclined to show a white flag
+than to fire my usual long-range shot. I like to try and ask you a
+puzzling question, but when you return the compliment I have great
+doubts whether it is a fair way of arguing. If anything is designed,
+certainly man must be: one's "inner consciousness" (though a false
+guide) tells one so; yet I cannot admit that man's rudimentary
+mammae... were designed. If I was to say I believed this, I should
+believe it in the same incredible manner as the orthodox believe the
+Trinity in Unity. You say that you are in a haze; I am in thick mud; the
+orthodox would say in fetid, abominable mud; yet I cannot keep out of
+the question. My dear Gray, I have written a deal of nonsense.
+
+Yours most cordially, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+1862.
+
+[Owing to the illness from scarlet fever of one of his boys, he took
+a house at Bournemouth in the autumn. He wrote to Dr. Gray from
+Southampton (August 21, 1862):--
+
+"We are a wretched family, and ought to be exterminated. We slept here
+to rest our poor boy on his journey to Bournemouth, and my poor dear
+wife sickened with scarlet fever, and has had it pretty sharply, but is
+recovering well. There is no end of trouble in this weary world. I shall
+not feel safe till we are all at home together, and when that will be I
+know not. But it is foolish complaining."
+
+
+Dr. Gray used to send postage stamps to the scarlet fever patient; with
+regard to this good-natured deed my father wrote--
+
+"I must just recur to stamps; my little man has calculated that he
+will now have 6 stamps which no other boy in the school has. Here is a
+triumph. Your last letter was plaistered with many coloured stamps, and
+he long surveyed the envelope in bed with much quiet satisfaction."
+
+
+The greater number of the letters of 1862 deal with the Orchid work, but
+the wave of conversion to Evolution was still spreading, and reviews and
+letters bearing on the subject still came in numbers. As an example
+of the odd letters he received may be mentioned one which arrived in
+January of this year "from a German homoeopathic doctor, an ardent
+admirer of the 'Origin.' Had himself published nearly the same sort of
+book, but goes much deeper. Explains the origin of plants and animals on
+the principles of homoeopathy or by the law of spirality. Book fell dead
+in Germany. Therefore would I translate it and publish it in England."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, [January?] 14 [1862].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I am heartily glad of your success in the North (This refers to two of
+Mr. Huxley's lectures, given before the Philosophical Institution of
+Edinburgh in 1862. The substance of them is given in 'Man's Place
+in Nature.'), and thank you for your note and slip. By Jove you have
+attacked Bigotry in its stronghold. I thought you would have been
+mobbed. I am so glad that you will publish your Lectures. You seem
+to have kept a due medium between extreme boldness and caution. I am
+heartily glad that all went off so well. I hope Mrs. Huxley is pretty
+well... I must say one word on the Hybrid question. No doubt you are
+right that here is a great hiatus in the argument; yet I think you
+overrate it--you never allude to the excellent evidence of VARIETIES of
+Verbascum and Nicotiana being partially sterile together. It is curious
+to me to read (as I have to-day) the greatest crossing GARDENER utterly
+pooh-poohing the distinction which BOTANISTS make on this head, and
+insisting how frequently crossed VARIETIES produce sterile offspring. Do
+oblige me by reading the latter half of my Primula paper in the 'Linn.
+Journal,' for it leads me to suspect that sterility will hereafter have
+to be largely viewed as an acquired or SELECTED character--a view which
+I wish I had had facts to maintain in the 'Origin.' (The view here given
+will be discussed in the chapter on hetero-styled plants.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 25 [1862].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Many thanks for your last Sunday's letter, which was one of the
+pleasantest I ever received in my life. We are all pretty well
+redivivus, and I am at work again. I thought it best to make a clean
+breast to Asa Gray; and told him that the Boston dinner, etc. etc., had
+quite turned my stomach, and that I almost thought it would be good for
+the peace of the world if the United States were split up; on the
+other hand, I said that I groaned to think of the slave-holders being
+triumphant, and that the difficulties of making a line of separation
+were fearful. I wonder what he will say... Your notion of the Aristocrat
+being kenspeckle, and the best men of a good lot being thus easily
+selected is new to me, and striking. The 'Origin' having made you in
+fact a jolly old Tory, made us all laugh heartily. I have sometimes
+speculated on this subject; primogeniture (My father had a strong
+feeling as to the injustice of primogeniture, and in a similar spirit
+was often indignant over the unfair wills that appear from time to time.
+He would declare energetically that if he were law-giver no will should
+be valid that was not published in the testator's lifetime; and this he
+maintained would prevent much of the monstrous injustice and meanness
+apparent in so many wills.) is dreadfully opposed to selection; suppose
+the first-born bull was necessarily made by each farmer the begetter
+of his stock! On the other hand, as you say, ablest men are continually
+raised to the peerage, and get crossed with the older Lord-breeds, and
+the Lords continually select the most beautiful and charming women out
+of the lower ranks; so that a good deal of indirect selection improves
+the Lords. Certainly I agree with you the present American row has
+a very Torifying influence on us all. I am very glad to hear you are
+beginning to print the 'Genera;' it is a wonderful satisfaction to be
+thus brought to bed, indeed it is one's chief satisfaction, I think,
+though one knows that another bantling will soon be developing...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MAXWELL MASTERS. (Dr. Masters is a well-known
+vegetable teratologist, and has been for many years the editor of the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle".) Down, February 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am much obliged to you for sending me your article (Refers to a paper
+on "Vegetable Morphology," by Dr. Masters, in the 'British and Foreign
+Medic-Chirurgical Review' for 1862), which I have just read with much
+interest. The history, and a good deal besides, was quite new to me. It
+seems to me capitally done, and so clearly written. You really ought to
+write your larger work. You speak too generously of my book; but I must
+confess that you have pleased me not a little; for no one, as far as I
+know, has ever remarked on what I say on classification--a part, which
+when I wrote it, pleased me. With many thanks to you for sending me your
+article, pray believe me,
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of this year (1862) my father read the second volume of
+Buckle's 'History of Civilisation." The following strongly expressed
+opinion about it may be worth quoting:--
+
+"Have you read Buckle's second volume? It has interested me greatly;
+I do not care whether his views are right or wrong, but I should think
+they contained much truth. There is a noble love of advancement and
+truth throughout; and to my taste he is the very best writer of the
+English language that ever lived, let the other be who he may."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, March 15 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Thanks for the newspapers (though they did contain digs at England),
+and for your note of February 18th. It is really almost a pleasure to
+receive stabs from so smooth, polished, and sharp a dagger as your
+pen. I heartily wish I could sympathise more fully with you, instead of
+merely hating the South. We cannot enter into your feelings; if Scotland
+were to rebel, I presume we should be very wrath, but I do not think we
+should care a penny what other nations thought. The millennium must come
+before nations love each other; but try and do not hate me. Think of me,
+if you will as a poor blinded fool. I fear the dreadful state of affairs
+must dull your interest in Science...
+
+I believe that your pamphlet has done my book GREAT good; and I thank
+you from my heart for myself; and believing that the views are in large
+part true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn.
+Natural Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and
+on the Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French (In
+June, 1862, my father wrote to Dr. Gray: "I received, 2 or 3 days ago, a
+French translation of the 'Origin,' by a Madlle. Royer, who must be one
+of the cleverest and oddest women in Europe: is an ardent Deist, and
+hates Christianity, and declares that natural selection and the struggle
+for life will explain all morality, nature of man, politics, etc. etc.!
+She makes some very curious and good hits, and says she shall publish
+a book on these subjects." Madlle. Royer added foot-notes to her
+translation, and in many places where the author expresses great doubt,
+she explains the difficulty, or points out that no real difficulty
+exists.) one has just appeared. One of the best men, though at present
+unknown, who has taken up these views, is Mr. Bates; pray read his
+'Travels in Amazonia,' when they appear; they will be very good, judging
+from MS. of the first two chapters.
+
+... Again I say, do not hate me.
+
+Ever yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. 1 Carlton Terrace, Southampton (The house of
+his son William.), August 22, [1862].
+
+... I heartily hope that you (I.e. 'The Antiquity of Man.') will be out
+in October... you say that the Bishop and Owen will be down on you; the
+latter hardly can, for I was assured that Owen in his Lectures this
+spring advanced as a new idea that wingless birds had lost their wings
+by disuse, also that magpies stole spoons, etc., from a REMNANT of
+some instinct like that of the Bower-Bird, which ornaments its
+playing-passage with pretty feathers. Indeed, I am told that he hinted
+plainly that all birds are descended from one...
+
+Your P.S. touches on, as it seems to me, very difficult points. I am
+glad to see [that] in the 'Origin,' I only say that the naturalists
+generally consider that low organisms vary more than high; and this I
+think certainly is the general opinion. I put the statement this way to
+show that I considered it only an opinion probably true. I must own that
+I do not at all trust even Hooker's contrary opinion, as I feel pretty
+sure that he has not tabulated any result. I have some materials at
+home, I think I attempted to make this point out, but cannot remember
+the result.
+
+Mere variability, though the necessary foundation of all modifications,
+I believe to be almost always present, enough to allow of any amount of
+selected change; so that it does not seem to me at all incompatible
+that a group which at any one period (or during all successive periods)
+varies less, should in the long course of time have undergone more
+modification than a group which is generally more variable.
+
+Placental animals, e.g. might be at each period less variable than
+Marsupials, and nevertheless have undergone more DIFFERENTIATION and
+development than marsupials, owing to some advantage, probably brain
+development.
+
+I am surprised, but do not pretend to form an opinion at Hooker's
+statement that higher species, genera, etc., are best limited. It seems
+to me a bold statement.
+
+Looking to the 'Origin,' I see that I state that the productions of the
+land seem to change quicker than those of the sea (Chapter X., page 339,
+3d edition), and I add there is some reason to believe that organisms
+considered high in the scale change quicker than those that are low. I
+remember writing these sentences after much deliberation... I remember
+well feeling much hesitation about putting in even the guarded sentences
+which I did. My doubts, I remember, related to the rate of change of
+the Radiata in the Secondary formation, and of the Foraminifera in the
+oldest Tertiary beds...
+
+Good night, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, October 1 [1862].
+
+... I found here (On his return from Bournemouth.) a short and very kind
+note of Falconer, with some pages of his 'Elephant Memoir,' which will
+be published, in which he treats admirably on long persistence of type.
+I thought he was going to make a good and crushing attack on me, but
+to my great satisfaction, he ends by pointing out a loophole, and
+adds (Falconer, "On the American Fossil Elephant," in the 'Nat. Hist.
+Review,' 1863, page 81. The words preceding those cited by my father
+make the meaning of his quotation clearer. The passage begins as
+follows: "The inferences which I draw from these facts are not opposed
+to one of the leading propositions of Darwin's theory. With him," etc.
+etc.) "with him I have no faith that the mammoth and other extinct
+elephants made their appearance suddenly... The most rational view seems
+to be that they are the modified descendants of earlier progenitors,
+etc." This is capital. There will not be soon one good palaeontologist
+who believes in immutability. Falconer does not allow for the
+Proboscidean group being a failing one, and therefore not likely to be
+giving off new races.
+
+He adds that he does not think Natural Selection suffices. I do not
+quite see the force of his argument, and he apparently overlooks that
+I say over and over again that Natural Selection can do nothing without
+variability, and that variability is subject to the most complex fixed
+laws...
+
+
+[In his letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, about the end of this year, are
+occasional notes on the progress of the 'Variation of Animals and
+Plants.' Thus on November 24th he wrote: "I hardly know why I am a
+little sorry, but my present work is leading me to believe rather more
+in the direct action of physical conditions. I presume I regret
+it, because it lessens the glory of natural selection, and is so
+confoundedly doubtful. Perhaps I shall change again when I get all my
+facts under one point of view, and a pretty hard job this will be."
+
+Again, on December 22nd, "To-day I have begun to think of arranging
+my concluding chapters on Inheritance, Reversion, Selection, and such
+things, and am fairly paralyzed how to begin and how to end, and what to
+do, with my huge piles of materials."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 6 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+When your note of October 4th and 13th (chiefly about Max Muller)
+arrived, I was nearly at the end of the same book ('Lectures on the
+Science of Language,' 1st edition 1861.), and had intended recommending
+you to read it. I quite agree that it is extremely interesting, but
+the latter part about the FIRST origin of language much the least
+satisfactory. It is a marvellous problem...[There are] covert sneers at
+me, which he seems to get the better of towards the close of the book.
+I cannot quite see how it will forward "my cause," as you call it; but I
+can see how any one with literary talent (I do not feel up to it) could
+make great use of the subject in illustration. (Language was treated
+in the manner here indicated by Sir C. Lyell in the 'Antiquity of
+Man.' Also by Prof. Schleicher, whose pamphlet was fully noticed in the
+"Reader", February 27, 1864 (as I learn from one of Prof. Huxley's 'Lay
+Sermons').) What pretty metaphors you would make from it! I wish some
+one would keep a lot of the most noisy monkeys, half free, and study
+their means of communication!
+
+A book has just appeared here which will, I suppose, make a noise, by
+Bishop Colenso ('The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua critically examined,'
+six parts, 1862-71.), who, judging from extracts, smashes most of the
+Old testament. Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases
+me, though it is very innocent food, viz., Miss Coopers 'Journal of
+a Naturalist.' Who is she? She seems a very clever woman, and gives a
+capital account of the battle between OUR and YOUR weeds. Does it not
+hurt your Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly? I am sure
+Mrs. Gray will stick up for your own weeds. Ask her whether they are not
+more honest, downright good sort of weeds. The book gives an extremely
+pretty picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though
+so much more gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one
+comfort...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.W. BATES. Down, November 20 [1862].
+
+Dear Bates,
+
+I have just finished, after several reads, your paper. (This refers
+to Mr. Bates's paper, "Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazons
+Valley" ('Linn. Soc. Trans.' xxiii., 1862), in which the now familiar
+subject of mimicry was founded. My father wrote a short review of it in
+the 'Natural History Review,' 1863, page 219, parts of which occur in
+this review almost verbatim in the later editions of the 'Origin of
+Species.' A striking passage occurs showing the difficulties of the case
+from a creationist's point of view:--
+
+"By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the
+Amazonian region acquired their deceptive dress? Most naturalists will
+answer that they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation--an
+answer which will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only
+by long-drawn arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an
+effectual bar to all further enquiry. In this particular case, moreover,
+the creationist will meet with special difficulties; for many of the
+mimicking forms of Leptalis can be shown by a graduated series to
+be merely varieties of one species; other mimickers are undoubtedly
+distinct species, or even distinct genera. So again, some of the
+mimicked forms can be shown to be merely varieties; but the greater
+number must be ranked as distinct species. Hence the creationist will
+have to admit that some of these forms have become imitators, by means
+of the laws of variation, whilst others he must look at as separately
+created under their present guise; he will further have to admit that
+some have been created in imitation of forms not themselves created
+as we now see them, but due to the laws of variation? Prof. Agassiz,
+indeed, would think nothing of this difficulty; for he believes that
+not only each species and each variety, but that groups of individuals,
+though identically the same, when inhabiting distinct countries, have
+been all separately created in due proportional numbers to the wants
+of each land. Not many naturalists will be content thus to believe that
+varieties and individuals have been turned out all ready made, almost as
+a manufacturer turns out toys according to the temporary demand of the
+market.") In my opinion it is one of the most remarkable and admirable
+papers I ever read in my life. The mimetic cases are truly marvellous,
+and you connect excellently a host of analogous facts. The illustrations
+are beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it would have saved the
+reader not a little trouble, if the name of each had been engraved below
+each separate figure. No doubt this would have put the engraver into
+fits, as it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate. I am not at
+all surprised at such a paper having consumed much time. I am rejoiced
+that I passed over the whole subject in the 'Origin,' for I should have
+made a precious mess of it. You have most clearly stated and solved a
+wonderful problem. No doubt with most people this will be the cream
+of the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on
+variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete species,
+is not really more, or at least as valuable, a part. I never conceived
+the process nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the creation
+of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the
+pairing of similar varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts
+seems here wanted. Then, again, what a host of curious miscellaneous
+observations there are--as on related sexual and individual variability:
+these will some day, if I live, be a treasure to me.
+
+With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot
+defend themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds,
+therefore they escape by trickery and deception?
+
+I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of
+the paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent
+attention in it to the mimetic resemblances. Your paper is too good to
+be largely appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls;
+but, rely on it, that it will have LASTING value, and I cordially
+congratulate you on your first great work. You will find, I should
+think, that Wallace will fully appreciate it. How gets on your book?
+Keep your spirits up. A book is no light labour. I have been better
+lately, and working hard, but my health is very indifferent. How is your
+health? Believe me, dear Bates,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IV. -- THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS'
+
+1863-1866.
+
+[His book on animals and plants under domestication was my father's
+chief employment in the year 1863. His diary records the length of time
+spent over the composition of its chapters, and shows the rate at which
+he arranged and wrote out for printing the observations and deductions
+of several years.
+
+The three chapters in volume ii. on inheritance, which occupy 84 pages
+of print, were begun in January and finished on April 1st; the five on
+crossing, making 106 pages, were written in eight weeks, while the two
+chapters on selection, covering 57 pages, were begun on June 16th and
+finished on July 20th.
+
+The work was more than once interrupted by ill health, and in September,
+what proved to be the beginning of a six month's illness, forced him
+to leave home for the water-cure at Malvern. He returned in October and
+remained ill and depressed, in spite of the hopeful opinion of one of
+the most cheery and skilful physicians of the day. Thus he wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker in November:--
+
+"Dr. Brinton has been here (recommended by Busk); he does not believe my
+brain or heart are primarily affected, but I have been so steadily going
+down hill, I cannot help doubting whether I can ever crawl a little
+uphill again. Unless I can, enough to work a little, I hope my life
+may be very short, for to lie on a sofa all day and do nothing but
+give trouble to the best and kindest of wives and good dear children is
+dreadful."
+
+The minor works in this year were a short paper in the 'Natural
+History Review' (N.S. vol. iii. page 115), entitled "On the so-called
+'Auditor-Sac' of Cirripedes," and one in the 'Geological Society's
+Journal' (vol. xix), on the "Thickness of the Pampaean Formation
+near Buenos Ayres." The paper on Cirripedes was called forth by
+the criticisms of a German naturalist Krohn (Krohn stated that the
+structures described by my father as ovaries were in reality salivary
+glands, also that the oviduct runs down to the orifice described in the
+'Monograph of the Cirripedia' as the auditory meatus.), and is of some
+interest in illustration of my father's readiness to admit an error.
+
+With regard to the spread of a belief in Evolution, it could not yet be
+said that the battle was won, but the growth of belief was undoubtedly
+rapid. So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley could write to F.D.
+Maurice (Kingsley's 'Life,' ii, page 171.):
+
+"The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and
+fact."
+
+Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating the growing
+tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the 'Origin of
+Species.' He gave a series of lectures to working men at the School of
+Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the shorthand
+notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4 pence each, under
+the title, 'Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature.' When
+published they were read with interest by my father, who thus refers to
+them in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I am very glad you like Huxley's lectures. I have been very much
+struck with them, especially with the 'Philosophy of Induction.' I have
+quarrelled with him for overdoing sterility and ignoring cases from
+Gartner and Kolreuter about sterile varieties. His Geology is obscure;
+and I rather doubt about man's mind and language. But it seems to
+me ADMIRABLY done, and, as you say, "Oh my," about the praise of the
+'Origin.' I can't help liking it, which makes me rather ashamed of
+myself."
+
+My father admired the clearness of exposition shown in the lectures, and
+in the following letter urges their author to make use of his powers for
+the advantage of students:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. November 5 [1864].
+
+I want to make a suggestion to you, but which may probably have occurred
+to you. -- was reading your Lectures and ended by saying, "I wish he
+would write a book." I answered, "he has just written a great book on
+the skull." "I don't call that a book," she replied, and added, "I want
+something that people can read; he does write so well." Now, with your
+ease in writing, and with knowledge at your fingers' ends, do you not
+think you could write a popular Treatise on Zoology? Of course it would
+be some waste of time, but I have been asked more than a dozen times to
+recommend something for a beginner and could only think of Carpenter's
+Zoology. I am sure that a striking Treatise would do real service to
+science by educating naturalists. If you were to keep a portfolio open
+for a couple of years, and throw in slips of paper as subjects crossed
+your mind, you would soon have a skeleton (and that seems to me the
+difficulty) on which to put the flesh and colours in your inimitable
+manner. I believe such a book might have a brilliant success, but I did
+not intend to scribble so much about it.
+
+Give my kindest remembrance to Mrs. Huxley, and tell her I was looking
+at 'Enoch Arden,' and as I know how she admires Tennyson, I must call
+her attention to two sweetly pretty lines (page 105)...
+
+... and he meant, he said he meant, Perhaps he meant, or partly meant,
+you well.
+
+Such a gem as this is enough to make me young again, and like poetry
+with pristine fervour.
+
+My dear Huxley, Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In another letter (January 1865) he returns to the above suggestion,
+though he was in general strongly opposed to men of science giving up to
+the writing of text-books, or to teaching, the time that might otherwise
+have been given to original research.
+
+"I knew there was very little chance of your having time to write a
+popular Treatise on Zoology, but you are about the one man who could do
+it. At the time I felt it would be almost a sin for you to do it, as
+it would of course destroy some original work. On the other hand
+I sometimes think that general and popular treatises are almost as
+important for the progress of science as original work."
+
+
+The series of letters will continue the history of the year 1863.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, January 3 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am burning with indignation and must exhale... I could not get to sleep
+till past 3 last night for indignation (It would serve no useful purpose
+if I were to go into the matter which so strongly roused my father's
+anger. It was a question of literary dishonesty, in which a friend was
+the sufferer, but which in no way affected himself.)...
+
+Now for pleasanter subjects; we were all amused at your defence of stamp
+collecting and collecting generally... But, by Jove, I can hardly stomach
+a grown man collecting stamps. Who would ever have thought of your
+collecting Wedgwoodware! but that is wholly different, like engravings
+or pictures. We are degenerate descendants of old Josiah W., for we have
+not a bit of pretty ware in the house.
+
+... Notwithstanding the very pleasant reason you give for our not
+enjoying a holiday, namely, that we have no vices, it is a horrid bore.
+I have been trying for health's sake to be idle, with no success. What I
+shall now have to do, will be to erect a tablet in Down Church, "Sacred
+to the Memory, etc.," and officially die, and then publish books, "by
+the late Charles Darwin," for I cannot think what has come over me of
+late; I always suffered from the excitement of talking, but now it has
+become ludicrous. I talked lately 1 1/2 hours (broken by tea by myself)
+with my nephew, and I was [ill] half the night. It is a fearful evil for
+self and family.
+
+Good-night. Ever yours. C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter to Sir Julius von Haast (Sir Julius von Haast was
+a German by birth, but had long been resident in New Zealand. He was,
+in 1862, Government Geologist to the Province of Canterbury.), is an
+example of the sympathy which he felt with the spread and growth of
+science in the colonies. It was a feeling not expressed once only, but
+was frequently present in his mind, and often found utterance. When we,
+at Cambridge, had the satisfaction of receiving Sir J. von Haast into
+our body as a Doctor of Science (July 1886), I had the opportunity of
+hearing from him of the vivid pleasure which this, and other letters
+from my father, gave him. It was pleasant to see how strong had been
+the impression made by my father's warm-hearted sympathy--an impression
+which seemed, after more than twenty years, to be as fresh as when it
+was first received:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS VON HAAST. Down, January 22 [1863].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for sending me your Address and the
+Geological Report. (Address to the 'Philosophical Institute of
+Canterbury (N.Z.).' The "Report" is given in "The New Zealand Government
+Gazette, Province of Canterbury", October 1862.) I have seldom in my
+life read anything more spirited and interesting than your address. The
+progress of your colony makes one proud, and it is really admirable to
+see a scientific institution founded in so young a nation. I thank
+you for the very honourable notice of my 'Origin of Species.' You will
+easily believe how much I have been interested by your striking facts
+on the old glacial period, and I suppose the world might be searched in
+vain for so grand a display of terraces. You have, indeed, a noble
+field for scientific research and discovery. I have been extremely
+much interested by what you say about the tracks of supposed [living]
+mammalia. Might I ask, if you succeed in discovering what the creatures
+are, you would have the great kindness to inform me? Perhaps they may
+turn out something like the Solenhofen bird creature, with its long
+tail and fingers, with claws to its wings! I may mention that in South
+America, in completely uninhabited regions, I found spring rat-traps,
+baited with CHEESE, were very successful in catching the smaller
+mammals. I would venture to suggest to you to urge on some of the
+capable members of your institution to observe annually the rate and
+manner of spreading of European weeds and insects, and especially to
+observe WHAT NATIVE PLANTS MOST FAIL; this latter point has never been
+attended to. Do the introduced hive-bees replace any other insect? etc.
+All such points are, in my opinion, great desiderata in science. What an
+interesting discovery that of the remains of prehistoric man!
+
+Believe me, dear Sir, With the most cordial respect and thanks, Yours
+very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CAMILLE DARESTE. (Professor Dareste is a well-known
+worker in Animal Teratology. He was in 1863 living at Lille, but has
+since then been called to Paris. My father took a special interest in
+Dareste's work on the production of monsters, as bearing on the causes
+of variation.) Down, February 16 [1863].
+
+Dear and respected Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your letter and your pamphlet. I had heard
+(I think in one of M. Quatrefages' books) of your work, and was most
+anxious to read it, but did not know where to find it. You could not
+have made me a more valuable present. I have only just returned
+home, and have not yet read your work; when I do if I wish to ask any
+questions I will venture to trouble you. Your approbation of my book
+on Species has gratified me extremely. Several naturalists in England,
+North America, and Germany, have declared that their opinions on the
+subject have in some degree been modified, but as far as I know, my book
+has produced no effect whatever in France, and this makes me the more
+gratified by your very kind expression of approbation. Pray believe me,
+dear Sir, with much respect,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 24 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am astonished at your note, I have not seen the "Athenaeum" (In the
+'Antiquity of Man,' first edition, page 480, Lyell criticised somewhat
+severely Owen's account of the difference between the Human and Simian
+brains. The number of the "Athenaeum" here referred to (1863, page 262)
+contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's strictures. The surprise
+expressed by my father was at the revival of a controversy which every
+one believed to be closed. Prof. Huxley ("Medical Times", October 25,
+1862, quoted in 'Man's Place in Nature,' page 117) spoke of the "two
+years during which this preposterous controversy has dragged its weary
+length." And this no doubt expressed a very general feeling.) but I have
+sent for it, and may get it to-morrow; and will then say what I think.
+
+I have read Lyell's book. ['The Antiquity of Man.'] the whole certainty
+struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible
+the facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original
+work. The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent. I
+could hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss of novelty was completely
+worn off. But certainly the aggregation of the evidence produced a very
+striking effect on my mind. The chapter comparing language and changes
+of species, seems most ingenious and interesting. He has shown great
+skill in picking out salient points in the argument for change of
+species; but I am deeply disappointed (I do not mean personally) to
+find that his timidity prevents him giving any judgment... From all my
+communications with him I must ever think that he has really entirely
+lost faith in the immutability of species; and yet one of his strongest
+sentences is nearly as follows: "If it should EVER (The italics are not
+Lyell's.) be rendered highly probable that species change by variation
+and natural selection," etc., etc. I had hoped he would have guided the
+public as far as his own belief went... One thing does please me on this
+subject, that he seems to appreciate your work. No doubt the public or a
+part may be induced to think that as he gives to us a larger space than
+to Lamarck, he must think there is something in our views. When reading
+the brain chapter, it struck me forcibly that if he had said openly
+that he believed in change of species, and as a consequence that man was
+derived from some Quadrumanous animal, it would have been very proper
+to have discussed by compilation the differences in the most important
+organ, viz. the brain. As it is, the chapter seems to me to come in
+rather by the head and shoulders. I do not think (but then I am as
+prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so) that it is too severe;
+it struck me as given with judicial force. It might perhaps be said with
+truth that he had no business to judge on a subject on which he knows
+nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent. (You know I
+value and rank high compilers, being one myself!) I have taken you
+at your word, and scribbled at great length. If I get the "Athenaeum"
+to-morrow, I will add my impression of Owen's letter.
+
+... The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday.
+I dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not
+spoken out on species, still less on man. And the best of the joke is
+that he thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old. I
+hope I may have taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall
+PARTICULARLY be glad of your opinion on this head. (On this subject
+my father wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker: "Cordial thanks for your deeply
+interesting letters about Lyell, Owen, and Co. I cannot say how glad
+I am to hear that I have not been unjust about the species-question
+towards Lyell. I feared I had been unreasonable.") When I got his book I
+turned over the pages, and saw he had discussed the subject of species,
+and said that I thought he would do more to convert the public than all
+of us, and now (which makes the case worse for me) I must, in common
+honesty, retract. I wish to Heaven he had said not a word on the
+subject.
+
+WEDNESDAY MORNING:
+
+I have read the "Athenaeum". I do not think Lyell will be nearly so
+much annoyed as you expect. The concluding sentence is no doubt very
+stinging. No one but a good anatomist could unravel Owen's letter; at
+least it is quite beyond me.
+
+... Lyell's memory plays him false when he says all anatomists were
+astonished at Owen's paper ("On the Characters, etc., of the Class
+Mammalia." 'Linn. Soc. Journal,' ii, 1858.); it was often quoted
+with approbation. I WELL remember Lyell's admiration at this new
+classification! (Do not repeat this.) I remember it, because, though
+I knew nothing whatever about the brain, I felt a conviction that a
+classification thus founded on a single character would break down,
+and it seemed to me a great error not to separate more completely the
+Marsupialia...
+
+What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+within, what ought to be, the peaceful realms of science. I will go
+to my own present subject of inheritance and forget it all for a time.
+Farewell, my dear old friend,
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, February 23 [1863].
+
+... If you have time to read you will be interested by parts of Lyell's
+book on man; but I fear that the best part, about the Glacial period,
+may be too geological for any one except a regular geologist. He quotes
+you at the end with gusto. By the way, he told me the other day how
+pleased some had been by hearing that they could purchase your pamphlet.
+The "Parthenon" also speaks of it as the ablest contribution to
+the literature of the subject. It delights me when I see your work
+appreciated.
+
+The Lyells come here this day week, and I shall grumble at his excessive
+caution... The public may well say, if such a man dare not or will not
+speak out his mind, how can we who are ignorant form even a guess on the
+subject? Lyell was pleased when I told him lately that you thought that
+language might be used as an excellent illustration of derivation of
+species; you will see that he has an ADMIRABLE chapter on this...
+
+I read Cairns's excellent Lecture (Prof. J.E. Cairns, 'The Slave Power,
+etc.: an attempt to explain the real issues involved in the American
+contest.' 1862.), which shows so well how your quarrel arose from
+Slavery. It made me for a time wish honestly for the North; but I could
+never help, though I tried, all the time thinking how we should be
+bullied and forced into a war by you, when you were triumphant. But I do
+most truly think it dreadful that the South, with its accursed slavery,
+should triumph, and spread the evil. I think if I had power, which thank
+God, I have not, I would let you conquer the border States, and all west
+of the Mississippi, and then force you to acknowledge the cotton States.
+For do you not now begin to doubt whether you can conquer and hold them?
+I have inflicted a long tirade on you.
+
+"The Times" is getting more detestable (but that is too weak a word)
+than ever. My good wife wishes to give it up, but I tell her that is a
+pitch of heroism to which only a woman is equal. To give up the "Bloody
+Old 'Times'," as Cobbett used to call it, would be to give up meat,
+drink and air. Farewell, my dear Gray,
+
+Yours most truly, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, March 6, [1863].
+
+... I have been of course deeply interested by your book. ('Antiquity
+of Man.') I have hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a
+little on what most interested me. But I will first get out what I hate
+saying, viz., that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not
+given judgment and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation
+of species. I should have been contented if you had boldly said that
+species have not been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt
+as you like on how far variation and natural selection suffices. I hope
+to Heaven I am wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems
+so), but I cannot see how your chapters can do more good than an
+extraordinary able review. I think the "Parthenon" is right, that you
+will leave the public in a fog. No doubt they may infer that as you give
+more space to myself, Wallace, and Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think
+more of us. But I had always thought that your judgment would have been
+an epoch in the subject. All that is over with me, and I will only think
+on the admirable skill with which you have selected the striking points,
+and explained them. No praise can be too strong, in my opinion, for the
+inimitable chapter on language in comparison with species.
+
+(After speculating on the sudden appearance of individuals far above the
+average of the human race, Lyell asks if such leaps upwards in the
+scale of intellect may not "have cleared at one bound the space which
+separated the higher stage of the unprogressive intelligence of the
+inferior animals from the first and lowest form of improvable reason
+manifested by man.") page 505--A sentence at the top of the page makes
+me groan...
+
+I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you
+must know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master.
+I heartily hope and expect that your book will have gigantic circulation
+and may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do. I am tired,
+so no more. I have written so briefly that you will have to guess my
+meaning. I fear my remarks are hardly worth sending. Farewell, with
+kindest remembrance to Lady Lyell.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Mr. Huxley has quoted (vol. i. page 546) some passages from Lyell's
+letters which show his state of mind at this time. The following
+passage, from a letter of March 11th to my father, is also of much
+interest:--
+
+"My feelings, however, more than any thought about policy or expediency,
+prevent me from dogmatising as to the descent of man from the brutes,
+which, though I am prepared to accept it, takes away much of the charm
+from my speculations on the past relating to such matters... But you
+ought to be satisfied, as I shall bring hundreds towards you who, if I
+treated the matter more dogmatically, would have rebelled."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, 12 [March, 1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may say, charming
+letter. I feared you might be huffed for a little time with me. I know
+some men would have been so. I have hardly any more criticisms, anyhow,
+worth writing. But I may mention that I felt a little surprise that
+old B. de Perthes (1788-1868. See footnote below.) was not rather more
+honourably mentioned. I would suggest whether you could not leave out
+some references to the 'Principles;' one for the real student is as
+good as a hundred, and it is rather irritating, and gives a feeling
+of incompleteness to the general reader to be often referred to other
+books. As you say that you have gone as far as you believe on the
+species question, I have not a word to say; but I must feel convinced
+that at times, judging from conversation, expressions, letters, etc.,
+you have as completely given up belief in immutability of specific forms
+as I have done. I must still think a clear expression from you, IF YOU
+COULD HAVE GIVEN IT, would have been potent with the public, and all
+the more so, as you formerly held opposite opinions. The more I work the
+more satisfied I become with variation and natural selection, but that
+part of the case I look at as less important, though more interesting
+to me personally. As you ask for criticisms on this head (and believe
+me that I should not have made them unasked), I may specify (pages 412,
+413) that such words as "Mr. D. labours to show," "is believed by the
+author to throw light," would lead a common reader to think that you
+yourself do NOT at all agree, but merely think it fair to give my
+opinion. Lastly, you refer repeatedly to my view as a modification
+of Lamarck's doctrine of development and progression. If this is your
+deliberate opinion there is nothing to be said, but it does not seem
+so to me. Plato, Buffon, my grandfather before Lamarck, and others,
+propounded the OBVIOUS views that if species were not created separately
+they must have descended from other species, and I can see nothing
+else in common between the 'Origin' and Lamarck. I believe this way
+of putting the case is very injurious to its acceptance, as it implies
+necessary progression, and closely connects Wallace's and my views with
+what I consider, after two deliberate readings, as a wretched book, and
+one from which (I well remember my surprise) I gained nothing. But I
+know you rank it higher, which is curious, as it did not in the least
+shake your belief. But enough, and more than enough. Please remember you
+have brought it all down on yourself!!!
+
+I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation." ("Falconer, whom
+I referred to oftener than to any other author, says I have not done
+justice to the part he took in resuscitating the cave question, and says
+he shall come out with a separate paper to prove it. I offered to alter
+anything in the new edition, but this he declined.--C. Lyell to C.
+Darwin, March 11, 1863; Lyell's 'Life,' vol. ii. page 364.) I hate the
+very word, and have a sincere affection for him.
+
+Did you ever read anything so wretched as the "Athenaeum" reviews of
+you, and of Huxley ('Man's Place in Nature,' 1863.) especially. Your
+OBJECT to make man old, and Huxley's OBJECT to degrade him. The wretched
+writer has not a glimpse what the discovery of scientific truth means.
+How splendid some pages are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be
+popular...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [March 13, 1863].
+
+I should have thanked you sooner for the "Athenaeum" and very pleasant
+previous note, but I have been busy, and not a little uncomfortable from
+frequent uneasy feeling of fullness, slight pain and tickling about
+the heart. But as I have no other symptoms of heart complaint I do not
+suppose it is affected... I have had a most kind and delightfully candid
+letter from Lyell, who says he spoke out as far as he believes. I have
+no doubt his belief failed him as he wrote, for I feel sure that at
+times he no more believed in Creation than you or I. I have grumbled a
+bit in my answer to him at his ALWAYS classing my work as a modification
+of Lamarck's, which it is no more than any author who did not believe in
+immutability of species, and did believe in descent. I am very sorry to
+hear from Lyell that Falconer is going to publish a formal reclamation
+of his own claims...
+
+It is cruel to think of it, but we must go to Malvern in the middle of
+April; it is ruin to me. (He went to Hartfield in Sussex, on April 27,
+and to Malvern in the autumn.)...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, March 17 [1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been much interested by your letters and enclosure, and thank you
+sincerely for giving me so much time when you must be so busy. What a
+curious letter from B. de P. [Boucher de Perthes]. He seems perfectly
+satisfied, and must be a very amiable man. I know something about his
+errors, and looked at his book many years ago, and am ashamed to
+think that I concluded the whole was rubbish! Yet he has done for
+man something like what Agassiz did for glaciers. (In his 'Antiquites
+Celtiques' (1847), Boucher de Perthes described the flint tools found
+at Abbeville with bones of rhinoceros, hyaena, etc. "But the scientific
+world had no faith in the statement that works of art, however rude,
+had been met with in undisturbed beds of such antiquity." ('Antiquity of
+Man,' first edition, page 95).)
+
+I cannot say that I agree with Hooker about the public not liking to
+be told what to conclude, IF COMING FROM ONE IN YOUR POSITION. But I am
+heartily sorry that I was led to make complaints, or something very like
+complaints, on the manner in which you have treated the subject, and
+still more so anything about myself. I steadily ENDEAVOUR never to
+forget my firm belief that no one can at all judge about his own work.
+As for Lamarck, as you have such a man as Grove with you, you are
+triumphant; not that I can alter my opinion that to me it was an
+absolutely useless book. Perhaps this was owing to my always searching
+books for facts, perhaps from knowing my grandfather's earlier and
+identically the same speculation. I will only further say that if I can
+analyse my own feelings (a very doubtful process), it is nearly as much
+for your sake as for my own, that I so much wish that your state of
+belief could have permitted you to say boldly and distinctly out that
+species were not separately created. I have generally told you the
+progress of opinion, as I have heard it, on the species question. A
+first-rate German naturalist (No doubt Haeckel, whose monograph on the
+Radiolaria was published in 1862. In the same year Professor W. Preyer
+of Jena published a dissertation on Alca impennis, which was one of
+the earliest pieces of special work on the basis of the 'Origin of
+Species.') (I now forget the name!), who has lately published a grand
+folio, has spoken out to the utmost extent on the 'Origin.' De Candolle,
+in a very good paper on "Oaks," goes, in Asa Gray's opinion, as far as
+he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing to me, says WE, "we think
+this and that;" so that I infer he really goes to the full extent
+with me, and tells me of a French good botanical palaeontologist (name
+forgotten) (The Marquis de Saporta.), who writes to De Candolle that he
+is sure that my views will ultimately prevail. But I did not intend to
+have written all this. It satisfies me with the final results, but
+this result, I begin to see, will take two or three lifetimes. The
+entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half a century. I
+really pity your having to balance the claims of so many eager aspirants
+for notice; it is clearly impossible to satisfy all... Certainly I was
+struck with the full and due honour you conferred on Falconer. I have
+just had a note from Hooker... I am heartily glad that you have made him
+so conspicuous; he is so honest, so candid, and so modest...
+
+I have read --. I could find nothing to lay hold of, which in one sense
+I am very glad of, as I should hate a controversy; but in another
+sense I am very sorry for, as I long to be in the same boat with all my
+friends... I am heartily glad the book is going off so well.
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [March 29, 1863].
+
+... Many thanks for "Athenaeum", received this morning, and to be
+returned to-morrow morning. Who would have ever thought of the old
+stupid "Athenaeum" taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy
+written in Owenian style! (This refers to a review of Dr. Carpenter's
+'Introduction to the study of Foraminifera,' that appeared in the
+"Athenaeum" of March 28, 1863 (page 417). The reviewer attacks Dr.
+Carpenter's views in as much as they support the doctrine of Descent;
+and he upholds spontaneous generation (Heterogeny) in place of what Dr.
+Carpenter, naturally enough, believed in, viz. the genetic connection of
+living and extinct Foraminifera. In the next number is a letter by Dr.
+Carpenter, which chiefly consists of a protest against the reviewer's
+somewhat contemptuous classification of Dr. Carpenter and my father
+as disciple and master. In the course of the letter Dr. Carpenter
+says--page 461:--
+
+"Under the influence of his foregone conclusion that I have accepted
+Mr. Darwin as my master, and his hypothesis as my guide, your reviewer
+represents me as blind to the significance of the general fact stated by
+me, that 'there has been no advance in the foraminiferous type from
+the palaeozoic period to the present time.' But for such a foregone
+conclusion he would have recognised in this statement the expression of
+my conviction that the present state of scientific evidence, instead of
+sanctioning the idea that the descendants of the primitive type or
+types of Foraminifera can ever rise to any higher grade, justifies the
+ANTI-DARWINIAN influence, that however widely they diverge from each
+other and from their originals, THEY STILL REMAIN FORAMINIFERA.")... It
+will be some time before we see "slime, protoplasm, etc.," generating a
+new animal. (On the same subject my father wrote in 1871: "It is often
+said that all the conditions for the first production of a living
+organism are now present, which could ever have been present. But if
+(and oh! what a big if!) we could conceive in some warm little
+pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat,
+electricity, etc., present, that a proteine compound was chemically
+formed ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the present day
+such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which would not
+have been the case before living creatures were formed.") But I
+have long regretted that I truckled to public opinion, and used the
+Pentateuchal term of creation (This refers to a passage in which the
+reviewer of Dr. Carpenter's books speaks of "an operation of force," or
+"a concurrence of forces which have now no place in nature," as
+being, "a creative force, in fact, which Darwin could only express in
+Pentateuchal terms as the primordial form 'into which life was
+first breathed.'" The conception of expressing a creative force as a
+primordial form is the Reviewer's.), by which I really meant "appeared"
+by some wholly unknown process. It is mere rubbish, thinking at present
+of the origin of life; one might as well think of the origin of matter.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Friday night [April 17, 1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have heard from Oliver that you will be now at Kew, and so I am going
+to amuse myself by scribbling a bit. I hope you have thoroughly enjoyed
+your tour. I never in my life saw anything like the spring flowers this
+year. What a lot of interesting things have been lately published.
+I liked extremely your review of De Candolle. What an awfully severe
+article that by Falconer on Lyell ("Athenaeum", April 4, 1863, page 459.
+The writer asserts that justice has not been done either to himself
+or Mr. Prestwich--that Lyell has not made it clear that it was their
+original work which supplied certain material for the 'Antiquity
+of Man.' Falconer attempts to draw an unjust distinction between a
+"philosopher" (here used as a polite word for compiler) like Sir Charles
+Lyell, and original observers, presumably such as himself, and Mr.
+Prestwich. Lyell's reply was published in the "Athenaeum", April
+18, 1863. It ought to be mentioned that a letter from Mr. Prestwich
+("Athenaeum", page 555), which formed part of the controversy, though of
+the nature of a reclamation, was written in a very different spirit and
+tone from Dr. Falconer's.); I am very sorry for it; I think Falconer on
+his side does not do justice to old Perthes and Schmerling... I shall
+be very curious to see how he [Lyell] answers it t-morrow. (I have been
+compelled to take in the "Athenaeum" for a while.) I am very sorry that
+Falconer should have written so spitefully, even if there is some truth
+in his accusations; I was rather disappointed in Carpenter's letter, no
+one could have given a better answer, but the chief object of his letter
+seems to me to be to show that though he has touched pitch he is not
+defiled. No one would suppose he went so far as to believe all birds
+came from one progenitor. I have written a letter to the "Athenaeum"
+("Athenaeum", 1863, page 554: "The view given by me on the origin or
+derivation of species, whatever its weaknesses may be, connects (as has
+been candidly admitted by some of its opponents, such as Pictet, Bronn,
+etc.), by an intelligible thread of reasoning, a multitude of facts:
+such as the formation of domestic races by man's selection,--the
+classification and affinities of all organic beings,--the innumerable
+gradations in structure and instincts,--the similarity of pattern in the
+hand, wing, or paddle of animals of the same great class,--the existence
+of organs become rudimentary by disuse,--the similarity of an embryonic
+reptile, bird, and mammal, with the retention of traces of an apparatus
+fitted for aquatic respiration; the retention in the young calf of
+incisor teeth in the upper jaw, etc.--the distribution of animals and
+plants, and their mutual affinities within the same region,--their
+general geological succession, and the close relationship of the fossils
+in closely consecutive formations and within the same country;
+extinct marsupials having preceded living marsupials in Australia, and
+armadillo-like animals having preceded and generated armadilloes in
+South America,--and many other phenomena, such as the gradual extinction
+of old forms and their gradual replacement by new forms better fitted
+for their new conditions in the struggle for life. When the advocate of
+Heterogeny can thus connect large classes of facts, and not until then,
+he will have respectful and patient listeners.") (the first and last
+time I shall take such a step) to say, under the cloak of attacking
+Heterogeny, a word in my own defence. My letter is to appear next week,
+so the Editor says; and I mean to quote Lyell's sentence (See the next
+letter.) in his second edition, on the principle if one puffs oneself,
+one had better puff handsomely...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, April 18 [1863].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I was really quite sorry that you had sent me a second copy (The second
+edition of the 'Antiquity of Man' was published a few months after the
+first had appeared.) of your valuable book. But after a few hours
+my sorrow vanished for this reason: I have written a letter to the
+"Athenaeum", in order, under the cloak of attacking the monstrous
+article on Heterogeny, to say a word for myself in answer to Carpenter,
+and now I have inserted a few sentences in allusion to your analogous
+objection (Lyell objected that the mammalia (e.g. bats and seals) which
+alone have been able to reach oceanic islands ought to have become
+modified into various terrestrial forms fitted to fill various places
+in their new home. My father pointed out in the "Athenaeum" that Sir
+Charles has in some measure answered his own objection, and went on to
+quote the "amended sentence" ('Antiquity of Man,' 2nd Edition page
+469) as showing how far Lyell agreed with the general doctrines of
+the "Origin of Species': "Yet we ought by no means to undervalue the
+importance of the step which will have been made, should it hereafter
+become the generally received opinion of men of science (as I fully
+expect it will) that the past changes of the organic world have been
+brought about by the subordinate agency of such causes as Variation and
+Natural Selection." In the first edition the words (as I fully expect
+it will," do not occur.) about bats on islands, and then with infinite
+slyness have quoted your amended sentence, with your parenthesis ("as
+I fully believe") (My father here quotes Lyell incorrectly; see the
+previous foot-note.); I do not think you can be annoyed at my doing
+this, and you see, that I am determined as far as I can, that the public
+shall see how far you go. This is the first time I have ever said a word
+for myself in any journal, and it shall, I think, be the last. My
+letter is short, and no great things. I was extremely concerned to see
+Falconer's disrespectful and virulent letter. I like extremely your
+answer just read; you take a lofty and dignified position, to which you
+are so well entitled. (In a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he wrote: "I
+much like Lyell's letter. But all this squabbling will greatly sink
+scientific men. I have seen sneers already in the 'Times'.")
+
+I suspect that if you had inserted a few more superlatives in speaking
+of the several authors there would have been none of this horrid noise.
+No one, I am sure, who knows you could doubt about your hearty sympathy
+with every one who makes any little advance in science. I still well
+remember my surprise at the manner in which you listened to me in Hart
+Street on my return from the "Beagle's" voyage. You did me a world of
+good. It is horridly vexatious that so frank and apparently amiable a
+man as Falconer should have behaved so. (It is to this affair that the
+extract from a letter to Falconer, given in volume i., refers.) Well it
+will all soon be forgotten...
+
+
+[In reply to the above-mentioned letter of my father's to the
+"Athenaeum", an article appeared in that Journal (May 2nd, 1863, page
+586), accusing my father of claiming for his views the exclusive merit
+of "connecting by an intelligible thread of reasoning" a number of
+facts in morphology, etc. The writer remarks that, "The different
+generalizations cited by Mr. Darwin as being connected by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning exclusively through his attempt to
+explain specific transmutation are in fact related to it in this wise,
+that they have prepared the minds of naturalists for a better reception
+of such attempts to explain the way of the origin of species from
+species."
+
+To this my father replied in the "Athenaeum" of May 9th, 1863:]
+
+Down, May 5 [1863].
+
+I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+specified. I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially
+the formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species,
+the principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, etc.) as the
+theory, or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of
+Natural Selection. Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever
+offered of the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each
+other, and to their physical conditions of life. Whether the naturalist
+believes in the views given by Lamarck, by Geoffrey St. Hilaire, by the
+author of the 'Vestiges,' by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other
+such view, signifies extremely little in comparison with the admission
+that species have descended from other species, and have not been
+created immutable; for he who admits this as a great truth has a wide
+field opened to him for further inquiry. I believe, however, from what
+I see of the progress of opinion on the Continent, and in this country,
+that the theory of Natural Selection will ultimately be adopted, with,
+no doubt, many subordinate modifications and improvements.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the following, he refers to the above letter to the "Athenaeum:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Leith Hill Place, Saturday [May 11,
+1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I have been
+gnashing my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by --'s sneers,
+which were so good that I almost enjoyed them. I have written once again
+to own to a certain extent of truth in what he says, and then if I am
+ever such a fool again, have no mercy on me. I have read the squib in
+"Public Opinion" ("Public Opinion", April 23, 1863. A lively account of
+a police case, in which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised.
+Mr. John Bull gives evidence that--
+
+"The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley
+quarrelled with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and
+Prestwich with Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody. He had
+pleasure, however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.
+They were always picking bones with each other and fighting over their
+gains. If either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything,
+he was obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone
+collectors would be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft
+afterwards, and the consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as
+they were wearisome.
+
+"Lord Mayor.--Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+influence over them?
+
+"The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to
+say that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the
+clergy as that to which these unhappy men belonged."); it is capital;
+if there is more, and you have a copy, do lend it. It shows well that a
+scientific man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble. I have
+been drawing diagrams, dissecting shoots, and muddling my brains to
+a hopeless degree about the divergence of leaves, and have of course
+utterly failed. But I can see that the subject is most curious, and
+indeed astonishing...
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Mr. Bentham's presidential address to the
+Linnean Society (May 25, 1863). Mr. Bentham does not yield to the new
+theory of Evolution, "cannot surrender at discretion as long as many
+important outworks remain contestable." But he shows that the great body
+of scientific opinion is flowing in the direction of belief.
+
+The mention of Pasteur by Mr. Bentham is in reference to the
+promulgation "as it were ex cathedra," of a theory of spontaneous
+generation by the reviewer of Dr. Carpenter in the "Athenaeum" (March
+28, 1863). Mr. Bentham points out that in ignoring Pasteur's refutation
+of the supposed facts of spontaneous generation, the writer fails to act
+with "that impartiality which every reviewer is supposed to possess."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, May 22 [1863].
+
+My dear Bentham,
+
+I am much obliged for your kind and interesting letter. I have no fear
+of anything that a man like you will say annoying me in the very least
+degree. On the other hand, any approval from one whose judgment and
+knowledge I have for many years so sincerely respected, will gratify
+me much. The objection which you well put, of certain forms remaining
+unaltered through long time and space, is no doubt formidable in
+appearance, and to a certain extent in reality according to my judgment.
+But does not the difficulty rest much on our silently assuming that we
+know more than we do? I have literally found nothing so difficult as to
+try and always remember our ignorance. I am never weary, when walking
+in any new adjoining district or country, of reflecting how absolutely
+ignorant we are why certain old plants are not there present, and other
+new ones are, and others in different proportions. If we once fully feel
+this, then in judging the theory of Natural Selection, which implies
+that a form will remain unaltered unless some alteration be to its
+benefit, is it so very wonderful that some forms should change much
+slower and much less, and some few should have changed not at all under
+conditions which to us (who really know nothing what are the important
+conditions) seem very different. Certainly a priori we might have
+anticipated that all the plants anciently introduced into Australia
+would have undergone some modification; but the fact that they have not
+been modified does not seem to me a difficulty of weight enough to shake
+a belief grounded on other arguments. I have expressed myself miserably,
+but I am far from well to-day.
+
+I am very glad that you are going to allude to Pasteur; I was struck
+with infinite admiration at his work. With cordial thanks, believe me,
+dear Bentham,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--In fact, the belief in Natural Selection must at present be
+grounded entirely on general considerations. (1) On its being a vera
+causa, from the struggle for existence; and the certain geological fact
+that species do somehow change. (2) From the analogy of change under
+domestication by man's selection. (3) And chiefly from this view
+connecting under an intelligible point of view a host of facts. When we
+descend to details, we can prove that no one species has changed [i.e.
+we cannot prove that a single species has changed]; nor can we prove
+that the supposed changes are beneficial, which is the groundwork of the
+theory. Nor can we explain why some species have changed and others have
+not. The latter case seems to me hardly more difficult to understand
+precisely and in detail than the former case of supposed change. Bronn
+may ask in vain, the old creationist school and the new school, why one
+mouse has longer ears than another mouse, and one plant more pointed
+leaves than another plant.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 19 [1863].
+
+My dear Bentham,
+
+I have been extremely much pleased and interested by your address,
+which you kindly sent me. It seems to be excellently done, with as much
+judicial calmness and impartiality as the Lord Chancellor could have
+shown. But whether the "immutable" gentlemen would agree with the
+impartiality may be doubted, there is too much kindness shown towards
+me, Hooker, and others, they might say. Moreover I verily believe that
+your address, written as it is, will do more to shake the unshaken and
+bring on those leaning to our side, than anything written directly in
+favour of transmutation. I can hardly tell why it is, but your address
+has pleased me as much as Lyell's book disappointed me, that is, the
+part on species, though so cleverly written. I agree with all your
+remarks on the reviewers. By the way, Lecoq (Author of 'Geographie
+Botanique.' 9 vols. 1854-58.) is a believer in the change of species. I,
+for one, can conscientiously declare that I never feel surprised at
+any one sticking to the belief of immutability; though I am often not a
+little surprised at the arguments advanced on this side. I remember too
+well my endless oscillations of doubt and difficulty. It is to me really
+laughable when I think of the years which elapsed before I saw what I
+believe to be the explanation of some parts of the case; I believe it
+was fifteen years after I began before I saw the meaning and cause of
+the divergence of the descendants of any one pair. You pay me some most
+elegant and pleasing compliments. There is much in your address which
+has pleased me much, especially your remarks on various naturalists. I
+am so glad that you have alluded so honourably to Pasteur. I have just
+read over this note; it does not express strongly enough the interest
+which I have felt in reading your address. You have done, I believe, a
+real good turn to the RIGHT SIDE. Believe me, dear Bentham,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1864.
+
+[In my father's diary for 1864 is the entry, "Ill all January, February,
+March." About the middle of April (seven months after the beginning
+of the illness in the previous autumn) his health took a turn for the
+better. As soon as he was able to do any work, he began to write his
+papers on Lythrum, and on Climbing Plants, so that the work which now
+concerns us did not begin until September, when he again set to work on
+'Animals and Plants.' A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker gives some account of
+the r-commencement of the work: "I have begun looking over my old MS.,
+and it is as fresh as if I had never written it; parts are astonishingly
+dull, but yet worth printing, I think; and other parts strike me as very
+good. I am a complete millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I
+have been really astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters
+on Inheritance and Selection. God knows when the book will ever be
+completed, for I find that I am very weak and on my best days cannot do
+more than one or one and a half hours' work. It is a good deal harder
+than writing about my dear climbing plants."
+
+In this year he received the greatest honour which a scientific man can
+receive in this country--the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. It is
+presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St. Andrew's Day (November 30),
+the medalist being usually present to receive it, but this the state of
+my father's health prevented. He wrote to Mr. Fox on this subject:--
+
+"I was glad to see your hand-writing. The Copley, being open to all
+sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting
+from several kind letters, such things make little difference to me. It
+shows, however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this
+country, and that pleases me. The subject, however, is safe in foreign
+lands."
+
+To Sir J.D. Hooker, also, he wrote:--
+
+"How kind you have been about this medal; indeed, I am blessed with many
+good friends, and I have received four or five notes which have warmed
+my heart. I often wonder that so old a worn-out dog as I am is not quite
+forgotten. Talking of medals, has Falconer had the Royal? he surely
+ought to have it, as ought John Lubbock. By the way, the latter tells
+me that some old members of the Royal are quite shocked at my having the
+Copley. Do you know who?"
+
+He wrote to Mr. Huxley:--
+
+"I must and will answer you, for it is a real pleasure for me to thank
+you cordially for your note. Such notes as this of yours, and a few
+others, are the real medal to me, and not the round bit of gold. These
+have given me a pleasure which will long endure; so believe in my
+cordial thanks for your note."
+
+Sir Charles Lyell, writing to my father in November 1864 ('Life,' vol.
+ii. page 384), speaks of the supposed malcontents as being afraid to
+crown anything so unorthodox as the 'Origin.' But he adds that if such
+were their feelings "they had the good sense to draw in their horns."
+It appears, however, from the same letter, that the proposal to give the
+Copley Medal to my father in the previous year failed owing to a similar
+want of courage--to Lyell's great indignation.
+
+In the "Reader", December 3, 1864, General Sabine's presidential address
+at the Anniversary Meeting is reported at some length. Special weight
+was laid on my father's work in Geology, Zoology, and Botany, but
+the 'Origin of Species' is praised chiefly as containing "a mass of
+observations," etc. It is curious that as in the case of his election
+to the French Institution, so in this case, he was honoured not for
+the great work of his life, but for his less important work in special
+lines. The paragraph in General Sabine's address which refers to the
+'Origin of Species,' is as follows:--
+
+"In his most recent work 'On the Origin of Species,' although opinions
+may be divided or undecided with respect to its merits in some respects,
+all will allow that it contains a mass of observations bearing upon
+the habits, structure, affinities, and distribution of animals, perhaps
+unrivalled for interest, minuteness, and patience of observation. Some
+amongst us may perhaps incline to accept the theory indicated by the
+title of this work, while others may perhaps incline to refuse, or
+at least to remit it to a future time, when increased knowledge shall
+afford stronger grounds for its ultimate acceptance or rejection.
+Speaking generally and collectively, we have expressly omitted it from
+the grounds of our award."
+
+I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+President's manner of allusion to the 'Origin' was felt by some Fellows
+of the Society.
+
+The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in another way,
+inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his after-dinner speech, a
+"confession of faith as to the 'Origin.'" He wrote to my father ('Life,'
+vol. ii. page 384), "I said I had been forced to give up my old faith
+without thoroughly seeing my way to a new one. But I think you would
+have been satisfied with the length I went."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, October 3 [1864].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+If I do not pour out my admiration of your article ("Criticisms on
+the Origin of Species," 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1864. Republished in 'Lay
+Sermons,' 1870, page 328. The work of Professor Kolliker referred to
+is 'Ueber die Darwin'sche Schopfungstheorie' (Leipzig, 1864). Toward
+Professor Kolliker my father felt not only the respect due to so
+distinguished a naturalist (a sentiment well expressed in Professor
+Huxley's review), but he had also a personal regard for him, and often
+alluded with satisfaction to the visit which Professor Kolliker paid at
+Down.) on Kolliker, I shall explode. I never read anything better done.
+I had much wished his article answered, and indeed thought of doing so
+myself, so that I considered several points. You have hit on all, and on
+some in addition, and oh! by Jove, how well you have done it. As I read
+on and came to point after point on which I had thought, I could not
+help jeering and scoffing at myself, to see how infinitely better you
+had done it than I could have done. Well, if any one, who does not
+understand Natural Selection, will read this, he will be a blockhead
+if it is not as clear as daylight. Old Flourens ('Examen du livre de M.
+Darwin sur l'origine des especes.' Par P. Flourens. 8vo. Paris, 1864.)
+was hardly worth the powder and shot; but how capitally you bring in
+about the Academician, and your metaphor of the sea-sand is INIMITABLE.
+
+It is a marvel to me how you can resist becoming a regular reviewer.
+Well, I have exploded now, and it has done me a deal of good...
+
+
+[In the same article in the 'Natural History Review,' Mr. Huxley speaks
+of the book above alluded to by Flourens, the Secretaire Perpetuel of
+the Academie des Sciences, as one of the two "most elaborate criticisms"
+of the 'Origin of Species' of the year. He quotes the following
+passage:--
+
+"M. Darwin continue: 'Aucune distinction absolue n'a ete et ne peut etre
+entre les especes et les varietes!' Je vous ai deja dit que vous
+vous trompiez; une distinction absolue separe les varietes d'avec les
+especes." Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of
+an Academy in England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated
+in this way even by a Perpetual Secretary." After demonstrating M.
+Flourens' misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How
+one knows it all by heart, and with what relief one reads at page 65 'Je
+laisse M. Darwin.'"
+
+On the same subject my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book against me which
+pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading in
+France. He speaks of the "engouement" about this book [the 'Origin'] "so
+full of empty and presumptuous thoughts." The passage here alluded to is
+as follows:--
+
+"Enfin l'ouvrage de M. Darwin a paru. On ne peut qu'etre frappe du
+talent de l'auteur. Mais que d'idees obscures, que d'idees fausses! Quel
+jargon metaphysique jete mal a propos dans l'histoire naturelle, qui
+tombe dans le galimatias des qu'elle sort des idees claires, des idees
+justes. Quel langage pretentieux et vide! Quelles personifications
+pueriles et surannees! O lucidite! O solidite de l'esprit francais, que
+devene-vous?"]
+
+
+1865.
+
+[This was again a time of much ill-health, but towards the close of the
+year he began to recover under the care of the late Dr. Bence-Jones,
+who dieted him severely, and as he expressed it, "half-starved him to
+death." He was able to work at 'Animals and Plants' until nearly the end
+of April, and from that time until December he did practically no work,
+with the exception of looking over the 'Origin of Species' for a second
+French edition. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--"I am, as it were, reading
+the 'Origin' for the first time, for I am correcting for a second French
+edition: and upon my life, my dear fellow, it is a very good book, but
+oh! my gracious, it is tough reading, and I wish it were done." (Towards
+the end of the year my father received the news of a new convert to
+his views, in the person of the distinguished American naturalist
+Lesquereux. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I have had an enormous letter
+from Leo Lesquereux (after doubts, I did not think it worth sending you)
+on Coal Flora. He wrote some excellent articles in 'Silliman' against
+'Origin' views; but he says now, after repeated reading of the book, he
+is a convert!")
+
+
+The following letter refers to the Duke of Argyll's address to the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh, December 5th, 1864, in which he criticises the
+'Origin of Species.' My father seems to have read the Duke's address
+as reported in the "Scotsman" of December 6th, 1865. In a letter to my
+father (January 16, 1865, 'Life,' vol. ii. page 385), Lyell wrote, "The
+address is a great step towards your views--far greater, I believe, than
+it seems when read merely with reference to criticisms and objections."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, January 22, [1865].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you for your very interesting letter. I have the true English
+instinctive reverence for rank, and therefore liked to hear about the
+Princess Royal. ("I had... an animated conversation on Darwinism with the
+Princess Royal, who is a worthy daughter of her father, in the reading
+of good books, and thinking of what she reads. She was very much au fait
+at the 'Origin,' and Huxley's book, the 'Antiquity,' etc."--(Lyell's
+'Life,' vol. ii. page 385.) You ask what I think of the Duke's address,
+and I shall be glad to tell you. It seems to me EXTREMELY clever, like
+everything I have read of his; but I am not shaken--perhaps you will
+say that neither gods nor men could shake me. I demur to the Duke
+reiterating his objection that the brilliant plumage of the male
+humming-bird could not have been acquired through selection, at the same
+time entirely ignoring my discussion (page 93, 3rd edition) on beautiful
+plumage being acquired through SEXUAL selection. The duke may think this
+insufficient, but that is another question. All analogy makes me quite
+disagree with the Duke that the difference in the beak, wing and tail,
+are not of importance to the several species. In the only two species
+which I have watched, the difference in flight and in the use of the
+tail was conspicuously great.
+
+The Duke, who knows my Orchid book so well, might have learnt a lesson
+of caution from it, with respect to his doctrine of differences for mere
+variety or beauty. It may be confidently said that no tribe of plants
+presents such grotesque and beautiful differences, which no one until
+lately, conjectured were of any use; but now in almost every case I have
+been able to show their important service. It should be remembered that
+with humming birds or orchids, a modification in one part will cause
+correlated changes in other parts. I agree with what you say about
+beauty. I formerly thought a good deal on the subject, and was led quite
+to repudiate the doctrine of beauty being created for beauty's sake. I
+demur also to the Duke's expression of "new births." That may be a very
+good theory, but it is not mine, unless indeed he calls a bird born with
+a beak 1/100th of an inch longer than usual "a new birth;" but this is
+not the sense in which the term would usually be understood. The more
+I work the more I feel convinced that it is by the accumulation of
+such extremely slight variations that new species arise. I do not plead
+guilty to the Duke's charge that I forget that natural selection
+means only the preservation of variations which independently arise.
+("Strictly speaking, therefore, Mr. Darwin's theory is not a theory on
+the Origin of Species at all, but only a theory on the causes which lead
+to the relative success and failure of such new forms as may be born
+into the world."--"Scotsman", December 6, 1864.) I have expressed this
+in as strong language as I could use, but it would have been infinitely
+tedious had I on every occasion thus guarded myself. I will cry
+"peccavi" when I hear of the Duke or you attacking breeders for saying
+that man has made his improved shorthorns, or pouter pigeons,
+or bantams. And I could quote still stronger expressions used by
+agriculturists. Man does make his artificial breeds, for his selective
+power is of such importance relatively to that of the slight spontaneous
+variations. But no one will attack breeders for using such expressions,
+and the rising generation will not blame me.
+
+Many thanks for your offer of sending me the 'Elements.' (Sixth edition
+in one volume.) I hope to read it all, but unfortunately reading makes
+my head whiz more than anything else. I am able most days to work for
+two or three hours, and this makes all the difference in my happiness.
+I have resolved not to be tempted astray, and to publish nothing till my
+volume on Variation is completed. You gave me excellent advice about
+the footnotes in my Dog chapter, but their alteration gave me infinite
+trouble, and I often wished all the dogs, and I fear sometimes you
+yourself, in the nether regions.
+
+We (dictator and writer) send our best love to Lady Lyell.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If ever you should speak with the Duke on the subject, please say
+how much interested I was with his address.
+
+
+[In his autobiographical sketch my father has remarked that owing to
+certain early memories he felt the honour of being elected to the Royal
+and Royal Medical Societies of Edinburgh "more than any similar honour."
+The following extract from a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker refers to
+his election to the former of these societies. The latter part of the
+extract refers to the Berlin Academy, to which he was elected in 1878:--
+
+"Here is a really curious thing, considering that Brewster is President
+and Balfour Secretary. I have been elected Honorary Member of the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh. And this leads me to a third question. Does the
+Berlin Academy of Sciences send their Proceedings to Honorary Members?
+I want to know, to ascertain whether I am a member; I suppose not, for
+I think it would have made some impression on me; yet I distinctly
+remember receiving some diploma signed by Ehrenberg. I have been so
+careless; I have lost several diplomas, and now I want to know what
+Societies I belong to, as I observe every [one] tacks their titles to
+their names in the catalogue of the Royal Soc."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, February 21 [1865].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have taken a long time to thank you very much for your present of the
+'Elements.'
+
+I am going through it all, reading what is new, and what I have
+forgotten, and this is a good deal.
+
+I am simply astonished at the amount of labour, knowledge, and clear
+thought condensed in this work. The whole strikes me as something quite
+grand. I have been particularly interested by your account of Heer's
+work and your discussion on the Atlantic Continent. I am particularly
+delighted at the view which you take on this subject; for I have long
+thought Forbes did an ill service in so freely making continents.
+
+I have also been very glad to read your argument on the denudation of
+the Weald, and your excellent resume on the Purbeck Beds; and this is
+the point at which I have at present arrived in your book. I cannot
+say that I am quite convinced that there is no connection beyond that
+pointed out by you, between glacial action and the formation of lake
+basins; but you will not much value my opinion on this head, as I have
+already changed my mind some half-dozen times.
+
+I want to make a suggestion to you. I found the weight of your volume
+intolerable, especially when lying down, so with great boldness cut
+it into two pieces, and took it out of its cover; now could not Murray
+without any other change add to his advertisement a line saying, "if
+bound in two volumes, one shilling or one shilling and sixpence extra."
+You thus might originate a change which would be a blessing to all
+weak-handed readers.
+
+Believe me, my dear Lyell, Yours most sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Originate a second REAL BLESSING and have the edges of the sheets cut
+like a bound book. (This was a favourite reform of my father's. He wrote
+to the "Athenaeum" on the subject, February 5, 1867, pointing out how
+that a book cut, even carefully, with a paper knife collects dust on its
+edges far more than a machine-cut book. He goes on to quote the case of
+a lady of his acquaintance who was in the habit of cutting books with
+her thumb, and finally appeals to the "Athenaeum" to earn the gratitude
+of children "who have to cut through dry and pictureless books for the
+benefit of their elders." He tried to introduce the reform in the case
+of his own books, but found the conservatism of booksellers too strong
+for him. The presentation copies, however, of all his later books were
+sent out with the edges cut.)
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Down, June 11 [1865].
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+The latter half of your book ('Prehistoric Times,' 1865.) has been
+read aloud to me, and the style is so clear and easy (we both think it
+perfection) that I am now beginning at the beginning. I cannot resist
+telling you how excellently well, in my opinion, you have done the very
+interesting chapter on savage life. Though you have necessarily only
+compiled the materials the general result is most original. But I ought
+to keep the term original for your last chapter, which has struck me as
+an admirable and profound discussion. It has quite delighted me, for now
+the public will see what kind of man you are, which I am proud to think
+I discovered a dozen years ago.
+
+I do sincerely wish you all success in your election and in politics;
+but after reading this last chapter, you must let me say: oh, dear! oh,
+dear! oh dear!
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You pay me a superb compliment ('Prehistoric Times,' page 487,
+where the words, "the discoveries of a Newton or a Darwin," occur.),
+but I fear you will be quizzed for it by some of your friends as too
+exaggerated.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' which
+was afterwards translated, at my father's suggestion, by Mr. Dallas. It
+is of interest as being the first of the long series of letters which my
+father wrote to this distinguished naturalist. They never met, but the
+correspondence with Muller, which continued to the close of my father's
+life, was a source of very great pleasure to him. My impression is that
+of all his unseen friends Fritz Muller was the one for whom he had the
+strongest regard. Fritz Muller is the brother of another distinguished
+man, the late Hermann Muller, the author of 'Die Befruchtung der
+Blumen,' and of much other valuable work:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, August 10 [1865].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have been for a long time so ill that I have only just finished
+hearing read aloud your work on species. And now you must permit me to
+thank you cordially for the great interest with which I have read it.
+You have done admirable service in the cause in which we both believe.
+Many of your arguments seem to me excellent, and many of your facts
+wonderful. Of the latter, nothing has surprised me so much as the
+two forms of males. I have lately investigated the cases of dimorphic
+plants, and I should much like to send you one or two of my papers if
+I knew how. I did send lately by post a paper on climbing plants, as an
+experiment to see whether it would reach you. One of the points which
+has struck me most in your paper is that on the differences in the
+air-breathing apparatus of the several forms. This subject appeared to
+me very important when I formerly considered the electric apparatus of
+fishes. Your observations on Classification and Embryology seem to me
+very good and original. They show what a wonderful field there is for
+enquiry on the development of crustacea, and nothing has convinced me so
+plainly what admirable results we shall arrive at in Natural History
+in the course of a few years. What a marvellous range of structure the
+crustacea present, and how well adapted they are for your enquiry! Until
+reading your book I knew nothing of the Rhizocephala; pray look at my
+account and figures of Anelasma, for it seems to me that this latter
+cirripede is a beautiful connecting link with the Rhizocephala.
+
+If ever you have any opportunity, as you are so skilful a dissector, I
+much wish that you would look to the orifice at the base of the first
+pair of cirrhi in cirripedes, and at the curious organ in it, and
+discover what its nature is; I suppose I was quite in error, yet I
+cannot feel fully satisfied at Krohn's (See vol. ii., pages 138, 187.)
+observations. Also if you ever find any species of Scalpellum, pray
+look for complemental males; a German author has recently doubted my
+observations for no reason except that the facts appeared to him so
+strange.
+
+Permit me again to thank you cordially for the pleasure which I have
+derived from your work and to express my sincere admiration for your
+valuable researches.
+
+Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect, Yours very faithfully, CH.
+DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I do not know whether you care at all about plants, but if so,
+I should much like to send you my little work on the 'Fertilization of
+Orchids,' and I think I have a German copy.
+
+Could you spare me a photograph of yourself? I should much like to
+possess one.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Thursday, 27th [September, 1865].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I had intended writing this morning to thank Mrs. Hooker most sincerely
+for her last and several notes about you, and now your own note in your
+hand has rejoiced me. To walk between five and six miles is splendid,
+with a little patience you must soon be well. I knew you had been very
+ill, but I hardly knew how ill, until yesterday, when Bentham (from
+the Cranworths (Robert Rolfe, Lord Cranworth, and Lord Chancellor of
+England, lived at Holwood, near Down.)) called here, and I was able to
+see him for ten minutes. He told me also a little about the last days of
+your father (Sir William Hooker; 1785-1865. He took charge of the Royal
+Gardens at Kew, in 1840, when they ceased to be the private gardens
+of the Royal Family. In doing so, he gave up his professorship at
+Glasgow--and with it half of his income. He founded the herbarium and
+library, and within ten years he succeeded in making the gardens the
+first in the world. It is, thus, not too much to say that the creation
+of the establishment at Kew is due to the abilities and self-devotion of
+Sir William Hooker. While, for the subsequent development of the gardens
+up to their present magnificent condition, the nation must thank Sir
+Joseph Hooker, in whom the same qualities are so conspicuous.); I wish
+I had known your father better, my impression is confined to his
+remarkably cordial, courteous, and frank bearing. I fully concur and
+understand what you say about the difference of feeling in the loss of
+a father and child. I do not think any one could love a father much
+more than I did mine, and I do not believe three or four days ever pass
+without my still thinking of him, but his death at eight-four caused me
+nothing of that insufferable grief (I may quote here a passage from a
+letter of November, 1863. It was written to a friend who had lost his
+child: "How well I remember your feeling, when we lost Annie. It was my
+greatest comfort that I had never spoken a harsh word to her. Your grief
+has made me shed a few tears over our poor darling; but believe me that
+these tears have lost that unutterable bitterness of former days.")
+which the loss of our poor dear Annie caused. And this seems to me
+perfectly natural, for one knows for years previously that one's
+father's death is drawing slowly nearer and nearer, while the death of
+one's child is a sudden and dreadful wrench. What a wonderful deal you
+read; it is a horrid evil for me that I can read hardly anything, for
+it makes my head almost immediately begin to sing violently. My good
+womenkind read to me a great deal, but I dare not ask for much science,
+and am not sure that I could stand it. I enjoyed Tylor ('Researches into
+the Early History of Mankind,' by E.B. Tylor. 1865.) EXTREMELY, and
+the first part of Lecky 'The Rise of Rationalism in Europe,' by W.E.H.
+Lecky. 1865.); but I think the latter is often vague, and gives a false
+appearance of throwing light on his subject by such phrases as "spirit
+of the age," "spread of civilization," etc. I confine my reading to a
+quarter or half hour per day in skimming through the back volumes of the
+Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and find much that interests me.
+I miss my climbing plants very much, as I could observe them when very
+poorly.
+
+I did not enjoy the 'Mill on the Floss' so much as you, but from what
+you say we will read it again. Do you know 'Silas Marner'? it is a
+charming little story; if you run short, and like to have it, we could
+send it by post... We have almost finished the first volume of Palgrave
+(William Gifford Palgrave's 'Travels in Arabia,' published in 1865.),
+and I like it much; but did you ever see a book so badly arranged? The
+frequency of the allusions to what will be told in the future are quite
+laughable... By the way, I was very much pleased with the foot-note (The
+passage which seems to be referred to occurs in the text (page 479) of
+'Prehistoric Times.' It expresses admiration of Mr. Wallace's paper in
+the 'Anthropological Review' (May, 1864), and speaks of the author's
+"characteristic unselfishness" in ascribing the theory of Natural
+Selection "unreservedly to Mr. Darwin." about Wallace in Lubbock's
+last chapter. I had not heard that Huxley had backed up Lubbock about
+Parliament... Did you see a sneer some time ago in the "Times" about how
+incomparably more interesting politics were compared with science even
+to scientific men? Remember what Trollope says, in 'Can you Forgive
+her,' about getting into Parliament, as the highest earthly ambition.
+Jeffrey, in one of his letters, I remember, says that making an
+effective speech in Parliament is a far grander thing than writing the
+grandest history. All this seems to me a poor short-sighted view.
+I cannot tell you how it has rejoiced me once again seeing your
+handwriting-- my best of old friends.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In October he wrote Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Talking of the 'Origin,' a Yankee has called my attention to a paper
+attached to Dr. Wells's famous 'Essay on Dew,' which was read in 1813
+to the Royal Society, but not [then] printed, in which he applies most
+distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the Races of Man. So
+poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not,
+any longer to put on his title-pages, 'Discoverer of the principle of
+Natural Selection'!"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F.W. FARRAR. (Canon of Westminster.) Down, November 2
+[1865?].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+As I have never studied the science of language, it may perhaps seem
+presumptuous, but I cannot resist the pleasure of telling you what
+interest and pleasure I have derived from hearing read aloud your volume
+('Chapters on Language,' 1865.)
+
+I formerly read Max Muller, and thought his theory (if it deserves to be
+called so) both obscure and weak; and now, after hearing what you say,
+I feel sure that this is the case, and that your cause will ultimately
+triumph. My indirect interest in your book has been increased from Mr.
+Hensleigh Wedgwood, whom you often quote, being my brother-in-law.
+
+No one could dissent from my views on the modification of species with
+more courtesy than you do. But from the tenor of your mind I feel
+an entire and comfortable conviction (and which cannot possibly be
+disturbed) that if your studies led you to attend much to general
+questions in natural history you would come to the same conclusion that
+I have done.
+
+Have you ever read Huxley's little book of Lectures? I would gladly send
+a copy if you think you would read it.
+
+Considering what Geology teaches us, the argument from the supposed
+immutability of specific types seems to me much the same as if, in a
+nation which had no old writings, some wise old savage was to say that
+his language had never changed; but my metaphor is too long to fill up.
+
+Pray believe me, dear Sir, yours very sincerely obliged, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+1866.
+
+[The year 1866 is given in my father's Diary in the following words:--
+
+"Continued correcting chapters of 'Domestic Animals.'
+
+March 1st.--Began on 4th edition of 'Origin' of 1250 copies (received
+for it 238 pounds), making 7500 copies altogether.
+
+May 10th.--Finished 'Origin,' except revises, and began going over
+Chapter XIII. of 'Domestic Animals.'
+
+November 21st.--Finished 'Pangenesis.'
+
+December 21st.--Finished re-going over all chapters, and sent them to
+printers.
+
+December 22nd.--Began concluding chapter of book."
+
+He was in London on two occasions for a week at a time, staying with his
+brother, and for a few days (May 29th-June 2nd) in Surrey; for the rest
+of the year he was at Down.
+
+There seems to have been a gradual mending in his health; thus he wrote
+to Mr. Wallace (January 1866):--"My health is so far improved that I am
+able to work one or two hours a day."
+
+With respect to the 4th edition he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"The new edition of the 'Origin' has caused me two great vexations. I
+forgot Bates's paper on variation (This appears to refer to "Notes on
+South American Butterflies," Trans. Entomolog. Soc., vol. v. (N.S.).),
+but I remembered in time his mimetic work, and now, strange to say, I
+find I have forgotten your Arctic paper! I know how it arose; I indexed
+for my bigger work, and never expected that a new edition of the
+'Origin' would be wanted.
+
+"I cannot say how all this has vexed me. Everything which I have read
+during the last four years I find is quite washy in my mind." As far as
+I know, Mr. Bates's paper was not mentioned in the later editions of the
+'Origin,' for what reason I cannot say.
+
+In connection with his work on 'The Variation of Animals and Plants,' I
+give here extracts from three letters addressed to Mr. Huxley, which
+are of interest as giving some idea of the development of the theory of
+'Pangenesis,' ultimately published in 1868 in the book in question:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, May 27, [1865?].
+
+... I write now to ask a favour of you, a very great favour from one so
+hard worked as you are. It is to read thirty pages of MS., excellently
+copied out and give me, not lengthened criticism, but your opinion
+whether I may venture to publish it. You may keep the MS. for a month
+or two. I would not ask this favour, but I REALLY know no one else whose
+judgment on the subject would be final with me.
+
+The case stands thus: in my next book I shall publish long chapters on
+bud- and seminal-variation, on inheritance, reversion, effects of use
+and disuse, etc. I have also for many years speculated on the different
+forms of reproduction. Hence it has come to be a passion with me to try
+to connect all such facts by some sort of hypothesis. The MS. which I
+wish to send you gives such a hypothesis; it is a very rash and crude
+hypothesis, yet it has been a considerable relief to my mind, and I
+can hang on it a good many groups of facts. I well know that a mere
+hypothesis, and this is nothing more, is of little value; but it is very
+useful to me as serving as a kind of summary for certain chapters. Now
+I earnestly wish for your verdict given briefly as, "Burn it"--or, which
+is the most favourable verdict I can hope for, "It does rudely connect
+together certain facts, and I do not think it will immediately pass
+out of my mind." If you can say this much, and you do not think it
+absolutely ridiculous, I shall publish it in my concluding chapter.
+Now will you grant me this favour? You must refuse if you are too much
+overworked.
+
+I must say for myself that I am a hero to expose my hypothesis to the
+fiery ordeal of your criticism.
+
+
+July 12, [1865?].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for having so carefully considered my MS. It
+has been a real act of kindness. It would have annoyed me extremely to
+have re-published Buffon's views, which I did not know of, but I will
+get the book; and if I have strength I will also read Bonnet. I do not
+doubt your judgment is perfectly just, and I will try to persuade myself
+not to publish. The whole affair is much too speculative; yet I think
+some such view will have to be adopted, when I call to mind such facts
+as the inherited effects of use and disuse, etc. But I will try to be
+cautious...
+
+
+[1865?].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Forgive my writing in pencil, as I can do so lying down. I have read
+Buffon: whole pages are laughably like mine. It is surprising how candid
+it makes one to see one's views in another man's words. I am rather
+ashamed of the whole affair, but not converted to a no-belief. What a
+kindness you have done me with your "vulpine sharpness." Nevertheless,
+there is a fundamental distinction between Buffon's views and mine. He
+does not suppose that each cell or atom of tissue throws off a little
+bud; but he supposes that the sap or blood includes his "organic
+molecules," WHICH ARE READY FORMED, fit to nourish each organ, and when
+this is fully formed, they collect to form buds and the sexual elements.
+It is all rubbish to speculate as I have done; yet, if I ever
+have strength to publish my next book, I fear I shall not resist
+"Pangenesis," but I assure you I will put it humbly enough. The ordinary
+course of development of beings, such as the Echinodermata, in which
+new organs are formed at quite remote spots from the analogous previous
+parts, seem to me extremely difficult to reconcile on any view except
+the free diffusion in the parent of the germs or gemmules of each
+separate new organ; and so in cases of alternate generation. But I will
+not scribble any more. Hearty thanks to you, you best of critics and
+most learned man...
+
+
+[The letters now take up the history of the year 1866.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, July 5 [1866].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have been much interested by your letter, which is as clear as
+daylight. I fully agree with all that you say on the advantages of
+H. Spencer's excellent expression of "the survival of the fittest."
+(Extract from a letter of Mr. Wallace's, July 2, 1866: "The term
+'survival of the fittest' is the plain expression of the fact; 'natural
+selection' is a metaphorical expression of it, and to a certain degree
+indirect and incorrect, since... Nature... does not so much select special
+varieties as exterminate the most unfavourable ones.") This, however,
+had not occurred to me till reading your letter. It is, however, a great
+objection to this term that it cannot be used as a substantive governing
+a verb; and that this is a real objection I infer from H. Spencer
+continually using the words, natural selection. I formerly thought,
+probably in an exaggerated degree, that it was a great advantage to
+bring into connection natural and artificial selection; this indeed led
+me to use a term in common, and I still think it some advantage. I wish
+I had received your letter two months ago, for I would have worked in
+"the survival, etc.," often in the new edition of the 'Origin,' which is
+now almost printed off, and of which I will of course send you a copy. I
+will use the term in my next book on Domestic Animals, etc., from which,
+by the way, I plainly see that you expect MUCH, too much. The term
+Natural Selection has now been so largely used abroad and at home, that
+I doubt whether it could be given up, and with all its faults I should
+be sorry to see the attempt made. Whether it will be rejected must now
+depend "on the survival of the fittest." As in time the term must grow
+intelligible the objections to its use will grow weaker and weaker.
+I doubt whether the use of any term would have made the subject
+intelligible to some minds, clear as it is to others; for do we not see
+even to the present day Malthus on Population absurdly misunderstood?
+This reflection about Malthus has often comforted me when I have been
+vexed at the misstatement of my views. As for M. Janet (This no doubt
+refers to Janet's 'Materialisme Contemporain.'), he is a metaphysician,
+and such gentlemen are so acute that I think they often misunderstand
+common folk. Your criticism on the double sense ("I find you use
+'Natural Selection' in two senses. 1st, for the simple preservation of
+favourable and rejection of unfavourable variations, in which case it is
+equivalent to the 'survival of the fittest,'--and 2ndly, for the effect
+or CHANGE produced by this preservation." Extract from Mr. Wallace's
+letter above quoted.) in which I have used Natural Selection is new
+to me and unanswerable; but my blunder has done no harm, for I do not
+believe that any one, excepting you, has ever observed it. Again, I
+agree that I have said too much about "favourable variations;" but I am
+inclined to think that you put the opposite side too strongly; if every
+part of every being varied, I do not think we should see the same end,
+or object, gained by such wonderfully diversified means.
+
+I hope you are enjoying the country, and are in good health, and are
+working hard at your Malay Archipelago book, for I will always put this
+wish in every note I write to you, like some good people always put in
+a text. My health keeps much the same, or rather improves, and I am able
+to work some hours daily. With many thanks for your interesting letter.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 30 [1866].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I was very glad to get your note and the Notts. Newspaper. I have seldom
+been more pleased in my life than at hearing how successfully your
+lecture (At the Nottingham meeting of the British Association,
+August 27, 1866. The subject of the lecture was 'Insular Floras.' See
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", 1866.) went off. Mrs. H. Wedgwood sent us an
+account, saying that you read capitally, and were listened to with
+profound attention and great applause. She says, when your final
+allegory (Sir Joseph Hooker allegorized the Oxford meeting of the
+British Association as the gathering of a tribe of savages who believed
+that the new moon was created afresh each month. The anger of the
+priests and medicine man at a certain heresy, according to which the new
+moon is but the offspring of the old one, is excellently given.) began,
+"for a minute or two we were all mystified, and then came such bursts
+of applause from the audience. It was thoroughly enjoyed amid roars of
+laughter and noise, making a most brilliant conclusion."
+
+I am rejoiced that you will publish your lecture, and felt sure that
+sooner or later it would come to this, indeed it would have been a
+sin if you had not done so. I am especially rejoiced as you give the
+arguments for occasional transport, with such perfect fairness; these
+will now receive a fair share of attention, as coming from you a
+professed botanist. Thanks also for Grove's address; as a whole it
+strikes me as very good and original, but I was disappointed in the part
+about Species; it dealt in such generalities that it would apply to any
+view or no view in particular...
+
+And now farewell. I do most heartily rejoice at your success, and for
+Grove's sake at the brilliant success of the whole meeting.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter is of interest, as giving the beginning of the
+connection which arose between my father and Professor Victor Carus. The
+translation referred to is the third German edition made from the
+fourth English one. From this time forward Professor Carus continued
+to translate my father's books into German. The conscientious care with
+which this work was done was of material service, and I well
+remember the admiration (mingled with a tinge of vexation at his
+own short-comings) with which my father used to receive the lists of
+oversights, etc., which Professor Carus discovered in the course
+of translation. The connection was not a mere business one, but was
+cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, November 10, 1866.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your extremely kind letter. I cannot express too
+strongly my satisfaction that you have undertaken the revision of the
+new edition, and I feel the honour which you have conferred on me. I
+fear that you will find the labour considerable, not only on account of
+the additions, but I suspect that Bronn's translation is very defective,
+at least I have heard complaints on this head from quite a large number
+of persons. It would be a great gratification to me to know that the
+translation was a really good one, such as I have no doubt you will
+produce. According to our English practice, you will be fully justified
+in entirely omitting Bronn's Appendix, and I shall be very glad of its
+omission. A new edition may be looked at as a new work... You could
+add anything of your own that you liked, and I should be much pleased.
+Should you make any additions or append notes, it appears to me that
+Nageli "Entstehung und Begriff," etc. ('Entstehung und Begriff der
+Naturhistorischen Art.' An address given at a public meeting of the
+'R. Academy of Sciences' at Munich, March 28, 1865.), would be worth
+noticing, as one of the most able pamphlets on the subject. I am,
+however, far from agreeing with him that the acquisition of certain
+characters which appear to be of no service to plants, offers any great
+difficulty, or affords a proof of some innate tendency in plants towards
+perfection. If you intend to notice this pamphlet, I should like to
+write hereafter a little more in detail on the subject.
+
+... I wish I had known when writing my Historical Sketch that you had
+in 1853 published your views on the genealogical connection of past and
+present forms.
+
+I suppose you have the sheets of the last English edition on which I
+marked with pencil all the chief additions, but many little corrections
+of style were not marked.
+
+Pray believe that I feel sincerely grateful for the great service and
+honour which you do me by the present translation.
+
+I remain, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I should be VERY MUCH pleased to possess your photograph, and I
+send mine in case you should like to have a copy.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. NAGELI. (Professor of Botany at Munich.) Down, June
+12 [1866].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I hope you will excuse the liberty which I take in writing to you. I
+have just read, though imperfectly, your 'Entstehung und Begriff,'
+and have been so greatly interested by it, that I have sent it to be
+translated, as I am a poor German scholar. I have just finished a new
+[4th] edition of my 'Origin,' which will be translated into German,
+and my object in writing to you is to say that if you should see
+this edition you would think that I had borrowed from you, without
+acknowledgment, two discussions on the beauty of flowers and fruit;
+but I assure you every word was printed off before I had opened your
+pamphlet. Should you like to possess a copy of either the German or
+English new edition, I should be proud to send one. I may add, with
+respect to the beauty of flowers, that I have already hinted the same
+views as you hold in my paper on Lythrum.
+
+Many of your criticisms on my views are the best which I have met with,
+but I could answer some, at least to my own satisfaction; and I regret
+extremely that I had not read your pamphlet before printing my new
+edition. On one or two points, I think, you have a little misunderstood
+me, though I dare say I have not been cautious in expressing myself. The
+remark which has struck me most, is that on the position of the leaves
+not having been acquired through natural selection, from not being of
+any special importance to the plant. I well remember being formerly
+troubled by an analogous difficulty, namely, the position of the ovules,
+their anatropous condition, etc. It was owing to forgetfulness that
+I did not notice this difficulty in the 'Origin.' (Nageli's Essay is
+noticed in the 5th edition.) Although I can offer no explanation of such
+facts, and only hope to see that they may be explained, yet I hardly see
+how they support the doctrine of some law of necessary development,
+for it is not clear to me that a plant, with its leaves placed at some
+particular angle, or with its ovules in some particular position, thus
+stands higher than another plant. But I must apologise for troubling you
+with these remarks.
+
+As I much wish to possess your photograph, I take the liberty of
+enclosing my own, and with sincere respect I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[I give a few extracts from letters of various dates showing my
+father's interest, alluded to in the last letter, in the problem of the
+arrangement of the leaves on the stems of plants. It may be added that
+Professor Schwendener of Berlin has successfully attacked the question
+in his 'Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen,' 1878.
+
+
+TO DR. FALCONER. August 26 [1863].
+
+"Do you remember telling me that I ought to study Phyllotaxy? Well I
+have often wished you at the bottom of the sea; for I could not resist,
+and I muddled my brains with diagrams, etc., and specimens, and made
+out, as might have been expected, nothing. Those angles are a most
+wonderful problem and I wish I could see some one give a rational
+explanation of them."
+
+
+TO DR. ASA GRAY. May 11 [1861].
+
+"If you wish to save me from a miserable death, do tell me why the
+angles 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, etc, series occur, and no other angles. It
+is enough to drive the quietest man mad. Did you and some mathematician
+(Probably my father was thinking of Chauncey Wright's work on
+Phyllotaxy, in Gould's 'Astronomical Journal,' No.99, 1856, and in the
+'Mathematical Monthly,' 1859. These papers are mentioned in the "Letters
+of Chauncey Wright.' Mr. Wright corresponded with my father on the
+subject.) publish some paper on the subject? Hooker says you did; where
+is it?
+
+
+TO DR. ASA GRAY. [May 31, 1863?].
+
+"I have been looking at Nageli's work on this subject, and am astonished
+to see that the angle is not always the same in young shoots when the
+lea-buds are first distinguishable, as in full-grown branches. This
+shows, I think, that there must be some potent cause for those angles
+which do occur: I dare say there is some explanation as simple as that
+for the angles of the Bees-cells."
+
+My father also corresponded with Dr. Hubert Airy and was interested in
+his views on the subject, published in the Royal Soc. Proceedings, 1873,
+page 176.
+
+
+We now return to the year 1866.
+
+In November, when the prosecution of Governor Eyre was dividing England
+into two bitterly opposed parties, he wrote to Sir J. Hooker:--
+
+"You will shriek at me when you hear that I have just subscribed to the
+Jamaica Committee." (He subscribed 10 pounds.)
+
+On this subject I quote from a letter of my brother's:--
+
+"With respect to Governor Eyre's conduct in Jamaica, he felt strongly
+that J.S. Mill was right in prosecuting him. I remember one evening, at
+my Uncle's, we were talking on the subject, and as I happened to think
+it was too strong a measure to prosecute Governor Eyre for murder, I
+made some foolish remark about the prosecutors spending the surplus of
+the fund in a dinner. My father turned on me almost with fury, and told
+me, if those were my feelings, I had better go back to Southampton; the
+inhabitants having given a dinner to Governor Eyre on his landing, but
+with which I had had nothing to do." The end of the incident, as told
+by my brother, is so characteristic of my father that I cannot resist
+giving it, though it has no bearing on the point at issue. "Next morning
+at 7 o'clock, or so, he came into my bedroom and sat on my bed, and said
+that he had not been able to sleep from the thought that he had been so
+angry with me, and after a few more kind words he left me."
+
+The same restless desire to correct a disagreeable or incorrect
+impression is well illustrated in an extract which I quote from some
+notes by Rev. J. Brodie Innes:--
+
+"Allied to the extreme carefulness of observation was his most
+remarkable truthfulness in all matters. On one occasion, when a parish
+meeting had been held on some disputed point of no great importance, I
+was surprised by a visit from Mr. Darwin at night. He came to say that,
+thinking over the debate, though what he had said was quite accurate,
+he thought I might have drawn an erroneous conclusion, and he would
+not sleep till he had explained it. I believe that if on any day some
+certain fact had come to his knowledge which contradicted his most
+cherished theories, he would have placed the fact on record for
+publication before he slept."
+
+This tallies with my father's habits, as described by himself. When a
+difficulty or an objection occurred to him, he thought it of paramount
+importance to make a note of it instantly because he found hostile facts
+to be especially evanescent.
+
+The same point is illustrated by the following incident, for which I am
+indebted to Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"I have always remembered the following little incident as a good
+example of Mr. Darwin's extreme solicitude on the score of accuracy. One
+evening at Down there was a general conversation upon the difficulty of
+explaining the evolution of some of the distinctively human emotions,
+especially those appertaining to the recognition of beauty in natural
+scenery. I suggested a view of my own upon the subject, which, depending
+upon the principle of association, required the supposition that a long
+line of ancestors should have inhabited regions, the scenery of which is
+now regarded as beautiful. Just as I was about to observe that the chief
+difficulty attaching to my hypothesis arose from feelings of the sublime
+(seeing that these are associated with awe, and might therefore be
+expected not to be agreeable), Mr. Darwin anticipated the remark, by
+asking how the hypothesis was to meet the case of these feelings. In the
+conversation which followed, he said the occasion in his own life, when
+he was most affected by the emotions of the sublime was when he stood
+upon one of the summits of the Cordillera, and surveyed the magnificent
+prospect all around. It seemed, as he quaintly observed, as if
+his nerves had become fiddle strings, and had all taken to rapidly
+vibrating. This remark was only made incidentally, and the conversation
+passed into some other branch. About an hour afterwards Mr. Darwin
+retired to rest, while I sat up in the smoking-room with one of his
+sons. We continued smoking and talking for several hours, when at
+about one o'clock in the morning the door gently opened and Mr.
+Darwin appeared, in his slippers and dressing-gown. As nearly as I can
+remember, the following are the words he used:--
+
+"'Since I went to bed I have been thinking over our conversation in the
+drawing-room, and it has just occurred to me that I was wrong in telling
+you I felt most of the sublime when on the top of the Cordillera; I am
+quite sure that I felt it even more when in the forests of Brazil. I
+thought it best to come and tell you this at once in case I should
+be putting you wrong. I am sure now that I felt most sublime in the
+forests.'
+
+"This was all he had come to say, and it was evident that he had come to
+do so, because he thought that the fact of his feeling 'most sublime in
+forests' was more in accordance with the hypothesis which we had been
+discussing, than the fact which he had previously stated. Now, as no one
+knew better than Mr. Darwin the difference between a speculation and a
+fact, I thought this little exhibition of scientific conscientiousness
+very noteworthy, where the only question concerned was of so highly
+speculative a character. I should not have been so much impressed if he
+had thought that by his temporary failure of memory he had put me on a
+wrong scent in any matter of fact, although even in such a case he is
+the only man I ever knew who would care to get out of bed at such a time
+at night in order to make the correction immediately, instead of waiting
+till next morning. But as the correction only had reference to a flimsy
+hypothesis, I certainly was very much impressed by this display of
+character."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 10 [1866].
+
+... I have now read the last No. of H. Spencer. ('Principles of
+Biology.') I do not know whether to think it better than the previous
+number, but it is wonderfully clever, and I dare say mostly true. I feel
+rather mean when I read him: I could bear, and rather enjoy feeling that
+he was twice as ingenious and clever as myself, but when I feel that he
+is about a dozen times my superior, even in the master art of wriggling,
+I feel aggrieved. If he had trained himself to observe more, even if at
+the expense, by the law of balancement, of some loss of thinking power,
+he would have been a wonderful man.
+
+... I am HEARTILY glad you are taking up the Distribution of Plants in
+New Zealand, and suppose it will make part of your new book. Your view,
+as I understand it, that New Zealand subsided and formed two or
+more small islands, and then rose again, seems to me extremely
+probable... When I puzzled my brains about New Zealand, I remember I came
+to the conclusion, as indeed I state in the 'Origin,' that its flora, as
+well as that of other southern lands, had been tinctured by an Antarctic
+flora, which must have existed before the Glacial period. I concluded
+that New Zealand never could have been closely connected with Australia,
+though I supposed it had received some few Australian forms by
+occasional means of transport. Is there any reason to suppose that New
+Zealand could have been more closely connected with South Australia
+during the glacial period, when the Eucalypti, etc., might have been
+driven further North? Apparently there remains only the line, which
+I think you suggested, of sunken islands from New Caledonia. Please
+remember that the Edwardsia was certainly drifted there by the sea.
+
+I remember in old days speculating on the amount of life, i.e. of
+organic chemical change, at different periods. There seems to me one
+very difficult element in the problem, namely, the state of development
+of the organic beings at each period, for I presume that a Flora and
+Fauna of cellular cryptogamic plants, of Protozoa and Radiata would lead
+to much less chemical change than is now going on. But I have scribbled
+enough.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter is in acknowledgment of Mr. Rivers' reply to
+an earlier letter in which my father had asked for information on
+bu-variation:
+
+It may find a place here in illustration of the manner of my father's
+intercourse with those "whose avocations in life had to do with the
+rearing or use of living things" ("Mr. Dyer in 'Charles Darwin,'"
+"Nature Series", 1882, page 39.)--an intercourse which bore such good
+fruit in the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.' Mr. Dyer has some
+excellent remarks on the unexpected value thus placed on apparently
+trivial facts disinterred from weekly journals, or amassed by
+correspondence. He adds: "Horticulturists who had... moulded plants
+almost at their will at the impulse of taste or profit were at once
+amazed and charmed to find that they had been doing scientific work and
+helping to establish a great theory."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T. RIVERS. (The late Mr. Rivers was an eminent
+horticulturist and writer on horticulture.) Down, December 28 [1866?].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Permit me to thank you cordially for your most kind letter. For years
+I have read with interest every scrap which you have written in
+periodicals, and abstracted in MS. your book on Roses, and several times
+I thought I would write to you, but did not know whether you would think
+me too intrusive. I shall, indeed, be truly obliged for any information
+you can supply me on bud-variation or sports. When any extra
+difficult points occur to me in my present subject (which is a mass of
+difficulties), I will apply to you, but I will not be unreasonable. It
+is most true what you say that any one to study well the physiology of
+the life of plants, ought to have under his eye a multitude of plants.
+I have endeavoured to do what I can by comparing statements by many
+writers and observing what I could myself. Unfortunately few have
+observed like you have done. As you are so kind, I will mention one
+other point on which I am collecting facts; namely, the effect produced
+on the stock by the graft; thus, it is SAID, that the purple-leaved
+filbert affects the leaves of the common hazel on which it is grafted (I
+have just procured a plant to try), so variegated jessamine is SAID
+to affect its stock. I want these facts partly to throw light on the
+marvellous laburnum Adami, trifacial oranges, etc. That laburnum case
+seems one of the strangest in physiology. I have now growing splendid,
+FERTILE, yellow laburnums (with a long raceme like the so-called
+Waterer's laburnum) from seed of yellow flowers on the C. Adami. To a
+man like myself, who is compelled to live a solitary life, and sees few
+persons, it is no slight satisfaction to hear that I have been able at
+all [to] interest by my books observers like yourself.
+
+As I shall publish on my present subject, I presume, within a year, it
+will be of no use your sending me the shoots of peaches and nectarines
+which you so kindly offer; I have recorded your facts.
+
+Permit me again to thank you cordially; I have not often in my life
+received a kinder letter.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.V. -- THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION.'
+
+JANUARY 1867, TO JUNE 1868.
+
+[At the beginning of the year 1867 he was at work on the final
+chapter--"Concluding Remarks" of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants
+under Domestication,' which was begun after the rest of the MS. had
+been sent to the printers in the preceding December. With regard to the
+publication of the book he wrote to Mr. Murray, on January 3:--
+
+"I cannot tell you how sorry I am to hear of the enormous size of my
+book. (On January 9 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I have been these last
+few days vexed and annoyed to a foolish degree by hearing that my MS.
+on Dom. An. and Cult. Plants will make 2 volumes, both bigger than
+the 'Origin.' The volumes will have to be full-sized octavo, so I have
+written to Murray to suggest details to be printed in small type. But I
+feel that the size is quite ludicrous in relation to the subject. I am
+ready to swear at myself and at every fool who writes a book.") I fear
+it can never pay. But I cannot shorten it now; nor, indeed, if I had
+foreseen its length, do I see which parts ought to have been omitted.
+
+"If you are afraid to publish it, say so at once, I beg you, and I will
+consider your note as cancelled. If you think fit, get any one whose
+judgment you rely on, to look over some of the more legible chapters,
+namely, the Introduction, and on dogs and plants, the latter chapters
+being in my opinion, the dullest in the book... The list of chapters, and
+the inspection of a few here and there, would give a good judge a fair
+idea of the whole book. Pray do not publish blindly, as it would vex me
+all my life if I led you to heavy loss."
+
+Mr. Murray referred the MS. to a literary friend, and, in spite of
+a somewhat adverse opinion, willingly agreed to publish the book. My
+father wrote:--
+
+"Your note has been a great relief to me. I am rather alarmed about the
+verdict of your friend, as he is not a man of science. I think if you
+had sent the 'Origin' to an unscientific man, he would have utterly
+condemned it. I am, however, VERY GLAD that you have consulted any one
+on whom you can rely.
+
+"I must add, that my 'Journal of Researches' was seen in MS. by an
+eminent semi-scientific man, and was pronounced unfit for publication."
+
+The proofs were begun in March, and the last revise was finished on
+November 15th, and during this period the only intervals of rest were
+two visits of a week each at his brother Erasmus's house in Queen Anne
+Street. He notes in his Diary:--
+
+"I began this book [in the] beginning of 1860 (and then had some MS.),
+but owing to interruptions from my illness, and illness of children;
+from various editions of the 'Origin,' and Papers, especially Orchis
+book and Tendrils, I have spent four years and two months over it."
+
+The edition of 'Animals and Plants' was of 1500 copies, and of these
+1260 were sold at Mr. Murray's autumnal sale, but it was not published
+until January 30, 1868. A new edition of 1250 copies was printed in
+February of the same year.
+
+In 1867 he received the distinction of being made a knight of the
+Prussian Order "Pour le Merite." (The Order "Pour le Merite" was
+founded in 1740 by Frederick II. by the re-christening of an "Order
+of Generosity," founded in 1665. It was at one time strictly military,
+having been previously both civil and military, and in 1840 the Order
+was again opened to civilians. The order consists of thirty members of
+German extraction, but distinguished foreigners are admitted to a kind
+of extraordinary membership. Faraday, Herschel, and Thomas Moore, have
+belonged to it in this way. From the thirty members a chancellor is
+elected by the king (the first officer of this kind was Alexander v.
+Humboldt); and it is the duty of the chancellor to notify a vacancy in
+the Order to the remainder of the thirty, who then elect by vote the new
+member--but the king has technically the appointment in his own hands.)
+He seems not to have known how great the distinction was, for in June
+1868 he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"What a man you are for sympathy. I was made "Eques" some months ago,
+but did not think much about it. Now, by Jove, we all do; but you, in
+fact, have knighted me."
+
+The letters may now take up the story.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 8 [1867].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am heartily glad that you have been offered the Presidentship of the
+British Association, for it is a great honour, and as you have so
+much work to do, I am equally glad that you have declined it. I feel,
+however, convinced that you would have succeeded very well; but if I
+fancy myself in such a position, it actually makes my blood run cold. I
+look back with amazement at the skill and taste with which the Duke of
+Argyll made a multitude of little speeches at Glasgow. By the way,
+I have not seen the Duke's book ('The Reign of Law,' 1867.), but I
+formerly thought that some of the articles which appeared in periodicals
+were very clever, but not very profound. One of these was reviewed
+in the "Saturday Review" ("Saturday Review", November 15, 1862, 'The
+"Edinburgh Review" on the Supernatural.' Written by my cousin, Mr.
+Henry Parker.) some years ago, and the fallacy of some main argument
+was admirably exposed, and I sent the article to you, and you agreed
+strongly with it... There was the other day a rather good review of the
+Duke's book in the "Spectator", and with a new explanation, either by
+the Duke or the reviewer (I could not make out which), of rudimentary
+organs, namely, that economy of labour and material was a great guiding
+principle with God (ignoring waste of seed and of young monsters, etc.),
+and that making a new plan for the structure of animals was thought, and
+thought was labour, and therefore God kept to a uniform plan, and left
+rudiments. This is no exaggeration. In short, God is a man, rather
+cleverer than us... I am very much obliged for the "Nation" (returned by
+this post); it is ADMIRABLY good. You say I always guess wrong, but I do
+not believe any one, except Asa Gray, could have done the thing so well.
+I would bet even, or three to two, that it is Asa Gray, though one or
+two passages staggered me.
+
+I finish my book on 'Domestic Animals,' etc., by a single paragraph,
+answering, or rather throwing doubt, in so far as so little space
+permits, on Asa Gray's doctrine that each variation has been specially
+ordered or led along a beneficial line. It is foolish to touch such
+subjects, but there have been so many allusions to what I think about
+the part which God has played in the formation of organic beings (Prof.
+Judd allows me to quote from some notes which he has kindly given
+me:--"Lyell once told me that he had frequently been asked if Darwin was
+not one of the most unhappy of men, it being suggested that his outrage
+upon public opinion should have filled him with remorse." Sir Charles
+Lyell must have been able, I think, to give a satisfactory answer on
+this point. Professor Judd continues:--
+
+"I made a note of this and other conversations of Lyell's at the time.
+At the present time such statements must appear strange to any one
+who does not recollect the revolution in opinion which has taken place
+during the last 23 years [1882]."), that I thought it shabby to evade
+the question... I have even received several letters on the subject... I
+overlooked your sentence about Providence, and suppose I treated it as
+Buckland did his own theology, when his Bridgewater Treatise was read
+aloud to him for correction...
+
+
+[The following letter, from Mrs. Boole, is one of those referred to in
+the last letter to Sir J.D. Hooker:]
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+Will you excuse my venturing to ask you a question, to which no one's
+answer but your own would be quite satisfactory?
+
+Do you consider the holding of your theory of Natural Selection, in its
+fullest and most unreserved sense, to be inconsistent--I do not say with
+any particular scheme of theological doctrine--but with the following
+belief, namely:--
+
+That knowledge is given to man by the direct inspiration of the Spirit
+of God.
+
+That God is a personal and Infinitely good Being.
+
+That the effect of the action of the Spirit of God on the brain of man
+is especially a moral effect.
+
+And that each individual man has within certain limits a power of choice
+as to how far he will yield to his hereditary animal impulses, and how
+far he will rather follow the guidance of the Spirit, who is educating
+him into a power of resisting those impulses in obedience to moral
+motives?
+
+The reason why I ask you is this: my own impression has always been, not
+only that your theory was perfectly COMPATIBLE with the faith to which
+I have just tried to give expression, but that your books afforded me
+a clue which would guide me in applying that faith to the solution of
+certain complicated psychological problems which it was of practical
+importance to me as a mother to solve. I felt that you had supplied one
+of the missing links--not to say THE missing link--between the facts of
+science and the promises of religion. Every year's experience tends to
+deepen in me that impression.
+
+But I have lately read remarks on the probable bearing of your theory on
+religious and moral questions which have perplexed and pained me sorely.
+I know that the persons who make such remarks must be cleverer and wiser
+than myself. I cannot feel sure that they are mistaken, unless you will
+tell me so. And I think--I cannot know for certain--but I THINK--that if
+I were an author, I would rather that the humblest student of my works
+should apply to me directly in a difficulty, than that she should puzzle
+too long over adverse and probably mistaken or thoughtless criticisms.
+
+At the same time I feel that you have a perfect right to refuse to
+answer such questions as I have asked you. Science must take her
+path, and Theology hers, and they will meet when and where and how God
+pleases, and you are in no sense responsible for it if the meeting-point
+should still be very far off. If I receive no answer to this letter I
+shall infer nothing from your silence, except that you felt I had no
+right to make such enquiries of a stranger.
+
+[My father replied as follows:]
+
+Down, December 14, [1866].
+
+Dear Madam,
+
+It would have gratified me much if I could have sent satisfactory
+answers to your questions, or, indeed, answers of any kind. But I cannot
+see how the belief that all organic beings, including man, have been
+genetically derived from some simple being, instead of having been
+separately created, bears on your difficulties. These, as it seems to
+me, can be answered only by widely different evidence from science, or
+by the so-called "inner consciousness." My opinion is not worth more
+than that of any other man who has thought on such subjects, and it
+would be folly in me to give it. I may, however, remark that it has
+always appeared to me more satisfactory to look at the immense amount of
+pain and suffering in this world as the inevitable result of the natural
+sequence of events, i.e. general laws, rather than from the direct
+intervention of God, though I am aware this is not logical with
+reference to an omniscient Deity. Your last question seems to resolve
+itself into the problem of free will and necessity, which has been found
+by most persons insoluble. I sincerely wish that this note had not been
+as utterly valueless as it is. I would have sent full answers, though I
+have little time or strength to spare, had it been in my power. I have
+the honour to remain, dear Madam,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I am grieved that my views should incidentally have caused trouble
+to your mind, but I thank you for your judgment, and honour you for it,
+that theology and science should each run its own course, and that in
+the present case I am not responsible if their meeting-point should
+still be far off.
+
+
+[The next letter discusses the 'Reign of Law,' referred to a few pages
+back:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, June 1 [1867].
+
+... I am at present reading the Duke, and am VERY MUCH interested by him;
+yet I cannot but think, clever as the whole is, that parts are weak, as
+when he doubts whether each curvature of the beak of humming-birds is of
+service to each species. He admits, perhaps too fully, that I have shown
+the use of each little ridge and shape of each petal in orchids, and how
+strange he does not extend the view to humming-birds. Still odder, it
+seems to me, all that he says on beauty, which I should have thought a
+nonentity, except in the mind of some sentient being. He might have as
+well said that love existed during the secondary or Palaeozoic periods.
+I hope you are getting on with your book better than I am with mine,
+which kills me with the labour of correcting, and is intolerably dull,
+though I did not think so when I was writing it. A naturalist's life
+would be a happy one if he had only to observe, and never to write.
+
+We shall be in London for a week in about a fortnight's time, and I
+shall enjoy having a breakfast talk with you.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to the new and improved translation of the
+'Origin,' undertaken by Professor Carus:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. VICTOR CARUS. Down, February 17 [1867].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have read your preface with care. It seems to me that you have treated
+Bronn with complete respect and great delicacy, and that you have
+alluded to your own labour with much modesty. I do not think that any of
+Bronn's friends can complain of what you say and what you have done. For
+my own sake, I grieve that you have not added notes, as I am sure that
+I should have profited much by them; but as you have omitted Bronn's
+objections, I believe that you have acted with excellent judgment and
+fairness in leaving the text without comment to the independent verdict
+of the reader. I heartily congratulate you that the main part of your
+labour is over; it would have been to most men a very troublesome task,
+but you seem to have indomitable powers of work, judging from those two
+wonderful and most useful volumes on zoological literature ('Bibliotheca
+Zoologica,' 1861.) edited by you, and which I never open without
+surprise at their accuracy, and gratitude for their usefulness. I cannot
+sufficiently tell you how much I rejoice that you were persuaded to
+superintend the translation of the present edition of my book, for I
+have now the great satisfaction of knowing that the German public can
+judge fairly of its merits and demerits...
+
+With my cordial and sincere thanks, believe me,
+
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor
+Haeckel, was written in 1865, and from that time forward they
+corresponded (though not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of
+my father's life. His friendship with Haeckel was not nearly growth of
+correspondence, as was the case with some others, for instance, Fritz
+Muller. Haeckel paid more than one visit to Down, and these were
+thoroughly enjoyed by my father. The following letter will serve to
+show the strong feeling of regard which he entertained for his
+correspondent--a feeling which I have often heard him emphatically
+express, and which was warmly returned. The book referred to is
+Haeckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' published in 1866, a copy of which my
+father received from the author in January 1867.
+
+Dr. E. Krause ('Charles Darwin und sein Verhaltniss zu Deutschland,'
+1885.) has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's services to the
+cause of Evolution. After speaking of the lukewarm reception which the
+'Origin' met with in Germany on its first publication, he goes on to
+describe the first adherents of the new faith as more or less popular
+writers, not especially likely to advance its acceptance with the
+professorial or purely scientific world. And he claims for Haeckel that
+it was his advocacy of Evolution in his 'Radiolaria' (1862), and at
+the "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin in 1863, that placed the
+Darwinian question for the first time publicly before the forum
+of German science, and his enthusiastic propagandism that chiefly
+contributed to its success.
+
+Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+the Coryphaeus of the Darwinian movement in Germany. Of his 'Generelle
+Morphologie,' "an attempt to work out the practical application" of the
+doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+"force and suggestiveness, and... systematising power of Oken without his
+extravagance." Professor Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+'Schopfungs-Geschichte' as an exposition of the 'Generelle Morphologie'
+"for an educated public."
+
+Again, in his 'Evolution in Biology' (An article in the 'Encyclopaedia
+Britannica,' 9th edition, reprinted in 'Science and Culture,' 1881, page
+298.), Mr. Huxley wrote: "Whatever hesitation may, not unfrequently,
+be felt by less daring minds, in following Haeckel in many of his
+speculations, his attempt to systematise the doctrine of Evolution,
+and to exhibit its influence as the central thought of modern biology,
+cannot fail to have a far-reaching influence on the progress of
+science."
+
+In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner
+in which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and
+on this subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (page 162). He asks
+whether much that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well
+have been otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to
+deny this. Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked
+well for the cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated
+on himself by his 'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,' his 'Generelle
+Morphologie,' and 'Schopfungs-Geschichte,' all the hatred and
+bitterness which Evolution excited in certain quarters," so that, "in
+a surprisingly short time it became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel
+alone should be abused, while Darwin was held up as the ideal of
+forethought and moderation."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, May 21, 1867.
+
+Dear Haeckel,
+
+Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for you have
+received what I said in the most kind and cordial manner. You have
+in part taken what I said much stronger than I had intended. It never
+occurred to me for a moment to doubt that your work, with the whole
+subject so admirably and clearly arranged, as well as fortified by so
+many new facts and arguments, would not advance our common object in the
+highest degree. All that I think is that you will excite anger, and that
+anger so completely blinds every one, that your arguments would have
+no chance of influencing those who are already opposed to our views.
+Moreover, I do not at all like that you, towards whom I feel so much
+friendship, should unnecessarily make enemies, and there is pain and
+vexation enough in the world without more being caused. But I repeat
+that I can feel no doubt that your work will greatly advance our
+subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated into English, for
+my own sake and that of others. With respect to what you say about
+my advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some of
+my English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+policy. The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in England
+(In October 1867 he wrote to Mr. Wallace:--"Mr. Warrington has lately
+read an excellent and spirited abstract of the 'Origin' before the
+Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has gained
+the name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion which followed during
+three consecutive meetings is very rich from the nonsense talked. If you
+would care to see the number I could send it you."), even amongst those
+who can give no reason for their belief. No body of men were at first
+so much opposed to my views as the members of the London Entomological
+Society, but now I am assured that, with the exception of two or three
+old men, all the members concur with me to a certain extent. It has been
+a great disappointment to me that I have never received your long letter
+written to me from the Canary Islands. I am rejoiced to hear that your
+tour, which seems to have been a most interesting one, has done your
+health much good. I am working away at my new book, but make very slow
+progress, and the work tries my health, which is much the same as when
+you were here.
+
+Victor Carus is going to translate it, but whether it is worth
+translation, I am rather doubtful. I am very glad to hear that there is
+some chance of your visiting England this autumn, and all in this house
+will be delighted to see you here.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, July 31 [1867].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I received a week ago your letter of June 2, full as usual of valuable
+matter and specimens. It arrived at exactly the right time, for I was
+enabled to give a pretty full abstract of your observations on the
+plant's own pollen being poisonous. I have inserted this abstract in the
+proo-sheets in my chapter on sterility, and it forms the most striking
+part of my whole chapter. (In 'The Variation of Animals and Plants.') I
+thank you very sincerely for the most interesting observations, which,
+however, I regret that you did not publish independently. I have been
+forced to abbreviate one or two parts more than I wished... Your letters
+always surprise me, from the number of points to which you attend. I
+wish I could make my letters of any interest to you, for I hardly ever
+see a naturalist, and live as retired a life as you in Brazil. With
+respect to mimetic plants, I remember Hooker many years ago saying he
+believed that there were many, but I agree with you that it would
+be most difficult to distinguish between mimetic resemblance and the
+effects of peculiar conditions. Who can say to which of these causes to
+attribute the several plants with heath-like foliage at the Cape of Good
+Hope? Is it not also a difficulty that quadrupeds appear to recognise
+plants more by their [scent] than their appearance? What I have just
+said reminds me to ask you a question. Sir J. Lubbock brought me the
+other day what appears to be a terrestrial Planaria (the first ever
+found in the northern hemisphere) and which was coloured exactly like
+our dark-coloured slugs. Now slugs are not devoured by birds, like
+the shell-bearing species, and this made me remember that I found the
+Brazilian Planariae actually together with striped Vaginuli which I
+believe were similarly coloured. Can you throw any light on this? I wish
+to know, because I was puzzled some months ago how it would be possible
+to account for the bright colours of the Planariae in reference to
+sexual selection. By the way, I suppose they are hermaphrodites.
+
+Do not forget to aid me, if in your power, with answers to ANY of my
+questions on expression, for the subject interests me greatly. With
+cordial thanks for your never-failing kindness, believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, July 18 [1867].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+Many thanks for your long letter. I am sorry to hear that you are in
+despair about your book (The 2nd volume of the 10th Edition of the
+'Principles.'); I well know that feeling, but am now getting out of the
+lower depths. I shall be very much pleased, if you can make the least
+use of my present book, and do not care at all whether it is published
+before yours. Mine will appear towards the end of November of this year;
+you speak of yours as not coming out till November, 1868, which I
+hope may be an error. There is nothing about Man in my book which can
+interfere with you, so I will order all the completed clean sheets to be
+sent (and others as soon as ready) to you, but please observe you will
+not care for the first volume, which is a mere record of the amount
+of variation; but I hope the second will be somewhat more interesting.
+Though I fear the whole must be dull.
+
+I rejoice from my heart that you are going to speak out plainly about
+species. My book about Man, if published, will be short, and a large
+portion will be devoted to sexual selection, to which subject I alluded
+in the 'Origin' as bearing on Man...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, August 22 [1867].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I thank you cordially for your last two letters. The former one did me
+REAL good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could hardly
+bear to correct the proofs (The proofs of 'Animals and Plants,' which
+Lyell was then reading.), and you gave me fresh heart. I remember
+thinking that when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would pass it over
+as quite unreadable. Your last letter has interested me in very many
+ways, and I have been glad to hear about those horrid unbelieving
+Frenchmen. I have been particularly pleased that you have noticed
+Pangenesis. I do not know whether you ever had the feeling of having
+thought so much over a subject that you had lost all power of judging
+it. This is my case with Pangenesis (which is 26 or 27 years old), but I
+am inclined to think that if it be admitted as a probable hypothesis it
+will be a somewhat important step in Biology.
+
+I cannot help still regretting that you have ever looked at the slips,
+for I hope to improve the whole a good deal. It is surprising to me,
+and delightful, that you should care in the least about the plants.
+Altogether you have given me one of the best cordials I ever had in my
+life, and I heartily thank you. I despatched this morning the French
+edition. (Of the 'Origin.' It appears that my father was sending a copy
+of the French edition to Sir Charles. The introduction was by Mdlle.
+Royer, who translated the book.) The introduction was a complete
+surprise to me, and I dare say has injured the book in France;
+nevertheless... it shows, I think, that the woman is uncommonly clever.
+Once again many thanks for the renewed courage with which I shall attack
+the horrid proof-sheets.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--A Russian who is translating my new book into Russian has been
+here, and says you are immensely read in Russia, and many editions--how
+many I forget. Six editions of Buckle and four editions of the 'Origin.'
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, October 16 [1867].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I send by this post clean sheets of Volume I. up to page 336, and there
+are only 411 pages in this volume. I am VERY glad to hear that you are
+going to review my book; but if the "Nation" (The book was reviewed by
+Dr. Gray in the "Nation", March 19, 1868.) is a newspaper I wish it
+were at the bottom of the sea, for I fear that you will thus be stopped
+reviewing me in a scientific journal. The first volume is all details,
+and you will not be able to read it; and you must remember that the
+chapters on plants are written for naturalists who are not botanists.
+The last chapter in Volume I. is, however, I think, a curious
+compilation of facts; it is on bu-variation. In Volume II. some of the
+chapters are more interesting; and I shall be very curious to hear your
+verdict on the chapter on close inte-breeding. The chapter on what I
+call Pangenesis will be called a mad dream, and I shall be pretty well
+satisfied if you think it a dream worth publishing; but at the bottom of
+my own mind I think it contains a great truth. I finish my book with a
+semi-theological paragraph, in which I quote and differ from you; what
+you will think of it, I know not...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 17 [1867].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Congratulate me, for I have finished the last revise of the last sheet
+of my book. It has been an awful job: seven and a half months correcting
+the press: the book, from much small type, does not look big, but is
+really very big. I have had hard work to keep up to the mark, but during
+the last week only few revises came, so that I have rested and feel more
+myself. Hence, after our long mutual silence, I enjoy myself by writing
+a note to you, for the sake of exhaling, and hearing from you. On
+account of the index (The index was made by Mr. W.S. Dallas; I have
+often heard my father express his admiration of this excellent piece of
+work.), I do not suppose that you will receive your copy till the middle
+of next month. I shall be intensely anxious to hear what you think
+about Pangenesis; though I can see how fearfully imperfect, even in mere
+conjectural conclusions, it is; yet it has been an infinite satisfaction
+to me somehow to connect the various large groups of facts, which I
+have long considered, by an intelligible thread. I shall not be at all
+surprised if you attack it and me with unparalleled ferocity. It will
+be my endeavour to do as little as possible for some time, but [I] shall
+soon prepare a paper or two for the Linnean Society. In a short time we
+shall go to London for ten days, but the time is not yet fixed. Now I
+have told you a deal about myself, and do let me hear a good deal
+about your own past and future doings. Can you pay us a visit, early in
+December?... I have seen no one for an age, and heard no news.
+
+... About my book I will give you a bit of advice. Skip the WHOLE of
+Volume I., except the last chapter (and that need only be skimmed) and
+skip largely in the 2nd volume; and then you will say it is a very good
+book.
+
+
+1868.
+
+['The Variation of Animals and Plants' was, as already mentioned,
+published on January 30, 1868, and on that day he sent a copy to Fritz
+Muller, and wrote to him:--
+
+"I send by this post, by French packet, my new book, the publication of
+which has been much delayed. The greater part, as you will see, is not
+meant to be read; but I should very much like to hear what you think
+of 'Pangenesis,' though I fear it will appear to EVERY ONE far too
+speculative."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. February 3 [1868].
+
+... I am very much pleased at what you say about my Introduction; after
+it was in type I was as near as possible cancelling the whole. I have
+been for some time in despair about my book, and if I try to read a few
+pages I feel fairly nauseated, but do not let this make you praise it;
+for I have made up my mind that it is not worth a fifth part of the
+enormous labour it has cost me. I assure you that all that is worth your
+doing (if you have time for so much) is glancing at Chapter VI., and
+reading parts of the later chapters. The facts on self-impotent plants
+seem to me curious, and I have worked out to my own satisfaction the
+good from crossing and evil from interbreeding. I did read Pangenesis
+the other evening, but even this, my beloved child, as I had fancied,
+quite disgusted me. The devil take the whole book; and yet now I am at
+work again as hard as I am able. It is really a great evil that from
+habit I have pleasure in hardly anything except Natural History, for
+nothing else makes me forget my eve-recurrent uncomfortable sensations.
+But I must not howl any more, and the critics may say what they like;
+I did my best, and man can do no more. What a splendid pursuit Natural
+History would be if it was all observing and no writing!...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 10 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+What is the good of having a friend, if one may not boast to him? I
+heard yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole edition of
+1500 copies of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has agreed with
+Clowes to get another edition in fourteen days! This has done me a world
+of good, for I had got into a sort of dogged hatred of my book. And
+now there has appeared a review in the "Pall Mall" which has pleased me
+excessively, more perhaps than is reasonable. I am quite content, and
+do not care how much I may be pitched into. If by any chance you should
+hear who wrote the article in the "Pall Mall", do please tell me; it
+is some one who writes capitally, and who knows the subject. I went to
+luncheon on Sunday, to Lubbock's, partly in hopes of seeing you, and, be
+hanged to you, you were not there.
+
+Your cock-a-hoop friend, C.D.
+
+
+[Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in
+the "Pall Mall Gazette" (February 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well
+have been gratified by the following passages:--
+
+"We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on
+his antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. Considering
+the amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other
+side, this forbearance is supremely dignified."
+
+And again in the third notice, February 17:--
+
+"Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive
+sel-love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators... but while abstaining
+from impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest
+debts he may owe; and his book will make many men happy."
+
+I am indebted to Messrs. Smith & Elder for the information that these
+articles were written by Mr. G.H. Lewes.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 23 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have had almost as many letters to write of late as you can have, viz.
+from 8 to 10 per diem, chiefly getting up facts on sexual selection,
+therefore I have felt no inclination to write to you, and now I mean to
+write solely about my book for my own satisfaction, and not at all for
+yours. The first edition was 1500 copies, and now the second is
+printed off; sharp work. Did you look at the review in the "Athenaeum"
+("Athenaeum", February 15, 1868. My father quoted Pouchet's assertion
+that "variation under domestication throws no light on the natural
+modification of species." The reviewer quotes the end of a passage
+in which my father declares that he can see no force in Pouchet's
+arguments, or rather assertions, and then goes on: "We are sadly
+mistaken if there are not clear proofs in the pages of the book before
+us that, on the contrary, Mr. Darwin has perceived, felt, and yielded to
+the force of the arguments or assertions of his French antagonist." The
+following may serve as samples of the rest of the review:--
+
+"Henceforth the rhetoricians will have a better illustration of
+anti-climax than the mountain which brought forth a mouse,... in the
+discoverer of the origin of species, who tried to explain the variation
+of pigeons!
+
+"A few summary words. On the 'Origin of Species' Mr. Darwin has
+nothing, and is never likely to have anything, to say; but on the vastly
+important subject of inheritance, the transmission of peculiarities
+once acquired through successive generations, this work is a valuable
+store-house of facts for curious students and practical breeders."),
+showing profound contempt of me?... It is a shame that he should have
+said that I have taken much from Pouchet, without acknowledgment; for I
+took literally nothing, there being nothing to take. There is a capital
+review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle" which will sell the book if
+anything will. I don't quite see whether I or the writer is in a
+muddle about man CAUSING variability. If a man drops a bit of iron into
+sulphuric acid he does not cause the affinities to come into play, yet
+he may be said to make sulphate of iron. I do not know how to avoid
+ambiguity.
+
+After what the "Pall Mall Gazette" and the "Chronicle" have said I do
+not care a d--.
+
+I fear Pangenesis is stillborn; Bates says he has read it twice, and
+is not sure that he understands it. H. Spencer says the view is quite
+different from his (and this is a great relief to me, as I feared to be
+accused of plagiarism, but utterly failed to be sure what he meant, so
+thought it safest to give my view as almost the same as his), and he
+says he is not sure he understands it... Am I not a poor devil? yet I
+took such pains, I must think that I expressed myself clearly. Old Sir
+H. Holland says he has read it twice, and thinks it very tough; but
+believes that sooner or later "some view akin to it" will be accepted.
+
+You will think me very self-sufficient, when I declare that I feel SURE
+if Pangenesis is now stillborn it will, thank God, at some future time
+reappear, begotten by some other father, and christened by some other
+name.
+
+Have you ever met with any tangible and clear view of what takes place
+in generation, whether by seeds or buds, or how a long-lost character
+can possibly reappear; or how the male element can possibly affect
+the mother plant, or the mother animal, so that her future progeny are
+affected? Now all these points and many others are connected together,
+whether truly or falsely is another question, by Pangenesis. You see I
+die hard, and stick up for my poor child.
+
+This letter is written for my own satisfaction, and not for yours. So
+bear it.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. NEWTON. (Prof. of Zoology at Cambridge.) Down,
+February 9 [1870].
+
+Dear Newton,
+
+I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant
+to write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his
+favour; and yet I am going thus to act. I have just read what you
+have said in the 'Record' ('Zoological Record.' The volume for 1868,
+published December 1869.) about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified
+me beyond measure. I have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the
+labour of so many years seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the
+first man capable of forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages),
+who seems to have thought anything of this part of my work. The amount
+of labour, correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more
+than you could well suppose. I thought the article in the "Athenaeum"
+was very unjust; but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you
+for your sympathy and too warm praise. What labour you have bestowed on
+your part of the 'Record'! I ought to be ashamed to speak of my amount
+of work. I thoroughly enjoyed the Sunday, which you and the others spent
+here, and
+
+I remain, dear Newton, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 27 [1868].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+You cannot well imagine how much I have been pleased by what you say
+about 'Pangenesis.' None of my friends will speak out... Hooker, as far
+as I understand him, which I hardly do at present, seems to think that
+the hypothesis is little more than saying that organisms have such
+and such potentialities. What you say exactly and fully expresses my
+feeling, viz. that it is a relief to have some feasible explanation
+of the various facts, which can be given up as soon as any better
+hypothesis is found. It has certainly been an immense relief to my mind;
+for I have been stumbling over the subject for years, dimly seeing that
+some relation existed between the various classes of facts. I now hear
+from H. Spencer that his views quoted in my foot-note refer to something
+quite distinct, as you seem to have perceived.
+
+I shall be very glad to hear at some future day your criticisms on
+the "causes of variability." Indeed I feel sure that I am right about
+sterility and natural selection... I do not quite understand your case,
+and we think that a word or two is misplaced. I wish sometime you would
+consider the case under the following point of view:--If sterility is
+caused or accumulated through natural selection, than as every degree
+exists up to absolute barrenness, natural selection must have the power
+of increasing it. Now take two species, A and B, and assume that they
+are (by any means) half-sterile, i.e. produce half the full number of
+offspring. Now try and make (by natural selection) A and B absolutely
+sterile when crossed, and you will find how difficult it is. I grant
+indeed, it is certain, that the degree of sterility of the individuals A
+and B will vary, but any such extra-sterile individuals of, we will
+say A, if they should hereafter breed with other individuals of A, will
+bequeath no advantage to their progeny, by which these families will
+tend to increase in number over other families of A, which are not more
+sterile when crossed with B. But I do not know that I have made this any
+clearer than in the chapter in my book. It is a most difficult bit of
+reasoning, which I have gone over and over again on paper with diagrams.
+
+... Hearty thanks for your letter. You have indeed pleased me, for I had
+given up the great god Pan as a stillborn deity. I wish you could be
+induced to make it clear with your admirable powers of elucidation in
+one of the scientific journals...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 28 [1868].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have been deeply interested by your letter, and we had a good laugh
+over Huxley's remark, which was so deuced clever that you could not
+recollect it. I cannot quite follow your train of thought, for in the
+last page you admit all that I wish, having apparently denied all, or
+thought all mere words in the previous pages of your note; but it may be
+my muddle. I see clearly that any satisfaction which Pan may give will
+depend on the constitution of each man's mind. If you have arrived
+already at any similar conclusion, the whole will of course appear stale
+to you. I heard yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity),
+"I can hardly tell you how much I admire the chapter on 'Pangenesis.'
+It is a POSITIVE COMFORT to me to have any feasible explanation of a
+difficulty that has always been haunting me, and I shall never be able
+to give it up till a better one supplies its place, and that I think
+hardly possible, etc." Now his foregoing [italicised] words express my
+sentiments exactly and fully: though perhaps I feel the relief extra
+strongly from having during many years vainly attempted to form some
+hypothesis. When you or Huxley say that a single cell of a plant, or the
+stump of an amputated limb, have the "potentiality" of reproducing
+the whole--or "diffuse an influence," these words give me no positive
+idea;--but when it is said that the cells of a plant, or stump, include
+atoms derived from every other cell of the whole organism and capable of
+development, I gain a distinct idea. But this idea would not be worth
+a rush, if it applied to one case alone; but it seems to me to apply
+to all the forms of reproduction--inheritance--metamorphosis--to the
+abnormal transposition of organs--to the direct action of the male
+element on the mother plant, etc. Therefore I fully believe that each
+cell does ACTUALLY throw off an atom or gemmule of its contents;--but
+whether or not, this hypothesis serves as a useful connecting link for
+various grand classes of physiological facts, which at present stand
+absolutely isolated.
+
+I have touched on the doubtful point (alluded to by Huxley) how far
+atoms derived from the same cell may become developed into different
+structure accordingly as they are differently nourished; I advanced as
+illustrations galls and polypoid excrescences...
+
+It is a real pleasure to me to write to you on this subject, and I
+should be delighted if we can understand each other; but you must not
+let your good nature lead you on. Remember, we always fight tooth and
+nail. We go to London on Tuesday, first for a week to Queen Anne Street,
+and afterwards to Miss Wedgwood's, in Regent's Park, and stay the whole
+month, which, as my gardener truly says, is a "terrible thing" for my
+experiments.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. (Dr. William Ogle, now the Superintendent of
+Statistics to the Registrar-General.) Down, March 6 [1868].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you most sincerely for your letter, which is very interesting
+to me. I wish I had known of these views of Hippocrates before I had
+published, for they seem almost identical with mine--merely a change
+of terms--and an application of them to classes of facts necessarily
+unknown to the old philosopher. The whole case is a good illustration of
+how rarely anything is new.
+
+Hippocrates has taken the wind out of my sails, but I care very little
+about being forestalled. I advance the views merely as a provisional
+hypothesis, but with the secret expectation that sooner or later some
+such view will have to be admitted.
+
+... I do not expect the reviewers will be so learned as you: otherwise,
+no doubt, I shall be accused of wilfully stealing Pangenesis from
+Hippocrates,--for this is the spirit some reviewers delight to show.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, March 21 [1868].
+
+... I am very much obliged to you for sending me so frankly your opinion
+on Pangenesis, and I am sorry it is unfavourable, but I cannot quite
+understand your remark on pangenesis, selection, and the struggle
+for life not being more methodical. I am not at all surprised at your
+unfavourable verdict; I know many, probably most, will come to the same
+conclusion. One English Review says it is much too complicated... Some
+of my friends are enthusiastic on the hypothesis... Sir C. Lyell says
+to every one, "you may not believe in 'Pangenesis,' but if you once
+understand it, you will never get it out of your mind." And with this
+criticism I am perfectly content. All cases of inheritance and reversion
+and development now appear to me under a new light...
+
+[An extract from a letter to Fritz Muller, though of later date (June),
+may be given here:--
+
+"Your letter of April 22 has much interested me. I am delighted that you
+approve of my book, for I value your opinion more than that of almost
+any one. I have yet hopes that you will think well of Pangenesis. I feel
+sure that our minds are somewhat alike, and I find it a great relief
+to have some definite, though hypothetical view, when I reflect on the
+wonderful transformations of animals,--the re-growth of parts,--and
+especially the direct action of pollen on the mother-form, etc. It often
+appears to me almost certain that the characters of the parents are
+"photographed" on the child, only by means of material atoms derived
+from each cell in both parents, and developed in the child."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, May 8 [1868].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have been a most ungrateful and ungracious man not to have written to
+you an immense time ago to thank you heartily for the "Nation", and for
+all your most kind aid in regard to the American edition [of 'Animals
+and Plants']. But I have been of late overwhelmed with letters, which
+I was forced to answer, and so put off writing to you. This morning
+I received the American edition (which looks capital), with your nice
+preface, for which hearty thanks. I hope to heaven that the book will
+succeed well enough to prevent you repenting of your aid. This arrival
+has put the finishing stroke to my conscience, which will endure its
+wrongs no longer.
+
+... Your article in the "Nation" [March 19] seems to me very good, and
+you give an excellent idea of Pangenesis--an infant cherished by few as
+yet, except his tender parent, but which will live a long life. There
+is parental presumption for you! You give a good slap at my concluding
+metaphor (A short abstract of the precipice metaphor is given in
+Volume I. Dr. Gray's criticism on this point is as follows: "But in Mr.
+Darwin's parallel, to meet the case of nature according to his own view
+of it, not only the fragments of rock (answering to variation) should
+fall, but the edifice (answering to natural selection) should rise,
+irrespective of will or choice!" But my father's parallel demands that
+natural selection shall be the architect, not the edifice--the question
+of design only comes in with regard to the form of the building
+materials.): undoubtedly I ought to have brought in and contrasted
+natural and artificial selection; but it seems so obvious to me that
+natural selection depended on contingencies even more complex than those
+which must have determined the shape of each fragment at the base of my
+precipice. What I wanted to show was that in reference to pre-ordainment
+whatever holds good in the formation of a pouter pigeon holds good in
+the formation of a natural species of pigeon. I cannot see that this
+is false. If the right variations occurred, and no others, natural
+selection would be superfluous. A reviewer in an Edinburgh paper, who
+treats me with profound contempt, says on this subject that Professor
+Asa Gray could with the greatest ease smash me into little pieces. (The
+"Daily Review", April 27, 1868. My father has given rather a highly
+coloured version of the reviewer's remarks: "We doubt not that Professor
+Asa Gray... could show that natural selection... is simply an instrument
+in the hands of an omnipotent and omniscient creator." The reviewer goes
+on to say that the passage in question is a "very melancholy one," and
+that the theory is the "apotheosis of materialism.")
+
+Believe me, my dear Gray, Your ungrateful but sincere friend, CHARLES
+DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. Down, June 23, 1868.
+
+My dear Mr. Bentham,
+
+As your address (Presidential Address to the Linnean Society.) is
+somewhat of the nature of a verdict from a judge, I do not know whether
+it is proper for me to do so, but I must and will thank you for the
+pleasure which you have given me. I am delighted at what you say about
+my book. I got so tired of it, that for months together I thought
+myself a perfect fool for having given up so much time in collecting
+and observing little facts, but now I do not care if a score of common
+critics speak as contemptuously of the book as did the "Athenaeum".
+I feel justified in this, for I have so complete a reliance on your
+judgment that I feel certain that I should have bowed to your judgment
+had it been as unfavourable as it is the contrary. What you say about
+Pangenesis quite satisfies me, and is as much perhaps as any one is
+justified in saying. I have read your whole Address with the greatest
+interest. It must have cost you a vast amount of trouble. With cordial
+thanks, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I fear that it is not likely that you have a superfluous copy
+of your Address; if you have, I should much like to send one to Fritz
+Muller in the interior of Brazil. By the way let me add that I discussed
+bud-variation chiefly from a belief which is common to several persons,
+that all variability is related to sexual generation; I wished to show
+clearly that this was an error.
+
+[The above series of letters may serve to show to some extent the
+reception which the new book received. Before passing on (in the next
+chapter) to the 'Descent of Man,' I give a letter referring to the
+translation of Fritz Muller's book, 'Fur Darwin,' it was originally
+published in 1864, but the English translation, by Mr. Dallas, which
+bore the title suggested by Sir C. Lyell, of 'Facts and Arguments for
+Darwin,' did not appear until 1869:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, March 16 [1868].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your brother, as you will have heard from him, felt so convinced that
+you would not object to a translation of 'Fur Darwin' (In a letter to
+Fritz Muller, my father wrote:--"I am vexed to see that on the title my
+name is more conspicuous than yours, which I especially objected to, and
+I cautioned the printers after seeing one proof."), that I have ventured
+to arrange for a translation. Engelmann has very liberally offered me
+cliches of the woodcuts for 22 thalers; Mr. Murray has agreed to bring
+out a translation (and he is our best publisher) on commission, for he
+would not undertake the work on his own risk; and I have agreed with Mr.
+W.S. Dallas (who has translated Von Siebold on Parthenogenesis, and many
+German works, and who writes very good English) to translate the book.
+He thinks (and he is a good judge) that it is important to have some
+few corrections or additions, in order to account for a translation
+appearing so lately [i.e. at such a long interval of time] after the
+original; so that I hope you will be able to send some...
+
+
+[Two letters may be placed here as bearing on the spread of Evolutionary
+ideas in France and Germany:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GAUDRY. Down, January 21 [1868].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you for your interesting essay on the influence of the
+Geological features of the country on the mind and habits of the Ancient
+Athenians (This appears to refer to M. Gaudry's paper translated in the
+'Geol. Mag.,' 1868, page 372.), and for your very obliging letter. I am
+delighted to hear that you intend to consider the relations of fossil
+animals in connection with their genealogy; it will afford you a
+fine field for the exercise of your extensive knowledge and powers of
+reasoning. Your belief will I suppose, at present, lower you in the
+estimation of your countrymen; but judging from the rapid spread in all
+parts of Europe, excepting France, of the belief in the common descent
+of allied species, I must think that this belief will before long
+become universal. How strange it is that the country which gave birth to
+Buffon, the elder Geoffroy, and especially to Lamarck, should now cling
+so pertinaciously to the belief that species are immutable creations.
+
+My work on Variation, etc., under domestication, will appear in a French
+translation in a few months' time, and I will do myself the pleasure
+and honour of directing the publisher to send a copy to you to the same
+address as this letter.
+
+With sincere respect, I remain, dear sir, Yours very faithfully, CHARLES
+DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter is of especial interest, as showing how high a value my
+father placed on the support of the younger German naturalists:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. PREYER. (Now Professor of Physiology at Jena.)
+March 31, 1868.
+
+... I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the
+Modification of Species, and defend my views. The support which I
+receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views
+will ultimately prevail. To the present day I am continually abused
+or treated with contempt by writers of my own country; but the younger
+naturalists are almost all on my side, and sooner or later the public
+must follow those who make the subject their special study. The abuse
+and contempt of ignorant writers hurts me very little...
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VI. -- WORK ON 'MAN.'
+
+1864-1870.
+
+[In the autobiographical chapter in Volume I., my father gives the
+circumstances which led to his writing the 'Descent of Man.' He states
+that his collection of facts, begun in 1837 or 1838, was continued for
+many years without any definite idea of publishing on the subject. The
+following letter to Mr. Wallace shows that in the period of ill-health
+and depression about 1864 he despaired of ever being able to do so:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, [May?] 28 [1864].
+
+Dear Wallace,
+
+I am so much better that I have just finished a paper for Linnean
+Society (On the three forms, etc., of Lythrum.); but I am not yet at
+all strong, I felt much disinclination to write, and therefore you must
+forgive me for not having sooner thanked you for your paper on 'Man'
+('Anthropological Review,' March 1864.), received on the 11th. But first
+let me say that I have hardly ever in my life been more struck by any
+paper than that on 'Variation,' etc. etc., in the "Reader". ('"Reader",
+April 16, 1864. "On the Phenomena of Variation," etc. Abstract of a
+paper read before the Linnean Society, March 17, 1864.) I feel sure
+that such papers will do more for the spreading of our views on the
+modification of species than any separate Treatises on the simple
+subject itself. It is really admirable; but you ought not in the Man
+paper to speak of the theory as mine; it is just as much yours as mine.
+One correspondent has already noticed to me your "high-minded" conduct
+on this head. But now for your Man paper, about which I should like to
+write more than I can. The great leading idea is quite new to me, viz.
+that during late ages, the mind will have been modified more than the
+body; yet I had got as far as to see with you that the struggle between
+the races of man depended entirely on intellectual and MORAL qualities.
+The latter part of the paper I can designate only as grand and most
+eloquently done. I have shown your paper to two or three persons who
+have been here, and they have been equally struck with it. I am not
+sure that I go with you on all minor points: when reading Sir G. Grey's
+account of the constant battles of Australian savages, I remember
+thinking that natural selection would come in, and likewise with the
+Esquimaux, with whom the art of fishing and managing canoes is said to
+be hereditary. I rather differ on the rank, under a classificatory point
+of view, which you assign to man; I do not think any character simply in
+excess ought ever to be used for the higher divisions. Ants would not be
+separated from other hymenopterous insects, however high the instinct of
+the one, and however low the instincts of the other. With respect to the
+differences of race, a conjecture has occurred to me that much may
+be due to the correlation of complexion (and consequently hair) with
+constitution. Assume that a dusky individual best escaped miasma, and
+you will readily see what I mean. I persuaded the Director-General of
+the Medical Department of the Army to send printed forms to the surgeons
+of all regiments in tropical countries to ascertain this point, but I
+dare say I shall never get any returns. Secondly, I suspect that a sort
+of sexual selection has been the most powerful means of changing
+the races of man. I can show that the different races have a widely
+different standard of beauty. Among savages the most powerful men will
+have the pick of the women, and they will generally leave the most
+descendants. I have collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose
+that I shall ever use them. Do you intend to follow out your views, and
+if so, would you like at some future time to have my few references and
+notes? I am sure I hardly know whether they are of any value, and they
+are at present in a state of chaos.
+
+There is much more that I should like to write, but I have not strength.
+
+Believe me, dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Our aristocracy is handsomer (more hideous according to a Chinese
+or Negro) than the middle classes, from (having the) pick of the women;
+but oh, what a scheme is primogeniture for destroying natural selection!
+I fear my letter will be barely intelligible to you.
+
+
+[In February 1867, when the manuscript of 'Animals and Plants' had been
+sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to
+come in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "chapter on Man,"
+but he soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish
+it separately as a "very small volume."
+
+The work was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of
+'Animals and Plants,' and by some botanical work, but was resumed in the
+following year, 1868, the moment he could give himself up to it.
+
+He recognized with regret the gradual change in his mind that rendered
+continuous work more and more necessary to him as he grew older. This is
+expressed in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker, June 17, 1868, which repeats
+to some extent what is expressed in the Autobiography:--
+
+"I am glad you were at the 'Messiah,' it is the one thing that I should
+like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it
+is a horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf
+for every subject except Science. It sometimes makes me hate Science,
+though God knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest,
+which makes me forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."
+
+The work on Man was interrupted by illness in the early summer of 1868,
+and he left home on July 16th for Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight,
+where he remained with his family until August 21st. Here he made
+the acquaintance of Mrs. Cameron. She received the whole family with
+open-hearted kindness and hospitality, and my father always retained a
+warm feeling of friendship for her. She made an excellent photograph of
+him, which was published with the inscription written by him: "I like
+this photograph very much better than any other which has been taken of
+me." Further interruption occurred in the autumn so that continuous work
+on the 'Descent of Man' did not begin until 1869. The following letters
+give some idea of the earlier work in 1867:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 22, [1867?].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I am hard at work on sexual selection, and am driven half mad by the
+number of collateral points which require investigation, such as the
+relative number of the two sexes, and especially on polygamy. Can you
+aid me with respect to birds which have strongly marked secondary sexual
+characters, such as birds of paradise, humming-birds, the Rupicola, or
+any other such cases? Many gallinaceous birds certainly are polygamous.
+I suppose that birds may be known not to be polygamous if they are seen
+during the whole breeding season to associate in pairs, or if the male
+incubates or aids in feeding the young. Will you have the kindness to
+turn this in your mind? But it is a shame to trouble you now that, as I
+am HEARTILY glad to hear, you are at work on your Malayan travels. I am
+fearfully puzzled how far to extend your protective views with respect
+to the females in various classes. The more I work the more important
+sexual selection apparently comes out.
+
+Can butterflies be polygamous! i.e. will one male impregnate more than
+one female? Forgive me troubling you, and I dare say I shall have to ask
+forgiveness again...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 23 [1867].
+
+Dear Wallace,
+
+I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but after Monday I
+was unable even to leave the house. On Monday evening I called on Bates,
+and put a difficulty before him, which he could not answer, and, as on
+some former similar occasion, his first suggestion was, "You had better
+ask Wallace." My difficulty is, why are caterpillars sometimes so
+beautifully and artistically coloured? Seeing that many are coloured to
+escape danger, I can hardly attribute their bright colour in other cases
+to mere physical conditions. Bates says the most gaudy caterpillar he
+ever saw in Amazonia (of a sphinx) was conspicuous at the distance of
+yards, from its black and red colours, whilst feeding on large green
+leaves. If any one objected to male butterflies having been made
+beautiful by sexual selection, and asked why should they not have been
+made beautiful as well as their caterpillars, what would you answer?
+I could not answer, but should maintain my ground. Will you think over
+this, and some time, either by letter or when we meet, tell me what you
+think? Also I want to know whether your FEMALE mimetic butterfly is more
+beautiful and brighter than the male. When next in London I must get you
+to show me your kingfishers. My health is a dreadful evil; I failed in
+half my engagements during this last visit to London.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, February 26 [1867].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty. I
+never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion (The
+suggestion that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect insects (e.g. white
+butterflies), which are distasteful to birds, are protected by being
+easily recognised and avoided. See Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection,'
+2nd edition, page 117.), and I hope you may be able to prove it true.
+That is a splendid fact about the white moths; it warms one's very
+blood to see a theory thus almost proved to be true. (Mr. Jenner Weir's
+observations published in the Transactions of the Entomolog. Soc. (1869
+and 1870) give strong support to the theory in question.) With respect
+to the beauty of male butterflies, I must as yet think it is due to
+sexual selection. There is some evidence that dragon-flies are attracted
+by bright colours; but what leads me to the above belief is, so many
+male Orthoptera and Cicadas having musical instruments. This being the
+case, the analogy of birds makes me believe in sexual selection with
+respect to colour in insects. I wish I had strength and time to make
+some of the experiments suggested by you, but I thought butterflies
+would not pair in confinement. I am sure I have heard of some such
+difficulty. Many years ago I had a dragon-fly painted with gorgeous
+colours, but I never had an opportunity of fairly trying it.
+
+The reason of my being so much interested just at present about sexual
+selection is, that I have almost resolved to publish a little essay on
+the origin of Mankind, and I still strongly think (though I failed
+to convince you, and this, to me, is the heaviest blow possible) that
+sexual selection has been the main agent in forming the races of man.
+
+By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my
+essay, namely, expression of countenance. Now, do you happen to know
+by any odd chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay
+Archipelago, who you think would make a few easy observations for me on
+the expression of the Malays when excited by various emotions? For in
+this case I would send to such person a list of queries. I thank you for
+your most interesting letter, and remain,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March [1867].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I thank you much for your two notes. The case of Julia Pastrana (A
+bearded woman having an irregular double set of teeth. 'Animals and
+Plants,' volume ii. page 328.) is a splendid addition to my other cases
+of correlated teeth and hair, and I will add it in correcting the press
+of my present volume. Pray let me hear in the course of the summer if
+you get any evidence about the gaudy caterpillars. I should much like
+to give (or quote if published) this idea of yours, if in any way
+supported, as suggested by you. It will, however, be a long time hence,
+for I can see that sexual selection is growing into quite a large
+subject, which I shall introduce into my essay on Man, supposing that
+I ever publish it. I had intended giving a chapter on man, inasmuch as
+many call him (not QUITE truly) an eminently domesticated animal, but
+I found the subject too large for a chapter. Nor shall I be capable of
+treating the subject well, and my sole reason for taking it up is, that
+I am pretty well convinced that sexual selection has played an important
+part in the formation of races, and sexual selection has always been a
+subject which has interested me much. I have been very glad to see your
+impression from memory on the expression of Malays. I fully agree with
+you that the subject is in no way an important one; it is simply a
+"hobby-horse" with me, about twenty-seven years old; and AFTER thinking
+that I would write an essay on man, it flashed on me that I could work
+in some "supplemental remarks on expression." After the horrid,
+tedious, dull work of my present huge, and I fear unreadable, book ['The
+Variation of Animals and Plants'], I thought I would amuse myself with
+my hobby-horse. The subject is, I think, more curious and more amenable
+to scientific treatment than you seem willing to allow. I want, anyhow,
+to upset Sir C. Bell's view, given in his most interesting work, 'The
+Anatomy of Expression,' that certain muscles have been given to man
+solely that he may reveal to other men his feelings. I want to try
+and show how expressions have arisen. That is a good suggestion about
+newspapers, but my experience tells me that private applications are
+generally most fruitful. I will, however, see if I can get the queries
+inserted in some Indian paper. I do not know the names or addresses of
+any other papers.
+
+... My two female amanuenses are busy with friends, and I fear this
+scrawl will give you much trouble to read. With many thanks,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter may be worth giving, as an example of his sources
+of information, and as showing what were the thoughts at this time
+occupying him:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, February 22 [1867].
+
+... Many thanks for all the curious facts about the unequal number of the
+sexes in Crustacea, but the more I investigate this subject the deeper
+I sink in doubt and difficulty. Thanks also for the confirmation of
+the rivalry of Cicadae. I have often reflected with surprise on the
+diversity of the means for producing music with insects, and still more
+with birds. We thus get a high idea of the importance of song in the
+animal kingdom. Please to tell me where I can find any account of the
+auditory organs in the Orthoptera. Your facts are quite new to me.
+Scudder has described an insect in the Devonian strata, furnished with
+a stridulating apparatus. I believe he is to be trusted, and, if so, the
+apparatus is of astonishing antiquity. After reading Landois's paper I
+have been working at the stridulating organ in the Lamellicorn beetles,
+in expectation of finding it sexual; but I have only found it as yet in
+two cases, and in these it was equally developed in both sexes. I wish
+you would look at any of your common lamellicorns, and take hold of
+both males and females, and observe whether they make the squeaking or
+grating noise equally. If they do not, you could, perhaps, send me a
+male and female in a light little box. How curious it is that there
+should be a special organ for an object apparently so unimportant as
+squeaking. Here is another point; have you any toucans? if so, ask any
+trustworthy hunter whether the beaks of the males, or of both sexes, are
+more brightly coloured during the breeding season than at other times
+of the year... Heaven knows whether I shall ever live to make use of
+half the valuable facts which you have communicated to me! Your paper
+on Balanus armatus, translated by Mr. Dallas, has just appeared in our
+'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' and I have read it with the
+greatest interest. I never thought that I should live to hear of a
+hybrid Balanus! I am very glad that you have seen the cement tubes; they
+appear to me extremely curious, and, as far as I know, you are the first
+man who has verified my observations on this point.
+
+With most cordial thanks for all your kindness, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, July 6, 1868.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I return you my SINCERE thanks for your long letter, which I consider a
+great compliment, and which is quite full of most interesting facts and
+views. Your references and remarks will be of great use should a new
+edition of my book ('Variation of Animals and Plants.') be demanded, but
+this is hardly probable, for the whole edition was sold within the first
+week, and another large edition immediately reprinted, which I should
+think would supply the demand for ever. You ask me when I shall publish
+on the 'Variation of Species in a State of Nature.' I have had the MS.
+for another volume almost ready during several years, but I was so much
+fatigued by my last book that I determined to amuse myself by publishing
+a short essay on the 'Descent of Man.' I was partly led to do this by
+having been taunted that I concealed my views, but chiefly from the
+interest which I had long taken in the subject. Now this essay has
+branched out into some collateral subjects, and I suppose will take me
+more than a year to complete. I shall then begin on 'Species,' but my
+health makes me a very slow workman. I hope that you will excuse these
+details, which I have given to show that you will have plenty of time to
+publish your views first, which will be a great advantage to me. Of all
+the curious facts which you mention in your letter, I think that of
+the strong inheritance of the scalp-muscles has interested me most. I
+presume that you would not object to my giving this very curious case on
+your authority. As I believe all anatomists look at the scalp-muscles
+as a remnant of the Panniculus carnosus which is common to all the lower
+quadrupeds, I should look at the unusual development and inheritance of
+these muscles as probably a case of reversion. Your observation on
+so many remarkable men in noble families having been illegitimate is
+extremely curious; and should I ever meet any one capable of writing an
+essay on this subject, I will mention your remarks as a good suggestion.
+Dr. Hooker has several times remarked to me that morals and politics
+would be very interesting if discussed like any branch of natural
+history, and this is nearly to the same effect with your remarks...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO L. AGASSIZ. Down, August 19, 1868.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you cordially for your very kind letter. I certainly thought
+that you had formed so low an opinion of my scientific work that it
+might have appeared indelicate in me to have asked for information from
+you, but it never occurred to me that my letter would have been shown to
+you. I have never for a moment doubted your kindness and generosity, and
+I hope you will not think it presumption in me to say, that when we met,
+many years ago, at the British Association at Southampton, I felt for
+you the warmest admiration.
+
+Your information on the Amazonian fishes has interested me EXTREMELY,
+and tells me exactly what I wanted to know. I was aware, through notes
+given me by Dr. Gunther, that many fishes differed sexually in colour
+and other characters, but I was particularly anxious to learn how far
+this was the case with those fishes in which the male, differently from
+what occurs with most birds, takes the largest share in the care of
+the ova and young. Your letter has not only interested me much, but
+has greatly gratified me in other respects, and I return you my sincere
+thanks for your kindness. Pray believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, Sunday, August 23 [1868].
+
+My dear old Friend,
+
+I have received your note. I can hardly say how pleased I have been
+at the success of your address (Sir Joseph Hooker was President of the
+British Association at the Norwich Meeting in 1868.), and of the
+whole meeting. I have seen the "Times", "Telegraph", "Spectator", and
+"Athenaeum", and have heard of other favourable newspapers, and have
+ordered a bundle. There is a "chorus of praise." The "Times" reported
+miserably, i.e. as far as errata was concerned; but I was very glad
+at the leader, for I thought the way you brought in the megalithic
+monuments most happy. (The British Association was desirous of
+interesting the Government in certain modern cromlech builders, the
+Khasia race of East Bengal, in order that their megalithic monuments
+might be efficiently described.) I particularly admired Tyndall's little
+speech (Professor Tyndall was President of Section A.)... The "Spectator"
+pitches a little into you about Theology, in accordance with its usual
+spirit...
+
+Your great success has rejoiced my heart. I have just carefully read the
+whole address in the "Athenaeum"; and though, as you know, I liked it
+very much when you read it to me, yet, as I was trying all the time to
+find fault, I missed to a certain extent the effect as a whole; and this
+now appears to me most striking and excellent. How you must rejoice at
+all your bothering labour and anxiety having had so grand an end. I must
+say a word about myself; never has such a eulogium been passed on me,
+and it makes me very proud. I cannot get over my AMAZEMENT at what you
+say about my botanical work. By Jove, as far as my memory goes, you have
+strengthened instead of weakened some of the expressions. What is far
+more important than anything personal, is the conviction which I feel
+that you will have immensely advanced the belief in the evolution of
+species. This will follow from the publicity of the occasion, your
+position, so responsible, as President, and your own high reputation.
+It will make a great step in public opinion, I feel sure, and I had not
+thought of this before. The "Athenaeum" takes your snubbing (Sir Joseph
+Hooker made some reference to the review of 'Animals and Plants' in the
+"Athenaeum" of February 15, 1868.) with the utmost mildness. I certainly
+do rejoice over the snubbing, and hope [the reviewer] will feel it a
+little. Whenever you have SPARE time to write again, tell me whether
+any astronomers (In discussing the astronomer's objection to Evolution,
+namely that our globe has not existed for a long enough period to give
+time for the assumed transmutation of living beings, Hooker challenged
+Whewell's dictum that, astronomy is the queen of sciences--the only
+perfect science.) took your remarks in ill part; as they now stand they
+do not seem at all too harsh and presumptuous. Many of your sentences
+strike me as extremely felicitous and eloquent. That of Lyell's
+"under-pinning" (After a eulogium on Sir Charles Lyell's heroic
+renunciation of his old views in accepting Evolution, Sir J.D. Hooker
+continued, "Well may he be proud of a superstructure, raised on the
+foundations of an insecure doctrine, when he finds that he can underpin
+it and substitute a new foundation; and after all is finished, survey
+his edifice, not only more secure but more harmonious in its proportion
+than it was before."), is capital. Tell me, was Lyell pleased? I am so
+glad that you remembered my old dedication. (The 'Naturalist's Voyage'
+was dedicated to Lyell.) Was Wallace pleased?
+
+How about photographs? Can you spare time for a line to our dear
+Mrs. Cameron? She came to see us off, and loaded us with presents of
+photographs, and Erasmus called after her, "Mrs. Cameron, there are six
+people in this house all in love with you." When I paid her, she cried
+out, "Oh what a lot of money!" and ran to boast to her husband.
+
+I must not write any more, though I am in tremendous spirits at your
+brilliant success.
+
+Yours ever affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the "Athenaeum" of November 29, 1868, appeared an article which was
+in fact a reply to Sir Joseph Hooker's remarks at Norwich. He seems to
+have consulted my father as to the wisdom of answering the article. My
+father wrote on September 1:
+
+"In my opinion Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker need take no notice of the
+attack in the "Athenaeum" in reference to Mr. Charles Darwin. What
+an ass the man is to think he cuts one to the quick by giving one's
+Christian name in full. How transparently false is the statement that my
+sole groundwork is from pigeons, because I state I have worked them
+out more fully than other beings! He muddles together two books of
+Flourens."
+
+
+The following letter refers to a paper ('Transactions of the Ottawa
+Academy of Natural Sciences,' 1868, by John D. Caton, late Chief Justice
+of Illinois.) by Judge Caton, of which my father often spoke with
+admiration:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN D. CATON. Down, September 18, 1868.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I beg leave to thank you very sincerely for your kindness in sending me,
+through Mr. Walsh, your admirable paper on American Deer.
+
+It is quite full of most interesting observations, stated with the
+greatest clearness. I have seldom read a paper with more interest, for
+it abounds with facts of direct use for my work. Many of them consist
+of little points which hardly any one besides yourself has observed, or
+perceived the importance of recording. I would instance the age at which
+the horns are developed (a point on which I have lately been in vain
+searching for information), the rudiment of horns in the female elk, and
+especially the different nature of the plants devoured by the deer and
+elk, and several other points. With cordial thanks for the pleasure and
+instruction which you have afforded me, and with high respect for your
+power of observation, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter (September 24, 1868) to the
+Marquis de Saporta, the eminent palaeo-botanist, refers to the growth of
+evolutionary views in France (In 1868 he was pleased at being asked to
+authorise a French translation of his 'Naturalist's Voyage.':--
+
+"As I have formerly read with great interest many of your papers on
+fossil plants, you may believe with what high satisfaction I hear that
+you are a believer in the gradual evolution of species. I had supposed
+that my book on the 'Origin of Species' had made very little impression
+in France, and therefore it delights me to hear a different statement
+from you. All the great authorities of the Institute seem firmly
+resolved to believe in the immutability of species, and this has always
+astonished me... almost the one exception, as far as I know, is M.
+Gaudry, and I think he will be soon one of the chief leaders in
+Zoological Palaeontology in Europe; and now I am delighted to hear that
+in the sister department of Botany you take nearly the same view."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, November 19 [1868].
+
+My dear Haeckel,
+
+I must write to you again, for two reasons. Firstly, to thank you for
+your letter about your baby, which has quite charmed both me and
+my wife; I heartily congratulate you on its birth. I remember being
+surprised in my own case how soon the paternal instincts became
+developed, and in you they seem to be unusually strong,... I hope the
+large blue eyes and the principles of inheritance will make your child
+as good a naturalist as you are; but, judging from my own experience,
+you will be astonished to find how the whole mental disposition of your
+children changes with advancing years. A young child, and the same when
+nearly grown, sometimes differ almost as much as do a caterpillar and
+butterfly.
+
+The second point is to congratulate you on the projected translation of
+your great work ('Generelle Morphologie,' 1866. No English translation
+of this book has appeared.), about which I heard from Huxley last
+Sunday. I am heartily glad of it, but how it has been brought about,
+I know not, for a friend who supported the supposed translation at
+Norwich, told me he thought there would be no chance of it. Huxley tells
+me that you consent to omit and shorten some parts, and I am confident
+that this is very wise. As I know your object is to instruct the public,
+you will assuredly thus get many more readers in England. Indeed, I
+believe that almost every book would be improved by condensation. I
+have been reading a good deal of your last book ('Die Naturliche
+Schopfungs-Geschichte,' 1868. It was translated and published in
+1876, under the title, 'The History of Creation.'), and the style is
+beautifully clear and easy to me; but why it should differ so much in
+this respect from your great work I cannot imagine. I have not yet read
+the first part, but began with the chapter on Lyell and myself, which
+you will easily believe pleased me VERY MUCH. I think Lyell, who
+was apparently much pleased by your sending him a copy, is also much
+gratified by this chapter. (See Lyell's interesting letter to Haeckel.
+'Life of Sir C. Lyell,' ii. page 435.) Your chapters on the affinities
+and genealogy of the animal kingdom strike me as admirable and full of
+original thought. Your boldness, however, sometimes makes me tremble,
+but as Huxley remarked, some one must be bold enough to make a
+beginning in drawing up tables of descent. Although you fully admit
+the imperfection of the geological record, yet Huxley agreed with me in
+thinking that you are sometimes rather rash in venturing to say at what
+periods the several groups first appeared. I have this advantage over
+you, that I remember how wonderfully different any statement on this
+subject made 20 years ago, would have been to what would now be
+the case, and I expect the next 20 years will make quite as great a
+difference. Reflect on the monocotyledonous plant just discovered in the
+PRIMORDIAL formation in Sweden.
+
+I repeat how glad I am at the prospect of the translation, for I fully
+believe that this work and all your works will have a great influence in
+the advancement of Science.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, your sincere friend, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[It was in November of this year that he sat for the bust by Mr.
+Woolner: he wrote:--
+
+"I should have written long ago, but I have been pestered with stupid
+letters, and am undergoing the purgatory of sitting for hours to
+Woolner, who, however, is wonderfully pleasant, and lightens as much as
+man can, the penance; as far as I can judge, it will make a fine bust."
+
+If I may criticise the work of so eminent a sculptor as Mr. Woolner,
+I should say that the point in which the bust fails somewhat as a
+portrait, is that it has a certain air, almost of pomposity, which seems
+to me foreign to my father's expression.]
+
+
+1869.
+
+[At the beginning of the year he was at work in preparing the fifth
+edition of the 'Origin.' This work was begun on the day after Christmas,
+1868, and was continued for "forty-six days," as he notes in his diary,
+i.e. until February 10th, 1869. He then, February 11th, returned to
+Sexual Selection, and continued at this subject (excepting for ten days
+given up to Orchids, and a week in London), until June 10th, when he
+went with his family to North Wales, where he remained about seven
+weeks, returning to Down on July 31st.
+
+Caerdeon, the house where he stayed, is built on the north shore of the
+beautiful Barmouth estuary, and is pleasantly placed, in being close
+to wild hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded
+"hummocks," between the steeper hills and the river. My father was ill
+and somewhat depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt saddened
+at being imprisoned by his want of strength, and unable even to reach
+the hills over which he had once wandered for days together.
+
+He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J.D. Hooker (June 22nd):--
+
+"We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to
+pay us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden,
+and a really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite. Old Cader is a
+grand fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light.
+We remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the
+house. I have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the
+stimulus of mental work stops, my whole strength gives way. As yet
+I have hardly crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been
+fearfully fatigued. It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a
+comfortable tomb."
+
+With regard to the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' he wrote to Mr.
+Wallace (January 22, 1869):--
+
+"I have been interrupted in my regular work in preparing a new edition
+of the 'Origin,' which has cost me much labour, and which I hope I have
+considerably improved in two or three important points. I always thought
+individual differences more important than single variations, but now I
+have come to the conclusion that they are of paramount importance, and
+in this I believe I agree with you. Fleeming Jenkin's arguments have
+convinced me."
+
+This somewhat obscure sentence was explained, February 2, in another
+letter to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I must have expressed myself atrociously; I meant to say exactly the
+reverse of what you have understood. F. Jenkin argued in the 'North
+British Review' against single variations ever being perpetuated, and
+has convinced me, though not in quite so broad a manner as here put. I
+always thought individual differences more important; but I was blind
+and thought that single variations might be preserved much oftener than
+I now see is possible or probable. I mentioned this in my former note
+merely because I believed that you had come to a similar conclusion, and
+I like much to be in accord with you. I believe I was mainly deceived
+by single variations offering such simple illustrations, as when man
+selects."
+
+The late Mr. Fleeming Jenkin's review, on the 'Origin of Species,'
+was published in the 'North British Review' for June 1867. It is not a
+little remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I believe,
+felt to be the most valuable ever made on his views should have come,
+not from a professed naturalist but from a Professor of Engineering.
+
+It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming
+Jenkin's argument. My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the
+volume as usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil
+in many places. I may quote one passage opposite which my father has
+written "good sneers"--but it should be remembered that he used the word
+"sneer" in rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling
+of bitterness in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter."
+Speaking of the 'true believer,' Fleeming Jenkin says, page 293:--
+
+"He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no
+evidence; he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call
+up continents, floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans,
+split islands, and parcel out eternity at will; surely with these
+advantages he must be a dull fellow if he cannot scheme some series
+of animals and circumstances explaining our assumed difficulty quite
+naturally. Feeling the difficulty of dealing with adversaries who
+command so huge a domain of fancy, we will abandon these arguments,
+and trust to those which at least cannot be assailed by mere efforts of
+imagination."
+
+In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' my father altered a passage in the
+Historical Sketch (fourth edition page xviii.). He thus practically gave
+up the difficult task of understanding whether or no Sir R. Owen claims
+to have discovered the principle of Natural Selection. Adding, "As
+far as the mere enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is
+concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded
+me, for both of us... were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr.
+Matthew."
+
+A somewhat severe critique on the fifth edition, by Mr. John Robertson,
+appeared in the "Athenaeum", August 14, 1869. The writer comments with
+some little bitterness on the success of the 'Origin:' "Attention is not
+acceptance. Many editions do not mean real success. The book has sold;
+the guess has been talked over; and the circulation and discussion sum
+up the significance of the editions." Mr. Robertson makes the true, but
+misleading statement: "Mr. Darwin prefaces his fifth English edition
+with an Essay, which he calls 'An Historical Sketch,' etc." As a matter
+of fact the Sketch appeared in the third edition in 1861.
+
+Mr. Robertson goes on to say that the Sketch ought to be called a
+collection of extracts anticipatory or corroborative of the hypothesis
+of Natural Selection. "For no account is given of any hostile opinions.
+The fact is very significant. This historical sketch thus resembles the
+histories of the reign of Louis XVIII., published after the Restoration,
+from which the Republic and the Empire, Robespierre and Buonaparte were
+omitted."
+
+The following letter to Prof. Victor Carus gives an idea of the
+character of the new edition of the 'Origin:']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, May 4, 1869.
+
+... I have gone very carefully through the whole, trying to make
+some parts clearer, and adding a few discussions and facts of some
+importance. The new edition is only two pages at the end longer than
+the old; though in one part nine pages in advance, for I have condensed
+several parts and omitted some passages. The translation I fear will
+cause you a great deal of trouble; the alterations took me six weeks,
+besides correcting the press; you ought to make a special agreement with
+M. Koch [the publisher]. Many of the corrections are only a few words,
+but they have been made from the evidence on various points appearing to
+have become a little stronger or weaker.
+
+Thus I have been led to place somewhat more value on the definite and
+direct action of external conditions; to think the lapse of time, as
+measured by years, not quite so great as most geologists have thought;
+and to infer that single variations are of even less importance, in
+comparison with individual differences, than I formerly thought. I
+mention these points because I have been thus led to alter in many
+places A FEW WORDS; and unless you go through the whole new edition, one
+part will not agree with another, which would be a great blemish...
+
+[The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with
+my father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869
+the Editor of the first French edition had brought out a third edition
+without consulting the author. He was accordingly glad to enter into
+an arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this
+was undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+relations as the publisher of many of his books into French.
+
+He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated
+the 'Origin' into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite
+trouble. She has now just brought out a third edition without informing
+me, so that all the corrections, etc., in the fourth and fifth English
+editions are lost. Besides her enormously long preface to the first
+edition, she has added a second preface abusing me like a pick-pocket
+for Pangenesis, which of course has no relation to the 'Origin.' So
+I wrote to Paris; and Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new
+translation from the fifth English edition, in competition with her
+third edition... This fact shows that "evolution of species" must at last
+be spreading in France."
+
+With reference to the spread of Evolution among the orthodox, the
+following letter is of some interest. In March he received, from the
+author, a copy of a lecture by Rev. T.R.R. Stebbing, given before the
+Torquay Natural History Society, February 1, 1869, bearing the title
+"Darwinism." My father wrote to Mr. Stebbing:]
+
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged to you for your kindness in sending me your
+spirited and interesting lecture; if a layman had delivered the same
+address, he would have done good service in spreading what, as I
+hope and believe, is to a large extent the truth; but a clergyman in
+delivering such an address does, as it appears to me, much more good
+by his power to shake ignorant prejudices, and by setting, if I may be
+permitted to say so, an admirable example of liberality.
+
+With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain, Dear Sir, yours faithfully
+and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The references to the subject of expression in the following letter are
+explained by the fact that my father's original intention was to give
+his essay on this subject as a chapter in the 'Descent of Man,' which
+in its turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in 'Animals
+and Plants:']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, February 22 [1869?].
+
+... Although you have aided me to so great an extent in many ways, I am
+going to beg for any information on two other subjects. I am preparing
+a discussion on "Sexual Selection," and I want much to know how low down
+in the animal scale sexual selection of a particular kind extends.
+Do you know of any lowly organised animals, in which the sexes are
+separated, and in which the male differs from the female in arms of
+offence, like the horns and tusks of male mammals, or in gaudy plumage
+and ornaments, as with birds and butterflies? I do not refer to
+secondary sexual characters, by which the male is able to discover
+the female, like the plumed antennae of moths, or by which the male is
+enabled to seize the female, like the curious pincers described by you
+in some of the lower Crustaceans. But what I want to know is, how low
+in the scale sexual differences occur which require some degree of
+self-consciousness in the males, as weapons by which they fight for the
+female, or ornaments which attract the opposite sex. Any differences
+between males and females which follow different habits of life would
+have to be excluded. I think you will easily see what I wish to learn.
+A priori, it would never have been anticipated that insects would have
+been attracted by the beautiful colouring of the opposite sex, or by
+the sounds emitted by the various musical instruments of the male
+Orthoptera. I know no one so likely to answer this question as yourself,
+and should be grateful for any information, however small.
+
+My second subject refers to expression of countenance, to which I
+have long attended, and on which I feel a keen interest; but to which,
+unfortunately, I did not attend when I had the opportunity of observing
+various races of man. It has occurred to me that you might, without much
+trouble, make a FEW observations for me, in the course of some months,
+on Negroes, or possibly on native South Americans, though I care most
+about Negroes; accordingly I enclose some questions as a guide, and if
+you could answer me even one or two I should feel truly obliged. I am
+thinking of writing a little essay on the Origin of Mankind, as I
+have been taunted with concealing my opinions, and I should do this
+immediately after the completion of my present book. In this case I
+should add a chapter on the cause or meaning of expression...
+
+
+[The remaining letters of this year deal chiefly with the books,
+reviews, etc., which interested him.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. THIEL. Down, February 25, 1869.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+On my return home after a short absence, I found your very courteous
+note, and the pamphlet ('Ueber einige Formen der Landwirthschaftlichen
+Genossenschaften.' by Dr. H. Thiel, then of the Agricultural Station
+at Poppelsdorf.), and I hasten to thank you for both, and for the very
+honourable mention which you make of my name. You will readily believe
+how much interested I am in observing that you apply to moral and social
+questions analogous views to those which I have used in regard to the
+modification of species. It did not occur to me formerly that my
+views could be extended to such widely different, and most important,
+subjects. With much respect, I beg leave to remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, March 19 [1869].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Thanks for your 'Address.' (In his 'Anniversary Address' to the
+Geological Society, 1869, Mr. Huxley criticised Sir William Thomson's
+paper ('Trans. Geol. Soc., Glasgow,' volume iii.) "On Geological Time.")
+People complain of the unequal distribution of wealth, but it is a much
+greater shame and injustice that any one man should have the power to
+write so many brilliant essays as you have lately done. There is no one
+who writes like you... If I were in your shoes, I should tremble for my
+life. I agree with all you say, except that I must think that you
+draw too great a distinction between the evolutionists and the
+uniformitarians.
+
+I find that the few sentences which I have sent to press in the 'Origin'
+about the age of the world will do fairly well...
+
+Ever yours, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March 22 [1869].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have finished your book ('The Malay Archipelago,' etc., 1869.); it
+seems to me excellent, and at the same time most pleasant to read. That
+you ever returned alive is wonderful after all your risks from illness
+and sea voyages, especially that most interesting one to Waigiou and
+back. Of all the impressions which I have received from your book, the
+strongest is that your perseverance in the cause of science was heroic.
+Your descriptions of catching the splendid butterflies have made me
+quite envious, and at the same time have made me feel almost young
+again, so vividly have they brought before my mind old days when
+I collected, though I never made such captures as yours. Certainly
+collecting is the best sport in the world. I shall be astonished if
+your book has not a great success; and your splendid generalizations on
+Geographical Distribution, with which I am familiar from your papers,
+will be new to most of your readers. I think I enjoyed most the Timor
+case, as it is best demonstrated; but perhaps Celebes is really the
+most valuable. I should prefer looking at the whole Asiatic continent
+as having formerly been more African in its fauna, than admitting the
+former existence of a continent across the Indian Ocean...
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Mr. Wallace's article in the April
+number of the 'Quarterly Review' (My father wrote to Mr. Murray: "The
+article by Wallace is inimitably good, and it is a great triumph that
+such an article should appear in the 'Quarterly,' and will make the
+Bishop of Oxford and --gnash their teeth."), 1869, which to a large
+extent deals with the tenth edition of Sir Charles Lyell's 'Principles,'
+published in 1867 and 1868. The review contains a striking passage
+on Sir Charles Lyell's confession of evolutionary faith in the tenth
+edition of his 'Principles,' which is worth quoting: "The history of
+science hardly presents so striking an instance of youthfulness of mind
+in advanced life as is shown by this abandonment of opinions so long
+held and so powerfully advocated; and if we bear in mind the extreme
+caution, combined with the ardent love of truth which characterise every
+work which our author has produced, we shall be convinced that so great
+a change was not decided on without long and anxious deliberation, and
+that the views now adopted must indeed be supported by arguments of
+overwhelming force. If for no other reason than that Sir Charles Lyell
+in his tenth edition has adopted it, the theory of Mr. Darwin deserves
+an attentive and respectful consideration from every earnest seeker
+after truth."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 14, 1869.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have been wonderfully interested by your article, and I should think
+Lyell will be much gratified by it. I declare if I had been editor, and
+had the power of directing you, I should have selected for discussion
+the very points which you have chosen. I have often said to younger
+geologists (for I began in the year 1830) that they did not know what a
+revolution Lyell had effected; nevertheless, your extracts from Cuvier
+have quite astonished me. Though not able really to judge, I am inclined
+to put more confidence in Croll than you seem to do; but I have been
+much struck by many of your remarks on degradation. Thomson's views of
+the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest
+troubles, and so I have been glad to read what you say. Your exposition
+of Natural Selection seems to me inimitably good; there never lived a
+better expounder than you. I was also much pleased at your discussing
+the difference between our views and Lamarck's. One sometimes sees the
+odious expression, "Justice to myself compels me to say," etc., but
+you are the only man I ever heard of who persistently does himself an
+injustice, and never demands justice. Indeed, you ought in the review to
+have alluded to your paper in the 'Linnean Journal,' and I feel sure all
+our friends will agree in this. But you cannot "Burke" yourself, however
+much you may try, as may be seen in half the articles which appear. I
+was asked but the other day by a German professor for your paper,
+which I sent him. Altogether I look at your article as appearing in the
+'Quarterly' as an immense triumph for our cause. I presume that your
+remarks on Man are those to which you alluded in your note. If you had
+not told me I should have thought that they had been added by some one
+else. As you expected, I differ grievously from you, and I am very
+sorry for it. I can see no necessity for calling in an additional and
+proximate cause in regard to man. (Mr. Wallace points out that any
+one acquainted merely with the "unaided productions of nature," might
+reasonably doubt whether a dray-horse, for example, could have been
+developed by the power of man directing the "action of the laws of
+variation, multiplication, and survival, for his own purpose. We know,
+however, that this has been done, and we must therefore admit the
+possibility that in the development of the human race, a higher
+intelligence has guided the same laws for nobler ends.") But the subject
+is too long for a letter. I have been particularly glad to read your
+discussion because I am now writing and thinking much about man.
+
+I hope that your Malay book sells well; I was extremely pleased with
+the article in the 'Quarterly Journal of Science,' inasmuch as it is
+thoroughly appreciative of your work: alas! you will probably agree with
+what the writer says about the uses of the bamboo.
+
+I hear that there is also a good article in the "Saturday Review", but
+have heard nothing more about it. Believe me my dear Wallace,
+
+Yours ever sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, May 4 [1869].
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I have been applied to for some photographs (carte de visite) to be
+copied to ornament the diplomas of honorary members of a new Society
+in Servia! Will you give me one for this purpose? I possess only a
+full-length one of you in my own album, and the face is too small, I
+think, to be copied.
+
+I hope that you get on well with your work, and have satisfied yourself
+on the difficult point of glacier lakes. Thank heaven, I have finished
+correcting the new edition of the 'Origin,' and am at my old work of
+Sexual Selection.
+
+Wallace's article struck me as ADMIRABLE; how well he brought out the
+revolution which you effected some 30 years ago. I thought I had fully
+appreciated the revolution, but I was astounded at the extracts from
+Cuvier. What a good sketch of natural selection! but I was dreadfully
+disappointed about Man, it seems to me incredibly strange...; and had I
+not known to the contrary, would have sworn it had been inserted by some
+other hand. But I believe that you will not agree quite in all this.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES. Down, May 28 [1869 or 1870].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have received and read your volume (Essays reprinted from the 'Revue
+des Deux Mondes,' under the title 'Histoire Naturelle Generale,' etc.,
+1869.), and am much obliged for your present. The whole strikes me as a
+wonderfully clear and able discussion, and I was much interested by it
+to the last page. It is impossible that any account of my views could be
+fairer, or, as far as space permitted, fuller, than that which you
+have given. The way in which you repeatedly mention my name is most
+gratifying to me. When I had finished the second part, I thought that
+you had stated the case so favourably that you would make more converts
+on my side than on your own side. On reading the subsequent parts I
+had to change my sanguine view. In these latter parts many of your
+strictures are severe enough, but all are given with perfect courtesy
+and fairness. I can truly say I would rather be criticised by you in
+this manner than praised by many others. I agree with some of your
+criticisms, but differ entirely from the remainder; but I will not
+trouble you with any remarks. I may, however, say, that you must have
+been deceived by the French translation, as you infer that I believe
+that the Parus and the Nuthatch (or Sitta) are related by direct
+filiation. I wished only to show by an imaginary illustration, how
+either instincts or structures might first change. If you had seen Canis
+Magellanicus alive you would have perceived how foxlike its appearance
+is, or if you had heard its voice, I think that you would never have
+hazarded the idea that it was a domestic dog run wild; but this does
+not much concern me. It is curious how nationality influences opinion; a
+week hardly passes without my hearing of some naturalist in Germany
+who supports my views, and often puts an exaggerated value on my works;
+whilst in France I have not heard of a single zoologist, except M.
+Gaudry (and he only partially), who supports my views. But I must have
+a good many readers as my books are translated, and I must hope,
+notwithstanding your strictures, that I may influence some embryo
+naturalists in France.
+
+You frequently speak of my good faith, and no compliment can be more
+delightful to me, but I may return you the compliment with interest, for
+every word which you write bears the stamp of your cordial love for the
+truth. Believe me, dear Sir, with sincere respect,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, October 14 [1869].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I have been delighted to see your review of Haeckel (A review of
+Haeckel's 'Schopfungs-Geschichte.' The "Academy", 1869. Reprinted in
+'Critiques and Addresses,' page 303.), and as usual you pile honours
+high on my head. But I write now (REQUIRING NO ANSWER) to groan a
+little over what you have said about rudimentary organs. (In discussing
+Teleology and Haeckel's "Dysteleology," Prof. Huxley says:--"Such cases
+as the existence of lateral rudiments of toes, in the foot of a horse,
+place us in a dilemma. For either these rudiments are of no use to the
+animals, in which case... they surely ought to have disappeared; or
+they are of some use to the animal, in which case they are of no use as
+arguments against Teleology."--('Critiques and Addresses,' page 308.)
+Many heretics will take advantage of what you have said. I cannot but
+think that the explanation given at page 541 of the last edition of
+the 'Origin' of the long retention of rudimentary organs and of their
+greater relative size during early life, is satisfactory. Their final
+and complete abortion seems to me a much greater difficulty. Do look
+in my 'Variations under Domestication,' volume ii. page 397, at what
+Pangenesis suggests on this head, though I did not dare to put in the
+'Origin.' The passage bears also a little on the struggle between the
+molecules or gemmules. ("It is a probable hypothesis, that what the
+world is to organisms in general, each organism is to the molecules of
+which it is composed. Multitudes of these having diverse tendencies, are
+competing with one another for opportunity to exist and multiply; and
+the organism, as a whole, is as much the product of the molecules which
+are victorious as the Fauna, or Flora, of a country is the product of
+the victorious organic beings in it."--('Critiques and Addresses,' page
+309.) There is likewise a word or two indirectly bearing on this subject
+at pages 394-395. It won't take you five minutes, so do look at these
+passages. I am very glad that you have been bold enough to give your
+idea about Natural Selection amongst the molecules, though I can not
+quite follow you.
+
+
+1870 AND BEGINNING OF 1871.
+
+[My father wrote in his Diary:--"The whole of this year [1870] at work
+on the 'Descent of Man.'... Went to Press August 30, 1870."
+
+The letters are again of miscellaneous interest, dealing, not only with
+his work, but also serving to indicate the course of his reading.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. RAY LANKESTER. Down, March 15 [1870].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I do not know whether you will consider me a very troublesome man, but
+I have just finished your book ('Comparative Longevity.'), and can not
+resist telling you how the whole has much interested me. No doubt, as
+you say, there must be much speculation on such a subject, and certain
+results can not be reached; but all your views are highly suggestive,
+and to my mind that is high praise. I have been all the more interested
+as I am now writing on closely allied though not quite identical points.
+I was pleased to see you refer to my much despised child, 'Pangenesis,'
+who I think will some day, under some better nurse, turn out a fine
+stripling. It has also pleased me to see how thoroughly you appreciate
+(and I do not think that this is general with the men of science) H.
+Spencer; I suspect that hereafter he will be looked at as by far the
+greatest living philosopher in England; perhaps equal to any that have
+lived. But I have no business to trouble you with my notions. With
+sincere thanks for the interest which your work has given me,
+
+I remain, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to Mr. Wallace's 'Natural Selection' (1870), a
+collection of essays reprinted with certain alterations of which a list
+is given in the volume:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, April 20 [1870].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have just received your book, and read the preface. There never has
+been passed on me, or indeed on any one, a higher eulogium than yours.
+I wish that I fully deserved it. Your modesty and candour are very far
+from new to me. I hope it is a satisfaction to you to reflect--and very
+few things in my life have been more satisfactory to me--that we have
+never felt any jealousy towards each other, though in one sense rivals.
+I believe that I can say this of myself with truth, and I am absolutely
+sure that it is true of you.
+
+You have been a good Christian to give a list of your additions, for
+I want much to read them, and I should hardly have had time just at
+present to have gone through all your articles. Of course I shall
+immediately read those that are new or greatly altered, and I will
+endeavour to be as honest as can reasonably be expected. Your book looks
+remarkably well got up.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, to remain, Yours very cordially, CH.
+DARWIN.
+
+
+[Here follow one or two letters indicating the progress of the 'Descent
+of Man;' the woodcuts referred to were being prepared for that work:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER. (Dr. Gunther, Keeper of Zoology in the
+British Museum.) March 23, [1870?].
+
+Dear Gunther,
+
+As I do not know Mr. Ford's address, will you hand him this note, which
+is written solely to express my unbounded admiration of the woodcuts.
+I fairly gloat over them. The only evil is that they will make all
+the other woodcuts look very poor! They are all excellent, and for the
+feathers I declare I think it the most wonderful woodcut I ever saw; I
+can not help touching it to make sure that it is smooth. How I wish to
+see the two other, and even more important, ones of the feathers, and
+the four [of] reptiles, etc. Once again accept my very sincere thanks
+for all your kindness. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Ford. Engravings
+have always hitherto been my greatest misery, and now they are a real
+pleasure to me.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I thought I should have been in press by this time, but my subject
+has branched off into sub-branches, which have cost me infinite time,
+and heaven knows when I shall have all my MS. ready, but I am never
+idle.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. GUNTHER. May 15 [1870].
+
+My dear Dr. Gunther,
+
+Sincere thanks. Your answers are wonderfully clear and complete. I have
+some analogous questions on reptiles, etc., which I will send in a few
+days, and then I think I shall cause no more trouble. I will get the
+books you refer me to. The case of the Solenostoma (In most of the
+Lophobranchii the male has a marsupial sack in which the eggs are
+hatched, and in these species the male is slightly brighter coloured
+than the female. But in Solenostoma the female is the hatcher, and
+is also the more brightly coloured.--'Descent of Man,' ii. 21.) is
+magnificent, so exactly analogous to that of those birds in which the
+female is the more gay, but ten times better for me, as she is the
+incubator. As I crawl on with the successive classes I am astonished to
+find how similar the rules are about the nuptial or "wedding dress" of
+all animals. The subject has begun to interest me in an extraordinary
+degree; but I must try not to fall into my common error of being too
+speculative. But a drunkard might as well say he would drink a little
+and not too much! My essay, as far as fishes, batrachians and reptiles
+are concerned, will be in fact yours, only written by me. With hearty
+thanks.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter is of interest, as showing the excessive care and
+pains which my father took in forming his opinion on a difficult point:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, September 23 [undated].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I am very much obliged for all your trouble in writing me your long
+letter, which I will keep by me and ponder over. To answer it would
+require at least 200 folio pages! If you could see how often I have
+re-written some pages you would know how anxious I am to arrive as near
+as I can to the truth. I lay great stress on what I know takes place
+under domestication; I think we start with different fundamental notions
+on inheritance. I find it is most difficult, but not I think impossible,
+to see how, for instance, a few red feathers appearing on the head of a
+male bird, and which ARE AT FIRST TRANSMITTED TO BOTH SEXES, could come
+to be transmitted to males alone. It is not enough that females should
+be produced from the males with red feathers, which should be destitute
+of red feathers; but these females must have a LATENT TENDENCY to
+produce such feathers, otherwise they would cause deterioration in the
+red head-feathers of their male offspring. Such latent tendency would be
+shown by their producing the red feathers when old, or diseased in their
+ovaria. But I have no difficulty in making the whole head red if the
+few red feathers in the male from the first tended to be sexually
+transmitted. I am quite willing to admit that the female may have been
+modified, either at the same time or subsequently, for protection by the
+accumulation of variations limited in their transmission to the female
+sex. I owe to your writings the consideration of this latter point. But
+I cannot yet persuade myself that females ALONE have often been modified
+for protection. Should you grudge the trouble briefly to tell me whether
+you believe that the plainer head and less bright colours of a female
+chaffinch, the less red on the head and less clean colours of the female
+goldfinch, the much less red on the breast of the female bull-finch, the
+paler crest of golden-crested wren, etc., have been acquired by them for
+protection. I cannot think so any more than I can that the considerable
+differences between female and male house sparrow, or much greater
+brightness of the male Parus coeruleus (both of which build under cover)
+than of the female Parus, are related to protection. I even mis-doubt
+much whether the less blackness of the female blackbird is for
+protection.
+
+Again, can you give me reasons for believing that the moderate
+differences between the female pheasant, the female Gallus bankiva,
+the female black grouse, the pea-hen, the female partridge, [and their
+respective males,] have all special references to protection under
+slightly different conditions? I, of course, admit that they are all
+protected by dull colours, derived, as I think, from some dull-ground
+progenitor; and I account partly for their difference by partial
+transference of colour from the male and by other means too long to
+specify; but I earnestly wish to see reason to believe that each is
+specially adapted for concealment to its environment.
+
+I grieve to differ from you, and it actually terrifies me and makes me
+constantly distrust myself. I fear we shall never quite understand each
+other. I value the cases of bright-coloured, incubating male fishes, and
+brilliant female butterflies, solely as showing that one sex may be made
+brilliant without any necessary transference of beauty to the other sex;
+for in these cases I cannot suppose that beauty in the other sex was
+checked by selection.
+
+I fear this letter will trouble you to read it. A very short answer
+about your belief in regard to the female finches and gallinaceae would
+suffice.
+
+Believe me, my dear Wallace, Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 25 [1870].
+
+... Last Friday we all went to the Bull Hotel at Cambridge to see the
+boys, and for a little rest and enjoyment. The backs of the Colleges are
+simply paradisaical. On Monday I saw Sedgwick, who was most cordial and
+kind; in the morning I thought his brain was enfeebled; in the evening
+he was brilliant and quite himself. His affection and kindness charmed
+us all. My visit to him was in one way unfortunate; for after a long
+sit he proposed to take me to the museum, and I could not refuse, and
+in consequence he utterly prostrated me; so that we left Cambridge
+next morning, and I have not recovered the exhaustion yet. Is it not
+humiliating to be thus killed by a man of eighty-six, who evidently
+never dreamed that he was killing me? As he said to me, "Oh, I consider
+you as a mere baby to me!" I saw Newton several times, and several nice
+friends of F.'s. But Cambridge without dear Henslow was not itself; I
+tried to get to the two old houses, but it was too far for me...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO B.J. SULIVAN. (Admiral Sir James Sulivan was a
+lieutenant on board the "Beagle".) Down, June 30 [1870].
+
+My dear Sulivan,
+
+It was very good of you to write to me so long a letter, telling me much
+about yourself and your children, which I was extremely glad to hear.
+Think what a benighted wretch I am, seeing no one and reading but little
+in the newspapers, for I did not know (until seeing the paper of your
+Natural History Society) that you were a K.C.B. Most heartily glad I am
+that the Government have at last appreciated your most just claim for
+this high distinction. On the other hand, I am sorry to hear so poor an
+account of your health; but you were surely very rash to do all that you
+did and then pass through so exciting a scene as a ball at the Palace.
+It was enough to have tired a man in robust health. Complete rest will,
+however, I hope, quite set you up again. As for myself, I have been
+rather better of late, and if nothing disturbs me I can do some hours'
+work every day. I shall this autumn publish another book partly on man,
+which I dare say many will decry as very wicked. I could have travelled
+to Oxford, but could no more have withstood the excitement of a
+commemoration (This refers to an invitation to receive the honorary
+degree of D.C.L. He was one of those nominated for the degree by Lord
+Salisbury on assuming the office of Chancellor of the University of
+Oxford. The fact that the honour was declined on the score of ill-health
+was published in the "Oxford University Gazette", June 17, 1870.) than
+I could a ball at Buckingham Palace. Many thanks for your kind remarks
+about my boys. Thank God, all give me complete satisfaction; my fourth
+stands second at Woolwich, and will be an Engineer Officer at Christmas.
+My wife desires to be very kindly remembered to Lady Sulivan, in which
+I very sincerely join, and in congratulation about your daughter's
+marriage. We are at present solitary, for all our younger children are
+gone a tour in Switzerland. I had never heard a word about the success
+of the T. del Fuego mission. It is most wonderful, and shames me, as
+I always prophesied utter failure. It is a grand success. I shall feel
+proud if your Committee think fit to elect me an honorary member of your
+society. With all good wishes and affectionate remembrances of ancient
+days,
+
+Believe me, my dear Sulivan, Your sincere friend, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[My father's connection with the South American Mission, which is
+referred to in the above letter, has given rise to some public comment,
+and has been to some extent misunderstood. The Archbishop of Canterbury,
+speaking at the annual meeting of the South American Missionary Society,
+April 21st, 1885 (I quote a 'Leaflet,' published by the Society.), said
+that the Society "drew the attention of Charles Darwin, and made him, in
+his pursuit of the wonders of the kingdom of nature, realise that there
+was another kingdom just as wonderful and more lasting." Some discussion
+on the subject appeared in the "Daily News" of April 23rd, 24th, 29th,
+1885, and finally Admiral Sir James Sulivan, on April 24th, wrote to the
+same journal, giving a clear account of my father's connection with the
+Society:--
+
+"Your article in the "Daily News" of yesterday induces me to give you
+a correct statement of the connection between the South American
+Missionary Society and Mr. Charles Darwin, my old friend and shipmate
+for five years. I have been closely connected with the Society from
+the time of Captain Allen Gardiner's death, and Mr. Darwin has often
+expressed to me his conviction that it was utterly useless to send
+Missionaries to such a set of savages as the Fuegians, probably the very
+lowest of the human race. I had always replied that I did not believe
+any human beings existed too low to comprehend the simple message of the
+Gospel of Christ. After many years, I think about 1869 (It seems to have
+been in 1867.), but I cannot find the letter, he wrote to me that the
+recent accounts of the Mission proved to him that he had been wrong and
+I right in our estimates of the native character, and the possibility of
+doing them good through Missionaries; and he requested me to forward
+to the Society an enclosed cheque for 5 pounds, as a testimony of the
+interest he took in their good work. On June 6th, 1874, he wrote: 'I
+am very glad to hear so good an account of the Fuegians, and it is
+wonderful.' On June 10th, 1879: 'The progress of the Fuegians is
+wonderful, and had it not occurred would have been to me quite
+incredible.' On January 3rd, 1880: 'Your extracts' [from a journal]
+'about the Fuegians are extremely curious, and have interested me much.
+I have often said that the progress of Japan was the greatest wonder in
+the world, but I declare that the progress of Fuegia is almost equally
+wonderful. On March 20th, 1881: 'The account of the Fuegians interested
+not only me, but all my family. It is truly wonderful what you have
+heard from Mr. Bridges about their honesty and their language. I
+certainly should have predicted that not all the Missionaries in the
+world could have done what has been done.' On December 1st, 1881,
+sending me his annual subscription to the Orphanage at the Mission
+Station, he wrote: 'Judging from the "Missionary Journal", the Mission
+in Tierra del Fuego seems going on quite wonderfully well.'"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Down, July 17, 1870.
+
+My dear Lubbock,
+
+As I hear that the Census will be brought before the House to-morrow, I
+write to say how much I hope that you will express your opinion on the
+desirability of queries in relation to consanguineous marriages being
+inserted. As you are aware, I have made experiments on the subject
+during several years; AND IT IS MY CLEAR CONVICTION THAT THERE IS NOW
+AMPLE EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF A GREAT PHYSIOLOGICAL LAW, RENDERING
+AN ENQUIRY WITH REFERENCE TO MANKIND OF MUCH IMPORTANCE. IN ENGLAND AND
+MANY PARTS OF EUROPE THE MARRIAGES OF COUSINS ARE OBJECTED TO FROM THEIR
+SUPPOSED INJURIOUS CONSEQUENCES; BUT THIS BELIEF RESTS ON NO DIRECT
+EVIDENCE. IT IS THEREFORE MANIFESTLY DESIRABLE THAT THE BELIEF SHOULD
+EITHER BE PROVED FALSE, OR SHOULD BE CONFIRMED, so that in this latter
+case the marriages of cousins might be discouraged. If the proper
+queries are inserted, the returns would show whether married cousins
+have in their households on the night of the census as many children as
+have parents of who are not related; and should the number prove fewer,
+we might safely infer either lessened fertility in the parents, or which
+is more probable, lessened vitality in the offspring.
+
+It is, moreover, much to be wished that the truth of the often repeated
+assertion that consanguineous marriages lead to deafness, and dumbness,
+blindness, etc., should be ascertained; and all such assertions could be
+easily tested by the returns from a single census.
+
+Believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[When the Census Act was passing through the House of Commons, Sir John
+Lubbock and Dr. Playfair attempted to carry out this suggestion. The
+question came to a division, which was lost, but not by many votes.
+
+The subject of cousin marriages was afterwards investigated by my
+brother. ("Marriages between First Cousins in England, and their
+Effects.' By George Darwin. 'Journal of the Statistical Society,' June,
+1875.) The results of this laborious piece of work were negative; the
+author sums up in the sentence:--
+
+"My paper is far from giving any thing like a satisfactory solution of
+the question as to the effects of consanguineous marriages, but it does,
+I think, show that the assertion that this question has already been set
+at rest, cannot be substantiated."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VII. -- PUBLICATION OF THE 'DESCENT OF MAN.'
+
+WORK ON 'EXPRESSION.'
+
+1871-1873.
+
+[The last revise of the 'Descent of Man' was corrected on January 15th,
+1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years. He wrote to
+Sir J. Hooker: "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago,
+the work half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the
+book is worth publishing."
+
+He also wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have finished my book on the 'Descent of Man,' etc., and its
+publication is delayed only by the Index: when published, I will send
+you a copy, but I do not know that you will care about it. Parts, as
+on the moral sense, will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from
+you, I shall probably receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of
+a pen."
+
+The book was published on February 24, 1871. 2500 copies were printed at
+first, and 5000 more before the end of the year. My father notes that he
+received for this edition 1470 pounds. The letters given in the present
+chapter deal with its reception, and also with the progress of the work
+on Expression. The letters are given, approximately, in chronological
+order, an arrangement which necessarily separates letters of kindred
+subjec-matter, but gives perhaps a truer picture of the mingled
+interests and labours of my father's life.
+
+Nothing can give a better idea (in small compass) of the growth of
+Evolutionism and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+Huxley ('Contemporary Review,' 1871.):--
+
+"The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade
+from the date of the publication of the 'Origin of Species;' and
+whatever may be thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the
+manner in which he has propounded them, this much is certain, that in a
+dozen years the 'Origin of Species' has worked as complete a revolution
+in Biological Science as the 'Principia' did in Astronomy;" and it
+has done so, "because, in the words of Helmholtz, it contains 'an
+essentially new creative thought.' And, as time has slipped by, a happy
+change has come over Mr. Darwin's critics. The mixture of ignorance and
+insolence which at first characterised a large proportion of the
+attacks with which he was assailed, is no longer the sad distinction of
+anti-Darwinian criticism."
+
+A passage in the Introduction to the 'Descent of Man' shows that the
+author recognised clearly this improvement in the position of Evolution.
+"When a naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his address, as
+President of the National Institution of Geneva (1869), 'personne en
+Europe au moins, n'ose plus soutenir la creation independante et de
+toutes pieces, des especes,' it is manifest that at least a large number
+of naturalists must admit that species are the modified descendants
+of other species; and this especially holds good with the younger
+and rising naturalists... Of the older and honoured chiefs in natural
+science, many, unfortunately, are still opposed to Evolution in every
+form."
+
+In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+Darwin" ('Harper's Magazine,' October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+father "early in 1871" (it must have been at the end of February,
+within a week after the publication of the book.), shortly after the
+publication of the 'Descent of Man.' Mr. Hague represents my father
+as "much impressed by the general assent with which his views had been
+received," and as remarking that "everybody is talking about it without
+being shocked."
+
+Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+language in the 'Edinburgh Review' (July 1871. An adverse criticism.
+The reviewer sums up by saying that: "Never perhaps in the history of
+philosophy have such wide generalisations been derived from such a small
+basis of fact."): "On every side it is raising a storm of mingled wrath,
+wonder, and admiration."
+
+With regard to the subsequent reception of the 'Descent of Man,' my
+father wrote to Dr. Dohrn, February 3, 1872:--
+
+"I did not know until reading your article (In 'Das Ausland.'), that my
+'Descent of Man' had excited so much furore in Germany. It has had an
+immense circulation in this country and in America, but has met the
+approval of hardly any naturalists as far as I know. Therefore I suppose
+it was a mistake on my part to publish it; but, anyhow, it will pave the
+way for some better work."
+
+The book on the 'Expression of the Emotions' was begun on January 17th,
+1871, the last proof of the 'Descent of Man' having been finished on
+January 15th. The rough copy was finished by April 27th, and shortly
+after this (in June) the work was interrupted by the preparation of a
+sixth edition of the 'Origin.' In November and December the proofs of
+the 'Expression' book were taken in hand, and occupied him until the
+following year, when the book was published.
+
+Some references to the work on Expression have occurred in letters
+already given, showing that the foundation of the book was, to some
+extent, laid down for some years before he began to write it. Thus he
+wrote to Dr. Asa Gray, April 15, 1867:--
+
+"I have been lately getting up and looking over my old notes on
+Expression, and fear that I shall not make so much of my hobby-horse as
+I thought I could; nevertheless, it seems to me a curious subject which
+has been strangely neglected."
+
+It should, however, be remembered that the subject had been before his
+mind, more or less, from 1837 or 1838, as I judge from entries in
+his early note-books. It was in December, 1839, that he began to make
+observations on children.
+
+The work required much correspondence, not only with missionaries and
+others living among savages, to whom he sent his printed queries, but
+among physiologists and physicians. He obtained much information from
+Professor Donders, Sir W. Bowman, Sir James Paget, Dr. W. Ogle, Dr.
+Crichton Browne, as well as from other observers.
+
+The first letter refers to the 'Descent of Man.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, January 30 [1871].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+(In the note referred to, dated January 27, Mr. Wallace wrote:--
+
+"Many thanks for your first volume which I have just finished reading
+through with the greatest pleasure and interest; and I have also to
+thank you for the great tenderness with which you have treated me and my
+heresies."
+
+The heresy is the limitation of natural selection as applied to man.
+My father wrote ('Descent of Man,' i. page 137):--"I cannot therefore
+understand how it is that Mr. Wallace maintains that 'natural selection
+could only have endowed the savage with a brain a little superior to
+that of an ape.'" In the above quoted letter Mr. Wallace wrote:--"Your
+chapters on 'Man' are of intense interest, but as touching my special
+heresy not as yet altogether convincing, though of course I fully agree
+with every word and every argument which goes to prove the evolution or
+development of man out of a lower form.")
+
+Your note has given me very great pleasure, chiefly because I was
+so anxious not to treat you with the least disrespect, and it is so
+difficult to speak fairly when differing from any one. If I had offended
+you, it would have grieved me more than you will readily believe.
+Secondly, I am greatly pleased to hear that Volume I. interests you; I
+have got so sick of the whole subject that I felt in utter doubt about
+the value of any part. I intended, when speaking of females not having
+been specially modified for protection, to include the prevention of
+characters acquired by the male being transmitted to the female; but I
+now see it would have been better to have said "specially acted on," or
+some such term. Possibly my intention may be clearer in Volume II. Let
+me say that my conclusions are chiefly founded on the consideration of
+all animals taken in a body, bearing in mind how common the rules of
+sexual differences appear to be in all classes. The first copy of the
+chapter on Lepidoptera agreed pretty closely with you. I then worked
+on, came back to Lepidoptera, and thought myself compelled to
+alter it--finished Sexual Selection and for the last time went over
+Lepidoptera, and again I felt forced to alter it. I hope to God there
+will be nothing disagreeable to you in Volume II., and that I have
+spoken fairly of your views; I am fearful on this head, because I have
+just read (but not with sufficient care) Mivart's book ('The Genesis of
+Species,' by St. G. Mivart, 1871.), and I feel ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN that
+he meant to be fair (but he was stimulated by theological fervour); yet
+I do not think he has been quite fair... The part which, I think, will
+have most influence is where he gives the whole series of cases like
+that of the whalebone, in which we cannot explain the gradational steps;
+but such cases have no weight on my mind--if a few fish were extinct,
+who on earth would have ventured even to conjecture that lungs had
+originated in a swi-bladder? In such a case as the Thylacine, I think he
+was bound to say that the resemblance of the jaw to that of the dog
+is superficial; the number and correspondence and development of teeth
+being widely different. I think again when speaking of the necessity of
+altering a number of characters together, he ought to have thought
+of man having power by selection to modify simultaneously or almost
+simultaneously many points, as in making a greyhound or racehorse--as
+enlarged upon in my 'Domestic Animals.' Mivart is savage or contemptuous
+about my "moral sense," and so probably will you be. I am extremely
+pleased that he agrees with my position, AS FAR AS ANIMAL NATURE IS
+CONCERNED, of man in the series; or if anything, thinks I have erred in
+making him too distinct.
+
+Forgive me for scribbling at such length. You have put me quite in good
+spirits; I did so dread having been unintentionally unfair towards your
+views. I hope earnestly the second volume will escape as well. I care
+now very little what others say. As for our not quite agreeing, really
+in such complex subjects, it is almost impossible for two men who arrive
+independently at their conclusions to agree fully, it would be unnatural
+for them to do so.
+
+Yours ever, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Professor Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my
+father about the 'Descent of Man.' I quote from his reply:--
+
+"I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I
+may truly say, charming letter. I am delighted that you approve of my
+book, as far as you have read it. I felt very great difficulty and
+doubt how often I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly
+speaking every idea, although occurring independently to me, if
+published by you previously ought to have appeared as if taken from your
+works, but this would have made my book very dull reading; and I hoped
+that a full acknowledgment at the beginning would suffice. (In the
+introduction to the 'Descent of Man' the author wrote:--
+
+"This last naturalist [Haeckel]... has recently... published his
+'Naturliche Schopfungs-geschichte,' in which he fully discusses the
+genealogy of man. If this work had appeared before my essay had been
+written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all
+the conclusions at which I have arrived, I find confirmed by this
+naturalist, whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine.")
+I cannot tell you how glad I am to find that I have expressed my high
+admiration of your labours with sufficient clearness; I am sure that I
+have not expressed it too strongly."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, March 16, 1871.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have just read your grand review. ("Academy", March 15, 1871.) It is
+in every way as kindly expressed towards myself as it is excellent in
+matter. The Lyells have been here, and Sir C. remarked that no one wrote
+such good scientific reviews as you, and as Miss Buckley added, you
+delight in picking out all that is good, though very far from blind to
+the bad. In all this I most entirely agree. I shall always consider
+your review as a great honour; and however much my book may hereafter
+be abused, as no doubt it will be, your review will console me,
+notwithstanding that we differ so greatly. I will keep your objections
+to my views in my mind, but I fear that the latter are almost
+stereotyped in my mind. I thought for long weeks about the inheritance
+and selection difficulty, and covered quires of paper with notes in
+trying to get out of it, but could not, though clearly seeing that it
+would be a great relief if I could. I will confine myself to two or
+three remarks. I have been much impressed with what you urge against
+colour (Mr. Wallace says that the pairing of butterflies is probably
+determined by the fact that one male is stronger-winged, or more
+pertinacious than the rest, rather than by the choice of the females.
+He quotes the case of caterpillars which are brightly coloured and yet
+sexless. Mr. Wallace also makes the good criticism that the 'Descent
+of Man' consists of two books mixed together.) in the case of insects,
+having been acquired through sexual selection. I always saw that the
+evidence was very weak; but I still think, if it be admitted that
+the musical instruments of insects have been gained through sexual
+selection, that there is not the least improbability in colour having
+been thus gained. Your argument with respect to the denudation of
+mankind and also to insects, that taste on the part of one sex would
+have to remain nearly the same during many generations, in order that
+sexual selection should produce any effect, I agree to; and I think this
+argument would be sound if used by one who denied that, for instance,
+the plumes of birds of Paradise had been so gained. I believe you admit
+this, and if so I do not see how your argument applies in other cases. I
+have recognized for some short time that I have made a great omission in
+not having discussed, as far as I could, the acquisition of taste, its
+inherited nature, and its permanence within pretty close limits for long
+periods.
+
+
+[With regard to the success of the 'Descent of Man,' I quote from a
+letter to Professor Ray Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the increasing
+liberality of England, that my book has sold wonderfully... and as yet
+no abuse (though some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only
+contempt even in the poor old 'Athenaeum'."
+
+As to reviews that struck him he wrote to Mr. Wallace (March 24,
+1871):--
+
+"There is a very striking second article on my book in the 'Pall Mall'.
+The articles in the "Spectator" ("Spectator", March 11 and 18, 1871.
+With regard to the evolution of conscience the reviewer thinks that my
+father comes much nearer to the "kernel of the psychological problem"
+than many of his predecessors. The second article contains a good
+discussion of the bearing of the book on the question of design, and
+concludes by finding in it a vindication of Theism more wonderful than
+that in Paley's 'Natural Theology.') have also interested me much."
+
+On March 20 he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"Many thanks for the "Nonconformist" [March 8, 1871]. I like to see all
+that is written, and it is of some real use. If you hear of reviewers
+in out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as "Record",
+"Guardian", "Tablet", kindly inform me. It is wonderful that there has
+been no abuse ("I feel a full conviction that my chapter on man will
+excite attention and plenty of abuse, and I suppose abuse is as good as
+praise for selling a book."--(from a letter to Mr. Murray, January
+31, 1867.) as yet, but I suppose I shall not escape. On the whole, the
+reviews have been highly favourable."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871)
+refers to a review in the "Times". ("Times", April 7 and 8, 1871. The
+review is not only unfavourable as regards the book under discussion,
+but also as regards Evolution in general, as the following citation will
+show: "Even had it been rendered highly probable, which we doubt, that
+the animal creation has been developed into its numerous and widely
+different varieties by mere evolution, it would still require an
+independent investigation of overwhelming force and completeness to
+justify the presumption that man is but a term in this self-evolving
+series.")
+
+"I have no idea who wrote the "Times" review. He has no knowledge of
+science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+injure the sale."
+
+A review of the 'Descent of Man,' which my father spoke of as "capital,"
+appeared in the "Saturday Review" (March 4 and 11, 1871). A passage from
+the first notice (March 4) may be quoted in illustration of the broad
+basis as regards general acceptance, on which the doctrine of Evolution
+now stood: "He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and
+constitution, within that unity which he had previously sought to trace
+through all lower animal forms. The growth of opinion in the interval,
+due in chief measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the
+discussion of this problem in a position very much in advance of that
+held by it fifteen years ago. The problem of Evolution is hardly any
+longer to be treated as one of first principles; nor has Mr. Darwin to
+do battle for a first hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as
+it is by a phalanx of names full of distinction and promise, in either
+hemisphere."
+
+The infolded point of the human ear, discovered by Mr. Woolner, and
+described in the 'Descent of Man,' seems especially to have struck the
+popular imagination; my father wrote to Mr. Woolner:--
+
+"The tips to the ears have become quite celebrated. One reviewer
+('Nature') says they ought to be called, as I suggested in joke, Angulus
+Woolnerianus. ('Nature' April 6, 1871. The term suggested is Angulus
+Woolnerii.) A German is very proud to find that he has the tips well
+developed, and I believe will send me a photograph of his ears."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN BRODIE INNES. (Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton
+Brodie, formerly Vicar of Down.) Down, May 29 [1871].
+
+My dear Innes,
+
+I have been very glad to receive your pleasant letter, for to tell you
+the truth, I have sometimes wondered whether you would not think me
+an outcast and a reprobate after the publication of my last book
+['Descent']. (In a former letter of my father's to Mr. Innes:--"We often
+differed, but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ
+and yet feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing which I should
+feel very proud of, if any one could say it of me.") I do not wonder at
+all at your not agreeing with me, for a good many professed naturalists
+do not. Yet when I see in how extraordinary a manner the judgment of
+naturalists has changed since I published the 'Origin,' I feel convinced
+that there will be in ten years quite as much unanimity about man, as
+far as his corporeal frame is concerned...
+
+
+[The following letters addressed to Dr. Ogle deal with the progress of
+the work on expression.]
+
+
+Down, March 12 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+I have received both your letters, and they tell me all that I wanted
+to know in the clearest possible way, as, indeed, all your letters have
+ever done. I thank you cordially. I will give the case of the murderer
+('Expression of the Emotions,' page 294. The arrest of a murderer,
+as witnessed by Dr. Ogle in a hospital.) in my hobby-horse essay on
+expression. I fear that the Eustachian tube question must have cost
+you a deal of labour; it is quite a complete little essay. It is pretty
+clear that the mouth is not opened under surprise merely to improve the
+hearing. Yet why do deaf men generally keep their mouths open? The other
+day a man here was mimicking a deaf friend, leaning his head forward
+and sideways to the speaker, with his mouth well open; it was a lifelike
+representation of a deaf man. Shakespeare somewhere says: "Hold your
+breath, listen" or "hark," I forget which. Surprise hurries the breath,
+and it seems to me one can breathe, at least hurriedly, much quieter
+through the open mouth than through the nose. I saw the other day
+you doubted this. As objection is your province at present, I think
+breathing through the nose ought to come within it likewise, so do pray
+consider this point, and let me hear your judgment. Consider the nose to
+be a flower to be fertilised, and then you will make out all about it.
+(Dr. Ogle had corresponded with my father on his own observations on the
+fertilisation of flowers.) I have had to allude to your paper on 'Sense
+of Smell' (Medico-chirurg. Trans. liii.); is the paging right, namely,
+1, 2, 3? If not, I protest by all the gods against the plan followed
+by some, of having presentation copies falsely paged; and so does
+Rolleston, as he wrote to me the other day. In haste.
+
+Yours very sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, March 25 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+You will think me a horrid bore, but I beg you, IN RELATION TO A NEW
+POINT FOR OBSERVATION, to imagine as well as you can that you suddenly
+come across some dreadful object, and act with a sudden little start, a
+SHUDDER OF HORROR; please do this once or twice, and observe yourself as
+well as you can, and AFTERWARDS read the rest of this note, which I have
+consequently pinned down. I find, to my surprise, whenever I act thus
+my platysma contracts. Does yours? (N.B.--See what a man will do for
+science; I began this note with a horrid fib, namely, that I want you to
+attend to a new point. (The point was doubtless described as a new one,
+to avoid the possibility of Dr. Ogle's attention being directed to the
+platysma, a muscle which had been the subject of discussion in other
+letters.)) I will try and get some persons thus to act who are so lucky
+as not to know that they even possess this muscle, so troublesome for
+any one making out about expression. Is a shudder akin to the rigor or
+shivering before fever? If so, perhaps the platysma could be observed
+in such cases. Paget told me that he had attended much to shivering, and
+had written in MS. on the subject, and been much perplexed about it. He
+mentioned that passing a catheter often causes shivering. Perhaps I will
+write to him about the platysma. He is always most kind in aiding me in
+all ways, but he is so overworked that it hurts my conscience to trouble
+him, for I have a conscience, little as you have reason to think so.
+Help me if you can, and forgive me. Your murderer case has come in
+splendidly as the acme of prostration from fear.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO DR. OGLE. Down, April 29 [1871].
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+I am truly obliged for all the great trouble which you have so kindly
+taken. I am sure you have no cause to say that you are sorry you can
+give me no definite information, for you have given me far more than I
+ever expected to get. The action of the platysma is not very important
+for me, but I believe that you will fully understand (for I have always
+fancied that our minds were very similar) the intolerable desire I had
+not to be utterly baffled. Now I know that it sometimes contracts from
+fear and from shuddering, but not apparently from a prolonged state of
+fear such as the insane suffer...
+
+
+[Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,'--a contribution to the literature of
+Evolution, which excited much attention--was published in 1871, before
+the appearance of the 'Descent of Man.' To this book the following
+letter (June 21, 1871) from the late Chauncey Wright to my father
+refers. (Chauncey Wright was born at Northampton, Massachusetts,
+September 20, 1830, and came of a family settled in that town since
+1654. He became in 1852 a computer in the Nautical Almanac office at
+Cambridge, Mass., and lived a quiet uneventful life, supported by the
+small stipend of his office, and by what he earned from his occasional
+articles, as well as by a little teaching. He thought and read much on
+metaphysical subjects, but on the whole with an outcome (as far as the
+world was concerned) not commensurate to the power of his mind. He seems
+to have been a man of strong individuality, and to have made a lasting
+impression on his friends. He died in September, 1875.)]:
+
+"I send... revised proofs of an article which will be published in the
+July number of the 'North American Review,' sending it in the hope that
+it will interest or even be of greater value to you. Mr. Mivart's book
+['Genesis of Species'] of which this article is substantially a
+review, seems to me a very good background from which to present the
+considerations which I have endeavoured to set forth in the article, in
+defence and illustration of the theory of Natural Selection. My special
+purpose has been to contribute to the theory by placing it in its proper
+relations to philosophical enquiries in general." ('Letters of Chauncey
+Wright,' by J.B. Thayer. Privately printed, 1878, page 230.)
+
+With regard to the proofs received from Mr. Wright, my father wrote to
+Mr. Wallace:]
+
+
+Down, July 9 [1871].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I send by this post a review by Chauncey Wright, as I much want your
+opinion of it as soon as you can send it. I consider you an incomparably
+better critic than I am. The article, though not very clearly written,
+and poor in parts from want of knowledge, seems to me admirable.
+Mivart's book is producing a great effect against Natural Selection,
+and more especially against me. Therefore if you think the article
+even somewhat good I will write and get permission to publish it as a
+shilling pamphlet, together with the MS. additions (enclosed), for which
+there was not room at the end of the review...
+
+I am now at work at a new and cheap edition of the 'Origin,' and shall
+answer several points in Mivart's book, and introduce a new chapter for
+this purpose; but I treat the subject so much more concretely, and I
+dare say less philosophically, than Wright, that we shall not interfere
+with each other. You will think me a bigot when I say, after studying
+Mivart, I was never before in my life so convinced of the GENERAL (i.e.
+not in detail) truth of the views in the 'Origin.' I grieve to see the
+omission of the words by Mivart, detected by Wright. ('North American
+Review,' volume 113, pages 83, 84. Chauncey Wright points out that the
+words omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart] cites
+Mr. Darwin's authority." It should be mentioned that the passage from
+which words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr.
+Mivart.) I complained to Mivart that in two cases he quotes only the
+commencement of sentences by me, and thus modifies my meaning; but I
+never supposed he would have omitted words. There are other cases of
+what I consider unfair treatment. I conclude with sorrow that though he
+means to be honourable he is so bigoted that he cannot act fairly...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, July 14, 1871.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have hardly ever in my life read an article which has given me so much
+satisfaction as the review which you have been so kind as to send me.
+I agree to almost everything which you say. Your memory must be
+wonderfully accurate, for you know my works as well as I do myself,
+and your power of grasping other men's thoughts is something quite
+surprising; and this, as far as my experience goes, is a very rare
+quality. As I read on I perceived how you have acquired this power, viz.
+by thoroughly analyzing each word.
+
+... Now I am going to beg a favour. Will you provisionally give me
+permission to reprint your article as a shilling pamphlet? I ask only
+provisionally, as I have not yet had time to reflect on the subject. It
+would cost me, I fancy, with advertisements, some 20 or 30 pounds; but
+the worst is that, as I hear, pamphlets never will sell. And this makes
+me doubtful. Should you think it too much trouble to send me a title FOR
+THE CHANCE? The title ought, I think, to have Mr. Mivart's name on it.
+
+... If you grant permission and send a title, you will kindly understand
+that I will first make further enquiries whether there is any chance of
+a pamphlet being read.
+
+Pray believe me yours very sincerely obliged, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The pamphlet was published in the autumn, and on October 23 my father
+wrote to Mr. Wright:--
+
+"It pleases me much that you are satisfied with the appearance of your
+pamphlet. I am sure it will do our cause good service; and this same
+opinion Huxley has expressed to me. ('Letters of Chauncey Wright,' page
+235."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, July 12 [1871].
+
+... I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it
+is so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+discussion readable. I shall make only a selection. The worst of it
+is, that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated
+points, it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work. I wish I
+had your power of arguing clearly. At present I feel sick of everything,
+and if I could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather
+miseries, I would never publish another word. But I shall cheer up, I
+dare say, soon, having only just got over a bad attack. Farewell;
+God knows why I bother you about myself. I can say nothing more about
+missing-links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-silurian
+times; but then comes Sir W. Thomson like an odious spectre. Farewell.
+
+... There is a most cutting review of me in the 'Quarterly' (July 1871.);
+I have only read a few pages. The skill and style make me think of
+Mivart. I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men. This
+'Quarterly Review' tempts me to republish Ch. Wright, even if not read
+by any one, just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and
+that his (i.e. Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some
+reflection... God knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to
+write a chapter versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and
+feel I shall do it so badly.
+
+[The above-mentioned 'Quarterly' review was the subject of an article
+by Mr. Huxley in the November number of the 'Contemporary Review.' Here,
+also, are discussed Mr. Wallace's 'Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+Selection,' and the second edition of Mr. Mivart's 'Genesis of Species.'
+What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article. The 'Quarterly'
+reviewer, though being to some extent an evolutionist, believes that Man
+"differs more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from the dust
+of the earth on which they tread." The reviewer also declares that my
+father has "with needless opposition, set at naught the first principles
+of both philosophy and religion." Mr. Huxley passes from the 'Quarterly'
+reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary opposition
+between evolution and religion, to the more definite position taken by
+Mr. Mivart, that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic Church
+agree in distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their
+teachings harmonise with all that modern science can possibly require."
+Here Mr. Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy"
+(at any rate, in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it
+was a want he at once set to work to fill up. He was then staying at St.
+Andrews, whence he wrote to my father:--
+
+"By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy
+of Suarez (The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.), in a
+dozen big folios. Among these I dived, to the great astonishment of the
+librarian, and looking into them 'as the careful robin eyes the delver's
+toil' (vide 'Idylls'), I carried off the two venerable clasped volumes
+which were most promising." Even those who know Mr. Huxley's unrivalled
+power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel at the skill with
+which he has made Suarez speak on his side. "So I have come out," he
+wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic orthodoxy, and
+upset Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."
+
+The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+dissection of the 'Quarterly' reviewer's psychology, and his ethical
+views. He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of
+Evolution by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.
+Finally, he devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of
+the 'Quarterly' reviewer's "treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike unjust and
+unbecoming."
+
+It will be seen that the two following letters were written before the
+publication of Mr. Huxley's article.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, September 21 [1871].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your letter has pleased me in many ways, to a wonderful degree... What
+a wonderful man you are to grapple with those old metaphysico-divinity
+books. It quite delights me that you are going to some extent to answer
+and attack Mivart. His book, as you say, has produced a great effect;
+yesterday I perceived the reverberations from it, even from Italy. It
+was this that made me ask Chauncey Wright to publish at my expense his
+article, which seems to me very clever, though ill-written. He has not
+knowledge enough to grapple with Mivart in detail. I think there can
+be no shadow of doubt that he is the author of the article in the
+'Quarterly Review'... I am preparing a new edition of the 'Origin,' and
+shall introduce a new chapter in answer to miscellaneous objections, and
+shall give up the greater part to answer Mivart's cases of difficulty of
+incipient structures being of no use: and I find it can be done easily.
+He never states his case fairly, and makes wonderful blunders... The
+pendulum is now swinging against our side, but I feel positive it will
+soon swing the other way; and no mortal man will do half as much as you
+in giving it a start in the right direction, as you did at the first
+commencement. God forgive me for writing so long and egotistical a
+letter; but it is your fault, for you have so delighted me; I never
+dreamed that you would have time to say a word in defence of the cause
+which you have so often defended. It will be a long battle, after we are
+dead and gone... Great is the power of misrepresentation...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, September 30 [1871].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+It was very good of you to send the proof-sheets, for I was VERY anxious
+to read your article. I have been delighted with it. How you do smash
+Mivart's theology: it is almost equal to your article versus Comte
+('Fortnightly Review,' 1869. With regard to the relations of Positivism
+to Science my father wrote to Mr. Spencer in 1875: "How curious and
+amusing it is to see to what an extent the Positivists hate all men of
+science; I fancy they are dimly conscious what laughable and
+gigantic blunders their prophet made in predicting the course
+of science."),--that never can be transcended... But I have been
+preeminently glad to read your discussion on [the 'Quarterly'
+reviewer's] metaphysics, especially about reason and his definition of
+it. I felt sure he was wrong, but having only common observation and
+sense to trust to, I did not know what to say in my second edition of
+my 'Descent.' Now a footnote and reference to you will do the work... For
+me, this is one of the most IMPORTANT parts of the review. But for
+PLEASURE, I have been particularly glad that my few words ('Descent of
+Man,' volume i. page 87. A discussion on the question whether an
+act done impulsively or instinctively can be called moral.) on the
+distinction, if it can be so called, between Mivart's two forms of
+morality, caught your attention. I am so pleased that you take the same
+view, and give authorities for it; but I searched Mill in vain on this
+head. How well you argue the whole case. I am mounting climax on climax;
+for after all there is nothing, I think, better in your whole review
+than your arguments v. Wallace on the intellect of savages. I must tell
+you what Hooker said to me a few years ago. "When I read Huxley, I feel
+quite infantile in intellect." By Jove I have felt the truth of this
+throughout your review. What a man you are. There are scores of splendid
+passages, and vivid flashes of wit. I have been a good deal more than
+merely pleased by the concluding part of your review; and all the more,
+as I own I felt mortified by the accusation of bigotry, arrogance, etc.,
+in the 'Quarterly Review.' But I assure you, he may write his worst, and
+he will never mortify me again.
+
+My dear Huxley, yours gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Haredene, Albury, August 2 [1871].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your last letter has interested me greatly; it is wonderfully rich in
+facts and original thoughts. First, let me say that I have been much
+pleased by what you say about my book. It has had a VERY LARGE sale; but
+I have been much abused for it, especially for the chapter on the moral
+sense; and most of my reviewers consider the book as a poor affair. God
+knows what its merits may really be; all that I know is that I did my
+best. With familiarity I think naturalists will accept sexual selection
+to a greater extent than they now seem inclined to do. I should very
+much like to publish your letter, but I do not see how it could be
+made intelligible, without numerous coloured illustrations, but I will
+consult Mr. Wallace on this head. I earnestly hope that you keep notes
+of all your letters, and that some day you will publish a book: 'Notes
+of a Naturalist in S. Brazil,' or some such title. Wallace will hardly
+admit the possibility of sexual selection with Lepidoptera, and no doubt
+it is very improbable. Therefore, I am very glad to hear of your cases
+(which I will quote in the next edition) of the two sets of Hesperiadae,
+which display their wings differently, according to which surface
+is coloured. I cannot believe that such display is accidental and
+purposeless...
+
+No fact of your letter has interested me more than that about mimicry.
+It is a capital fact about the males pursuing the wrong females. You put
+the difficulty of the first steps in imitation in a most striking and
+CONVINCING manner. Your idea of sexual selection having aided protective
+imitation interests me greatly, for the same idea had occurred to me in
+quite different cases, viz. the dulness of all animals in the Galapagos
+Islands, Patagonia, etc., and in some other cases; but I was afraid
+even to hint at such an idea. Would you object to my giving some such
+sentence as follows: "F. Muller suspects that sexual selection may
+have come into play, in aid of protective imitation, in a very peculiar
+manner, which will appear extremely improbable to those who do not fully
+believe in sexual selection. It is that the appreciation of certain
+colour is developed in those species which frequently behold other
+species thus ornamented." Again let me thank you cordially for your most
+interesting letter...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E.B. TYLOR. Down, [September 24, 1871].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of telling you how
+greatly I have been interested by your 'Primitive Culture,' now that
+I have finished it. It seems to me a most profound work, which will
+be certain to have permanent value, and to be referred to for years to
+come. It is wonderful how you trace animism from the lower races up
+to the religious belief of the highest races. It will make me for the
+future look at religion--a belief in the soul, etc.--from a new point
+of view. How curious, also, are the survivals or rudiments of old
+customs... You will perhaps be surprised at my writing at so late
+a period, but I have had the book read aloud to me, and from much
+ill-health of late could only stand occasional short reads. The
+undertaking must have cost you gigantic labour. Nevertheless, I
+earnestly hope that you may be induced to treat morals in the same
+enlarged yet careful manner, as you have animism. I fancy from the last
+chapter that you have thought of this. No man could do the work so well
+as you, and the subject assuredly is a most important and interesting
+one. You must now possess references which would guide you to a sound
+estimation of the morals of savages; and how writers like Wallace,
+Lubbock, etc., etc., do differ on this head. Forgive me for troubling
+you, and believe me, with much respect,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1872.
+
+[At the beginning of the year the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' which
+had been begun in June, 1871, was nearly completed. The last sheet was
+revised on January 10, 1872, and the book was published in the course of
+the month. This volume differs from the previous ones in appearance and
+size--it consists of 458 pages instead of 596 pages and is a few ounces
+lighter; it is printed on bad paper, in small type, and with the
+lines unpleasantly close together. It had, however, one advantage over
+previous editions, namely that it was issued at a lower price. It is
+to be regretted that this the final edition of the 'Origin' should have
+appeared in so unattractive a form; a form which has doubtless kept off
+many readers from the book.
+
+The discussion suggested by the 'Genesis of Species' was perhaps the
+most important addition to the book. The objection that incipient
+structures cannot be of use was dealt with in some detail, because it
+seemed to the author that this was the point in Mr. Mivart's book which
+has struck most readers in England.
+
+It is a striking proof of how wide and general had become the acceptance
+of his views that my father found it necessary to insert (sixth edition,
+page 424), the sentence: "As a record of a former state of things, I
+have retained in the foregoing paragraphs and also elsewhere, several
+sentences which imply that naturalists believe in the separate creation
+of each species; and I have been much censured for having thus expressed
+myself. But undoubtedly this was the general belief when the first
+edition of the present work appeared... Now things are wholly changed,
+and almost every naturalist admits the great principle of evolution."
+
+A small correction introduced into this sixth edition is connected with
+one of his minor papers: "Note on the habits of the Pampas Woodpecker."
+(Zoolog. Soc. Proc. 1870.) In the fifth edition of the 'Origin,' page
+220, he wrote:--
+
+"Yet as I can assert not only from my own observation, but from that of
+the accurate Azara, it [the ground woodpecker] never climbs a tree." The
+paper in question was a reply to Mr. Hudson's remarks on the woodpecker
+in a previous number of the same journal. The last sentence of my
+father's paper is worth quoting for its temperate tone: "Finally, I
+trust that Mr. Hudson is mistaken when he says that any one acquainted
+with the habits of this bird might be induced to believe that I 'had
+purposely wrested the truth' in order to prove my theory. He exonerates
+me from this charge; but I should be loath to think that there are many
+naturalists who, without any evidence, would accuse a fellow-worker
+of telling a deliberate falsehood to prove his theory." In the sixth
+edition, page 142, the passage runs "in certain large districts it does
+not climb trees." And he goes on to give Mr. Hudson's statement that in
+other regions it does frequent trees.
+
+One of the additions in the sixth edition (page 149), was a reference
+to Mr. A. Hyatt's and Professor Cope's theory of "acceleration." With
+regard to this he wrote (October 10, 1872) in characteristic words to
+Mr. Hyatt:--
+
+"Permit me to take this opportunity to express my sincere regret at
+having committed two grave errors in the last edition of my 'Origin
+of Species,' in my allusion to yours and Professor Cope's views
+on acceleration and retardation of development. I had thought that
+Professor Cope had preceded you; but I now well remember having formerly
+read with lively interest, and marked, a paper by you somewhere in my
+library, on fossil Cephalapods with remarks on the subject. It seems
+also that I have quite misrepresented your joint view. This has vexed me
+much. I confess that I have never been able to grasp fully what you wish
+to show, and I presume that this must be owing to some dulness on my
+part."
+
+Lastly, it may be mentioned that this cheap edition being to some extent
+intended as a popular one, was made to include a glossary of technical
+terms, "given because several readers have complained... that some of the
+terms used were unintelligible to them." The glossary was compiled by
+Mr. Dallas, and being an excellent collection of clear and sufficient
+definitions, must have proved useful to many readers.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.L.A. DE QUATREFAGES. Down, January 15, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am much obliged for your very kind letter and exertions in my favour.
+I had thought that the publication of my last book ['Descent of Man']
+would have destroyed all your sympathy with me, but though I estimated
+very highly your great liberality of mind, it seems that I underrated
+it.
+
+I am gratified to hear that M. Lacaze-Duthiers will vote (He was not
+elected as a corresponding member of the French Academy until 1878.) for
+me, for I have long honoured his name. I cannot help regretting that you
+should expend your valuable time in trying to obtain for me the honour
+of election, for I fear, judging from the last time, that all your
+labour will be in vain. Whatever the result may be, I shall always
+retain the most lively recollection of your sympathy and kindness, and
+this will quite console me for my rejection.
+
+With much respect and esteem, I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours truly obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--With respect to the great stress which you lay on man walking on
+two legs, whilst the quadrumana go on all fours, permit me to remind you
+that no one much values the great difference in the mode of locomotion,
+and consequently in structure, between seals and the terrestrial
+carnivora, or between the almost biped kangaroos and other marsupials.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. (Professor of Zoology in Freiburg.)
+Down, April 5, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now read your essay ('Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirung auf die
+Artbildung.' Leipzig, 1872.) with very great interest. Your view of the
+'Origin' of local races through "Amixie," is altogether new to me,
+and seems to throw an important light on an obscure problem. There
+is, however, something strange about the periods or endurance of
+variability. I formerly endeavoured to investigate the subject, not
+by looking to past time, but to species of the same genus widely
+distributed; and I found in many cases that all the species, with
+perhaps one or two exceptions, were variable. It would be a very
+interesting subject for a conchologist to investigate, viz., whether
+the species of the same genus were variable during many successive
+geological formations. I began to make enquiries on this head, but
+failed in this, as in so many other things, from the want of time and
+strength. In your remarks on crossing, you do not, as it seems to
+me, lay nearly stress enough on the increased vigour of the offspring
+derived from parents which have been exposed to different conditions. I
+have during the last five years been making experiments on this subject
+with plants, and have been astonished at the results, which have not yet
+been published.
+
+In the first part of your essay, I thought that you wasted (to use an
+English expression) too much powder and shot on M. Wagner (Prof. Wagner
+has written two essays on the same subject. 'Die Darwin'sche Theorie
+und das Migrationsgesetz, in 1868, and 'Ueber den Einfluss der
+Geographischen Isolirung, etc.,' an address to the Bavarian Academy
+of Sciences at Munich, 1870.); but I changed my opinion when I saw how
+admirably you treated the whole case, and how well you used the
+facts about the Planorbis. I wish I had studied this latter case more
+carefully. The manner in which, as you show, the different varieties
+blend together and make a constant whole, agrees perfectly with my
+hypothetical illustrations.
+
+Many years ago the late E. Forbes described three closely consecutive
+beds in a secondary formation, each with representative forms of the
+same fres-water shells: the case is evidently analogous with that
+of Hilgendorf ("Ueber Planorbis multiformis im Steinheimer
+Susswasser-kalk." Monatsbericht of the Berlin Academy, 1866.), but the
+interesting connecting varieties or links were here absent. I rejoice
+to think that I formerly said as emphatically as I could, that neither
+isolation nor time by themselves do anything for the modification
+of species. Hardly anything in your essay has pleased me so much
+personally, as to find that you believe to a certain extent in sexual
+selection. As far as I can judge, very few naturalists believe in this.
+I may have erred on many points, and extended the doctrine too far,
+but I feel a strong conviction that sexual selection will hereafter be
+admitted to be a powerful agency. I cannot agree with what you say about
+the taste for beauty in animals not easily varying. It may be suspected
+that even the habit of viewing differently coloured surrounding objects
+would influence their taste, and Fritz Muller even goes so far as to
+believe that the sight of gaudy butterflies might influence the taste
+of distinct species. There are many remarks and statements in your essay
+which have interested me greatly, and I thank you for the pleasure which
+I have received from reading it.
+
+With sincere respect, I remain, My dear Sir, yours very faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you should ever be induced to consider the whole doctrine of
+sexual selection, I think that you will be led to the conclusion, that
+characters thus gained by one sex are very commonly transferred in a
+greater or less degree to the other sex.
+
+
+[With regard to Moritz Wagner's first Essay, my father wrote to that
+naturalist, apparently in 1868:]
+
+Dear and respected Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for sending me your 'Migrationsgesetz, etc.,' and
+for the very kind and most honourable notice which you have taken of my
+works. That a naturalist who has travelled into so many and such distant
+regions, and who has studied animals of so many classes, should, to a
+considerable extent, agree with me, is, I can assure you, the highest
+gratification of which I am capable... Although I saw the effects of
+isolation in the case of islands and mountain-ranges, and knew of a few
+instances of rivers, yet the greater number of your facts were quite
+unknown to me. I now see that from the want of knowledge I did not make
+nearly sufficient use of the views which you advocate; and I almost wish
+I could believe in its importance to the same extent with you; for you
+well show, in a manner which never occurred to me, that it removes many
+difficulties and objections. But I must still believe that in many large
+areas all the individuals of the same species have been slowly modified,
+in the same manner, for instance, as the English race-horse has
+been improved, that is by the continued selection of the fleetest
+individuals, without any separation. But I admit that by this process
+two or more new species could hardly be found within the same limited
+area; some degree of separation, if not indispensable, would be highly
+advantageous; and here your facts and views will be of great value...
+
+
+[The following letter bears on the same subject. It refers to Professor
+M. Wagner's Essay, published in "Das Ausland", May 31, 1875:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MORITZ WAGNER. Down, October 13, 1876.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have now finished reading your essays, which have interested me in a
+very high degree, notwithstanding that I differ much from you on various
+points. For instance, several considerations make me doubt whether
+species are much more variable at one period than at another, except
+through the agency of changed conditions. I wish, however, that I
+could believe in this doctrine, as it removes many difficulties. But
+my strongest objection to your theory is that it does not explain the
+manifold adaptations in structure in every organic being--for instance
+in a Picus for climbing trees and catching insects--or in a Strix for
+catching animals at night, and so on ad infinitum. No theory is in the
+least satisfactory to me unless it clearly explains such adaptations. I
+think that you misunderstand my views on isolation. I believe that all
+the individuals of a species can be slowly modified within the same
+district, in nearly the same manner as man effects by what I have called
+the process of unconscious selection... I do not believe that one species
+will give birth to two or more new species as long as they are mingled
+together within the same district. Nevertheless I cannot doubt that many
+new species have been simultaneously developed within the same large
+continental area; and in my 'Origin of Species' I endeavoured to
+explain how two new species might be developed, although they met and
+intermingled on the BORDERS of their range. It would have been a strange
+fact if I had overlooked the importance of isolation, seeing that it was
+such cases as that of the Galapagos Archipelago, which chiefly led me
+to study the origin of species. In my opinion the greatest error which
+I have committed, has been not allowing sufficient weight to the direct
+action of the environment, i.e. food, climate, etc., independently
+of natural selection. Modifications thus caused, which are neither of
+advantage nor disadvantage to the modified organism, would be especially
+favoured, as I can now see chiefly through your observations, by
+isolation in a small area, where only a few individuals lived under
+nearly uniform conditions.
+
+When I wrote the 'Origin,' and for some years afterwards, I could find
+little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there
+is a large body of evidence, and your case of the Saturnia is one of the
+most remarkable of which I have heard. Although we differ so greatly,
+I hope that you will permit me to express my respect for your
+long-continued and successful labours in the good cause of natural
+science.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The two following letters are also of interest as bearing on my
+father's views on the action of isolation as regards the origin of new
+species:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, November 26, 1878.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+When I published the sixth edition of the 'Origin,' I thought a
+good deal on the subject to which you refer, and the opinion therein
+expressed was my deliberate conviction. I went as far as I could,
+perhaps too far in agreement with Wagner; since that time I have seen no
+reason to change my mind, but then I must add that my attention has been
+absorbed on other subjects. There are two different classes of cases, as
+it appears to me, viz. those in which a species becomes slowly modified
+in the same country (of which I cannot doubt there are innumerable
+instances) and those cases in which a species splits into two or three
+or more new species, and in the latter case, I should think nearly
+perfect separation would greatly aid in their "specification," to coin a
+new word.
+
+I am very glad that you are taking up this subject, for you will be sure
+to throw much light on it. I remember well, long ago, oscillating much;
+when I thought of the Fauna and Flora of the Galapagos Islands I was all
+for isolation, when I thought of S. America I doubted much. Pray believe
+me,
+
+Yours very sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I hope that this letter will not be quite illegible, but I have no
+amanuensis at present.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, November 30, 1878.
+
+Dear Professor Semper,
+
+Since writing I have recalled some of the thoughts and conclusions which
+have passed through my mind of late years. In North America, in going
+from north to south or from east to west, it is clear that the changed
+conditions of life have modified the organisms in the different regions,
+so that they now form distinct races or even species. It is further
+clear that in isolated districts, however small, the inhabitants almost
+always get slightly modified, and how far this is due to the nature of
+the slightly different conditions to which they are exposed, and how far
+to mere interbreeding, in the manner explained by Weismann, I can
+form no opinion. The same difficulty occurred to me (as shown in my
+'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication') with respect to
+the aboriginal breeds of cattle, sheep, etc., in the separated districts
+of Great Britain, and indeed throughout Europe. As our knowledge
+advances, very slight differences, considered by systematists as of
+no importance in structure, are continually found to be functionally
+important; and I have been especially struck with this fact in the case
+of plants to which my observations have of late years been confined.
+Therefore it seems to me rather rash to consider the slight differences
+between representative species, for instance those inhabiting the
+different islands of the same archipelago, as of no functional
+importance, and as not in any way due to natural selection. With respect
+to all adapted structures, and these are innumerable, I cannot see
+how M. Wagner's view throws any light, nor indeed do I see at all more
+clearly than I did before, from the numerous cases which he has brought
+forward, how and why it is that a long isolated form should almost
+always become slightly modified. I do not know whether you will care
+about hearing my further opinion on the point in question, for as before
+remarked I have not attended much of late years to such questions,
+thinking it prudent, now that I am growing old, to work at easier
+subjects.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+I hope and trust that you will throw light on these points.
+
+P.S.--I will add another remark which I remember occurred to me when I
+first read M. Wagner. When a species first arrives on a small island,
+it will probably increase rapidly, and unless all the individuals change
+instantaneously (which is improbable in the highest degree), the slowly,
+more or less, modifying offspring must intercross one with another, and
+with their unmodified parents, and any offspring not as yet modified.
+The case will then be like that of domesticated animals which have
+slowly become modified, either by the action of the external conditions
+or by the process which I have called the UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION by
+man--i.e., in contrast with methodical selection.
+
+
+[The letters continue the history of the year 1872, which has been
+interrupted by a digression on Isolation.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, April 8, 1872.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I thank you very sincerely and feel much honoured by the trouble which
+you have taken in giving me your reflections on the origin of Man. It
+gratifies me extremely that some parts of my work have interested you,
+and that we agree on the main conclusion of the derivation of man from
+some lower form.
+
+I will reflect on what you have said, but I cannot at present give up my
+belief in the close relationship of Man to the higher Simiae. I do not
+put much trust in any single character, even that of dentition; but
+I put the greatest faith in resemblances in many parts of the whole
+organisation, for I cannot believe that such resemblances can be due to
+any cause except close blood relationship. That man is closely allied to
+the higher Simiae is shown by the classification of Linnaeus, who was
+so good a judge of affinity. The man who in England knows most about the
+structure of the Simiae, namely, Mr. Mivart, and who is bitterly opposed
+to my doctrines about the derivation of the mental powers, yet has
+publicly admitted that I have not put man too close to the higher
+Simiae, as far as bodily structure is concerned. I do not think the
+absence of reversions of structure in man is of much weight; C. Vogt,
+indeed, argues that [the existence of] Micr-cephalous idiots is a case
+of reversion. No one who believes in Evolution will doubt that the
+Phocae are descended from some terrestrial Carnivore. Yet no one would
+expect to meet with any such reversion in them. The lesser divergence of
+character in the races of man in comparison with the species of Simiadae
+may perhaps be accounted for by man having spread over the world at a
+much later period than did the Simiadae. I am fully prepared to
+admit the high antiquity of man; but then we have evidence, in the
+Dryopithecus, of the high antiquity of the Anthropomorphous Simiae.
+
+I am glad to hear that you are at work on your fossil plants, which of
+late years have afforded so rich a field for discovery. With my best
+thanks for your great kindness, and with much respect, I remain,
+
+Dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In April, 1872, he was elected to the Royal Society of Holland, and
+wrote to Professor Donders:--
+
+"Very many thanks for your letter. The honour of being elected a foreign
+member of your Royal Society has pleased me much. The sympathy of his
+fellow workers has always appeared to me by far the highest reward
+to which any scientific man can look. My gratification has been not a
+little increased by first hearing of the honour from you."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO CHAUNCEY WRIGHT. Down, June 3, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Many thanks for your article (The proof-sheets of an article which
+appeared in the July number of the 'North American Review.' It was a
+rejoinder to Mr. Mivart's reply ('North American Review,' April 1872) to
+Mr. Chauncey Wright's pamphlet. Chauncey Wright says of it ('Letters,'
+page 238):--"It is not properly a rejoinder but a new article, repeating
+and expounding some of the points of my pamphlet, and answering some
+of Mr. Mivart's replies incidentally.") in the 'North American Review,'
+which I have read with great interest. Nothing can be clearer than the
+way in which you discuss the permanence or fixity of species. It never
+occurred to me to suppose that any one looked at the case as it seems
+Mr. Mivart does. Had I read his answer to you, perhaps I should have
+perceived this; but I have resolved to waste no more time in reading
+reviews of my works or on Evolution, excepting when I hear that they
+are good and contain new matter... It is pretty clear that Mr. Mivart has
+come to the end of his tether on this subject.
+
+As your mind is so clear, and as you consider so carefully the meaning
+of words, I wish you would take some incidental occasion to consider
+when a thing may properly be said to be effected by the will of man.
+I have been led to the wish by reading an article by your Professor
+Whitney versus Schleicher. He argues, because each step of change in
+language is made by the will of man, the whole language so changes;
+but I do not think that this is so, as man has no intention or wish
+to change the language. It is a parallel case with what I have called
+"unconscious selection," which depends on men consciously preserving the
+best individuals, and thus unconsciously altering the breed.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[Not long afterwards (September) Mr. Chauncey Wright paid a visit to
+Down (Mr. and Mrs. C.L. Brace, who had given much of their lives to
+philanthropic work in New York, also paid a visit at Down in this
+summer. Some of their work is recorded in Mr. Brace's 'The Dangerous
+Classes of New York,' and of this book my father wrote to the author:--
+
+"Since you were here my wife has read aloud to me more than half of your
+work, and it has interested us both in the highest degree, and we shall
+read every word of the remainder. The facts seem to me very well told,
+and the inferences very striking. But after all this is but a weak part
+of the impression left on our minds by what we have read; for we are
+both filled with earnest admiration at the heroic labours of yourself
+and others."), which he described in a letter ('Letters, page 246-248.)
+to Miss S. Sedgwick (now Mrs. William Darwin): "If you can imagine
+me enthusiastic--absolutely and unqualifiedly so, without a BUT or
+criticism, then think of my last evening's and this morning's talks with
+Mr. Darwin... I was never so worked up in my life, and did not sleep many
+hours under the hospitable roof... It would be quite impossible to give
+by way of report any idea of these talks before and at and after dinner,
+at breakfast, and at leav-taking; and yet I dislike the egotism of
+'testifying' like other religious enthusiasts, without any verification,
+or hint of similar experience."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO HERBERT SPENCER. Bassett, Southampton, June 10,
+[1872].
+
+Dear Spencer,
+
+I dare say you will think me a foolish fellow, but I cannot resist the
+wish to express my unbounded admiration of your article ('Mr. Martineau
+on Evolution,' by Herbert Spencer, 'Contemporary Review,' July 1872.)
+in answer to Mr. Martineau. It is, indeed, admirable, and hardly less
+so your second article on Sociology (which, however, I have not yet
+finished): I never believed in the reigning influence of great men on
+the world's progress; but if asked why I did not believe, I should have
+been sorely perplexed to have given a good answer. Every one with eyes
+to see and ears to hear (the number, I fear, are not many) ought to bow
+their knee to you, and I for one do.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 12 [1872].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I must exhale and express my joy at the way in which the newspapers have
+taken up your case. I have seen the "Times", the "Daily News", and the
+"Pall Mall", and hear that others have taken up the case.
+
+The Memorial has done great good this way, whatever may be the result in
+the action of our wretched Government. On my soul, it is enough to make
+one turn into an old honest Tory...
+
+If you answer this, I shall be sorry that I have relieved my feelings by
+writing.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The memorial here referred to was addressed to Mr. Gladstone, and was
+signed by a number of distinguished men, including Sir Charles Lyell,
+Mr. Bentham, Mr. Huxley, and Sir James Paget. It gives a complete
+account of the arbitrary and unjust treatment received by Sir J.D.
+Hooker at the hands of his official chief, the First Commissioner of
+Works. The document is published in full in 'Nature' (July 11, 1872),
+and is well worth studying as an example of the treatment which it is
+possible for science to receive from officialism. As 'Nature' observes,
+it is a paper which must be read with the greatest indignation by
+scientific men in every part of the world, and with shame by all
+Englishmen. The signatories of the memorial conclude by protesting
+against the expected consequences of Sir Joseph Hooker's
+persecution--namely his resignation, and the loss of "a man honoured for
+his integrity, beloved for his courtesy and kindliness of heart; and who
+has spent in the public service not only a stainless but an illustrious
+life."
+
+Happily this misfortune was averted, and Sir Joseph was freed from
+further molestation.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, August 3 [1872].
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I hate controversy, chiefly perhaps because I do it badly; but as
+Dr. Bree accuses you (Mr. Wallace had reviewed Dr. Bree's book, 'An
+Exposition of Fallacies in the Hypothesis of Mr. Darwin,' in 'Nature,'
+July 25, 1872.) of "blundering," I have thought myself bound to send
+the enclosed letter (The letter is as follows:--"Bree on Darwinism."
+'Nature,' August 8, 1872. Permit me to state--though the statement is
+almost superfluous--that Mr. Wallace, in his review of Dr. Bree's work,
+gives with perfect correctness what I intended to express, and what I
+believe was expressed clearly, with respect to the probable position
+of man in the early part of his pedigree. As I have not seen Dr. Bree's
+recent work, and as his letter is unintelligible to me, I cannot even
+conjecture how he has so completely mistaken my meaning: but, perhaps,
+no one who has read Mr. Wallace's article, or who has read a work
+formerly published by Dr. Bree on the same subject as his recent
+one, will be surprised at any amount of misunderstanding on his
+part.--Charles Darwin. August 3.) to 'Nature,' that is if you in the
+least desire it. In this case please post it. If you do not AT ALL wish
+it, I should rather prefer not sending it, and in this case please to
+tear it up. And I beg you to do the same, if you intend answering Dr.
+Bree yourself, as you will do it incomparably better than I should. Also
+please tear it up if you don't like the letter.
+
+My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. Down, August 28, 1872.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I have at last finished the gigantic job of reading Dr. Bastian's book
+('The Beginnings of Life.' H.C. Bastian, 1872.) and have been deeply
+interested by it. You wished to hear my impression, but it is not worth
+sending.
+
+He seems to me an extremely able man, as, indeed, I thought when I read
+his first essay. His general argument in favour of Archebiosis (That is
+to say, Spontaneous Generation. For the distinction between Archebiosis
+and Heterogenesis, see Bastian, chapter vi.) is wonderfully strong,
+though I cannot think much of some few of his arguments. The result
+is that I am bewildered and astonished by his statements, but am
+not convinced, though, on the whole, it seems to me probable that
+Archebiosis is true. I am not convinced, partly I think owing to the
+deductive cast of much of his reasoning; and I know not why, but I never
+feel convinced by deduction, even in the case of H. Spencer's writings.
+If Dr. Bastian's book had been turned upside down, and he had begun with
+the various cases of Heterogenesis, and then gone on to organic,
+and afterwards to saline solutions, and had then given his general
+arguments, I should have been, I believe, much more influenced.
+I suspect, however, that my chief difficulty is the effect of old
+convictions being stereotyped on my brain. I must have more evidence
+that germs, or the minutest fragments of the lowest forms, are always
+killed by 212 degrees of Fahr. Perhaps the mere reiteration of the
+statements given by Dr. Bastian [by] other men, whose judgment I
+respect, and who have worked long on the lower organisms, would suffice
+to convince me. Here is a fine confession of intellectual weakness; but
+what an inexplicable frame of mind is that of belief!
+
+As for Rotifers and Tardigrades being spontaneously generated, my mind
+can no more digest such statements, whether true or false, than my
+stomach can digest a lump of lead. Dr. Bastian is always comparing
+Archebiosis, as well as growth, to crystallisation; but, on this view,
+a Rotifer or Tardigrade is adapted to its humble conditions of life by
+a happy accident, and this I cannot believe... He must have worked with
+very impure materials in some cases, as plenty of organisms appeared in
+a saline solution not containing an atom of nitrogen.
+
+I wholly disagree with Dr. Bastian about many points in his latter
+chapters. Thus the frequency of generalised forms in the older strata
+seems to me clearly to indicate the common descent with divergence of
+more recent forms. Notwithstanding all his sneers, I do not strike
+my colours as yet about Pangenesis. I should like to live to see
+Archebiosis proved true, for it would be a discovery of transcendent
+importance; or, if false, I should like to see it disproved, and the
+facts otherwise explained; but I shall not live to see all this. If ever
+proved, Dr. Bastian will have taken a prominent part in the work. How
+grand is the onward rush of science; it is enough to console us for the
+many errors which we have committed, and for our efforts being overlaid
+and forgotten in the mass of new facts and new views which are daily
+turning up.
+
+This is all I have to say about Dr. Bastian's book, and it certainly has
+not been worth saying...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. Down, December 11, 1872.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I began reading your new book ('Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+1873.) sooner than I intended, and when I once began, I could not stop;
+and now you must allow me to thank you for the very great pleasure which
+it has given me. I have hardly ever read anything more original
+and interesting than your treatment of the causes which favour the
+development of scientific men. The whole was quite new to me, and most
+curious. When I began your essay I was afraid that you were going to
+attack the principle of inheritance in relation to mind, but I soon
+found myself fully content to follow you and accept your limitations. I
+have felt, of course, special interest in the latter part of your work,
+but there was here less novelty to me. In many parts you do me much
+honour, and everywhere more than justice. Authors generally like to hear
+what points most strike different readers, so I will mention that of
+your shorter essays, that on the future prevalence of languages, and on
+vaccination interested me the most, as, indeed, did that on statistics,
+and free will. Great liability to certain diseases, being probably
+liable to atavism, is quite a new idea to me. At page 322 you suggest
+that a young swallow ought to be separated, and then let loose in
+order to test the power of instinct; but nature annually performs this
+experiment, as old cuckoos migrate in England some weeks before the
+young birds of the same year. By the way, I have just used the forbidden
+word "nature," which, after reading your essay, I almost determined
+never to use again. There are very few remarks in your book to which I
+demur, but when you back up Asa Gray in saying that all instincts are
+congenital habits, I must protest.
+
+Finally, will you permit me to ask you a question: have you yourself,
+or some one who can be quite trusted, observed (page 322) that the
+butterflies on the Alps are tamer than those on the lowlands? Do they
+belong to the same species? Has this fact been observed with more than
+one species? Are they brightly coloured kinds? I am especially curious
+about their alighting on the brightly coloured parts of ladies'
+dresses, more especially because I have been more than once assured
+that butterflies like bright colours, for instance, in India the scarlet
+leaves of Poinsettia.
+
+Once again allow me to thank you for having sent me your work, and for
+the very unusual amount of pleasure which I have received in reading it.
+
+With much respect, I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The last revise of the 'Expression of the Emotions' was finished on
+August 22nd, 1872, and he wrote in his Diary:--"Has taken me about
+twelve months." As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book
+being generally successful. The following passage in a letter to Haeckel
+gives the impression that he had felt the writing of this book as a
+somewhat severe strain:--
+
+"I have finished my little book on 'Expression,' and when it is
+published in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you
+would like to read it for amusement. I have resumed some old botanical
+work, and perhaps I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical
+views.
+
+"I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+powers begin to fail. Long life and happiness to you for your own sake
+and for that of science."
+
+It was published in the autumn. The edition consisted of 7000, and
+of these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November.
+Two thousand were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a
+misfortune, as they did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass
+of notes collected by the author was never employed for a second edition
+during his lifetime.
+
+Among the reviews of the 'Expression of the Emotions' may be mentioned
+the unfavourable notices in the "Athenaeum", November 9, 1872, and the
+"Times", December 13, 1872. A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the
+'Quarterly Journal of Science,' January 1873. Mr. Wallace truly remarks
+that the book exhibits certain "characteristics of the author's mind
+in an eminent degree," namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the
+causes of the varied and complex phenomena presented by living things."
+He adds that in the case of the author "the restless curiosity of the
+child to know the 'what for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything"
+seems "never to have abated its force."
+
+A writer in one of the theological reviews describes the book as the
+most "powerful and insidious" of all the author's works.
+
+Professor Alexander Bain criticised the book in a postscript to the
+'Senses and the Intellect;' to this essay the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ALEXANDER BAIN. Down, October 9, 1873.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for having send me your essay. Your
+criticisms are all written in a quite fair spirit, and indeed no one who
+knows you or your works would expect anything else. What you say about
+the vagueness of what I have called the direct action of the nervous
+system, is perfectly just. I felt it so at the time, and even more
+of late. I confess that I have never been able fully to grasp your
+principle of spontaneity, as well as some other of your points, so as to
+apply them to special cases. But as we look at everything from
+different points of view, it is not likely that we should agree closely.
+(Professor Bain expounded his theory of Spontaneity in the essay here
+alluded to. It would be impossible to do justice to it within the limits
+of a foot-note. The following quotations may give some notion of it:--
+
+"By Spontaneity I understand the readiness to pass into movement in the
+absence of all stimulation whatever; the essential requisite being
+that the nerve-centres and muscles shall be fresh and vigorous... The
+gesticulations and the carols of young and active animals are mere
+overflow of nervous energy; and although they are very apt to concur
+with pleasing emotion, they have an independent source... They are not
+properly movements of expression; they express nothing at all except an
+abundant stock of physical power.")
+
+I have been greatly pleased by what you say about the crying expression
+and about blushing. Did you read a review in a late 'Edinburgh?' (The
+review on the 'Expression of the Emotions' appeared in the April number
+of the 'Edinburgh Review,' 1873. The opening sentence is a fair sample
+of the general tone of the article: "Mr. Darwin has added another volume
+of amusing stories and grotesque illustrations to the remarkable
+series of works already devoted to the exposition and defence of the
+evolutionary hypothesis." A few other quotations may be worth giving.
+"His one-sided devotion to an a priori scheme of interpretation seems
+thus steadily tending to impair the author's hitherto unrivalled powers
+as an observer. However this may be, most impartial critics will, we
+think, admit that there is a marked falling off both in philosophical
+tone and scientific interest in the works produced since Mr. Darwin
+committed himself to the crude metaphysical conception so largely
+associated with his name." The article is directed against Evolution
+as a whole, almost as much as against the doctrines of the book under
+discussion. We find throughout plenty of that effective style of
+criticism which consists in the use of such expressions as "dogmatism,"
+"intolerance," "presumptuous," "arrogant." Together with accusations of
+such various faults a "virtual abandonment of the inductive method," and
+the use of slang and vulgarisms.
+
+The part of the article which seems to have interested my father is
+the discussion on the use which he ought to have made of painting and
+sculpture.) It was magnificently contemptuous towards myself and many
+others.
+
+I retain a very pleasant recollection of our sojourn together at that
+delightful place, Moor Park.
+
+With my renewed thanks, I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. (Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of
+my father's old friend, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse. Her husband, Judge
+Haliburton, was the well-known author of 'Sam Slick.') Down, November 1
+[1872].
+
+My dear Mrs. Haliburton,
+
+I dare say you will be surprised to hear from me. My object in writing
+now is to say that I have just published a book on the 'Expression of
+the Emotions in Man and Animals;' and it has occurred to me that you
+might possibly like to read some parts of it; and I can hardly think
+that this would have been the case with any of the books which I have
+already published. So I send by this post my present book. Although I
+have had no communication with you or the other members of your family
+for so long a time, no scenes in my whole life pass so frequently or so
+vividly before my mind as those which relate to happy old days spent at
+Woodhouse. I should very much like to hear a little news about yourself
+and the other members of your family, if you will take the trouble
+to write to me. Formerly I used to glean some news about you from my
+sisters.
+
+I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+anywhere; and now I feel very old. As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still
+my passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for
+collecting beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse. Excepting from my
+continued il-health, which has excluded me from society, my life has
+been a very happy one; the greatest drawback being that several of my
+children have inherited from me feeble health. I hope with all my
+heart that you retain, at least to a large extent, the famous "Owen
+constitution." With sincere feelings of gratitude and affection for all
+bearing the name of Owen, I venture to sign myself,
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. Down, November 6 [1872].
+
+My dear Sarah,
+
+I have been very much pleased by your letter, which I must call
+charming. I hardly ventured to think that you would have retained a
+friendly recollection of me for so many years. Yet I ought to have felt
+assured that you would remain as warm-hearted and as true-hearted as
+you have ever been from my earliest recollection. I know well how many
+grievous sorrows you have gone through; but I am very sorry to hear that
+your health is not good. In the spring or summer, when the weather is
+better, if you can summon up courage to pay us a visit here, both my
+wife, as she desires me to say, and myself, would be truly glad to see
+you, and I know that you would not care about being rather dull here. It
+would be a real pleasure to me to see you.--Thank you much for telling
+about your family,--much of which was new to me. How kind you all were
+to me as a boy, and you especially, and how much happiness I owe to you.
+Believe me your affectionate and obliged friend,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Perhaps you would like to see a photograph of me now that I am
+old.
+
+
+1873.
+
+[The only work (other than botanical) of this year was the preparation
+of a second edition of the 'Descent of Man,' the publication of which
+is referred to in the following chapter. This work was undertaken
+much against the grain, as he was at the time deeply immersed in the
+manuscript of 'Insectivorous Plants.' Thus he wrote to Mr. Wallace
+(November 19), "I never in my lifetime regretted an interruption so much
+as this new edition of the 'Descent.'" And later (in December) he wrote
+to Mr. Huxley: "The new edition of the 'Descent' has turned out an awful
+job. It took me ten days merely to glance over letters and reviews with
+criticisms and new facts. It is a devil of a job."
+
+The work was continued until April 1, 1874, when he was able to return
+to his much loved Drosera. He wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"I have at last finished, after above three months as hard work as I
+have ever had in my life, a corrected edition of the 'Descent,' and I
+much wish to have it printed off as soon as possible. As it is to be
+stereotyped I shall never touch it again."
+
+The first of the miscellaneous letters of 1873 refers to a pleasant
+visit received from Colonel Higginson of Newport, U.S.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THOS. WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. Down, February 27th [1873].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+My wife has just finished reading aloud your 'Life with a Black
+Regiment,' and you must allow me to thank you heartily for the very
+great pleasure which it has in many ways given us. I always thought well
+of the negroes, from the little which I have seen of them; and I
+have been delighted to have my vague impressions confirmed, and their
+character and mental powers so ably discussed. When you were here I did
+not know of the noble position which you had filled. I had formerly read
+about the black regiments, but failed to connect your name with your
+admirable undertaking. Although we enjoyed greatly your visit to Down,
+my wife and myself have over and over again regretted that we did not
+know about the black regiment, as we should have greatly liked to have
+heard a little about the South from your own lips.
+
+Your descriptions have vividly recalled walks taken forty years ago in
+Brazil. We have your collected Essays, which were kindly sent us by Mr.
+[Moncure] Conway, but have not yet had time to read them. I occasionally
+glean a little news of you in the 'Index'; and within the last hour have
+read an interesting article of yours on the progress of Free Thought.
+
+Believe me, my dear sir, with sincere admiration, Yours very faithfully,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[On May 28th he sent the following answers to the questions that Mr.
+Galton was at that time addressing to various scientific men, in the
+course of the inquiry which is given in his 'English Men of Science,
+their Nature and Nurture,' 1874. With regard to the questions my father
+wrote, "I have filled up the answers as well as I could, but it is
+simply impossible for me to estimate the degrees." For the sake of
+convenience, the questions and answers relating to "Nurture" are made to
+precede those on "Nature":
+
+
+NURTURE.
+
+EDUCATION?
+
+How taught? I consider that all I have learnt of any value has been
+sel-taught.
+
+Conducive to or restrictive of habits of observation? Restrictive of
+observation, being almost entirely classical.
+
+Conducive to health or otherwise? Yes.
+
+Peculiar merits? None whatever.
+
+Chief omissions? No mathematics or modern languages, nor any habits of
+observation or reasoning.
+
+RELIGION.
+
+Has the religious creed taught in your youth had any deterrent effect on
+the freedom of your researches? No.
+
+SCIENTIFIC TASTES.
+
+Do your scientific tastes appear to have been innate? Certainly innate.
+
+Were they determined by any and what events? My innate taste for natural
+history strongly confirmed and directed by the voyage in the "Beagle".
+
+
+NATURE.
+
+Specify any interests that have been very actively pursued. Science, and
+field sports to a passionate degree during youth.
+
+(C.D. = CHARLES DARWIN, R.D. = ROBERT DARWIN, his father.)
+
+RELIGION?
+
+C.D.--Nominally to Church of England. R.D.--Nominally to Church of
+England.
+
+POLITICS?
+
+C.D.--Liberal or Radical. R.D.--Liberal.
+
+HEALTH?
+
+C.D.--Good when young--bad for last 33 years. R.D.--Good throughout
+life, except from gout.
+
+HEIGHT, ETC?
+
+C.D.--6ft. Figure, etc.?--Spare, whilst young rather stout.
+Measurement round inside of hat?--22 1/4 in. Colour of Hair?--Brown.
+Complexion?--Rather sallow. R.D.--6ft. 2 in. Figure, etc?--Very broad
+and corpulent. Colour of hair? --Brown. Complexion?--Ruddy.
+
+TEMPERAMENT?
+
+C.D.--Somewhat nervous. R.D.--Sanguine.
+
+ENERGY OF BODY, ETC.?
+
+C.D.--Energy shown by much activity, and whilst I had health, power of
+resisting fatigue. I and one other man were alone able to fetch water
+for a large party of officers and sailors utterly prostrated. Some of
+my expeditions in S. America were adventurous. An early riser in the
+morning. R.D.--Great power of endurance although feeling much
+fatigue, as after consultations after long journeys; very active--not
+restless--very early riser, no travels. My father said his father
+suffered much from sense of fatigue, that he worked very hard.
+
+ENERGY OF MIND, ETC.?
+
+C.D.--Shown by rigorous and long-continued work on same subject, as
+20 years on the 'Origin of Species,' and 9 years on 'Cirripedia.'
+R.D.--Habitually very active mind--shown in conversation with a
+succession of people during the whole day.
+
+MEMORY?
+
+C.D.--Memory very bad for dates, and for learning by rote; but good in
+retaining a general or vague recollection of many facts. R.D.--Wonderful
+memory for dates. In old age he told a person, reading aloud to him
+a book only read in youth, the passages which were coming--knew the
+birthdays and death, etc., of all friends and acquaintances.
+
+STUDIOUSNESS?
+
+C.D.--Very studious, but not large acquirements. R.D.--Not very studious
+or mentally receptive, except for facts in conversation--great collector
+of anecdotes.
+
+INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGMENT?
+
+C.D.--I think fairly independent; but I can give no instances. I gave
+up common religious belief almost independently from my own reflections.
+R.D.--Free thinker in religious matters. Liberal, with rather a tendency
+to Toryism.
+
+ORIGINALITY OR ECCENTRICITY?
+
+C.D.-- -- Thinks this applies to me; I do not think so--i.e., as far as
+eccentricity. I suppose that I have shown originality in science, as
+I have made discoveries with regard to common objects. R.D.--Original
+character, had great personal influence and power of producing fear of
+himself in others. He kept his accounts with great care in a peculiar
+way, in a number of separate little books, without any general ledger.
+
+SPECIAL TALENTS?
+
+C.D.--None, except for business as evinced by keeping accounts, replies
+to correspondence, and investing money very well. Very methodical in all
+my habits. R.D.--Practical business--made a large fortune and incurred
+no losses.
+
+STRONGLY MARKED MENTAL PECULIARITIES, BEARING ON SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS, AND
+NOT SPECIFIED ABOVE?
+
+C.D.--Steadiness--great curiosity about facts and their meaning. Some
+love of the new and marvellous. R.D.--Strong social affection and great
+sympathy in the pleasures of others. Sceptical as to new things. Curious
+as to facts. Great foresight. Not much public spirit--great generosity
+in giving money and assistance.
+
+N.B.--I find it quite impossible to estimate my character by your
+degrees.
+
+
+The following letter refers inter alia to a letter which appeared in
+'Nature' (September 25, 1873), "On the Males and Complemental Males of
+certain Cirripedes, and on Rudimentary Organs:"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. HAECKEL. Down, September 25, 1873.
+
+My dear Haeckel,
+
+I thank you for the present of your book ('Schopfungs-geschichte,' 4th
+edition. The translation ('The History of Creation') was not published
+until 1876.), and I am heartily glad to see its great success. You will
+do a wonderful amount of good in spreading the doctrine of Evolution,
+supporting it as you do by so many original observations. I have read
+the new preface with very great interest. The delay in the appearance
+of the English translation vexes and surprises me, for I have never been
+able to read it thoroughly in German, and I shall assuredly do so when
+it appears in English. Has the problem of the later stages of reduction
+of useless structures ever perplexed you? This problem has of late
+caused me much perplexity. I have just written a letter to 'Nature' with
+a hypothetical explanation of this difficulty, and I will send you the
+paper with the passage marked. I will at the same time send a paper
+which has interested me; it need not be returned. It contains a singular
+statement bearing on so-called Spontaneous Generation. I much wish that
+this latter question could be settled, but I see no prospect of it. If
+it could be proved true this would be most important to us...
+
+Wishing you every success in your admirable labours,
+
+I remain, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.VIII. -- MISCELLANEA
+
+INCLUDING SECOND EDITIONS OF 'CORAL REEFS,' THE 'DESCENT OF
+MAN,' AND THE 'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.'
+
+1874 AND 1875.
+
+[The year 1874 was given up to 'Insectivorous Plants,' with the
+exception of the months devoted to the second edition of the 'Descent
+of Man,' and with the further exception of the time given to a second
+edition of his 'Coral Reefs' (1874). The Preface to the latter states
+that new facts have been added, the whole book revised, and "the latter
+chapters almost rewritten." In the Appendix some account is given
+of Professor Semper's objections, and this was the occasion of
+correspondence between that naturalist and my father. In Professor
+Semper's volume, 'Animal Life' (one of the International Series), the
+author calls attention to the subject in the following passage which I
+give in German, the published English translation being, as it seems to
+me, incorrect: "Es scheint mir als ob er in der zweiten Ausgabe seines
+allgemein bekannten Werks uber Korallenriffe einem Irrthume uber meine
+Beobachtungen zum Opfer gefallen ist, indem er die Angaben, die ich
+allerdings bisher immer nur sehr kurz gehalten hatte, vollstandig falsch
+wiedergegeben hat."
+
+The proof-sheets containing this passage were sent by Professor Semper
+to my father before 'Animal Life' was published, and this was the
+occasion for the following letter, which was afterwards published in
+Professor Semper's book.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, October 2, 1879.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+I thank you for your extremely kind letter of the 19th, and for the
+proo-sheets. I believe that I understand all, excepting one or two
+sentences, where my imperfect knowledge of German has interfered. This
+is my sole and poor excuse for the mistake which I made in the second
+edition of my 'Coral' book. Your account of the Pellew Islands is a fine
+addition to our knowledge on coral reefs. I have very little to say
+on the subject, even if I had formerly read your account and seen your
+maps, but had known nothing of the proofs of recent elevation, and of
+your belief that the islands have not since subsided. I have no doubt
+that I should have considered them as formed during subsidence. But I
+should have been much troubled in my mind by the sea not being so deep
+as it usually is round atolls, and by the reef on one side sloping so
+gradually beneath the sea; for this latter fact, as far as my memory
+serves me, is a very unusual and almost unparalleled case. I always
+foresaw that a bank at the proper depth beneath the surface would give
+rise to a reef which could not be distinguished from an atoll, formed
+during subsidence. I must still adhere to my opinion that the atolls and
+barrier reefs in the middle of the Pacific and Indian Oceans indicate
+subsidence; but I fully agree with you that such cases as that of the
+Pellew Islands, if of at all frequent occurrence, would make my general
+conclusions of very little value. Future observers must decide between
+us. It will be a strange fact if there has not been subsidence of the
+beds of the great oceans, and if this has not affected the forms of the
+coral reefs.
+
+In the last three pages of the last sheet sent I am extremely glad
+to see that you are going to treat of the dispersion of animals. Your
+preliminary remarks seem to me quite excellent. There is nothing about
+M. Wagner, as I expected to find. I suppose that you have seen Moseley's
+last book, which contains some good observations on dispersion.
+
+I am glad that your book will appear in English, for then I can read it
+with ease. Pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The most recent criticism on the Coral-reef theory is by Mr. Murray,
+one of the staff of the "Challenger", who read a paper before the Royal
+Society of Edinburgh, April 5, 1880. (An abstract is published in volume
+x. of the 'Proceedings,' page 505, and in 'Nature,' August 12, 1880.)
+The chief point brought forward is the possibility of the building up of
+submarine mountains, which may serve as foundations for coral reefs. Mr.
+Murray also seeks to prove that "the chief features of coral reefs and
+islands can be accounted for without calling in the aid of great and
+general subsidence." The following letter refers to this subject:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. AGASSIZ. Down, May 5, 1881.
+
+... You will have seen Mr. Murray's views on the formation of atolls and
+barrier reefs. Before publishing my book, I thought long over the same
+view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are concerned, for at
+that time little was known of the multitude of minute oceanic organisms.
+I rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made in the "Beagle",
+in the south temperate regions, I concluded that shells, the smaller
+corals, etc., decayed, and were dissolved, when not protected by the
+deposition of sediment, and sediment could not accumulate in the open
+ocean. Certainly, shells, etc., were in several cases completely rotten,
+and crumbled into mud between my fingers; but you will know well whether
+this is in any degree common. I have expressly said that a bank at
+the proper depth would give rise to an atoll, which could not be
+distinguished from one formed during subsidence. I can, however, hardly
+believe in the former presence of as many banks (there having been no
+subsidence) as there are atolls in the great oceans, within a reasonable
+depth, on which minute oceanic organisms could have accumulated to the
+thickness of many hundred feet... Pray forgive me for troubling you at
+such length, but it has occurred [to me] that you might be disposed
+to give, after your wide experience, your judgment. If I am wrong, the
+sooner I am knocked on the head and annihilated so much the better. It
+still seems to me a marvellous thing that there should not have been
+much, and long continued, subsidence in the beds of the great oceans.
+I wish that some doubly rich millionaire would take it into his head to
+have borings made in some of the Pacific and Indian atolls, and bring
+home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or 600 feet...
+
+
+[The second edition of the 'Descent of Man' was published in the autumn
+of 1874. Some severe remarks on the "monistic hypothesis" appeared in
+the July (The review necessarily deals with the first edition of the
+'Descent of Man.') number of the 'Quarterly Review' (page 45). The
+Reviewer expresses his astonishment at the ignorance of certain
+elementary distinctions and principles (e.g. with regard to the verbum
+mentale) exhibited, among others, by Mr. Darwin, who does not exhibit
+the faintest indication of having grasped them, yet a clear perception
+of them, and a direct and detailed examination of his facts with regard
+to them, "was a sine qua non for attempting, with a chance of success,
+the solution of the mystery as to the descent of man."
+
+Some further criticisms of a later date may be here alluded to. In the
+'Academy,' 1876 (pages 562, 587), appeared a review of Mr. Mivart's
+'Lessons from Nature,' by Mr. Wallace. When considering the part of
+Mr. Mivart's book relating to Natural and Sexual Selection, Mr. Wallace
+says: "In his violent attack on Mr. Darwin's theories our author uses
+unusually strong language. Not content with mere argument, he expresses
+'reprobation of Mr. Darwin's views'; and asserts that though he (Mr.
+Darwin) has been obliged, virtually, to give up his theory, it is still
+maintained by Darwinians with 'unscrupulous audacity,' and the actual
+repudiation of it concealed by the 'conspiracy of silence.'" Mr. Wallace
+goes on to show that these charges are without foundation, and points
+out that, "if there is one thing more than another for which Mr. Darwin
+is pre-eminent among modern literary and scientific men, it is for his
+perfect literary honesty, his self-abnegation in confessing himself
+wrong, and the eager haste with which he proclaims and even magnifies
+small errors in his works, for the most part discovered by himself."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June 17th) refers to
+Mr. Mivart's statement ('Lessons from Nature,' page 144) that Mr. Darwin
+at first studiously disguised his views as to the "bestiality of man":--
+
+"I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the
+Academy. I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me
+against Mr. Mivart. In the 'Origin' I did not discuss the derivation
+of any one species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my
+opinion, I went out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to
+me (and still so seems) to disclose plainly my belief. This was quoted
+in my 'Descent of Man.' Therefore it is very unjust,... of Mr. Mivart to
+accuse me of base fraudulent concealment."
+
+The letter which here follows is of interest in connection with the
+discussion, in the 'Descent of Man,' on the origin of the musical sense
+in man:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E. GURNEY. (Author of 'The Power of Sound.') Down,
+July 8, 1876.
+
+My dear Mr. Gurney,
+
+I have read your article ("Some disputed Points in Music."--'Fortnightly
+Review,' July, 1876.) with much interest, except the latter part, which
+soared above my ken. I am greatly pleased that you uphold my views to
+a certain extent. Your criticism of the rasping noise made by insects
+being necessarily rhythmical is very good; but though not made
+intentionally, it may be pleasing to the females from the nerve cells
+being nearly similar in function throughout the animal kingdom. With
+respect to your letter, I believe that I understand your meaning, and
+agree with you. I never supposed that the different degrees and kinds of
+pleasure derived from different music could be explained by the musical
+powers of our semi-human progenitors. Does not the fact that different
+people belonging to the same civilised nation are very differently
+affected by the same music, almost show that these diversities of taste
+and pleasure have been acquired during their individual lives? Your
+simile of architecture seems to me particularly good; for in this case
+the appreciation almost must be individual, though possibly the sense
+of sublimity excited by a grand cathedral, may have some connection with
+the vague feelings of terror and superstition in our savage ancestors,
+when they entered a great cavern or gloomy forest. I wish some one could
+analyse the feeling of sublimity. It amuses me to think how horrified
+some high flying aesthetic men will be at your encouraging such low
+degraded views as mine.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous interest. The first
+extract (from a letter, January 18, 1874) refers to a spiritualistic
+seance, held at Erasmus Darwin's house, 6 Queen Anne Street, under the
+auspices of a well-known medium:]
+
+
+"... We had grand fun, one afternoon, for George hired a medium, who
+made the chairs, a flute, a bell, and candlestick, and fiery points jump
+about in my brother's diningroom, in a manner that astounded every one,
+and took away all their breaths. It was in the dark, but George and
+Hensleigh Wedgwood held the medium's hands and feet on both sides all
+the time. I found it so hot and tiring that I went away before all these
+astounding miracles, or jugglery, took place. How the man could possibly
+do what was done passes my understanding. I came downstairs, and saw all
+the chairs, etc., on the table, which had been lifted over the heads of
+those sitting round it.
+
+The Lord have mercy on us all, if we have to believe in such rubbish. F.
+Galton was there, and says it was a good seance..."
+
+The Seance in question led to a smaller and more carefully organised
+one being undertaken, at which Mr. Huxley was present, and on which he
+reported to my father:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO PROFESSOR T.H. HUXLEY. Down, January 29 [1874].
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+It was very good of you to write so long an account. Though the seance
+did tire you so much it was, I think, really worth the exertion, as the
+same sort of things are done at all the seances, even at --'s; and now
+to my mind an enormous weight of evidence would be requisite to make one
+believe in anything beyond mere trickery... I am pleased to think that
+I declared to all my family, the day before yesterday, that the more
+I thought of all that I had heard happened at Queen Anne St., the more
+convinced I was it was all imposture... my theory was that [the medium]
+managed to get the two men on each side of him to hold each other's
+hands, instead of his, and that he was thus free to perform his antics.
+I am very glad that I issued my ukase to you to attend.
+
+Yours affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of this year (1874) he read a book which gave him great
+pleasure and of which he often spoke with admiration:--'The Naturalist
+in Nicaragua,' by the late Thomas Belt. Mr. Belt, whose untimely death
+may well be deplored by naturalists, was by profession an Engineer, so
+that all his admirable observations in Natural History in Nicaragua and
+elsewhere were the fruit of his leisure. The book is direct and vivid
+in style and is full of description and suggestive discussions. With
+reference to it my father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Belt I have read, and I am delighted that you like it so much, it
+appears to me the best of all natural history journals which have ever
+been published."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, May 30, 1874.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I have been very neglectful in not having sooner thanked you for your
+kindness in having sent me your 'Etudes sur la Vegetation,' etc., and
+other memoirs. I have read several of them with very great interest, and
+nothing can be more important, in my opinion, than your evidence of
+the extremely slow and gradual manner in which specific forms change. I
+observe that M. A. De Candolle has lately quoted you on this head versus
+Heer. I hope that you may be able to throw light on the question whether
+such protean, or polymorphic forms, as those of Rubus, Hieracium, etc.,
+at the present day, are those which generate new species; as for myself,
+I have always felt some doubt on this head. I trust that you may soon
+bring many of your countrymen to believe in Evolution, and my name
+will then perhaps cease to be scorned. With the most sincere respect, I
+remain, Dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 5 [1874].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I have now read your article (The article, "Charles Darwin," in the
+series of "Scientific Worthies" ('Nature,' June 4, 1874). This admirable
+estimate of my father's work in science is given in the form of a
+comparison and contrast between Robert Brown and Charles Darwin.) in
+'Nature,' and the last two paragraphs were not included in the slip sent
+before. I wrote yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and
+now cannot be easy without again telling you how profoundly I have been
+gratified. Every one, I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked
+in vain, and when one of these fits overtakes me, I will think of your
+article, and if that does not dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that
+I am at the time a little bit insane, as we all are occasionally.
+
+What you say about Teleology ("Let us recognise Darwin's great service
+to Natural Science in bringing back to it Teleology: so that instead
+of Morphology versus Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to
+Teleology.") pleases me especially, and I do not think any one else
+has ever noticed the point. (See, however, Mr. Huxley's chapter on the
+'Reception of the Origin of Species' in volume i.) I have always said
+you were the man to hit the nail on the head.
+
+Yours gratefully and affectionately, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[As a contribution to the history of the reception of the 'Origin of
+Species,' the meeting of the British Association in 1874, at Belfast,
+should be mentioned. It is memorable for Professor Tyndall's brilliant
+presidential address, in which a sketch of the history of Evolution is
+given culminating in an eloquent analysis of the 'Origin of Species,'
+and of the nature of its great success. With regard to Prof. Tyndall's
+address, Lyell wrote ('Life,' ii. page 455) congratulating my father on
+the meeting, "on which occasion you and your theory of Evolution may
+be fairly said to have had an ovation." In the same letter Sir Charles
+speaks of a paper (On the Ancient Volcanoes of the Highlands, 'Journal
+of Geological Soc.,' 1874.) of Professor Judd's, and it is to this that
+the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. LYELL. Down, September 23, 1874.
+
+My dear Lyell,
+
+I suppose that you have returned, or will soon return, to London (Sir
+Charles Lyell returned from Scotland towards the end of September.);
+and, I hope, reinvigorated by your outing. In your last letter you
+spoke of Mr. Judd's paper on the Volcanoes of the Hebrides. I have just
+finished it, and to ease my mind must express my extreme admiration.
+
+It is years since I have read a purely geological paper which has
+interested me so greatly. I was all the more interested, as in the
+Cordillera I often speculated on the sources of the deluges of submarine
+porphyritic lavas, of which they are built; and, as I have stated, I
+saw to a certain extent the causes of the obliteration of the points
+of eruption. I was also not a little pleased to see my volcanic book
+quoted, for I thought it was completely dead and forgotten. What fine
+work will Mr. Judd assuredly do!... Now I have eased my mind; and so
+farewell, with both E.D.'s and C.D.'s very kind remembrances to Miss
+Lyell.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[Sir Charles Lyell's reply to the above letter must have been one of the
+latest that my father received from his old friend, and it is with this
+letter that the volumes of his published correspondence closes.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUG. FOREL. Down, October 15, 1874.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now read the whole of your admirable work ('Les Fourmis de la
+Suisse,' 4to, 1874.) and seldom in my life have I been more interested
+by any book. There are so many interesting facts and discussions, that I
+hardly know which to specify; but I think, firstly, the newest points
+to me have been about the size of the brain in the three sexes, together
+with your suggestion that increase of mind power may have led to the
+sterility of the workers. Secondly about the battles of the ants, and
+your curious account of the enraged ants being held by their comrades
+until they calmed down. Thirdly, the evidence of ants of the same
+community being the offspring of brothers and sisters. You admit, I
+think, that new communities will often be the product of a cross between
+not-related ants. Fritz Muller has made some interesting observations
+on this head with respect to Termites. The case of Anergates is most
+perplexing in many ways, but I have such faith in the law of occasional
+crossing that I believe an explanation will hereafter be found, such
+as the dimorphism of either sex and the occasional production of
+winged males. I see that you are puzzled how ants of the same community
+recognize each other; I once placed two (F. rufa) in a pill-box smelling
+strongly of asafoetida and after a day returned them to their homes;
+they were threatened, but at last recognized. I made the trial thinking
+that they might know each other by their odour; but this cannot have
+been the case, and I have often fancied that they must have some common
+signal. Your last chapter is one great mass of wonderful facts and
+suggestions, and the whole profoundly interesting. I have seldom been
+more gratified than by [your] honourable mention of my work.
+
+I should like to tell you one little observation which I made with care
+many years ago; I saw ants (Formica rufa) carrying cocoons from a nest
+which was the largest I ever saw and which was well-known to all the
+country people near, and an old man, apparently about eighty years of
+age, told me that he had known it ever since he was a boy. The ants
+carrying the cocoons did not appear to be emigrating; following the
+line, I saw many ascending a tall fir tree still carrying their cocoons.
+But when I looked closely I found that all the cocoons were empty cases.
+This astonished me, and next day I got a man to observe with me, and we
+again saw ants bringing empty cocoons out of the nest; each of us fixed
+on one ant and slowly followed it, and repeated the observation on many
+others. We thus found that some ants soon dropped their empty cocoons;
+others carried them for many yards, as much as thirty paces, and others
+carried them high up the fir tree out of sight. Now here I think we
+have one instinct in contest with another and mistaken one. The first
+instinct being to carry the empty cocoons out of the nest, and it would
+have been sufficient to have laid them on the heap of rubbish, as the
+first breath of wind would have blown them away. And then came in the
+contest with the other very powerful instinct of preserving and carrying
+their cocoons as long as possible; and this they could not help doing
+although the cocoons were empty. According as the one or other instinct
+was the stronger in each individual ant, so did it carry the empty
+cocoon to a greater or less distance. If this little observation should
+ever prove of any use to you, you are quite at liberty to use it. Again
+thanking you cordially for the great pleasure which your work has given
+me, I remain with much respect,
+
+Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you read English easily I should like to send you Mr. Belt's
+book, as I think you would like it as much as did Fritz Muller.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. FISKE. Down, December 8, 1874.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+You must allow me to thank you for the very great interest with which
+I have at last slowly read the whole of your work. ('Outlines of Cosmic
+Philosophy,' 2 volumes, 8vo. 1874.) I have long wished to know something
+about the views of the many great men whose doctrines you give. With
+the exception of special points I did not even understand H. Spencer's
+general doctrine; for his style is too hard work for me. I never in my
+life read so lucid an expositor (and therefore thinker) as you are; and
+I think that I understand nearly the whole--perhaps less clearly about
+Cosmic Theism and Causation than other parts. It is hopeless to attempt
+out of so much to specify what has interested me most, and probably you
+would not care to hear. I wish some chemist would attempt to ascertain
+the result of the cooling of heated gases of the proper kinds, in
+relation to your hypothesis of the origin of living matter. It pleased
+me to find that here and there I had arrived from my own crude thoughts
+at some of the same conclusions with you; though I could seldom or never
+have given my reasons for such conclusions. I find that my mind is
+so fixed by the inducive method, that I cannot appreciate deductive
+reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a
+principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much
+deduction as you please. This may be very narrow-minded; but the result
+is that such parts of H. Spencer, as I have read with care impress my
+mind with the idea of his inexhaustible wealth of suggestion, but never
+convince me; and so I find it with some others. I believe the cause to
+lie in the frequency with which I have found first-formed theories [to
+be] erroneous. I thank you for the honourable mention which you make
+of my works. Parts of the 'Descent of Man' must have appeared laughably
+weak to you: nevertheless, I have sent you a new edition just published.
+Thanking you for the profound interest and profit with which I have read
+your work. I remain,
+
+My dear Sir, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+1875.
+
+[The only work, not purely botanical, which occupied my father in the
+present year was the correction of the second edition of 'The Variation
+of Animals and Plants,' and on this he was engaged from the beginning of
+July till October 3rd. The rest of the year was taken up with his work
+on insectivorous plants, and on cross-fertilisation, as will be shown in
+a later chapter. The chief alterations in the second edition of 'Animals
+and Plants' are in the eleventh chapter on "Bud-variation and on certain
+anomalous modes of reproduction;" the chapter on Pangenesis "was also
+largely altered and remodelled." He mentions briefly some of the authors
+who have noticed the doctrine. Professor Delpino's 'Sulla Darwiniana
+Teoria della Pangenesi' (1869), an adverse but fair criticism, seems
+to have impressed him as valuable. Of another critique my father
+characteristically says ('Animals and Plants,' 2nd edition volume ii.
+page 350.), "Dr. Lionel Beale ('Nature,' May 11, 1871, page 26) sneers
+at the whole doctrine with much acerbity and some justice." He also
+points out that, in Mantegazza's 'Elementi di Igiene,' the theory of
+Pangenesis was clearly foreseen.
+
+In connection with this subject, a letter of my father's to 'Nature'
+(April 27, 1871) should be mentioned. A paper by Mr. Galton had been
+read before the Royal Society (March 30, 1871) in which were described
+experiments, on intertransfusion of blood, designed to test the truth of
+the hypothesis of pangenesis. My father, while giving all due credit to
+Mr. Galton for his ingenious experiments, does not allow that pangenesis
+has "as yet received its death-blow, though from presenting so many
+vulnerable points its life is always in jeopardy."
+
+He seems to have found the work of correcting very wearisome, for he
+wrote:--
+
+"I have no news about myself, as I am merely slaving over the sickening
+work of preparing new editions. I wish I could get a touch of poor
+Lyell's feelings, that it was delightful to improve a sentence, like a
+painter improving a picture."
+
+The feeling of effort or strain over this piece of work, is shown in a
+letter to Professor Haeckel:--
+
+"What I shall do in future if I live, Heaven only knows; I ought perhaps
+to avoid general and large subjects, as too difficult for me with my
+advancing years, and I suppose enfeebled brain."
+
+At the end of March, in this year, the portrait for which he was sitting
+to Mr. Ouless was finished. He felt the sittings a great fatigue, in
+spite of Mr. Ouless's considerate desire to spare him as far as was
+possible. In a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker he wrote, "I look a very
+venerable, acute, melancholy old dog; whether I really look so I do not
+know." The picture is in the possession of the family, and is known
+to many through M. Rajon's etching. Mr. Ouless's portrait is, in my
+opinion, the finest representation of my father that has been produced.
+
+The following letter refers to the death of Sir Charles Lyell, which
+took place on February 22nd, 1875, in his seventy-eighth year.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (NOW MRS. FISHER). (Mrs. Fisher acted as
+Secretary to Sir Charles Lyell.) Down, February 23, 1875.
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,
+
+I am grieved to hear of the death of my old and kind friend, though I
+knew that it could not be long delayed, and that it was a happy thing
+that his life should not have been prolonged, as I suppose that his mind
+would inevitably have suffered. I am glad that Lady Lyell (Lady Lyell
+died in 1873.) has been saved this terrible blow. His death makes me
+think of the time when I first saw him, and how full of sympathy and
+interest he was about what I could tell him of coral reefs and South
+America. I think that this sympathy with the work of every other
+naturalist was one of the finest features of his character. How
+completely he revolutionised Geology: for I can remember something of
+pre-Lyellian days.
+
+I never forget that almost everything which I have done in science I
+owe to the study of his great works. Well, he has had a grand and happy
+career, and no one ever worked with a truer zeal in a noble cause. It
+seems strange to me that I shall never again sit with him and Lady Lyell
+at their breakfast. I am very much obliged to you for having so kindly
+written to me.
+
+Pray give our kindest remembrances to Miss Lyell, and I hope that she
+has not suffered much in health, from fatigue and anxiety.
+
+Believe me, my dear Miss Buckley, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, February 25 [1875].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Your letter so full of feeling has interested me greatly. I cannot say
+that I felt his [Lyell's] death much, for I fully expected it, and have
+looked for some little time at his career as finished.
+
+I dreaded nothing so much as his surviving with impaired mental powers.
+He was, indeed, a noble man in very many ways; perhaps in none more than
+in his warm sympathy with the work of others. How vividly I can recall
+my first conversation with him, and how he astonished me by his interest
+in what I told him. How grand also was his candour and pure love of
+truth. Well, he is gone, and I feel as if we were all soon to go... I
+am deeply rejoiced about Westminster Abbey (Sir C. Lyell was buried in
+Westminster Abbey.), the possibility of which had not occurred to me
+when I wrote before. I did think that his works were the most enduring
+of all testimonials (as you say) to him; but then I did not like the
+idea of his passing away with no outward sign of what scientific men
+thought of his merits. Now all this is changed, and nothing can be
+better than Westminster Abbey. Mrs. Lyell has asked me to be one of the
+pall-bearers, but I have written to say that I dared not, as I should so
+likely fail in the midst of the ceremony, and have my head whirling off
+my shoulders. All this affair must have cost you much fatigue and worry,
+and how I do wish you were out of England...
+
+
+[In 1881 he wrote to Mrs. Fisher in reference to her article on Sir
+Charles Lyell in the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica':--
+
+"For such a publication I suppose you do not want to say much about
+his private character, otherwise his strong sense of humour and love of
+society might have been added. Also his extreme interest in the progress
+of the world, and in the happiness of mankind. Also his freedom from all
+religious bigotry, though these perhaps would be a superfluity."
+
+
+The following refers to the Zoological station at Naples, a subject on
+which my father felt an enthusiastic interest:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ANTON DOHRN. Down, [1875?].
+
+My dear Dr. Dohrn,
+
+Many thanks for your most kind letter, I most heartily rejoice at your
+improved health and at the success of your grand undertaking, which will
+have so much influence on the progress of Zoology throughout Europe.
+
+If we look to England alone, what capital work has already been done at
+the Station by Balfour and Ray Lankester... When you come to England, I
+suppose that you will bring Mrs. Dohrn, and we shall be delighted to see
+you both here. I have often boasted that I have had a live Uhlan in my
+house! It will be very interesting to me to read your new views on the
+ancestry of the Vertebrates. I shall be sorry to give up the Ascidians,
+to whom I feel profound gratitude; but the great thing, as it appears to
+me, is that any link whatever should be found between the main divisions
+of the Animal Kingdom...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. Down, December 6, 1875.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your essay on Amblystoma
+('Umwandlung des Axolotl.'), and think that you have removed a great
+stumbling block in the way of Evolution. I once thought of reversion in
+this case; but in a crude and imperfect manner. I write now to call your
+attention to the sterility of moths when hatched out of their proper
+season; I give references in chapter 18 of my 'Variation under
+Domestication' (volume ii. page 157, of English edition), and these
+cases illustrate, I think, the sterility of Amblystoma. Would it not be
+worth while to examine the reproductive organs of those individuals of
+WINGLESS Hemiptera which occasionally have wings, as in the case of the
+bed-bug. I think I have heard that the females of Mutilla sometimes have
+wings. These cases must be due to reversion. I dare say many anomalous
+cases will be hereafter explained on the same principle.
+
+I hinted at this explanation in the extraordinary case of the
+blac-shouldered peacock, the so-called Pavo nigripennis given in my
+'Variation under Domestication;' and I might have been bolder, as the
+variety is in many respects intermediate between the two known species.
+
+With much respect, Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.
+
+[It was in November 1875 that my father gave his evidence before the
+Royal Commission on Vivisection. (See volume i.) I have, therefore,
+placed together here the matter relating to this subject, irrespective
+of date. Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling
+with regard to suffering both in man and beast. It was indeed one of the
+strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small
+and great, in his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing
+dogs, or in his horror at the sufferings of slaves. (He once made an
+attempt to free a patient in a mad-house, who (as he wrongly supposed)
+was sane. He had some correspondence with the gardener at the asylum,
+and on one occasion he found a letter from a patient enclosed with one
+from the gardener. The letter was rational in tone and declared that the
+writer was sane and wrongfully confined.
+
+My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the
+source of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been
+visited by the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane. Sometime
+afterwards the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father for
+his interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane, when he
+wrote his former letter.)
+
+The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he
+was powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a
+slave, haunted him for years, especially at night. In smaller matters,
+where he could interfere, he did so vigorously. He returned one day from
+his walk pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the
+agitation of violently remonstrating with the man. On another occasion
+he saw a hors-breaker teaching his son to ride, the little boy was
+frightened and the man was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of
+the carriage reproved the man in no measured terms.
+
+One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+animals was well-known in his own neighbourhood. A visitor, driving from
+Orpington to Down, told the man to go faster, "Why," said the driver,
+"If I had whipped the horse THIS much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would have
+got out of the carriage and abused me well."
+
+With respect to the special point under consideration,--the sufferings
+of animals subjected to experiment,--nothing could show a stronger
+feeling than the following extract from a letter to Professor Ray
+Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is
+justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick
+with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+sleep to-night."
+
+An extract from Sir Thomas Farrer's notes shows how strongly he
+expressed himself in a similar manner in conversation:--
+
+"The last time I had any conversation with him was at my house in
+Bryanston Square, just before one of his last seizures. He was then
+deeply interested in the vivisection question; and what he said made a
+deep impression on me. He was a man eminently fond of animals and
+tender to them; he would not knowingly have inflicted pain on a living
+creature; but he entertained the strongest opinion that to prohibit
+experiments on living animals, would be to put a stop to the knowledge
+of and the remedies for pain and disease."
+
+The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer,
+seems to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, e.g. by
+the index to 'Nature' for that year, in which the word "Vivisection,"
+suddenly comes into prominence. But before that date the subject had
+received the earnest attention of biologists. Thus at the Liverpool
+Meeting of the British Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed,
+which reported, defining the circumstances and conditions under which,
+in the opinion of the signatories, experiments on living animals were
+justifiable. In the spring of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill
+into the Upper House to regulate the course of physiological research.
+Shortly afterwards a Bill more just towards science in its provisions
+was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair,
+Walpole, and Ashley. It was, however, withdrawn on the appointment of a
+Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. The Commissioners
+were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr. W.E. Forster, Sir J.B.
+Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr. R.H. Hutton: they
+commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report was published
+early in the following year.
+
+In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced. It cannot
+be denied that the framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable
+clamour of the public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal
+Commission. As a correspondent in 'Nature' put it (1876, page 248),
+"the evidence on the strength of which legislation was recommended
+went beyond the facts, the Report went beyond the evidence, the
+Recommendations beyond the Report; and the Bill can hardly be said to
+have gone beyond the Recommendations; but rather to have contradicted
+them."
+
+The legislation which my father worked for, as described in the
+following letters, was practically what was introduced as Dr. Lyon
+Playfair's Bill.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. LITCHFIELD. (His daughter.) January 4, 1875.
+
+My dear H.
+
+Your letter has led me to think over vivisection (I wish some new
+word like anaes-section could be invented (He communicated to 'Nature'
+(September 30, 1880) an article by Dr. Wilder, of Cornell University, an
+abstract of which was published (page 517). Dr. Wilder advocated the use
+of the word 'Callisection' for painless operations on animals.) for
+some hours, and I will jot down my conclusions, which will appear
+very unsatisfactory to you. I have long thought physiology one of the
+greatest of sciences, sure sooner, or more probably later, greatly to
+benefit mankind; but, judging from all other sciences, the benefits will
+accrue only indirectly in the search for abstract truth. It is certain
+that physiology can progress only by experiments on living animals.
+Therefore the proposal to limit research to points of which we can now
+see the bearings in regard to health, etc., I look at as puerile.
+I thought at first it would be good to limit vivisection to public
+laboratories; but I have heard only of those in London and Cambridge,
+and I think Oxford; but probably there may be a few others. Therefore
+only men living in a few great towns would carry on investigation, and
+this I should consider a great evil. If private men were permitted to
+work in their own houses, and required a licence, I do not see who is
+to determine whether any particular man should receive one. It is young
+unknown men who are the most likely to do good work. I would gladly
+punish severely any one who operated on an animal not rendered
+insensible, if the experiment made this possible; but here again I do
+not see that a magistrate or jury could possibly determine such a point.
+Therefore I conclude, if (as is likely) some experiments have been tried
+too often, or anaesthetics have not been used when they could have been,
+the cure must be in the improvement of humanitarian feelings. Under this
+point of view I have rejoiced at the present agitation. If stringent
+laws are passed, and this is likely, seeing how unscientific the House
+of Commons is, and that the gentlemen of England are humane, as long
+as their sports are not considered, which entailed a hundred or
+thousand-fold more suffering than the experiments of physiologists--if
+such laws are passed, the result will assuredly be that physiology,
+which has been until within the last few years at a standstill in
+England, will languish or quite cease. It will then be carried on solely
+on the Continent; and there will be so many the fewer workers on this
+grand subject, and this I should greatly regret. By the way, F. Balfour,
+who has worked for two or three years in the laboratory at Cambridge,
+declares to George that he has never seen an experiment, except with
+animals rendered insensible. No doubt the names of Doctors will have
+great weight with the House of Commons; but very many practitioners
+neither know nor care anything about the progress of knowledge. I
+cannot at present see my way to sign any petition, without hearing what
+physiologists thought would be its effect, and then judging for myself.
+I certainly could not sign the paper sent me by Miss Cobbe, with its
+monstrous (as it seems to me) attack on Virchow for experimenting on the
+Trichinae. I am tired and so no more.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, April 14 [1875].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I worked all the time in London on the vivisection question; and we now
+think it advisable to go further than a mere petition. Litchfield
+(Mr. R.B. Litchfield, his son-in-law.) drew up a sketch of a Bill, the
+essential features of which have been approved by Sanderson, Simon and
+Huxley, and from conversation, will, I believe, be approved by Paget,
+and almost certainly, I think, by Michael Foster. Sanderson, Simon and
+Paget wish me to see Lord Derby, and endeavour to gain his advocacy with
+the Home Secretary. Now, if this is carried into effect, it will be of
+great importance to me to be able to say that the Bill in its essential
+features has the approval of some half-dozen eminent scientific men. I
+have therefore asked Litchfield to enclose a copy to you in its first
+rough form; and if it is not essentially modified may I say that it
+meets with your approval as President of the Royal Society? The object
+is to protect animals, and at the same time not to injure Physiology,
+and Huxley and Sanderson's approval almost suffices on this head. Pray
+let me have a line from you soon.
+
+Yours affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The Physiological Society, which was founded in 1876, was in some
+measure the outcome of the anti-vivisection movement, since it was this
+agitation which impressed on Physiologists the need of a centre for
+those engaged in this particular branch of science. With respect to the
+Society, my father wrote to Mr. Romanes (May 29, 1876):--
+
+"I was very much gratified by the wholly unexpected honour of being
+elected one of the Honorary Members. This mark of sympathy has pleased
+me to a very high degree."
+
+The following letter appeared in the "Times", April 18th, 1881:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO FRITHIOF HOLMGREN. (Professor of Physiology at
+Upsala.) Down, April 14, 1881.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no objection to
+express my opinion with respect to the right of experimenting on living
+animals. I use this latter expression as more correct and comprehensive
+than that of vivisection. You are at liberty to make any use of this
+letter which you may think fit, but if published I should wish the whole
+to appear. I have all my life been a strong advocate for humanity to
+animals, and have done what I could in my writings to enforce this duty.
+Several years ago, when the agitation against physiologists commenced in
+England, it was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless
+suffering caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might be
+advisable to have an Act of Parliament on the subject. I then took an
+active part in trying to get a Bill passed, such as would have
+removed all just cause of complaint, and at the same time have left
+physiologists free to pursue their researches,--a Bill very different
+from the Act which has since been passed. It is right to add that
+the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the
+accusations made against our English physiologists were false. From all
+that I have heard, however, I fear that in some parts of Europe little
+regard is paid to the sufferings of animals, and if this be the case,
+I should be glad to hear of legislation against inhumanity in any such
+country. On the other hand, I know that physiology cannot possibly
+progress except by means of experiments on living animals, and I feel
+the deepest conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology
+commits a crime against mankind. Any one who remembers, as I can, the
+state of this science half a century ago, must admit that it has made
+immense progress, and it is now progressing at an ever-increasing rate.
+What improvements in medical practice may be directly attributed to
+physiological research is a question which can be properly discussed
+only by those physiologists and medical practitioners who have studied
+the history of their subjects; but, as far as I can learn, the benefits
+are already great. However this may be, no one, unless he is grossly
+ignorant of what science has done for mankind, can entertain any doubt
+of the incalculable benefits which will hereafter be derived from
+physiology, not only by man, but by the lower animals. Look for instance
+at Pasteur's results in modifying the germs of the most malignant
+diseases, from which, as it so happens, animals will in the first place
+receive more relief than man. Let it be remembered how many lives and
+what a fearful amount of suffering have been saved by the knowledge
+gained of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and others
+on living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the
+ingratitude shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of mankind.
+As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and shall always
+honour, every one who advances the noble science of physiology.
+
+Dear Sir, yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the "Times" of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr.
+Darwin and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe. To this
+my father replied in the "Times" of April 22, 1881. On the same day he
+wrote to Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the "Times" on
+Vivisection, which is printed to-day. I thought it fair to bear my share
+of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
+
+Sir,
+
+I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the letter
+which appeared in the "Times" of the 19th inst.; but as she asserts
+that I have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying that
+"the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the
+accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I will
+merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the Report of the
+Commission.
+
+1. The sentence--"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be found
+in persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe
+quotes from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can
+necessarily concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners,"
+is immediately followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in
+Magendie." Magendie was a French physiologist who became notorious some
+half century ago for his cruel experiments on living animals.
+
+2. The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+humanity" prevailing in this country, say (page 10):--
+
+"This principle is accepted generally by the very highly educated men
+whose lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and
+education or to the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of
+their fellow-creatures; though differences of degree in regard to its
+practical application will be easily discernible by those who study the
+evidence as it has been laid before us."
+
+Again, according to the Commissioners (page 10):--
+
+"The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world
+in this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be
+very different, indeed, from that of foreign physiologists; and while
+giving it as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed
+which are in their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and
+that the pain which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to
+inflict even for the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges
+that he does not know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in
+general the English physiologists have used anaesthetics where they
+think they can do so with safety to the experiment."
+
+I am, Sir, your obedient servant, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+April 21.
+
+
+[In the "Times" of Saturday, April 23, 1881, appeared a letter from Miss
+Cobbe in reply:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 25, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+I was very glad to read your last note with much news interesting to
+me. But I write now to say how I, and indeed all of us in the house
+have admired your letter in the "Times". (April 25, 1881.--Mr. Romanes
+defended Dr. Sanderson against the accusations made by Miss Cobbe.)
+It was so simple and direct. I was particularly glad about Burton
+Sanderson, of whom I have been for several years a great admirer. I was
+also especially glad to read the last sentences. I have been bothered
+with several letters, but none abusive. Under a SELFISH point of view
+I am very glad of the publication of your letter, as I was at first
+inclined to think that I had done mischief by stirring up the mud. Now
+I feel sure that I have done good. Mr. Jesse has written to me very
+politely, he says his Society has had nothing to do with placards and
+diagrams against physiology, and I suppose, therefore, that these
+all originate with Miss Cobbe... Mr. Jesse complains bitterly that
+the "Times" will "burke" all his letters to this newspaper, nor am I
+surprised, judging from the laughable tirades advertised in "Nature".
+
+Ever yours, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to a projected conjoint article on vivisection,
+to which Mr. Romanes wished my father to contribute:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, September 2, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+Your letter has perplexed me beyond all measure. I fully recognise
+the duty of every one whose opinion is worth anything, expressing his
+opinion publicly on vivisection; and this made me send my letter to the
+"Times". I have been thinking at intervals all morning what I could say,
+and it is the simple truth that I have nothing worth saying. You and
+men like you, whose ideas flow freely, and who can express them easily,
+cannot understand the state of mental paralysis in which I find myself.
+What is most wanted is a careful and accurate attempt to show what
+physiology has already done for man, and even still more strongly
+what there is every reason to believe it will hereafter do. Now I am
+absolutely incapable of doing this, or of discussing the other points
+suggested by you.
+
+If you wish for my name (and I should be glad that it should appear with
+that of others in the same cause), could you not quote some sentence
+from my letter in the "Times" which I enclose, but please return it. If
+you thought fit you might say you quoted it with my approval, and
+that after still further reflection I still abide most strongly in my
+expressed conviction.
+
+For Heaven's sake, do think of this. I do not grudge the labour and
+thought; but I could write nothing worth any one reading.
+
+Allow me to demur to your calling your conjoint article a "symposium"
+strictly a "drinking party." This seems to me very bad taste, and I do
+hope every one of you will avoid any semblance of a joke on the subject.
+I KNOW that words, like a joke, on this subject have quite disgusted
+some persons not at all inimical to physiology. One person lamented
+to me that Mr. Simon, in his truly admirable Address at the Medical
+Congress (by far the best thing which I have read), spoke of the
+fantastic SENSUALITY ('Transactions of the International Medical
+Congress,' 1881, volume iv. page 413. The expression "lackadaisical"
+(not fantastic), and "feeble sensuality," are used with regard to the
+feelings of the ant-vivisectionists.) (or some such term) of the many
+mistaken, but honest men and women who are half mad on the subject...
+
+[To Dr. Lauder Brunton my father wrote in February 1882:--
+
+"Have you read Mr. [Edmund] Gurney's articles in the 'Fortnightly' ("A
+chapter in the Ethics of Pain," 'Fortnightly Review,' 1881, volume xxx.
+page 778.) and 'Cornhill?' ("An Epilogue on Vivisection," 'Cornhill
+Magazine,' 1882, volume xlv. page 191.) They seem to me very clever,
+though obscurely written, and I agree with almost everything he says,
+except with some passages which appear to imply that no experiments
+should be tried unless some immediate good can be predicted, and this is
+a gigantic mistake contradicted by the whole history of science."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.IX. -- MISCELLANEA (continued)
+
+A REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK--THE BOOK ON
+EARTHWORMS--LIFE OF ERASMUS DARWIN--MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS.
+
+1876-1882.
+
+[We have now to consider the work (other than botanical) which occupied
+the concluding six years of my father's life. A letter to his old friend
+Rev. L. Blomefield (Jenyns), written in March, 1877, shows what was my
+father's estimate of his own powers of work at this time:--
+
+"My dear Jenyns (I see I have forgotten your proper names).--Your
+extremely kind letter has given me warm pleasure. As one gets old, one's
+thoughts turn back to the past rather than to the future, and I often
+think of the pleasant, and to me valuable, hours which I spent with you
+on the borders of the Fens.
+
+"You ask about my future work; I doubt whether I shall be able to do
+much more that is new, and I always keep before my mind the example
+of poor old --, who in his old age had a cacoethes for writing. But I
+cannot endure doing nothing, so I suppose that I shall go on as long as
+I can without obviously making a fool of myself. I have a great mass
+of matter with respect to variation under nature; but so much has been
+published since the appearance of the 'Origin of Species,' that I very
+much doubt whether I retain power of mind and strength to reduce the
+mass into a digested whole. I have sometimes thought that I would try,
+but dread the attempt..."
+
+His prophecy proved to be a true one with regard to any continuation
+of any general work in the direction of Evolution, but his estimate of
+powers which could afterwards prove capable of grappling with the 'Power
+of Movement in Plants,' and with the work on 'Earthworms,' was certainly
+a low one.
+
+The year 1876, with which the present chapter begins, brought with it
+a revival of geological work. He had been astonished, as I hear from
+Professor Judd, and as appears in his letters, to learn that his books
+on 'Volcanic Islands,' 1844, and on 'South America,' 1846, were still
+consulted by geologists, and it was a surprise to him that new editions
+should be required. Both these works were originally published by
+Messrs. Smith and Elder, and the new edition of 1876 was also brought
+out by them. This appeared in one volume with the title 'Geological
+Observations on the Volcanic Islands, and Parts of South America visited
+during the Voyage of H.M.S. "Beagle".' He has explained in the preface
+his reasons for leaving untouched the text of the original editions:
+"They relate to parts of the world which have been so rarely visited
+by men of science, that I am not aware that much could be corrected or
+added from observations subsequently made. Owing to the great progress
+which Geology has made within recent times, my views on some few points
+may be somewhat antiquated; but I have thought it best to leave them as
+they originally appeared."
+
+It may have been the revival of geological speculation, due to the
+revision of his early books, that led to his recording the observations
+of which some account is given in the following letter. Part of it
+has been published in Professor James Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe,'
+chapters vii. and ix. (My father's suggestion is also noticed in Prof.
+Geikie's address on the 'Ice Age in Europe and North America,' given
+at Edinburgh, November 20, 1884.), a few verbal alterations having been
+made at my father's request in the passages quoted. Mr. Geikie lately
+wrote to me: "The views suggested in his letter as to the origin of the
+angular gravels, etc., in the South of England will, I believe, come to
+be accepted as the truth. This question has a much wider bearing than
+might at first appear. In point of fact it solves one of the most
+difficult problems in Quaternary Geology--and has already attracted the
+attention of German geologists."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JAMES GEIKIE. Down, November 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will forgive me for troubling you with a very long
+letter. But first allow me to tell you with what extreme pleasure and
+admiration I have just finished reading your 'Great Ice Age.' It seems
+to me admirably done, and most clear. Interesting as many chapters are
+in the history of the world, I do not think that any one comes [up]
+nearly to the glacial period or periods. Though I have steadily read
+much on the subject, your book makes the whole appear almost new to me.
+
+I am now going to mention a small observation, made by me two or three
+years ago, near Southampton, but not followed out, as I have no strength
+for excursions. I need say nothing about the character of the drift
+there (which includes palaeolithic celts), for you have described its
+essential features in a few words at page 506. It covers the whole
+country [in an] even plain-like surface, almost irrespective of the
+present outline of the land.
+
+The coarse stratification has sometimes been disturbed. I find that you
+allude "to the larger stones often standing on end;" and this is the
+point which struck me so much. Not only moderately sized angular stones,
+but small oval pebbles often stand vertically up, in a manner which I
+have never seen in ordinary gravel beds. This fact reminded me of what
+occurs near my home, in the stiff red clay, full of unworn flints over
+the chalk, which is no doubt the residue left undissolved by rain
+water. In this clay, flints as long and thin as my arm often stand
+perpendicularly up; and I have been told by the tank-diggers that it
+is their "natural position!" I presume that this position may safely be
+attributed to the differential movement of parts of the red clay as it
+subsided very slowly from the dissolution of the underlying chalk; so
+that the flints arrange themselves in the lines of least resistance. The
+similar but less strongly marked arrangement of the stones in the
+drift near Southampton makes me suspect that it also must have
+slowly subsided; and the notion has crossed my mind that during the
+commencement and height of the glacial period great beds of frozen snow
+accumulated over the south of England, and that, during the summer,
+gravel and stones were washed from the higher land over its surface, and
+in superficial channels. The larger streams may have cut right through
+the frozen snow, and deposited gravel in lines at the bottom. But on
+each succeeding autumn, when the running water failed, I imagine that
+the lines of drainage would have been filled up by blown snow afterwards
+congealed, and that, owing to great surface accumulations of snow, it
+would be a mere chance whether the drainage, together with gravel and
+sand, would follow the same lines during the next summer. Thus, as I
+apprehend, alternate layers of frozen snow and drift, in sheets and
+lines, would ultimately have covered the country to a great thickness,
+with lines of drift probably deposited in various directions at the
+bottom by the larger streams. As the climate became warmer, the lower
+beds of frozen snow would have melted with extreme slowness, and the
+many irregular beds of interstratified drift would have sunk down with
+equal slowness; and during this movement the elongated pebbles would
+have arranged themselves more or less vertically. The drift would also
+have been deposited almost irrespective of the outline of the underlying
+land. When I viewed the country I could not persuade myself that any
+flood, however great, could have deposited such coarse gravel over the
+almost level platforms between the valleys. My view differs from that
+of Holst, page 415 ['Great Ice Age'], of which I had never heard, as
+his relates to channels cut through glaciers, and mine to beds of drift
+interstratified with frozen snow where no glaciers existed. The upshot
+of this long letter is to ask you to keep my notion in your head,
+and look out for upright pebbles in any lowland country which you may
+examine, where glaciers have not existed. Or if you think the notion
+deserves any further thought, but not otherwise, to tell any one of
+it, for instance Mr. Skertchly, who is examining such districts. Pray
+forgive me for writing so long a letter, and again thanking you for the
+great pleasure derived from your book,
+
+I remain yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.... I am glad that you have read Blytt (Axel Blytt.--'Essay on
+the Immigration of the Norwegian Flora during alternate rainy and dry
+Seasons.' Christiania, 1876.); his paper seemed to me a most important
+contribution to Botanical Geography. How curious that the same
+conclusions should have been arrived at by Mr. Skertchly, who seems to
+be a first-rate observer; and this implies, as I always think, a sound
+theoriser.
+
+I have told my publisher to send you in two or three days a copy (second
+edition) of my geological work during the voyage of the "Beagle". The
+sole point which would perhaps interest you is about the steppe-like
+plains of Patagonia.
+
+For many years past I have had fearful misgivings that it must have been
+the level of the sea, and not that of the land which has changed.
+
+I read a few months ago your [brother's] very interesting life of
+Murchison. (By Mr. Archibald Geikie.) Though I have always thought that
+he ranked next to W. Smith in the classification of formations, and
+though I knew how kind-hearted [he was], yet the book has raised him
+greatly in my respect, notwithstanding his foibles and want of broad
+philosophical views.
+
+
+[The only other geological work of his later years was embodied in
+his book on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be conveniently
+considered in this place. This subject was one which had interested him
+many years before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the formation of
+mould was published in the Proceedings of the Geological Society (see
+volume i.).
+
+Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, etc., which had
+been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found
+after a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but
+still forming a layer." For the explanation of this fact, which forms
+the central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to
+his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth
+to the surface in their castings, must undermine any objects lying on
+the surface and cause an apparent sinking.
+
+In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to
+the amount of work done. (He received much valuable help from Dr. King,
+of the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The following passage is from a
+letter to Dr. King, dated January 18, 1873:--
+
+"I really do not know how to thank you enough for the immense trouble
+which you have taken. You have attended EXACTLY and FULLY to the points
+about which I was most anxious. If I had been each evening by your side,
+I could not have suggested anything else.") He also added a mass of
+observations on the habits, natural history and intelligence of worms, a
+part of the work which added greatly to its popularity.
+
+In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains
+of a building of Roman-British times, and thus gave my father the
+opportunity of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms'
+work on the old concrete-floors, walls, etc. On his return he wrote to
+Sir Thomas Farrer:
+
+"I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last. I know very
+well that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the
+sole charm."
+
+In the autumn of 1880, when the 'Power of Movement in Plants' was nearly
+finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus
+(September 21):--
+
+"In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
+book, and have done nearly half of it. Its title will be (as at present
+designed) 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms.' (The full title is 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
+Action of Worms with Observations on their Habits,' 1881.) As far as I
+can judge it will be a curious little book."
+
+The manuscript was sent to the printers in April, 1881, and when the
+proo-sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus: "The subject
+has been to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish
+detail."
+
+It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once. He
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the 'Worms.'
+When in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at
+all interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+published."
+
+To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8): "It has been a complete
+surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject." And to Mr.
+Dyer (in November): "My book has been received with almost laughable
+enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!" Again, to his friend Mr.
+Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish
+and enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the 'Sixth Thousand.'" The popularity of the book
+may be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following
+its publication, 8500 copies were sold--a sale relatively greater than
+that of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+public. Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood,
+drawn from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated
+vigour and freshness, may well have attracted many readers. A reviewer
+remarks: "In the eyes of most men... the earthworm is a mere blind, dumb,
+senseless, and unpleasantly slimy annelid. Mr. Darwin undertakes to
+rehabilitate his character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as
+an intelligent and beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological
+changes, a planer down of mountain sides... a friend of man... and an
+ally of the Society for the preservation of ancient monuments." The "St.
+James Gazette", October 17, 1881, pointed out that the teaching of the
+cumulative importance of the infinitely little is the point of contact
+between this book and the author's previous work.
+
+One more book remains to be noticed, the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+
+In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work
+of Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, 'Kosmos.' The
+number of 'Kosmos' in question was a "Gratulationsheft" (The same number
+contains a good biographical sketch of my father, of which the material
+was to a large extent supplied by him to the writer, Professor Preyer
+of Jena. The article contains an excellent list of my father's
+publications.), or special congratulatory issue in honour of my father's
+birthday, so that Dr. Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist,
+was quite in its place. He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially
+for the honour paid to Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish
+(The wish to do so was shared by his brother, Erasmus Darwin the
+younger, who continued to be associated with the project.) an English
+translation of the Essay.
+
+His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward." This appears from a
+letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which
+he asks for any documents and letters which might throw light on the
+character of Erasmus. This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my
+father's hands a quantity of valuable material, including a curious
+folio common-place book, of which he wrote: "I have been deeply
+interested by the great book,... reading and looking at it is like having
+communion with the dead...[it] has taught me a good deal about the
+occupations and tastes of our grandfather." A subsequent letter (April
+8) to the same correspondent describes the source of a further supply of
+material:--
+
+Since my last letter I have made a strange discovery; for an old box
+from my father marked "Old Deeds," and which consequently I had never
+opened, I found full of letters--hundreds from Dr. Erasmus--and others
+from old members of the Family: some few very curious. Also a drawing of
+Elston before it was altered, about 1750, of which I think I will give a
+copy."
+
+Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the 'Life of Erasmus
+Darwin,' my father supplying a "preliminary notice." This expression on
+the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+than half the book, and should have been described as a biography. Work
+of this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton
+Dyer, June 18th: "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is
+such a new kind of work to me." The strong interest he felt about
+his forebears helped to give zest to the work, which became a decided
+enjoyment to him. With the general public the book was not markedly
+successful, but many of his friends recognised its merits. Sir J.D.
+Hooker was one of these, and to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the
+Life of Dr. D. has pleased me exceedingly, for I despised my work, and
+thought myself a perfect fool to have undertaken such a job."
+
+To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:--
+
+"I am EXTREMELY glad that you approve of the little 'Life' of our
+grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+work was quite beyond my tether."
+
+The publication of the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin' led to an attack by
+Mr. Samuel Butler, which amounted to a charge of falsehood against my
+father. After consulting his friends, he came to the determination to
+leave the charge unanswered, as unworthy of his notice. (He had, in a
+letter to Mr. Butler, expressed his regret at the oversight which caused
+so much offence.) Those who wish to know more of the matter, may gather
+the facts of the case from Ernst Krause's 'Charles Darwin,' and they
+will find Mr. Butler's statement of his grievance in the "Athenaeum",
+January 31, 1880, and in the "St. James's Gazette", December 8, 1880.
+The affair gave my father much pain, but the warm sympathy of those
+whose opinion he respected soon helped him to let it pass into a
+well-merited oblivion.
+
+The following letter refers to M. J.H. Fabre's 'Souvenirs
+Entomologiques.' It may find a place here, as it contains a defence of
+Erasmus Darwin on a small point. The postscript is interesting, as
+an example of one of my father's bold ideas both as to experiment and
+theory:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. FABRE. Down, January 31, 1880.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will permit me to have the satisfaction of thanking you
+cordially for the lively pleasure which I have derived from reading
+your book. Never have the wonderful habits of insects been more vividly
+described, and it is almost as good to read about them as to see them. I
+feel sure that you would not be unjust to even an insect, much less to
+a man. Now, you have been misled by some translator, for my grandfather,
+Erasmus Darwin, states ('Zoonomia,' volume i. page 183, 1794) that it
+was a wasp (guepe) which he saw cutting off the wings of a large fly. I
+have no doubt that you are right in saying that the wings are generally
+cut off instinctively; but in the case described by my grandfather, the
+wasp, after cutting off the two ends of the body, rose in the air, and
+was turned round by the wind; he then alighted and cut off the wings. I
+must believe, with Pierre Huber, that insects have "une petite dose de
+raison." In the next edition of your book, I hope that you will alter
+PART of what you say about my grandfather.
+
+I am sorry that you are so strongly opposed to the Descent theory; I
+have found the searching for the history of each structure or instinct
+an excellent aid to observation; and wonderful observer as you are, it
+would suggest new points to you. If I were to write on the evolution of
+instincts, I could make good use of some of the facts which you give.
+Permit me to add, that when I read the last sentence in your book, I
+sympathised deeply with you. (The book is intended as a memorial of the
+early death of M. Fabre's son, who had been his father's assistant in
+his observations on insect life.)
+
+With the most sincere respect, I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--Allow me to make a suggestion in relation to your wonderful
+account of insects finding their way home. I formerly wished to try it
+with pigeons: namely, to carry the insects in their paper "cornets,"
+about a hundred paces in the opposite direction to that which you
+ultimately intended to carry them; but before turning round to return,
+to put the insect in a circular box, with an axle which could be made to
+revolve very rapidly, first in one direction, and then in another, so
+as to destroy for a time all sense of direction in the insects. I have
+sometimes IMAGINED that animals may feel in which direction they were at
+the first start carried. (This idea was a favourite one with him, and he
+has described in 'Nature' (volume vii. 1873, page 360) the behaviour of
+his cob Tommy, in whom he fancied he detected a sense of direction. The
+horse had been taken by rail from Kent to the Isle of Wight; when there
+he exhibited a marked desire to go eastward, even when his stable lay in
+the opposite direction. In the same volume of 'Nature,' page 417, is
+a letter on the 'Origin of Certain Instincts,' which contains a short
+discussion on the sense of direction.) If this plan failed, I had
+intended placing the pigeons within an induction coil, so as to disturb
+any magnetic or dia-magnetic sensibility, which it seems just possible
+that they may possess.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+[During the latter years of my father's life there was a growing
+tendency in the public to do him honour. In 1877 he received the
+honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge. The degree
+was conferred on November 17, and with the customary Latin speech
+from the Public Orator, concluding with the words: "Tu vero, qui leges
+naturae tam docte illustraveris, legum doctor nobis esto."
+
+The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the
+University to obtain some permanent memorial of my father. A sum of
+about 400 pounds was subscribed, and after the rejection of the idea
+that a bust would be the best memorial, a picture was determined on. In
+June 1879 he sat to Mr. W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession
+of the University, now placed in the Library of the philosophical
+Society at Cambridge. He is represented seated in his Doctor's gown, the
+head turned towards the spectator: the picture has many admirers, but,
+according to my own view, neither the attitude nor the expression are
+characteristic of my father.
+
+A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society-- with which my father
+was so closely associated--led to his sitting in August, 1881, to Mr.
+John Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the Society.
+Of the artist, he wrote, "Collier was the most considerate, kind and
+pleasant painter a sitter could desire." The portrait represents him
+standing facing the observer in the loose cloak so familiar to those who
+knew him, and with his slouch hat in his hand. Many of those who knew
+his face most intimately, think that Mr. Collier's picture is the best
+of the portraits, and in this judgment the sitter himself was inclined
+to agree. According to my feeling it is not so simple or strong a
+representation of him as that given by Mr. Ouless. There is a certain
+expression in Mr. Collier's portrait which I am inclined to consider an
+exaggeration of the almost painful expression which Professor Cohn has
+described in my father's face, and which he had previously noticed in
+Humboldt. Professor Cohn's remarks occur in a pleasantly written account
+of a visit to Down in 1876, published in the "Breslauer Zeitung", April
+23, 1882. (In this connection may be mentioned a visit (1881) from
+another distinguished German, Hans Richter. The occurrence is otherwise
+worthy of mention, inasmuch as it led to the publication, after my
+father's death, of Herr Richter's recollections of the visit. The sketch
+is simply and sympathetically written, and the author has succeeded in
+giving a true picture of my father as he lived at Down. It appeared in
+the "Neue Tagblatt" of Vienna, and was republished by Dr. O. Zacharias
+in his 'Charles R. Darwin,' Berlin, 1882.)
+
+Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of
+an academic kind from some foreign societies.
+
+On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+Institute ("Lyell always spoke of it as a great scandal that Darwin
+was so long kept out of the French Institute. As he said, even if the
+development hypothesis were objected to, Darwin's original works on
+Coral Reefs, the Cirripedia, and other subjects, constituted a more
+than sufficient claim"--From Professor Judd's notes.), in the Botanical
+Section, and wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute.
+It is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical
+Section, as the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy
+is a Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."
+
+(The statement has been more than once published that he was elected to
+the Zoological Section, but this was not the case.
+
+He received twenty-six votes out of a possible 39, five blank papers
+were sent in, and eight votes were recorded for the other candidates.
+
+In 1872 an attempt had been made to elect him to the Section of Zoology,
+when, however, he only received 15 out of 48 votes, and Loven was chosen
+for the vacant place. It appears ('Nature,' August 1, 1872) that an
+eminent member of the Academy wrote to "Les Mondes" to the following
+effect:--
+
+"What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the
+science of those of his books which have made his chief title to
+fame-the 'Origin of Species,' and still more the 'Descent of Man,'
+is not science, but a mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous
+hypotheses, often evidently fallacious. This kind of publication and
+these theories are a bad example, which a body that respects itself
+cannot encourage.")
+
+In the early part of the same year he was elected a Corresponding Member
+of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, and he wrote (March 12) to Professor
+Du Bois Reymond, who had proposed him for election:--
+
+"I thank you sincerely for your most kind letter, in which you announce
+the great honour conferred on me. The knowledge of the names of the
+illustrious men, who seconded the proposal is even a greater pleasure to
+me than the honour itself."
+
+The seconders were Helmholtz, Peters, Ewald, Pringsheim and Virchow.
+
+In 1879 he received the Baly Medal of the Royal College of Physicians.
+(The visit to London, necessitated by the presentation of the Baly
+Medal, was combined with a visit to Miss Forster's house at Abinger,
+in Surrey, and this was the occasion of the following characteristic
+letter:--"I must write a few words to thank you cordially for lending us
+your house. It was a most kind thought, and has pleased me greatly; but
+I know well that I do not deserve such kindness from any one. On the
+other hand, no one can be too kind to my dear wife, who is worth her
+weight in gold many times over, and she was anxious that I should
+get some complete rest, and here I cannot rest. Your house will be a
+delightful haven and again I thank you truly.")
+
+Again in 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the "Bressa"
+prize for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs.
+In the following year he received on his birthday, as on previous
+occasions, a kind letter of congratulation from Dr. Dohrn of Naples. In
+writing (February 15th) to thank him and the other naturalists at the
+Zoological Station, my father added:--
+
+"Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+extraordinary degree by awarding me the "Bressa" Prize. Now it occurred
+to me that if your station wanted some pieces of apparatus, of about the
+value of 100 pounds, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for
+it. Will you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should
+occur to you, I would send you a cheque at any time."
+
+I find from my father's accounts that 100 pounds was presented to the
+Naples Station.
+
+He received also several tokens of respect and sympathy of a more
+private character from various sources. With regard to such incidents
+and to the estimation of the public generally, his attitude may be
+illustrated by a passage from a letter to Mr. Romanes:--(The lecture
+referred to was given at the Dublin meeting of the British association.)
+
+"You have indeed passed a most magnificent eulogium upon me, and I
+wonder that you were not afraid of hearing 'oh! oh!' or some other sign
+of disapprobation. Many persons think that what I have done in science
+has been much overrated, and I very often think so myself; but my
+comfort is that I have never consciously done anything to gain applause.
+Enough and too much about my dear self."
+
+Among such expressions of regard he valued very highly the two
+photographic albums received from Germany and Holland on his birthday,
+1877. Herr Emil Rade of Munster, originated the idea of the German
+birthday gift, and undertook the necessary arrangements. To him my
+father wrote (February 16, 1877):--
+
+"I hope that you will inform the one hundred and fifty-four men of
+science, including some of the most highly honoured names in the world,
+how grateful I am for their kindness and generous sympathy in having
+sent me their photographs on my birthday."
+
+To Professor Haeckel he wrote (February 16, 1877):--
+
+The album has just arrived quite safe. It is most superb. (The album is
+magnificently bound and decorated with a beautifully illuminated
+title page, the work of an artist, Herr A. Fitger of Bremen, who also
+contributed the dedicatory poem.) It is by far the greatest honour which
+I have ever received, and my satisfaction has been greatly enhanced by
+your most kind letter of February 9... I thank you all from my heart.
+I have written by this post to Herr Rade, and I hope he will somehow
+manage to thank all my generous friends."
+
+To Professor A. van Bemmelen he wrote, on receiving a similar present
+from a number of distinguished men and lovers of Natural History in the
+Netherlands:--
+
+"Sir,
+
+I received yesterday the magnificent present of the album, together
+with your letter. I hope that you will endeavour to find some means to
+express to the two hundred and seventeen distinguished observers and
+lovers of natural science, who have sent me their photographs, my
+gratitude for their extreme kindness. I feel deeply gratified by this
+gift, and I do not think that any testimonial more honourable to me
+could have been imagined. I am well aware that my books could never have
+been written, and would not have made any impression on the public mind,
+had not an immense amount of material been collected by a long series
+of admirable observers; and it is to them that honour is chiefly due. I
+suppose that every worker at science occasionally feels depressed, and
+doubts whether what he has published has been worth the labour which
+it has cost him, but for the few remaining years of my life, whenever
+I want cheering, I will look at the portraits of my distinguished
+co-workers in the field of science, and remember their generous
+sympathy. When I die, the album will be a most precious bequest to my
+children. I must further express my obligation for the very interesting
+history contained in your letter of the progress of opinion in the
+Netherlands, with respect to Evolution, the whole of which is quite new
+to me. I must again thank all my kind friends, from my heart, for their
+ever-memorable testimonial, and I remain, Sir,
+
+Your obliged and grateful servant, CHARLES R. DARWIN."
+
+
+[In the June of the following year (1878) he was gratified by learning
+that the Emperor of Brazil had expressed a wish to meet him. Owing to
+absence from home my father was unable to comply with this wish; he
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"The Emperor has done so much for science, that every scientific man is
+bound to show him the utmost respect, and I hope that you will express
+in the strongest language, and which you can do with entire truth, how
+greatly I feel honoured by his wish to see me; and how much I regret my
+absence from home."
+
+Finally it should be mentioned that in 1880 he received an address
+personally presented by members of the Council of the Birmingham
+Philosophical Society, as well as a memorial from the Yorkshire
+Naturalist Union presented by some of the members, headed by Dr. Sorby.
+He also received in the same year a visit from some of the members of
+the Lewisham and Blackheath Scientific Association,--a visit which was,
+I think, enjoyed by both guests and host.]
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS--1876-1882.
+
+[The chief incident of a personal kind (not already dealt with) in the
+years which we are now considering was the death of his brother Erasmus,
+who died at his house in Queen Anne Street, on August 26th, 1881. My
+father wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (August 30):--
+
+"The death of Erasmus is a very heavy loss to all of us, for he had
+a most affectionate disposition. He always appeared to me the most
+pleasant and clearest headed man, whom I have ever known. London will
+seem a strange place to me without his presence; I am deeply glad that
+he died without any great suffering, after a very short illness from
+mere weakness and not from any definite disease. ("He was not, I
+think, a happy man, and for many years did not value life, though never
+complaining."--From a letter to Sir Thomas Farrer.)
+
+"I cannot quite agree with you about the death of the old and young.
+Death in the latter case, when there is a bright future ahead, causes
+grief never to be wholly obliterated."
+
+An incident of a happy character may also be selected for especial
+notice, since it was one which strongly moved my father's sympathy.
+A letter (December 17, 1879) to Sir Joseph Hooker shows that the
+possibility of a Government Pension being conferred on Mr. Wallace first
+occurred to my father at this time. The idea was taken up by others, and
+my father's letters show that he felt the most lively interest in the
+success of the plan. He wrote, for instance, to Mrs. Fisher, "I hardly
+ever wished for anything more than I do for the success of our plan." He
+was deeply pleased when this thoroughly deserved honour was bestowed on
+his friend, and wrote to the same correspondent (January 7, 1881),
+on receiving a letter from Mr. Gladstone announcing the fact: "How
+extraordinarily kind of Mr. Gladstone to find time to write under the
+present circumstances. (Mr. Gladstone was then in office, and the letter
+must have been written when he was overwhelmed with business connected
+with the opening of Parliament (January 6). Good heavens! how pleased I
+am!"
+
+The letters which follow are of a miscellaneous character and refer
+principally to the books he read, and to his minor writings.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MISS BUCKLEY (MRS. FISHER). Down, February 11 [1876].
+
+My dear Miss Buckley,
+
+You must let me have the pleasure of saying that I have just finished
+reading with very great interest your new book. ('A Short History of
+Natural Science.') The idea seems to me a capital one, and as far as I
+can judge very well carried out. There is much fascination in taking
+a bird's eye view of all the grand leading steps in the progress of
+science. At first I regretted that you had not kept each science more
+separate; but I dare say you found it impossible. I have hardly any
+criticisms, except that I think you ought to have introduced Murchison
+as a great classifier of formations, second only to W. Smith. You have
+done full justice, and not more than justice, to our dear old master,
+Lyell. Perhaps a little more ought to have been said about botany, and
+if you should ever add this, you would find Sachs' 'History,' lately
+published, very good for your purpose.
+
+You have crowned Wallace and myself with much honour and glory. I
+heartily congratulate you on having produced so novel and interesting a
+work, and remain,
+
+My dear Miss Buckley, yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A.R. WALLACE. [Hopedene] (Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's
+house in Surrey.), June 5, 1876.
+
+My dear Wallace,
+
+I must have the pleasure of expressing to you my unbounded admiration of
+your book ('Geographical Distribution,' 1876.), though I have read only
+to page 184--my object having been to do as little as possible while
+resting. I feel sure that you have laid a broad and safe foundation
+for all future work on Distribution. How interesting it will be to see
+hereafter plants treated in strict relation to your views; and then all
+insects, pulmonate molluscs and fresh-water fishes, in greater detail
+than I suppose you have given to these lower animals. The point which
+has interested me most, but I do not say the most valuable point, is
+your protest against sinking imaginary continents in a quite reckless
+manner, as was stated by Forbes, followed, alas, by Hooker, and
+caricatured by Wollaston and [Andrew] Murray! By the way, the main
+impression that the latter author has left on my mind is his utter want
+of all scientific judgment. I have lifted up my voice against the above
+view with no avail, but I have no doubt that you will succeed, owing
+to your new arguments and the coloured chart. Of a special value, as it
+seems to me, is the conclusion that we must determine the areas, chiefly
+by the nature of the mammals. When I worked many years ago on this
+subject, I doubted much whether the now called Palaearctic and Nearctic
+regions ought to be separated; and I determined if I made another region
+that it should be Madagascar. I have, therefore, been able to appreciate
+your evidence on these points. What progress Palaeontology has made
+during the last 20 years; but if it advances at the same rate in the
+future, our views on the migration and birth-place of the various groups
+will, I fear, be greatly altered. I cannot feel quite easy about the
+Glacial period, and the extinction of large mammals, but I must hope
+that you are right. I think you will have to modify your belief about
+the difficulty of dispersal of land molluscs; I was interrupted when
+beginning to experimentize on the just hatched young adhering to the
+feet of groun-roosting birds. I differ on one other point, viz. in the
+belief that there must have existed a Tertiary Antarctic continent, from
+which various forms radiated to the southern extremities of our present
+continents. But I could go on scribbling forever. You have written, as
+I believe, a grand and memorable work which will last for years as the
+foundation for all future treatises on Geographical Distribution.
+
+My dear Wallace, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You have paid me the highest conceivable compliment, by what
+you say of your work in relation to my chapters on distribution in the
+'Origin,' and I heartily thank you for it.
+
+
+[The following letters illustrate my father's power of taking a vivid
+interest in work bearing on Evolution, but unconnected with his own
+special researches at the time. The books referred to in the first
+letter are Professor Weismann's 'Studien zur Descendenzlehre' (My father
+contributed a prefatory note to Mr. Meldola's translation of Prof.
+Weismann's 'Studien,' 1880-81.), being part of the series of essays
+by which the author has done such admirable service to the cause of
+evolution:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO AUGUST WEISMANN. January 12, 1877.
+
+... I read German so slowly, and have had lately to read several other
+papers, so that I have as yet finished only half of your first essay and
+two-thirds of your second. They have excited my interest and admiration
+in the highest degree, and whichever I think of last, seems to me
+the most valuable. I never expected to see the coloured marks on
+caterpillars so well explained; and the case of the ocelli delights me
+especially...
+
+... There is one other subject which has always seemed to me more
+difficult to explain than even the colours of caterpillars, and that is
+the colour of birds' eggs, and I wish you would take this up.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MELCHIOR NEUMAYR (Professor of Palaeontology at
+Vienna.), VIENNA. Down, Beckenham, Kent, March 9, 1877.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+From having been obliged to read other books, I finished only
+yesterday your essay on 'Die Congerien,' etc. ('Die Congerien und
+Paludinenschichten Slavoneins.' 4to, 1875.)
+
+I hope that you will allow me to express my gratitude for the pleasure
+and instruction which I have derived from reading it. It seems to me to
+be an admirable work; and is by far the best case which I have ever
+met with, showing the direct influence of the conditions of life on the
+organization.
+
+Mr. Hyatt, who has been studying the Hilgendorf case, writes to me with
+respect to the conclusions at which he has arrived, and these are nearly
+the same as yours. He insists that closely similar forms may be derived
+from distinct lines of descent; and this is what I formerly called
+analogical variation. There can now be no doubt that species may become
+greatly modified through the direct action of the environment. I have
+some excuse for not having formerly insisted more strongly on this head
+in my 'Origin of Species,' as most of the best facts have been observed
+since its publication.
+
+With my renewed thanks for your most interesting essay, and with the
+highest respect, I remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO E.S. MORSE. Down, April 23, 1877.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+You must allow me just to tell you how very much I have been interested
+with the excellent Address ("What American Zoologists have done for
+Evolution," an Address to the American Association for the Advancement
+of Science, August, 1876. Volume xxv. of the Proceedings of the
+Association.) which you have been so kind as to send me, and which I had
+much wished to read. I believe that I had read all, or very nearly all,
+the papers by your countrymen to which you refer, but I have been fairly
+astonished at their number and importance when seeing them thus put
+together. I quite agree about the high value of Mr. Allen's works
+(Mr. J.A. Allen shows the existence of geographical races of birds and
+mammals. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. volume xv.), as showing how much
+change may be expected apparently through the direct action of the
+conditions of life. As for the fossil remains in the West, no words will
+express how wonderful they are. There is one point which I regret that
+you did not make clear in your Address, namely what is the meaning and
+importance of Professors Cope and Hyatt's views on acceleration and
+retardation. I have endeavoured, and given up in despair, the attempt to
+grasp their meaning.
+
+Permit me to thank you cordially for the kind feeling shown towards me
+through your Address, and I remain, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter refers to his 'Biographical Sketch of an Infant,'
+written from notes made 37 years previously, and published in 'Mind,'
+July, 1877. The article attracted a good deal of attention, and was
+translated at the time in 'Kosmos,' and the 'Revue Scientifique,'
+and has been recently published in Dr. Krause's 'Gesammelte kleinere
+SchrifteN von Charles Darwin,' 1887:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. CROOM ROBERTSON. (The editor of 'Mind.') Down,
+April 27, 1877.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I hope that you will be so good as to take the trouble to read the
+enclosed MS., and if you think it fit for publication in your admirable
+journal of 'Mind,' I shall be gratified. If you do not think it fit, as
+is very likely, will you please to return it to me. I hope that you will
+read it in an extra critical spirit, as I cannot judge whether it is
+worth publishing from having been so much interested in watching the
+dawn of the several faculties in my own infant. I may add that I should
+never have thought of sending you the MS., had not M. Taine's article
+appeared in your Journal. (1877, page 252. The original appeared in the
+'Revue Philosophique' 1876.) If my MS. is printed, I think that I had
+better see a proof.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The two following extracts show the lively interest he preserved in
+diverse fields of enquiry. Professor Cohn of Breslau had mentioned, in
+a letter, Koch's researches on Splenic Fever, my father replied, January
+3:--
+
+"I well remember saying to myself, between twenty and thirty years ago,
+that if ever the origin of any infectious disease could be proved, it
+would be the greatest triumph to science; and now I rejoice to have seen
+the triumph."
+
+In the spring he received a copy of Dr. E. von Mojsisovics' 'Dolomit
+Riffe,' his letter to the author (June 1, 1878) is interesting as
+bearing on the influence of his own work on the methods of geology.
+
+"I have at last found time to read the first chapter of your 'Dolomit
+Riffe,' and have been EXCEEDINGLY interested by it. What a wonderful
+change in the future of Geological chronology you indicate, by assuming
+the descent theory to be established, and then taking the graduated
+changes of the same group of organisms as the true standard! I never
+hoped to live to see such a step even proposed by any one."
+
+Another geological research which roused my father's admiration was Mr.
+D. Mackintosh's work on erratic blocks. Apart from its intrinsic merit
+the work keenly excited his sympathy from the conditions under which it
+was executed, Mr. Mackintosh being compelled to give nearly his
+whole time to tuition. The following passage is from a letter to Mr.
+Mackintosh of October 9, 1879, and refers to his paper in the Journal of
+the Geological Society, 1878:--
+
+"I hope that you will allow me to have the pleasure of thanking you
+for the very great pleasure which I have derived from just reading your
+paper on erratic blocks. The map is wonderful, and what labour each
+of those lines show! I have thought for some years that the agency of
+floating ice, which nearly half a century ago was overrated, has of
+late been underrated. You are the sole man who has ever noticed the
+distinction suggested by me (In his paper on the 'Ancient Glaciers of
+Carnarvonshire,' Phil. Mag. xxi. 1842.) between flat or planed scored
+rocks, and mammillated scored rocks."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO C. RIDLEY. Down, November 28, 1878.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I just skimmed through Dr. Pusey's sermon, as published in the
+"Guardian", but it did [not] seem to me worthy of any attention. As I
+have never answered criticisms excepting those made by scientific men,
+I am not willing that this letter should be published; but I have no
+objection to your saying that you sent me the three questions, and that
+I answered that Dr. Pusey was mistaken in imagining that I wrote the
+'Origin' with any relation whatever to Theology. I should have thought
+that this would have been evident to any one who had taken the trouble
+to read the book, more especially as in the opening lines of the
+introduction I specify how the subject arose in my mind. This answer
+disposes of your two other questions; but I may add that many years
+ago, when I was collecting facts for the 'Origin,' my belief in what is
+called a personal God was as firm as that of Dr. Pusey himself, and
+as to the eternity of matter I have never troubled myself about such
+insoluble questions. Dr. Pusey's attack will be as powerless to retard
+by a day the belief in Evolution, as were the virulent attacks made by
+divines fifty years ago against Geology, and the still older ones of the
+Catholic Church against Galileo, for the public is wise enough always to
+follow Scientific men when they agree on any subject; and now there is
+almost complete unanimity amongst Biologists about Evolution, though
+there is still considerable difference as to the means, such as how far
+natural selection has acted, and how far external conditions, or whether
+there exists some mysterious innate tendency to perfectability. I
+remain, dear Sir,
+
+Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[Theologians were not the only adversaries of freedom in science. On
+September 22, 1877, Prof. Virchow delivered an address at the Munich
+meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians, which had the effect of
+connecting Socialism with the Descent theory. This point of view was
+taken up by anti-evolutionists to such an extent that, according to
+Haeckel, the "Kreuz Zeitung" threw "all the blame of" the "treasonable
+attempts of the democrats Hodel and Nobiling... directly on the theory of
+Descent." Prof. Haeckel replied with vigour and ability in his 'Freedom
+in Science and Teaching' (English Translation 1879), an essay which must
+have the sympathy of all lovers of freedom.
+
+The following passage from a letter (December 26, 1879) to Dr. Scherzer,
+the author of the 'Voyage of the "Novara",' gives a hint of my father's
+views on this once burning question:--
+
+"What a foolish idea seems to prevail in Germany on the connection
+between Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY. (Professor of Zoology at Oxford.
+The book alluded to is Prof. Moseley's 'Notes by a Naturalist on the
+"Challenger".') Down, January 20, 1879.
+
+Dear Moseley,
+
+I have just received your book, and I declare that never in my life
+have I seen a dedication which I admired so much. ("To Charles Darwin,
+Esquire, LL.D., F.R.S., etc., from the study of whose 'Journal of
+Researches' I mainly derived my desire to travel round the world; to the
+development of whose theory I owe the principal pleasures and interests
+of my life, and who has personally given me much kindly encouragement in
+the prosecution of my studies, this book is, by permission, gratefully
+dedicated.") Of course I am not a fair judge, but I hope that I speak
+dispassionately, though you have touched me in my very tenderest point,
+by saying that my old Journal mainly gave you the wish to travel as a
+Naturalist. I shall begin to read your book this very evening, and am
+sure that I shall enjoy it much.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H.N. MOSELEY. Down, February 4, 1879.
+
+Dear Moseley,
+
+I have at last read every word of your book, and it has excited in me
+greater interest than any other scientific book which I have read for
+a long time. You will perhaps be surprised how slow I have been, but
+my head prevents me reading except at intervals. If I were asked which
+parts have interested me most, I should be somewhat puzzled to answer.
+I fancy that the general reader would prefer your account of Japan.
+For myself I hesitate between your discussions and description of the
+Southern ice, which seems to me admirable, and the last chapter which
+contained many facts and views new to me, though I had read your papers
+on the stony Hydroid Corals, yet your resume made me realise better than
+I had done before, what a most curious case it is.
+
+You have also collected a surprising number of valuable facts bearing on
+the dispersal of plants, far more than in any other book known to me.
+In fact your volume is a mass of interesting facts and discussions,
+with hardly a superfluous word; and I heartily congratulate you on its
+publication.
+
+Your dedication makes me prouder than ever.
+
+Believe me, yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In November, 1879, he answered for Mr. Galton a series of questions
+utilised in his 'Inquiries into Human Faculty,' 1883. He wrote to Mr.
+Galton:--
+
+"I have answered the questions as well as I could, but they are
+miserably answered, for I have never tried looking into my own mind.
+Unless others answer very much better than I can do, you will get no
+good from your queries. Do you not think you ought to have the age
+of the answerer? I think so, because I can call up faces of many
+schoolboys, not seen for sixty years, with MUCH DISTINCTNESS, but
+nowadays I may talk with a man for an hour, and see him several times
+consecutively, and, after a month, I am utterly unable to recollect what
+he is at all like. The picture is quite washed out. The greater number
+of the answers are given in the annexed table."]
+
+QUESTIONS ON THE FACULTY OF VISUALISING.
+
+1. ILLUMINATION? Moderate, but my solitary breakfast was early, and the
+morning dark.
+
+2. DEFINITION? Some objects quite defined, a slice of cold beef, some
+grapes and a pear, the state of my plate when I had finished, and a few
+other objects, are as distinct as if I had photo's before me.
+
+3. COMPLETENESS? Very moderately so.
+
+4. COLOURING? The objects above named perfectly coloured.
+
+5. EXTENT OF FIELD OF VIEW? Rather small.
+
+DIFFERENT KINDS OF IMAGERY.
+
+6. PRINTED PAGES. I cannot remember a single sentence, but I remember
+the place of the sentence and the kind of type.
+
+7. FURNITURE? I have never attended to it.
+
+8. PERSONS? I remember the faces of persons formerly well-known vividly,
+and can make them do anything I like.
+
+9. SCENERY? Remembrance vivid and distinct, and gives me pleasure.
+
+10. GEOGRAPHY? No.
+
+11. MILITARY MOVEMENTS? No.
+
+12. MECHANISM? Never tried.
+
+13. GEOMETRY? I do not think I have any power of the kind.
+
+14. NUMERALS? When I think of any number, printed figures arise before
+my mind. I can't remember for an hour four consecutive figures.
+
+15. CARD PLAYING? Have not played for many years, but I am sure should
+not remember.
+
+16. CHESS? Never played.
+
+
+[In 1880 he published a short paper in 'Nature' (volume xxi. page 207)
+on the "Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese goose." He
+received the hybrids from the Rev. Dr. Goodacre, and was glad of the
+opportunity of testing the accuracy of the statement that these species
+are fertile inter se. This fact, which was given in the 'Origin' on
+the authority of Mr. Eyton, he considered the most remarkable as
+yet recorded with respect to the fertility of hybrids. The fact (as
+confirmed by himself and Dr. Goodacre) is of interest as giving another
+proof that sterility is no criterion of specific difference, since the
+two species of goose now shown to be fertile inter se are so distinct
+that they have been placed by some authorities in distinct genera or
+sub-genera.
+
+The following letter refers to Mr. Huxley's lecture: "The Coming of Age
+of the Origin of Species" (This same "Coming of Age" was the subject
+of an address from the Council of the Otago Institute. It is given in
+'Nature,' February 24, 1881.), given at the Royal Institution, April 9,
+1880, published in 'Nature,' and in 'Science and Culture,' page 310:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday, April 11,
+1880.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a bad cough, and we
+have come here to see whether a change would do me good, as it has done.
+What a magnificent success your lecture seems to have been, as I judge
+from the reports in the "Standard" and "Daily News", and more especially
+from the accounts given me by three of my children. I suppose that you
+have not written out your lecture, so I fear there is no chance of its
+being printed in extenso. You appear to have piled, as on so many other
+occasions, honours high and thick on my old head. But I well know how
+great a part you have played in establishing and spreading the belief in
+the descen-theory, ever since that grand review in the "Times" and the
+battle royal at Oxford up to the present day.
+
+Ever my dear Huxley, Yours sincerely and gratefully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement of
+your Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject,
+until my wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since
+the 'Origin' appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your
+words flashed on me!
+
+
+[In the above-mentioned lecture Mr. Huxley made a strong point of the
+accumulation of palaeontological evidence which the years between 1859
+and 1880 have given us in favour of Evolution. On this subject my father
+wrote (August 31, 1880):]
+
+
+My dear Professor Marsh,
+
+I received some time ago your very kind note of July 28th, and yesterday
+the magnificent volume. (Odontornithes. A Monograph on the extinct
+Toothed Birds of North America. 1880. By O.C. Marsh.) I have looked with
+renewed admiration at the plates, and will soon read the text. Your work
+on these old birds, and on the many fossil animals of North America has
+afforded the best support to the theory of Evolution, which has appeared
+within the last twenty years. (Mr. Huxley has well pointed out ('Science
+and Culture,' page 317) that: "In 1875, the discovery of the toothed
+birds of the cretaceous formation in North America, by Prof. Marsh,
+completed the series of transitional forms between birds and reptiles,
+and removed Mr. Darwin's proposition that, 'many animal forms of life
+have been utterly lost, through which the early progenitors of birds
+were formerly connected with the early progenitors of the other
+vertebrate classes,' from the region of hypothesis to that of
+demonstrable fact.") The general appearance of the copy which you have
+sent me is worthy of its contents, and I can say nothing stronger than
+this.
+
+With cordial thanks, believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In November, 1880, he received an account of a flood in Brazil, from
+which his friend Fritz Muller had barely escaped with his life. My
+father immediately wrote to Hermann Muller anxiously enquiring whether
+his brother had lost books, instruments, etc., by this accident, and
+begging in that case "for the sake of science, so that science should
+not suffer," to be allowed to help in making good the loss. Fortunately,
+however, the injury to Fritz Muller's possessions was not so great as
+was expected, and the incident remains only as a memento, which I trust
+cannot be otherwise than pleasing to the survivor, of the friendship of
+the two naturalists.
+
+In 'Nature' (November 11, 1880) appeared a letter from my father,
+which is, I believe, the only instance in which he wrote publicly with
+anything like severity. The late Sir Wyville Thomson wrote, in the
+Introduction to the 'Voyage of the "Challenger"': "The character of
+the abyssal fauna refuses to give the least support to the theory which
+refers the evolution of species to extreme variation guided only by
+natural selection." My father, after characterising these remarks as
+a "standard of criticism, not uncommonly reached by theologians
+and metaphysicians," goes on to take exception to the term "extreme
+variation," and challenges Sir Wyville to name any one who has "said
+that the evolution of species depends only on natural selection." The
+letter closes with an imaginary scene between Sir Wyville and a breeder,
+in which Sir Wyville criticises artificial selection in a somewhat
+similar manner. The breeder is silent, but on the departure of his
+critic he is supposed to make use of "emphatic but irreverent language
+about naturalists." The letter, as originally written, ended with a
+quotation from Sedgwick on the invulnerability of those who write on
+what they do not understand, but this was omitted on the advice of a
+friend, and curiously enough a friend whose combativeness in the good
+cause my father had occasionally curbed.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G.J. ROMANES. Down, April 16, 1881.
+
+My dear Romanes,
+
+My MS. on 'Worms' has been sent to the printers, so I am going to amuse
+myself by scribbling to you on a few points; but you must not waste your
+time in answering at any length this scribble.
+
+Firstly, your letter on intelligence was very useful to me and I tor
+up and re-wrote what I sent to you. I have not attempted to define
+intelligence; but have quoted your remarks on experience, and have shown
+how far they apply to worms. It seems to me that they must be said
+to work with some intelligence, anyhow they are not guided by a blind
+instinct.
+
+Secondly, I was greatly interested by the abstract in 'Nature' of your
+work on Echinoderms ("On the locomotor system of Echinoderms," by G.J.
+Romanes and J. Cossar Ewart. 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1881,
+page 829.), the complexity with simplicity, and with such curious
+co-ordination of the nervous system is marvellous; and you showed me
+before what splendid gymnastic feats they can perform.
+
+Thirdly, Dr. Roux has sent me a book just published by him: 'Der Kampf
+der Theile,' etc., 1881 (240 pages in length).
+
+He is manifestly a well-read physiologist and pathologist, and from his
+position a good anatomist. It is full of reasoning, and this in German
+is very difficult to me, so that I have only skimmed through each
+page; here and there reading with a little more care. As far as I can
+imperfectly judge, it is the most important book on Evolution, which
+has appeared for some time. I believe that G.H. Lewes hinted at the same
+fundamental idea, viz. that there is a struggle going on within every
+organism between the organic molecules, the cells and the organs.
+I think that his basis is, that every cell which best performs its
+function is, in consequence, at the same time best nourished and best
+propagates its kind. The book does not touch on mental phenomena, but
+there is much discussion on rudimentary or atrophied parts, to which
+subject you formerly attended. Now if you would like to read this book,
+I would sent it... If you read it, and are struck with it (but I may
+be WHOLLY mistaken about its value), you would do a public service by
+analysing and criticising it in 'Nature.'
+
+Dr. Roux makes, I think, a gigantic oversight in never considering
+plants; these would simplify the problem for him.
+
+Fourthly, I do not know whether you will discuss in your book on the
+mind of animals any of the more complex and wonderful instincts. It is
+unsatisfactory work, as there can be no fossilised instincts, and the
+sole guide is their state in other members of the same order, and mere
+PROBABILITY.
+
+But if you do discuss any (and it will perhaps be expected of you), I
+should think that you could not select a better case than that of the
+sand wasps, which paralyse their prey, as formerly described by
+Fabre, in his wonderful paper in the 'Annales des Sciences,' and since
+amplified in his admirable 'Souvenirs.'
+
+Whilst reading this latter book, I speculated a little on the subject.
+Astonishing nonsense is often spoken of the sand wasp's knowledge of
+anatomy. Now will any one say that the Gauchos on the plains of La Plata
+have such knowledge, yet I have often seen them pith a struggling and
+lassoed cow on the ground with unerring skill, which no mere anatomist
+could imitate. The pointed knife was infallibly driven in between the
+vertebrae by a single slight thrust. I presume that the art was first
+discovered by chance, and that each young Gaucho sees exactly how the
+others do it, and then with a very little practice learns the art. Now
+I suppose that the sand wasps originally merely killed their prey by
+stinging them in many places (see page 129 of Fabre's 'Souvenirs,' and
+page 241) on the lower and softest side of the body--and that to sting
+a certain segment was found by far the most successful method; and was
+inherited like the tendency of a bulldog to pin the nose of a bull, or
+of a ferret to bite the cerebellum. It would not be a very great step
+in advance to prick the ganglion of its prey only slightly, and thus
+to give its larvae fresh meat instead of old dried meat. Though Fabre
+insists so strongly on the unvarying character of instinct, yet it is
+shown that there is some variability, as at pages 176, 177.
+
+I fear that I shall have utterly wearied you with my scribbling and bad
+handwriting.
+
+My dear Romanes, yours, very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT OF A LETTER TO PROFESSOR A. AGASSIZ, MAY 5TH, 1881:--
+
+I read with much interest your address before the American Association.
+However true your remarks on the genealogies of the several groups may
+be, I hope and believe that you have over-estimated the difficulties to
+be encountered in the future:--A few days after reading your address, I
+interpreted to myself your remarks on one point (I hope in some degree
+correctly) in the following fashion:--
+
+Any character of an ancient, generalised, or intermediate form may, and
+often does, re-appear in its descendants, after countless generations,
+and this explains the extraordinarily complicated affinities of existing
+groups. This idea seems to me to throw a flood of light on the lines,
+sometimes used to represent affinities, which radiate in all directions,
+often to very distant sub-groups,--a difficulty which has haunted me for
+half a century. A strong case could be made out in favour of believing
+in such reversion after immense intervals of time. I wish the idea had
+been put into my head in old days, for I shall never again write on
+difficult subjects, as I have seen too many cases of old men becoming
+feeble in their minds, without being in the least conscious of it. If
+I have interpreted your ideas at all correctly, I hope that you will
+re-urge, on any fitting occasion, your view. I have mentioned it to a
+few persons capable of judging, and it seemed quite new to them. I beg
+you to forgive the proverbial garrulity of old age.
+
+C.D.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Sir J.D. Hooker's Geographical address
+at the York Meeting (1881) of the British Association:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, August 6, 1881.
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+For Heaven's sake never speak of boring me, as it would be the greatest
+pleasure to aid you in the slightest degree and your letter has
+interested me exceedingly. I will go through your points seriatim, but
+I have never attended much to the history of any subject, and my memory
+has become atrociously bad. It will therefore be a mere chance whether
+any of my remarks are of any use.
+
+Your idea, to show what travellers have done, seems to me a brilliant
+and just one, especially considering your audience.
+
+1. I know nothing about Tournefort's works.
+
+2. I believe that you are fully right in calling Humboldt the greatest
+scientific traveller who ever lived, I have lately read two or three
+volumes again. His Geology is funny stuff; but that merely means that he
+was not in advance of his age. I should say he was wonderful, more for
+his near approach to omniscience than for originality. Whether or not
+his position as a scientific man is as eminent as we think, you might
+truly call him the parent of a grand progeny of scientific travellers,
+who, taken together, have done much for science.
+
+3. It seems to me quite just to give Lyell (and secondarily E. Forbes) a
+very prominent place.
+
+4. Dana was, I believe, the first man who maintained the permanence
+of continents and the great oceans... When I read the 'Challenger's'
+conclusion that sediment from the land is not deposited at greater
+distances than 200 or 300 miles from the land, I was much strengthened
+in my old belief. Wallace seems to me to have argued the case
+excellently. Nevertheless, I would speak, if I were in your place,
+rather cautiously; for T. Mellard Reade has argued lately with some
+force against the view; but I cannot call to mind his arguments. If
+forced to express a judgment, I should abide by the view of approximate
+permanence since Cambrian days.
+
+5. The extreme importance of the Arctic fossil-plants, is self-evident.
+Take the opportunity of groaning over [our] ignorance of the Lignite
+Plants of Kerguelen Land, or any Antarctic land. It might do good.
+
+6. I cannot avoid feeling sceptical about the travelling of plants from
+the North EXCEPT DURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD. It may of course have been
+so and probably was so from one of the two poles at the earliest period,
+during Pre-Cambrian ages; but such speculations seem to me hardly
+scientific seeing how little we know of the old Floras.
+
+I will now jot down without any order a few miscellaneous remarks.
+
+I think you ought to allude to Alph. De Candolle's great book, for
+though it (like almost everything else) is washed out of my mind, yet I
+remember most distinctly thinking it a very valuable work. Anyhow, you
+might allude to his excellent account of the history of all cultivated
+plants.
+
+How shall you manage to allude to your New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego
+work? if you do not allude to them you will be scandalously unjust.
+
+The many Angiosperm plants in the Cretacean beds of the United States
+(and as far as I can judge the age of these beds has been fairly well
+made out) seems to me a fact of very great importance, so is
+their relation to the existing flora of the United States under an
+Evolutionary point of view. Have not some Australian extinct forms been
+lately found in Australia? or have I dreamed it?
+
+Again, the recent discovery of plants rather low down in our Silurian
+beds is very important.
+
+Nothing is more extraordinary in the history of the Vegetable Kingdom,
+as it seems to me, than the APPARENTLY very sudden or abrupt development
+of the higher plants. I have sometimes speculated whether there did
+not exist somewhere during long ages an extremely isolated continent,
+perhaps near the South Pole.
+
+Hence I was greatly interested by a view which Saporta propounded to me,
+a few years ago, at great length in MS. and which I fancy he has
+since published, as I urged him to do--viz., that as soon as
+flower-frequenting insects were developed, during the latter part of the
+secondary period, an enormous impulse was given to the development of
+the higher plants by cross-fertilization being thus suddenly formed.
+
+A few years ago I was much struck with Axel Blytt's Essay showing from
+observation, on the peat beds in Scandinavia, that there had apparently
+been long periods with more rain and other with less rain (perhaps
+connected with Croll's recurrent astronomical periods), and that these
+periods had largely determined the present distribution of the plants of
+Norway and Sweden. This seemed to me, a very important essay.
+
+I have just read over my remarks and I fear that they will not be of the
+slightest use to you.
+
+I cannot but think that you have got through the hardest, or at least
+the most difficult, part of your work in having made so good and
+striking a sketch of what you intend to say; but I can quite understand
+how you must groan over the great necessary labour.
+
+I most heartily sympathise with you on the successes of B. and R.:
+as years advance what happens to oneself becomes of very little
+consequence, in comparison with the careers of our children.
+
+Keep your spirits up, for I am convinced that you will make an excellent
+address.
+
+Ever yours, affectionately, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[In September he wrote:--
+
+"I have this minute finished reading your splendid but too short
+address. I cannot doubt that it will have been fully appreciated by the
+Geographers of York; if not, they are asses and fools."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JOHN LUBBOCK. Sunday evening [1881].
+
+My dear L.,
+
+Your address (Presidential Address at the York meeting of the British
+Association.) has made me think over what have been the great steps in
+Geology during the last fifty years, and there can be no harm in telling
+you my impression. But it is very odd that I cannot remember what you
+have said on Geology. I suppose that the classification of the Silurian
+and Cambrian formations must be considered the greatest or most
+important step; for I well remember when all these older rocks were
+called grau-wacke, and nobody dreamed of classing them; and now we have
+three azoic formations pretty well made out beneath the Cambrian! But
+the most striking step has been the discovery of the Glacial period: you
+are too young to remember the prodigious effect this produced about the
+year 1840 (?) on all our minds. Elie de Beaumont never believed in it to
+the day of his death! the study of the glacial deposits led to the study
+of the superficial drift, which was formerly NEVER STUDIED and called
+Diluvium, as I well remember. The study under the microscope of
+rock-sections is another not inconsiderable step. So again the making
+out of cleavage and the foliation of the metamorphic rocks. But I will
+not run on, having now eased my mind. Pray do not waste even one minute
+in acknowledging my horrid scrawls.
+
+Ever yours, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extracts referring to the late Francis Maitland Balfour
+(Professor of Animal Morphology at Cambridge. He was born in 1851, and
+was killed, with his guide, on the Aiguille Blanche, near Courmayeur,
+in July, 1882.), show my father's estimate of his work and intellectual
+qualities, but they give merely an indication of his strong appreciation
+of Balfour's most lovable personal character:--
+
+From a letter to Fritz Muller, January 5, 1882:--
+
+"Your appreciation of Balfour's book ['Comparative Embryology'] has
+pleased me excessively, for though I could not properly judge of it,
+yet it seemed to me one of the most remarkable books which have been
+published for some considerable time. He is quite a young man, and if he
+keeps his health, will do splendid work... He has a fair fortune of
+his own, so that he can give up his whole time to Biology. He is very
+modest, and very pleasant, and often visits here and we like him very
+much."
+
+From a letter to Dr. Dohrn, February 13, 1882:--
+
+"I have got one very bad piece of news to tell you, that F. Balfour is
+very ill at Cambridge with typhoid fever... I hope that he is not in a
+very dangerous state; but the fever is severe. Good Heavens, what a loss
+he would be to Science, and to his many loving friends!"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. HUXLEY. Down, January 12, 1882.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Very many thanks for 'Science and Culture,' and I am sure that I shall
+read most of the essays with much interest. With respect to Automatism
+("On the hypothesis that animals are automata and its history," an
+Address given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association, 1874,
+and published in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1874, and in 'Science and
+Culture.'), I wish that you could review yourself in the old, and
+of course forgotten, trenchant style, and then you would here answer
+yourself with equal incisiveness; and thus, by Jove, you might go on ad
+infinitum, to the joy and instruction of the world.
+
+Ever yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to Dr. Ogle's translation of Aristotle, 'On
+the Parts of Animals' (1882):]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, February 22, 1882.
+
+My dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+You must let me thank you for the pleasure which the introduction to
+the Aristotle book has given me. I have rarely read anything which has
+interested me more, though I have not read as yet more than a quarter of
+the book proper.
+
+From quotations which I had seen, I had a high notion of Aristotle's
+merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he
+was. Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different
+ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle. How very curious,
+also, his ignorance on some points, as on muscles as the means of
+movement. I am glad that you have explained in so probable a manner some
+of the grossest mistakes attributed to him. I never realized, before
+reading your book, to what an enormous summation of labour we owe even
+our common knowledge. I wish old Aristotle could know what a grand
+Defender of the Faith he had found in you. Believe me, my dear Dr. Ogle,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In February, he received a letter and a specimen from a Mr. W.D. Crick,
+which illustrated a curious mode of dispersal of bivalve shells,
+namely, by closure of their valves so as to hold on to the leg of a
+water-beetle. This class of fact had a special charm for him, and he
+wrote to 'Nature,' describing the case. ('Nature,' April 6, 1882.)
+
+In April he received a letter from Dr. W. Van Dyck, Lecturer in Zoology
+at the Protestant College of Beyrout. The letter showed that the street
+dogs of Beyrout had been rapidly mongrelised by introduced European
+dogs, and the facts have an interesting bearing on my father's theory of
+Sexual Selection.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W.T. VAN DYCK. Down, April 3, 1882.
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+After much deliberation, I have thought it best to send your very
+interesting paper to the Zoological Society, in hopes that it will
+be published in their Journal. This journal goes to every scientific
+institution in the world, and the contents are abstracted in all
+year-books on Zoology. Therefore I have preferred it to 'Nature,' though
+the latter has a wider circulation, but is ephemeral.
+
+I have prefaced your essay by a few general remarks, to which I hope
+that you will not object.
+
+Of course I do not know that the Zoological Society, which is much
+addicted to mere systematic work, will publish your essay. If it does, I
+will send you copies of your essay, but these will not be ready for some
+months. If not published by the Zoological Society, I will endeavour
+to get 'Nature' to publish it. I am very anxious that it should be
+published and preserved.
+
+Dear Sir, Yours faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The paper was read at a meeting of the Zoological Society on April
+18th--the day before my father's death.
+
+The preliminary remarks with which Dr. Van Dyck's paper is prefaced are
+thus the latest of my father's writings.]
+
+We must now return to an early period of his life, and give a connected
+account of his botanical work, which has hitherto been omitted.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.X. -- FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+
+[In the letters already given we have had occasion to notice the general
+bearing of a number of botanical problems on the wider question of
+Evolution. The detailed work in botany which my father accomplished by
+the guidance of the light cast on the study of natural history by his
+own work on Evolution remains to be noticed. In a letter to Mr. Murray,
+September 24th, 1861, speaking of his book on the 'Fertilisation of
+Orchids,' he says: "It will perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural
+History may be worked under the belief of the modification of species."
+This remark gives a suggestion as to the value and interest of his
+botanical work, and it might be expressed in far more emphatic language
+without danger of exaggeration.
+
+In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says: "I think this little volume
+will do good to the 'Origin,' as it will show that I have worked hard
+at details." It is true that his botanical work added a mass of
+corroborative detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support
+to his doctrines given by these researches was of another kind. They
+supplied an argument against those critics who have so freely dogmatised
+as to the uselessness of particular structures, and as to the consequent
+impossibility of their having been developed by means of natural
+selection. His observations on Orchids enabled him to say: "I can show
+the meaning of some of the apparently meaningless ridges, horns, who
+will now venture to say that this or that structure is useless?" A
+kindred point is expressed in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (May 14th,
+1862:)--
+
+"When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to
+the effects of climate, etc., but when a single point alone, as a hooked
+seed, it is conceivable it may thus have arisen. I have found the study
+of Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the
+flower are co-adapted for fertilization by insects, and therefore
+the results of natural selection--even the most trifling details of
+structure."
+
+One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the study of
+Natural History is the revival of Teleology. The evolutionist studies
+the purpose or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleology,
+but with far wider and more coherent purpose. He has the invigorating
+knowledge that he is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy
+of the present, but a coherent view of both past and present. And even
+where he fails to discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge
+of its structure, unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the
+life of the species. In this way a vigour and unity is given to the
+study of the forms of organised beings, which before it lacked.
+This point has already been discussed in Mr. Huxley's chapter on the
+'Reception of the "Origin of Species",' and need not be here considered.
+It does, however, concern us to recognize that this "great service to
+natural science," as Dr. Gray describes it, was effected almost as much
+by his special botanical work as by the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical
+work, I may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,'
+one of the "Nature Series". Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship
+with my father, and especially his power of sympathising with the work
+of others, combine to give this essay a permanent value. The following
+passage (page 43) gives a true picture:--
+
+"Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr.
+Darwin always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed
+botanist. He turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they
+were convenient objects for studying organic phenomena in their least
+complicated forms; and this point of view, which, if one may use the
+expression without disrespect, had something of the amateur about it,
+was in itself of the greatest importance. For, from not being, till he
+took up any point, familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind
+was absolutely free from any prepossession. He was never afraid of his
+facts, or of framing any hypothesis, however startling, which seemed to
+explain them... In any one else such an attitude would have produced
+much work that was crude and rash. But Mr. Darwin--if one may venture
+on language which will strike no one who had conversed with him as
+over-strained--seemed by gentle persuasion to have penetrated that
+reserve of nature which baffles smaller men. In other words, his long
+experience had given him a kind of instinctive insight into the method
+of attack of any biological problem, however unfamiliar to him, while
+he rigidly controlled the fertility of his mind in hypothetical
+explanations by the no less fertility of ingeniously devised
+experiment."
+
+To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it
+is necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+emerged. It should be remembered that it was only during the early
+years of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants,
+became at all firmly established. Sachs, in his 'History of Botany'
+(1875), has given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness
+with which its acceptance gained ground. He remarks that when we
+consider the experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by
+Kolreuter (1761-66), it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards
+have been raised as to the sexuality of plants. Yet he shows that such
+doubts did actually repeatedly crop up. These adverse criticisms rested
+for the most part on careless experiments, but in many cases on a priori
+arguments. Even as late as 1820, a book of this kind, which would now
+rank with circle squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was seriously
+noticed in a botanical journal.
+
+A distinct conception of sex as applied to plants, had not long emerged
+from the mists of profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the
+time when my father began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at
+Cambridge.
+
+When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+weighing down any rational view of the subject. Camerarius (Sachs,
+'Geschichte,' page 419.) believed (naturally enough in his day) that
+hermaphrodite flowers are necessarily self-fertilised. He had the wit to
+be astonished at this, a degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points
+out, the majority of his successors did not attain to.
+
+The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred to
+my father as early as 1837:--
+
+"Do not plants which have male and female organs together [i.e. in the
+same flower] yet receive influence from other plants? Does not Lyell
+give some argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on
+account of pollen from other plants? Because this may be applied to show
+all plants do receive intermixture."
+
+Sprengel (Christian Conrad Sprengel, 1750-1816.), indeed, understood
+that the hermaphrodite structure of flowers by no means necessarily
+leads to self-fertilisation. But although he discovered that in many
+cases pollen is of necessity carried to the stigma of another FLOWER, he
+did not understand that in the advantage gained by the intercrossing of
+distinct PLANTS lies the key to the whole question. Hermann Muller has
+well remarked that this "omission was for several generations fatal to
+Sprengel's work... For both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt
+above all the weakness of his theory, and they set aside, along with his
+defective ideas, his rich store of patient and acute observations and
+his comprehensive and accurate interpretations." It remained for my
+father to convince the world that the meaning hidden in the structure of
+flowers was to be found by seeking light in the same direction in which
+Sprengel, seventy years before, had laboured. Robert Brown was the
+connecting link between them, for it was at his recommendation that
+my father in 1841 read Sprengel's now celebrated 'Secret of Nature
+Displayed.' ('Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der
+Befruchtung der Blumen.' Berlin, 1793.) The book impressed him as being
+"full of truth," although "with some little nonsense." It not only
+encouraged him in kindred speculation, but guided him in his work,
+for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's observations. It may be
+doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more beautiful seed than in
+putting such a book into such hands.
+
+A passage in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.) shows how it was that my
+father was attracted to the subject of fertilisation: "During the summer
+of 1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend
+to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."
+
+The original connection between the study of flowers and the problem of
+evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted. Moreover, it
+was not a permanent bond. As soon as the idea arose that the offspring
+of cross-fertilisation is, in the struggle for life, likely to conquer
+the seedlings of self-fertilised parentage, a far more vigorous belief
+in the potency of natural selection in moulding the structure of flowers
+is attained. A central idea is gained towards which experiment and
+observation may be directed.
+
+Dr. Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea ('Nature,'
+June 4, 1874):--"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a
+characteristic specimen of the science of the middle ages. The aphorism,
+Nature abhors close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the
+principle, belong to our age and to Mr. Darwin. To have originated this,
+and also the principle of Natural Selection... and to have applied these
+principles to the system of nature, in such a manner as to make, within
+a dozen years, a deeper impression upon natural history than has been
+made since Linnaeus, is ample title for one man's fame."
+
+The flowers of the Papilionaceae attracted his attention early, and
+were the subject of his first paper on fertilisation. ("Gardeners'
+Chronicle", 1857, page 725. It appears that this paper was a piece of
+"over-time" work. He wrote to a friend, "that confounded leguminous
+paper was done in the afternoon, and the consequence was I had to go to
+Moor Park for a week.") The following extract from an undated letter to
+Dr. Asa Gray seems to have been written before the publication of this
+paper, probably in 1856 or 1857:--
+
+"... What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark
+is applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed
+many years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly
+in direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand. It is really
+pretty to watch the action of a Humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean,
+and in this genus (and in Lathyrus grandiflorus) the honey is so placed
+that the bee invariably alights on that ONE side of the flower towards
+which the spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it pollen), and
+by the depression of the wing-petal is forced against the bee's side all
+dusted with pollen. (If you will look at a bed of scarlet kidney beans
+you will find that the wing-petals on the LEFT side alone are all
+scratched by the tarsi of the bees. [Note in the original letter by C.
+Darwin.]) In the broom the pistil is rubbed on the centre of the back
+of the bee. I suspect there is something to be made out about the
+Leguminosae, which will bring the case within OUR theory; though I have
+failed to do so. Our theory will explain why in the vegetable and animal
+kingdom the act of fertilisation even in hermaphrodites usually takes
+place sub-jove, though thus exposed to GREAT injury from damp and rain.
+In animals which cannot be [fertilised] by insects or wind, there is NO
+CASE of LAND-animals being hermaphrodite without the concourse of two
+individuals."
+
+A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of
+the paper in the "Gardeners' Chronicle":--
+
+"Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed;
+but I was led to believe that the pollen could HARDLY get on the stigma
+by wind or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and moving
+the wing petals: hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two
+bottles in every way treated the same: the flowers in one I daily just
+momentarily moved, as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other
+NOT ONE. Of course this little experiment must be tried again, and this
+year in England it is too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to set.
+If bees are necessary to this flower's self-fertilisation, bees must
+almost cross them, as their dusted right-side of head and right legs
+constantly touch the stigma.
+
+"I have, also, lately been re-observing daily Lobelia fulgens--this in
+my garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without
+pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited
+by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such
+beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own
+pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of
+crosses."
+
+The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858. ("Gardeners' Chronicle",
+1858, page 828. In 1861 another paper on Fertilisation appeared in the
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", page 552, in which he explained the action of
+insects on Vinca major. He was attracted to the periwinkle by the fact
+that it is not visited by insects and never set seeds.) The chief object
+of these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+possibility of growing varieties of leguminous plants near each other,
+and yet keeping them true. It is curious that the Papilionaceae should
+not only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by
+their obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+constituted one of his sorest puzzles. The common pea and the sweet pea
+gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep
+true. The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they
+are not perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects. He could
+not, at this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination
+between a flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be
+as delicate as that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation
+was not likely to occur to him. (He was of course alive to variety in
+the habits of insects. He published a short note in the "Entomologists
+Weekly Intelligencer", 1860, asking whether the Tineina and other small
+moths suck flowers.)
+
+Besides observing the Leguminosae, he had already begun, as shown in
+the foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in
+relation to insects. At the beginning of 1860 he worked at Leschenaultia
+(He published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation of this
+flower, in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1871, page 1166.), which at first
+puzzled him, but was ultimately made out. A passage in a letter chiefly
+relating to Leschenaultia seems to show that it was only in the spring
+of 1860 that he began widely to apply his knowledge to the relation of
+insects to other flowers. This is somewhat surprising, when we remember
+that he had read Sprengel many years before. He wrote (May 14):--
+
+"I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to
+visits of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."
+
+Even in July 1862 he wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"There is no end to the adaptations. Ought not these cases to make
+one very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts? I fully
+believe that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in
+relation to insects. Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the
+witty "Athenaeum") world."
+
+He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that
+several kinds are common near Down. The letters of 1860 show that these
+plants occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part
+of the summer and all the autumn to the subject. He evidently considered
+himself idle for wasting time on Orchids, which ought to have been given
+to 'Variation under Domestication.' Thus he wrote:--
+
+"There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not
+sticking to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks. I hear
+that Lyell is savage at me. I shall never resist Linum next summer."
+
+It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking
+and familiar facts in the book, namely, the manner in which the pollen
+masses in Orchis are adapted for removal by insects. He wrote to Sir
+J.D. Hooker July 12:--
+
+"I have been examining Orchis pyramidalis, and it almost equals, perhaps
+even beats, your Listera case; the sticky glands are congenitally united
+into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of movement, and
+seizes hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable manner, and then
+another movement takes place in the pollen masses, by which they
+are beautifully adapted to leave pollen on the two LATERAL stigmatic
+surfaces. I never saw anything so beautiful."
+
+In June of the same year he wrote:--
+
+"You speak of adaptation being rarely VISIBLE, though present in plants.
+I have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I
+think its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and
+plain, or even more beautiful than in the Woodpecker. I have written and
+sent a notice for the "Gardeners' Chronicle" (June 9, 1860. This seems
+to have attracted some attention, especially among entomologists, as it
+was reprinted in the "Entomologists Weekly Intelligencer", 1860.), on a
+curious difficulty in the Bee Orchis, and should much like to hear what
+you think of the case. In this article I have incidentally touched on
+adaptation to visits of insects; but the contrivance to keep the sticky
+glands fresh and sticky beats almost everything in nature. I never
+remember having seen it described, but it must have been, and, as I
+ought not in my book to give the observation as my own, I should be very
+glad to know where this beautiful contrivance is described."
+
+He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:--
+
+"Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common
+orchids, and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the
+hills, but I have been so struck with admiration at the contrivances,
+that I have sent a notice to the "Gardeners' Chronicle". The Ophrys
+apifera, offers, as you will see, a curious contradiction in structure."
+
+Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+good use in the Orchid book. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):--
+
+"It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you,
+after examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me
+feel positive I am right! I do not quite understand some of your
+terms; but sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am
+intensely interested on the subject, just as at a game of chess."
+
+This work was valuable from a systematic point of view. In 1880 he wrote
+to Mr. Bentham:--
+
+"It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchideae, for it has
+pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the LEAST use
+to you about the nature of the parts."
+
+The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown
+in such extracts as the following from a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker (July
+27, 1861):--
+
+"You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me. They came safe,
+but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa- or snuff-canister much
+safer. I enclose postage. As an account of the movement, I shall allude
+to what I suppose is Oncidium, to make CERTAIN,--is the enclosed flower
+with crumpled petals this genus? Also I most specially want to know what
+the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is. I have only seen pollen
+of a Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not unintentionally sent
+me what I wanted most (after Catasetum or Mormodes), viz. one of the
+Epidendreae?! I PARTICULARLY want (and will presently tell you why)
+another spike of this little Orchid, with older flowers, some even
+almost withered."
+
+His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray
+(1863). referring to Cruger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:--"Happy
+man, he has actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with
+the pollinia sticking to their backs!"
+
+The following extracts of letters to Sir J.D. Hooker illustrate further
+the interest which his work excited in him:--
+
+"Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning. What wonderful structures!
+
+"I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I
+enjoy looking at them MUCH, and it has been very useful to me, seeing
+so many different forms, it is idleness. For my object each species
+requires studying for days. I wish you had time to take up the group.
+I would give a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have
+traced so many curious modifications. I suppose it cannot be one of the
+stigmas (It is a modification of the upper stigma.), there seems a great
+tendency for two lateral stigmas to appear. My paper, though touching
+on only subordinate points will run, I fear, to 100 MS. folio pages!
+The beauty of the adaptation of parts seems to me unparalleled. I should
+think or guess waxy pollen was most differentiated. In Cypripedium which
+seems least modified, and a much exterminated group, the grains are
+single. In ALL OTHERS, as far as I have seen, they are in packets of
+four; and these packets cohere into many wedge-formed masses in Orchis;
+into eight, four, and finally two. It seems curious that a flower should
+exist, which could AT MOST fertilise only two other flowers, seeing
+how abundant pollen generally is; this fact I look at as explaining the
+perfection of the contrivance by which the pollen, so important from its
+fewness, is carried from flower to flower" (1861).
+
+"I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the
+Orchids came. What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you
+really must not take an atom more; for the Orchids are more play than
+real work. I have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked
+all morning at them; for heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more"
+(August 30, 1861).
+
+He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+Linnean Society's Journal, but it soon became evident that a separate
+volume would be a more suitable form of publication. In a letter to Sir
+J.D. Hooker, September 24, 1861, he writes:--
+
+"I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and
+perhaps in truth I have. When I finished a few days ago my Orchis
+paper, which turns out 140 folio pages!! and thought of the expense of
+woodcuts, I said to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society to withdraw
+it, and publish it in a pamphlet. It then flashed on me that perhaps
+Murray would publish it, so I gave him a cautious description, and
+offered to share risks and profits. This morning he writes that he
+will publish and take all risks, and share profits and pay for all
+illustrations. It is a risk, and heaven knows whether it will not be a
+dead failure, but I have not deceived Murray, and [have] told him that
+it would interest those alone who cared much for natural history. I hope
+I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the many special contrivances."
+
+He wrote the two following letters to Mr. Murray about the publication
+of the book:]
+
+Down, September 21 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Will you have the kindness to give me your opinion, which I shall
+implicitly follow. I have just finished a very long paper intended for
+Linnean Society (the title is enclosed), and yesterday for the first
+time it occurred to me that POSSIBLY it might be worth publishing
+separately which would save me trouble and delay. The facts are new, and
+have been collected during twenty years and strike me as curious. Like a
+Bridgewater treatise, the chief object is to show the perfection of the
+many contrivances in Orchids. The subject of propagation is interesting
+to most people, and is treated in my paper so that any woman could read
+it. Parts are dry and purely scientific; but I think my paper would
+interest a good many of such persons who care for Natural History, but
+no others.
+
+... It would be a very little book, and I believe you think very little
+books objectionable. I have myself GREAT doubts on the subject. I am
+very apt to think that my geese are swans; but the subject seems to me
+curious and interesting.
+
+I beg you not to be guided in the least in order to oblige me, but as
+far as you can judge, please give me your opinion. If I were to publish
+separately, I would agree to any terms, such as half risk and half
+profit, or what you liked; but I would not publish on my sole risk, for
+to be frank, I have been told that no publisher whatever, under such
+circumstances, cares for the success of a book.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY. Down, September 24 [1861].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged for your note and very liberal offer. I have
+had some qualms and fears. All that I can feel sure of is that the MS.
+contains many new and curious facts, and I am sure the Essay would have
+interested me, and will interest those who feel lively interest in the
+wonders of nature; but how far the public will care for such minute
+details, I cannot at all tell. It is a bold experiment; and at worst,
+cannot entail much loss; as a certain amount of sale will, I think, be
+pretty certain. A large sale is out of the question. As far as I can
+judge, generally the points which interest me I find interest others;
+but I make the experiment with fear and trembling,--not for my own sake,
+but for yours...
+
+
+[On September 28th he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back.
+I have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing
+my paper, a most ridiculous thing. It would annoy me much, but only for
+Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."
+
+There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still
+receiving Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"It is impossible to thank you enough. I was almost mad at the wealth of
+Orchids." And again--
+
+"Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be
+irritable; so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech
+you, observe what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must
+be touched. Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum,
+the most wonderful Orchid I have seen."
+
+On October 13th he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature. I have had the hardest
+day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand
+at last the mechanism of movements and the functions. Catasetum is
+a beautiful case of slight modification of structure leading to new
+functions. I never was more interested in any subject in my life than in
+this of Orchids. I owe very much to you."
+
+Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:--
+
+"If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall
+be most grateful; had I not better send for it? The case is truly
+marvellous; the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch
+is certainly transmitted through the antennae for more than one inch
+INSTANTANEOUSLY... A cursed insect or something let my last flower off
+last night."
+
+Professor de Candolle has remarked ('Darwin considere, etc.,' 'Archives
+des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles,' 3eme periode. Tome vii. 481, 1882
+(May).) of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui qui aurait demande de construire
+des palais pour y loger des laboratoires." This was singularly true of
+his orchid work, or rather it would be nearer the truth to say that
+he had no laboratory, for it was only after the publication of the
+'Fertilisation of Orchids,' that he built himself a greenhouse. He wrote
+to Sir J.D. Hooker (December 24th, 1862):--
+
+"And now I am going to tell you a MOST important piece of news!! I
+have almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really
+firs-rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and
+see that it is well done, and he is really a clever fellow, who wins
+lots of prizes, and is very observant. He believes that we should
+succeed with a little patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to
+experiment with plants."
+
+Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):--
+
+"I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+just like a schoolboy. Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+give me; and then I shall know what to order? And do advise me how I had
+better get such plants as you can SPARE. Would it do to send my tax-cart
+early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the cart with
+mats, and arriving here before night? I have no idea whether this
+degree of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could injure
+stov-plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the journey
+home."
+
+A week later he wrote:--
+
+"you cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than
+your dead Wedgwood ware can give you); and I go and gloat over them,
+but we privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own,
+perhaps we should not see such transcendent beauty in each leaf."
+
+And in March, when he was extremely unwell he wrote:--
+
+"A few words about the Stove-plants; they do so amuse me. I have crawled
+to see them two or three times. Will you correct and answer, and return
+enclosed. I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names
+(His difficulty with regard to the names of plants is illustrated, with
+regard to a Lupine on which he was at work, in an extract from a letter
+(July 21, 1866) to Sir J.D. Hooker: "I sent to the nursery garden,
+whence I bought the seed, and could only hear that it was 'the common
+blue Lupine,' the man saying 'he was no scholard, and did not know
+Latin, and that parties who make experiments ought to find out the
+names.'"), and I like much to know the family."
+
+The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to
+Murray, June 13th and 18th:--
+
+"The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me
+(perhaps you) the 'Parthenon,' with a good review. The "Athenaeum" (May
+24, 1862.) treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer
+knew nothing of his subject."
+
+"There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the 'London
+Review,' (June 14, 1862.) But I have not been a fool, as I thought I
+was, to publish (Doubts on this point still, however, occurred to him
+about this time. He wrote to Prof. Oliver (June 8): "I am glad that
+you have read my Orchis-book and seem to approve of it; for I never
+published anything which I so much doubted whether it was worth
+publishing, and indeed I still doubt. The subject interested me beyond
+what, I suppose, it is worth."); for Asa Gray, about the most competent
+judge in the world, thinks almost as highly of the book as does the
+'London Review.' The "Athenaeum" will hinder the sale greatly."
+
+The Rev. M.J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the 'London
+Review,' as my father learned from Sir J.D. Hooker, who added, 'I
+thought it very well done indeed. I have read a good deal of the
+Orchid-book, and echo all he says."
+
+To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):--
+
+"My dear Old Friend,
+
+You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart, but you will never
+know how often you have warmed mine. It is not your approbation of my
+scientific work (though I care for that more than for any one's): it is
+something deeper. To this day I remember keenly a letter you wrote to me
+from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and how it cheered me when I
+was utterly weary of life. Well, my Orchis-book is a success (but I do
+not know whether it sells.)"
+
+In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:--
+
+"You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and
+Oliver approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness,
+and doubted whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and
+concocted pleasant little stinging remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr.
+Darwin's head seems to have been turned by a certain degree of
+success, and he thinks that the most trifling observations are worth
+publication.'"
+
+Mr. Bentham's approval was given in his Presidential Address to the
+Linnean Society, May 24, 1862, and was all the more valuable because
+it came from one who was by no means supposed to be favourable to
+evolutionary doctrines.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 10 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+Your generous sympathy makes you overestimate what you have read of my
+Orchid-book. But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+foolish amount of satisfaction. The subject interested me, I knew,
+beyond its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made
+myself a complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form. Now I shall
+confidently defy the world. I have heard that Bentham and Oliver approve
+of it; but I have heard the opinion of no one else whose opinion is
+worth a farthing... No doubt my volume contains much error: how curiously
+difficult it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost. Your notes have
+interested me beyond measure. I can now afford to d-- my critics with
+ineffable complacency of mind. Cordial thanks for this benefit. It
+is surprising to me that you should have strength of mind to care for
+science, amidst the awful events daily occurring in your country. I
+daily look at the "Times" with almost as much interest as an American
+could do. When will peace come? it is dreadful to think of the
+desolation of large parts of your magnificent country; and all the
+speechless misery suffered by many. I hope and think it not unlikely
+that we English are wrong in concluding that it will take a long time
+for prosperity to return to you. It is an awful subject to reflect on...
+
+
+[Dr. Asa Gray reviewed the book in 'Silliman's Journal' ('Silliman's
+Journal,' volume xxiv. page 138. Here is given an account of the
+fertilisation of Platanthera Hookeri. P. hyperborea is discussed in
+Dr. Gray's 'Enumeration' in the same volume, page 259; also, with other
+species, in a second notice of the Orchid-book at page 420.), where he
+speaks, in strong terms, of the fascination which it must have for even
+slightly instructed readers. He made, too, some original observations on
+an American orchid, and these first-fruits of the subject, sent in MS.
+or proof sheet to my father, were welcomed by him in a letter (July
+23rd):--
+
+"Last night, after writing the above, I read the great bundle of notes.
+Little did I think what I had to read. What admirable observations! You
+have distanced me on my own hobby-horse! I have not had for weeks such a
+glow of pleasure as your observations gave me."
+
+The next letter refers to the publication of the review:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, July 28 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I hardly know what to thank for first. Your stamps gave infinite
+satisfaction. I took him (One of his boys who was ill.) first one lot,
+and then an hour afterwards another lot. He actually raised himself on
+one elbow to look at them. It was the first animation he showed. He said
+only: "You must thank Professor Gray awfully." In the evening after
+a long silence, there came out the oracular sentence: "He is awfully
+kind." And indeed you are, overworked as you are, to take so much
+trouble for our poor dear little man.--And now I must begin the
+"awfullys" on my own account: what a capital notice you have published
+on the orchids! It could not have been better; but I fear that you
+overrate it. I am very sure that I had not the least idea that you or
+any one would approve of it so much. I return your last note for the
+chance of your publishing any notice on the subject; but after all
+perhaps you may not think it worth while; yet in my judgment SEVERAL of
+your facts, especially Platanthera hyperborea, are MUCH too good to be
+merged in a review. But I have always noticed that you are prodigal in
+originality in your reviews...
+
+
+[Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+writing in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor.
+My father wrote to Sir Joseph (November 12, 1862):--
+
+"So you did write the review in the "Gardeners' Chronicle". Once or
+twice I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap
+at R. Brown, I doubted no longer. You arch-rogue! I do not wonder you
+have deceived others also. Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you
+have much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming
+from you I value it much more than from any other."
+
+With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I
+am fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists." Among
+naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+appreciation of the book. I have no means of knowing when he read it,
+but in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic
+in praise of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' which he considered "next
+to the 'Origin,' as the most valuable of all Darwin's works." Among the
+general public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus
+he wrote to his cousin Fox in September 1862: "Hardly any one not a
+botanist, except yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."
+
+A favourable notice appeared in the "Saturday Review", October 18th,
+1862; the reviewer points out that the book would escape the angry
+polemics aroused by the 'Origin.' (Dr. Gray pointed out that if the
+Orchid-book (with a few trifling omissions) had appeared before the
+'Origin,' the author would have been canonised rather than anathematised
+by the natural theologians.) This is illustrated by a review in the
+"Literary Churchman", in which only one fault found, namely, that Mr.
+Darwin's expression of admiration at the contrivances in orchids is too
+indirect a way of saying, "O Lord, how manifold are Thy works!"
+
+A somewhat similar criticism occurs in the 'Edinburgh Review' (October
+1862). The writer points out that Mr. Darwin constantly uses phrases,
+such as "beautiful contrivance," "the labellum is... IN ORDER TO
+attract," "the nectar is PURPOSELY lodged." The Reviewer concludes his
+discussion thus: "We know, too that these purposes and ideas are not our
+own, but the ideas and purposes of Another."
+
+The 'Edinburgh' reviewer's treatment of this subject was criticised
+in the "Saturday Review", November 15th, 1862: With reference to this
+article my father wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (December 29th, 1862):--
+
+"Here is an odd chance; my nephew Henry Parker, an Oxford Classic, and
+Fellow of Oriel, came here this evening; and I asked him whether he
+knew who had written the little article in the "Saturday", smashing the
+[Edinburgh reviewer], which we liked; and after a little hesitation he
+owned he had. I never knew that he wrote in the "Saturday"; and was it
+not an odd chance?"
+
+The 'Edinburgh' article was written by the Duke of Argyll, and has
+since been made use of in his 'Reign of Law,' 1867. Mr. Wallace replied
+('Quarterly Journal of Science,' October 1867. Republished in 'Natural
+Selection,' 1871.) to the Duke's criticisms, making some specially good
+remarks on those which refer to orchids. He shows how, by a "beautiful
+self-acting adjustment," the nectary of the orchid Angraecum (from 10 to
+14 inches in length), and the proboscis of a moth sufficiently long to
+reach the nectar, might be developed by natural selection. He goes on to
+point out that on any other theory we must suppose that the flower was
+created with an enormously long nectary, and that then by a special act,
+an insect was created fitted to visit the flower, which would otherwise
+remain sterile. With regard to this point my father wrote (October 12 or
+13, 1867):--
+
+"I forgot to remark how capitally you turn the tables on the Duke, when
+you make him create the Angraecum and Moth by special creation."
+
+If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers,
+we do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book. There are a few
+papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and
+by Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+Hildebrand, and the Mullers, did not begin to appear until about 1867.
+The period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before
+they became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short. The
+later activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact
+that the valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson in his
+translation of Muller's 'Befruchtung' (1883), contains references to 814
+papers.
+
+Besides the book on Orchids, my father wrote two or three papers on the
+subject, which will be found mentioned in the Appendix. The earliest of
+these, on the three sexual forms of Catasetum, was published in 1862; it
+is an anticipation of part of the Orchid-book, and was merely published
+in the Linnean Society's Journal, in acknowledgment of the use made of
+a specimen in the Society's possession. The possibility of apparently
+distinct species being merely sexual forms of a single species,
+suggested a characteristic experiment, which is alluded to in the
+following letter to one of his earliest disciples in the study of the
+fertilisation of flowers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE. (The late Mr. Moggridge, author
+of 'Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders,' 'Flora of Mentone,' etc.)
+Down, October 13 [1865].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am especially obliged to you for your beautiful plates and
+letter-press; for no single point in natural history interests and
+perplexes me so much as the self-fertilisation (He once remarked to Dr.
+Norman Moore that one of the things that made him wish to live a
+few thousand years, was his desire to see the extinction of the
+Bee-orchis,--an end to which he believed its self-fertilising habit was
+leading.) of the Bee-orchis. You have already thrown some light on the
+subject, and your present observations promise to throw more.
+
+I formed two conjectures: first, that some insect during certain seasons
+might cross the plants, but I have almost given up this; nevertheless,
+pray have a look at the flowers next season. Secondly, I conjectured
+that the Spider and Bee-orchis might be a crossing and self-fertile
+form of the same species. Accordingly I wrote some years ago to an
+acquaintance, asking him to mark some Spider-orchids, and observe
+whether they retained the same character; but he evidently thought the
+request as foolish as if I had asked him to mark one of his cows with a
+ribbon, to see if it would turn next spring into a horse. Now will
+you be so kind as to tie a string round the stem of a half-a-dozen
+Spider-orchids, and when you leave Mentone dig them up, and I would try
+and cultivate them and see if they kept constant; but I should require
+to know in what sort of soil and situations they grow. It would be
+indispensable to mark the plant so that there could be no mistake about
+the individual. It is also just possible that the same plant would throw
+up, at different seasons different flower-scapes, and the marked plants
+would serve as evidence.
+
+With many thanks, my dear sir, Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I send by this post my paper on climbing plants, parts of which
+you might like to read.
+
+[Sir Thomas Farrer and Dr. W. Ogle were also guided and encouraged by
+my father in their observations. The following refers to a paper by Sir
+Thomas Farrer, in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 1868, on
+the fertilisation of the Scarlet Runner:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER. Down, September 15, 1868.
+
+My dear Mr. Farrer,
+
+I grieve to say that the MAIN features of your case are known. I am
+the sinner and described them some ten years ago. But I overlooked
+many details, as the appendage to the single stamen, and several other
+points. I send my notes, but I must beg for their return, as I have NO
+OTHER COPY. I quite agree, the facts are most striking, especially
+as you put them. Are you sure that the Hive-bee is the cutter? it is
+against my experience. If sure, make the point more prominent, or if not
+sure, erase it. I do not think the subject is quite new enough for the
+Linnean Society; but I dare say the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History,' or "Gardeners' Chronicle" would gladly publish your
+observations, and it is a great pity they should be lost. If you like
+I would send your paper to either quarter with a note. In this case
+you must give a title, and your name, and perhaps it would be well to
+premise your remarks with a line of reference to my paper stating that
+you had observed independently and more fully.
+
+I have read my own paper over after an interval of several years, and am
+amused at the caution with which I put the case that the final end
+was for crossing distinct individuals, of which I was then as fully
+convinced as now, but I knew that the doctrine would shock all
+botanists. Now the opinion is becoming familiar.
+
+To see penetration of pollen-tubes is not difficult, but in most cases
+requires some practice with dissecting under a one-tenth of an inch
+focal distance single lens; and just at first this will seem to you
+extremely difficult.
+
+What a capital observer you are--a first-rate Naturalist has been
+sacrificed, or partly sacrificed to Public life.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--If you come across any large Salvia, look at it--the contrivance
+is admirable. It went to my heart to tell a man who came here a few
+weeks ago with splendid drawings and MS. on Salvia, that the work
+had been all done in Germany. (Dr. W. Ogle, the observer of the
+fertilisation of Salvia here alluded to, published his results in the
+'Pop. Science Review,' 1869. He refers both gracefully and gratefully to
+his relationship with my father in the introduction to his translation
+of Kerner's 'Flowers and their Unbidden Guests.')
+
+
+[The following extract is from a letter, November 26th, 1868, to Sir
+Thomas Farrer, written as I learn from him, "in answer to a request for
+some advice as to the best modes of observation."
+
+"In my opinion the best plan is to go on working and making copious
+notes, without much thought of publication, and then if the results turn
+out striking publish them. It is my impression, but I do not feel sure
+that I am right, that the best and most novel plan would be, instead
+of describing the means of fertilisation in particular plants, to
+investigate the part which certain structures play with all plants
+or throughout certain orders; for instance, the brush of hairs on the
+style, or the diadelphous condition of the stamens, in the Leguminosae,
+or the hairs within the corolla, etc. etc. Looking to your note, I think
+that this is perhaps the plan which you suggest.
+
+"It is well to remember that Naturalists value observations far more
+than reasoning; therefore your conclusions should be as often as
+possible fortified by noticing how insects actually do the work."
+
+In 1869, Sir Thomas Farrer corresponded with my father on the
+fertilisation of Passiflora and of Tacsonia. He has given me his
+impressions of the correspondence:--
+
+"I had suggested that the elaborate series of chevaux-de-frise, by
+which the nectary of the common Passiflora is guarded, were specially
+calculated to protect the flower from the stiff-beaked humming birds
+which would not fertilise it, and to facilitate the access of the little
+proboscis of the humble bee, which would do so; whilst, on the other
+hand, the long pendent tube and flexible valve-like corona which retains
+the nectar of Tacsonia would shut out the bee, which would not,
+and admit the humming bird which would, fertilise that flower. The
+suggestion is very possibly worthless, and could only be verified or
+refuted by examination of flowers in the countries where they grow
+naturally... What interested me was to see that on this as on almost any
+other point of detailed observation, Mr. Darwin could always say, 'Yes;
+but at one time I made some observations myself on this particular
+point; and I think you will find, etc. etc.' That he should after years
+of interval remember that he had noticed the peculiar structure to which
+I was referring in the Passiflora princeps struck me at the time as very
+remarkable."
+
+With regard to the spread of a belief in the adaptation of flowers for
+cross-fertilisation, my father wrote to Mr. Bentham April 22, 1868:
+
+"Most of the criticisms which I sometimes meet with in French works
+against the frequency of crossing, I am certain are the result of mere
+ignorance. I have never hitherto found the rule to fail that when an
+author describes the structure of a flower as specially adapted for
+self-fertilisation, it is really adapted for crossing. The Fumariaceae
+offer a good instance of this, and Treviranus threw this order in my
+teeth; but in Corydalis, Hildebrand shows how utterly false the idea
+of self-fertilisation is. This author's paper on Salvia is really
+worth reading, and I have observed some species, and know that he is
+accurate."
+
+The next letter refers to Professor Hildebrand's paper on Corydalis,
+published in the 'Proc. Internat. Hort. Congress,' London, 1866, and in
+Pringsheim's 'Jahrbucher,' volume v. The memoir on Salvia alluded to is
+contained in the previous volume of the same Journal:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND. (Professor of Botany at Freiburg.)
+Down, May 16 [1866].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+The state of my health prevents my attending the Hort. Congress; but
+I forwarded yesterday your paper to the secretary, and if they are not
+overwhelmed with papers, yours will be gladly received. I have made many
+observations on the Fumariaceae, and convinced myself that they were
+adapted for insect agency; but I never observed anything nearly so
+curious as your most interesting facts. I hope you will repeat your
+experiments on the Corydalis on a larger scale, and especially on
+several distinct plants; for your plant might have been individually
+peculiar, like certain individual plants of Lobelia, etc., described by
+Gartner, and of Passiflora and Orchids described by Mr. Scott...
+
+Since writing to you before, I have read your admirable memoir on
+Salvia, and it has interested me almost as much as when I first
+investigated the structure of Orchids. Your paper illustrates several
+points in my 'Origin of Species,' especially the transition of organs.
+Knowing only two or three species in the genus, I had often marvelled
+how one cell of the anther could have been transformed into the movable
+plate or spoon; and how well you show the gradations; but I am surprised
+that you did not more strongly insist on this point.
+
+I shall be still more surprised if you do not ultimately come to the
+same belief with me, as shown by so many beautiful contrivances,
+that all plants require, from some unknown cause, to be occasionally
+fertilized by pollen from a distinct individual. With sincere respect,
+believe me, my dear Sir,
+
+Yours very faithfully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter refers to the late Hermann Muller's 'Befruchtung
+der Blumen,' by far the most valuable of the mass of literature
+originating in the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.' An English translation,
+by Prof. D'Arcy Thompson was published in 1883. My father's "Prefatory
+Notice" to this work is dated February 6, 1882, and is therefore almost
+the last of his writings:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER. Down, May 5, 1873.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Owing to all sorts of interruptions and to my reading German so slowly,
+I have read only to page 88 of your book; but I must have the pleasure
+of telling you how very valuable a work it appears to me. Independently
+of the many original observations, which of course form the most
+important part, the work will be of the highest use as a means of
+reference to all that has been done on the subject. I am fairly
+astonished at the number of species of insects, the visits of which to
+different flowers you have recorded. You must have worked in the most
+indefatigable manner. About half a year ago the editor of 'Nature'
+suggested that it would be a grand undertaking if a number of
+naturalists were to do what you have already done on so large a scale
+with respect to the visits of insects. I have been particularly glad
+to read your historical sketch, for I had never before seen all the
+references put together. I have sometimes feared that I was in
+error when I said that C.K. Sprengel did not fully perceive that
+cross-fertilisation was the final end of the structure of flowers;
+but now this fear is relieved, and it is a great satisfaction to me to
+believe that I have aided in making his excellent book more generally
+known. Nothing has surprised me more than to see in your historical
+sketch how much I myself have done on the subject, as it never before
+occurred to me to think of all my papers as a whole. But I do not doubt
+that your generous appreciation of the labours of others has led you to
+over-estimate what I have done. With very sincere thanks and respect,
+believe me,
+
+Yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--I have mentioned your book to almost every one who, as far as I
+know, cares for the subject in England; and I have ordered a copy to be
+send to our Royal Society.
+
+
+[The next letter, to Dr. Behrens, refers to the same subject as the
+last:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. BEHRENS. Down, August 29 [1878].
+
+Dear Sir,
+
+I am very much obliged to you for having sent me your 'Geschichte der
+Bestaubungs-Theorie' (Progr. der K. Gewerbschule zu Elberfeld, 1877,
+1878.), and which has interested me much. It has put some things in a
+new light, and has told me other things which I did not know. I heartily
+agree with you in your high appreciation of poor old C. Sprengel's work;
+and one regrets bitterly that he did not live to see his labours thus
+valued. It rejoices me also to notice how highly you appreciate H.
+Muller, who has always seemed to me an admirable observer and reasoner.
+I am at present endeavouring to persuade an English publisher to bring
+out a translation of his 'Befruchtung.'
+
+Lastly, permit me to thank you for your very generous remarks on
+my works. By placing what I have been able to do on this subject in
+systematic order, you have made me think more highly of my own work than
+I ever did before! Nevertheless, I fear that you have done me more than
+justice.
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours faithfully and obliged, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The letter which follows was called forth by Dr. Gray's article in
+'Nature,' to which reference has already been made, and which appeared
+June 4, 1874:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I was rejoiced to see your hand-writing again in your note of the 4th,
+of which more anon. I was astonished to see announced about a week ago
+that you were going to write in 'Nature' an article on me, and this
+morning I received an advance copy. It is the grandest thing ever
+written about me, especially as coming from a man like yourself. It
+has deeply pleased me, particularly some of your side remarks. It is a
+wonderful thing to me to live to see my name coupled in any fashion with
+that of Robert Brown. But you are a bold man, for I am sure that you
+will be sneered at by not a few botanists. I have never been so honoured
+before, and I hope it will do me good and make me try to be as careful
+as possible; and good heavens, how difficult accuracy is! I feel a very
+proud man, but I hope this won't last...
+
+
+[Fritz Muller has observed that the flowers of Hedychium are so arranged
+that the pollen is removed by the wings of hovering butterflies. My
+father's prediction of this observation is given in the following
+letter:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO H. MULLER. Down, August 7, 1876.
+
+... I was much interested by your brother's article on Hedychium; about
+two years ago I was so convinced that the flowers were fertilized by the
+tips of the wings of large moths, that I wrote to India to ask a man to
+observe the flowers and catch the moths at work, and he sent me 20 to 30
+Sphin-moths, but so badly packed that they all arrived in fragments; and
+I could make out nothing...
+
+Yours sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following extract from a letter (February 25, 1864), to Dr. Gray
+refers to another prediction fulfilled:--
+
+"I have of course seen no one, and except good dear Hooker, I hear from
+no one. He, like a good and true friend, though so overworked, often
+writes to me.
+
+"I have had one letter which has interested me greatly, with a paper,
+which will appear in the Linnean Journal, by Dr. Cruger of Trinidad,
+which shows that I am all right about Catasetum, even to the spot where
+the pollinia adhere to the bees, which visit the flower, as I said, to
+gnaw the labellum. Cruger's account of Coryanthes and the use of the
+bucket-like labellum full of water beats everything: I SUSPECT that the
+bees being well wetted flattens their hairs, and allows the viscid disc
+to adhere."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO THE MARQUIS DE SAPORTA. Down, December 24, 1877.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I thank you sincerely for your long and most interesting letter, which I
+should have answered sooner had it not been delayed in London. I had not
+heard before that I was to be proposed as a Corresponding Member of the
+Institute. Living so retired a life as I do, such honours affect me very
+little, and I can say with entire truth that your kind expression of
+sympathy has given and will give me much more pleasure than the election
+itself, should I be elected.
+
+Your idea that dicotyledonous plants were not developed in force until
+sucking insects had been evolved seems to me a splendid one. I am
+surprised that the idea never occurred to me, but this is always
+the case when one first hears a new and simple explanation of some
+mysterious phenomenon... I formerly showed that we might fairly assume
+that the beauty of flowers, their sweet odour and copious nectar, may be
+attributed to the existence of flower-haunting insects, but your idea,
+which I hope you will publish, goes much further and is much more
+important. With respect to the great development of mammifers in the
+later Geological periods following from the development of dicotyledons,
+I think it ought to be proved that such animals as deer, cows, horses,
+etc. could not flourish if fed exclusively on the gramineae and other
+anemophilous monocotyledons; and I do not suppose that any evidence on
+this head exists.
+
+Your suggestion of studying the manner of fertilisation of the surviving
+members of the most ancient forms of the dicotyledons is a very good
+one, and I hope that you will keep it in mind yourself, for I have
+turned my attention to other subjects. Delpino I think says that
+Magnolia is fertilised by insects which gnaw the petals, and I should
+not be surprised if the same fact holds good with Nymphaea. Whenever I
+have looked at the flowers of these latter plants I have felt inclined
+to admit the view that petals are modified stamens, and not modified
+leaves; though Poinsettia seems to show that true leaves might be
+converted into coloured petals. I grieve to say that I have never
+been properly grounded in Botany and have studied only special
+points--therefore I cannot pretend to express any opinion on your
+remarks on the origin of the flowers of the Coniferae, Gnetaceae, etc.;
+but I have been delighted with what you say on the conversion of a
+monoecious species into a hermaphrodite one by the condensations of the
+verticils on a branch bearing female flowers near the summit, and male
+flowers below.
+
+I expect Hooker to come here before long, and I will then show him your
+drawing, and if he makes any important remarks I will communicate
+with you. He is very busy at present in clearing off arrears after his
+American Expedition, so that I do not like to trouble him, even with the
+briefest note. I am at present working with my son at some Physiological
+subjects, and we are arriving at very curious results, but they are not
+as yet sufficiently certain to be worth communicating to you...
+
+
+[In 1877 a second edition of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' was
+published, the first edition having been for some time out of print. The
+new edition was remodelled and almost re-written, and a large amount
+of new matter added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz
+Muller.
+
+With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book. After much doubt I
+have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that
+is to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the
+small quantity of work left in me for new matter."
+
+He may have felt a diminution of his powers of reviewing large bodies of
+facts, such as would be needed in the preparation of new editions, but
+his powers of observation were certainly not diminished. He wrote to Mr.
+Dyer on July 14, 1878:]
+
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+Thalia dealbata was sent me from Kew: it has flowered and after looking
+casually at the flowers, they have driven me almost mad, and I have
+worked at them for a week: it is as grand a case as that of Catasetum.
+
+Pistil vigorously motile (so that whole flower shakes when pistil
+suddenly coils up); when excited by a touch the two filaments [are]
+produced laterally and transversely across the flower (just over the
+nectar) from one of the petals or modified stamens. It is splendid to
+watch the phenomenon under a weak power when a bristle is inserted into
+a YOUNG flower which no insect has visited. As far as I know Stylidium
+is the sole case of sensitive pistil and here it is the pistil +
+stamens. In Thalia (Hildebrand has described an explosive arrangement
+in some of the Maranteae--the tribe to which Thalia belongs.)
+cross-fertilisation is ensured by the wonderful movement, if bees visit
+several flowers.
+
+I have now relieved my mind and will tell the purport of this note--viz.
+if any other species of Thalia besides T. dealbata should flower with
+you, for the love of heaven and all the saints, send me a few in TIN BOX
+WITH DAMP MOSS.
+
+Your insane friend, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In 1878 Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's interesting book, 'Flowers
+and their Unbidden Guests,' was published. My father, who felt much
+interest in the translation (as appears in the following letter),
+contributed some prefatory words of approval:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. OGLE. Down, December 16 [1878].
+
+... I have now read Kerner's book, which is better even than I
+anticipated. The translation seems to me as clear as daylight, and
+written in forcible and good familiar English. I am rather afraid that
+it is too good for the English public, which seems to like very washy
+food, unless it be administered by some one whose name is well-known,
+and then I suspect a good deal of the unintelligible is very pleasing
+to them. I hope to heaven that I may be wrong. Anyhow, you and Mrs.
+Ogle have done a right good service for Botanical Science. Yours very
+sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--You have done me much honour in your prefatory remarks.
+
+
+[One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to
+Mr. Bentham, February 16, 1880. It shows the amount of pleasure which
+this subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him)
+that his reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations
+which preceded its publication. Not to the applause which followed it:--
+
+"They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think
+with a glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in
+their method of fertilisation."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XI. -- THE 'EFFECTS OF CROSS- AND SELF-FERTILISATION
+
+IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.'
+
+1876.
+
+[This book, as pointed out in the 'Autobiography,' is a complement to
+the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' because it shows how important are
+the results of cross-fertilisation which are ensured by the mechanisms
+described in that book.
+
+By proving that the offspring of cross-fertilisation are more
+vigorous than the offspring of self-fertilisation, he showed that one
+circumstance which influences the fate of young plants in the
+struggle for life is the degree to which their parents are fitted for
+cross-fertilisation. He thus convinced himself that the intensity of the
+struggle (which he had elsewhere shown to exist among young plants) is
+a measure of the strength of a selective agency perpetually sifting
+out every modification in the structure of flowers which can effect its
+capabilities for cros-fertilisation.
+
+The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality. The increased vigour
+resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to
+the advantage gained by change of conditions. So strongly is this the
+case, that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to
+the offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+conditions. So that the really important thing is not that two
+individuals of different BLOOD shall unite, but two individuals which
+have been subjected to different conditions. We are thus led to believe
+that sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not
+follow if reproductions were entirely asexual.
+
+It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of
+experimental work, owed its origin to a chance observation. My father
+had raised two beds of Linaria vulgaris--one set being the offspring of
+cross- and the other of self-fertilisation. These plants were grown for
+the sake of some observations on inheritance, and not with any view to
+cross-breeding, and he was astonished to observe that the offspring of
+self-fertilisation were clearly less vigorous than the others. It seemed
+incredible to him that this result could be due to a single act of
+self-fertilisation, and it was only in the following year when precisely
+the same result occurred in the case of a similar experiment on
+inheritance in Carnations, that his attention was "thoroughly aroused"
+and that he determined to make a series of experiments specially
+directed to the question. The following letters give some account of the
+work in question.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. September 10, [1866?].
+
+... I have just begun a large course of experiments on the germination
+of the seed, and on the growth of the young plants when raised from a
+pistil fertilised by pollen from the same flower, and from pollen from
+a distinct plant of the same, or of some other variety. I have not
+made sufficient experiments to judge certainly, but in some cases the
+difference in the growth of the young plants is highly remarkable. I
+have taken every kind of precaution in getting seed from the same
+plant, in germinating the seed on my own chimney-piece, in planting the
+seedlings in the same flower-pot, and under this similar treatment I
+have seen the young seedlings from the crossed seed exactly twice as
+tall as the seedlings from the sel-fertilised seed; both seeds having
+germinated on the same day. If I can establish this fact (but perhaps it
+will all go to the dogs), in some fifty cases, with plants of different
+orders, I think it will be very important, for then we shall positively
+know why the structure of every flower permits, or favours, or
+necessitates an occasional cross with a distinct individual. But all
+this is rather cooking my hare before I have caught it. But somehow it
+is a great pleasure to me to tell you what I am about. Believe me, my
+dear Gray,
+
+Ever yours most truly, and with cordial thanks, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO G. BENTHAM. April 22, 1868.
+
+... I am experimenting on a very large scale on the difference in power
+of growth between plants raised from self-fertilised and crossed seeds;
+and it is no exaggeration to say that the difference in growth and
+vigour is sometimes truly wonderful. Lyell, Huxley and Hooker have seen
+some of my plants, and been astonished; and I should much like to show
+them to you. I always supposed until lately that no evil effects would
+be visible until after several generations of self-fertilisation; but
+now I see that one generation sometimes suffices; and the existence of
+dimorphic plants and all the wonderful contrivances of orchids are quite
+intelligible to me.
+
+With cordial thanks for your letter, which has pleased me greatly,
+
+Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[An extract from a letter to Dr. Gray (March 11, 1873) mentions the
+progress of the work:--
+
+"I worked last summer hard at Drosera, but could not finish till I
+got fresh plants, and consequently took up the effects of crossing and
+sel-fertilising plants, and am got so interested that Drosera must go to
+the dogs till I finish with this, and get it published; but then I will
+resume my beloved Drosera, and I heartily apologise for having sent the
+precious little things even for a moment to the dogs."
+
+The following letters give the author's impression of his own book.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. MURRAY. Down, September 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have just received proofs in sheet of five sheets, so you will have
+to decide soon how many copies will have to be struck off. I do not know
+what to advise. The greater part of the book is extremely dry, and the
+whole on a special subject. Nevertheless, I am convinced that the book
+is of value, and I am convinced that for MANY years copies will be
+occasionally sold. Judging from the sale of my former books, and from
+supposing that some persons will purchase it to complete the set of
+my works, I would suggest 1500. But you must be guided by your larger
+experience. I will only repeat that I am convinced the book is of some
+permanent value...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO VICTOR CARUS. Down, September 27, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I sent by this morning's post the four first perfect sheets of my new
+book, the title of which you will see on the first page, and which will
+be published early in November.
+
+I am sorry to say that it is only shorter by a few pages than my
+'Insectivorous Plants.' The whole is now in type, though I have
+corrected finally only half the volume. You will, therefore, rapidly
+receive the remainder. The book is very dull. Chapters II. to VI.,
+inclusive, are simply a record of experiments. Nevertheless, I believe
+(though a man can never judge his own books) that the book is valuable.
+You will have to decide whether it is worth translating. I hope so. It
+has cost me very great labour, and the results seem to me remarkable and
+well established.
+
+If you translate it, you could easily get aid for Chapters II. to VI.,
+as there is here endless, but I have thought necessary repetition. I
+shall be anxious to hear what you decide...
+
+I most sincerely hope that your health has been fairly good this summer.
+
+My dear Sir, yours very truly, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, October 28, 1876.
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+I send by this post all the clean sheets as yet printed, and I hope to
+send the remainder within a fortnight. Please observe that the first six
+chapters are not readable, and the six last very dull. Still I believe
+that the results are valuable. If you review the book, I shall be very
+curious to see what you think of it, for I care more for your judgment
+than for that of almost any one else. I know also that you will speak
+the truth, whether you approve or disapprove. Very few will take the
+trouble to read the book, and I do not expect you to read the whole, but
+I hope you will read the latter chapters.
+
+... I am so sick of correcting the press and licking my horrid bad style
+into intelligible English.
+
+
+[The 'Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation' was published on November
+10, 1876, and 1500 copies were sold before the end of the year. The
+following letter refers to a review in 'Nature' (February 15, 1877.):]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, February 16, 1877.
+
+Dear Dyer,
+
+I must tell you how greatly I am pleased and honoured by your article in
+'Nature,' which I have just read. You are an adept in saying what
+will please an author, not that I suppose you wrote with this express
+intention. I should be very well contented to deserve a fraction of your
+praise. I have also been much interested, and this is better than mere
+pleasure, by your argument about the separation of the sexes. I dare
+say that I am wrong, and will hereafter consider what you say more
+carefully: but at present I cannot drive out of my head that the sexes
+must have originated from two individuals, slightly different, which
+conjugated. But I am aware that some cases of conjugation are opposed to
+any such views.
+
+With hearty thanks, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XII. -- 'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES.'
+
+1877.
+
+[The volume bearing the above title was published in 1877, and was
+dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+respect and affection." It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+with the addition of a quantity of new matter. The subjects treated in
+the book are:--
+
+1. Heterostyled Plants.
+
+2. Polygamous, Dioecious, and Gynodioecious Plants.
+
+3. Cleistogamic Flowers.
+
+The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose,
+one of the best known examples of the class. If a number of primroses be
+gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen
+to the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers
+with short styles. Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes
+differing structurally from each other. My father showed that they also
+differ sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes
+more nearly resembles that between separate sexes than any other known
+relationship. Thus for example a long-styled primrose, though it can
+be fertilised by its own pollen, is not FULLY fertile unless it is
+impregnated by the pollen of a short-styled flower. Heterostyled plants
+are comparable to hermaphrodite animals, such as snails, which require
+the concourse of two individuals, although each possesses both the
+sexual elements. The difference is that in the case of the primrose
+it is PERFECT FERTILITY, and not simply FERTILITY, that depends on the
+mutual action of the two sets of individuals.
+
+The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the
+author attached much importance, on the problem of origin of species.
+(See 'Autobiography,' volume i.)
+
+He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between
+hybridisation and certain forms of fertilisation among heterostyled
+plants. So that it is hardly an exaggeration to say that the
+"illegitimately" reared seedlings are hybrids, although both their
+parents belong to identically the same species. In a letter to Professor
+Huxley, my father writes as if his researches on heterostyled plants
+tended to make him believe that sterility is a selected or acquired
+quality. But in his later publications, e.g. in the sixth edition of
+the 'Origin,' he adheres to the belief that sterility is an incidental
+rather than a selected quality. The result of his work on heterostyled
+plants is of importance as showing that sterility is no test of specific
+distinctness, and that it depends on differentiation of the sexual
+elements which is independent of any racial difference. I imagine that
+it was his instinctive love of making out a difficulty which to a great
+extent kept him at work so patiently on the heterostyled plants. But it
+was the fact that general conclusions of the above character could
+be drawn from his results which made him think his results worthy of
+publication. (See 'Forms of Flowers,' page 243.)
+
+The papers which on this subject preceded and contributed to 'Forms of
+Flowers' were the following:--
+
+"On the two Forms or Dimorphic Condition in the Species of Primula, and
+on their remarkable Sexual Relations." Linn. Soc. Journal, 1862.)
+
+"On the Existence of Two Forms, and on their Reciprocal Sexual
+Relations, in several Species of the Genus Linum." Linn. Soc. Journal,
+1863.
+
+"On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria," Ibid.
+1864.
+
+"On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants." Ibid. 1869.
+
+"On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var.
+Officinalis, Linn.), P. vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and
+P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip.
+With Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus
+Verbascum." Ibid. 1869.
+
+
+The following letter shows that he began the work on heterostyled plants
+with an erroneous view as to the meaning of the facts.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 7 [1860].
+
+... I have this morning been looking at my experimental cowslips, and I
+find some plants have all flowers with long stamens and short pistils,
+which I will call "male plants," others with short stamens and long
+pistils, which I will call "female plants." This I have somewhere seen
+noticed, I think by Henslow; but I find (after looking at my two sets
+of plants) that the stigmas of the male and female are of slightly
+different shape, and certainly different degree of roughness, and what
+has astonished me, the pollen of the so-called female plant, though very
+abundant, is more transparent, and each granule is exactly only 2/3
+of the size of the pollen of the so-called male plant. Has this been
+observed? I cannot help suspecting [that] the cowslip is in fact
+dioecious, but it may turn out all a blunder, but anyhow I will mark
+with sticks the so-called male and female plants and watch their
+seeding. It would be a fine case of gradation between an hermaphrodite
+and unisexual condition. Likewise a sort of case of balancement of
+long and short pistils and stamens. Likewise perhaps throws light on
+oxlips...
+
+I have now examined primroses and find exactly the same difference
+in the size of the pollen, correlated with the same difference in the
+length of the style and roughness of the stigmas.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. June 8 [1860].
+
+... I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+interested and perplexed me much. I find with primroses and cowslips,
+that about an equal number of plants are thus characterised.
+
+SO-CALLED (by me) MALE plant. Pistil much shorter than stamens; stigma
+rather smooth,--POLLEN GRAINS LARGE, throat of corolla short.
+
+SO-CALLED FEMALE plant. Pistil much longer than stamens, stigma rougher,
+POLLEN-GRAINS SMALLER,--throat of corolla long.
+
+I have marked a lot of plants, and expected to find the so-called male
+plant barren; but judging from the feel of the capsules, this is not the
+case, and I am very much surprised at the difference in the size of the
+pollen... If it should prove that the so-called male plants produce less
+seed than the so-called females, what a beautiful case of gradation from
+hermaphrodite to unisexual condition it will be! If they produce about
+equal number of seed, how perplexing it will be.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, December 17 [1860?].
+
+... I have just been ordering a photograph of myself for a friend; and
+have ordered one for you, and for heaven's sake oblige me, and burn that
+now hanging up in your room.--It makes me look atrociously wicked.
+
+... In the spring I must get you to look for long pistils and short
+pistils in the rarer species of Primula and in some allied Genera. It
+holds with P. Sinensis. You remember all the fuss I made on this subject
+last spring; well, the other day at last I had time to weigh the seeds,
+and by Jove the plants of primroses and cowslip with short pistils and
+large grained pollen (Thus the plants which he imagined to be tending
+towards a male condition were more productive than the supposed
+females.) are rather more fertile than those with long pistils, and
+small-grained pollen. I find that they require the action of insects to
+set them, and I never will believe that these differences are without
+some meaning.
+
+Some of my experiments lead me to suspect that the large-grained pollen
+suits the long pistils and the small-grained pollen suits the short
+pistils; but I am determined to see if I cannot make out the mystery
+next spring.
+
+How does your book on plants brew in your mind? Have you begun it?...
+
+Remember me most kindly to Oliver. He must be astonished at not having a
+string of questions, I fear he will get out of practice!
+
+
+[The Primula-work was finished in the autumn of 1861, and on November
+8th he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"I have sent my paper on dimorphism in Primula to the Linn. Soc. I
+shall go up and read it whenever it comes on; I hope you may be able to
+attend, for I do not suppose many will care a penny for the subject."
+
+With regard to the reading of the paper (on November 21st), he wrote to
+the same friend:--
+
+"I by no means thought that I produced a "tremendous effect" in the
+Linn. Soc., but by Jove the Linn. Soc. produced a tremendous effect on
+me, for I could not get out of bed till late next evening, so that I
+just crawled home. I fear I must give up trying to read any paper or
+speak; it is a horrid bore, I can do nothing like other people."
+
+To Dr. Gray he wrote, (December 1861):--
+
+"You may rely on it, I will send you a copy of my Primula paper as soon
+as I can get one; but I believe it will not be printed till April 1st,
+and therefore after my Orchid Book. I care more for your and Hooker's
+opinion than for that of all the rest of the world, and for Lyell's
+on geological points. Bentham and Hooker thought well of my paper when
+read; but no one can judge of evidence by merely hearing a paper."
+
+The work on Primula was the means of bringing my father in contact
+with the late Mr. John Scott, then working as a gardener in the Botanic
+Gardens at Edinburgh,--an employment which he seems to have chosen in
+order to gratify his passion for natural history. He wrote one or two
+excellent botanical papers, and ultimately obtained a post in India.
+(While in India he made some admirable observations on expression for my
+father.) He died in 1880.
+
+A few phrases may be quoted from letters to Sir J.D. Hooker, showing my
+father's estimate of Scott:--
+
+"If you know, do please tell me who is John Scott of the Botanical
+Gardens of Edinburgh; I have been corresponding largely with him; he is
+no common man."
+
+"If he had leisure he would make a wonderful observer; to my judgment I
+have come across no one like him."
+
+"He has interested me strangely, and I have formed a very high opinion
+of his intellect. I hope he will accept pecuniary assistance from me;
+but he has hitherto refused." (He ultimately succeeded in being allowed
+to pay for Mr. Scott's passage to India.)
+
+"I know nothing of him excepting from his letters; these show remarkable
+talent, astonishing perseverance, much modesty, and what I admire,
+determined difference from me on many points."
+
+So highly did he estimate Scott's abilities that he formed a plan (which
+however never went beyond an early stage of discussion) of employing him
+to work out certain problems connected with intercrossing.
+
+The following letter refers to my father's investigations on Lythrum (He
+was led to this, his first case of trimorphism by Lecoq's 'Geographie
+Botanique,' and this must have consoled him for the trick this work
+played him in turning out to be so much larger than he expected. He
+wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "Here is a good joke: I saw an extract from
+Lecoq, 'Geograph. Bot.,' and ordered it and hoped that it was a good
+sized pamphlet, and nine thick volumes have arrived!"), a plant which
+reveals even a more wonderful condition of sexual complexity than that
+of Primula. For in Lythrum there are not merely two, but three castes,
+differing structurally and physiologically from each other:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 9 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+It is late at night, and I am going to write briefly, and of course to
+beg a favour.
+
+The Mitchella very good, but pollen apparently equal-sized. I have just
+examined Hottonia, grand difference in pollen. Echium vulgare, a humbug,
+merely a case like Thymus. But I am almost stark staring mad over
+Lythrum (On another occasion he wrote (to Dr. Gray) with regard to
+Lythrum: "I must hold hard, otherwise I shall spend my life over
+dimorphism."); if I can prove what I fully believe, it is a grand case
+of TRIMORPHISM, with three different pollens and three stigmas; I have
+castrated and fertilised above ninety flowers, trying all the eighteen
+distinct crosses which are possible within the limits of this one
+species! I cannot explain, but I feel sure you would think it a grand
+case. I have been writing to Botanists to see if I can possibly get L.
+hyssopifolia, and it has just flashed on me that you might have Lythrum
+in North America, and I have looked to your Manual. For the love of
+heaven have a look at some of your species, and if you can get me seed,
+do; I want much to try species with few stamens, if they are dimorphic;
+Nesaea verticillata I should expect to be trimorphic. Seed! Seed! Seed!
+I should rather like seed of Mitchella. But oh, Lythrum!
+
+Your utterly mad friend, C. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--There is reason in my madness, for I can see that to those who
+already believe in change of species, these facts will modify to a
+certain extent the whole view of Hybridity. (A letter to Dr. Gray (July,
+1862) bears on this point: "A few days ago I made an observation which
+has surprised me more than it ought to do--it will have to be repeated
+several times, but I have scarcely a doubt of its accuracy. I stated
+in my Primula paper that the long-styled form of Linum grandiflorum
+was utterly sterile with its own pollen; I have lately been putting the
+pollen of the two forms on the stigma of the SAME flower; and it strikes
+me as truly wonderful, that the stigma distinguishes the pollen; and is
+penetrated by the tubes of the one and not by those of the other; nor
+are the tubes exserted. Or (which is the same thing) the stigma of the
+one form acts on and is acted on by pollen, which produces not the
+least effect on the stigma of the other form. Taking sexual power as the
+criterion of difference, the two forms of this one species may be said
+to be generically distinct.")
+
+
+[On the same subject he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in August 1862:--
+
+"Is Oliver at Kew? When I am established at Bournemouth I am completely
+mad to examine any fresh flowers of any Lythraceous plant, and I would
+write and ask him if any are in bloom."
+
+Again he wrote to the same friend in October:--
+
+"If you ask Oliver, I think he will tell you I have got a real odd case
+in Lythrum, it interests me extremely, and seems to me the strangest
+case of propagation recorded amongst plants or animals, viz. a necessary
+triple alliance between three hermaphrodites. I feel sure I can now
+prove the truth of the case from a multitude of crosses made this
+summer."
+
+In an article, 'Dimorphism in the Genitalia of Plants' ('Silliman's
+Journal,' 1862, volume xxxiv. page 419), Dr. Gray pointed out that the
+structural difference between the two forms of Primula had already been
+defined in the 'Flora of North America,' as DIOECIO-DIMORPHISM. The
+use of this term called forth the following remarks from my father. The
+letter also alludes to a review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the
+same volume of 'Silliman's Journal.']
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, November 26 [1862].
+
+My dear Gray,
+
+The very day after my last letter, yours of November 10th, and the
+review in 'Silliman,' which I feared might have been lost, reached me.
+We were all very much interested by the political part of your letter;
+and in some odd way one never feels that information and opinions
+painted in a newspaper come from a living source; they seem dead,
+whereas all that you write is full of life. The reviews interested me
+profoundly; you rashly ask for my opinion, and you must consequently
+endure a long letter. First for Dimorphism; I do not AT PRESENT like the
+term "Dioecio-dimorphism;" for I think it gives quite a false notion,
+that the phenomena are connected with a separation of the sexes.
+Certainly in Primula there is unequal fertility in the two forms, and I
+suspect this is the case with Linum; and, therefore I felt bound in
+the Primula paper to state that it might be a step towards a dioecious
+condition; though I believe there are no dioecious forms in Primulaceae
+or Linaceae. But the three forms in Lythrum convince me that the
+phenomenon is in no way necessarily connected with any tendency to
+separation of sexes. The case seems to me in result or function to be
+almost identical with what old C.K. Sprengel called "dichogamy," and
+which is so frequent in truly hermaphrodite groups; namely, the pollen
+and stigma of each flower being mature at different periods. If I am
+right, it is very advisable not to use the term "dioecious," as this at
+once brings notions of separation of sexes.
+
+... I was much perplexed by Oliver's remarks in the 'Natural History
+Review' on the Primula case, on the lower plants having sexes more often
+separated than in the higher plants,--so exactly the reverse of what
+takes place in animals. Hooker in his review of the 'Orchids' repeats
+this remark. There seems to be much truth in what you say ("Forms which
+are low in the scale as respects morphological completeness may be
+high in the scale of rank founded on specialisation of structure and
+function."--Dr. Gray, in 'Silliman's Journal.'), and it did not occur to
+me, about no improbability of specialisation in CERTAIN lines in lowly
+organised beings. I could hardly doubt that the hermaphrodite state is
+the aboriginal one. But how is it in the conjugation of Confervae--is
+not one of the two individuals here in fact male, and the other female?
+I have been much puzzled by this contrast in sexual arrangements
+between plants and animals. Can there be anything in the following
+consideration: By ROUGHEST calculation about one-third of the British
+GENERA of aquatic plants belong to the Linnean classes of Mono and
+Dioecia; whilst of terrestrial plants (the aquatic genera being
+subtracted) only one-thirteenth of the genera belong to these two
+classes. Is there any truth in this fact generally? Can aquatic plants,
+being confined to a small area or small community of individuals,
+require more free crossing, and therefore have separate sexes? But to
+return to our point, does not Alph. de Candolle say that aquatic plants
+taken as a whole are lowly organised, compared with terrestrial; and may
+not Oliver's remark on the separation of the sexes in lowly organised
+plants stand in some relation to their being frequently aquatic? Or is
+this all rubbish?
+
+... What a magnificent compliment you end your review with! You and
+Hooker seem determined to turn my head with conceit and vanity (if not
+already turned) and make me an unbearable wretch.
+
+With most cordial thanks, my good and kind friend, Farewell, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following passage from a letter (July 28, 1863), to Prof.
+Hildebrand, contains a reference to the reception of the dimorphic work
+in France:--
+
+"I am extremely much pleased to hear that you have been looking at the
+manner of fertilisation of your native Orchids, and still more pleased
+to hear that you have been experimenting on Linum. I much hope that you
+may publish the result of these experiments; because I was told that the
+most eminent French botanists of Paris said that my paper on Primula was
+the work of imagination, and that the case was so improbable they did
+not believe in my results."]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. April 19 [1864].
+
+... I received a little time ago a paper with a good account of your
+Herbarium and Library, and a long time previously your excellent review
+of Scott's 'Primulaceae,' and I forwarded it to him in India, as it
+would much please him. I was very glad to see in it a new case of
+Dimorphism (I forget just now the name of the plant); I shall be
+grateful to hear of any other cases, as I still feel an interest in
+the subject. I should be very glad to get some seed of your dimorphic
+Plantagos; for I cannot banish the suspicion that they must belong to a
+very different class like that of the common Thyme. (In this prediction
+he was right. See 'Forms of Flowers,' page 307.) How could the
+wind, which is the agent of fertilisation, with Plantago, fertilise
+"reciprocally dimorphic" flowers like Primula? Theory says this cannot
+be, and in such cases of one's own theories I follow Agassiz and
+declare, "that nature never lies." I should even be very glad to examine
+the two dried forms of Plantago. Indeed, any dried dimorphic plants
+would be gratefully received...
+
+Did my Lythrum paper interest you? I crawl on at the rate of two hours
+per diem, with 'Variation under Domestication.'
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, November 26 [1864].
+
+... You do not know how pleased I am that you have read my Lythrum paper;
+I thought you would not have time, and I have for long years looked at
+you as my Public, and care more for your opinion than that of all the
+rest of the world. I have done nothing which has interested me so much
+as Lythrum, since making out the complemental males of Cirripedes.
+I fear that I have dragged in too much miscellaneous matter into the
+paper.
+
+... I get letters occasionally, which show me that Natural Selection is
+making GREAT progress in Germany, and some amongst the young in France.
+I have just received a pamphlet from Germany, with the complimentary
+title of "Darwinische Arten-Enstehung-Humbug"!
+
+Farewell, my best of old friends, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. September 10, [1867?].
+
+... The only point which I have made out this summer, which could
+possibly interest you, is that the common Oxlip found everywhere, more
+or less commonly in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose
+and cowslip; whilst the P. elatior (Jacq.), found only in the
+Eastern Counties, is a perfectly distinct and good species; hardly
+distinguishable from the common oxlip, except by the length of the
+seed-capsule relatively to the calyx. This seems to me rather a horrid
+fact for all systematic botanists...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. HILDEBRAND. Down, November 16, 1868.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I wrote my last note in such a hurry from London, that I quite forgot
+what I chiefly wished to say, namely to thank you for your excellent
+notices in the 'Bot. Zeitung' of my paper on the offspring of dimorphic
+plants. The subject is so obscure that I did not expect that any one
+would have noticed my paper, and I am accordingly very much pleased
+that you should have brought the subject before the many excellent
+naturalists of Germany.
+
+Of all the German authors (but they are not many) whose works I have
+read, you write by far the clearest style, but whether this is a
+compliment to a German writer I do not know.
+
+
+[The two following letters refer to the small bud-like "Cleistogamic"
+flowers found in the violet and many other plants. They do not open and
+are necessarily self-fertilised:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, May 30 [1862].
+
+... What will become of my book on Variation? I am involved in a
+multiplicity of experiments. I have been amusing myself by looking at
+the small flowers of Viola. If Oliver (Shortly afterwards he wrote:
+"Oliver, the omniscient, has sent me a paper in the 'Bot. Zeitung,' with
+most accurate description of all that I saw in Viola.") has had time to
+study them, he will have seen the curious case (as it seems to me) which
+I have just made clearly out, viz. that in these flowers, the FEW pollen
+grains are never shed, or never leave the anther-cells, but emit long
+pollen tubes, which penetrate the stigma. To-day I got the anther with
+the included pollen grain (now empty) at one end, and a bundle of tubes
+penetrating the stigmatic tissue at the other end; I got the whole under
+a microscope without breaking the tubes; I wonder whether the stigma
+pours some fluid into the anther so as to excite the included grains. It
+is a rather odd case of correlation, that in the double sweet violet
+the small flowers are double; i.e., have a multitude of minute scales
+representing the petals. What queer little flowers they are.
+
+Have you had time to read poor dear Henslow's life? it has interested me
+for the man's sake, and, what I did not think possible, has even exalted
+his character in my estimation...
+
+
+[The following is an extract from the letter given in part above, and
+refers to Dr. Gray's article on the sexual differences of plants:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. NOVEMBER 26 [1862].
+
+... You will think that I am in the most unpleasant, contradictory,
+fractious humour, when I tell you that I do not like your term of
+"precocious fertilisation" for your second class of dimorphism [i.e. for
+cleistogamic fertilisation]. If I can trust my memory, the state of
+the corolla, of the stigma, and the pollen-grains is different from the
+state of the parts in the bud; that they are in a condition of special
+modification. But upon my life I am ashamed of myself to differ so much
+from my betters on this head. The TEMPORARY theory (This view is now
+generally accepted.) which I have formed on this class of dimorphism,
+just to guide experiment, is that the PERFECT flowers can only be
+perfectly fertilised by insects, and are in this case abundantly
+crossed; but that the flowers are not always, especially in early
+spring, visited enough by insects, and therefore the little imperfect
+self-fertilising flowers are developed to ensure a sufficiency of seed
+for present generations. Viola canina is sterile, when not visited by
+insects, but when so visited forms plenty of seed. I infer from the
+structure of three or four forms of Balsamineae, that these require
+insects; at least there is almost as plain adaptation to insects as in
+the Orchids. I have Oxalis acetosella ready in pots for experiment
+next spring; and I fear this will upset my little theory... Campanula
+carpathica, as I found this summer, is absolutely sterile if insects are
+excluded. Specularia speculum is fairly fertile when enclosed; and this
+seemed to me to be partially effected by the frequent closing of the
+flower; the inward angular folds of the corolla corresponding with the
+clefts of the open stigma, and in this action pushing pollen from the
+outside of the stigma on to its surface. Now can you tell me, does S.
+perfoliata close its flower like S. speculum, with angular inward folds?
+if so, I am smashed without some fearful "wriggling." Are the IMPERFECT
+flowers of your Specularia the early or the later ones? very early or
+very late? It is rather pretty to see the importance of the closing of
+flowers of S. speculum.
+
+
+['Forms of Flowers' was published in July; in June, 1877, he wrote to
+Professor Carus with regard to the translation:--
+
+"My new book is not a long one, viz. 350 pages, chiefly of the larger
+type, with fifteen simple woodcuts. All the proofs are corrected except
+the Index, so that it will soon be published.
+
+"... I do not suppose that I shall publish any more books, though perhaps
+a few more papers. I cannot endure being idle, but heaven knows whether
+I am capable of any more good work."
+
+The review alluded to in the next letter is at page 445 of the volume of
+'Nature' for 1878:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, April 5, 1878.
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I have just read in 'Nature' the review of 'Forms of Flowers,' and I am
+sure that it is by you. I wish with all my heart that it deserved one
+quarter of the praises which you give it. Some of your remarks have
+interested me greatly... Hearty thanks for your generous and most kind
+sympathy, which does a man real good, when he is as dog-tired as I am at
+this minute with working all day, so good-bye.
+
+C. DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIII. -- CLIMBING AND INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+
+[My father mentions in his 'Autobiography' (volume i.) that he was led
+to take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper,
+"Note on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants." ('Proc. Amer. Acad. of
+Arts and Sciences,' 1858.) This essay seems to have been read in 1862,
+but I am only able to guess at the date of the letter in which he asks
+for a reference to it, so that the precise date of his beginning this
+work cannot be determined.
+
+In June 1863 he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker for
+information as to previous publications on the subject, being then in
+ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both of
+which were published in 1827.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down [June] 25 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I have been observing pretty carefully a little fact which has surprised
+me; and I want to know from you and Oliver whether it seems new or odd
+to you, so just tell me whenever you write; it is a very trifling fact,
+so do not answer on purpose.
+
+I have got a plant of Echinocystis lobata to observe the irritability
+of the tendrils described by Asa Gray, and which of course, is plain
+enough. Having the plant in my study, I have been surprised to find
+that the uppermost part of each branch (i.e. the stem between the two
+uppermost leaves excluding the growing tip) is CONSTANTLY and slowly
+twisting round making a circle in from one-half to two hours; it
+will sometimes go round two or three times, and then at the same rate
+untwists and twists in opposite directions. It generally rests half
+an hour before it retrogrades. The stem does not become permanently
+twisted. The stem beneath the twisting portion does not move in the
+least, though not tied. The movement goes on all day and all early
+night. It has no relation to light for the plant stands in my window
+and twists from the light just as quickly as towards it. This may be a
+common phenomenon for what I know, but it confounded me quite, when I
+began to observe the irritability of the tendrils. I do not say it is
+the final cause, but the result is pretty, for the plant every one and
+a half or two hours sweeps a circle (according to the length of the
+bending shoot and the length of the tendril) of from one foot to twenty
+inches in diameter, and immediately that the tendril touches any object
+its sensitiveness causes it immediately to seize it; a clever gardener,
+my neighbour, who saw the plant on my table last night, said: "I
+believe, Sir, the tendrils can see, for wherever I put a plant it finds
+out any stick near enough." I believe the above is the explanation, viz.
+that it sweeps slowly round and round. The tendrils have some sense, for
+they do not grasp each other when young.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, July 14 [1863].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+I am getting very much amused by my tendrils, it is just the sort of
+niggling work which suits me, and takes up no time and rather rests me
+whilst writing. So will you just think whether you know any plant, which
+you could give or lend me, or I could buy, with tendrils, remarkable in
+any way for development, for odd or peculiar structure, or even for an
+odd place in natural arrangement. I have seen or can see Cucurbitaceae,
+Passion-flower, Virginian-creeper, Cissus discolor, Common-pea
+and Everlasting-pea. It is really curious the diversification of
+irritability (I do not mean the spontaneous movement, about which I
+wrote before and correctly, as further observation shows): for instance,
+I find a slight pinch between the thumb and finger at the end of the
+tendril of the Cucurbitaceae causes prompt movement, but a pinch excites
+no movement in Cissus. The cause is that one side alone (the concave) is
+irritable in the former; whereas both sides are irritable in Cissus, so
+if you excite at the same time both OPPOSITE sides there is no movement,
+but by touching with a pencil the two branches of the tendril, in any
+part whatever, you cause movement towards that point; so that I can
+mould, by a mere touch, the two branches into any shape I like...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, August 4 [1863].
+
+My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils: their
+irritability is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as
+anything in Orchids. About the SPONTANEOUS movement (independent of
+touch) of the tendrils and upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by
+your saying, "is it not wel-known?" I can find nothing in any book which
+I have... The spontaneous movement of the tendrils is independent of the
+movement of the upper internodes, but both work harmoniously together
+in sweeping a circle for the tendrils to grasp a stick. So with all
+climbing plants (without tendrils) as yet examined, the upper internodes
+go on night and day sweeping a circle in one fixed direction. It is
+surprising to watch the Apocyneae with shoots 18 inches long (beyond the
+supporting stick), steadily searching for something to climb up. When
+the shoot meets a stick, the motion at that point is arrested, but in
+the upper part is continued; so that the climbing of all plants yet
+examined is the simple result of the spontaneous circulatory movement of
+the upper internodes. Pray tell me whether anything has been published
+on this subject? I hate publishing what is old; but I shall hardly
+regret my work if it is old, as it has much amused me...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. May 28, 1864.
+
+... An Irish nobleman on his death-bed declared that he could
+conscientiously say that he had never throughout life denied himself any
+pleasure; and I can conscientiously say that I have never scrupled to
+trouble you; so here goes.--Have you travelled South, and can you tell
+me whether the trees, which Bignonia capreolata climbs, are covered with
+moss or filamentous lichen or Tillandsia? (He subsequently learned from
+Dr. Gray that Polypodium incanum abounds on the trees in the districts
+where this species of Bignonia grows. See 'Climbing Plants,' page 103.)
+I ask because its tendrils abhor a simple stick, do not much relish
+rough bark, but delight in wool or moss. They adhere in a curious manner
+by making little disks, like the Ampelopsis... By the way, I will enclose
+some specimens, and if you think it worth while, you can put them under
+the simple microscope. It is remarkable how specially adapted some
+tendrils are; those of Eccremocarpus scaber do not like a stick, will
+have nothing to say to wool; but give them a bundle of culms of grass,
+or a bundle of bristles and they seize them well.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, June 10 [1864].
+
+... I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has been
+written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a
+good deal of new matter. It is strange, but I really think no one has
+explained simple twining plants. These books have stirred me up, and
+made me wish for plants specified in them. I shall be very glad of those
+you mention. I have written to Veitch for young Nepenthes and Vanilla
+(which I believe will turn out a grand case, though a root creeper),
+if I cannot buy young Vanilla I will ask you. I have ordered a
+leaf-climbing fern, Lygodium. All this work about climbers would hurt
+my conscience, did I think I could do harder work. (He was much out of
+health at this time.)
+
+
+[He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the
+following spring. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker, apparently in March
+1864:--
+
+"For several days I have been decidedly better, and what I lay much
+stress on (whatever doctors say), my brain feels far stronger, and I
+have lost many dreadful sensations. The hot-house is such an amusement
+to me, and my amusement I owe to you, as my delight is to look at the
+many odd leaves and plants from Kew... The only approach to work which
+I can do is to look at tendrils and climbers, this does not distress my
+weakened brain. Ask Oliver to look over the enclosed queries (and do you
+look) and amuse a broken-down brother naturalist by answering any which
+he can. If you ever lounge through your houses, remember me and climbing
+plants."
+
+On October 29, 1864, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have not been able to resist doing a little more at your godchild, my
+climbing paper, or rather in size little book, which by Jove I will have
+copied out, else I shall never stop. This has been new sort of work
+for me, and I have been pleased to find what a capital guide for
+observations a full conviction of the change of species is."
+
+On January 19, 1865, he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"It is working hours, but I am trying to take a day's holiday, for I
+finished and despatched yesterday my climbing paper. For the last ten
+days I have done nothing but correct refractory sentences, and I loathe
+the whole subject."
+
+A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject:--
+
+"I have begun correcting proofs of my paper on 'Climbing Plants.' I
+suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks. I
+think it contains a good deal new and some curious points, but it is so
+fearfully long, that no one will ever read it. If, however, you do not
+SKIM through it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your child."
+
+Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+satisfaction, as the following extracts show:--
+
+"I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th. Now that I can
+do nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my
+climbing paper gives me VERY great satisfaction. I made my observations
+when I could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but always doubted
+whether they were worth publishing. I demur to its not being necessary
+to explain in detail about the spires in CAUGHT tendrils running in
+opposite directions; for the fact for a long time confounded me, and
+I have found it difficult enough to explain the cause to two or three
+persons." (August 15, 1865.)
+
+"I received yesterday your article (In the September number of
+'Silliman's Journal,' concluded in the January number, 1866.) on
+climbers, and it has pleased me in an extraordinary and even silly
+manner. You pay me a superb compliment, and as I have just said to my
+wife, I think my friends must perceive that I like praise, they give me
+such hearty doses. I always admire your skill in reviews or abstracts,
+and you have done this article excellently and given the whole essence
+of my paper... I have had a letter from a good Zoologist in S. Brazil,
+F. Muller, who has been stirred up to observe climbers and gives me some
+curious cases of BRANCH-climbers, in which branches are converted
+into tendrils, and then continue to grow and throw out leaves and new
+branches, and then lose their tendril character." (October 1865.)
+
+The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate
+book. The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to
+the style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written
+during a period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require
+a great deal of alteration. He wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (March 3,
+1875): "It is lucky for authors in general that they do not require such
+dreadful work in merely licking what they write into shape." And to Mr.
+Murray in September he wrote: "The corrections are heavy in 'Climbing
+Plants,' and yet I deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three
+times." The book was published in September 1875, an edition of 1500
+copies was struck off; the edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional
+copies were printed in June of the following year.]
+
+
+INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS.
+
+[In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest, whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to
+Sir Joseph Hooker;--
+
+"Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with
+a few observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera; and I must
+consult you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating to the
+Linnean Society."
+
+In August he wrote to the same friend:--
+
+"I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied by my copier:
+the subject amused me when I had nothing to do."
+
+He has described in the 'Autobiography' (volume i.), the general nature
+of these early experiments. He noticed insects sticking to the leaves,
+and finding that flies, etc., placed on the adhesive glands were held
+fast and embraced, he suspected that the leaves were adapted to supply
+nitrogenous food to the plant. He therefore tried the effect on the
+leaves of various nitrogenous fluids--with results which, as far as they
+went, verified his surmise. In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera: the movements
+are really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+nitrogenous compounds is marvellous. You will laugh; but it is, at
+present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect
+(and move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of
+nitrate of ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their
+chemical skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these
+salts! I began this work on Drosera in relation to GRADATION as throwing
+light on Dionaea."
+
+Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+where he continued his work on Drosera. The work was so new to him that
+he found himself in difficulties in the preparation of solutions, and
+became puzzled over fluid and solid ounces, etc. etc. To a friend, the
+late Mr. E. Cresy, who came to his help in the matter of weights and
+measures, he wrote giving an account of the experiments. The extract
+(November 2, 1860) which follows illustrates the almost superstitious
+precautions he often applied to his researches:--
+
+"Generally I have scrutinised every gland and hair on the leaf before
+experimenting; but it occurred to me that I might in some way affect the
+leaf; though this is almost impossible, as I scrutinised with equal care
+those that I put into distilled water (the same water being used for
+dissolving the carbonate of ammonia). I then cut off four leaves (not
+touching them with my fingers), and put them in plain water, and four
+other leaves into the weak solution, and after leaving them for an hour
+and a half, I examined every hair on all eight leaves; no change on the
+four in water; every gland and hair affected in those in ammonia.
+
+"I had measured the quantity of weak solution, and I counted the glands
+which had absorbed the ammonia, and were plainly affected; the result
+convinced me that each gland could not have absorbed more than 1/64000
+or 1/65000 of a grain. I have tried numbers of other experiments all
+pointing to the same result. Some experiments lead me to believe that
+very sensitive leaves are acted on by much smaller doses. Reflect
+how little ammonia a plant can get growing on poor soil--yet it is
+nourished. The really surprising part seems to me that the effect should
+be visible, and not under very high power; for after trying a high
+power, I thought it would be safer not to consider any effect which
+was not plainly visible under a two-thirds object glass and middle
+eye-piece. The effect which the carbonate of ammonia produces is the
+segregation of the homogeneous fluid in the cells into a cloud of
+granules and colourless fluid; and subsequently the granules coalesce
+into larger masses, and for hours have the oddest movements--coalescing,
+dividing, coalescing ad infinitum. I do not know whether you will care
+for these ill-written details; but, as you asked, I am sure I am bound
+to comply, after all the very kind and great trouble which you have
+taken."
+
+On his return home he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker (November 21, 1860):--
+
+"I have been working like a madman at Drosera. Here is a fact for you
+which is certain as you stand where you are, though you won't believe
+it, that a bit of hair 1/78000 of one grain in weight placed on gland,
+will cause ONE of the gland-bearing hairs of Drosera to curve inwards,
+and will alter the condition of the contents of every cell in the
+foot-stalk of the gland."
+
+And a few days later to Lyell:--
+
+"I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for,
+at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all
+the species in the world. But I will not publish on Drosera till next
+year, for I am frightened and astounded at my results. I declare it is
+a certain fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight
+seventy-eight times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which
+will move the best chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous
+movement. Is it not curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to
+the touch than any nerve in the human body? Yet I am perfectly sure that
+this is true. When I am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my
+friends how well my hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."
+
+The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he
+stayed during the autumn of 1862. The discussion in the following letter
+on "nervous matter" in Drosera is of interest in relation to recent
+researches on the continuity of protoplasm from cell to cell:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Cliff Cottage, Bournemouth. September 26
+[1862].
+
+My dear Hooker,
+
+Do not read this till you have leisure. If that blessed moment ever
+comes, I should be very glad to have your opinion on the subject of this
+letter. I am led to the opinion that Drosera must have diffused matter
+in organic connection, closely analogous to the nervous matter of
+animals. When the glands of one of the papillae or tentacles, in its
+natural position is supplied with nitrogenised fluid and certain other
+stimulants, or when loaded with an extremely slight weight, or when
+struck several times with a needle, the pedicel bends near its base in
+under one minute. These varied stimulants are conveyed down the pedicel
+by some means; it cannot be vibration, for drops of fluid put on quite
+quietly cause the movement; it cannot be absorption of the fluid from
+cell to cell, for I can see the rate of absorption, which though quick,
+is far slower, and in Dionaea the transmission is instantaneous;
+analogy from animals would point to transmission through nervous matter.
+Reflecting on the rapid power of absorption in the glands, the extreme
+sensibility of the whole organ, and the conspicuous movement caused by
+varied stimulants, I have tried a number of substances which are not
+caustic or corrosive,... but most of which are known to have a remarkable
+action on the nervous matter of animals. You will see the results in
+the enclosed paper. As the nervous matter of different animals are
+differently acted on by the same poisons, one would not expect the
+same action on plants and animals; only if plants have diffused nervous
+matter, some degree of analogous action. And this is partially the case.
+Considering these experiments, together with the previously made remarks
+on the functions of the parts, I cannot avoid the conclusion,
+that Drosera possesses matter at least in some degree analogous in
+constitution and function to nervous matter. Now do tell me what you
+think, as far as you can judge from my abstract; of course many more
+experiments would have to be tried; but in former years I tried on the
+whole leaf, instead of on separate glands, a number of innocuous (This
+line of investigation made him wish for information on the action
+of poisons on plants; as in many other cases he applied to Professor
+Oliver, and in reference to the result wrote to Hooker: "Pray thank
+Oliver heartily for his heap of references on poisons.") substances,
+such as sugar, gum, starch, etc., and they produced no effect. Your
+opinion will aid me in deciding some future year in going on with
+this subject. I should not have thought it worth attempting, but I had
+nothing on earth to do.
+
+My dear Hooker, Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--We return home on Monday 28th. Thank Heaven!
+
+
+[A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again. A passage
+in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however,
+that the question was not altogether absent from his mind in the
+interim:--
+
+"Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is
+a wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal. I will stick up
+for Drosera to the day of my death. Heaven knows whether I shall ever
+publish my pile of experiments on it."
+
+He notes in his diary that the last proof of the 'Expression of the
+Emotions' was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+Drosera on the following day.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. [Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].
+
+... I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and
+then broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks
+(where I now am) to get complete rest. I have very little power of
+working now, and must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next
+spring, as my plants are dying. It is an endless subject, and I must cut
+it short, and for this reason shall not do much on Dionaea. The point
+which has interested me most is tracing the NERVES! which follow the
+vascular bundles. By a prick with a sharp lancet at a certain point,
+I can paralyse one-half the leaf, so that a stimulus to the other half
+causes no movement. It is just like dividing the spinal marrow of a
+frog:--no stimulus can be sent from the brain or anterior part of the
+spine to the hind legs; but if these latter are stimulated, they move by
+reflex action. I find my old results about the astonishing sensitiveness
+of the nervous system (!?)of Drosera to various stimulants fully
+confirmed and extended...
+
+
+[His work on digestion in Drosera and other points in the physiology of
+the plant soon led him into regions where his knowledge was defective,
+and here the advice and assistance which he received from Dr. Burdon
+Sanderson was of much value:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J. BURDON SANDERSON. Down, July 25, 1873.
+
+My dear Dr. Sanderson,
+
+I should like to tell you a little about my recent work with Drosera, to
+show that I have profited by your suggestions, and to ask a question or
+two.
+
+1. It is really beautiful how quickly and well Drosera and Dionaea
+dissolve little cubes of albumen and gelatine. I kept the same sized
+cubes on wet moss for comparison. When you were here I forgot that I had
+tried gelatine, but albumen is far better for watching its dissolution
+and absorption. Frankland has told me how to test in a rough way for
+pepsin; and in the autumn he will discover what acid the digestive juice
+contains.
+
+2. A decoction of cabbage-leaves and green peas causes as much
+inflection as an infusion of raw meat; a decoction of grass is less
+powerful. Though I hear that the chemists try to precipitate all albumen
+from the extract of belladonna, I think they must fail, as the extract
+causes inflection, whereas a new lot of atropine, as well as the
+valerianate [of atropine], produce no effect.
+
+3. I have been trying a good many experiments with heated water... Should
+you not call the following case one of heat rigor? Two leaves were
+heated to 130 deg, and had every tentacle closely inflected; one was
+taken out and placed in cold water, and it re-expanded; the other was
+heated to 145 deg, and had not the least power of re-expansion. Is not
+this latter case heat rigor? If you can inform me, I should very much
+like to hear at what temperature cold-blooded and invertebrate animals
+are killed.
+
+4. I must tell you my final result, of which I am sure, [as to] the
+sensitiveness of Drosera. I made a solution of one part of phosphate of
+ammonia by weight to 218,750 of water; of this solution I gave so much
+that a leaf got 1/8000 of a grain of the phosphate. I then counted the
+glands, and each could have got only 1/1552000 of a grain; this being
+absorbed by the glands, sufficed to cause the tentacles bearing these
+glands to bend through an angle of 180 deg. Such sensitiveness requires
+hot weather, and carefully selected young yet mature leaves. It strikes
+me as a wonderful fact. I must add that I took every precaution, by
+trying numerous leaves at the same time in the solution and in the same
+water which was used for making the solution.
+
+5. If you can persuade your friend to try the effects of carbonate of
+ammonia on the aggregation of the white blood corpuscles, I should very
+much like to hear the result.
+
+I hope this letter will not have wearied you.
+
+Believe me, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, 24 [December 1873?].
+
+My dear Mr. Dyer,
+
+I fear that you will think me a great bore, but I cannot resist telling
+you that I have just found out that the leaves of Pinguicula possess
+a beautifully adapted power of movement. Last night I put on a row of
+little flies near one edge of two YOUNGISH leaves; and after 14 hours
+these edges are beautifully folded over so as to clasp the flies, thus
+bringing the glands into contact with the upper surfaces of the flies,
+and they are now secreting copiously above and below the flies and no
+doubt absorbing. The acid secretion has run down the channelled edge and
+has collected in the spoon-shaped extremity, where no doubt the glands
+are absorbing the delicious soup. The leaf on one side looks just like
+the helix of a human ear, if you were to stuff flies within the fold.
+Yours most sincerely,
+
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+... I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera & Co. ready for the
+printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+points to observe. I think you will be interested by my observations on
+the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+with, pepsin; for I have been making a long series of comparative
+trials. No human being will believe what I shall publish about the
+smallness of the doses of phosphate of ammonia which act.
+
+... I began reading the Madagascar squib (A description of a carnivorous
+plant supposed to subsist on human beings.) quite gravely, and when I
+found it stated that Felis and Bos inhabited Madagascar, I thought it
+was a false story, and did not perceive it was a hoax till I came to the
+woman...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F.C. DONDERS. (Professor Donders, the well-known
+physiologist of Utrecht.) Down, July 7, 1874.
+
+My dear Professor Donders,
+
+My son George writes to me that he has seen you, and that you have been
+very kind to him, for which I return to you my cordial thanks. He
+tells me on your authority, of a fact which interests me in the highest
+degree, and which I much wish to be allowed to quote. It relates to the
+action of one millionth of a grain of atropine on the eye. Now will you
+be so kind, whenever you can find a little leisure, to tell me whether
+you yourself have observed this fact, or believe it on good authority.
+I also wish to know what proportion by weight the atropine bore to the
+water solution, and how much of the solution was applied to the eye. The
+reason why I am so anxious on this head is that it gives some support
+to certain facts repeatedly observed by me with respect to the action of
+phosphate of ammonia on Drosera. The 1/4000000 of a grain absorbed by
+a gland clearly makes the tentacle which bears this gland become
+inflected; and I am fully convinced that 1/20000000 of a grain of the
+crystallised salt (i.e. containing about one-third of its weight of
+water of crystallisation) does the same. Now I am quite unhappy at the
+thought of having to publish such a statement. It will be of great value
+to me to be able to give any analogous facts in support. The case of
+Drosera is all the more interesting as the absorption of the salt or
+any other stimulant applied to the gland causes it to transmit a motor
+influence to the base of the tentacle which bears the gland.
+
+Pray forgive me for troubling you, and do not trouble yourself to answer
+this until your health is fully re-established.
+
+Pray believe me, Yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[During the summer of 1874 he was at work on the genus Utricularia,
+and he wrote (July 16th) to Sir J.D. Hooker giving some account of the
+progress of his work:--
+
+"I am rather glad you have not been able to send Utricularia, for the
+common species has driven F. and me almost mad. The structure is MOST
+complex. The bladders catch a multitude of Entomostraca, and larvae of
+insects. The mechanism for capture is excellent. But there is much that
+we cannot understand. From what I have seen to-day, I strongly suspect
+that it is necrophagous, i.e. that it cannot digest, but absorbs
+decaying matter."
+
+He was indebted to Lady Dorothy Nevill for specimens of the curious
+Utricularia montana, which is not aquatic like the European species,
+but grows among the moss and debris on the branches of trees. To this
+species the following letter refers:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO LADY DOROTHY NEVILL. Down September 18 [1874].
+
+Dear Lady Dorothy Nevill,
+
+I am so much obliged to you. I was so convinced that the bladders were
+with the leaves that I never thought of removing the moss, and this was
+very stupid of me. The great solid bladder-like swellings almost on the
+surface are wonderful objects, but are not the true bladders. These I
+found on the roots near the surface, and down to a depth of two inches
+in the sand. They are as transparent as glass, from 1/20 to 1/100 of
+an inch in size, and hollow. They have all the important points of
+structure of the bladders of the floating English species, and I felt
+confident I should find captured prey. And so I have to my delight in
+two bladders, with clear proof that they had absorbed food from the
+decaying mass. For Utricularia is a carrion-feeder, and not strictly
+carnivorous like Drosera.
+
+The great solid bladder-like bodies, I believe, are reservoirs of water
+like a camel's stomach. As soon as I have made a few more observations,
+I mean to be so cruel as to give your plant no water, and observe
+whether the great bladders shrink and contain air instead of water; I
+shall then also wash all earth from all roots, and see whether there are
+true bladders for capturing subterranean insects down to the very bottom
+of the pot. Now shall you think me very greedy, if I say that supposing
+the species is not very precious, and you have several, will you give
+me one more plant, and if so, please to send it to "Orpington Station,
+S.E.R., to be forwarded by foot messenger."
+
+I have hardly ever enjoyed a day more in my life than I have this day's
+work; and this I owe to your Ladyship's great kindness.
+
+The seeds are very curious monsters; I fancy of some plant allied to
+Medicago, but I will show them to Dr. Hooker.
+
+Your ladyship's very gratefully, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.D. HOOKER. Down, September 30, 1874.
+
+My dear H.,
+
+Your magnificent present of Aldrovanda has arrived quite safe. I have
+enjoyed greatly a good look at the shut leaves, one of which I cut open.
+It is an aquatic Dionaea, which has acquired some structures identical
+with those of Utricularia!
+
+If the leaves open and I can transfer them open under the microscope, I
+will try some experiments, for mortal man cannot resist the temptation.
+If I cannot transfer, I will do nothing, for otherwise it would require
+hundreds of leaves.
+
+You are a good man to give me such pleasure.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+[The manuscript of 'Insectivorous Plants' was finished in March 1875.
+He seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this
+book, thus he wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker in February:--
+
+"You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to
+commit suicide; I thought it was decently written, but find so much
+wants rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two
+months, and will then make a confoundedly big book. Murray will say that
+it is no use publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what
+will be the upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a
+book is a fool."
+
+The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out
+of the edition of 3000.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XIV. -- THE 'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS.'
+
+1880.
+
+[The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+clearness the connection between the 'Power of Movement,' and one of the
+author's earlier books, that on 'Climbing Plants.' The central idea
+of the book is that the movements of plants in relation to light,
+gravitation, etc., are modifications of a spontaneous tendency to
+revolve or circumnutate, which is widely inherent in the growing parts
+of plants. This conception has not been generally adopted, and has not
+taken a place among the canons of orthodox physiology. The book has been
+treated by Professor Sachs with a few words of professorial contempt;
+and by Professor Wiesner it has been honoured by careful and generously
+expressed criticism.
+
+Mr. Thiselton Dyer ('Charles Darwin' ('Nature' Series), page 41.) has
+well said: "Whether this masterly conception of the unity of what has
+hitherto seemed a chaos of unrelated phenomena will be sustained, time
+alone will show. But no one can doubt the importance of what Mr. Darwin
+has done, in showing that for the future the phenomena of plant movement
+can and indeed must be studied from a single point of view."
+
+The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+'Different Forms of Flowers,' and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer: "I am
+all on fire at the work." At this time he was studying the movements
+of cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its
+simplest form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what
+useful purpose these sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir
+Joseph Hooker (March 25th, 1878):--
+
+"I think we have PROVED that the sleep of plants is to lessen the injury
+to the leaves from radiation. This has interested me much, and has cost
+us great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of Linnaeus.
+But we have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants: N.B.--Oxalis
+carnosa was most valuable, but last night was killed."
+
+His letters of this period do not give any connected account of
+the progress of the work. The two following are given as being
+characteristic of the author:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, June 2, 1878.
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I remember saying that I should die a disgraced man if I did not observe
+a seedling Cactus and Cycas, and you have saved me from this horrible
+fate, as they move splendidly and normally. But I have two questions to
+ask: the Cycas observed was a huge seed in a broad and very shallow pot
+with cocoa-nut fibre as I suppose. It was named only Cycas. Was it Cycas
+pectinata? I suppose that I cannot be wrong in believing that what first
+appears above ground is a true leaf, for I can see no stem or axis.
+Lastly, you may remember that I said that we could not raise Opuntia
+nigricans; now I must confess to a piece of stupidity; one did come up,
+but my gardener and self stared at it, and concluded that it could not
+be a seedling Opuntia, but now that I have seen one of O. basilaris, I
+am sure it was; I observed it only casually, and saw movements, which
+makes me wish to observe carefully another. If you have any fruit,
+will Mr. Lynch (Mr. R.I. Lynch, now Curator of the Botanic Garden at
+Cambridge was at this time in the Royal Gardens, Kew.) be so kind as to
+send one more?
+
+I am working away like a slave at radicles [roots] and at movements of
+true leaves, for I have pretty well done with cotyledons...
+
+That was an EXCELLENT letter about the Gardens (This refers to an
+attempt to induce the Government to open the Royal Gardens at Kew in the
+morning.): I had hoped that the agitation was over. Politicians are a
+poor truckling lot, for [they] must see the wretched effects of keeping
+the gardens open all day long.
+
+Your ever troublesome friend, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. 4 Bryanston St., Portman Square,
+November 21 [1878].
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+I must thank you for all the wonderful trouble which you have taken
+about the seeds of Impatiens, and on scores of other occasions. It in
+truth makes me feel ashamed of myself, and I cannot help thinking: "Oh
+Lord, when he sees our book he will cry out, is this all for which I
+have helped so much!" In seriousness, I hope that we have made out some
+points, but I fear that we have done very little for the labour which
+we have expended on our work. We are here for a week for a little rest,
+which I needed.
+
+If I remember right, November 30th, is the anniversary at the Royal, and
+I fear Sir Joseph must be almost at the last gasp. I shall be glad when
+he is no longer President.
+
+Yours very sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+[In the spring of the following year, 1879. When he was engaged in
+putting his results together, he wrote somewhat despondingly to Mr.
+Dyer: "I am overwhelmed with my notes, and almost too old to undertake
+the job which I have in hand--i.e. movements of all kinds. Yet it is
+worse to be idle."
+
+Later on in the year, when the work was approaching completion, he wrote
+to Prof. Carus (July 17, 1879), with respect to a translation:--
+
+"Together with my son Francis, I am preparing a rather large volume on
+the general movements of Plants, and I think that we have made out a
+good many new points and views.
+
+"I fear that our views will meet a good deal of opposition in Germany;
+but we have been working very hard for some years at the subject.
+
+"I shall be MUCH pleased if you think the book worth translating, and
+proof-sheets shall be sent you, whenever they are ready."
+
+In the autumn he was hard at work on the manuscript, and wrote to Dr.
+Gray (October 24, 1879):--
+
+"I have written a rather big book--more is the pity--on the movements
+of plants, and I am now just beginning to go over the MS. for the second
+time, which is a horrid bore."
+
+Only the concluding part of the next letter refers to the 'Power of
+Movements':]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO A. DE CANDOLLE. May 28, 1880.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I am particularly obliged to you for having so kindly send me your
+'Phytographie' (A book on the methods of botanical research, more
+especially of systematic work.); for if I had merely seen it advertised,
+I should not have supposed that it could have concerned me. As it is, I
+have read with very great interest about a quarter, but will not
+delay longer thanking you. All that you say seems to me very clear
+and convincing, and as in all your writings I find a large number of
+philosophical remarks new to me, and no doubt shall find many more. They
+have recalled many a puzzle through which I passed when monographing the
+Cirripedia; and your book in those days would have been quite invaluable
+to me. It has pleased me to find that I have always followed your plan
+of making notes on separate pieces of paper; I keep several scores of
+large portfolios, arranged on very thin shelves about two inches apart,
+fastened to the walls of my study, and each shelf has its proper name
+or title; and I can thus put at once every memorandum into its proper
+place. Your book will, I am sure, be very useful to many young students,
+and I shall beg my son Francis (who intends to devote himself to the
+physiology of plants) to read it carefully.
+
+As for myself I am taking a fortnight's rest, after sending a pile of
+MS. to the printers, and it was a piece of good fortune that your book
+arrived as I was getting into my carriage, for I wanted something to
+read whilst away from home. My MS. relates to the movements of plants,
+and I think that I have succeeded in showing that all the more important
+great classes of movements are due to the modification of a kind of
+movement common to all parts of all plants from their earliest youth.
+
+Pray give my kind remembrances to your son, and with my highest respect
+and best thanks,
+
+Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It always pleases me to exalt plants in the organic scale, and if
+you will take the trouble to read my last chapter when my book (which
+will be sadly too big) is published and sent to you, I hope and think
+that you also will admire some of the beautiful adaptations by which
+seedling plants are enabled to perform their proper functions.
+
+
+[The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were
+disposed of at Mr. Murray's sale. With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.D.
+Hooker (November 23):--
+
+"Your note has pleased me much--for I did not expect that you would have
+had time to read ANY of it. Read the last chapter, and you will know the
+whole result, but without the evidence. The case, however, of radicles
+bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their tips (or
+brains) cut off is, I think, worth your reading (bottom of page 525); it
+astounded me. The next most remarkable fact, as it appeared to me (page
+148), is the discrimination of the tip of the radicle between a slightly
+harder and softer object affixed on opposite sides of tip. But I will
+bother you no more about my book. The sensitiveness of seedlings to
+light is marvellous."
+
+To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):--
+
+"Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of
+our work, not but what this is very pleasant... Many of the Germans are
+very contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer
+the souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+interesting part of Natural History. Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and
+most kind assistance to us."
+
+The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the
+general public. The following letter refers to a leading article in the
+"Times", November 20, 1880:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO MRS. HALIBURTON. (Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my
+father's early friend, the late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.) Down, November
+22, 1880.
+
+My dear Sarah,
+
+You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved and shall
+ever love this name. Your letter has done more than please me, for its
+kindness has touched my heart. I often think of old days and of the
+delight of my visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude
+I owe to your father. It was very good of you to write. I had quite
+forgotten my old ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper (Mrs.
+Haliburton had reminded him of his saying as a boy that if Eddowes'
+newspaper ever alluded to him as "our deserving fellow-townsman," his
+ambition would be amply gratified.); but I remember the pride which I
+felt when I saw in a book about beetles the impressive words "captured
+by C. Darwin." Captured sounded so grand compared with caught. This
+seemed to me glory enough for any man! I do not know in the least what
+made the "Times" glorify me (The following is the opening sentence
+of the leading article:--"Of all our living men of science none have
+laboured longer and to more splendid purpose than Mr. Darwin."), for it
+has sometimes pitched into me ferociously.
+
+I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit
+here very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead
+a solitary life. But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in
+London, and then if you have anything else to do in London, you would
+perhaps come and lunch with us. (My father had the pleasure of seeing
+Mrs. Haliburton at his brother's house in Queen Anne Street.)
+
+Believe me, my dear Sarah, Yours gratefully and affectionately, CHARLES
+DARWIN.
+
+
+[The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+devoted to the criticism of the 'Power of Movement in Plants' by an
+accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+University of Vienna:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO JULIUS WIESNER. Down, October 25th, 1881.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+I have now finished your book ('Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen.'
+Vienna, 1881.), and have understood the whole except a very few
+passages. In the first place, let me thank you cordially for the manner
+in which you have everywhere treated me. You have shown how a man may
+differ from another in the most decided manner, and yet express his
+difference with the most perfect courtesy. Not a few English and German
+naturalists might learn a useful lesson from your example; for the
+coarse language often used by scientific men towards each other does no
+good, and only degrades science.
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+vivisected. It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+topics in your book. I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of
+horizontally extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture;
+but I cannot persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral
+branches and roots is due simply to their lessened power of growth. Nor
+when I think of my experiments with the cotyledons of Phalaris, can I
+give up the belief of the transmission of some stimulus due to light
+from the upper to the lower part. At page 60 you have misunderstood my
+meaning, when you say that I believe that the effects from light
+are transmitted to a part which is not itself heliotropic. I never
+considered whether or not the short part beneath the ground was
+heliotropic; but I believe that with young seedlings the part which
+bends NEAR, but ABOVE the ground is heliotropic, and I believe so from
+this part bending only moderately when the light is oblique, and bending
+rectangularly when the light is horizontal. Nevertheless the bending of
+this lower part, as I conclude from my experiments with opaque caps,
+is influenced by the action of light on the upper part. My opinion,
+however, on the above and many other points, signifies very little, for
+I have no doubt that your book will convince most botanists that I am
+wrong in all the points on which we differ.
+
+Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of
+facts leading me to believe that light, gravity, etc., act not in a
+direct manner on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to
+modify my judgment on this head. I could not understand the passage at
+page 78, until I consulted my son George, who is a mathematician. He
+supposes that your objection is founded on the diffused light from the
+lamp illuminating both sides of the object, and not being reduced, with
+increasing distance in the same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts
+whether this NECESSARY correction will account for the very little
+difference in the heliotropic curvature of the plants in the successive
+pots.
+
+With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I
+cannot admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits
+of card attached by liquid gum causing movement; whereas no movement
+was caused if the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the
+liquid gum. The fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached
+on opposite sides of the same root by shellac, causing movement in one
+direction, has to be explained. You often speak of the tip having been
+injured; but externally there was no sign of injury: and when the tip
+was plainly injured, the extreme part became curved TOWARDS the injured
+side. I can no more believe that the tip was injured by the bits of
+card, at least when attached by gum-water, than that the glands of
+Drosera are injured by a particle of thread or hair placed on it, or
+that the human tongue [is so] when it feels any such object.
+
+About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I
+can only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my
+son Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home. The
+greater part of your book is beautifully clear.
+
+Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence
+a fresh set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full
+recantation of my errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for
+such an undertaking, nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much,
+or any more, original work. I imagine that I see one possible source of
+error in your beautiful experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a
+lateral light.
+
+With high respect and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which
+you have treated me and my mistakes, I remain, my dear Sir, yours
+sincerely,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XV. -- MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL LETTERS.
+
+1873-1882.
+
+[The present chapter contains a series of miscellaneous letters on
+botanical subjects. Some of them show my father's varied interests in
+botanical science, and others give account of researches which never
+reached completion.]
+
+
+BLOOM ON LEAVES AND FRUIT.
+
+[His researches into the meaning of the "bloom," or waxy coating found
+on many leaves, was one of those inquiries which remained unfinished at
+the time of his death. He amassed a quantity of notes on the subject,
+part of which I hope to publish at no distant date. (A small instalment
+on the relation between bloom and the distribution of the stomata on
+leaves has appeared in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society,' 1886.
+Tschirsch ("Linnaea", 1881) has published results identical with
+some which my father and myself obtained, viz. that bloom diminishes
+transpiration. The same fact was previously published by Garreau in
+1850.)
+
+One of his earliest letters on this subject was addressed in August,
+1873, to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"I want a little information from you, and if you do not yourself know,
+please to enquire of some of the wise men of Kew.
+
+"Why are the leaves and fruit of so many plants protected by a thin
+layer of waxy matter (like the common cabbage), or with fine hair, so
+that when such leaves or fruit are immersed in water they appear as if
+encased in thin glass? It is really a pretty sight to put a pod of the
+common pea, or a raspberry into water. I find several leaves are thus
+protected on the under surface and not on the upper.
+
+"How can water injure the leaves if indeed this is at all the case?"
+
+On this latter point he wrote to Sir Thomas Farrer:--
+
+"I am now become mad about drops of water injuring leaves. Please ask
+Mr. Paine (Sir Thomas Farrer's gardener.) whether he believes, FROM
+HIS OWN EXPERIENCE, that drops of water injure leaves or fruit in his
+conservatories. It is said that the drops act as burning-glasses; if
+this is true, they would not be at all injurious on cloudy days. As
+he is so acute a man, I should very much like to hear his opinion. I
+remember when I grew hot-house orchids I was cautioned not to wet their
+leaves; but I never then thought on the subject.
+
+"I enjoyed my visit greatly with you, and I am very sure that all
+England could not afford a kinder and pleasanter host."
+
+Some years later he took up the subject again, and wrote to Sir Joseph
+Hooker (May 25, 1877):--
+
+"I have been looking over my old notes about the "bloom" on plants,
+and I think that the subject is well worth pursuing, though I am very
+doubtful of any success. Are you inclined to aid me on the mere chance
+of success, for without your aid I could do hardly anything?"]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO ASA GRAY. Down, June 4 [1877].
+
+... I am now trying to make out the use or function of "bloom," or the
+waxy secretion on the leaves and fruit of plants, but am VERY doubtful
+whether I shall succeed. Can you give me any light? Are such plants
+commoner in warm than in colder climates? I ask because I often walk out
+in heavy rain, and the leaves of very few wild dicotyledons can be here
+seen with drops of water rolling off them like quick-silver. Whereas in
+my flower garden, greenhouse, and hot-houses there are several. Again,
+are bloo-protected plants common on your DRY western plains? Hooker
+THINKS that they are common at the Cape of Good Hope. It is a puzzle
+to me if they are common under very dry climates, and I find bloom very
+common on the Acacias and Eucalypti of Australia. Some of the Eucalypti
+which do not appear to be covered with bloom have the epidermis
+protected by a layer of some substance which is dissolved in boiling
+alcohol. Are there any bloo-protected leaves or fruit in the Arctic
+regions? If you can illuminate me, as you so often have done, pray do
+so; but otherwise do not bother yourself by answering.
+
+Yours affectionately, C. DARWIN.
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO W. THISELTON DYER. Down, September 5 [1877].
+
+My dear Dyer,
+
+One word to thank you. I declare had it not been for your kindness, we
+should have broken down. As it is we have made out clearly that with
+some plants (chiefly succulent) the bloom checks evaporation--with
+some certainly prevents attacks of insects; with SOME sea-shore plants
+prevents injury from salt-water, and, I believe, with a few prevents
+injury from pure water resting on the leaves. This latter is as yet
+the most doubtful and the most interesting point in relation to the
+movements of plants...
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO F. MULLER. Down, July 4 [1881].
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+Your kindness is unbounded, and I cannot tell you how much your last
+letter (May 31) has interested me. I have piles of notes about the
+effect of water resting on leaves, and their movements (as I supposed)
+to shake off the drops. But I have not looked over these notes for a
+long time, and had come to think that perhaps my notion was mere fancy,
+but I had intended to begin experimenting as soon as I returned home;
+and now with your INVALUABLE letter about the position of the leaves of
+various plants during rain (I have one analogous case with Acacia from
+South Africa), I shall be stimulated to work in earnest.
+
+
+VARIABILITY.
+
+[The following letter refers to a subject on which my father felt the
+strongest interest:--the experimental investigation of the causes of
+variability. The experiments alluded to were to some extent planned out,
+and some preliminary work was begun in the direction indicated below,
+but the research was ultimately abandoned.]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO J.H. GILBERT. (Dr. Gilbert, F.R.S., joint author
+with Sir John Bennett Lawes of a long series of valuable researches in
+Scientific Agriculture.) Down, February 16, 1876.
+
+My dear Sir,
+
+When I met you at the Linnean Society, you were so kind as to say that
+you would aid me with advice, and this will be of the utmost value to me
+and my son. I will first state my object, and hope that you will excuse
+a long letter. It is admitted by all naturalists that no problem is so
+perplexing as what causes almost every cultivated plant to vary, and no
+experiments as yet tried have thrown any light on the subject. Now
+for the last ten years I have been experimenting in crossing and
+self-fertilising plants; and one indirect result has surprised me much;
+namely, that by taking pains to cultivate plants in pots under glass
+during several successive generations, under nearly similar conditions,
+and by self-fertilising them in each generation, the colour of the
+flowers often changes, and, what is very remarkable, they became in some
+of the most variable species, such as Mimulus, Carnation, etc., quite
+constant, like those of a wild species.
+
+This fact and several others have led me to the suspicion that the cause
+of variation must be in different substances absorbed from the soil by
+these plants when their powers of absorption are not interfered with
+by other plants with which they grow mingled in a state of nature.
+Therefore my son and I wish to grow plants in pots in soil entirely, or
+as nearly entirely as is possible, destitute of all matter which plants
+absorb, and then to give during several successive generations to
+several plants of the same species as different solutions as may be
+compatible with their life and health. And now, can you advise me how
+to make soil approximately free of all the substances which plants
+naturally absorb? I suppose white silver sand, sold for cleaning
+harness, etc., is nearly pure silica, but what am I to do for alumina?
+Without some alumina I imagine that it would be impossible to keep the
+soil damp and fit for the growth of plants. I presume that clay washed
+over and over again in water would still yield mineral matter to the
+carbonic acid secreted by the roots. I should want a good deal of soil,
+for it would be useless to experimentise unless we could fill from
+twenty to thirty moderately sized flower-pots every year. Can you
+suggest any plan? for unless you can it would, I fear, be useless for us
+to commence an attempt to discover whether variability depends at all
+on matter absorbed from the soil. After obtaining the requisite kind of
+soil, my notion is to water one set of plants with nitrate of potassium,
+another set with nitrate of sodium, and another with nitrate of lime,
+giving all as much phosphate of ammonia as they seemed to support, for
+I wish the plants to grow as luxuriantly as possible. The plants watered
+with nitrate of Na and of Ca would require, I suppose, some K; but
+perhaps they would get what is absolutely necessary from such soil as I
+should be forced to employ, and from the rain-water collected in tanks.
+I could use hard water from a deep well in the chalk, but then all the
+plants would get lime. If the plants to which I give Nitrate of Na and
+of Ca would not grow I might give them a little alum.
+
+I am well aware how very ignorant I am, and how crude my notions are;
+and if you could suggest any other solutions by which plants would be
+likely to be affected it would be a very great kindness. I suppose that
+there are no organic fluids which plants would absorb, and which I could
+procure?
+
+I must trust to your kindness to excuse me for troubling you at such
+length, and,
+
+I remain, dear Sir, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[The next letter to Professor Semper (Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg.)
+bears on the same subject:]
+
+FROM CHARLES DARWIN TO K. SEMPER. Down, July 19, 1881.
+
+My dear Professor Semper,
+
+I have been much pleased to receive your letter, but I did not expect
+you to answer my former one... I cannot remember what I wrote to you,
+but I am sure that it must have expressed the interest which I felt in
+reading your book. (Published in the 'International Scientific Series,'
+in 1881, under the title, 'The Natural Conditions of Existence as they
+affect Animal Life.') I thought that you attributed too much weight to
+the DIRECT action of the environment; but whether I said so I know not,
+for without being asked I should have thought it presumptuous to have
+criticised your book, nor should I now say so had I not during the last
+few days been struck with Professor Hoffmann's review of his own work in
+the 'Botanische Zeitung,' on the variability of plants; and it is really
+surprising how little effect he produced by cultivating certain plants
+under unnatural conditions, as the presence of salt, lime, zinc, etc.,
+etc., during SEVERAL generations. Plants, moreover, were selected which
+were the most likely to vary under such conditions, judging from the
+existence of closely-allied forms adapted for these conditions. No
+doubt I originally attributed too little weight to the direct action of
+conditions, but Hoffmann's paper has staggered me. Perhaps hundreds of
+generations of exposure are necessary. It is a most perplexing subject.
+I wish I was not so old, and had more strength, for I see lines of
+research to follow. Hoffmann even doubts whether plants vary more
+under cultivation than in their native home and under their natural
+conditions. If so, the astonishing variations of almost all cultivated
+plants must be due to selection and breeding from the varying
+individuals. This idea crossed my mind many years ago, but I was
+afraid to publish it, as I thought that people would say, "how he does
+exaggerate the importance of selection."
+
+I still MUST believe that changed conditions give the impulse to
+variability, but that they act IN MOST CASES in a very indirect manner.
+But, as I said, it is a most perplexing problem. Pray forgive me for
+writing at such length; I had no intention of doing so when I sat down
+to write.
+
+I am extremely sorry to hear, for your own sake and for that of Science,
+that you are so hard worked, and that so much of your time is consumed
+in official labour.
+
+Pray believe me, dear Professor Semper, Yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+GALLS.
+
+[Shortly before his death, my father began to experimentise on the
+possibility of producing galls artificially. A letter to Sir J.D. Hooker
+(November 3, 1880) shows the interest which he felt in the question:--
+
+"I was delighted with Paget's Essay ('Disease in Plants,' by Sir
+James Paget.--See "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1880.); I hear that he has
+occasionally attended to this subject from his youth... I am very glad he
+has called attention to galls: this has always seemed to me a profoundly
+interesting subject; and if I had been younger would take it up."
+
+His interest in this subject was connected with his ever-present wish
+to learn something of the causes of variation. He imagined to himself
+wonderful galls caused to appear on the ovaries of plants, and by these
+means he thought it possible that the seed might be influenced, and thus
+new varieties arise. He made a considerable number of experiments by
+injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves, and with some
+slight indications of success.]
+
+
+AGGREGATION.
+
+[The following letter gives an idea of the subject of the last of his
+published papers. ('Journal of the Linnean Society.' volume xix, 1882,
+pages 239 and 262.) The appearances which he observed in leaves and
+roots attracted him, on account of their relation to the phenomena of
+aggregation which had so deeply interested him when he was at work on
+Drosera:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO S.H. VINES. (Reader in Botany in the University of
+Cambridge.) Down, November 1, 1881.
+
+My dear Mr. Vines,
+
+As I know how busy you are, it is a great shame to trouble you. But you
+are so rich in chemical knowledge about plants, and I am so poor, that
+I appeal to your charity as a pauper. My question is--Do you know of
+any solid substance in the cells of plants which glycerine and water
+dissolves? But you will understand my perplexity better if I give you
+the facts: I mentioned to you that if a plant of Euphorbia peplus is
+gently dug up and the roots placed for a short time in a weak solution
+(1 to 10,000 of water, suffices in 24 hours) of carbonate of ammonia the
+(generally) alternate longitudinal rows of cells in every rootlet, from
+the root-cap up to the very top of the root (but not as far as I have
+yet seen in the green stem) become filled with translucent, brownish
+grains of matter. These rounded grains often cohere and even become
+confluent. Pure phosphate and nitrate of ammonia produce (though more
+slowly) the same effect, as does pure carbonate of soda.
+
+Now, if slices of root under a cover-glass are irrigated with glycerine
+and water, every one of the innumerable grains in the cells disappear
+after some hours. What am I to think of this.?...
+
+Forgive me for bothering you to such an extent; but I must mention
+that if the roots are dipped in boiling water there is no deposition of
+matter, and carbonate of ammonia afterwards produces no effect. I should
+state that I now find that the granular matter is formed in the cells
+immediately beneath the thin epidermis, and a few other cells near the
+vascular tissue. If the granules consisted of living protoplasm (but
+I can see no traces of movement in them), then I should infer that
+the glycerine killed them and aggregation ceased with the diffusion of
+invisibly minute particles, for I have seen an analogous phenomenon in
+Drosera.
+
+If you can aid me, pray do so, and anyhow forgive me. Yours very
+sincerely, CH. DARWIN.
+
+
+MR. TORBITT'S EXPERIMENTS ON THE POTATO-DISEASE.
+
+[Mr. James Torbitt, of Belfast, has been engaged for the last twelve
+years in the difficult undertaking, in which he has been to a large
+extent successful, of raising fungus-proof varieties of the potato. My
+father felt great interest in Mr. Torbitt's work, and corresponded with
+him from 1876 onwards. The following letter, giving a clear account of
+Mr. Torbitt's method and of my father's opinion of the probability of
+its success, was written with the idea that Government aid for the work
+might possibly be obtainable:]
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN TO T.H. FARRER. Down, March 2, 1878.
+
+My dear Farrer,
+
+Mr. Torbitt's plan of overcoming the potato-disease seems to me by far
+the best which has ever been suggested. It consists, as you know
+from his printed letter, of rearing a vast number of seedlings from
+cross-fertilised parents, exposing them to infection, ruthlessly
+destroying all that suffer, saving those which resist best, and
+repeating the process in successive seminal generations. My belief in
+the probability of good results from this process rests on the fact of
+all characters whatever occasionally varying. It is known, for instance,
+that certain species and varieties of the vine resist phylloxera better
+than others. Andrew Knight found in one variety or species of the apple
+which was not in the least attacked by coccus, and another variety has
+been observed in South Australia. Certain varieties of the peach resist
+mildew, and several other such cases could be given. Therefore there is
+no great improbability in a new variety of potato arising which would
+resist the fungus completely, or at least much better than any existing
+variety. With respect to the cross-fertilisation of two distinct
+seedling plants, it has been ascertained that the offspring thus raised
+inherit much more vigorous constitutions and generally are more prolific
+than seedlings from self-fertilised parents. It is also probable that
+cross-fertilisation would be especially valuable in the case of the
+potato, as there is reason to believe that the flowers are seldom
+crossed by our native insects; and some varieties are absolutely sterile
+unless fertilised with pollen from a distinct variety. There is some
+evidence that the good effects from a cross are transmitted for several
+generations; it would not, therefore be necessary to cross-fertilise the
+seedlings in each generation, though this would be desirable, as it is
+almost certain that a greater number of seeds would thus be obtained. It
+should be remembered that a cross between plants raised from the tubers
+of the same plant, though growing on distinct roots, does no more good
+than a cross between flowers on the same individual. Considering the
+whole subject, it appears to me that it would be a national misfortune
+if the cros-fertilised seeds in Mr. Torbitt's possession produced by
+parents which have already shown some power of resisting the disease,
+are not utilised by the Government, or some public body, and the process
+of selection continued during several more generations.
+
+Should the Agricultural Society undertake the work, Mr. Torbitt's
+knowledge gained by experience would be especially valuable; and
+an outline of the plan is given in his printed letter. It would be
+necessary that all the tubers produced by each plant should be collected
+separately, and carefully examined in each succeeding generation.
+
+It would be advisable that some kind of potato eminently liable to the
+disease should be planted in considerable numbers near the seedlings so
+as to infect them.
+
+Altogether the trial would be one requiring much care and extreme
+patience, as I know from experience with analogous work, and it may be
+feared that it would be difficult to find any one who would pursue the
+experiment with sufficient energy. It seems, therefore, to me highly
+desirable that Mr. Torbitt should be aided with some small grant so as
+to continue the work himself.
+
+Judging from his reports, his efforts have already been crowned in so
+short a time with more success than could have been anticipated; and
+I think you will agree with me, that any one who raises a fungus-proof
+potato will be a public benefactor of no common kind.
+
+My dear Farrer, yours sincerely, CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+[After further consultation with Sir Thomas Farrer and with Mr. Caird,
+my father became convinced that it was hopeless to attempt to obtain
+Government aid. He wrote to Mr. Torbitt to this effect, adding, "it
+would be less trouble to get up a subscription from a few rich leading
+agriculturists than from Government. This plan I think you cannot object
+to, as you have asked nothing, and will have nothing whatever to do with
+the subscription. In fact, the affair is, in my opinion, a compliment
+to you." The idea here broached was carried out, and Mr. Torbitt was
+enabled to continue his work by the aid of a sum to which Sir T. Farrer,
+Mr. Caird, my father, and a few friends, subscribed.
+
+My father's sympathy and encouragement were highly valued by Mr.
+Torbitt, who tells me that without them he should long ago have given up
+his attempt. A few extracts will illustrate my father's fellow feeling
+with Mr. Torbitt's energy and perseverance:--
+
+"I admire your indomitable spirit. If any one ever deserved success,
+you do so, and I keep to my original opinion that you have a very good
+chance of raising a fungus-proof variety of the potato.
+
+"A pioneer in a new undertaking is sure to meet with many
+disappointments, so I hope that you will keep up your courage, though we
+have done so very little for you."
+
+Mr. Torbitt tells me that he still (1887) succeeds in raising varieties
+possessing well-marked powers of resisting disease; but this immunity is
+not permanent, and, after some years, the varieties become liable to the
+attacks of the fungus.]
+
+
+THE KEW INDEX OF PLANT-NAMES, OR 'NOMENCLATOR DARWINIANUS.'
+
+[Some account of my father's connection with the Index of Plant-names
+now (1887) in course of preparation at Kew will be found in Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson's paper in the 'Journal of Botany,' 1887, page 151. Mr.
+Jackson quotes the following statement by Sir J.D. Hooker:--
+
+"Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+event of these not being completed during his lifetime.
+
+"Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index
+to the names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to
+botanists, together with their native countries. Steudel's 'Nomenclator'
+is the only existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a
+century old, Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches.
+It has been indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a
+list of all known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors,
+or as a digest of botanical geography."
+
+
+Since 1840, when the 'Nomenclator' was published, the number of
+described plants may be said to have doubled, so that the 'Nomenclator'
+is now seriously below the requirements of botanical work. To remedy
+this want, the 'Nomenclator' has been from time to time posted up in an
+interleaved copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied
+by private liberality." (Kew Gardens Report, 1881, page 62.)
+
+My father, like other botanists, had as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+experienced the value of Steudel's work. He obtained plants from all
+sorts of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the
+necessity of adhering to the accepted nomenclature, so that he might
+convey to other workers precise indications as to the plants which he
+had studied. It was also frequently a matter of importance to him to
+know the native country of his experimental plants. Thus it was natural
+that he should recognize the desirability of completing and publishing
+the interleaved volume at Kew. The wish to help in this object was
+heightened by the admiration he felt for the results for which the world
+has to thank the Royal Gardens at Kew, and by his gratitude for the
+invaluable aid which for so many years he received from its Director and
+his staff. He expressly stated that it was his wish "to aid in some
+way the scientific work carried on at the Royal Gardens" (Kew Gardens
+Report, 1881, page 62.)--which induced him to offer to supply funds for
+the completion of the Kew 'Nomenclator.'
+
+The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+much interest, as illustrating the motives that actuated my father in
+this matter. Professor Judd writes:--
+
+"On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income
+having recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same,
+he was most anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement
+of Geology or Biology. He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact
+that he owed so much happiness and fame to the natural-history
+sciences, which had been the solace of what might have been a painful
+existence;--and he begged me, if I knew of any research which could be
+aided by a grant of a few hundreds of pounds, to let him know, as it
+would be a delight to him to feel that he was helping in promoting the
+progress of science. He informed me at the same time that he was making
+the same suggestion to Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley with
+respect to Botany and Zoology respectively. I was much impressed by
+the earnestness, and, indeed, deep emotion, with which he spoke of his
+indebtedness to Science, and his desire to promote its interests."
+
+Sir Joseph Hooker was asked by my father "to take into consideration,
+with the aid of the botanical staff at Kew and the late Mr. Bentham, the
+extent and scope of the proposed work, and to suggest the best means of
+having it executed. In doing this, Sir Joseph had further the advantage
+of the great knowledge and experience of Professor Asa Gray, of
+Cambridge, U.S.A., and of Mr. John Ball, F.R.S." ('Journal of Botany,'
+loc. cit.)
+
+The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir
+Joseph Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr.
+B. Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive
+knowledge of botanical literature qualifies him for the task. My
+father's original idea of producing a modern edition of Steudel's
+'Nomenclator' has been practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view
+is rather to construct a list of genera and species (with references)
+founded on Bentham and Hooker's 'Genera Plantarum.' The colossal nature
+of the work in progress at Kew may be estimated by the fact that the
+manuscript of the 'Index' is at the present time (1887) believed to
+weigh more than a ton. Under Sir Joseph Hooker's supervision the work
+goes steadily forward, being carried out with admirable zeal by Mr.
+Jackson, who devotes himself unsparingly to the enterprise, in which,
+too, he has the advantage of the active interest in the work felt by
+Professor Oliver and Mr. Thiselton Dyer.
+
+The Kew 'Index,' which will, in all probability, be ready to go to press
+in four or five years, will be a fitting memorial of my father: and his
+share in its completion illustrates a part of his character--his ready
+sympathy with work outside his own lines of investigation--and his
+respect for minute and patient labour in all branches of science.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER 2.XVI. -- CONCLUSION.
+
+Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages. The subject of
+health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+outward form of his life.
+
+During the last ten years of his life the condition of his health was a
+cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. His condition showed
+signs of amendment in several particulars. He suffered less distress
+and discomfort, and was able to work more steadily. Something has
+been already said of Dr. Bence Jones's treatment, from which my father
+certainly derived benefit. In later years he became a patient of Sir
+Andrew Clark, under whose care he improved greatly in general health. It
+was not only for his generously rendered service that my father felt
+a debt of gratitude towards Sir Andrew Clark. He owed to his cheering
+personal influence an ofte-repeated encouragement, which laterally added
+something real to his happiness, and he found sincere pleasure in Sir
+Andrew's friendship and kindness towards himself and his children.
+
+Scattered through the past pages are one or two references to pain or
+uneasiness felt in the region of the heart. How far these indicate that
+the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any
+case it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of
+this nature until shortly before his death. In spite of the general
+improvement in his health, which has been above alluded to, there was
+a certain loss of physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last
+few years of his life. This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter
+to his old friend Sir James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879: "My
+scientific work tires me more than it used to do, but I have nothing
+else to do, and whether one is worn out a year or two sooner or later
+signifies but little."
+
+A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J.D. Hooker of June 15,
+1881. My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote: "I am rather
+despondent about myself... I have not the heart or strength to begin any
+investigation lasting years, which is the only thing which I enjoy, and
+I have no little jobs which I can do."
+
+In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace, "We have just returned home
+after spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming,
+but I cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery... What
+I shall do with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell. I
+have everything to make me happy and contented, but life has become very
+wearisome to me." He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and
+that of a trying sort (On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots
+and leaves.), during the autumn of 1881, but towards the end of the year
+he was clearly in need of rest; and during the winter was in a lower
+condition than was usual with him.
+
+On December 13 he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+Street. During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and
+was seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same
+kind as those which afterwards became so frequent. The rest of the
+incident, which I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a
+different point of view, as giving one more illustration of my father's
+scrupulous consideration for others:--
+
+"I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+asked him to come in, he said he would prefer going home, and although
+the butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he
+said he would rather not give so much trouble. For the same reason he
+refused to allow the butler to accompany him. Accordingly he watched him
+walking with difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be
+met with, and saw that, when he had got about three hundred yards from
+the house, he staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if
+to prevent himself from falling. The butler therefore hastened to his
+assistance, but after a few seconds saw him turn round with the evident
+purpose of retracing his steps to my house. However, after he had
+returned part of the way he seems to have felt better, for he again
+changed his mind, and proceeded to find a cab."
+
+During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks
+of pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse,
+became frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon. A seizure of
+this sort occurred about March 7, when he was walking alone at a short
+distance from the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the
+last time that he was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.' Shortly
+after this, his illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and
+he was seen by Sir Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr.
+Norman Moore, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Mr. Alfrey, of St.
+Mary Cray. He suffered from distressing sensations of exhaustion and
+faintness, and seemed to recognise with deep depression the fact that
+his working days were over. He gradually recovered from this condition,
+and became more cheerful and hopeful, as is shown in the following
+letter to Mr. Huxley, who was anxious that my father should have closer
+medical supervision than the existing arrangements allowed:
+
+
+Down, March 27, 1882.
+
+My dear Huxley,
+
+Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me. I have felt better
+to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no pain. Your plan
+seems an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it, unless I get
+very much better. Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me, but he is
+too busy to come here. Once again, accept my cordial thanks, my dear old
+friend. I wish to God there were more automata (The allusion is to Mr.
+Huxley's address 'On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and its
+History,' given at the Belfast meeting of the British Association in
+1874, and republished in 'Science and Culture.') in the world like you.
+
+Ever yours, CH. DARWIN."
+
+
+The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation. Sir
+Andrew Clark himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who,
+however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+severely his great practice taxed his strength.
+
+No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on
+Saturday 15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in
+the evening, and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa. On the 17th
+he was again better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the
+progress of an experiment in which I was engaged. During the night of
+April 18th, about a quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed
+into a faint, from which he was brought back to consciousness with great
+difficulty. He seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I
+am not the least afraid to die." All the next morning he suffered from
+terrible nausea and faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.
+
+He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+seventy-fourth year of his age.
+
+I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect
+added to the manuscript of his 'Autobiography' in 1879:--
+
+"As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily
+following, and devoting my life to Science. I feel no remorse from
+having committed any great sin, but have often and often regretted that
+I have not done more direct good to my fellow creatures."
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed
+by twenty members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+Westminster:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 21, 1882.
+
+Very Rev. Sir,
+
+We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we venture to
+suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of our
+fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious
+countryman, Mr. Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+We remain, your obedient servants,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK, NEVIL STOREY MASKELYNE, A.J. MUNDELLA, G.O. TREVELYAN,
+LYON PLAYFAIR, CHARLES W. DILKE, DAVID WEDDERBURN, ARTHUR RUSSEL, HORACE
+DAVEY, BENJAMIN ARMITAGE, RICHARD B. MARTIN, FRANCIS W. BUXTON, E.L.
+STANLEY, HENRY BROADHURST, JOHN BARRAN, F.J. CHEETHAM, H.S. HOLLAND, H.
+CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, CHARLES BRUCE, RICHARD FORT.
+
+The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial
+acquiescence.
+
+The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down: with
+regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:--
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 25, 1882.
+
+My dear Darwin,
+
+I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I should greatly
+have preferred that your father should have rested in Down amongst us
+all. It is, I am sure, quite understood that the initiative was not
+taken by you. Still, from a national point of view, it is clearly right
+that he should be buried in the Abbey. I esteem it a great privilege to
+be allowed to accompany my dear master to the grave.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK.
+
+W.E. DARWIN, ESQ.
+
+
+The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place
+in Westminster Abbey on April 26th. The pall-bearers were:--
+
+  SIR JOHN LUBBOCK,
+  MR. HUXLEY,
+  MR. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (American Minister),
+  MR. A.R. WALLACE,
+  THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,
+  CANON FARRAR,
+  SIR J.D. HOOKER,
+  MR. WM. SPOTTISWOODE (President of the Royal Society),
+  THE EARL OF DERBY,
+  THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany,
+Italy, Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities, and learned
+Societies, as well as by large numbers of personal friends and
+distinguished men.
+
+The grave is in the North aisle of the Nave close to the angle of the
+choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton. The
+stone bears the inscription--
+
+CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN. Born 12 February, 1809. Died 19 April, 1882.
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+I.--LIST OF WORKS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of Her Majesty's Ships 'Adventure'
+and 'Beagle' between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their
+examination of the Southern shores of South America, and the 'Beagle's'
+circumnavigation of the globe. Volume iii. Journal and Remarks,
+1832-1836. By Charles Darwin. 8vo. London, 1839.
+
+Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the
+countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world,
+under the command of Captain Fitz-Roy, R.N. 2nd edition, corrected, with
+additions. 8vo. London, 1845. (Colonial and Home Library.)
+
+A Naturalist's Voyage. Journal of Researches, etc., 8vo. London, 1860.
+[Contains a postscript dated February 1, 1860.]
+
+Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Edited and superintended
+by Charles Darwin. Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen. With a
+Geological Introduction, by Charles Darwin. 4to. London, 1840.
+
+--Part II. Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse. With a notice of their
+habits and ranges, by Charles Darwin. 4to. London, 1839.
+
+--Part III. Birds, by John Gould. An "Advertisement" (2 pages) states
+that in consequence of Mr. Gould's having left England for Australia,
+many descriptions were supplied by Mr. G.R. Gray of the British Museum.
+4to. London, 1841.
+
+--Part IV. Fish, by Rev. Leonard Jenyns. 4to. London, 1842.
+
+--Part V. Reptiles, by Thomas Bell. 4to. London, 1843.
+
+The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of
+the Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1842.
+
+The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. 2nd edition. 8vo. London,
+1874.
+
+Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited during the
+Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' Being the Second Part of the Geology of the
+Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1844.
+
+Geological Observations on South America. Being the Third Part of the
+Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle.' 8vo. London, 1846.
+
+Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South
+America visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle.' 2nd edition. 8vo.
+London, 1876.
+
+A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of
+Great Britain. 4to. London, 1851. (Palaeontographical Society.)
+
+A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the
+Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. 8vo. London, 1851.
+(Ray Society.)
+
+--The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. 8vo.
+London, 1854. (Ray Society.)
+
+A Monograph of the Fossil Balanidae and Verrucidae of Great Britain.
+4to. London, 1854. (Palaeontographical Society.)
+
+On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the
+Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. 8vo. London,
+1859. (Dated October 1st, 1859, published November 24, 1859.)
+
+--Fifth thousand. 8vo. London, 1860.
+
+--Third edition, with additions and corrections. (Seventh thousand.)
+8vo. London, 1861. (Dated March, 1861.)
+
+--Fourth edition with additions and corrections. (Eighth thousand.) 8vo.
+London, 1866. (Dated June, 1866.)
+
+--Fifth edition, with additions and corrections. (Tenth thousand.) 8vo.
+London, 1869. (Dated May, 1869.)
+
+--Sixth edition, with additions and corrections to 1872. (Twenty-fourth
+thousand.) 8vo. London, 1882. (Dated January, 1872.)
+
+On the various contrivances by which Orchids are fertilised by Insects.
+8vo. London, 1862.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1877. [In the second edition the word
+"On" is omitted from the title.]
+
+The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants. Second edition. 8vo.
+London, 1875. [First appeared in the ninth volume of the 'Journal of the
+Linnean Society.']
+
+The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. 2 volumes. 8vo.
+London, 1868.
+
+--Second edition, revised. 2 volumes. 8vo. London, 1875.
+
+The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 volumes. 8vo.
+London, 1871.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1874. (In 1 volume.)
+
+The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. 8vo. London, 1872.
+
+Insectivorous Plants. 8vo. London, 1875.
+
+The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.
+8vo. London, 1876.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1878.
+
+The different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. 8vo.
+London, 1877.
+
+--Second edition. 8vo. London, 1880.
+
+The Power of Movement in Plants. By Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis
+Darwin. 8vo. London, 1880.
+
+The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with
+Observations on their Habits. 8vo. London, 1881.
+
+
+II.--LIST OF BOOKS CONTAINING CONTRIBUTIONS BY CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's
+Navy: and adapted for travellers in general. Edited by Sir John F.W.
+Herschel, Bart. 8vo. London, 1849. (Section VI. Geology. By Charles
+Darwin.)
+
+Memoir of the Rev. John Stevens Henslow. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns.
+8vo. London, 1862. [In Chapter III., Recollections by Charles Darwin.]
+
+A letter (1876) on the 'Drift' near Southampton published in Prof. J.
+Geikie's 'Prehistoric Europe.'
+
+Flowers and their unbidden guests. By A. Kerner. With a Prefatory Letter
+by Charles Darwin. The translation revised and edited by W. Ogle. 8vo.
+London, 1878.
+
+Erasmus Darwin. By Ernst Krause. Translated from the German by W.S.
+Dallas. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. 8vo. London, 1879.
+
+Studies in the Theory of Descent. By August Weismann. Translated and
+edited by Raphael Meldola. With a Prefatory Notice by Charles Darwin.
+8vo. London, 1880--.
+
+The Fertilisation of Flowers. By Hermann Muller. Translated and edited
+by D'Arcy W. Thompson. With a Preface by Charles Darwin. 8vo. London,
+1883.
+
+Mental Evolution in Animals. By G.J. Romanes. With a posthumous essay on
+instinct by Charles Darwin, 1883. [Also published in the Journal of the
+Linnean Society.]
+
+Some Notes on a curious habit of male humble bees were sent to Prof.
+Hermann Muller, of Lippstadt, who had permission from Mr. Darwin to make
+what use he pleased of them. After Muller's death the Notes were given
+by his son to Dr. E. Krause, who published them under the title,
+"Ueber die Wege der Hummel-Mannchen" in his book, 'Gesammelte kleinere
+Schriften von Charles Darwin.' (1886).
+
+
+III.--LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS, INCLUDING A SELECTION OF LETTERS AND
+SHORT COMMUNICATIONS TO SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS.
+
+Letters to Professor Henslow, read by him at the meeting of the
+Cambridge Philosophical Society, held November 16, 1835. 31 pages. 8vo.
+Privately printed for distribution among the members of the Society.
+
+Geological Notes made during a survey of the East and West Coasts of
+South America in the years 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835; with an account
+of a transverse section of the Cordilleras of the Andes between
+Valparaiso and Mendoza. [Read November 18, 1835.] Geology Society Proc.
+ii. 1838, pages 210-212. [This Paper is incorrectly described in Geology
+Society Proc. ii., page 210 as follows:--"Geological notes, etc., by F.
+Darwin, Esq., of St. John's College, Cambridge: communicated by Prof.
+Sedgwick." It is Indexed under C. Darwin.]
+
+Notes upon the Rhea Americana. Zoology Society Proc., Part v. 1837.
+pages 35-36.
+
+Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili, made
+during the survey of H.M.S. "Beagle," commanded by Captain Fitz-Roy.
+[1837.] Geological Society Proc. ii.1838, pages 446-449.
+
+A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the
+neighbourhood of the Plata. [1837.] Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838,
+pages 542-544.
+
+On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and
+Indian oceans, as deduced from the study of coral formations. [1837.]
+Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 552-554.
+
+On the Formation of Mould. [Read November 1, 1837.] Geological Society
+Proc. ii. 1838, pages 574-576; Geological Society Transactions v. 1840,
+pages 505-510.
+
+On the Connexion of certain Volcanic Phenomena and on the formation of
+mountain-chains and the effects of continental elevations. [Read March
+7, 1838.] Geological Society Proc. ii. 1838, pages 654-660; Geological
+Society Transactions v. 1840, pages 601-632. [In the Society's
+Transactions the wording of the title is slightly different.]
+
+Origin of saliferous deposits. Salt Lakes of Patagonia and La Plata.
+Geological Society Journal ii. (Part ii.), 1838, pages 127-128.
+
+Note on a Rock seen on an Iceberg in 16 deg South Latitude. Geographical
+Society Journal ix. 1839, pages 528-529.
+
+Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of
+Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine
+origin. Phil. Trans. 1839, pages 39-82.
+
+On a remarkable Bar of Sandstone off Pernambuco, on the Coast of Brazil.
+Phil. Mag. xix. 1841, pages 257-260.
+
+On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous
+Unstratified Deposits of South America. [1841.] Geological Society Proc.
+iii. 1842, pages 425-430; Geological Society Transactions vi. 1842,
+pages 415-432.
+
+Notes on the Effects produced by the Ancient Glaciers of
+Caernarvonshire, and on the Boulders transported by Floating Ice. London
+Philosophical Magazine volume xxi. page 180. 1842.
+
+Remarks on the preceding paper, in a Letter from Charles Darwin, Esq.,
+to Mr. Maclaren. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal xxxiv. 1843,
+pages 47- 50. [The "preceding" paper is: "On Coral Islands and Reefs as
+described by Mr. Darwin. By Charles Maclaren, Esq., F.R.S.E."]
+
+Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta.
+Annals and Magazine of Natural History xiii. 1844, pages 1-6.
+
+Brief descriptions of several Terrestrial Planariae, and of some
+remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. Annals and
+Magazine of Natural History xiv. 1844, pages 241-251.
+
+An account of the Fine Dust which often falls on Vessels in the Atlantic
+Ocean. Geological Society Journal ii. 1846, pages 26-30.
+
+On the Geology of the Falkland Islands. Geological Society Journal ii.
+1846, pages 267-274.
+
+A review of Waterhouse's 'Natural History of the Mammalia.' [Not
+signed.] Annals and Magazine of Natural History 1847. Volume xix. page
+53.
+
+On the Transportal of Erratic Boulders from a lower to a higher level.
+Geological Society Journal iv. 1848, pages 315-323.
+
+On British fossil Lepadidae. Geological Society Journal vi. 1850, pages
+439-440. [The G.S.J. says "This paper was withdrawn by the author with
+the permission of the Council."]
+
+Analogy of the Structure of some Volcanic Rocks with that of Glaciers.
+Edinburgh Royal Society Proc. ii. 1851, pages 17-18.
+
+On the power of Icebergs to make rectilinear, uniformly-directed Grooves
+across a Submarine Undulatory Surface. Philosophical Magazine x. 1855,
+pages 96-98.
+
+Vitality of Seeds. "Gardeners' Chronicle", November 17, 1855, page 758.
+
+On the action of Sea-water on the Germination of Seeds. [1856.] Linnean
+Society Journal i. 1857 ("Botany"), pages 130-140.
+
+On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers.
+"Gardeners' Chronicle", page 725, 1857.
+
+On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of
+Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. By Charles Darwin,
+Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., and F.G.S., and Alfred Wallace, Esq. [Read
+July 1st, 1858.] Journal of the Linnean Society 1859, volume iii.
+("Zoology"), page 45.
+
+Special titles of Charles Darwin's contributions to the foregoing:--
+
+i. Extract from an unpublished work on Species by Charles Darwin Esq.,
+consisting of a portion of a chapter entitled, "On the Variation of
+Organic Beings in a State of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection;
+on the Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species."
+
+ii. Abstract of a Letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Professor Asa Gray, of
+Boston U.S., dated September 5, 1857.
+
+On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilisation of Papilionaceous Flowers,
+and on the Crossing of Kidney Beans. "Gardeners' Chronicle", 1858, page
+828 and Annals of Natural History 3rd series ii. 1858, pages 459-465.
+
+Do the Tineina or other small Moths suck Flowers, and if so what
+Flowers? "Entomological Weekly Intelligencer" volume viii. 1860, page
+103.
+
+Note on the achenia of Pumilio Argyrolepis. "Gardeners' Chronicle",
+January 5, 1861, page 4.
+
+Fertilisation of Vincas. "Gardeners' Chronicle", pages 552, 831, 832.
+1861.
+
+On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the species of Primula, and
+on their remarkable Sexual Relations. Linnean Society Journal vi. 1862
+("Botany"), pages 77-96.
+
+On the Three remarkable Sexual Forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an Orchid
+in the possession of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society Journal vi.
+1862 ("Botany"), pages 151-157.
+
+Yellow Rain. "Gardeners' Chronicle", July 18, 1863, page 675.
+
+On the thickness of the Pampean formation near Buenos Ayres. Geological
+Society Journal xix. 1863, pages 68-71.
+
+On the so-called "Auditory-sac" of Cirripedes. Natural History Review,
+1863, pages 115-116.
+
+A review of Mr. Bates' paper on 'Mimetic Butterflies.' Natural History
+Review, 1863, page 221-. [Not signed.]
+
+On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation,
+in several species of the genus Linum. Linnean Society Journal vii. 1864
+("Botany"), pages 69-83.
+
+On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria. [1864.]
+Linnean Society Journal viii. 1865 ("Botany"), pages 169-196.
+
+On the Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants. [1865.] Linnean Society
+Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), pages 1-118.
+
+Note on the Common Broom (Cytisus scoparius). [1866.] Linnean Society
+Journal ix. 1867 ("Botany"), page 358.
+
+Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids. Annals and Magazine of Natural
+History, 4th series, iv. 1869, pages 141-159.
+
+On the Character and Hybrid-like Nature of the Offspring from the
+Illegitimate Unions of Dimorphic and Trimorphic Plants. [1868.] Linnean
+Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages 393-437.
+
+On the Specific Difference between Primula veris, British Fl. (var.
+officinalis, of Linn.), P. vulgaris, British Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.),
+and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip.
+With Supplementary Remarks on naturally produced Hybrids in the genus
+Verbascum. [1868.] Linnean Society Journal x. 1869 ("Botany"), pages
+437-454.
+
+Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestris).
+Zoological Society Proceedings November 1, 1870, pages 705-706.
+
+Fertilisation of Leschenaultia. "Gardeners' Chronicle", page 1166, 1871.
+
+The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants. 'Nature,' November 18,
+1869, volume i. page 85.
+
+Pangenesis. 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, volume iii. page 502.
+
+A new view of Darwinism. 'Nature,' July 6, 1871, volume iv. page 180.
+
+Bree on Darwinism. 'Nature,' August 8, 1872, volume vi. page 279.
+
+Inherited Instinct. 'Nature,' February 13, 1873, volume vii. page 281.
+
+Perception in the Lower Animals. 'Nature,' March 13, 1873, volume vii.
+page 360.
+
+Origin of certain instincts. 'Nature,' April 3, 1873, volume vii. page
+417.
+
+Habits of Ants. 'Nature,' July 24, 1873, volume viii. page 244.
+
+On the Males and Complemental Males of Certain Cirripedes, and on
+Rudimentary Structures. 'Nature,' September 25, 1873, volume viii. page
+431.
+
+Recent researches on Termites and Honey-bees. 'Nature,' February 19,
+1874, volume ix. page 308.
+
+Fertilisation of the Fumariaceae. 'Nature,' April 16, 1874, volume ix.
+page 460.
+
+Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds. 'Nature,' April 23, 1874,
+volume ix. page 482; May 14, 1874, volume x. page 24.
+
+Cherry Blossoms. 'Nature,' May 11, 1876, volume xiv. page 28.
+
+Sexual Selection in relation to Monkeys. 'Nature,' November 2, 1876,
+volume xv. page 18. Reprinted as a supplement to the 'Descent of Man,'
+18..
+
+Fritz Muller on Flowers and Insects. 'Nature,' November 29, 1877, volume
+xvii. page 78.
+
+The Scarcity of Holly Berries and Bees. "Gardeners' Chronicle", January
+20, 1877, page 83.
+
+Note on Fertilization of Plants. "Gardeners' Chronicle", volume vii.
+page 246, 1877.
+
+A biographical sketch of an infant. 'Mind,' No.7, July, 1877.
+
+Transplantation of Shells. 'Nature,' May 30, 1878, volume xviii. page
+120.
+
+Fritz Muller on a Frog having Eggs on its back--on the abortion of the
+hairs on the legs of certain Caddis-Flies, etc. 'Nature,' March 20,
+1879, volume xix. page 462.
+
+Rats and Water-Casks. 'Nature,' March 27, 1879, volume xix. page 481.
+
+Fertility of Hybrids from the common and Chinese Goose. 'Nature,'
+January 1, 1880, volume xxi. page 207.
+
+The Sexual Colours of certain Butterflies. 'Nature,' January 8, 1880,
+volume xxi. page 237.
+
+The Omori Shell Mounds. 'Nature,' April 15, 1880, volume xxi. page 561.
+
+Sir Wyville Thomson and Natural Selection. 'Nature,' November 11, 1880,
+volume xxiii. page 32.
+
+Black Sheep. 'Nature,' December 30, 1880, volume xxiii. page 193.
+
+Movements of Plants. 'Nature,' March 3, 1881, volume xxiii. page 409.
+
+The Movements of Leaves. 'Nature,' April 28, 1881, volume xxiii. page
+603.
+
+Inheritance. 'Nature,' July 21, 1881, volume xxiv. page 257.
+
+Leaves injured at Night by Free Radiation. 'Nature,' September 15, 1881,
+volume xxiv. page 459.
+
+The Parasitic Habits of Molothrus. 'Nature,' November 17, 1881, volume
+xxv. page 51.
+
+On the Dispersal of Freshwater Bivalves. 'Nature,' April 6, 1882, volume
+xxv. page 529.
+
+The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of certain Plants. [Read
+March 16, 1882.] Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882,
+pages 239-261.
+
+The Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies. [Read March 6,
+1882.] Linnean Society Journal ("Botany"), volume xix. 1882, pages 262-
+284.
+
+On the modification of a Race of Syrian Street-Dogs by means of Sexual
+Selection. By W. Van Dyck. With a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin.
+[Read April 18, 1882.] Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1882, pages
+367-370.
+
+
+APPENDIX III.
+
+PORTRAITS.
+
+1838: Water-colour by G. Richmond in the possession of The Family.
+
+1851: Lithograph by Ipswich British Association Series.
+
+1853: Chalk Drawing by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of The Family.
+
+1853?: Chalk Drawing (Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings
+for the last mentioned.) by Samuel Lawrence in the possession of Prof.
+Hughes, Cambridge.
+
+1869: Bust, marble, by T. Woolner, R.A. in the possession of The Family.
+
+1875: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of
+Christ's College, Cambridge.) by W. Ouless, R.A., etched by P. Rajon, in
+the possession of The Family.
+
+1879: Oil Painting by W.B. Richmond in the possession of The University
+of Cambridge.
+
+1881: Oil Painting (A replica by the artist is in the possession of W.E.
+Darwin, Esq., Southampton.) by the Hon. John Collier, in the possession
+of The Linnaean Society, etched by Leopold Flameng.
+
+
+CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.
+
+Statue by Joseph Boehm, R.A., in the possession of Museum, South
+Kensington.
+
+Bust by Chr. Lehr, Junr.
+
+Plaque by T. Woolner, R.A., and Josiah Wedgwood and Sons in the
+possession of Christ's College, in Charles Darwin's Room.
+
+Deep Medallion by J. Boehm, R.A. to be placed in Westminster Abbey.
+
+
+CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.
+
+1854?: By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for 'Harper's
+Magazine' (October 1884).
+
+1870?: By O.J. Rejlander, engraved on steel by C.H. Jeens for 'Nature'
+(June 4, 1874).
+
+1874?: By Captain Darwin, R.E., engraved on wood for the 'Century
+Magazine' (January 1883). Frontispiece, volume i.
+
+(The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and
+his business was broken up. My brother, captain Darwin, has no record of
+the date at which his photograph was taken.)
+
+1881: By Messrs. Elliott and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for
+the present work.
+
+
+APPENDIX IV.
+
+HONOURS, DEGREES, SOCIETIES, ETC.
+
+(The list has been compiled from the diplomas and letters in my father's
+possession, and is no doubt incomplete, as he seems to have lost or
+mislaid some of the papers received from foreign Societies. Where the
+name of a foreign Society (excluding those in the United States) is
+given in English, it is a translation of the Latin (or in one case
+Russian) of the original Diploma.)
+
+ORDER.--Prussian Order, 'Pour le Merite.' 1867.
+
+OFFICE.--County Magistrate. 1857.
+
+DEGREES.
+
+Cambridge: B.A. 1831 [1832]. See volume i. M.A. 1837. Hon. LL.D. 1877.
+
+Breslau: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1862.
+
+Bonn: Hon. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery. 1868.
+
+Leyden: Hon. M.D. 1875.
+
+SOCIETIES.--London:
+
+Zoological. Corresponding Member. 1831. (He afterwards became a Fellow
+of the Society.) Entomological. 1833, Original Member. Geological. 1836.
+Wollaston Medal, 1859. Royal Geographical. 1838. Royal. 1839. Royal
+Medal, 1853. Copley Medal, 1864. Linnean. 1854. Ethnological. 1861.
+Medico-Chirurgical. Hon. Member. 1868. Baly Medal of the Royal College
+of Physicians, 1879.
+
+SOCIETIES.--PROVINCIAL, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN.
+
+Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1865. Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh,
+1826. Hon. Member, 1861. Royal Irish Academy. Hon. Member, 1866.
+Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Hon. Member, 1868.
+Watford Natural History Society. Hon. Member, 1877. Asiatic Society
+of Bengal. Hon. Member, 1871. Royal Society of New South Wales. Hon.
+Member, 1879. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. Hon.
+Member, 1863. New Zealand Institute. Hon. Member, 1872.
+
+FOREIGN SOCIETIES.--AMERICA.
+
+Sociedad Cientifica Argentina. Hon. Member, 1877. Academia Nacional
+de Ciencias, Argentine Republic. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad Zoologica
+Arjentina. Hon. Member, 1874. Boston Society of Natural History. Hon.
+Member, 1873. American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston). Foreign
+Hon. Member, 1874. California Academy of Sciences. Hon. Member, 1872.
+California State Geological Society. Corresponding Member, 1877.
+Franklin Literary Society, Indiana. Hon. Member, 1878. Sociedad de
+Naturalistas Neo-Granadinos. Hon. Member, 1860. New York Academy
+of Sciences. Hon. Member, 1879. Gabinete Portuguez de Leitura em
+Pernambuco. Corresponding Member, 1879. Academy of Natural Sciences
+of Philadelphia. Correspondent, 1860. American Philosophical Society,
+Philadelphia. Member, 1869.
+
+AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna. Foreign Corresponding Member,
+1871; Hon. Foreign Member, 1875. Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien.
+Hon. Member, 1872. K. k. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien.
+Member, 1867. Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia, Pest, 1872.
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+Societe Royale des Sciences Medicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles.
+Hon. Member, 1878. Societie Royale de Botanique de Belgique. 'Membre
+Associe,' 1881. Academie Royale des Sciences, etc., de Belgique.
+'Associe de la Classe des Sciences.' 1870.
+
+DENMARK.
+
+Royal Society of Copenhagen. Fellow, 1879.
+
+FRANCE.
+
+Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. Foreign Member, 1871. Societe
+Entomologique de France. Hon. Member, 1874. Societe Geologique de France
+(Life Member), 1837. Institut de France. 'Correspondant' Section of
+Botany, 1878.
+
+GERMANY.
+
+Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin). Corresponding Member,
+1863; Fellow, 1878. Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, etc.
+Corresponding Member, 1877. Schlesische Gesellschaft fur Vaterlandische
+Cultur (Breslau). Hon. Member 1878. Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina
+Academia Naturae Curiosorum (Dresden). 1857. (The diploma contains the
+words "accipe... ex antiqua nostra consuetudine cognomen Forster." It was
+formerly the custom in the "Caesarea Leopoldin-Carolina Academia", that
+each new member should receive as a 'cognomen,' a name celebrated in
+that branch of science to which he belonged. Thus a physician might be
+christened Boerhave, or an astronomer, Kepler. My father seems to have
+been named after the traveller John Reinhold Forster.) Senkenbergische
+Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt am Main. Corresponding
+Member, 1873. Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle. Member 1879.
+Siebenburgische Verein fur Naturwissenschaften (Hermannstadt). Hon.
+Member, 1877. Medicinisch-naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Jena.
+Hon. Member, 1878. Royal Bavarian Academy of Literature and Science
+(Munich). Foreign Member, 1878.
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indie (Batavia).
+Corresponding Member, 1880. Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem.
+Foreign Member, 1877. Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen te
+Middelburg. Foreign Member, 1877.
+
+ITALY.
+
+Societa Geografica Italiana (Florence). 1870. Societa Italiana di
+Antropologia e di Etnologia (Florence). Hon. Member, 1872. Societa dei
+Naturalisti in Modena. Hon. Member, 1875. Academia de' Lincei di Roma.
+Foreign Member, 1875. La Scuola Italica, Academia Pitagorica, Reale ed
+Imp. Societa (Rome). "Presidente Onoraria degli Anziani Pitagorici,"
+1880. Royal Academy of Turin. 1873. "Bressa" Prize, 1879.
+
+PORTUGAL.
+
+Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa (Lisbon). Corresponding Member, 1877.
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+Society of Naturalists of the Imperial Kazan University. Hon. Member,
+1875. Societas Caesarea Naturae Curiosorum (Moscow). Hon. Member, 1870.
+Imperial Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Corresponding Member,
+1867.
+
+SPAIN.
+
+Institucion Libre de Ensenanza (Madrid). Hon. Professor, 1877.
+
+SWEDEN.
+
+Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Stockholm). Foreign Member, 1865.
+Royal Society of Sciences (Upsala). Fellow, 1860.
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+
+Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. Corresponding Member,
+1863.
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+  ABBOT, F.E., letter to.
+
+  ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Philadelphia) elects Darwin a member.
+
+  AGASSIZ, Alexander, letter to.
+
+  AGASSIZ, Louis, Darwin's estimate of.
+  Letters to.
+  His attitude toward the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  AGGREGATION, studied by Darwin.
+
+  'ALMANACK, THE NATURALISTS' POCKET,' mentioned.
+
+  ANDES, Darwin crosses the.
+
+  'ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,' mentioned.
+
+  ANTICIPATION of Darwin's views.
+
+  ANTS, observations on.
+
+  APPLETON, D., & CO., publish 'Origin of Species' in America.
+
+  ARGYLL, Duke of, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin's comments on his criticisms.
+  Darwin on his 'Reign of Law.'
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  ARISTOTLE, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  ARRANGEMENT of leaves on the stems of plants.
+
+  'ATHENAEUM,' Darwin on its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reports British Association discussion.
+  Darwin's letters to, in his own defence.
+  Criticises Darwin.
+
+  AUSTRALIA, development of animals in.
+
+  AUSTRALIAN flora.
+
+  AUSTRIAN expedition.
+
+  AUTOBIOGRAPHY, extracts from.
+
+  AVELING, Dr., on Darwin's religious views.
+  Note.
+
+  BAIN, Alexander, letter to.
+
+  BALFOUR, Francis M., Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  BALY medal presented to Darwin.
+
+  BAER, K.E. von, agrees with Darwin.
+
+  BASTIAN, H.C., Darwin on his 'Beginnings of Life.'
+
+  BATES, H.W., Darwin on his insect fauna of the Amazon valley.
+  Letters to.
+  Darwin on his mimetic variations of butterflies.
+
+  BATS.
+
+  "BEAGLE", voyage of.
+  Darwin offered an appointment to the.
+  Her equipments.
+  Object of her voyage.
+  Her crew.
+
+  BEETLES, collecting.
+
+  BEHRENS, W., letter to.
+
+  BELL, T., describes Darwin's reptiles.
+
+  BELL-STONE of Shrewsbury mentioned.
+
+  BELT, Thomas, Darwin on his 'Naturalist in Nicaragua.'
+
+  BEMMELEN, A. van, letter to.
+
+  BENTHAM, George, his silence on natural selection.
+  Letter to Francis Darwin on his adoption of Darwin's views.
+  His view of natural selection.
+  Letters to.
+
+  BERKELEY, Rev. M.J., reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  BERLIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+  BET made by Darwin.
+
+  BLOMEFIELD (JENYNS), Rev. Leonard, Darwin becomes acquainted with.
+  Letters to.
+  Darwin on his 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+  BLOOM on leaves and fruit, Darwin's work on.
+
+  BLYTH, Edward, mentioned.
+
+  BOOLE, Mrs., her letter on natural selection and religion.
+  Letter to.
+
+  BOOTT, Francis, mentioned.
+
+  BOTANY, Darwin's work on, and its relation to natural selection.
+
+  BOWEN, Francis, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  BRACE, C.L., and wife, Darwin on their philanthropic work.
+
+  BRAZIL, Emperor of, wishes to meet Darwin.
+
+  BREE, C.R., his work 'Species not Transmutable.'
+  Accuses Wallace of blundering, and is answered by Darwin.
+
+  BREEDING, sources of information on.
+
+  BRESSA prize presented to Darwin.
+
+  BRITISH ASSOCIATION discusses the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Oxford meeting of, allegorized.
+  Belfast meeting.
+
+  BRONN, H.G., edits the 'Origin of Species' in German.
+  Letters to.
+  Criticisms on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  BROWN, Robert, mentioned.
+
+  BRUNTON, T. Lauder, letter to.
+
+  BUCKLE, his system of collecting facts.
+  Darwin on his 'History of Civilisation.'
+
+  BUCKLEY, Miss A.B., letters to.
+
+  BUFFON, Darwin on.
+
+  BUNBURY, Sir C., mentioned.
+
+  BUTLER, Samuel, charges Darwin of falsehood.
+
+  BUTLER, Dr., his school at Shrewsbury.
+
+  BUTTON, Jemmy, a visit to.
+
+  CAIRNS, J.E., his lecture on 'The Slave Power.'
+
+  CAM BRIDGE, University of, makes Darwin LL.D.
+  Obtains memorial portrait of him.
+
+  CAMERON, Mrs., makes a photograph of Darwin.
+
+  CANARY ISLANDS, projected trip to.
+
+  CANDOLLE, Alphonse de, letters to.
+  His view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his 'Histoire des Sciences et des Savants.'
+
+  CARLYLE, Thomas, on Erasmus A. Darwin.
+  His interesting talk.
+
+  CARPENTER, W.B., letters to.
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His work on 'Foraminifera.'
+
+  CARUS, J. Victor, letters to.
+
+  CATON, John D., letter to.
+
+  CHAMBERS, R., Darwin on his geological views.
+
+  CHANCE, not implied in evolution.
+
+  CHIMNEY-SWEEPS, Darwin's efforts for.
+
+  CIRRIPEDIA, monograph of the.
+  Nomenclature of.
+  Work on.
+  The so-called auditory sac of.
+
+  CIVIL WAR in the United States.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  CLARK, William, mentioned.
+
+  CLARK, Sir Andrew, is Darwin's physician.
+
+  CLIMATE and migration.
+
+  'CLIMBING PLANTS,' written and published.
+  Work on.
+  Republished in book-form.
+
+  COAL, discussion on submarine.
+
+  COHN, Prof., describes a visit to Darwin.
+
+  COLENSO, Bishop, his 'Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua.'
+
+  COLLECTING, Darwin on.
+  Butterflies.
+
+  COLLIER, John, paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  COLOURS OF INSECTS.
+
+  CONTINENTAL EXTENSION, Darwin's reasons against.
+
+  CONTINENTS, permanence of.
+
+  COPE, E.D., Darwin on his theory of acceleration.
+
+  COPLEY MEDAL presented to Darwin.
+
+  'CORAL REEFS,' at work upon.
+  Opinions on.
+  Criticised by Semper.
+  Darwin's answer to Semper.
+  Darwin on Murray's criticisms of.
+  Second edition.
+
+  CRAWFORD, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  CREATIVE POWER.
+
+  'CREED OF SCIENCE,' read by Darwin.
+
+  CRESY, E., letter to.
+
+  CRICK, W.D., communicates to Darwin a mode of dispersal of bivalve shells.
+
+  CUTTING EDGES OF BOOKS, Darwin on.
+
+  DANA, Prof., sends Darwin 'Geology of U.S. Expedition.'
+
+  DARESTE, Camille, letter to.
+
+  DARWIN FAMILY.
+
+  DARWIN, Annie, Darwin's account of.
+  Death of.
+
+  DARWIN, Miss C., letter to.
+
+  DARWIN, Catherine, letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, Charles, studies medicine at Edinburgh.
+  Young man of great promise.
+
+  DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882).
+  Table of relationship.
+  Ancestors.
+  Personal characteristics as traced from his forefathers.
+  Love and respect for his father's memory.
+  His affection for his brother Erasmus.
+  Autobiography.
+  Mother dies.
+  Taste for natural history.
+  School-boy experiences.
+  Humane disposition toward animals.
+  Goes to Dr. Butler's school at Shrewsbury.
+  Taste for long, solitary walks.
+  Inability to master a language.
+  Leaves school with strong and diversified tastes.
+  Fondness for poetry in early life.
+  A wish to travel first roused by reading 'Wonders of the World.'
+  Fondness for shooting.
+  Collects minerals and becomes interested in insects and birds.
+  Studies chemistry.
+  Goes to Edinburgh University.
+  And attends medical lectures.
+  Collects and dissects marine animals.
+  Attends meetings of the Plinian Royal Medical and Wernerian societies.
+  Attends lectures on geology and zoology.
+  Meets Sir J. Mackintosh.
+  Spends three years at Cambridge studying for the ministry.
+  Phrenological characteristics.
+  Reads Paley with delight.
+  Attends Henslow's lectures on botany.
+  His taste for pictures and music.
+  His interest in entomology.
+  Friendship of Prof. Henslow and its influence upon his career.
+  Meets Dr. Whewell.
+  Reads Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative' and Herschel's 'Introduction to the
+  Study of Natural History.'
+  Begins the study of geology.
+  Field-work in North Wales.
+  Voyage of the "Beagle".
+  Receives a proposal to sail in the "Beagle".
+  Starts for Cambridge and thence to London.
+  'Voyage of the "Beagle" the most important event in my life.'
+  Sails in the "Beagle".
+  His letters read before the Philosophical Society of Cambridge.
+  Returns to England.
+  Begins his 'Journal of Travels.'
+  Takes lodgings in London.
+  Begins preparing MS. for his 'Geological Observations.'
+  Arranges for publication of 'Zoology of the Voyage of the "Beagle".
+  Opens first note-book of 'Origin of Species.'
+  Meets Lyell and Robert Brown.
+  Marries.
+  Works on his 'Coral Reefs.'
+  Reads papers before Geological Society.
+  Acts as secretary of the Geological Society.
+  Residence at Down.
+  His absorption in science.
+  His publications.
+  'Geological Observations' published.
+  Success of the 'Journal of Researches.'
+  Begins work on 'Cirripedia.'
+  visits to water-cure establishments.
+  Work on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reads 'Malthus on Population.'
+  Begins notes on 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.'
+  Becomes interested in cross-fertilisation of flowers.
+  Publishes papers on dimorphic and trimorphic plants.
+  Publishes 'Descent of Man.'
+  First child born.
+  Publishes translation and sketch of 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+  Methods of work.
+  Mental qualities.
+  Fond of novel reading.
+  A good observer.
+  Habits and personal appearance.
+  Ill health.
+  Fondness for dogs.
+  Correspondence.
+  Business habits.
+  Scientific reading.
+  Wide interest in science.
+  Journals of daily events.
+  Holidays.
+  Relation to his family and friends.
+  His account of his little daughter Annie.
+  How he brought up his children.
+  Manner towards servants.
+  As a host.
+  Modesty.
+  Not quick at argument.
+  Intercourse with strangers.
+  Use of simple methods and few instruments.
+  Perseverance.
+  Theorizing power.
+  Books used only as tools.
+  Use of note-books and portfolios.
+  Courteous tone toward his reader.
+  Illustration of his books.
+  Consideration for other authors.
+  His wife's tender care.
+  Cambridge life.
+  His character.
+  Intention of going into the church.
+  Appointment to the "Beagle".
+  The voyage.
+  Life at sea.
+  Views on slavery.
+  Excursion across the Andes.
+  Meets Sir J. Herschel.
+  Reaches home.
+  Life at London and Cambridge.
+  Residence at Cambridge.
+  Works on his 'Journal of Researches.'
+  Appointed secretary of Geological Society.
+  Visits Glen Roy.
+  Admiration for Lyell's 'Elements.'
+  Increasing ill-health.
+  At work on 'Coral Reefs.'
+  His religious views.
+  Life at Down, 1842-1854.
+  Reasons for leaving London.
+  Early impressions of Down.
+  Theory of coral islands.
+  Time spent on geological books.
+  Purchases farm in Lincolnshire.
+  Dines with Lord Mahon.
+  Daughter Annie dies.
+  His children.
+  Growth of views on 'Origin of Species.'
+  Plan for publishing 'Sketch of 1844,' in case of his sudden death.
+  Pigeon fancying enterprise.
+  Collecting plants.
+  General acceptance of his work.
+  Publishes 'Origin of Species.'
+  Elected correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia).
+  His views on the civil war in the United States.
+  At Bournemouth.
+  His view of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Receives the Copley medal.
+  Elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh.
+  His conscientiousness in argument.
+  His intercourse with horticulturists and stock-raisers.
+  Elected to the Royal Society of Holland.
+  Made a knight of the Prussian order Pour le Merite.
+  Sits for a bust.
+  Declines a nomination for the degree of D.C.L. because of ill-health.
+  His connection with the South American Missionary Society.
+  His answers to Galton's questions on nature and nurture.
+  Sits for portrait to W. Ouless.
+  Elected to Physiological Society.
+  Replies to Miss Cobbe on vivisection in the "Times".
+  Publishes the 'Life of Erasmus Darwin.'
+  Sits for memorial portraits.
+  Receives various honours.
+  Makes a present to the Naples Zoological Station.
+  His answers to Galton's questions on the faculty of visualising.
+  Offers aid to Fritz Muller.
+  Replies to Sir W. Thomson on abyssal fauna.
+  His botanical work.
+  Builds a greenhouse.
+  Publishes work on the fertilisation of orchids.
+  Studies the bloom on leaves and fruit.
+  Studies the causes of variability.
+  Studies the production of galls.
+  Studies aggregation.
+  Encourages Torbitt's work on the potato disease.
+  Aids the preparation of the Kew 'Index of Plant-names.'
+  Death.
+  Burial in Westminster Abbey.
+  List of works.
+
+  DARWIN & Wallace's joint paper on variation.
+
+  DARWIN, Edward, author of 'Gamekeeper's Manual.'
+
+  DARWIN, Mrs. Emma (Wedgwood), letter to.
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1731), poet and philosopher.
+  Character of.
+  Life published in English.
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus (born 1759).
+
+  DARWIN, Erasmus Alvey (1804-1881), educated as a physician.
+  Character of.
+  Carlyle's sketch of his character.
+  Miss Wedgwood's letter on his character.
+  Letter from.
+  His death.
+
+  DARWIN, Robert, of Elston Hall.
+  Charles Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1724), publishes 'Principia Botanica.'
+
+  DARWIN, Robert Waring, (born 1767), studies medicine at Leyden.
+  Settles in Shrewsbury.
+  Marries Susannah Wedgwood.
+  His son Charles's description of him.
+  His six children.
+  Letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, Susan, letters to.
+
+  DARWIN, William, of Marton, first known ancestor of Charles.
+
+  DARWIN, William, son of Richard, appointed yeoman of the Royal Armoury.
+
+  DARWIN, William (1655).
+
+  DARWYN, Richard, of Marton, mentioned.
+
+  DAVIDSON, Thomas, letter to, asking him to investigate brachiopods.
+  Letter to.
+  On British brachiopoda.
+
+  DE CANDOLLE, A., see Candolle, A. De.
+
+  DESCENT, doctrine of.
+
+  DESCENT OF ANIMALS.
+
+  'DESCENT OF MAN,' published.
+  Work on.
+  Reviews of.
+  Reception in Germany.
+  Wallace's views on.
+  Second edition.
+  Connected with socialism.
+
+  DESIGN IN NATURE, doctrine of.
+
+  DIAGRAMS OF DESCENT OF MAMMALS.
+
+  'DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS,' published.
+  Reviewed in 'Nature.'
+
+  DIGESTION OF PLANTS, Darwin's work on.
+
+  DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.
+
+  DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER, principle of.
+
+  DOGS, multiple origin of.
+
+  DOHRN, Anton, letter to.
+
+  DONDERS, F.C., letters to.
+
+  DOWN, description of.
+
+  DRIFT near Southampton, stones standing on end in.
+
+  DU BOIS-REYMOND agrees with Darwin.
+
+  DYCK, W.T. van, letter to.
+
+  DYER, W. Thiselton, on Darwin's botanical work.
+  Letters to.
+
+  EAR, human, infolded point of.
+
+  Earthquakes, paper read on.
+
+  EATON, J., extract from his book on 'Pigeons.'
+
+  'EDINBURGH REVIEW,' Darwin's criticisms on.
+
+  EDUCATION, Darwin on.
+
+  'EFFECTS OF CROSS And SELF-FERTILISATION,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  ELECTRICAL ORGANS in fish.
+
+  ERRATIC BOULDERS of South America, paper on, read.
+
+  EVOLUTION, doctrine of, objections to, answered.
+  Not a doctrine of chance.
+  And teleology.
+  Neither anti-theistic nor theistic.
+  Mental.
+
+  EXPRESSION, facial, origin of.
+
+  'EXPRESSION OF The EMOTIONS,' published.
+  Work on.
+  Reviews of.
+
+  EYRE, Gov., Darwin's views on the prosecution of.
+
+  FABRE, J.H., letter to.
+
+  FALCONER, Hugh, letters to.
+  Mentioned.
+  Letter to Darwin.
+  Views on the origin of elephants.
+  Reclamation from Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man.'
+
+  FARRER, F.W., letter to.
+
+  FARRER, Sir Thomas H., aids Darwin's researches on earthworms.
+  Letters to.
+
+  FAWCETT, Henry, defends Darwin's reasoning.
+
+  'FERTILISATION OF ORCHIDS,' published.
+
+  FISKE, John, letter to.
+
+  FISHER, Mrs., letters to.
+
+  FITTON, W.H., mentioned.
+
+  FITZ-ROY, R.,captain of the "Beagle".
+  His character.
+  Meets Darwin.
+  Letters to.
+  His intention of resigning.
+
+  FLINT instruments.
+
+  FLOURENS, P.,on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  FLOWERS, fertilisation of.
+
+  FORBES, David, praises Darwin's work on Chile.
+
+  FORBES, Edward, his theory of change of level.
+
+  FORDYCE, J.,letter to.
+
+  FOREL, Aug., letter to.
+
+  'FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD,' paper read on.
+  Published.
+  Work on.
+  Its reception.
+
+  FOX, William Darwin, Darwin's friendship with.
+  Letters to.
+
+  FRANCE, Institute of, elects Darwin corresponding member.
+
+  FRAUDS, scientific.
+
+  FREE-WILL, doctrine of.
+
+  FREKE, Dr., his 'Origin of Species by Means of Organic Affinity.'
+
+  FEUGIANS, Darwin's impressions of.
+
+  GALAPAGOS animals and plants.
+
+  GALLS, production of, studied by Darwin.
+
+  GALTON, Francis, mentioned.
+  His questions on nature and nurture, and Darwin's answers.
+  His questions on the faculty of visualising, and Darwin's answers.
+
+  'GARDENERS' CHRONICLE,' Darwin answers Mr. Westwood in.
+
+  GAUDRY, A., letter to.
+
+  GEIKIE, Archibald, his opinion of Darwin's geological works.
+
+  GEIKIE, James, letter to.
+
+  GENERA, varying of large.
+
+  GENERATION, spontaneous.
+
+  GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,' MS. begun.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON VOLCANIC ISLANDS' published.
+  Opinions on.
+  Second edition.
+
+  'GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA,' opinions on.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL RECORD, imperfection of.
+  Succession in.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin wishes to become a member.
+  Papers contributed to.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS secured during voyage.
+  Disposed of.
+
+  GEOLOGICAL, importance of.
+  Of St. Jago.
+  Article on, in 'Admiralty Manual.'
+  Darwin on the progress of.
+
+  GERMANY, progress of natural selection in.
+
+  GERMINATION, experiments in.
+
+  GILBERT, J.H., letter to.
+
+  GLACIAL period, its effect on species.
+  Phenomena at Cwm Idwal.
+
+  GLACIERS, paper on ancient, in Wales.
+
+  GLEN ROY, Darwin visits.
+  'Observations' on, published.
+  Work criticised by D. Milne.
+
+  GOURMET CLUB and its members.
+
+  GOVERNMENT AID in publication of 'Zoology of Voyage of "Beagle".'
+
+  GRAHAM, W., letter to.
+
+  GRAY, Asa, his papers on natural selection and natural theology.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter to Hooker on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+  Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  GRAY, J.E., mentioned.
+
+  GUNTHER, A., letters to.
+
+  GURNEY, E., letter to.
+
+  HAAST, Sir Julius von, letter to.
+
+  HAECKEL, E., his views on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin's friendship with.
+  His work for natural selection in Germany.
+  Letters to.
+
+  HALIBURTON, Mrs., letters to.
+
+  HARVEY, W.H., criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HAUGHTON, Rev. S., criticises Darwin and Wallace's joint paper.
+
+  HENSLOW, J.S., his friendship with Darwin.
+  His character.
+  Letter from.
+  Letters to.
+  Presides at the Oxford discussion on the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His views on natural selection.
+  His death.
+
+  HERBERT, John Maurice, Darwin's friendship with.
+  Letters to.
+
+  HERSCHEL, Sir J., Darwin's opinion of.
+  Meets Darwin.
+
+  HETEROGENY, Darwin on.
+
+  HIGGINSON, T.W., letter to.
+
+  HILDEBRAND, F., letters to.
+
+  HIPPOCRATES anticipates Darwin on pangenesis.
+
+  HOLMGREN, Frithiof, letter to.
+
+  HOLLAND, Royal Society of, elects Darwin a member.
+
+  HOLLAND, Sir Henry, his view of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HOMOEOPATHY, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  HONOURS conferred on Darwin, list of.
+
+  HOOKER, Sir Joseph D., Darwin's friendship for.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter from.
+  His reminiscences of Darwin.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his 'Australian Flora.'
+  Answers Harvey.
+  Memorial on his treatment by the First Commissioner of Works.
+  Reviews the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  HOOKER, Sir William, mentioned.
+
+  HOPKINS, William, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HUDSON, Darwin's reply to.
+
+  HUMBOLDT, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  HUTTON, F.W., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  HUXLEY, Thomas Henry, mentioned.
+  His opinion of Darwin's work on 'Cirripedes.'
+  On the 'Vestiges of Creation.'
+  On the 'Philosophie Zoologique.'
+  On the 'Principles of Geology.'
+  On the reception of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Letters to.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Reviews the 'Origin of Species' in 'Westminster Review.'
+  Defends Darwin before the British Association.
+  Contradicts R. Owen.
+  Letter from.
+  Lectures to workingmen on natural selection.
+  Asked by Darwin to write a text-book on zoology.
+  Replies to the 'Quarterly' reviewer on the 'Descent of Man.'
+
+  HYATT, Alpheus, letter to, on his theory of acceleration.
+
+  HYBRID GEESE, fertility of.
+
+  HYBRIDISM.
+
+  IMMORTALITY, Darwin's views upon.
+
+  'INFANT, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AN.'
+
+  INFERIORITY inherited by the forms which are beaten.
+
+  INNES, Rev. J. Brodie, on Darwin's interest in village affairs.
+  On the 'Origin of Species' and the Bible.
+  On Darwin's conscientiousness.
+  Letter to.
+
+  'INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  INSECTS, instinct of.
+  As carriers of pollen.
+
+  INSTINCT, Darwin on.
+
+  ISLANDS, animals of.
+
+  ISOLATION, effect of, on the origin of species.
+
+  JARDINE, Sir W., mentioned.
+
+  JEFFREYS, Gwyn, mentioned.
+
+  JENKINS, Fleeming, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on his criticisms.
+
+  JENYNS (BLOMEFIELD), Rev. Leonard, mentioned.
+  Letters to.
+  Letter from.
+  His 'Observations in Natural History.'
+
+  JONES, Dr. Bence, is Darwin's physician.
+
+  'JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES,' work on.
+  Lyell's opinion of.
+  The German translation and its reception.
+  Second edition published.
+  Dedication of.
+  Condemned in manuscript.
+
+  JUDD, Prof., his paper on 'Volcanoes of the Hebrides.'
+  On Darwin's desire to promote the progress of science.
+
+  JUKES, Joseph B., mentioned.
+
+  KEW, 'Index of Plant Names.'
+
+  KINGSLEY, Rev C., letter from, on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  KOCH'S RESEARCHES on splenic fever.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  KOLLIKER, Prof., is reviewed by Huxley.
+
+  KRAUSE, Ernst, criticises Bronn's German edition of the 'Origin of
+  Species.'
+  His essay on Erasmus Darwin published.
+
+  KROHN, Aug., finds mistakes in the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LAMARCK's discussion of the species question, its insufficiency.
+  Darwin on.
+
+  LANE, Dr., his recollections of Darwin.
+
+  LANGEL reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LANKESTER, E. Ray, letter to.
+
+  LANSDOWNE, Marquis of, anecdote of.
+
+  LEE, Samuel, mentioned.
+
+  LESQUEREUX, Leo, accepts the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+  LEWES, G.H., reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  LINDLEY, John, mentioned.
+
+  LINNEAN SOCIETY obtains memorial portrait of Darwin.
+
+  LITCHFIELD, Mrs., on Darwin's style.
+  Letter to.
+
+  LIZARDS.
+
+  LONSDALE, William, mentioned.
+
+  LOWELL, J.A., reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  LUBBOCK, Sir John, letters to.
+  On the burial of Darwin.
+
+  LYELL, Sir Charles, estimate of his character as a geologist.
+  Letters to.
+  Letters from.
+  Opinion of 'Coral Reefs.'
+  His views of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the origin of species by natural causes.
+  Admission of the doctrine of natural selection.
+  Darwin on his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Falconer's reclamation from his 'Antiquity of Man.'
+  Darwin on his 'Elements of Geology.'
+  His death.
+  Darwin's opinion of.
+
+  MACAULAY and his memory.
+
+  MCDONNELL, R., his study of electrical organs in fish.
+
+  MACKINTOSH, D., his work on erratic blocks.
+
+  MACLEAY, W.S., mentioned.
+
+  MADEIRA AND BERMUDA birds not peculiar.
+
+  MALAY ARCHIPELAGO,' Wallace's 'Zoological Geography of.
+
+  MAMMALS, descent of, from a single type.
+
+  MAN, all races of, descended from one type.
+  Antiquity of.
+  Origin of.
+  Relationship to apes.
+
+  MARRIAGES, consanguineous.
+
+  MARSH, O.C., letter to.
+
+  MASTERS, Maxwell, letter to.
+
+  MATTHEW, Patrick, anticipates the doctrine of natural selection.
+
+  MAW, George, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  MEDAL of Royal Society awarded to Darwin.
+
+  MEGATHERIUM sent down from heaven.
+
+  MESMERISM, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  MILNE, D., criticises Glen Roy paper.
+
+  MIMETIC MODIFICATIONS in plants.
+
+  MIVART, St. G., Darwin on his 'Genesis of Species.'
+  His 'Genesis of Species' reviewed by Chauncey Wright.
+  Criticised by Huxley.
+  His 'Lessons from Nature' reviewed in the 'Academy.'
+
+  MODIFICATION.
+
+  MODIFICATIONS, absence of.
+
+  MOGGRIDGE, J.T., letter to.
+
+  MOJSISOVIC, E. von, Darwin on 'Dolomit Riffe.'
+
+  MONADS, persistence of.
+
+  MONSTERS.
+
+  MONSTROSITIES are sterile.
+
+  MORSE, E.S., letter to.
+
+  MOSELEY, H.N., letters to.
+
+  MULLER, Fritz, letters to.
+  His 'Fur Darwin' translated.
+  Receives offer of aid from Darwin.
+
+  MULLER, Hermann, letters to.
+
+  MULLER, Max, his 'Lectures on the Science of Language.'
+
+  MURRAY, Andrew, quoted on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  MURRAY, John, letters to.
+
+  MUSIC OF INSECTS.
+
+  MUTABILITY OF SPECIES.
+
+  NAGELI, C., his 'Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art.'
+  Letter to.
+
+  NAPLES Zoological Station receives a present from Darwin.
+
+  NATURAL HISTORY, Darwin's passion for.
+
+  NATURAL SELECTION, see Selection, natural.
+
+  NAUDIN, Darwin on.
+
+  NEUMAYR, Melchior, letter to.
+
+  NEVILL, Lady Dorothy, letter to.
+
+  NEWTON, A., letter to.
+  Reviews the 'Variation of Animals and Plants.'
+
+  NEW ZEALAND, animals of.
+  Plants of.
+
+  NOBILITY, natural selection among.
+
+  NOMENCLATURE of species, discussion on.
+
+  NORMAN, E., Darwin's secretary.
+
+  NOVARA expedition.
+
+  'OBSERVATIONS ON PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN ROY,' published.
+  Extract from.
+
+  OGLE, William, letter to.
+
+  'ORCHIDS, FERTILISATION OF,' work on.
+  Published.
+  Reviews of.
+  Second edition published.
+
+  'ORCHIS BANK' described.
+
+  ORGANS, rudimentary.
+
+  'ORIGIN OF SPECIES,' first note-book of, opened.
+  Growth of the.
+  Published.
+  Its success.
+  Second edition.
+  Darwin's change of views upon.
+  Description of sketch of 1844.
+  Huxley's view of sketch of 1844.
+  Prof. Newton's view of same.
+  The writing of.
+  Abstract book.
+  Unorthodoxy of.
+  Faults of style.
+  Lyell on.
+  Huxley on.
+  Bishop Wilberforce on.
+  Huxley's summary of reviews of.
+  Answer to Lyell on.
+  H.C. Watson on.
+  Jos. D. Hooker on.
+  French translation proposed.
+  First German edition.
+  Reviewed in the "Times".
+  First American edition.
+  Asa Gray on.
+  Kingsley on.
+  And the Bible.
+  Rev. J. Brodie Innes on.
+  Reviewed in the 'Edinburgh Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'North American Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Revue des deux Mondes.'
+  Reviewed in the "New York Times".
+  Reviewed in the "Christian Examiner".
+  Discussed by the British Association.
+  Reviewed in 'Quarterly Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'London Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'American Journal of Science and Arts.
+  Bronn's criticisms of.
+  Reviewed in the 'Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.'
+  Answers to criticisms on.
+  Third edition.
+  'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the.'
+  Dutch edition.
+  First French edition.
+  Reviewed in the 'Geologist.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Dublin Hospital Gazette.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Zoologist.'
+  De Candolle's view of.
+  Haeckel's view of.
+  Gen. Sabine on.
+  Flourens on.
+  Second French edition.
+  Criticised by the Duke of Argyll.
+  Fourth edition.
+  Third German edition.
+  Russian editions of.
+  Fifth edition.
+  Reviewed in the 'North British Review.'
+  Reviewed in the 'Athenaeum.'
+  Third and fourth French editions.
+  Sixth edition.
+  Criticised by Pusey.
+  'Coming of age of.'
+
+  OSTRICH, Darwin discovers a new species of.
+
+  OULESS, W., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  OWEN, Sir R., criticises Darwin's theory.
+  Contradicted by Huxley.
+  His views on variation by descent.
+
+  PALEY's argument of design in nature no longer good.
+  His 'Natural Theology' mentioned.
+
+  PAMPAEAN FORMATION, Darwin on.
+
+  PANGENESIS, hypothesis of.
+  Opinions on.
+  Anticipated by Hippocrates.
+
+  PARKER, Henry, defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  PARSONS, Theophilus, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  PEACOCK, George, letter on appointment of naturalist to "Beagle".
+  Letter from, appointing Darwin to "Beagle".
+
+  PENGELLY, William, mentioned.
+
+  PERTHES, Boucher de, Darwin on.
+
+  PETRELS as agents of distribution.
+
+  PHILLIPS, John, mentioned.
+
+  PHILOSOPHICAL CLUB, its nature.
+
+  'PHILOSOPHIE ZOOLOGIQUE,' Huxley on.
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHS, albums of, presented to Darwin by German and Dutch scientists.
+
+  PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY elects Darwin an honorary member.
+
+  PICTET, Francois Jules, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  PIGEONS, Darwin's interest in.
+
+  PLANTS, fossil.
+  sexuality of.
+  A recent discovery.
+
+  PLATYSMA, contraction of, from shuddering.
+
+  PORTRAITS OF DARWIN, list of.
+
+  POTATO DISEASE, Torbitt's experiments on.
+
+  POUR LE MERITE, Darwin admitted to order.
+
+  POUTER PIGEON, variation in.
+
+  'POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS,' published.
+  Work on.
+
+  PRESTWICH, J., letter to.
+
+  PREYER, W., letter to.
+
+  PRIMOGENITURE, law of, Darwin on.
+
+  'PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY,' Huxley on.
+
+  PRIORITY, nomenclature of species by.
+
+  PROGRESSION, necessary.
+
+  PROTECTION, modification for.
+
+  PUSEY's criticisms of the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  'QUARTERLY REVIEW,' recognises merits of 'Journal of Researches.'
+
+  QUATREFAGES, J.L.A. de, letters to.
+
+  RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF DARWIN, difficulties not created by science.
+
+  REMINISCENCES OF DARWIN by Hooker.
+
+  REVELATION, Darwin's disbelief in.
+
+  REVERSION, Darwin on.
+
+  REYMOND, Du Bois-, letter to.
+
+  RICHMOND, W.B., paints Darwin's portrait.
+
+  RIDLEY, C., letter to.
+
+  RIVERS, T., letter to.
+
+  ROBERTSON, G. Croom, letter to.
+
+  ROBERTSON, John, reviews the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  RODWELL, Rev. J.M., letter to.
+
+  ROLLESTON, George, his 'Canons.'
+
+  ROMAN CATHOLIC church on evolution.
+
+  ROMANES, G.J., on Darwin's conscientiousness.
+  Letters to.
+
+  ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS presents the Baly medal to Darwin.
+
+  ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH elects Darwin honorary member.
+
+  ROYER, Mlle. Clemence, translates the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Publishes third French edition.
+
+  RUDIMENTARY organs.
+
+  SABINE, Gen., on the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  SALTER, J.W., his diagram of spirifers.
+  'Sand-walk' described.
+
+  SANDERSON, J. Burdon, letter to.
+
+  SAPORTA, Marquis de, letter to.
+
+  SCHAAFFHAUSEN, H., claims to anticipate Darwin.
+
+  SCOTT, John, Darwin's estimate of.
+
+  SEDGWICK, Rev. Adam, mentioned.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+  His review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+  On the imperfection of the geological record.
+
+  SEEDS, vitality of.
+
+  SELECTION, NATURAL, doctrine of, clearly conceived by Darwin about 1839.
+  Opposed to doctrine of design.
+  Effect of, on the scientific mind.
+  And religion.
+  Small effects of, in changing species.
+  Among the nobility.
+  Huxley's lectures to workingmen on.
+  Progress of.
+  Darwin anticipated on.
+  Use of the term.
+  Effect on sterility.
+  Progress among the clergy.
+  Progress of, in Germany.
+  Progress of, in France.
+
+  SELECTION, SEXUAL, instance of, in the dogs of Beyrout.
+
+  SEMPER, K., letters to.
+
+  SHELBURNE, Lord, anecdote of.
+
+  SLAVERY, Darwin's opinion of.
+  In the United States.
+
+  SMITH, Sydney, inexplicably amusing.
+
+  SOCIALISM and the descent of man.
+
+  SOCIETIES, learned, Darwin's membership in.
+
+  SOUTH AMERICAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, Darwin's connection with.
+
+  SPECIES, mutability of.
+  Origin of, effect of isolation on.
+  Specific centres.
+
+  SPENCER, Herbert, letters to.
+  Prof. Huxley's friendship with.
+  Darwin on.
+  Originates the term 'survival of the fittest.'
+  His impression of 'Pangenesis.'
+
+  SPIRITISM, Darwin on.
+
+  SPONTANEITY, Bain's theory of.
+
+  SPRENGEL, C.C., his work on the fertilisation of flowers.
+
+  STANHOPE, Lord, his parties of historians.
+
+  STEBBING, Rev. T.R.R., letter to.
+
+  STENDEL'S 'Nomenclator.'
+
+  STERILITY, effect of natural selection on.
+  Of moths.
+
+  STOKES, Admiral, Lord, extract from letter of.
+
+  STONES standing on end in the Southampton drift.
+
+  STRICKLAND, Hugh, letters to.
+  Letter from.
+
+  STRIPED HORSES.
+
+  STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.
+
+  STYLE of Darwin.
+
+  SUBLIMITY, where felt most by Darwin.
+
+  SULIVAN, B.J., letter to.
+
+  SULIVAN, Admiral Sir James, extract from letter of.
+
+  SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST, use of the term.
+
+  TEGETMEIER, W.B., extract from letter to.
+
+  TELEOLOGY, evolution and.
+  Darwin's revival of.
+
+  TENERIFFE, projected trip to.
+
+  THIEL, H., letter to.
+
+  THOMSON, Thomas, mentioned.
+
+  THOMSON, Sir Wyville, on abyssal fauna.
+
+  THORLEY, Miss, botanical work with.
+
+  THWAITES, G.J.K., mentioned.
+
+  TIERRA DEL FUEGO MISSION, Darwin's connection with.
+
+  "TIMES", its review of the 'Origin of Species.'
+  Darwin on.
+
+  TORBITT, James, his work on the potato disease.
+
+  TURIN, Royal Academy of, presents Darwin the Bressa prize.
+
+  TYLOR, E.B., letter to.
+
+  TYNDALL, John, praises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  USBORNE, A.B., extract from a letter of.
+
+  VAN DYCK, W.T., letter to.
+
+  VARIATIONS IN SPECIES, Wallace's essay on.
+  Darwin and Wallace's joint paper on.
+  Sudden.
+  Governed by design.
+  Cause of.
+  Mimetic, of butterflies.
+  Governed by design.
+  Mimetic, of plants.
+  In colours of insects.
+  Transmission of.
+  Analogical.
+  Darwin studies the causes of.
+
+  'VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION,' work on.
+  Publication of.
+  Reviewed in the "Nation".
+  Russian edition.
+  Second edition.
+  Reviewed in the "Pall Mall Gazette".
+  Reviewed in the "Gardeners' Chronicle".
+  Reviewed in the "Athenaeum".
+  Reviewed in the 'Zoological Record.'
+  American edition.
+
+  VARIETIES, production of.
+  And species, collecting facts about.
+
+  'VESTIGES OF CREATION' read by Darwin.
+  Huxley on.
+
+  VINES, S.H., letter to.
+
+  VIRCHOW connects the descent of man with socialism.
+
+  VISUALISING, questions and answers on the faculty of.
+
+  VIVISECTION.
+
+  WAGNER, Moritz, criticised by A. Weismann.
+  Letters to.
+
+  WAGNER, R., mentioned.
+
+  WALLACE, A.R., sends essay to Darwin.
+  Letters to.
+  Essay on variation.
+  His 'Zoological Geography.'
+  Reviews the 'Descent of Man.'
+  Reviews Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature.'
+  Pension granted to.
+  Defends the 'Fertilisation of Orchids.'
+
+  WATKINS, Archdeacon, reminiscence of Darwin.
+  Letter to.
+
+  WATSON, H.C., mentioned.
+  On the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  WEDGWOOD, Josiah, his character.
+  Mentioned.
+  Letter from.
+
+  WEDGWOOD, Miss Julia, on Erasmus Darwin, in "Spectator".
+  Letter to.
+
+  WEISMANN, August, letters to.
+
+  WELLS, Dr., anticipates Darwin on natural selection.
+
+  WESTMINSTER ABBEY, Darwin buried in.
+
+  WHEWELL, Dr., mentioned.
+  On the succession of species.
+
+  WHITLEY, C., letter to.
+
+  WIESNER, Julius, letter to.
+
+  WILBERFORCE, Bishop, criticises the 'Origin of Species.'
+
+  WILLIAM IV, coronation of.
+
+  WOODPECKER, Pampas, Darwin on.
+
+  WOOLNER, T., makes a bust of Darwin.
+  Discovers infolded point of the human ear.
+
+  WOLLASTON MEDAL.
+
+  WOLLASTON's 'Insecta Maderensia.'
+  His 'Variation of Species' referred to.
+
+  WORKS BY DARWIN, list of.
+
+  WRIGHT, Chauncey, letter from.
+  Letters to.
+  On his visit to Darwin at Down.
+
+  YARRELL, William, mentioned.
+
+  ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Darwin visits.
+  Reads a paper at.
+
+  'ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. "BEAGLE",' arrangement for publication.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Charles
+Darwin, Volume II (of II), by Charles Darwin
+
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